if you do the math that gets you to 1919, the treaty of versailles. that's when you thought world war i ended. actually the book finally closes on world war i today. the treaty of versailles did end the fighting but it didn't end the war. one condition of the treaty was germany had to pay reparations, and today, germany makes its last payment, about $95 million. all this might seem a world away, but in my view, world war i is the event that created the modern world. think about it. before the war, the world was run by a small group of european empires that were themselves monarchies. think of the astruo-hungarian empire, the german empire, the russian empire, the ottoman empire. all monarchies, the war overturned all of them and created new nations and governments that were legitimized by modern principles, nagsism, communism, socialism. without world war i no collapse of the monarchy and no rise of len anyone and no rise of hitler and thups no world war ii. the society that came out of the war, soldiers, politicians, merchants, businessmen, is of cou