space, which is a kind of breeding ground for robbery, yes, the great silk road ceased to exist, this movement of caravans is the movement of money, this movement of the economy, with the development of the fleet, with the advent of sea routes, which in general became much simpler, more profitable and safer, the silk road ceased.

people who have nothing to feed themselves with, they are simply forced to engage in slave trade, banditry, robbery and so on. for example, at the beginning of the 19th century in the slave markets of khiva bukhara, kakanda, every year several thousand russian captives were sold.

that skilled, well women, of course, in grief we sold the most beautiful, so to speak, and children, well in general children were especially tried not to take, old people were not taken either, old people were simply killed, the first serious attempt to rescue the captives by the authorities of the empire was made in 1819. a russian intelligence officer, captain nikolai muravyov, went to khiva from the caucasus. he received his first rank at only 17 years old, at less than 24 years old he made several secret expeditions, knew tatar and persian very well .

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russia was not ready for military expansion into central asia, however, economic penetration into the region had already begun.

a lucky merchant, awarded a gold medal by the tsar for trading russian goods in the markets of northern india, this time in addition to shawls and carpets, was carrying a secret letter from the russian emperor to the ruler of the sikh principality. moorcraft, meeting with the sagas of khdi struck, where caravans with russian goods will pass, then russian troops will be able to pass. disappeared under unclear circumstances on a mountain pass. moorcraft went further to kashgaria, afghanistan, and finally bukhara.

oros, aros, russians, russians, local children shouted after the travelers entering the city. murk realized that the russians had already been here. the british intelligence officer died on the way home, either from a sudden.

the highlanders often had weapons that would be adopted by the russian army in 20 years, rifled rifles, mountain guns on metal lofts, circassian committees are being created, just like chechen committees were created around the council of europe, in the recent past, i myself was a witness with these posters and so on, there was even our own akhmed zakayev. the british

parliament is seriously discussing the possibility of creating, with the support of london, an independent state of circassia. the times editorial clarifies: the fate of india is being decided in the caucasus and the highlanders are the last line of defense against russian aggression against the whole civilized world. they pray to the king, they pray to all good old england, the land of liberty, to give them guns and able gunners. if we take this right step, all will be decided. will not be able to hold the line, and the brave highlanders will easily teach the scoundrels a lesson.

another article in the times says: from the borders of hungary to the heart of burma and nepal, the russian devil relentlessly pursues and torments the whole human race, and tirelessly carries on his evil schemes, irritating our industrious and exclusively peaceful empire. russia was written absolutely the same. and in the 19th century, in the 17th century, in the 17th century, russia was a barbaric, wild, uneducated country, aggressive, imperialistic, and this largely became part of the western part of the english consciousness, so russia had a good image in england, only twice, in its entire history, the first time was in 1917, the second time in 1991,

that is, at the time when the country was falling apart, its image in great britain in the west was exceptionally good. britain's actions in the caucasus failed to stop russia's military and political advance in the black sea region of the middle east. shah refuses the services of british military advisers instead invites russians to london - this is a new russian challenge and another confirmation of russia. prepares for a campaign against british india, such plans did not exist in reality, but england decides to create a buffer on russia's path, an anti-russian coalition of central asian states, bukhara, kokand and khiva under its protectorate. the unofficial center of british intelligence the afghan border town of herat becomes the region's center of attention.

british intelligence groups conduct detailed topographic surveys from the hindu kush to the prioral region. british intelligence officers are sent to negotiate in the capital of the central asian khanates. everything goes well in khiva and kakanda. but colonel charles stodort faces a complete failure in bukhara. stodort served as an officer in the colony and had his own ideas about how an enlightened white man should communicate with uneducated local princes. he just didn't take into account that bukhara was a free state under sole rule and peace. no one was allowed to ride onto regestan, the central square of bukhara, on horseback, except for the world, of course. colonel stodor knew about this ban, but ignored it and rode onto the square on horseback.

unfortunately for him, at that very moment he was returning from hunting to the world itself with a large number of people. seeing the ruler of bukhara, the colonel even. remaining in the saddle, he greeted the emir, according to some sources, with a casual nod , according to others, with a salute. this scene was seen by hundreds, and perhaps and thousands of people. around ploshchadstan there were numerous paws of traders. probably at this moment the emir first thought about how he should deal with the impudent british envoy. stodrat was captured. the russian military, who were closely monitoring the actions of the british, reported to st. petersburg. the british were apparently preparing an armed invasion of central asia. for a long time russia had neither a real agent network in this region, like the british,

nor professional intelligence officers. the first was jan vitkiewicz. he learned the turkic iforsiyi, and after a few years he was transferred to orenburg, where his career as a military intelligence officer began. from orenburg, jan vitkiewicz traveled to bukhara three times, twice secretly. there he met with merchants and ministers, with local nobility, trying to understand how much the influence of the british had increased.

