so richard nixon resigned on august 9th, 1974 and immediately the question is nixon going get indicted for his role, the watergate cover up. and this was especially important question because at that moment all of his top aides, h.r. haldeman, john erlichman, john mitchell, others were about go on trial in for the watergate cover. so the question is, was going to be added to the the indictment, because the cover up was for his benefit. and he and he was the leader of it. and so everyone the the issue was is jaworski going to indict. nixon in the watergate cover up? the best lawyers in the country were thinking about that question nixon had great lawyers. the watergate lawyers were terrific. the white house had lawyers. the justice department had lawyers. and not one person thought that the president couldn't be prosecute rooted for crimes he committed in office. it was just assumed that he that the that nixon was at great risk for being of being indicted. that was the whole there was a pardon to to forestall a an indictment of for crimes he committed in office fast forward to 2024 the

. - i, richard nixon... - in many ways, donald trump is richard nixon's revenge. he has the same enemies, harvard, "the new york times," the bureaucracy. - [margaret] sir niall ferguson is an economic historian who has taught at harvard, oxford, the london school of economics, and is now a senior fellow at stanford university's hoover institution. he warns that trump may be at risk of overreaching. - the president has to be more careful than he's being. he has to remember that the constitution still exists and that he is not king and he is not emperor. and if he makes as many mistakes as i believe he's made in the last 100 days, he runs the risk of suffering the fate of richard nixon. - [margaret] what does historian sir niall ferguson say now? - [narrator] "firing line" with margaret hoover is made possible in part by robert granieri, vanessa and henry cornell, the fairweather foundation, peter and mary kalikow, cliff and laurel asness, the meadowlark foundation, the beth and ravenel curry foundation. and by the following. corporate funding is provided by stephen

reporter: richard nixon is in san clemente tonight. the challenge that faces him now is the toughest one of all: how to begin to put back together a shattered life. the day he resigned, nixon asked me to go out on air force one to california. we were a very small band of brothers and sisters isolated in the house in san clemente. we were loyalists, and some of us were blind loyalists, i think. the jackals were out to get him. the whole establishment wanted nixon's throat. they got the resignation, they got him kicked out of office, they took away his income. he was broke. he said, "look, ken, to tell my story, i have to tell it on television... and i can reach millions and millions and millions of people." then came mr frost with an offer. reporter: the former president has agreed to record a series of interviews with david frost. reporter 2: the contract was signed at san clemente on the first anniversary of mr nixon's resignation. i sense that he is ready to start reflecting on his achievements and his mistakes. no subject, including

whether young richard nixon walked along these streets and whether any of his relatives worked here isnown for certain, just as another episode from the trip has not been documented nixon, who, by the way , is told here as a historical fact, he was driving back, and dektyarka was poor even then, there were only barracks, we have this central street, the germans built it, the germans' palace of culture, nixon is driving, the barracks were further there, he is driving, and what do you have here on the barracks , ours were not confused, these are our pigsties, he is driving further, strange, pigsties, antennas are there, television ones, that's how we lived, those same barracks are still standing in dektyarka with television antennas to this day. with people inside. little has changed here in 66 years, although the television signals reaching these barracks have probably already convinced their inhabitants that russia has finally caught up and overtaken america. but the friendly visit of the american vice president to the soviet union, his visit to dektyarsk, did not prevent an american p

how about how about richard nixon? it's interesting that some of the president's supporters talk about a reverse nixon move, meaning that the reason he's so inclined to be nice to president putin is he's trying to peel him away from xi jinping, trying to drive a wedge between russia and china. a little bit, though, it's a poor parallel, like richard nixon exploited the sino-soviet split in 7172. and i do think there's an element of president trump, which is richard nixon's revenge. they have the same enemies, after all. the new york times, harvard, the department of justice, the bureaucracy. and i think in many ways, trump remains influenced by nixon, who was in some ways one of the first people who had influence over him when he was a young real estate guy on the make in new york, back in the twilight years of of richard nixon's life. so that's the analogy that i find helpful. now, i don't think it's very likely that russia and china are going to split just because president trump is on the scene. i think it's unlikely

