all right so welcome again, everyone and today what we're to be talking about is cold war and in many ways this connects to our conversations we've had up to date last lines. remember we talked about mexican-americans and puerto ricans today we're going to start with cuban refugees. so this continuing with our discussion of spanish speaking

migrants. but today we're really going to be focusing on refugees and we're going be looking at cubans, vietnamese and the 1980 refugees act. and just to remind ourselves what group of refugees did we talk about earlier this semester? what we spoken about, why not group of refugees, sully hungarian refugees. right. we've about hungarian refugees specifically at the during the hungarian uprising. remember the united states admitted. 36,000 hungary aliens into the united and this is part of cold war policy right the was because they were seen fleeing communism that the united was willing to accept as part of the sort of cold war framework today we're going to be looking at cubans and vietnamese and really thinking about how these relationships us foreign policy and migration come together as

we think about refugee policy. so that is where we starting today. any questions? okay, so let's begin with cuba again, we talked about mexican-american migrants largely coming in as laborers and workers, although not exclusively we talk about puerto ricans again and what legal category are puerto ricans in? what do they have next? you know, they can't vote on the main island nation, most of the united states. and what is their political identity? what are they, samuel? they're citizens. so. right, so puerto ricans are u.s. citizens. and nick, you're right. they're all in rico. they cannot vote in federal elections. so they're in the united states. they can, but they're citizens. and this brings us then to cubans, which are one of the other main spanish speaking groups that come to the united states. this is in cuba. i've done a lot of research on

cuba. so if you want ask me about that later, you can spend almost 17, 18 years now by did a great deal of research in cuba in the early 21st century and i most of us when we think about cuban refugees and that's what i'm focused on today really think about after revolution in 1959. be sure there are lots of cuban migrants who come to the united states before 1959. many live in tampa and florida. many are involved in cigar industry. others live in new york and new jersey. and here we can see sort of a dancehall is at the marty masaya. those are two cuban sort of national figures. and then you can see this in the 1940s in ibar city, where you have large numbers of cubans, the united states, that said, for the most, the cubans who came in 1940 and 1950s tended to be more middle class. they tended to be wealthier than

puerto ricans and mexicans who enter the united states. again, not exclusively. many of these cubans would send their children to school in the united states, and particularly after world war two. there are very close ties between cuba and the united states. many cubans would come to united states on vacation. americans would go to cuba on vacation. there are multiple per day between miami and havana. in cuba would be baseball, hollywood, hollywood films. so a lot of interaction between the united states. cuba in the 1940s and 1950s. and you will have some migration to the united states, but not in large numbers. and this will change in. 1959. and this is of images of the cuban. all right. and does anyone ow who is this nick? fidel castro? this isn't fidel castro.

hes the leadeof the cuban revolution. and this will be revolution against the batista regime. and iss a massive change and both in world history, but also in us relations. so very the batista government been in power this a guerrilla movement, although to be honest it's both led by fidel castro. there's also an urban resistance, but it will be a dramatic end. this cuban government, fidel castro will take power and he will argue that this cuba is going to be independent from the united states, that it will no longer have to depend on the united states, that it had previously. and this will soon turn to the castros relationship with the soviet union. and a break with us relations and what become a main stage for the cold war, the caribbean.

and so question is, is what does this have to do with refugees and immigration? what does this mean? and the first is, is that will begin to have cubans entering, the united states, in large numbers. and this happens in multiple stages. the first phase is in 1959, right after cuban revolution. you have cuban who opposed the batista continue to come. the united states, these would be cubans who opposed castro, the new government, and initially about 100,000 leave between 1959 and 1961. they tended to be they tended be more conservative and they define themselves as exiles. how is an exile what is what do you think? how is that different from who might see themselves as a

refugee or an immigrant? samuel an exile. it has the implication of maybe like returning home at a points mark. exactly. the idea is if you're in exile, you think you're coming, but you're not going to stay. right. the idea that you're coming but you're waiting potentially to go back initially, this first group of cubans saw themselves as only coming to the united states for a short period of time, they explicitly defined themselves in opposition to the revolution and that they, waiting to return. most of these individuals settled, or at least initially, in miami, instead florida. they went here from miami. i'm just curious. yeah. okay. so this is a if you are in miami, you know, the cuban-american ins have sort of a significant voting bloc there, a significant role politics. and you can see here. this begins really to change the demographics. miami, which is what the reading you were doing today, was focused on.

okay. and you begin sort of have these new migrants come in and they're trying to trans for miami into a more spanish speaking city. but you should know that they do not as refugees. okay, i'm going to use the word refugee a lot today, but none of these individual is coming are actually legally what happens that the newspapers the media and politicians will call everyone refugee but legally they a different status. okay so we have to separate the popular discourse which will include me and the legal categories. so do they come? what most of them come on tourist visas. most cubans come to the united states between 1959 and 1961 as tourists. and if any of you have traveled

someplace before and maybe needed a visa, you know you can get a tourist visa. and these cubans entered the united states on fairly easy to get tourist which they would have used probably before to visit the united states. and they would come to the united states. but once they got to the united states, the us would transfer their tourist visa into the parole category. okay. and we saw this word parole also with hungarians right if you remember eisenhower's said, look, we don't have a way to get hungarians here. it's outside the national act. it's not part immigration law. we're going to create this executive idea that the executive can parole a large group into the united states. and so these tourist visas, when someone stayed longer rather than having over, say, their visa and potentially facing deportation, the government said, no, this important this is important for us foreign policy.

