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>> tonight's conversation will be about the knights teen 60's presidential election, which affects continues to reverberate across the landscape. we all think we know that history is well written and well spoken for. but now erwin gellman has become america's temporary leading authority on the 1960 election. he's the first historian, to truly use mounds of materials from the archives to tell him complete account of the 1960 election, including a new sources such as, the fbi surveillance logs of then candidate, john f. kennedy, and the papers of leon jaworski and everett junior. who used to prior books have documented richard nixon's life. his third, and titled the campaign of the century kennedy, nixon, and the election of 1960 does not disappoint. gellman is joined in conversation this

evening with another renowned 20th century historian who holds the chair and presidential studies at chapman university. he is a new york times bestselling author whose credits include two volumes of the nixon tapes with history in -- a biography of -- of 1968 presidential election. ladies and gentlemen, please join me in welcoming our guests. >> first of all i would like to thank you all for coming, i appreciate it. i hope you enjoy the evening. i would like to

spend two minutes and thank my wife, gloria for tricking me and coming into the next library. i had absolutely no intention to write a book for nixon, let alone an hour three -- tenure, promotions, or anything when you write about darth vader. and too many academics nixon's darth vader. which is unfair, untrue, et cetera. but, i was married to gloria day for 29 years and she was a wonderful, wonderful person. i just want to let you

know that i would not be here if it were not for her tricking me into coming. a couple of other things. some of you have been known friends for years. paul -- took me out for dinner and more importantly, most importantly there are two people sitting over there. one has gotten a haircut and trim his beard. [applause] the other is susan altus, who was the chief archivist for years, and years, and years, and is not only brilliant but is a sweetheart. and the reason i wanted to point it out was, at

the beginning of my book i have acknowledgements. these are not just names, they are important people who make me better than what i am. they help me more than i deserve to be helped. it is a great kindness that i have done. so when you read about my acknowledgment you will find out that there are a truckload of people like susan and joe who have helped me and i've really appreciated it. i want to give you a picture of what these people look like and how kind people can be to research historians. again, susan, joe, thank you. [applause] >> well, thank you very much

for that welcome. in particular to the nixon library and the richard nixon foundation. and also to c-span viewers who are joining us virtually. starting a little bit more personally, welcome back to the west coast. i think for many years this was a second home or a home for you, how many years did you -- by year. this volume as a mere two and a half million pages of research which is what i do. since you asked that question, i have a little plug and i forgot to give. a year from now, luke nichter will be sitting in the say. he has been finishing a study of the election of 1968

and the incident had virtually nothing to do with the election of 1968. if you are here now, come back for a loop a year from now and find out what really did happen in 1968. >> we can just be an opposite seats, at that point. but, juxtapose that experience of studying residential records for seven years with what it came from. i once heard you talk about or describe yourself slum kid from baltimore. so, how does someone in that situation go on to get a ph. d. in american history and eventually come to write not a book, but a series on the

subject? >> i was very lucky i did not spend my life in jail. i have a 19 inch knife scar on my shoulder where a guy was nice enough to hit me and walking home from school it was always a kindness if i had less than four people beat me up. how in the world i got out of it, i am guessing it was sheer luck. how i ended up getting a doctorate, i still have to pinch myself. i guarantee you, if any of you think i am that good, truly i am not that good. >> so, we are here to talk about a book and some no but some may not know it is part of a larger series. and so, when you are doing show and tell with nixon books it is never easy to carry them around. but, i will briefly introduce these

books and have you say a line or two about each one. just properly tease them for the audience. the first book in the series, richard nixon the contender that congress hears in 1946 and 1952. >> the basis of the book is that nobody ever, really, seriously did the research that susan helped me with. the remarkable thing i found about it was the charges of nixon beating jerry for his first congressional election in 1946, that nixon smeared voorhees as a communist. that never happened. it was all made up. and the real story was here, at -- smeared alina hagan douglas

