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strengthen our immune system, and even make us live longer. long mainly ignored by science. gentle touch is finally getting the attention it deserves touches a fundamental eye besides an absolute necessity as much of the air we breathe in the food that we eat, ah and it can calm your whole world. it can make your body feel better. you become less stressed. ah, i am for foolish for long stride touching stimuli to change the biochemistry of our brain in a dramatic and positive way was ativa auto laser. yet of it, now we can't do it as much. we start to notice how incredibly important it is ridiculous . and

oh, the 1st touch. 0, one of the most important moments in our lives. this baby cannot see further than 30 centimeters yet. and our sense of hearing does not fully develop until we are 4 weeks old. we 1st experienced a world through touch the balloons and it seems were so reliant on

a sense of touch that it is even essential to us of evil or we can't do without it . because it's the easiest way for us to interact with our environments into again when a baby cries that wants to feel its parents touch words are not yet enough to see that without the gentle pressure of the womb, babies find a sense of security through caress and body heat, their reassured that someone is there and cares for them. touching strengthens the bond between child and parents from the very 1st moment. dimensions, india, how humans are heard animals in this way. i think that we actually use top to learn and feel that we are now part of our group mindset and our community also protects us. and we, i mean, i think that is, is especially important at the beginning of life that we know we are not alone. and that there is someone who will take care of us. and we now somehow belong to this

community with these other people and them, and we, as humans, need relationships. no one can exist on their own. we evolved to live together in a small group because it offers us protection from the elements and our enemies. and we express belonging for touch. it makes us feel secure. close gives us comfort or pleasure. it is how we express joy and connection. humans have a highly differentiated system for perceiving and classifying touch. because the touch can also mean power and violence, it can frighten and threaten us in fractions of a 2nd, the receptors in our skin tell us just what kind of touch it is. whether we should

relax or spring to action, to escape danger. recognizing and classifying touch is the very 1st language we learn. science has only recently begun to research how subtle and nuanced this language really is. rebecca boomer and her colleague in link hooping sweden are investigating the role that touch plays in our communication. this with just how good is it and expressing our emotions the to test subjects cannot see each other. they tried to convey different messages by just using their arm or hand. i love you. i'm sad. watch out. electrodes register the slightest movements of the facial muscles. an objective method to measure emotions. the information she is supposed to

communicate to him appears on a screen. and he can recognize her messages. kennedy's, i let him would soon. of course, you can also try to convey emotions with work as i said, but i think what comes across and what you actually feel is something else. and imprints entirely different if i say to some one of hey, i love you. or if i show it by touching, hugging, kissing all cuddling with them, the mit dem cushion, lou. above all, we are better able to convey love and compassion through touch than through words. facial expressions or gestures. touch creates a much deeper emotional connection. how has the fact that we now have to keep our distance affected us and our relationships it just

creates barriers. it creates barriers between people. and so if you cannot reach out touch someone, it means you lock that's interaction with them. and it means that we can't reinforce our social bombs. and this is especially true the moment for young people who are learning how to interact. and so in a normal world, we would shake hands or hug or kiss, especially children. and now we have to tell them no, no, you can't do it. and so not only does it have an impact on social relationships that we make for the moment, but it could have bigger implications for the future as well. ah, just reaching your hand out to another person creates a kind of relationship with them. but how does that happen? this is one of the questions that neuro scientist rochelle, accurately, is investigating at the university of x mar,

say. although the pandemic has forced her to take a break from her research, her findings are generating an ever greater interest. because many of us are acutely aware of what we are missing in our lives right now. gentle touch can be both calming. it can be relaxing, but it's also something that we need. it's essential for life. because if we didn't have reward in touch, if we didn't find it pleasurable, we wouldn't do it. and if we didn't do it, we wouldn't be here. touch is especially important at the beginning of life. after birth, it stabilizes breathing body temperature and even blood sugar levels. through contact babies, sense their physical boundaries that helps them to learn the difference between themselves and others. it is essential for certain developmental milestones. it go good and then come in and then you can still see the effects of it even 10 years later. yeah. that there are cognitive differences between babies who had