the presidential plane with richard nixon on board landed at vnukovo airport on may 22, 1972 at 4:00 . nixon was accommodated in the kremlin in apartments next to the armory. for the first time in the history of the building, the us national flag was flying. brezhnev's first meeting with nixon was informal. according to the memoirs personal translator viktor sukhadrev, the general secretary told the american president about the difficulties associated with organizing the visit. at the last congress of the cpsu, some members of the politburo proposed at the last moment to cancel the american leader's visit, since the united states had stepped up bombing of north vietnam, which supported the soviet union. however, brezhnev insisted on his own, since detente was necessary. nixon's national security advisor , who accompanied him, agreed with this. henry kissinger: first of all, i am here because the president believes that our two countries have a historic opportunity at this moment to create a new basis for our relations. the american president's visit lasted a week. during this time, a

allegedly, either... lived, or often visited in childhood, the future thirty- seventh us president richard nixon, either his father or grandfather, whose allegedly worked in one of the copper mines, whether this is true is unknown, but the fact that nixon came to dektyarsk and went down into one of the mines is a historical fact, as is the fact that an american spy plane with pilot powers was shot down in the sky over the city a year later, and this also became one of the main oral attractions. well, what is this ural town famous for today, we will tell you in our new issue, this is a terekone from the mine, how old is this mountain, well, how can i tell you, it was here before me. yeah, and i'm already over 50, and the flag how long ago did they put it up? well, it's been a long time ago , probably about five years already. these terekons are part of the city's history, the calling card of dektyarsk. they grew as the empty rock after the copper ore was extracted from it was dumped near the mines. now children play here, climbing the artificial mountains, looking down at the panoramic views of t

richard nixon's worst day was better than donald trump's best day in the white house. and that is not something i said during the trump presidency. but the second trump presidency has turned out to be much, much worse than his first presidency. of course, the trump tariff refunds won't make someone whole if their company has already gone out of business because of the trump tariffs. and so, until the final adjudication of the trump tariff case at the appeals court or the supreme court, the trump tariffs will continue to harm the american economy. and all of us who live in it. >> businesses cannot place. >> orders because. >> they don't know what the. >> costs were going to be. >> there is an extra. >> burden on the. >> small businesses who. >> can't afford. >> to pay the tariffs. >> on goods. >> that they haven't sold. >> yet, and manufacturers. >> can't order. >> parts because. >> prices are. >> fluctuating wildly in the supply chain. >> that means. exporters do not. >> know how. >> foreign trading. >> partners will. >> even retaliate against them. >> for shelf space.

have happened for the economy and under herbert hoover and franklin roosevelt, it happened under richard nixon and jimmy carter and why do we do this? there's three results of raising tax rates, larra rhode island one is the ways around paying higher tax rates and they're smart people and they invest more in tax deductions and the second thing is the share of taxes by the middle class going and you happen third thing that happens is blow up the economy. we don't want anything or any of those things to happen. larry: steve forbes, it kind of breaks your heart because i know you want to lower marginal rates and you're correct and in fact, you ran for president twice on the flat tax and doing the going for the most successful earners and not getting revenue and tax avoidance and they'll put their money in taxes going for them and steve said not only hurting and it's hurt the economy and revenue has never materialized and yet lower tax rates and lore tax rates it's more growth and more revenues. >> they're getting arnett the unnecessary whites and people that want to do positive things and a moral

because richard nixon was in control of his faculties when he wasn't drinking. >> sean: imagine if the roles were reversed here. your chief of staff, you know that president trump's and cognitive decline, you are hiding him from the public, you are controlling every aspect of his life. he's not making decisions, you are part of that cover-up. that becomes public, what happens... >> looking for a pardon for the next administration. i'm so happy you asked the question that way because that's what i was going to talk about. this was an intentional cover-up because if you knew how a white house where do you know you've got an entire staff in the communications department that is sing it -- sitting around writing talking points every day. writing about all these lies, writing about the group poured. about what are we going to say after the debate that joe biden fell on his face over. they talked about putting joe biden in a wheelchair. they knew all about it and it was intentional. those of the same 200 sources in that book who are the same 200 buyers that went on tv that said he's sharp as

