16th century, then, as always happens, it collapsed and it turned out that tulips cost, well, exactly as much as a bulb of any flower costs, as much as rose seedlings cost, or whatever, everything, all of this instantly ended, thousands of dutch people went bankrupt, especially the middle class, of course, they lost their homes, property, land, they invested everything in the acquisition of tulips, which instantly ceased to be worth anything at all, whatever it was, they began to cost just like ordinary flowers, the great depression, the economic in the 16th century they had the thirty years' war, we immersed ourselves in the context and understood that we had the smolensk war, the smolensk war was the central foreign policy event of the reign of mikhail fyodorovich. we had the potemkin war, the rumyantsev war, the 1812 patriotic war, the caucasian war.

we assembled an army, well, a small one, only about 20 thousand, and appointed two military leaders: dmitry pozharsky, a famous hero, the second famous hero of the defense of smolensk, back in the time of troubles, mikhail sheyin, mikhail sheyin, to this moment, as pozharsky was already almost 60. dmitry pozharsky fell ill, he was replaced at the last minute, another was given the second commander, with this army, the main ideologist of this war... the main

hawk was mikhail romanov's father, patriarch philoretus, apparently, he sat there in polish captivity, suffered enough, could not stand the poles, so he was firmly in favor of attacking. the army with the blessing of the patriarch moved to smolensk. along the way, quite easily, almost without a fight, they occupied cities, villages, the poles retreated, in the end, all polish forces were concentrated in smolensk. the first stage was a very easy march. even when international transactions are limited, a7 opens borders, payments on the same day, 0.3% commission, different entrepreneurs, different countries, one solution, a7 - cross-border transfers for any business, decisive matches at the fifa club world cup, who will continue to fight for the trophy?

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entertainment, shopping, delicious food, catch summer cashbacks every weekend and not only in the sber app, go to the life section and choose your benefit, sber, in the summer. will be bright, mikhail shein, who 20 years before that himself held the defense in smolensk for 2 years, besieged smolensk. well, here about mikhail himself sheine, let me tell you a little more in detail, because this is an amazing figure in our history of the 18th century, half-forgotten and whose rise and fall were connected with smolensk. we do not know his exact date of birth, somewhere in the seventies of the 15th century, well, that is, he was somewhere around 60 at the time of the events described. his father, a nobleman, a military man, died in the levon war, mikhail sheyin himself, fought all his life,

served, well, in the end he ended up as a voivode under shuisky, with the high rank of okolnichy, he turned out to be a boyar, still in smolensk for one.

eselnichy, catchers, falconers - these are all court ranks, respectively, okolnichy, mikhail shein, here he is in second place, the second rank in importance, the second group in status - these are moscow ranks, the elder stolnik, then the solicitors, great nobles, clerks, tenants, elected nobles and so on, so on, such was the ladder, a certain one, movement from one position to another could be accompanied by... was often accompanied by a change in rank. mikhail shein rose to the highest rank, to boyar. when segismund's troops besieged smolensk during the time of troubles in 1609, having a huge advantage, numerically.

the military commander mikhail shein was responsible for organizing the defense. the defense lasted 2 years. hunger, intrigues, undermining, assaults, guerrilla warfare. one of the longest sieges, defenses in our history, almost 2 years, here i have a book the wall, of course, it is fiction, fiction-adventure, but there is quite a lot of detail i recommend ... i am telling this story of the defense of smolensk, shulsky was already overthrown, already the seven boyars, already the delegation together with the father of our hero, the named patriarch philoretus romanov, arrived near smolensk, and they offer shen to surrender, because we almost have prince vladislav on the throne, and why are you defending yourself from his father? well, that's it, shuisky is gone, that's it, vladislav, come on.

shen answers, you know, i don't recognize any such provisional government. what other seven boyars, what other ramadanovsky, mastislavsky, who are these? i respect you very much, but who are you either? well, since shuisky is gone, let's go i have a letter from patriarch hermogen, he will bless me to surrender smolensk. he sits in the kremlin and sends out letters, as we remember, to raise the people against the poles, so it is absolutely impossible to wait for such a blessing from him. in general, the persians did not surrender smolensk to shein, even when the power in moscow had already collapsed and had actually passed into the hands of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth. in the end, there was another assault already in june 611, betrayal, the poles broke into smolensk, shein fought to the last in one of the towers and was captured with his weapon.