experienced a lot of touch and those who had experienced very little fun. oh, a basic biological need, and yet for many years, huddling stroking and hugging children was frowned upon. as late as the 1950s in 1960 s, physical closeness was considered unnecessary or even harmful. but research and experience has changed all this. especially among our closest relatives. they clearly demonstrate what happens when newborns do not experienced closeness and touch. if animals only received basic care for months after birth, many of them died. and those that survived suffered irreparable psychological and physical damage. they showed reduced body growth under developed immune systems and an inability to perform even the simplest memory functions. central areas in the

brain were impaired and showed reduced volume. because touch has a very direct effect on our brains. it is essential for us to develop a sense of self physical contact sets important developmental processes in motion, and also stimulates growth. when a baby is touched, millions of receptors in the skin, react, and produce very small currents. these micro currents reach different regions of the brain via a dense network of nerve fibers. when the electrical impulses connect with specialized nerve cells there, they are, memory gates, open. signal molecules are released. they trigger growth promoting processes

directly in the other nerve cells, or they can reach cells via the blood and triggered growth process. as they're ins of him is suits is ordered. the photo eye. this bewilder why this is how touch always produces a reaction throughout the body. and oh, it changes our organism because we see this not only and baby's work, but also in adults. google's, i'd from the so we cannot ignore it because it affects all aspects of our biology and physiology. this is melissa, i am fussy. an experiment in the light take haptic flat. green weaves our recorded before during and after. a massage. martine gruen vault has been interested in gentle touch since the early 19 ninety's. back then, the topic was basically still uncharted territory for the scientific community. how does the massage change brain activity?

the e g measurements show that brain waves slow down. the result is a profound state of relaxation, similar to when a person is fast asleep. however, the brain not only becomes less active, it also releases a cocktail of messenger signals. would you? but the i was cas should have been when hormones and neuro transmit are released an evil, certain messenger chemicals go on to reach the other areas of the body through the bloodstream was this process leads to, among other things as muscle relaxation, a decrease in heart rate and shallower breathing fluffer, there is a whole host of physical changes help alicia for and dawn. every single touch literally goes under our skin. we often overlook visual,

our crew stick stimuli. but this is never the case with the touch. because recognizing someone's touch and analyzing it is essential for our survival. in a millisecond, our brains can determine whether or not a touch poses a threat. millions of receptors in our skin react the register pressure i brian heat, cold in pain, passing on the information via nerve fibers. scientists only recently discovered a very special type of nerve fiber. it specializes exclusively in gentle, pleasant touch. these fibers do not provide us with information about our external world, but they are able to register whether we liked the touch or not.

the discovery of the so called see tactile affluence gives insight into exactly how significant it touches for our social lives. francis mc loan is one of the best known researchers when it comes to these stroking fibers. this discovery filled him with excitement and i can remember the moment i was reading a paper by will, i would say my one of my heroes in neuroscience, a professor oak of albert and oak of albert. in this paper had discovered an earth fiber in the skin of humans called the c title. i'd offer him that responded to a gentle touch. then when i was reading that paper, i was on the aeroplane flying out for more washington. i could see washington memorial alma at through my window and i was reading that paper. and i just at that moment a penny dropped. i thought i know exactly what that no fiber is basically responding

to from that was 1995 or 96. and since then, i've been fortunate enough to pursue my passion in characterizing them understanding just what this no fiber does. and how vitally is a 2 hour well being. this finding lead to the discovery of a totally new sensory system. when we are gently touched, information about the type and location of the touch is sent to the brain in a matter of milliseconds. at the same time, see tactile, i, france also react. their signals only reach the brain after one to 2 seconds. to be more act to areas of the brain that are responsible for processing, positive feelings, how we think about others and self perception. i think it's what glues social groups together. so this touches playing

a fundamental role in regulating the, the reward of all of social contacting groups. and when you're together, you're far more able to deal with stresses from the outside environment. it's like the missing particle that allowed us to understand just what the social brain brady fuels off, and that is this couch nerve that brings everything together. perhaps the c, tactile afrin were discovered so late because they are difficult to find a discovery of this magnitude. it requires real specialists like here and link to thing. sweden a paper thin needle pierces through the skin into a nerve in the arm. the problem is that there are many different fibers in the nerve which can be connected to very different receptors. so it's a matter of finding the right one. but what is the fiber reacting to exactly

