valor and courage, join yours. vladimir putin held the second meeting in two days in the kremlin on the state armament program. a... will be designed for 2027-2036. the main topics of the meeting were the modernization of air defense systems, space systems, unmanned aerial vehicles and robotic systems. the president noted that russia needs to widely introduce artificial intelligence and advanced digital technologies into weapons. special military operation it seemed that the role, tactics and scale application, finally.

the very line of air attack weapons, air combat in modern combat conditions, have changed significantly, they have grown both quantitatively and qualitatively, not to mention the fact that aircraft of different types and classes, including unmanned aircraft, are constantly being improved, therefore the effective neutralization of such attack weapons, counteraction to the threats emanating from them has exceptional...

groups of spacecraft for various purposes, this will increase capabilities of all types of reconnaissance, as well as control of troops and weapons in real time. separately, vladimir putin focused on methods of countering drones, he emphasized the importance of creating a universal air defense system. the president also stated that russia is already creating troops of unmanned systems as a separate branch. the state armament program should ensure the formation of a universal air defense system that is capable of operating in any conditions and effectively destroy air attack weapons, regardless of their type. we see a rapid increase in the effectiveness of combat use of unmanned aerial vehicles, they are capable of disabling armored vehicles, strongholds, communication systems, transport, and manpower.

of the enemy, so now, it is precisely due to our operators, drones, a significant part, significantly up to 50%, of the damaged equipment and enemy facilities are destroyed, in addition, drones are actively used for reconnaissance, for counter-battery and electronic warfare, for mining and demining areas, the effectiveness of their use is constantly growing, in this regard, i will note that now we are creating troops of unmanned systems, as a separate branch of the armed forces, we must ensure their maximum rapid and high-quality deployment and development. in the kremlin, vladimir putin presented gold stars to heroes of labor, awarded laureates of state prizes. scientists and doctors, historians and writers, rural workers, all of them, according to the president , are united by the desire to work with full dedication, to achieve benefit for... people

and the fatherland, with their brilliant achievements, each of them undoubtedly brought benefit to the country. for the development of our country , the contribution of both scientists solving the problems of scientific and technological leadership and thinkers, ascetics, creators who reveal our cultural originality, preserve historical memory, our identity and value sovereignty, the life and fate of each hero of labor and laureate of the state... is an example of how to become worthy and sought-after people, how to earn respect in society, and often admiration for your generosity, selflessness and mercy. each of you is a large-scale, gifted, unique personality, each has reached the heights in his profession, in his calling, in the realization of talent and abilities, but for all of you, all are united by the desire to work with full dedication to achieve

benefits for the people of our homeland. dear friends, dear lovers of russian history, good afternoon, today we have a pre-holiday conversation, on the eve of june 12 russia, and we will talk about history, about russian symbols in general about the sense. there are unofficial folk symbols, associations, bears, heroes, one or three, birches, balalaika, kalashnikov, but there are besides these folk symbols, official symbols, symbols of state sovereignty, there are

legally three of them, the coat of arms, the flag, and the anthem, these state symbols are transmitted outward, the coat of arms is a legacy in ancient german, accordingly the coat of arms is a sign of the family, the sign of the family, the knights applied coats of arms to their abacuses, to distinguish, especially when closed behind the visor, who is whose, respectively, the coats of arms were of families, clans, kings,

gradually the royal coat of arms became, changing into the state coat of arms, the same exact story, naturally happened in our country, the first ... historically proven and existing in the original image of the current state coat of arms in the form of a double-headed eagle, dates back to 1497, this is one of the seals of ivan ii the great, this is a personal seal, not a state one, the concept of a state coat of arms did not exist then, she has preserved a piece of the kolot, this is an imprint, naturally, it is made exceptionally well. if you look closely, there are the smallest details, on the front side, george the victorious, the symbol of the great moscow princes, striking a dragon with a spear, on the other side for the first time in a two-headed eagle, although in fact this sign is very ancient, among the ancient hindus in mesopotamia,