we're going to allow these individuals to stay and they can stay under the parole authority. okay. so that's the piece. in addition, the us will off diplomatic relations cuba with cuba in 1961 and january of 1961. this is as jfk is coming into office and what will happen is that at this point, the us government will say, well, you can't get a tourist visa anymore because we don't have an embassy havana anymore, but we're going to give visa waivers. we're going to say that you don't even need a visa. we have a visa waiver system. and if people were able to get a visa waiver, they could then come the united states. and again, once they to the united states, they will get this parole identity or this legal of having parole. you should also know that almost all of these individuals are not coming by boat. i think in our heads we often

think people coming from cuba and boats is because of later groups of migrants begin to come after the 1980 mariel boatlift. but most of these cubans fly to the united states. they're taking airplanes. they're flying from havana to miami and getting parole authority. the united states or status of parole. okay, these individuals in general need us dollars for the plane fare. they need get tickets and they are often relying on cuban relatives already in the united states. so this is the first real group of, cubans who are coming to the united states. so won't be questions, thoughts, clarifications. yes, samuel that question. okay, laura, um, i, i think so often times, yeah. oh, sorry. oh, thanks, laura. so often i think people think that like cubans, or at least

caribbean people tend to come in boats like there's a really big stereotype and i think it's who i mean like like i think so like so where did that stereotype come from? like of cubans if they didn't actually on boats? like, why is this such a big stereotype? well, like latin caribbean. no, that's a really good question. so the question is, why is there sort of an image of people coming on boats from, the caribbean, when in fact, a large number of people were actually came on airplanes. it is because in the 1970s you have haitians beginning to come to the united states on boats. and in particular, in 1980. we have a thing called the mariel boatlift, which i'm going to about in about two weeks, where you will have 125,000 cubans leave the island boat, and they are then picked up by other at sea or by the coast guard. and so this will become the sort

of era of the boat people from the caribbean. so it's that it's not coming from nowhere. it is, in fact coming from a later political moment. but i think the point i'm trying to make, i appreciate this question, is that we have to recognize that through the sixties and seventies, the vast vast majority of cubans are flying to the united states. this is also true for english speaking people, english speaking islands from puerto rico the question of the boat people is really focused predominantly on cubans and haitians, particularly at key moments in the 80 and then again in the early 1990s. okay. so that answer we're gonna talk about vietnamese boat people as well, the end of class. okay? yes, jerry, one more question. uh, excuse me. sorry. thank you. since hungarians were a roy crow authority, were they not like legal refugees? that's so the hungarians.

and so this is where have the difference between legal status and popular representation. so legally hungarians are not admitted as refugees, they legally come in under this parole status. but if you look at the newspaper articles at the time, even if you look at government programs, the word refugee is all over the place. but from a legal perspective, they isn't a refugee provision really at this point in u.s. history. and so the us wants to accept people and they use that parole category and we're going to get the 1980 refugee law by the end of class okay. but so this is again, it seems sort of in the weeds in terms of legal questions. but i think it's actually really important because the question of who gets to be a and who doesn't will become very okay, good questions. thank you. all right. so then what happened? so this was in your reading today this will a new role for

the federal government. you have tens of of cubans entering united states by end of 1962. i think the number is close to 250,000. so we have huge numbers of people coming in. and the question is, what is the government going to do? and tracy voorhees, who is under the eyes, our administration and the readings, finds it actually worked with the hungarians. and so eisenhower says, come on, can you help out with the cubans as well? and he was reluctant for greater amounts of federal involvement and he supported resettling the cubans away from miami. this was a moment where there was a lot of nonprofit assistance, saw what we would call today nonprofits. and the catholic church was a major source of assistance and helped with job english classes, daycare, health care. and we could really see in some ways a question of who should be the cubans? should it be voluntary agencies

or the federal government? and eisenhower and voorhees both really want to focus more on private and voluntary aid rather than government aid. but as john f kennedy into office in 1961, we will get a new program called the 1961 cuban refugee program. and this will provide greater and greater amounts of government support for helping with cuban resettlement. and this is we see this with the hungarians but this will really grow under cuban program. right well we'll get farm government intervention and support to help cubans resettle. and this means that the government will provide health services, job welfare benefits, food distribution and adult. and this was the largest federal response to a refugee crisis and the government is helping with educational and vocational

programs and also really helping cubans adjust to the united states. and this is all under the departed head of health and education and welfare. okay. so this is really a new role for the federal government and we should know that this is part of what you write about today, the sort of got to the end of the chapter, but the government is also worried about how this will affect miami. right. what is this going to mean, miami, to have all of these new migrants? is this going to tax system? does this change its demographics? oh, so initially they are sort of a push to have people leave miami and resettle elsewhere. but for the most part, when people go to a new place, if you're a foreigner if you speak a different language, you want to be next to other people who speak your language, you had a similar experience who are going through the same thing you are going through. so many of these cubans go back miami because there's a larger

community and this helps establish the sort of cuban-american community in miami or in the early 1960s. however, again of these individuals are going to samuels sort of point about exiles earlier don't think that they're here long term. they're like, we're going to be here for six months, maybe a year. castro can't possibly stay in power. we will be going to cuba. but with the failure of the bay of pigs, which was a cia operation, tries to overthrow the cuban government and is a massive us failure. and then again with the cuban missile crisis, which is a showdown between the soviet union and the united states over missiles in, it becomes clear that there's not going to be a return back any time soon and a result there an increasing recognition that cubans are going to be remaining in the united states and will accelerate the resettlement process. and then and this again i