. >> richard nixon. >> conservatives had high hopes that johnson's successor, the hard right richard nixon, would finally put the brakes on the sprawling federal state. >> for the past five years, we have been deluged by government programs, and we have reaped from these programs an ugly harvest. >> but the tough talking nixon turned out to be mainstream in office on some economic issues. left of center. he actually added to washington's alphabet soup, creating the epa to protect the environment, and osha to assure worker safety. it was yet another big government betrayal by one of the right's own conservatives were livid. >> richard nixon looks a lot like a dime store new deal. >> ronald reagan, on the other hand, seemed like the real deal. >> it is clear our federal government is overgrown and overweight. >> and by 1981. >>he presidentf the uned states. >> conservates believed it was finally theichanceo dismantle big government. >> you h the sense of al triumph, a breakthrough. certainly the reforms of the 6 and 70s. they are going toe rolled bac american sociy was gog to change in

politics of the president's right to pardon using gerald ford's 1970 four pardon of his predecessor richard nixon as a case study. exploring the american story. watch american history tv saturdays on c-span 2 and find a llchedule on your program guide or watch online anytime at c-span.org/history. >> later today, the energy secretary, former house speaker paul ryan and others will discuss strategies to promote economic growth, hosted by the ronald reagan presidential foundation. watch live at 6:55 p.m. eastern on c-span, c-span now, or online at c-span.org. >> former president joe biden participated in an event celebrating memorial day in new castle, delaware p he talked about the service of military members from the first state. it was his first public appearance since the announcement of his stage four cancer diagnosis which he did not mention in his remarks. this is about 40 minutes. [applause] >> you can do better than that, knock it out of the park. [applause] >> thank you very much the greatest honor of my life has been for four years being commander-in-chief of the united states. the fact

and poti of the president's right to pardon using gerald ford's 1974 pardon of his predecessor richard nixon as a case study. exploring the american story. watch american history tv, saturdays on c-span2 and find a fu sedule on your program guide or watch online anytime at c-span.org/history. >> c-span, democracy unfiltered. >> charter is proud to be recognized as one of the best internet providers. and we are just getting started. building 100,000 miles of new infrastructure to reach those who need it most. >> charter communications supports c-span as aublic service, along with these other television providers, giving you a front row seat to democracy. >> washington, d.c. mayor muriel bowser and community faith leader spoke at the reopening of the city's capital jewish museum where two israeli diplomat asked efforts were killed last week. >> good morning. i'm chris wolfe and i have the privilege of serving as the board chair of the capital jewish museum and on behalf of the board and the staff i welcome you here today and thank you for being here. we gather today under the shadow of immense

, richard nixon in order for the negotiations to be more successful, as you know, the catastrophic bombings, including hanoi and haiphong, but i can give you many other examples, the israelis were negotiating with egypt, where both the soviet union and the united states were mediators and... egypt was desperately asking for a truce, the israelis were saying, very, very good idea, just come on, give us a few more days to encircle the egyptian third army, and never, i think, in the history of warfare has there been such a situation that in order to conduct successful negotiations, you need to stop military in action i am mistaken, you are absolutely right, firstly, there was no history of this, what urgent need for us, in any case, for our enemy is there, we have already said this, but simply giving them preferences with a straight face, that's enough, we have made enough gestures of goodwill, and as we see, these gestures are not appreciated, but turned over and presented to the public from a completely different angle. in general, a member of the european parliament is a free perso

toobin examines the origins and politics of the president's rights to pardon using the pardon of richard nixoncase study. exploring the american story, watch american history tv every weekend and find a full schedule on your program guide or watch anytime at c-span.org/history. next week on the c-span networks, the house and senate are in session. the house plans on vote -- to vote on legislation to reauthorize opioid addiction and treatment programs. the senate will work on stable coin cryptocurrency like a station and on the executive nominations including jared isaacman. several cabinet secretaries will discuss their budgets. the live coverage continues as linda mcmahon testifies at two committee hearings, first before a senate appropriations subcommittee for department's -- for her departments 2026 budget on the policies and priorities of the department. and thursday howard let make testifies before -- lutnick testifies before a committee on his department's 2026 budget proposal. watch live on the c-span networks and also c-span now. and go to c-span.org for scheduling information or watch

the ural demidov factories, and also drove the tar, that the future thirty-seventh us president richard nixonegedly either lived here or often visited in his childhood, either his father or grandfather allegedly worked in one of the copper mines, whether this is true is unknown, but the fact that nixon came to dektyarsk and went down into one of the mines is a historical fact, as is the fact that an american spy plane with a pilot was shot down in the sky over the city a year later, and this also became one of... of the main oral attractions of dektyarsk, well, and what is this ural town famous for today, we will tell you in our new issue, this is a terekona from a mine, how many years have been in this mountain, well, how can i tell you? it was here before me, yeah, and i'm already over 50, and the flag was raised on it a long time ago, well, a long time ago , it's been standing for about five years, these terekonas are part of the history of the city, the calling card of dektyarsk, they grew as the empty rock, after extracting copper ore from it, was dumped near the mines, now children play