in the 1950s senatorial contest. the problem was the only time he ever referred to her was in -- relations person. but, as far as the reason why she lost can be found in oklahoma, in her archives, at the university of oklahoma. so, the whole nature of how nixon was darth vader in these two elections are fundamentally flawed. >> moving forward in time, and nixon's career. the second, the, biggest thickest of the series. the president and the apprentice, eisenhower and nixon in 1952 to 1961. >> that one is basically nixon's vice presidency, and

how he ran for the vice presidency. again, once more, the story is so flawed. one of the stories came from an oral history interview where dwight eisenhower was watching nixon gave what was known as the checkers speech. and he slammed his hand into what he was writing and tore the paper. the only problem was i found a copy of the speech, there was no tear. there was nothing. it was just an obvious of paper. and that nixon and eisenhower did not get along. that really, eisenhower did not like nixon. i am saying to myself, self, how in the world can dwight eisenhower be president for eight years and have next and as his vice president for eight

years, and they did not get along? quite frankly, they get along fine. once i wrote i know this is going to shock you, but people stopped talking about that. isn't it amazing that you can lie so much until you get caught? and then you just stop. you don't apologize for basically intellectual cowards. >> and so, then, with the latest installment in this area which we will dive into, campaign of the century, kennedy, nixon, and the election of 1960. how many years would you say you have been formally or informally working on this collection of works? >> 25 years. >> and how many pieces of paper, pages of records do you think you have examined, or investigated. >> i read about 800 pages a day,

that is what i do. and i can do that with comprehension. the fact is i do not think it was a book. i was a fan of theodore right in the making of the president in 1960. i thought he told everything. and then i started to do the research. again, to surprise you i was wrong. there has been, up until i wrote this nobody who had ever read or searched on the great debates of 1960. of kennedy's -- never been done. it had been mentioned, maybe, but none of it had ever been done in a serious, archival way. so, i look at all of this material and i discovered that rather the theodore wright, who by the way i am writing or i wrote the -- is not the way you

write history. and so, this is basically not only a corrective of theodore right. but, basically to say that the entire story of the 1960 election had been seriously flawed. >> so, having that as background, let's take a look at what the critics say in reviwes of these books. all -- through in preparation, i read all three reviews in the times of these three books. i would

like to go through just the top 20 outtakes from these reviews and get your thoughts. these are comments, quotes about either the author, the work in question being reviewed, or about the work characterization of richard nixon. it refers to the works as a forgiving judgment of richard nixon. he equipped nixon of all charges, he takes one side, more polemical than persuasive. he distorts the views of those he would rebut, the rancor filled prejudices against his own clear eyed distillation's, they are naive. you are not persuasive. they are a feast of the leaves one hungry, simplistic, land. i am not done. a sympathetic glow, in a

no way substantiated. nixon friendly, spin, adds nothing here but fresh outrage. a hit job, lacking, nothing no, and circumstantial. so, my old boss at c-span was bryan lam. just to say irwin gellman, what are you doing wrong? >> i keep on telling you, i am a lot less than you think i am. even with these people, i am even lesser than you think i am. [laughs] the one review i got in the new york times for this book said, nothing new, everything i've written is bad, and that, quite frankly, if you read the book you are an idiot. that appeared one line in the

new york times, and my sales went up four times. and then made the sunday edition of the new york times and my sales went up three times. and then, the week after it appeared in the new york times sunday edition to show you how crazy the new york times is, i became an editor's choice. so, the editors of the new york times repudiated their owner of your. it just goes to show you, if any of you out here are familiar with fair haven i am probably the reject from fair haven. >> i am not sure where to go with a question after that but what i would ask is, why is writing about richard nixon's still so controversial? >> there are several reasons, the main reason is one of the reviews that i received, which was a nice review. it was not bad. it said i cannot see it,

nixon was so bad and kennedy was so good. there is no way that this book that was written as well as it was written, and the arguments that are made are so reasonable. it just cannot be. and, one of the reviews i got from a syndicate in canada was, this is an important book and you ought to read it, but 60 years they have gotten it wrong, gellman it is swimming up street. the general tenor of -- writing the second volume was that just about every liberal commentator called the speech maudlin. and maudlin is