appreciate, laurie, your point about flights. there's sort of a pause, 1962 and 1965. but in 1965, there's a new program that the cuban government and the us government engage. and it's the cuba freedom flights, and it goes. from 1965 to 1973. and this is partially because the cuban government doesn't mind having critics. e revolution leave and the states is very willing at this point to accept more cuban migrants. preference was given to cubans who had families in the united states and there were flights. varadero, which is a city pretty close to havana and multiple times a day and about 3 to 4000 cubans left each month through this program. so a lot of cubans don't. so you have one group that comes in 1959, 1960, 61, right away

after the revolution. you have actually an equally large group that comes in 65 to 1973. and again, people are not coming on boats. people are getting on jets and flying to the united states. all right. they are again coming, not as refugees legally. they come to the united states and, they have parole and. here's one image, here's another where you can see people getting off the airplane i like this one because you could just see like all these are all of the relatives coming to meet their relatives landing in miami. you know, you'd be really excited that your relatives were going to be coming and joining you here in the united states. and you can again see the pan am flight, rit? this is a commercial plane. well, what would happen once they got to the united states this the united states began because by by the 1965, 66, the cuban government as positioned

itself for soviet union in the cold war, it is very defiantly against united states. and so the us creates a new law for cubans that is very unique for cuban population and it serve the cubans who, enter the united states either on visa waivers or are parolees or have overstayed their visas, are going to be able to become residents and is the 1966 cuban adjustment act. so unlike other, who can become permanent residents, but not if they overstay their visa? you this allows people who come in as parolees to become permanent residents and move citizenship very quickly. cubans can paroled and after one year of residence in the us can apply for permanent resident status and then they're able to become u.s. citizens.

this means that for purposes of immigration law, while cubans are not legally classified as refugees, they are in some ways given a fast track to becoming citizens that is unique to their political status. and this is the us government sees this beneficial because this sort of a demonstration that people rather come to the united states than stay in cuba under a communist government and the socialist economy. and so from the us purposes this is really seen again like the hungarians as a way of demonstrating that the us is a better place to live. and it's doing so because many cubans are wanting to come to the united states. all right. so this really then goes to 1970s. then there will be a pause and we're going to hold on the 1980 mariel boatlift, until next week, right so this is the first group to talk today, questions

or thoughts questions or thoughts on this. good. we'll talk also about this with the reading. today's reading brought to this point as well, getting us to the early 1960s and again placing, us in miami. okay. two key points, cubans are tied to both us refugee policy and clearly tied to us foreign policy. right. this is because of us interests in the cold war and it's sort of antagonistic relationship with the cuban government, which will lead it to accept such a large number of cubans and giving them this type of privileged status. okay. so then i want to talk about the other group of cold war migrants today, which are the vietnamese and. while this might seem really far away. recognize that u.s. policy in

vietnam and the vietnam, it's probably the most sort of important foreign policy intervention of the mid century. right. and us policy with cuba sort of on the other key defining cold war stories as from a us point of view and given that is really useful to why certain of migrants are allowed entry into the united states and this relationship between where the united states intervenes militarily and politically and refugee and migrant processes. and so these are how they come together. okay, so here is an image of vietnam you should know that the us involvement in vietnam begins as early the 1940s teaching a whole seminar on the vietnam war right now. so if you again, if you're interested, i'm happy to answer more questions, but we should recognize that the united states is involved with the war, even when the vietnamese are fighting against the french after world war two, the vietnamese want

independence. they're fighting against the french colonial power. and then after that, this will become war, both between north vietnam and south vietnam, but also one where the united states is on the side of the south vietnamese government. and there is ongoing fighting in southern vietnam as well. and the united states see this very complicated colonial war and colonial movement through the lens of the cold war. so rather than recognizing that there are multiple players in vietnam, there are people of all sorts of ideological positions, southern vietnam and south vietnam. the us will see this very as a cold war story where the us is supporting the anti-communist acts against the communists, both in northern vietnam and in southern. and one thing that's really important to recognize when we think about the people, many whom will come to the united states, is that the united states supported the south vietnamese government, the

formal name of which is the republic of vietnam. this is the sort of uniform of the army of the republic of vietnam and the arvin and. so the us fought alongside vietnamese soldiers. this is the sort of the government and the army the us was fighting when and it's really important to recognize that. the united states was not fighting against all vietnamese, the us was fighting with the south vietnamese army against both vietnamese as well as the north vietnamese army. okay, this colors, the colors of the south vietnamese flag. if you've driven around orleans, you might have seen this flag. okay, south the south vietnamese flag is a symbol for many who had supported anti-communist government in, the united states as well. okay, nick, without a question. so here have south vietnam. this is going to come up in a moment. okay. so to bring us to the story the

refugees however the us withdraw its troops from vietnam 1973. the vietnamese government will hold for about another two years. and in 1975, the north vietnamese as well advance on south vietnam and the vietnamese government will quickly collapse. so south vietnam will collapse and this will lead to a huge sense of chaos in south vietnam what is going to happen to all of the who've been supporting the south vietnamese government, the us have been backing this government. they have been fighting with them and now the north vietnamese coming down. what was going to happen and the united states will feel somewhat responsible. this there's a sense that these have us allies for years. how is this going to in affect the united states and what is

the united states role in this? so as the south government begins to collapse the us attorney general agrees to begin admitting vietnamese and cambodian dependance of us citizens under the parole authority. and for those of you who do research on operation babylift, you will do learn more about if that's the topic that you choose to study the us government then ask for support. also from the unhcr. but the governor doesn't want to organize an evacuation because they don't want to like demonstrate that. the government of south vietnam's about to collapse right. if the us begins evacuating lot of people, it's going to be really clear that government is not going to last very long. despite that, however the south vietnamese government will collapse and this will lead to image, which is a fairly famous image of vietnamese trying to get into this. how copter and as they want to leave the country.