ripping us off for many years, ever since they started, to me, i think was the worst thing that richard nixon ever did. and it was interesting, you know, the one that got it started and they've taken advantage of that. he's now the. mexico is saying that i'm your friend. you said u.s. troops into mexico to take care of the cartels. you want to know, is that true? do you think i'm going to answer that question? that's why i will answer. it's true. because they should be. they are horrible people that have been killing people left and right that have been they've made a fortune in selling drugs and destroying our people. with those 300,000 people, this year to fit it all the drugs, they're bad news. yeah, that's true. if mexico wanted help with the cartels, we would be honored to go in and do it. i told you that i would be honored to go in and do it. if cartels are trying to destroy our country, they're evil. and, you know, we had 300,000 people die last year from vietnam and all of that. we are hundreds. we had millions of people brought into this country that shouldn't be here. the cartels ar

origi in politics the president's right to pardon using gerald ford 1924 pardon of his predecessor richard nixonch american history tv saturdays on c-span2. and find a full schedule on your program guide or watch online anytime/history. ♪ works i have two know this to listen to them. it was on c-span one that is a big upgrade, right? i have a runabout in the history books. i have seen c-span footage. if it is a really good idea presented in public view on c-span progress every single time i tuned in on tiktok or c-span or youtube not hundreds of thousands of people watching. >> i went home after the speech and i turned on c-span. and tune into c-span. quick as something $2.50 a gallon. i saw television a little while ago kirksey spent his televising this right now live. we are not just speaking to los angeles there speaking to the country. >> national public radio pentagon reporter took part in a conversational protecting journalist reporting in the conflict zone. shared their experiences for dangerous scenarios and resources hosted by the atlantic council this is an hour and 10 minutes.

the scandal caused by president richard nixon his resignation and high inflation and unemployment rates made things worse. in washington, a breaking at the watergate hotel was found to involve five men in the pair of the committee to reelect president nixon. the burglar's target was the office the chairman of the democratic party. the story was to make the names of two young local reporters from the washington post. "the catastrophe following nixon's corruption case and the watergate scandal gripped american rulers by the caller. they had realized that public opinion needed to calm down, and just like in the past, the superheroes were the best options. in one of the comic stories in this period, captain..." america with its fake copy, namely the captain america in the 1950s, who fought for the us army, tells himself, i've never fought with my own demonic part, a man with patriotic dreams, i'm responsible for the evil he did. captain america was fighting with a sinister empire that wanted to take control of the us. in the end, he captured head of the white house, and by removing his mask

to me i think it was the worst thing richard nixon ever did. he's the one that got us started, they have taken advantage of. >> [indiscernible] pres. trump: no. >> [indiscernible] pres. trump: mexico is saying i offered to send u.s. troops into mexico to take care of the cartels. she wants to know is that true. you think i'm going to answer that question? >> that's why i'm asking. pres. trump: i will answer it. it's true. absolutely. because they should be -- they are horrible people that have been killing people left and right, they made a fortune selling drugs and destroying our people. we lost 300,000 people last year to fentanyl and drugs. yeah, that's true. if mexico wanted our help with the cartels, we would be honored to do it. i told her that, i would be honored to do it. they are evil. we have 300,000 people died last year from fentanyl. we had hundreds -- we had millions of people brought into this country that shouldn't be here. the cartels brought them in. if she said i offered to do that, she is 100% right. >> are you disappointed

and between richard nixon. it to you. and he got such good in return. maybe this is his final revenge. the miserable conditions of it. we could uncover it, but let you keep it. i could build a cabana. well, you think about it. before i get into my jokes, i have some important, serious news. senator lott and i have broken the gridlock over the budget. a deal now appears. miracle ously the $56 billion. thank. the $6 billion gap that has separated and republicans has bridged. and ladies and gentlemen, we owe senator dole a huge debt of gratitude. the best part is we don't have to start paying it back or 2005. and that's the budget window. bigger tax cuts, more money for the justice department, whatever. just sign up. you can have it. you know, if i'd known bob dole was at genocide invited him over for coffee. i'll hire. i want to congratulate the awardees tonight. byron akihito, who's come from so far away and did such good work and then there are the local winners of ron fournier, mara liasson, todd purdum of course. i'm familiar with any of your work. i'