not a good term. i found in the stephenson papers of princeton about 120 letters that were favorable to stephenson, and unfavorable to the checker speech. the only thing i left out was they were about 3 million pieces of paper that went into the republican national committee. saying how wonderful the speech was. and yet, to this day, many people unfavorable to the checker fact it was a great speech that was considered by an overwhelming number of people. just imagine, 3 million people wrote him to say how good the speech was. and yet, we people who probably did not even listen to this

speech, on how awful it was. something seems to be a little out of balance there one 100 plus people can say it was awful, and 3 million people can say it was great. i think that we have become, generally speaking, so conditioned two things that have never been challenged. people do not challenge what they do not think about in many cases. and, what i did was not so much to record what i personally thought, but what the records show, and the records showed something quite different than what has been published. i think that for lack of a better,

rationalization or reason, that the fact that people have accepted this nonsense so easily is because they just want to. >> i think that theme of the many myths and misunderstandings in the nixon era is a theme that resonates throughout the book, here. i have highlighted, i call the myths or misunderstandings. there are about seven of them's that come to me writing the book. i have some photos that will help to illustrate that we will clip through. but, for each one i think what i would like to do is stay the conventional wisdom or the myth and misunderstanding as it has existed in the literature over the decades. i will allow you to respond to each one. i think number one, a role of eisenhower. nixon lost in 1960 because eisenhower did not do enough. that nixon was on this ill-fated ticket that did not have eisenhower's support. he might not have been eisenhower's choice to run. there is a lot of mythology about exactly what eisenhower's role was during this year. it is something that you address

in the book. >> once more, you write what you think people want to raid weather than writing what really happened. just imagine, for a second, that eisenhower absolutely hated nixon. can any of you seriously, here, believe that eisenhower would want a senator with no legislative experience, with no legislative record, to be his incumbent vice president i would carry on his role? the whole idea that eisenhower and nixon did not get along, or did not have a good relationship, is flawed by the very nature of all the things eisenhower had people doing. going on ship trips, legislation, being invited to

all of the various meetings that eisenhower and nixon shared together. it makes no logical sense when you talk to people and say, how come all of this happened and eisenhower and nixon cannot get along? for eight years they made faces that one another? that is absurd! >> i could not choose just one eisenhower photo, i like this one because it is emphatic. could you say, the 1960 election has been called one of the first modern campaigns, can you talk about a 1960 of the role that nixon played and the role of women in the campaign? >> i am sure that all of you already know all of the numbers of voting, but, remember how charismatic kennedy was. remember how women's mood. the

election of 1960, for the first time in american history, more women voted than man. it will never guess what the breakdown was between this wonderful, charismatic kennedy and women voting. it was 50 1:49. i made one small error, 51 for nixon, 49 for kennedy. pat nixon took the position that this is what her husband was. she was very ambitious, like her husband, very smart. very attuned to what he was doing. and, the

ultimate defender. and she and mamie eisenhower, and dwight eisenhower had a very good relationship. and, if you look at the letters between dwight eisenhower and richard nixon, again, big surprise, just about every one of them said say hello to pat, i really appreciate her help. does not sound like eisenhower and his wife did not get along with dick and pat. >> a second misunderstanding or myth of the campaign is that nixon and lodge were ill suited together on a ticket, and that lodge was the downfall for richard nixon that year. what do you say? >> on january 7th 1960 draw it as an hour wrote a secret memo

-- was a boston robin. by the way, you might not know the person who wrote the biography on henry cabinet launch jr.. it is luke nichter. >> it was not a self serving question, i promise. third misunderstanding i highlighted about the 1960s on the democratic side. also interesting that on the 1960s senator john f. kennedy, that candidate would not have been

elected president without johnson, it was really eisenhower the trip to the south. louisiana and 56. virginia both campaigns, began to eat away at the democratic south. would kennedy have won the presidency without lyndon johnson from to texas to hold down the democratic south? >> as we would say in the most area tight turns, not a snowball's chance.. what lyndon johnson brought to the table was what a famous texan journalist said. every election that johnson and the rest of the people that ran for elections in texas during the timeframe up to 1960, what's competitive corruption. it was just depending on who could steal more votes. johnson ran in 1941 and lost because he did not steal enough votes. but, in 1948 he won by 87 votes. and he