by polish standards, he was a magnate, and then he spent 8 years in polish captivity in kazimate, they transported him from smolensk to poland in shackles, also an unthinkable thing, for the customs of knightly warfare of that time, he was still a voivode, a boyar, in the end he returned from captivity, just under that very djuullin truce together with felarett, played an important role in moscow, headed the ministry, headed a number of ... military orders, conducted military reform, here are the regiments of the foreign system,

mikhail shein was engaged in this, as the head of the cannon order, well there he led different ones, even when the tsar left moscow, sometimes they left shein in charge, enjoyed the unlimited trust of the patriarchate, the great sovereign, here he was again near smolensk, that is, already as the one who should take smolensk by storm, the besieging side, only he has no forces. he has 20 thousand, his army is melting away, because the poles attacked, as always very competently, they immediately paid the crimean tatars, they made a ruinous raid on moscow, but when your estates are burning, when you there is a wife, children, what are the nobles doing, they are going awol, saving their own from the crimean tatars, so shein's army is melting away, the nobles are fleeing from his army, the local cavalry, there are few regiments of foreign origin, supplies are poor, there is not enough artillery, he is shelling smolensk, but there is not enough artillery, then

prince vladislav himself approaches smolensk, with an army, there is an exact list of 21,270 fighters, that is, significantly more than shein has, and then the zaporozhian cossacks approach, another 1,200 for the poles, it turns out that shein with his remaining there was at most 1.10 left for him, he was locked in on three sides, the zaporozhian cossacks, the poles and the smolensk garrison, where all the poles from the vicinity had gathered and he capitulated, he surrendered, surrendered on honorable terms, 8,500 russian soldiers with weapons, with banners, came out of the encirclement, but they left artillery, that is, in general, such a not even capitulation , a very honorable surrender of shein. and his second commander, izmailov, arrive in moscow, they are immediately arrested on charges of

treason. a special order is even formed, you won't believe it, the department, the purpose of which was to investigate this global betrayal in the army, just the tukhachevsky case , shein and izmailov at the head of the conspiracy. we can only guess about the methods of investigation, what shein had to endure for the second time, but despite this, in no documents, nor in the verdict, nowhere is it mentioned. no confessions, neither shein, nor izmailov, did not admit their guilt in anything. there were a lot of denunciations, spies, shishi, so-called, there are numerous interrogations of languages.

the arferets died, there was no one to protect him. sheyin, izmailov, and izmailov's son for company, were publicly executed on red square, well, not on the frontal place, the decree was read out on the frontal place, and their heads were cut off nearby. sheyin was a popular figure in the army and his execution caused riots and pogroms in moscow. the service people were indignant, while

the main defendants in this case, sheyin tukhachevsky, were executed, and the order continued to work.

it is assumed that peter's great-grandson, alexei sheyna, served with him, he was a voivode in the azov campaigns, in galitsyn's campaigns in the crimea under sophia, then he switched to peter's side, a very honored, successful military man, by the way, according to many historians, this alexey shein was the first generalissimo in our history, he turned to peter, told the whole story, they conducted a simple investigation, there was no treason, of course. so honor returned to the mouth of the sheinans, descendants remember and appreciate, voivode shein, although, as i always say, it is better when contemporaries appreciate. memory, the letter ш almost ended up in the coat of arms of the modern city of smolensk. indeed the project had the letter ш in honor of shein, but then for some reason they changed it to а, apparently

in honor of alexander pervo on his monogram, although the usa would have been, in my opinion, worthy. for many years? the issue of installing a monument to shein has been discussed, but the smolensk authorities just can't get around to it. as a result of the smolensk war , all the territorial results of the turmoil, land losses had to be officially recognized. this was poland's last success in the centuries-old confrontation between russia and the polish state. right up to a miracle loomed already in the civil war, in about 150 years poland will cease to exist, but it is precisely with this war that the creation of the new regiments, the reitar, doragunsky, the foundation of the first ironworks in tula, already producing a stream of weapons,