how many of you have seen this image before? many, but not all of what do you think? but how would you interpret? this image is this an image of us help? is it an image of us abandonment? how would you analyze this image? what are your thoughts? if you look at this yeah, michael, if you can just wait for, bill, if you can come up here for michael. okay. i mean, it kind of reminds me the images we saw from up there. yes. a few years ago where it feels like the us was there to help. but then as soon as things turned sour, it was kind of the idea of abandonment. okay, that's way i read it. and many of you might have seen these images of the helicopters leaving afghanistan juxtaposed with this earlier image. historians wrote a lot about this what else, what is a abandonment help? what else do you see in this

image at a hand that's now? any other thoughts. i mean, i think is a good point. oh, sorry. i am. mikael, apologize. yeah. you mikael. um, i feel like it's very symbolic of, like, the fact that there's only so much room on the helicopter and so many people. and like you see that the u.s., like, wants to, like lend a hand maybe for like public image. then it's like we have this much room to help in. like, that's the capacity. okay, that's i think that's a really good as well. on the one hand, the helicopters is like potential vehicle of escape, of help, of freedom. on the other, it's clear not everyone's going to get on. and so you have this dissonance in the image as we're trying to think about the us role at this moment. in 1975, at this moment, about 125 to 130000 vietnamese will leave southern vietnam. south vietnam. okay, some of them go airplane, but sort of they're mostly south vietnamese. are military planes that like doing evacuations?

a lot of people do go by boat in this case and then are picked up by us military craft. some of them are picked up by south vietnamese military. they are brought to guam for processing and then they are brought to camps in the united states and the united states and. some ways at this point wants to know have more regularization. they want to know how are we going to organize 120, 530,000 people who are all leaving at once? they bring to guam first. they're trying to vet them. who are these people? we sure they're on our side. are they healthy? they bring them to the united states and they're put in camps in, arkansas, florida, pennsylvania and california. and here is is an image of a camp in california near camp pendleton. this is still there it's a military base in southern california. yeah. and in many ways, this was haphazard, more was the people who left had supported south

vietnamese government, although there are exceptions, most of them tended to be wealthier, connected to the us government. and here we can see individuals as again coming into these camps, into the united states. here again is another image. many of these people spoke english already. they had worked the us government in vietnam, many of them had worked with the us military. often they had very close ties to the united states even before they to the us. and again, gerry's point, they come as parolees. the president at the time was gerald again. gerald ford did not want to re commit the us military to vietnam and he said the us has a responsibility to these individuals. they'd often supported the united states in the war in vietnam and so he evokes the parole authority and allows 125 to 130000 vietnamese to enter the united states as parolees.

okay, so how do you think americans responded to this? was this popular? what you think? what are your thoughts? the popular. 120 530,000 vietnamese. samuat do you think? i know from like 70? yeah. thank you, samuel. i know that from like some preexisting classes that some like the fishermen in southern louisiana were not pleased about vietnamese fishermen coming to some louisiana was seen as them trying to take jobs as fishermen that have been there for a very long time because a lot of because the climate in southern louisiana is very similar to the same like fishing environments that vietnamese fishermen had back in vietnam. so so a couple of i want to add to that everyone thinks i'm one of those concerned about jobs other thoughts other other so why don't you want to add to a couple of things? one is that is absolutely true.

this becomes actually a very violent, very well known case and sea in texas where there's this competition, vietnamese fishermen and cajun fishermen. i just want to push back a little on the weather point. there are lots of, for example, cambodians who are settled in minnesota. so we're not only thinking about climate here, but we're going to see here the government's to resettle people far more dispersed as compared to the cubans. but you will have people coming for jobs. so fears of job competition, there's also of who are these individuals coming in? and interestingly, one of the sort of most vocal of the vietnamese coming was then governor jerry brown of california. so our california students, if you've heard of jerry brown, there's a lot of like, wait, why are these people coming to california we can't take all these people in. and i just want to share with you of the letters that i found. i've done research on this, particularly on arkansas, and

these are letters that are from the newspaper in aans. and i think you will see both the rhetoric of support pt and the idea that the us should help, but then also some of these concerns economic but political and i would argue even racial. so these tre letters a from the southwest times record. this is a newspaper from northwest arkansas. and peopd to write the letters, editor's letters to the editor a lot more frequely than they do now this is p reddit. this is pre-internet so people actually wrote letters to the newspaper. so here is one oth if i give a volunteer to read the first pagraph of a volunteer. yes, nick. nick's right. the building right there. anyou. noweave the opportunity to welcome these vietnamese refugees to our peaceful land and, to share your good life mpared to theerr have just left behind. the united states must truly seem like a land of and honey. the problem that the problems that confront us are nothing en compared totaation