received a wonderful nickname landslide lyndon. now, imagine for a second, imagine, in an election that johnson ran in he did not win without corruption. and yet, every author, every major biography of lyndon johnson talks about the fraud in 1941, and in 1948 multiple chapters. one book, a major biography on the election of 1960 says that by the way there is nothing about ford in 1960 so i am not going to talk about it. since there was no fraud why talk about it? in another book it did not even make a half a sentence. it made a footnote on the next to last page and the volume. it basically said that there was

no fraud in 1960, because the office said there was no fraud. a fairly impartial guy that worked for jon kennedy and was a member of the democratic party. and, in addition to that there was no fraud in texas and the reason there was no fraud in texas is because leon bureau skis said you could not prove it. obviously the answer to the question is there is no fraud, because people who had a great stake in saying there was no fraud said there was no fraud. the only problem for that is, they lied. >> we will return to the topic of fraud in a few more questions. next misunderstanding of the campaign is nixon arriving in hawaii. you can see the aloha sign on his arrival and giving a speech. another myth and misunderstanding. it was a mistake for nixon to pledge to campaign all 50 states. >> again, all of the people who write about the election.

especially people who write about how wonderful kennedy was and how great his campaign was. how in the world could nixon be so stupid as to run in all 50 states? not a mention that the candidate campaigned in 45 states. i guess he was five states less stupid than nixon was. [laughs] the nature of the way that both of them ran, and if you want to look at this in the most objective way, is that nixon had just as many votes as kennedy had. i am guessing since they both had of just -- -- about the same amount of votes, that kennedy must have run a much better campaign than nixon did. the only problem,

again, with that is how in the world, if both of these guys have the same amount of votes that one run a farce barrier campaign than the other? they logical inconsistency is undeniable. and yet, folks do not want to talk about it. >> our next mid, or misunderstanding, is the arrest of martin luther king in that fall, of 1960, was decisive in the election outcome. while answering that charge, can you set up a little bit of the relationship between nixon and kang and what the background was in that campaign? >> martin luther king junior, by 1960, was a major player. not the major player, he was a major player and black society. and, the nature of the campaign with the black people was the story. better yet, the fable is that king was arrested for violating a minor parole violation. he was sent to a hard georgia prison, and one of

kennedy's staff said, called kennedy and said you should call and offer your sympathy. and he did, and that is just about all he did was offer sympathy. because john f. kennedy was the last democratic candidate that actively solicited voters in the south. can you believe that john f. kennedy solicited white votes in the south? absolutely, that is what he did. but, according to the story, after the call to greta black people went crazy. they changed their vote enormously. according to the black newspapers, 5 million

black people went to the polls. 50% of all black voters went to the polls to vote overwhelmingly for john kennedy. and the democrats sent out things across the united states. isn't this a great story? across the united states, handing out ballots to black people to vote for jack kennedy. there's only one small problem, it never happened. there were no massive amounts of this. there were not 5 million black voters, the best number i have is somewhere between two and a half million to 3 million blocks, that is 25 to 30% of all eligible black voters. by the way, from 1936 when black people change

dramatically for the electing democrats, they elect two thirds go to democrats. one third goes to republicans through the 1960 election. let me thank kennedy received 68% of ballots, of the black vote. nixon received 32% of the black vote, now i am not really good with numbers like john evans. but, 32% sounds like a third. 68% sounds like two thirds. so, nothing changed as far as the numbers went. the story has become so exaggerated and so out of line. it is still, so many people, and unbelievable change in the election. frankly, it never happened.

