nothing we could do would ever satisfy allan meltzer. [laughter] finish. >> so, actually, that leads to a follow up. first, what entry do you want to read and, second, did the federal reserve ever use the monetary aggregate in a meaningful way? >> i think it's fair to say that paul tried. [laughter] and it's also fair to say that they were very difficult to control on a quarter to quarter basis. the chart shows that they're not so hard to control on an annual basis, but the fed doesn't pay much attention to the annual stuff. they pay attention to the quarter. they're under pressure from the congress, the public, so on to do it now. and that's not within their ability. i mean, we can't, they can't get perfection or even close to it in short term, in the short term. so you have to take the pain. and that's, that's something that the public has to accept. i think of when paul volcker went to -- when i first met paul volcker, he was then an anti-inflationist and a believer in fixed exchange rates. strong proponent came out of the new york fe