murder and communist oppression. we can learn a lot from these people who. ask only for a littlreect and a cnce to make a useful life for themselves right. have a volunteer for the second paragraph. marissa. yet many amerinsiew the arrival of the refugees with misgiving being what do they fear? th're resentful at the possibitof having to share the milk and honey job opportunities and land food. many of these same people claim to be good christians. they attend church regularly and all about brotherhood. now thesgo christians have been presented with opportunity to practice their beliefs and i's not to their liking. there is room for these refugees in this great and good land and solutions toe und for all our problems. so let's open our hearts and show some christian brotheoo okay. what we think about this, what are sort of the themes we can see here? what are the arguments that this letter writer is giving for? why us should welcome

vietnamese? what stands out to you. people say, samuel, thank you. a lot of it's put in religious comments, especially the second paragraph that it's all about like christian, that it's through like christian ethics that that a vietnamese refugees should be helped out in the united states. good excellent christian brotherhood. a sense of christian humanitarianism really comes through in this letter. there's a sense that it's a christian thing to do to accept the vietnamese. nick you want to add to that? so the question. yes, what was the what was the french influence? unlike catholicism, vietnam, obviously, because it was indo-china before, for so long. so about there have been christian missionaries, catholic missionaries in, indochina, even before the french vietnam and about a 10% catholic population, the christian population. vietnam is disproportionately

catholic and in addition of, the vietnamese who come to the united states a disproportion a number of them are catholic. so more than 10%, i think that was closer to 50%, although i have to look that up. so it means that the vietnamese coming to the united states were disproportionately catholic. just know that this woman most likely is. and northwest arkansas. but you can see that she's making a of a religious affinity here. okay. really good point. what other what is other what's another reason why there's an argument thavinamese would come to the united states? how is the united states positi? yeah. lara and if you can, thank you for waiting um, i don't know, but i can always you the picture like america's, like kind of on this pedestal, like, even like the airplane was high above everything else and america's high of like and honey, it's like so soulful, like, oh, my god, look at. we're helping these poor bad girl. like, they're coming here.

only we can provide them with this grand opportunity of life. and so. so, i don't know, is like almost it's like selling america and like the american dream innocence x excellent. that's really good. i want to add to last. yeah. vernita um, it reminds me of the photos that we saw of hungarians where they were portrayed as fitting into these really rigid gender roles and. all the refugees, all the people who are supporting refugees really emphasize how like a, the refugees are, even though it was a time of like for a poor girl ism was still like very limited in scope okay i think it really is a companion to the hungary refugees and the idea that the hungarians were children right and in some ways is also fitting into several of those same frames that we discussed with the hungarians. okay. so sort of recap, this is important one, the religious language. this is about a christian humanitarian idea. i think laura's point's really

important. this is the us being benevolent, right? the us is the best place one could go. you should come to the united. look at all these things we could offer vietnam. it's a much better place for people than vietnam. and it also. i would put a word in your mouth and you might disagree with me somewhat paternalistic, right idea that the vietnamese are more like children who the us is saving. there's a colleague of mine, leah too, and she really criticizes some of this rhetoric because it embraces the us war. why vietnamese actually coming to the united states? it's because the us been fighting a war in vietnam for over a decade and arguably even longer. and this of rhetoric. why to say i'm fairly sympathetic to it because really does have like a welcoming position should also that there is a sense of exceptionalism that's in it alongside a sort of christian humanity korean ideal right. but this is one set of letters each another lots like this.

and these were people writing and saying, we want to help the vietnamese, we want them to be in our communities. we're able to provide them more. want the letters, the editor, even in arkansas. look like this in 1975, but others look like this and i can't say that this was this is one that's very hostile towards. the vietnamese. we'll read it in one moment. i actually say that this is the minority of letters. more of the letters were positive, but you should know there are also several like this. so if somee read this paragraph volunteer kim you're right there next tme. can you do it? is that all right? thank so much, kim. these people, the vietnamese is being brought here are coming because they cannot stay in their own land because of their with us. it is th relationship that made it so dangerous they had to leav their belongings. relatives and fl to a foreign nd. they have had many traumatic experi losses, seen horrible things, losing only property and homeland. but relatives and friends do we need to add another bad

experience to this? kim, i apologize. i apologize to everyone. this is another onthat's positive. that is the same similar rhetoric as the humanitarianism. let's just go to the next one. this is the this is theounter. kim, do you mind reading one re it is believed that when refugees of the far arrive for shafie it will be a very sad day to remember for the american people not other people. great. can someonel for the next paragraph? lauren, do you mind? thank you. laur, n this really be in the land of opportunity? are really going to replace our loved ones with some those we ha disfigured on the other side of the world. right. jessica, rin me the next one, the people arkaight as well realize what they are sacrificing,riing these over to this fertile country. the day will come when tre will booby tra ithe ozarks and sam pans on the arkansas rir. okay. what is this letter writer afraid of? what are they saying in this

letter to the editor? yeah. jerry, i guess like, they still see, like, the vietnamese as, like, enemies in the united states, and they think that they're going to attack americans like they did in vietnam. okay, exactly. they're saying that this is going to bring an enemy population in this is a sense of suspicion, of the vietnamese who are coming in. why is this really unlikely to be in the least bit accurate. what is this letter writer not recognize housing who are the victims you're coming solely to the refugees. we're from south vietnam. not exactly the means. we're coming in. we're us. okay? they're coming from. south vietnam had supported united states, but this is we can see how the enemies racialize is that all the vietnamese coming in are seen as the enemy. and it was very difficult sometimes americans who have been seeing the vietnamese as the enemy to recognize that the vietnamese to the us had actually been us allies.