>> we have two more to go, they next mid or misunderstanding, whether the issue of the solace-ism and the extent to which candidate used religion as a political issue whether that was a decisive in the outcome. >> no one has ever done research on the influence of chrysalises i'm in the election. there are two books on it, they were so actively researching that none of them did archival research. it is so much par for the course me, you feel like writing with no

material to support it. kennedy won with 50% 3% of his vote from catholics. over half of his votes, over 17 million votes came from catholics. according to the republican national committee, somewhere between four to 6 million more catholics voted in 1960 than ever before. the nature of that meant that kennedy could not have won the election without the catholic vote. in addition to that in 1952 and 1956 eyes now got 62% of the protestant vote. in 1963, pardon me, in 1960, to show you how much of this has changed it went from

62% all the way up. a great jump to 63%. it did not change materially at all. and yet, the story is told is fundamentally wrong. because the candid the machine was talking, they were really going to smear nixon in a landslide. and when the landslide did not happen, the most convenient reason was too many, too many bigots. the only thing they do not mention is, in 1956, pardon me, eisenhower got almost 50% of the catholic vote. the only number that significantly changed in 1960 was that canada received 78%. that is an increase of 29%. and

yet no one ever mentions it. >> one of the ancillary charges of billy graham was present kenny in the oval office after he left. ancillary to that is that nixon used religion in a dirty way during the campaign to exploit this idea that america was not ready to elect its first catholic. of course, you talk about al smith previously the. did you find evidence of other side using religion in this harsh political round? >> there was some fundamental bigotry where certain evangelicals and others did not want a catholic in the white house because they did not want the pope running the federal

government. but by and large what happened in 1928 had significantly changed. the amount of adversarial relations between catholic voting and non catholic voting had mellowed a great deal. the idea of the charge that nixon was dirty because he was encouraging bigotry same old nixon staff. you do not have to prove it all you have to do is say. >> we have already talked a little bit about fraud, let's close on that topic. nowadays we see every political election in these red and blue maps, the outcome from 1960. and the version of it that i like because you get more original terms is the one by county. of

course, red being republican, blue being democratic. i guess when you see a map like this, comment a little bit on a couple of things. what do you see when you see a map like this? an outcome like this. for its own sake but also compared to what eisenhower was doing in the south. ultimately, the big west, shun was there fraud? if so, was it decisive? >> the numbers that iran, first of all, say that nixon had every likelihood of winning texas and illinois. had he won texas and illinois he would have been president of the united states in 1960. but, what i say when i look at the entire route is a precursor of what you are experiencing now. the nation is starting to divide, fundamentally, into two sections. the urbanites and the nature of certain block voting, black voting, jewish voting,

labour voting, et cetera. that becomes fundamentally democratic, and suburban and rural becomes very republican. what you have now is, i think, the most extreme of that. where people of one ilk or another will not talk to one another. there is virtually no intercourse, they are so extreme. it bodes well for partisan voting, which is fundamentally 40% republican and 40% democrat now. but in 1960 the remarkable thing

because nick zimmer almost 95% of the republican vote. pretty hard to believe somebody as evil as next and could get 95%. and our hero, jack kennedy, received 84% of the democratic vote. all kennedy had to do was to keep his base. there were 17 million more democratic registers than there were republicans. 40 million republican registers and 57 million democratic registers. if kennedy had simply kept his base, he could not even do that. the nature of the election was not only so close, it was even closer than anybody believed. because, again, nobody bothered to run any numbers. it is amazing how in corrects the results of the election have been told. i. e. -- numbers. it is amazing how

in corrects the results of the election have been told. i. e., kennedy won the election by 112,000 votes. i ran the election results for different ways. one way, the best he did was about 107,000 votes, the next way iran and he won by 27,000 votes. the next way identity, he won by 137,000 votes, and the final one he won by 56,000 votes. and yet, people to this day continually run these numbers as if they were gospel without evaluating >> there is plenty more i can get into, i have not even asked you about the debates. i would like to go to the audience, i would like i microphone going around that we would love to get your questions.