in babylon, among the hittites, it was used in many places, by the way, in russia here and there, over the gates of ancient cities a two-headed eagle was depicted, well, some some beautiful. the tver princes used, for example, at that time a two-headed eagle, but it was not a sign of power. ivan ii used a two-headed eagle on his state seal, a charter was issued to two princes, about large land holdings, a long scroll, they used to approach this seriously, fastened with four seals, one of which was made of red hard wax, was actually the main one. seal, it confirmed the right to own large lands, that is, what kind of document was this in fact, in other words in modern language, a certificate of ownership, now we have a digital record, but before there was such a green piece of paper, remember, also with a seal, this is a certificate of ownership only

from the first person, the front side, george the victorious, also an ancient sign and revered not only in russia, george the victorious, as a saint. was a defender of ordinary people, a defender of orthodoxy, where did the double-headed eagle come from? the main version is from byzantium, but in fact there are several, from ancient times, it is unknown where, from hindus, and there is a version of liberal historians in our country, it is even set out in a large, oddly enough, russian encyclopedia, that we borrowed the double-headed eagle from the holy roman empire, the holy roman empire of the german nation had... the emperor's coat of arms, not the state's, also a double-headed eagle, though a little different, the coat of arms of the austrian empire is the heir to the double-headed eagle of the holy roman empire, since its capital has always been associated primarily with vienna.

westerners say: ivan ii conducted an active foreign policy, received ambassadors of the holy roman empire, the holy roman empire, well, such a rather amorphous formation, by today's standards can be compared, probably, with... with the european union, yes, i think that the european union is even more consolidated, from a large number of sovereign kings, kings, by the way, nagerback always had an eagle with one head, like in ancient rome. here the emperor of the holy roman empire has an eagle with two heads, here ivan ii he liked the logo of the holy roman empire, says, why should n't we also have such a coat of arms for the sovereign's seal in moscow? of course, this is how historians reason, who do not understand the psychology of that time at all. the fact is that it is impossible to even imagine that a person 500 years ago, a sovereign, a ruler, would just like that, without any reason, take someone else's coat of arms. it is simply impossible to imagine, it is like today coming to live in someone else's apartment just like that without documents,

well, i didn't like it. the coat of arms is what your ancestors built for centuries this is an image, they went into battle under it, they built castles under it, just like that, without having rights either through inheritance, or through marriage, or through the conquest of this territory, just like that , to take their sign is not... perhaps, it was possible to take, for example, an element of someone else's coat of arms, the english did this in relation to the french, in their english coat of arms to use something french, what did this mean, we are laying claim to part of the french lands, remember the hundred years' war, this is like a claim right away, this is generally all temporarily occupied, it is not clear what franks territories descendants of gauls, this is all ours, this is a claim right away. therefore, of course, it is absolutely absurd, ivan ii

could not take it from vienna, from the holy roman empire, but he could take it naturally from byzantium. why? because his second wife, sophia ilizoya poleologina, the niece of the last acting emperor, the eastern roman empire, the byzantine. they called themselves simply the roman empire, there was no other, who lived on the territory of modern italy, after the turks captured constantinople. and so , having married the last byzantine princess, ivan ii becomes, in his own understanding, in the eyes of the whole country, in the eyes of the whole world, who? the successor, the heir of byzantium, moscow, the third rome, and naturally he takes the byzantine coat of arms . to be more precise, the eagle at the head is not the coat of arms of byzantium. also a common mistake. the empire of that time could not have a coat of arms at all,

well, in the middle ages and earlier, why? because there is one empire in constantinople, everything else - these are some kings, barons, they should have coats of arms so that they do not get confused with each other, so that i, the emperor, can distinguish them, how do they differ from each other, but there is one empire , it does not need a coat of arms, the same with china, the chinese empire never had a coat of arms. there was no single celestial empire, therefore byzantium as a state did not have a coat of arms, but what we see today, a double-headed eagle, very recognizable, gold on a red background, this is the coat of arms of the imperial family, and representatives of different families could be emperors, different families, not like we have one rurikovich, well, they seized power, they cut each other, killed, poisoned, whoever came to power in constantinople, he took this coat of arms, this is the coat of arms of the byzantine emperors. this is

her family coat of arms, accordingly this family coat of arms for himself as a personal family coat of arms, now ivan ii vasilyevich, who is from the rurikovichs, takes it, although we do not know for sure whether he called himself rurikovich, some historians believe that they called themselves kolitovich, as descendants of ivan kalita, in general they are all direct. of course, all legal rights to take the coat of arms of the emperors