years ago, i had the opportunity to work closely with the former president of the united states, richard nixon. i didn't know him when he was president, but it was the period... the late eighties, early nineties, when the former president was particularly interested in russia and often traveled here, and it seems to me, he traveled with very good intentions. nixon had a very clearly formulated approach to the development of international events. he said that he was a strategic optimist, based on the fact that america was a superpower. but they have matured, of course, you can say that they are furious with despair, but in my opinion they have not despaired yet, they are still fully prepared for battle, and they hope not only to fight russia on their own, but they want to drag the united states into this, despite president trump, and as the latest statements from the american congress show, these so-called neoconservatives have serious support, serious support in the senate, in the house of representatives, the issue is more complicated - with the trump administration, in his first administrati

. >> this brings me to your conclusion, which said joe biden is not richard nixon. the hiding and the cover up of his deterioration is not watergate. i'm not entirely sure i agree with that conclusion. i'm not entirely. >> sure. the next line is the next. the next line is it is an entirely separate scandal. it is a scandal. yes, it is, it is, it is it is without question, and maybe even worse than watergate in some ways. right? because richard nixon was in control of his faculties when he wasn't drinking. >> here, with reaction, fox news contributor joe concha, former white house chief of staff reince priebus. imagine if the roles were reversed here. reince, your chief of staff. you know, the president trump is in a significant cognitive decline. you are hiding him from the american public. you are controlling every aspect of his life. he's not making decisions. you're part of that cover up that becomes public. what happens to reince priebus? i can only imagine. >> yeah. >> be looking. >> for a pardon for the next. >> next administration. a cake with a file, i promi

and i was alive when richard nixon was president. richard nixon would not take a plane from qatar.we make these planes here. we're taking a plane that was sold to qatar that they can't sell to somebody else. and he's taking it as a gift, and he's happy about it, and he's shameless about it. and he would take a plane, as he just said, from the president of south africa, if he had a plane to sell to him or give to him. i don't i don't even know what to make of this. he's just normalized the grift. and it's just to me, it's just continuously shocking on a daily basis, which, by the way, i'm sure that stephen miller's job in the white house every day is to get up and to figure out what he can do and what he can get president trump to say that will make most of the people in this country crazy. >> well, speaking of making a lot of people crazy, let's pivot and talk about the big, beautiful budget bill. jp morgan chase ceo jamie dimon says that the bill will, quote, stabilize things a little, but that it would also likely add to the deficit. what are you hearing from your colleagues in t

this is all based on one case way back in 1971 against richard nixon who put on a 10% tariff import surcharge to revalue the dollar and get the us of the gold standard. the president had lost at the court of international trade and on appeal, he won. so it sort of a magna carta kind of situation. how much authority does the president have on his own, when is congress to be involved? clearly, this court felt and i think correctly, that congress needs to be involved, it is their authority, as was the president overstepping the balance of... we might yet see congress get involved in ape filler sense, passing legislation that formally gives authority to president trump. he is catching this under a national security imperative and the administration hammered that home this morning in his appeal, does that hold? the court did not buy it. and on appeal, they won't buy it. if it gets to the supreme court, we don't know, they have been very defensive with, they have given the president, they differ to the president, they have been very deferential in other matters, what will happen and the supreme cou

savings for those who serve. >> tonight in this room former president richard nixon. >> this was the.ixon was going to be seen publicly since he'd resigned. >> some people were very skeptical. they thought that englishman is not going to get. >> him to. say anything. >> why did you approve. >> a plan that included. >> an element like that that was clearly illegal? >> this was. >> the biggest moment of his career. >> he had to get. >> nixon to admit wrongdoing. >> when the president does it, that means. >> that. >> it is not illegal. tonight in this room, former president richard. >> nixon. >> some people were very skeptical. they thought that englishman is not going to get him to say anything. >> this was the biggest. >> moment of his career. when the president does it. >> that means that. >> it is not illegal. >> the last thing before we go tonight, omaha, nebraska, has elected its first black mayor. john ewing jr defeated the three term republican mayor, who was the first woman to lead the city, along with local issues. president trump's agenda did play a role in the campaign. so is