>> before we begin with the gullets get a round of applause for mr. gellman and dr. nichter. [applause] we will open the floor for questions, if you have questions raise your hand and signal to me and the first question i would like to ask, what advice you have four young researchers? where do you think they should start? >> do that again? >> what advice do you have four young researchers and where should they start? >> well, professor nichter and i are lucky that we already have established records. the problem for young people, and i talk to them about this, 20 years ago to now the amount of material written has increased

by 10%. the amount of books that are published now is three times as many. very few pages increased, but the number of publications have increased three times. it is very, very difficult to break into writing. if you are able to get published, more power to you. some of us get lucky, some of us do not. if i were any of you i would try to write letters to the editors, right in newspapers are magazines, anything you can do to get your name and. or i would find somebody who really knows what they are doing, and asked them

to help. generally speaking it is incredibly bleak for young people, even if they do brilliant research, to find a publisher. >> thank you, to your left, over here. >> thank you, doctor gellman, i learned a lot and i have a lot of questions. i have a question for you, you mentioned a couple of times, you repeated the word evil nixon. you raise and why some of the perceptions were inaccurate, flawed. but you also said that inaccurate and flawed precepts were accepted, as if they were facts. so, what was causing this? why? why did people feel the way they did? ordinarily people do not believe things that are so easily contradictory. more voters forget over the next, and that is not true. why did they believe that? >> the answer is so complex. one, first of all, democrats. harry truman. he virtually

hated the ground that nixon walked on. eleanor roosevelt felt the same way. aly stevenson hated nixon with a passion. the leaders of the democratic party went to the fundamental extreme. because nixon was vulnerable, and also because eisenhower was not. they did not attack the great man because it was a waste of your time. so you went after someone that they thought was possible to go after. but what is worse than that is, today in newspapers, magazines, television, you have some of these people who are commentators. i nicely called him idiots. [laughs] they will

tell you material that makes no sense at all, and one day one thing, one day the exact opposite thing. but, back in the day, in 1960 you had a bevy of famous columnists, newspaper reporters that simply wrote what happened. whereas kennedy had they's great, energetic audiences. nixon had awful audiences. nobody was there. if you saw pictures, kennedy had good audiences. and, surprise, nixon had good audiences. did nixon have people thought he was charismatic? absolutely!

did kennedy have people that thought he was charismatic! yes! theater white, for example, and i quote this in the book, goes over nixon's trade in october of 1960s. wearing a win with kennedy lapel button. how tacky can you get? and yet, these people, behind the scenes, behaved poorly. to give you my own personal experience, when i talk. especially after i started writing about richard nixon, people would talk to me. i can apply to grant after grants after grants and have support grants, and get thank you so much, no. the nature of writing about nixon, anything other than saying he was darth vader, is not publish-able.. for want of a better word, publishers are greedy and they

want to make money. if they cannot sell books they do not publish. now the campaign of the century and my other books have sold pretty well. but, what it means is either i am fooling a lot of people, or there is a certain amounts of belief that the material that has been written so long so wrong. i will tell you one last thing. i was nominated for a thing called the pluto arc award in 2015 for the best biography of the year. i got a call from high up in the thing that said there are 257 books nominated. they are going to not narrow it down to the top ten. do not feel bad, you are not going to make it. two months later i get a call from the same guy saying, i have to tell you that you made it to

the top ten. but, now, it goes down to the top four. there is no way you are going to be a finalist. forget being a finalist. a month later get a call. you have to sit down for this, you are a finalist. so, i have on my wall, hanging, the finalist for the pul-e-charki word. go figure! i was very pleased, it is always nice to be acknowledged. but the man that was telling me this was on the inside, knew how everything was going and there was not a prayer, did not have a chance. and yet, sometimes it changes. >> thank you, right behind? >> yes, doctor, as a communications major i am just curious, could you speak to the televised debate? that we hear

so much about, nixon looked angry and kennedy was tan. >> we all know what happened, he was poorly tanned, kennedy looked wonderful, it was a mismatch from the very start me. >> those who watched on television felt kennedy won, but those who listened on radio thought nixon won. >> all of that is nonsense, it never happened. it was just a story that was done. no one in 60 years has done any serious race or john the great debate. do you know what happened? what happened was far easier. the night before the first debate, nixon is talking to eisenhower and says, you know, i am going to fool them. i am not going to be the adversarial nixon, i'm going to be a kind and gentle nixon. and so, the next night