we just the next two paragraphs of this can someone standing next to bill thank you so much the people of the united states do not realize that the people have a different menu. the menu for them over there is a dog and a cat is a licacy to them. and if you think the price of rice is low this point, wait until they'redded to the food ranks and read the last paragraph. thk you, amanda. iteemed to en i went over there that, i was going to keep them from gettin closer the united states. but now that i think about it and they almost beat me back. okay, what? think about this lunch, this same letter. what are the arguments that are being made. remember, you are making some faces. yeah, samuel, you can help us out. i think it's saying that like like the first one is saying that like the vietnamese of life and like viet, like vietnamese

ism. yes, for lack of a better words, is incompatible with american. with the american culture. okay. exactly. they're other their foreign looking, the foods that they would eat. right. what else do we see here? yes, lily. me? um, it's like, what the first one is really reminding me of the rhetoric. trump and then using, especially during the presidential debate back in the fall. and it's really with like dog and the cat but would you sticking out to me as well as like the food stamp remark at least in terms of how he views and talks about the mexicans who are coming. yeah, i think that's right. and when i was looking this last night, i was like, oh my goodness, we can see a content continuity here. yeah. still in the next i think it's interesting. the first one also that there's sort of an underlying idea, at least to me, of like that the vietnamese would never be able to assimilate to american culture like no how hard they tried. and i think that's part of like how we see the anti-asian

history we've seen vis a vis other immigrants. we can see as well here the idea that chinese wouldn't be a symbol of japanese wouldn't be a symbol we can see those same being repeated for vietnamese as well. nick, one more point about the second paragraph. yeah, i of think that that relates to the resentment a lot of people inside the united states had relating to the vietnam war and our system of drafting. and in that whole system. i think that also relates to it as well yeah, this person sort of identifies here as a veteran, right? when they say it seemed i went over there that i was going to ke them from getting to here. so here's someone presumably who fought in the vietnam war who is angry abo the sort of how that played out. right. what was i doing was there actually any reason some of his political criques might be reallyoint? what was he doing over there right. but instead of having that be the question is now being targeted at vietnamese coming into the united states, not really recognizing the vietnamese coming in would have been his alls.

all right. any other questions? would we see anyone else get nicole? and then one more point from lily, then we have to move on. i also think it's interesting how in the first paragraph he says, like, wait till they're added into added to the food stamp. and i think that's really interesting compared to what we were talking about earlier, where people were getting frustrated, they were taking jobs and contributing to the economy. but at the same time, they're also like upset that they're going to like take something from them in a different way where it's like those two things contradict themselves. so it's kind of interesting. they viewed them as like unable to provide for themselves. and then when they did, it was frustrating. they were like taking away things like native born americans. but it does a resentment. that's a really good point. one more question, lily. i had a question. this going back to what you were saying about he was like a veteran who had kind of fought. would that be like i know you were saying that this kind of was in the minority of the opinions in that minority were there like a lot of veterans who felt this way or was that kind of was? that's a really good question.

the question was like, how did other veterans feel about that? so the short answer is, i don't have any good statistics on that. okay? there's a whole large range of feelings. and i would actually say in my own research, i found some veterans who specifically want to sponsor individual vietnamese because they felt like they had an obligation to them and that's not the majority. but when i was doing this particular, it was really interesting because there would be people in the military said, i actually worked with this particular person, can i find them and can i sponsor? okay, i know how widespread this was. i think that what does happen to some extent, though, there is the racialization of vietnamese in vietnam is the enemy. does get translated to some of the rhetoric in the united states as well okay and veterans of course had a range of political ideas. i wouldn't want to make a big generalization. okay. key points. one is the clear anti immigrant rhetoric that we can see throughout all this.

the relationship between the war and as well, the concerns about both economics as well as race. i think that ideof a similar ility that estelle brought up and these are similar concerns that wcould see earlier in the semester a vis other asian groups as well, unlike the hungariansnd unle cubans, the vietnamese who are coming in are very clearly not white. the cubans is actually talk about that a bit more. cubans come from all different backgrounds, look all different ways. but the cubans particularly came in the early 1960s would have been self-defined as white and largely seen as although as spanish speakers that was sort of could be put in question. all right. so you should know, i'm like today's political moment forward actually believe that yes. the us government a responsibility to the vietnamese that because of the us war in vietnam because these people had been allies with the united states, the federal government

supported, the vietnamese coming to the united states provided benefits to individual and really put pressure on states to say, yes, you should be accepting the federal government. and this was bipartisan. the critique also bipartisan. there was a strong sense in the federal government that the us needed to admit these and like viet, the cubans and the hungarians, vietnamese again come as parolees so what happens when they get here. u.s. officials again to voluntary agencies to help resettle the vietnamese. and there was a self-conscious idea that they did not want another miami. they didn't want a place where all the cubans were to be like this place where all the vietnamese were. they were worried about. the economic pressures on an place, as well as potentially of the political concerns, as one urban planner said, quote, the point to avoid another miami and the l.a. times wrote the goal is to prevent immigrants from overwhelming us community, as it is believed many cuban exiles

had done earlier and. south florida and. so vietnamese are really resettled in individual resettlement. voluntary agencies sponsored, people, and then many vietnamese would then have secondary migrations to larger cities. so you might be resettled in nebraska and then be like, i don't want to be the only vietnamese family in this town. and then that individual would move to houston. okay, so there's lots of secondary migration for vietnamese migrants. however, there's one big exception and that's orleans. and since we're here, i thought i'd tell you a little bit about new orleans as well. set us up for some of our discussions next as well about the vietnamese in new orleans. unlike other places, orleans intentionally resettled a whole community. new orleans is really unlike other resettlement sites in the united states, and it's largely because this woman, elise, senegalese, i might be saying her name wrong. i apologize she was born in new orleans, but she grew up in cuba