the needle is corrected until a fiber. finally, response to the gentle stroking stimuli. it is a time consuming procedure, usually taking hours but it pays off. the researcher can finally determine to what the c, tactile africans respond best. when you pressed gently with low force, with a slow stroking velocity like this, they are tuned to respond optimally to this kind of stroke over the skin. and so we think that these seats act how fibers give was a sense of positive, effective touch. and so it's pleasant touch. and so when we, if we straight skin too fast or too slowly, it's not optimal, but we stroke it like

a gentle caress of the skin. it ought to really activate these fibers. and we think that this is how you gain pleasure out of touch. the so called stroking robot experiments demonstrate this. it can be used to test different touches in exactly the same way on each test subject. the more signals received via the sea tactile air france, the more pleasant the test subjects perceived the touch the effect his strongest at 34 degrees celsius. the same temperature as our fingertips and interesting those more of these no fibers here on the back. then there are in the forum, the wider people like having their back myself more they like having their back massage. good as more of these nerve fibers there. in evolutionary terms, why would you put a reward touch system on the back bow?

you can't get to your back groom it, so you need to get somebody else. another primate, nisa, kaba lawman, groom your back. another indication that touch plays a social role. this highly complex system of receptors and nerve fibers connects us with our environment and other people but see tactile. africa alone cannot explain why we fine touch so pleasant. because the same stimulus, the gentle touch of the skin, can trigger completely different reactions depending on the situation and who is touching us. that's why the 1st thing our brain has to learn is to distinguish whether we or someone else is touching us. because that makes a huge difference to our brain. ah,

many said man, i'm just when i strength my um, my brain can sort of predict what's going to happen. how are you going to feel when i stretch my arm? and what happens is that the brain then blow out this information. so it's as if the brain suppressed is the feeling that occurs when i scope my own arm, i hit on and it does that by knowing what's going to happen that. and so it actually doesn't even matter to us band phones. so we don't consciously perceive the touches. nevertheless, we touch ourselves constantly, mostly on the face, between 40800 times a day. why? to answer this question, martine gruen vaults research group in leipzig came up with an intriguing study due to his law. then the, the hypothesis was, if this is all just biologically speaking irrelevant,

i know if this is an unnecessary touch, then physiological changes in the brain will not show up. and i, but if this is a touch stimulus, which is important for us on a physical level or on organ is then there should be corresponding neuro physiological changes in the brain. and question do, and this is exactly what we have shown. we can now does humble, quasi good psyched, big. ready the test subjects are given the task to feel different patterns on small plates. remember, the structures can record them later. they do not know that they are being filmed while doing this, so that their brain waves can be evaluated in parallel with their self touching. ah, when they try to remember what they have felt, they suddenly hear some disturbing noises.

the edi reveals just how stressed the test subjects all is immovably to this gives researchers their 1st chance to see in a laboratory setting. so how the organism regulates itself in this way? so bothering julio, the annoying sounds disrupt their concentration. all of the information stored in their memory gets lost. they feel overwhelmed. and it is exactly at such a moment that self touching frequently occurs. the evaluation of brain, we as shows how short touch regulates brain activity. it goes back to a medium level of arousal. as a result, the test subjects can better focus on the task at hand. oh, when does thing does is for my to ask the shit about the and i think that's the 1st

step yet. but when it comes to the processes behind him and which parts of the brain trigger other areas in the brain to make your hands touch your face czar. so you can feel better to hunt it's, it's all a bit unclear. these are now the question is, where does that impulse to touch ourselves come friday, which is a very interesting philosophical questioning which alice heroes, as often as over central san touch, comes from outside and works deep within us. and it keeps us emotionally balanced. and yet self touch cannot replace the touch of another person. mm. but why is it different when we are touched? and why does the same stimulus trigger so many different reactions in our brain

from the greatest feelings of joy to deep aversion. c c a caress can comfort calm and lower the heart rate. for example, if your best friend is in distress. busy and chris can also trigger us in different ways. for example, when we're in love, then our pulse rises were aroused. because every single touch, since lots of different information to our brain, ah, ah, for example, vibration pressure, the duration of touch. so the qualities of the touch, but that it's also evaluated. and so it's also how did that switch make me feel? did i like it? do i want more of the touch?