the growth of the military-industrial complex became, as always happens, a part accompanying a major war. there is a certain plus in this, but i will have a separate lecture about this. a few more words about relations with the west under mikhail fedorovich. with the poles it is clear. we were friends with england, oddly enough, directly allied relations, they gave us a loan. the embassy was here, the english court in the center of moscow. the english were actively developing trade relations with russia , they were very interested, but if it is not possible to go to india by sea through the north, then they were very interested in the land route to persia, somehow through russia. he said that this is a very serious question, such questions are not decided on the spur of the moment, it is necessary to consult with comrades, gathered moscow merchants and said: well, let's let our

allies, friends, the english trade directly with the persians, the merchants explained to mikhail fyodorovich in popular language that as soon as the english were on the volga, the entire russian merchant class would come to an end, so in no case, he said, well no, no one can take no action, sell your goods in arkhangelsk, then we ourselves, it’s interesting that... with the dutch there were also normal trade relations in principle, they also asked for a road to persia, they were also not given one, the most interesting thing is with france, after all, we think that before the great embassy of peter i to france, it

seems like we had no relations with france, this is not true at all, you won’t believe it, but under mikhail fyodorovich , official negotiations were already underway with france not only about an alliance, but also about marriage, and mikhail fyodorovich was looking for a decent french princess, and there was an ambassador there on a corresponding mission, but somehow... we agreed, we didn’t agree, we had great friendship with the east, with iran, with persia, as now the persian step as a sign of friendship presented the patriarchate with the robe of the lord, the shirt of jesus christ, according to legend, it was in it that christ was led to execution, they dealt with the shirt peculiar, so it was cut into pieces, part of it was kept in the assumption cathedral in the main cathedral, and part of it in pieces began to be carried to the homes of believers for... prayers, healing, distributed to the largest churches and monasteries, as a result, over several centuries , all this was lost, unfortunately, now we only have

a small fragment, this is the robe of the lord, a gift in the cathedral of christ the savior, you can take a look, something must be said, the expansion of territory, it's amazing, power in the capital hangs by a thread, the treasury is empty. in a few decades we have covered this entire

path, from the volga to the ocean, kamchatka, to the pacific ocean, our scientists believed that the speed of development of siberia and the far east in kilometers per hour, imagine the weather conditions, well, and in general, who has been in the taiga, i am in such a taiga, i am talking, i have not been on hikes with a backpack in real life, but those who have been, told me, it is generally impossible to pass, that is, you go along animal trails, crawl, we cannot even imagine in moscow, this is no passage, everything grows so densely, you must find an animal trail bent over, because the beast is lower than man, to try to crawl along it somehow, our pioneers naturally walked along such roads along the rivers, a great feat, and the speed of movement to the ocean of our pioneers with... significantly more than the american pioneers from coast to coast, as they walked from the atlantic ocean to the pacific, although there, after all, the nature is also diverse,

but there is warmth and prairie, when in soviet history textbooks they wrote that the development of siberia, i remember this phrase, is the escape of a peasant from serfdom, the authors textbooks, academics, they would have gone somewhere to the village from moscow to any, to vologda, from somewhere from vologda to semyon dizhnev, firstly, there was no such serfdom then. of course, like under catherine, everything was much softer and freer, so he went out, crossed the river, and there was a forest, and no one would ever find him, why run for this, like semyon dezhnev to the edge of chukotka, he discovered the bering strait dezhnev with his people, that he ran there from vologda, some kind of, you know, incredible passionarity of the russian person, craving for freedom, for new impressions, for wealth, quite naturally, for freedom. the driving forces of the development of siberia, the first such outpost for us was the town of mangaziya, today it does not exist, it is the territory of the yamalo-nenets autonomous okrug, it was founded under boris godunov,

as a transit point.

to the oath of local, as he wrote, princes, some, leaders, yakut tribes, 17 princes persuaded and even persuaded them to pay esak, some kind of symbolic tax in exchange for protection, gunpowder, weapons and and so on, then under mikhail fedorovich in 1638 the already officially gigantic yakut voivodeship was created, well, to understand yakutia is ours, well, just look at the map. what incredible territories these are, absolutely.

a special royal order was drawn up for the yakut voivode on how to behave, instructions on interaction with local residents, how to govern the region. the collection of the isaac tax was to be carried out quotes only with kindness and greetings, and not with cruelty and not with proof, yasak foreigners, that is, those, whoever pays, do not take them as slaves and do not baptize them, a completely different approach than in america, you must agree, that is, do not enslave them...