he goes on the first debates and he is the kinder and gentler nixon. and all of the people that are watching as partisans for the kind, or general next and say what is wrong with you? go get them! do what you do best. so, the basic thing is, if you listen to the first debates nixon says in some way or another, 16 times, i agree with you. and his people did not want nixon agreeing. in the following three debates nixon was different. he was nixon, adversarial, attacking kennedy where he was weak and doing quite a good job. but after the first debate as a communications major, how do you think the newspapers responded? it was a tie. it becomes untied over 60 years and it becomes kennedy winning

the first debate by a mile. but the initial reaction and all of the newspapers was that there was no difference between the two of them, they both did equally well or equally bad. the whole story of the kennedy being this wonderful guy. what did happen, and i didn't say, was the greatest thing that john kennedy did was run for office. there was a wonderful campaigner. and by staying up, and not making any massive mistakes in the first debate, what happened was's democrats said, this guy is a lot better than we thought, and might be able to do a good job. so they rallied around the flag and kennedy got more adulation after that first debate because he did not blow it. not because he did great but because he did not too badly.

>> we have one last question, over here. >> doctor, clearly senator johnson helped senator kennedy in his campaign, how much did ambassador lodge help vice president nixon, given that lodge was from massachusetts and, clearly, kennedy was going to win his home state. >> first of all, a man that should really answer the question is the pro. >> i will let you answer most of it, i would simply say the thing that i wonder about, if the nixon and lodge ticket had been for eisenhower's wages, after eight years as president they to people that eisenhower

owed the most to after eight years were nixon nixon and lodge for all they did during his presidency. and so, i think eisenhower began to groom both of them at the beginning of 1958 and 59 in various ways, leading up to 60. and when you look at the schedules of the two top democrats and two top republicans, lodge was actually the only one of the for not to miss a day of campaigning due to illness, or injury, or something else. in fact, i found in lodges papers in boston he has repeatedly cloying out to the people on the next inside of the campaign saying, use me more, i can do more! i am not being affective because i cannot control my schedule. my schedule is being made entirely by the next inside and i am not even approving of the debates. so, i think he wanted to be used more

during that campaign. the last thing i would say, and you can villain where i've gone astray, is he was older. he was older and more like an eisenhower figure. he was born in 1902. he is a full 15 years older than john f. kennedy. he is six years older than lyndon johnson. 11 years older than richard nixon. we had this idea of the vice presidential candidate being the attack dog, going out to do the things that are unpresidential, the things that the top of the order does not want to do. more often than not that has been the pattern in the last 50 years. it was different than. i think that henry cabot lodge jr was a way to ensure the eisenhower continuity to the nixon presidency. he bought maturity that nixon, do not forget, how young he was. 47 years old, you've been vice president for eight years, you lose the run for the presidency and you are just turning 48 years old. that is not so bad, you have options and a future. lodge, i think as

a running mate with nixon, it was really a different era. >> the only thing i have to add to that is, the real story is, as professor nichter says. or the fable. that lodge did not campaign he was lazy. if you do not look at the records you can lie all you want to. they fast is my examination of what lodge did in the 1960 campaign when nixon was in the hospital for two weeks he was the guy carrying the campaign. and surprise surprise, he was campaigning all over new york with nelson rockefeller. and going to the beach etcetera, etcetera and doing well but, because people picked up on a story after and time magazine that he had to take a nap every

day and get into pajamas, what would you rather have? he was in pajamas and campaigning like -- or that he was in pajamas and not doing anything? >> it is literally muddy what you can get away with if you do not do the research. >> when it is a gentleman, would you please join me in dock thanking doctors gellman and nichter. [applause] the book is the campaign of the century and dr. gellman wilson copies of the book tonight, and the lobby, thank you for being here and get home safe in the rain. if you're enjoying american history tv, then sign up for a newsletter using the qr code on the screen to receive the weekly schedule of upcoming programs like lectures in history, the presidency, and more. sign up for the american history tv newsletter today and be sure to watch american

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