and so the brain actually puts together all this information to deliver a whole rounded experience for touch. rebecca boomer is investigating exactly how and where this happens at the center for medical image, science and visualization in lean keeping. today she wants to see not only the brain, but also the spinal cord at work on her theory, the spinal cord might play a much bigger role in processing touch stimuli than previously thought less than bizarre nash. my think. what is particularly exciting about this is that we are now focusing a little less on the brain for a very long time. you're a science revolt exclusively around every thing happening in the brain of that. and we completely disregarded the whole interaction between brain and haughty and the

physiology of the body of that before the signals from the sea, tactile efforts even reach the brain, they must 1st arrive in the spinal cord in the dorsal horn. here the information i am being touched is conveyed to other nerve cells, mainly interference which transmit and process the information. only a few nerve cells then send messages up to the brain. what is interesting here is that the interim from the spinal cord receive information from the brain. and this could impact our perception of touching the spinal cord. depending on the situation we are in and who is touching us with everything is finally ready for the m. r i measurements. does spinal cord activity also change when the subject touches himself or as touched?

the brain scans show that when the subject touches himself, activity in some areas is significantly reduced compared to the resting state. but it's quite a different story when someone is touching us. many brain regions are clearly activated, especially regents in which we recognize the intentions, thoughts and plans of others and which are responsible for that feeling of reward. a major difference does it also show up in the spinal cord? measurements alternating between the brain and the spinal cord are now taken. which area becomes activated 1st? and how do they influence each other than as a zang? so if the touch, the meal i enter the spinal cord via the nerves, it is already differentiated here,

between me and others. and the brain knows that i'm touching myself. maybe then we'll have less activation in the spinal cord. the brain knows someone else is touching me. maybe if it is someone i particularly like, then it may be that the brain actually increases the activity in the spinal cord so that we, we add more sensitively to its love of way again. now the data from the many test subjects must be evaluated. the results could help us develop innovative approaches to treating mental illnesses or developing new types of prosthesis. anyone who feels a pleasant touch once more of it, the reward system in our brain is response. all for this. hormones are released. the brain creates its own drugs, so to speak. mixing together a different cocktail depending on the type of touch. these include, for example, endorphins, the so called happiness hormones back give us

a high and also oxy towson. the bonding hormone that makes us feel close and connected to the other person. this explains why a hug can be so much more comforting than words. because oxy towson place a very important role in how he forms social bonds, it is popularly known as the cut hormone and associated with birth and sex. ah, but studies carried out on primates show that oxy towson determines all of our long term social bonds. regardless of whether we are related or have sexual interests, a friendship between primates is expressed primarily through mutual grooming,

particularly high levels of oxy towson are released when the 2 animals also have intense contact with each other. in other ways. the closer the primates are to each other, the more touching positively affects them. this makes evolutionary sense because oxy towson strengthens the need for closeness and promotes appropriate social behavior. and not only in the one who is receiving loving attention. somebody who's giving touch also has to be rewarded. that reward, i think, is the building of the social relationship that we discuss with primates. grooming the battle and all the primate you need to build a relationship for that to happen. the you scratch my back, i'll scratch yours a basic level and that's reciprocity and human behavior. oh, being in love only deepens our desire to be touched. mm

hm. oxy towson not only insures this but also feelings of reliability, fidelity and security in a relationship. and it even improves our health. oh is had of the we can do it also has calming and growth. inducing effects is hot of i'm flu, it also influences our immune system and describe it really as a versatile and useful hormone info dish evoke summers hoops, tons ah, couples with long term elevated oxy towson levels actually live longer. mm hm. they're less susceptible to stress. their blood pressure is lower, their pain tolerance level is higher and they are even better learners.