and when she was living in new orleans during after the cuban revolution. she helped cuban resettlement in new orleans. and then in 75, after the end of the vietnam war, she wanted cath charities to take a leading role in resettling the vietnamese in new orleans. and she turned to philip hannan and catholic charities and she basically said, look, this is another community like the cubans, new orleans should take a whole community. we should bring a group here. archbishop philip hannan and catholic charities went to fort chafee and they agreed to resettle whole community of people in new orleans east. in her obituary in the times-picayune just a few years ago they wrote quote, she believed like cubans the vietnamese should keep their culture and help each other. and other words, they should be allowed to have their own community and should be able to

be resettled together. this led to hundreds of vietnamese being resettled in new orleans east. here's an image. in december 1975 of a group of vietnamese coming from arkansas to new orleans. and here is another picture found last night about children lying about mardi gras, new orleans in 1976, and their english class. we're going to be talking more about this next week. i really encourage you, some of you, for your fieldtrip assignment to go to the asian overseas exhibit about the vietnamese community in new orleans. but this, you should know is unusual. most communities not hundreds of vietnamese at once like new orleans. this was really again speaking of the idea of christian and catholic and humanitarianism was because a proactive role that catholic charities and the archbishop took at moment to resettle a whole community for the vietnamese.

you should also know that another law like the cuban adjustment act was passed in 1979. the us passed a law that allowed for the vietnamese who had parole status to regularize their status. they could become permanent residents who had then become u.s. citizens. this took an act of congress. and going to michael's point about, afghan afghanistan. you should know that right now, afghan the united states are also on sort of a limbo status, are under humanitarian parole. others on special immigrant visas, but it would take an act of congress to them to become residents. and at the moment, congress has not acted on that. okay so to go from being parole to a permanent resident, congress needed to pass a law, this it happens 1979. okay. questions? that's okay. yes, julian.

i had a question that i left on my perusal annotations. where else can you see examples like catholic charities helping immigration groups like maybe not just catholic charities but maybe other jewish organizations like was that something that was going on in new orleans or maybe in miami? that's a fabulous question. so at this time will happen. is is that there is a there called vola, which is voluntary agency? we tend to use the word ngo now in the time we call them the flags and they were often religiously identified, although people of all different religious backgrounds often worked at them. so we had catholic, you had lutheran immigration and refugee services, you had hias was the jewish organization hebrew immigrant? i forget exactly what it stands for. if hias and so these you also had world council of churches. so varieties of religious and faith based non that would

contract the government to help with these resettle ment sites and was all over the country. and again it was disproportionately religious identified voluntary agencies. us catholic charities is one of the largest, but it was not alone alone. all right. i want to make sure we get to the 1980 refugee act, so please bear with me. so then we've seen here all exceptions, right? in 1950s, we get parolees, the hungarians and we get cubans come as again through these special visas or overstays. and then the and then this in ways hits the head in the late 1970s. in some ways, a lot of this goes to one of your questions. most of the vietnamese who came in 75, even if they're on a, is for a short period of time. they're picked up quickly. they're flown or brought to guam, and they fly from guam to the united states. but in the 1970s, 78, 79, more and more vietnamese are leaving the country.

this is because of a range of changes in vietnam, you have the communist party in some clamping down in that the vietnamese government will go to war with china. you have had south vietnamese people who have been reeducation camps or released so numerous changes within, vietnam that will lead to and larger numbers of vietnamese to flee the country and, not wanting to live in vietnam under the vietnamese government, which was a communist government in the late 1970s. and these vietnamese will in small boats, which is where you will get this image of the boat people or the vietnamese boat people, and these boats will go to thailand, indonesia, the philippines and malaysia and large. and so here are just images which these might be familiar to you. the idea, large numbers of vietnamese fleeing the country on boats and going to south asia and they would get to southeast asia. malays would say, well, why

should we take all these individuals? they're here because of the us war in vietnam. indonesia would say, why do we take these people? these people are here because of the us war in vietnam. the united states used to take care of this and so the united states began admitting vietnamese who were in these camps. and this number will increase over time. the president at the time is jimmy carter and he will see except the vietnamese refugees as a matter of human rights and a matter of us responsible. kitty carter will say, quote, this is a challenge to the conscience of the world. refugees, the living homeless, casualties of, one of the very important failures on the part, the world to live by the principles of peace and human rights, to help these refugees is a simple duty. and carter and the card administration will begin to admit the vietnamese in these camps in fairly significant numbers. for example, 1978, he paroled