nouri charred nixon -- now, richard nixon in january of 1970. july of 1970, in a special message to the congress. to the congress of the united states, as concerned with the condition of our physical environment has intensified it has become increasingly clear that we need to know more about the total environment, land, water, and air. it also has become increasingly clear that only by reorganizing our federal efforts can we develop that knowledge and effectively ensure the protection, development, enhancement of the total environment itself. the government's environmentally related activities have grown up piecemeal over the years. the time has come to organize them rationally and system systematically. as a major step in this direction i am transmitting today two reorganization plans, one, to establish an environmental protection agency and one to establish within the department of commerce a national oceanic and atmospheric administration. this was the work of a republican president, the epa and noaa. and look what is happening to it today. t

richard nixon is talking about a series of secret plans to end the war. these plans. they are secret, no one knows about them. enemy planes are 70 kilometers from hanoi. the secret american plan was implemented in 1972, in which the united states tried to force north vietnam to accept the terms by putting on a show of its brutal power. the plane the enemy is 50 kilometers from hanoi, vietnam. in operation linebacker 2, also known as the christmas bombing campaign, the united states dropped 20,000 tons of explosives on two major cities in north vietnam, hanoi and haiphong. this operation was one of the largest bombings in world history. in the american narrative, the last bombing raid on north vietnam brought peace to the region. the narrative claims that the bombers forced the north vietnamese to negotiate a peace agreement that was signed in paris the following month. and so the united states air force the united states was the decisive factor in ending the american war. this false claim, which has been made repeatedly for the past 50 years , contradicts the undeniab

sure that the trump administration is implementing the old state department plan from the time of richard nixon. at the height of the cold war, together with secretary of state henry kissinger, he actively lured china to his side. now washington, according to the western press, will. in particular, the united states has withdrawn from its obligations to european and collective security within nato, reduced military aid to ukraine , and reduced tensions with russia. further, as the press writes, the americans should gradually lift sanctions and unfreeze russian assets, but experts doubt that such measures will affect moscow's friendship with beijing. historical analogy has its limits, the context is completely different. nixon was able to achieve rapprochement with china and distance beijing from moscow, because. in recent years, china has benefited most from cheaper russian energy resources. the lifting of sanctions against russian oil and gas could shake up world markets and return the kremlin to its leverage. but bloomberg believes that the issue of lifting sanctions on energy cooperation has

lyndon johnson was forced to abandon the fight for change at the primary stage, and republican richard nixonwon, promising to restore law and order, and at the same time end the war. after the events of 1968, laws were passed in the united states which greatly simplified access to education for students from poor families. universities began to revise their curricula. the desire for comprehensive personal liberation became dominant. the enlightenment was rejected in favor of modernism, and race and gender became the focus of the humanities. almost all restrictions on newspapers and magazines disappeared. opportunities for women expanded, homosexuals came out of hiding, new disciplines such as gender studies and african american studies emerged and research. the leftward shift in the education system began long ago, but under biden there have been two qualitative leaps: first, the eradication of the remnants of racism associated with the case of george floyd, a black man who died in... police custody, then the israeli operation against hamas, it stirred up sympathy for the palestinians, anti-

imagine richard nixon or henry kissinger saying that, of course, not in a million years. right. because they had an interest in in not ending the cold war, but in managing the cold war and achieving a certain kind of grudging partnership with us, with the soviets, in lowering the dangers of of war. okay. any other observation about that? that document. okay. well, i think it works well as a striking example of reagan's willingness to speak in these terms about the soviet union. again, bear in mind who his audience was like any effective politician, he modulated message depending on who he was speaking to. i think sometimes we can blow out of proportion language that gets used when addressing a specific audience. but still, i mean, it was a speech that got a lot of attention at the time, and reagan very deliberately sent this message at a very dangerous moment. i think we could say in the in the course of the cold war, when the soviets were no in much of a mood to to negotiate constructively with with the united states. okay. so big new ideas in the economic space, in the social

then along comes richard nixon. richard nixon used vicks flexibility, distinction between floors and ceilings of appropriations in a policy way and direct opposition to the policy set by congress and refused to spend appropriated funds or cut it by 40% in an effort to bring federal spending down and two things happened in response, there was a whole spate of lawsuit and even more than we've seen now under donald trump. something like 180 lawsuits proceeded, nixon won one of those lost 179 including one that went to the us supreme court. i think even more important is that congress jumped into the act and asserted its authority and pass the impoundment control act which eliminated this flexibility. no longer were appropriations going to be treated as ceilings but rather they were floors and ceilings. the obligation to take care that laws were faithfully executed, commands to spend money. the president is constitutionally obligated to carry out congress's wishes. the impoundment control act does give the president the