lou, the more that couples, parents, children, and loved ones touch each other to more loving, may feel about the relationship with oxytocin. binds us together, deepening our feeling of belonging. however, the bonding hormone can also have side effects and showing that the heroes of the 2 had seen each nor do they wound up by oxy tabs in doesn't just have these wonderful positive effects making you feel close to ever went around. you get them up, otherwise you could say that we should give oxytocin to every one, and that will make us oil each other, which makes rare conflict free society as the his anc no fish stacked the theatre, but oxy toes then just reinforces the fact that we only feel connected to the people we are ready claims within 50 thousands of them. tons, i have called persons i had a as to when it comes to people who we feel did not belong to our group. and you

mentioned, we are even more distanced to an improvement a fish jacked distance yet. oh oxy towson reinforces the feeling of having to defend our group against others. mm. mm. for what does this mean in times like these? when we are supposed to keep our distance? when we are supposed to limit physical contact to our innermost circle? so far we can only speculate, but one thing is for sure. it is not good for us. but we're going to writes, physical contact is absolutely essential to the existence of our species. venette sula pitts missing for too long, cra, medical, and above all psychological damage can occur. she is an off trade. this is the 1st time in evolution. the primates have been told not to touch each other is a precedent. this never happened before. and the cost and consequences. we don't

know. i mean, you see the data of mental health rising. o, though the exact figures are not yet available. health insures have noticed that his social distancing measures have increased so to has mental health related sick leave, ins, id disorders, depression, and even addictions. quite a few of us are looking for a substitute to replace, but we are missing and bryan to very clever. now that co mean eating mo, drinking him all. yeah. that, that you know, what people might be doing is finding a substitute for that reward that was their mediated suit, dental taught. not that i was necessarily aware that that was the cause of it. but there's a reward site missing. i need to get back to a fairly good oliver smoke, but i've a sailor, i all have a drink, you know, i'll have a cream take that, it's possible that these behaviors that we're seeing now may well be

a consequence of the fact that we're not socially touching anymore, they out a detail in launched her own study at the beginning of the lockdown in 2020. how to social distancing impact us. is there a direct connection between our lack of contact and our stress levels? the density as well as we, as a whole thesis that we say touch can buffer this could now really be investigated and with a really relevant stress compared to laboratory stress tests that we used to before before i move in at um 250 households from all over germany participated in the study. families singles, all age groups. before starting all test, subjects were sent saliva sample tests to their homes. then they had to answer questions on different days. they received these questions as text messages on

their cell phone. do you feel lonely? are you in pain? do you have physical contact? how nervous and stressed do you feel? the answers were then directly related to stress hormones. life i dish. so these may talk saliva samples while they were answering these questions. and this gave us the opportunity to combine the individual measurements the psycho biological information with the subject information in this everyday survey. after because we had a relatively large number of test subjects, which in turn produced a lot of measurements. we can go on to compare these individual measurements with each other and achieve a statistically significant results after. so we don't just have these average values, how much touch or proximity or social contact per day. they report, but we have it moment by moment almond the saliva samples are now

cooled and stored at the institute. the evaluation begins. what are the cortisol levels like, and how higher the oxy towson levels? the assumption is that stress hormones decreased more rapidly in people who experience pleasant touch and that is exactly what is so important for us. because stress is not inherently harmful to our bodies. our evolutionary history already shows this in stressful situations, usually a matter of survival. for example, when an attack is imminent, the body adapts to fight or flight at lightning speed. it activates the cardiovascular system belongs and muscles. at the same time, the immune system kicks in. it prepares itself to be able to quickly heal from any impending injury or defense against individual pathogens or substances. on the

other hand, shuts down our autonomic nervous system and stress hormones are responsible for this adrenalin nor adrenalin and cortisol. as soon as the situation has been dealt with these hormone levels drop again, and the mind and body can recover pleasant touches dramatically decrease stress hormones. you're making for a perfect buffer against permanent stress that is harmful to our health and more the see tactile, our friends that register every gentle touch could also influence how we perceive acute pain. mm hm. we've all done it. when we hurt ourselves, we automatically touch and caress the painful area. we don't even think about it.