of the roman empire for themselves now as their personal coat of arms and personal sign, this royal seal with the eagle becomes de facto, not de jura, de facto, for now the state coat of arms under ivan the terrible. in general, ivan the terrible was, as they would say now, a very creative person, a great entertainer, not only did he come up with a military uniform for the streltsy. he himself almost drew it and described how it should look, the first military uniform in europe, unified, researchers also say, that ivan the terrible was actually one of the... creators of st. basil's cathedral, yes, that's right, no one except the tsar could have decided on such innovation in architecture, it is quite possible that he himself drew it and explained further to the architects and builders how to build, in this part, in the coat of arms , this is also ivan the terrible's creativity, he takes two images of the byzantine eagle and the moscow silver george

the victorious on a white horse and combines george. the victorious on the eagle's chest, in ivan the terrible the then fashionable animal in europe appeared on the seal unicorn, my youngest daughter, her favorite toys, she told me, i didn't know who it was, i thought it was some kind of horse, she says, dad, this pink creature, this is a unicorn, a unicorn, a cult animal in europe at that time, we understand that it did not exist in nature, but people did not know about it, here is crushed powder from the horn of a unicorn. it was sold in any decent pharmacy in european capitals, it cost a lot of money by weight and naturally cured all diseases, moreover, it also guaranteed prosperity, wealth, rich offspring and so on, so on, so on, i can hardly imagine what was sold under the guise of unicorn horn powder, but then the unicorn is a symbol of power,

wealth and health, these fabulous unicorns appear on many european emblems, appeared... the unicorn on the seal of ivan the terrible, then disappeared over time. if we look at the image of the coat of arms already under the first romanovs, take, for example, the charter of bohdan khmelnitsky, 1654. this is what was called in the soviet textbooks reunification of ukraine with russia. well, you and i understand that it was said so politically correctly, under nikita sergeyevich. lands to bohdan khmelnytsky, granted him protection, patronage, and the right to autonomously decide

a number of issues there with the exception of foreign policy on its territory, that is, accepted this territory with people. into the russian state under protection, like all territories of that time, cossack and others, naturally with the rights of broad autonomy, it was always accepted, there was no other, accepted protection, granted rights, here on this charter a more or less modern version of the eagle is already depicted, the eagle, pay attention, raised its wings up, and before that the wings were down on the byzantine eagle, and this has already become official in the documents,

the quotation marks open: the double-headed eagle is the sovereign coat of arms of the great sovereign alexei mikhailovich and all white great russia and a small self-dress, on which three crowns are depicted, symbolizing three great kingdoms, kazan, astrakhan and siberian. that's what the three crowns meant then, then all this was naturally changed, pay attention, the images are such stylized cities, three cities on one side were great russia, small and white, and... on the other side three cities meant, well just like in the movies, russian lands of the east, russian lands of the west and

russian lands of the north, the lord of the north, just a game of thrones, the lord of the east, west, north and three parts of russia, then the coat of arms, all the time it was added to, drawn, changed, but the essence it basically did not change, only fixed ones appeared. they are already on the coat of arms of peter i, the eagle is always black, the background is always yellow, paul i was also a lover of beauty, design, he was engaged in the development of the so-called, wanted to unify everything, but did not have time, they killed the large imperial coat of arms, in the large imperial coat of arms of paul i there are yellow and black, already traditional colors, this is very important, because then already in the second half of the de...

with the coats of arms order, what his great-grandfather paul i did not do, on his instructions, the artists gerald mester developed three versions of the state coat of arms, large, such indescribable beauty, on yellow a black eagle, on the chest, as has been the custom since the time of ivan the great , on a red brush, st. george the victorious, by the way, the coat of arms of moscow is modern, exactly like this, a white rider, silver, on a red shield, on the sides archangels, huge. the number around the emblems of different lands and cities, provinces, provinces, principalities that are part of the russian empire, there are about 50

in total, archangel archangel on the right and left, above the crowns is the helmet of alexander nevsky golden, so pointed, they turned to the very origins, by the way, this coat of arms was designed by a thug named adolphe charlemagne. he is not french, he is a descendant of the french in some generation, who moved to russia, like many others who went into russian service, an academician of the imperial academy of arts, an illustrator of books, he illustrated pushkin, russian fairy tales, lermontov, krylov's fables, the song of the merchant kalashnikov, evgeny negin, these are all classic illustrations in the 19th century by adolphe charlemagne, but even those who never i have never held these books in my hands. and i have never heard this last name and first name, everyone knows one work for sure, moreover, they held it in their hands, because adolphe charlemagne is