7000 vietnamese into the united states. but by april 1979, he brought in 7000 a month. and this then added to 14,000 a month. so the numbers really were fairly significant. you should know it again in the united states, this was not particularly popular. one statistic i saw was that 1977, about 79% of americans wanted the level of immigration reduced. but carter is the president and he's saying this is about human rights, this is about us responsibility, and the us has a special responsibility because of the war in vietnam, we're going to keep taking in vietnamese refugees. but congress is conflicted or congress, particularly democrats. congress both want to accept the vietnamese refugees, but they want congress to have more authority. they say this shouldn't just be the role of the this shouldn't just be an exception. every time. rather, the united states should

have a clearer refugee, which is separate from its normal immigration policy because of the humanity alien nature and so as a result, in particular to, democratic congress, people will lobby for a national refugee bill for the first time. and this is ted kennedy, who is a senator from, massachusetts john f kennedy brother and elizabeth holtzman who is a young congresswoman, was an anti-vietnam war activist. she goes to congress and this is an article comparing her. ocasio-cortez you can decide if you agree with that or not. she's still alive, but comes to congress and the two of them want to see refugee legislation passed and they're able to get support not only from the carter white house. speaking to julian's question national catholic welfare conference, the hebrew immigrant aid society church world services, amnesty international,

essentially the liberalism that was talking about earlier are coming and say, yes, the us should have a refugee law. and so and there wasn't a lot of opposition then, okay, i'm going home one second. so there's not a huge amount of opposition. and in some this is because even more conservative politicians who did not want lot of immigrants are refugees come to the united wanted this to be more organized and not want this to be only presidential authority. so there broad bipartisan support for the 1980 refugee act even from people who might have been supportive of large numbers of refugees entering the united states. and so in march 19, it's march 17th, 1980, jimmy carter will pass the 1980 refugee act. and this will be the first bill or major bill that really creates refugee law in the united states. and this is still the law

governing, refuge and asylum in the united states. so i'm going to talk about second, but sally has, a question of i was just going to ask, where's spokesperson from new she's from new york city. so yeah. yeah, she's from new york city. yeah. any other questions. all right. so to get into this bill and what it looks, this is the 1980 refugee law does. several key things. first, it asserts congress's power over refugee and says the president shouldn't get you know lateral decision over refugee policy should be more regular ized rather than just responding to crises. the us should all have a mechanism to admit refugees into the united states. secondly, say for the first time it gives a definition of refugee that is in line with the unhcr, which is the un high commission for refugees and it defines refugee as a person with a

well-founded fear of persecution. it does not include anticommunist them, even though that is largely how refugees have been defined in the united states. and it will actually continue to be how implemented. but from a legal straight forward statement, it does not directly tie refugee identity to communism, anti-communism, but rather rather than that it's well-founded fear of persecution next. it sets ceiling for the number refugees per year in consultation between congress and the president. in 1980, it said at 50,000 and carter is going to blow that up too much higher numbers then it's going come down to about 100,000 and under president. it will drop to very low numbers, but it's supposed to be a consultation between the executive and congress to set the number of spots per year. it also provides federal funds

for refugee resettlement. it sets up the office of refugee resettlement says that the federal government will continue support this. this is again the idea that unlike immigrants who are not allowed to enter the united states, if they're seen as being a public charge, people who immigrate to united states are supposed to be financial self-sufficient or have a sponsor for refugee. the thought is maybe they have no money. they're fleeing they might not have any resources. so the federal government provides some support should say that it is it's not huge but the federal government says, yes, we could provide help housing, food stamps, job training and the initial months that someone arrives. and then the other piece, which we can talk a lot more about later in the semester is it creates a formal mechanism for asylum claims for people in the united states. and this is an unintended this this will emit far more people than the people wrote this law initially imagined and the

difference in law is a refugee someone who is outside the united states who could then be admitted into, the united states. so, for example, in the cases we're about vietnamese refugees in, camps in malaysia would get a refugee designation the would say we're going to take 50,000 and they would go to those camps they have 50,000 people they would allow them to enter the united states. this is also used for people from different places in, africa. it's even thinking about this is the idea the refugees here outside the us you're already a refugee and then allowed in a asylum is you're in the united states maybe you're in the united and you say if i back, i will face persecution and so you make an asylum claim once in the united states a lot the debates over refugee and asylum policy today are about people claiming asylum in the united.

so say someone from honduras who comes to the united states and i am fearing for my life i'm facing political persecution if i go back i will be persecuted that person is already in the united states they're claiming on the basis of this law. okay so it creates essentially two different tracks for someone to get protection from the us government, either as a refugee or as an asylum seeker. right this is just you can see a chart from the migration policy institute. we can see that in 1980, under the carter administration were as high as 200, 250,000. those are super high numbers. and those numbers will sort of flatten out about 100,000 for most of the century. and obviously, we see a really sort of strong decline when trump was brought to government in power in 2017. and i imagine they'll to stay

low. we can even see under biden though a while he brought the cap up the number of people actually being admitted still stayed low. the us has not been resettling a large number refugees now for quite some time. the number of asylum seekers continues to be fairly high, so we see refugee resettlement and asylum here. the key points to think about for today is the relationship u.s. foreign relations and refugee policy. to really think about how cold policy helps define who is and who is not a refugee even though that 1980 refugee law will dictate a couple anti-communism, that will still be largely how refugee policy will be implemented. but to really think about foreign policy and migration policy. secondly, to think about the relationship between cuban resettlement policy and vietnamese resettlement policy, some of the similarities and differences we see in both of those examples. and then the 1980 refugee law is a major piece of legislation that will redefine refugee law

in the united states. it is still the law that governs refugees and asylum in the united states. and so when think about contemporary debates, this is the law that people are referring to okay, this is the law creates a refugee policy in united states and it's passed under carter again has bipartisan support and it's passed in 1980. any questions? yes. okay. you should know that. the law is very quickly met by calm sort of events outside of its control with the mariel boatlift, which will lead to a whole nother set legal categories. but i think that is where we're going to end today. so i'd say thank you. good. so students abroad say for 2 seconds, thank you to. our c-span folks. okay. for some. so thank you all for participating. thank for asking questions and