and science says that makes perfect sense. datsuns good and us google studies show that touch has a very positive influence on us. it can even inhibit acute pain than obama. for example, when test subjects are confronted with electrical stimuli, all similar stimuli, such as heat stimuli and pain is triggered as a result of than touch can directly alleviate that pain. respond on thought. linden if something suddenly hurts the pain sensors in the skin or the 1st to sound the alarm. these lightening speed, nerve fibers ensure that we noticed the injury immediately. for example, we can immediately pull our hand away from a hot stove top and automatically rubber hand over the painful area. oh, at the same time however,

the pain signal is also sent out via the slower c tactile afferent. if we now rub her hand over the painful area, the positive caressed signals are sent at the same time. our brain therefore receives a negative and a positive signal simultaneously on the surface it is in this. and what happens is that when we el, stroked the brain, sends the signal down to lower levels of processing. so maybe in the thalamus, or maybe already in the spinal cord and tells the neurons then one door, okay, come down, we're being stroked and it's all good. some one is there and so everything be taken down and not school yet. then we still don't know exactly how pain is relieved, but it works. and not only for physical pain. touch also helps with emotional pain,

often more effectively than words. it communicates important information between 2 people. it creates a deep emotional connection that transcends words ah ah. and yet as the world becomes increasingly digitized, we have less and less physical contact with one another. and the pandemic has only further reinforced this tendency. for most of us, not by choice if you don't see people in person, you can't touch them. and so i do believe that's our insurrections on the internet . and for example, the rise of people working from home. it does decrease the amount of touch that we receive on a daily basis. and if we do have decreased touch,

it really could impact on our well being. today, most of us touch her smartphones or tablets far more than we touch other people. we are in constant contact across thousands of miles, but still very much alone. loneliness has become a mass phenomenon with serious consequences for health because when we are on our own and lose the protection of the group, the body goes on alert. cortisol levels rise in the risk of heart attacks, strokes and depression increases with wiseman good. so dunc wiseman does, does we know this already? it? thank god, we know that loneliness can have such serious consequences of the just like smoking and alcohol, tinkin, nose, nicotine, consumption, and alcohol consumption. even the cindy's shade and loneliness is just as big of

a health threat or gotten this was doors. i'm some courage. they all race avenue, early death in smoking, diabetes, pollution, it searches may be 3540 percent the us rice of an early death. loneliness is something like 45 percent. that's what i said, that's almost a global context because its own right. but nobody's really woke him up to the fight. what lonely people dont get in touch ah, video calls can give us a sense of closeness to family and friends, but they cannot replace physical proximity. ah, many of us have now become aware of this for their punted me. oh la, i. ready so while the available for, for the pandemic, gluco commercials were fall of happy people in front of tablet laws in front of

cameras suitable waving to each other gullet greeting their loved ones around the globe. loose that would i live on. so every one was content and happy upon demeanour. and since the pandemic su, we've all had to rely on our digital devices and the hearing into some little cameras in the doing our best to balance our work while still keeping our social lives going. and the majority of us almost 90 percent are incredibly unhappy with this type of communication friedman. these are all to come when he could soon what would it be like if in the future we could also touch each other in the virtual world? until now, our sense of touch has always been considered too complex to be technically replicated. touching over the internet. in this video, it seems to work. a mother is touching the screen and her child feels her touch

remotely. john rogers, of northwestern university, helped develop the system. he and his team want to make long distance touch possible. well, we've tried to do who is to develop technologies that are compatible with the human body. soft, flexible on skin interface platforms that you can almost think of as a, as like a 2nd skin. they can laminate on to different parts of the body that might be of interest. they connect the artificial skin wirelessly to the computer. when the screen is touched, the small integrated electronic elementary act they convert the electrical currents into pressure and vibrations. but the artificial skin cannot simulate gentle touching, but it is a step in the right direction that i think replicates the kind of touch that