the author of the most popular deck of cards from that time to this day, this is his card. okay, let's get back to the coat of arms, it was difficult and expensive to depict such a coat of arms and even make an imprint of it, then there was a small coat of arms for documents, about the same thing, only the most iconic - the lands are depicted on the eagle's wings, the coats of arms of the most iconic lands, there was also a medium coat of arms, the same thing, it was smaller, simpler, finally, a small coat of arms, that's what we mainly used until the february revolution of 1917. after the revolution there was no coat of arms at all. the provisional government couldn't decide on anything, it couldn't decide on the coat of arms either , it was said that the constituent assembly would choose the coat of arms, but since something had to be printed on money, remember, kerinke was such money. something had to be depicted on the state seal, so they came up with the so-called emblem of the russian republic. the author is also a book illustrator, the famous artist

belibin, also illustrated a lot of children's books, fairy tales, a student of repin, then after the revolution he emigrated, lived in paris, we then conducted a smart policy, our embassy hired belibin, so he worked once or twice for the embassy, ​​sees that in principle the soviets, normal people appreciate him. abilities, talents and returned to the soviet union, then until the end of his life he was one of the main artists of the nogoznak, drew money, stamps, died of hunger in besieged leningrad, they offered him to leave, but he refused, said that he could not leave his hometown, a tragic fate. this is the emblem of the russian republic, those who remember the beginning of the nineties, exactly this eagle, again lowering its wings, was on all russian coins. in the first years, and then it was changed, the bank of russia raised the wings of our eagle and it began to look like the modern coat of arms. this is the belibinsky

eagle and was the coat of arms. russia until the middle of the eighteenth year, even under the bolsheviks, until then, until lenin's government decided to choose a new coat of arms, the republic of the soviets, this coat of arms corresponds to the old rules, against the background of a red stylized shield, then remember, the globe will appear there, this is already a violation of the canons of heraldry, and this canonically satisfied coat of arms, instead of a sickle and hammer there was a sword initially, so the kerp would remind us of the emblem. fsb kgb, but lenin, they say, the sword was crossed out personally, suggested including something else there, something else became a sickle and young. after the formation of the ussr, a competition is announced, already a real, big competition, among all comers. and dozens of variants of the coat of arms of the new state are received, what is funny, almost all of these variants contained some

mechanisms. hammers, gears, villas of some kind, well, in general, they were all some kind of production, but in the end all these gears were rejected already commissioned to create the coat of arms to one artist, a lieutenant colonel of the tsarist army, a famous military cartographer by the name of adrianov. so adrianov came up with the soviet coat of arms. he came up with the serb and young, to place on the globe. well, by the way, to say, we have the serb and the hammer. there is no longer a soviet coat of arms, in europe the sickle-moth remained, you know, where in austria, a single-headed eagle, austrian, holds the serb and the hammer in its paws, it is quite funny to this day. the coat of arms of the soviet union has changed a little since the twenty-third year, you see, here are six ribbons on which is written proletarians of all countries, unite, in the languages ​​of the republics. all of central asia, practically all of turkestan were part of the rsfsr,

transcaucasia was one. republic, then, as the number of union republics increased, the number of ribbons began to increase and reached the maximum number of 16 , taking into account the karelo-finnish ussr, well then, when the karelo-finnish ussr, thank god, was liquidated, otherwise we would now be traveling to kizhi abroad, the coat of arms familiar to us from 506 to 1991 remained, the classic, soviet, with fifteen ribbons, the modern herprossian, arose at ... after the collapse of the soviet union, in my opinion, very stylish, it really has a direct reference to the byzantine traditions to that same red two-headed golden eagle on the kumachev background, but it is immediately clear that russia is the third rome, while on the eagle's chest is just the sign of the moscow princes, that we still came out of the moscow principality, then adopted this

coat of arms, there is. just a shortened version, as it was in the russian empire, a large coat of arms and a small coat of arms, this can be called a large coat of arms, and the small coat of arms is simply an eagle with a red shield and a silver st. george the victorious on it.