he convinced kushbegi, the first minister of imir, that it was better to trade with bukharans with russia. when vitkiewicz first heard the name of his british colleague and competitor alexander burns. alexander burns, an artillery captain, a talented intelligence officer, diplomat and linguist, visited bukhara in the early thirties of the 19th century under the guise of an armenian merchant. from the notes of vitkevich , kushbegi threatened me that the bukharans would not go to russia, they would trade with the english, pointing at burns, who made various proposals on this matter. i answered flatly that this was empty, that the english under no circumstances could deliver iron, copper, cast iron, jewelry and other goods to the bukharans from india, that the bukharans can even less take these goods from the english, because they have nothing to give in return, cotton paper, dried rafts

and other products of their land, they will not take the bukharans for gendukush, they can get these products except russia. and nowhere. in 1837 , it was jan vitkevich who became the first russian ambassador to afghanistan , translated from persian, afghanistan is a country of silence. there was a synthesis of greek, turkic, aryan, some chinese elements. there was a synthesis of iranian religions, and this is not just a zone of contacts, a zone of such very. from a geopolitical point of view, this is more than a trump card, it is actually

a joker, countries that are far from us, such as the united states, britain and others, are now in our country, and will be here as long as their interests require it. if there were no interests here, they would not exist. this is how all international relations are organized. and we have to take this into account. is afghanistan itself needed with its desert, with its sharply continental climate, where nothing grows, where only a sascetic religious impulse can live at all, no, that's it.

afghanistan itself does not mean anything, it matters in the context of a large region, so it's probably the same game, if it is a big game. vitkevich arrives in kabul, shah dost mohammed receives the russian officer in his residence balakhisar rather coolly, at that moment the shah already trusts the british envoy more. it turns out that vitkevich already knows in bukhara to alexander bernos. he was a brilliant man, knew many languages, and he was very, he became, he became,

he became a national hero in his lifetime already. he met litkevich. it was a very interesting meeting. on december 24, alexander burns invited jan vitkevich to a christmas dinner. after all, he was a christian and a co-religionist. this was the only meeting between the two intelligence officers and diplomats, after which burns wrote in his diary that vitkevich was quite a gentleman, pleasant, intelligent and well -informed. burns told vitkevich, that he had been to kabul many times before, that he had known shah dost mohammed well for more than 5 years, that once he, barons , was brought to the shah's residence on the back of the shah's elephant as a sign of special respect. he also said that he had been to pinjab once before and had visited bukhara. witches. burns, apparently, was hurt and disappointed. the fact that the russian embassy was in

kabul was incredibly worrying to the governor-general of india, lord auckland. britain, of course, feared russia's growing influence in afghanistan. and she was afraid that this could affect the position of the british empire. in india or then lord auckland makes a serious mistake, he sends dost mohammed, who was still in doubt whether to be friends with russia or england, a personal letter in which he demands that vitkevich be expelled never again to receive foreign ambassadors without the knowledge of the government of british india. in response, dost mohammed receives vitkevich with all conceivable signs of friendship and respect. an alliance treaty is concluded between russia and afghanistan. burns is expelled from kabul. declared a strong protest against the hostile activity of vitkevich, who seriously threatens

the relations between the two powers. this is almost a verbatim quote. the british foreign office demanded that st. petersburg immediately recall vitkevich, and at the same time the russian ambassador to tehran simonich. and nicholas i cannot withstand the pressure of the british. he declares. for the first time. action with dostmukhamed, russia betrays vitkevich afghanistan by arbitrariness and revokes russian guarantees on may 1, 1839 with the agreement of the year ivan vitkevich arrived in st. petersburg and settled in the paris hotel on malaya morskaya street. he brought with him an extensive archive, records of travels to kabul, bukhara and persia. on the morning of may 9, vitkevich was found shot dead in his room. according to the official version, he committed suicide, including because he could not bear the shame of having actually betrayed

the afghans who trusted him. according to another version, vitki was killed by english agents, because the entire archive of the intelligence officer papers from several huge chests disappeared without a trace, but it doesn’t really matter who or what killed vitkevich, the cowardice of russian officials or british spies, what matters is that the russian political retreat became the prologue to the anglo-afghan war. i think we can say that without fear. britain before the russian advance into central asia, the british would never have entered afghanistan. the russians could have inflicted a military defeat on britain, or gotten close enough to india through afghanistan. the osteenda company decides to remove from the kabul throne, a loyal to the russians dostmuhammed put

the shah shujah khulmul, loyal to the british. the british generally had to understand the danger of the afghan campaign, ten years earlier the british intelligence officer arthur connell traveled all over afghanistan then, analyzing the chances of the russians to capture india, wrote that it was afghanistan that was capable of burying the most carefully developed plan of any european general staff. 150 prophecy for all conquerors of the military in afghanistan little has changed, however, years later, of course, not with the russian imperial, with the soviet army. however, connolly's words became harsh in general, for the british first of all, they very soon felt it on themselves literally a few years later during the first anglo-afghan war, and even today for the americans their columns

still attack from the same... december 2, 1838 , the british army and the troops of shah shujah enter afghanistan. they go as if on an easy walk. the officers of one of the regiments loaded two camels with only cigars. in august 1839 , british troops enter kabul. dost mohammed runs, the english flag rises over valahisar. well, when we entered afghanistan for the first time, some

afghan. told our man that you were taking an army to afghanistan, but how will you withdraw? and this is a problem, it is easy to enter, to defeat no one in the first period, we won in the first period, you too, well, the storm of the palace, it was a stretch, from the point of view of the military, a stretch.

afghan women. many officers brought their wives and children to kabul. they organized entertainment from cricket to concerts, jumping with obstacles to skating. debauchery and drunkenness caused incredible indignation among the muslim clergy and the religious local population. the afghans paid taxes to support the occupation troops, who were also allowed to rob the peasants. prices in the bazaars jumped. on november 2, 1841 , an uprising against the british began. alexander berons was the first to be killed. he himself was torn to pieces by the crowd, his house was burned. british troops did not come out to suppress the rebellion either in the first hours or in the first days. shah shukjah locked himself in balahisar.