conservatism. yo, a deeply sort of emotional and personal connection with with other other people so, so we think about it i, you know, in terms of you're adding to the social media experience that maybe we're engaging in right now, which is currently dominated only by visual and auditory cues, if you were wearing a device i would be able to pack your shoulder for example, and you would be able to, to feel that, you know, in, in real time 2 of his employees show just how noticeable nice touches are. one draws letters on the screen, his colleague can feel and reproduce them on his arm. this artificial skin is not yet ready for the market, but there are a number of potential applications, video games, feeling prostheses, and internet communication. social media is one application that,

that sort of obvious to think about, i think, especially in the context of what we're living through right now with, with the pandemic and on sort of remote safe engagement. that still retains that you know, that, that, that interact based on touch and, and it's really hard to replicate that in, if you can't really replicated just with video and audio all touches sent online from a distance. could they provide a solution for those in need of physical contact? for example, for older people living alone or those in long distance relationships with at the very least it might be better than no touching at all. a, could this ever replace the feeling we experienced during a face to face encounter with you may be able to apply a jacket and somebody can give you a virtual hug, which is quite a fun concept. however, i still don't think it takes the place of actual touch and the reinforcement that

you get from somebody hooking you and both you enjoying it and them, they enjoy it as well when it's hot of hope combed. so when things get tough, like during the pandemic, let's and it becomes clear that what we are truly longing for isn't technology island under. we want a real person who goes out for a beer with us yet, or reads us poetry and the dish to for least, oh, touch always has a direct and immediate effect. it evokes emotions. we all need it. it's a basic component of our biological makeup. we are all equipped with receptors for gentle touch and yet every one experiences touch differently experiences or cultural background,

how we perceive ourselves and our current situation, all this influences whether and when we like it but have it also shapes how we feel our cuddle sensors need to be trained regularly throughout our lives with people who are not touched or do not want to be touched, find gentle caressing, less pleasant over time. and we think that if you get touch less and less in your life, you miss it so much that you actually you probably feel sad about it. you may become depressed about it. and that's not good because you actually appreciate the touch less and less. and so you seek touch less and less so ready for touch. you

have to have touch on her on her on a basis which is by regular otherwise we tend to lose these, these signals, these interactions and it takes effort to, to reinforce them. again, fortunately, our sense of touch can return at any time. it stays with us to run our lives. even into old age or a caress can still reach a person even when they are barely connected to the physical world. it conveys emotions that we so urgently need, especially towards the end of life, reliability, safety, and security. i. rochelle actually has made a remarkable discovery. the case of touch is very interesting because

is true that for the other senses, they diminish with time. and so as we get older, you see less well you hair less well. however, for touch it seems to have 2 layers. so the touch that you have which, which is what we call discriminative touch, is the touch. for example, when you reach out and touch something with your hands that does decrease with age . so m, it's every, for example, every 10 years or so in your life, you will lose about 5 percent of all the touch fibers in your nerves. however, what we find is that when people get older, they appreciate touch more and they actually find touch more pleasurable me. we often don't realize how strongly touch affects our mood or health and our relationships.

mm. but we are becoming more and more aware of it. touch makes us happy throughout our lives. in ah, ah, with

who oh destination. i know homer is on the roof again. with the time board in germany. magnificent car.

mysterious grayson. romantic for a cultural tour gone in 30 minutes on d. w. i did on the opposing code, shouted break the legs of that damn. do you buy a car? we use a jewish sports club in germany, discrimination and attacks on the rise here to the club. stands up to them with tolerance and solidarity. and mccarthy, soccer club. no place for this is in 60 minutes on d, w. o. many pollution. so now in the world climate change very hot to storage. this is my

plastic way from just one week. how much was going to really get we still have time to go. i'm going all with these places in europe or smashing all the records step into a bold adventure. it's the treasure map for modern globetrotters. discover some of you are record breaking sites on google maps, youtube and now also in book form. sometimes a seed is all you need to allow the big ideas to grow. we're bringing environmental conservation to life with learning packs like global ideas. we will show you how climate change and environmental conservation is taking shape around the world

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respect with, ah, ah, there's as dw news live from berlin. ukraine remembers the victims of a deliberate famine that killed millions nearly a century ago. ah, president zalinski lead.