the theory in relation to afghanistan is if afghanistan falls pakistan will fall and mullahs will get their hands on nuclear weapons or in the case of vietnam is the domino theory. the fourth category of fear once you have given up on the other kinds. the great thing about the logical structure is they encompass every conceivable kind of fear. the fourth kind of fear is regardless of whether the country does or does not pose a threat we will be defeated and humiliated. we are afraid of our print -- reputation will not allow us to be defeated. if we are seen to be defeated in afghanistan our weakness will be exposed to the world. this was the argument which was made in the first and second anglo afghan wars. in january of 1842 when the german army retreated from ka l kabul, 14,000 were massacred, 3,000 people stranded in a five mile area. the single largest man on his course. the story in the british parliament was we cannot allow this to happen because it will eliminate the credibility of the british empire. we will never be taken seriously again. we have to occupy these people. it wa

between afghanistan and pakistan. let's watch this. >> historically, a border was artificially created by the british over a century ago between pakistan and afghanistan and it was really an artificial border because the same tribes live on both sides and they do to this day so you have already a complicated situation there. you also have dreams by many of the ethnic pashtuns on the afghanistan side of taking over, of moving that border back towards punjab in the south so that all the pashtuns would have one land call pashtunistan which would be on both sides of the border. i don't think that's likely to happen but she's right when she writes this is one of the reasons it's been a safe haven for people like bin laden, presumably, and mullah omar because those tribal lands on both sides of the border which are not controlled by armies, which are not controlled by police, which are self governing, are essentially tribal lands where foreigners can't go. the police don't go there, the army doesn't go there. host: is that

at this region has changed to money extent in afghanistan particularly in the big cities in afghanistan and. if we compare the situation to the taliban in afghanistan it is bitter now but. it is. a worsening situation is worsening in afghanistan because the taliban came in more strong and they can attack targets and everywhere in afghanistan in many parts of the country even in big cities which is more secure today in. areas. then remote areas in afghanistan because the taliban conducting suicide attacks and car bombing attacks such as attacks it is not possible for. foreign troops to confront it because of this the people of afghanistan pays debian all for war in. afghanistan which is going on same stew two thousand and one and. the taliban. to expand the activity in active military activities in many parts of the country because of there's the number of civilian casualties is increasing in afghanistan besides all afghan military forces and foreign troops. will have to leave it there thank you so much for your time there live from kabul political analyst dr hakim thank you very much in

troops in afghanistan and other pressing record in the war's ten year history so is the continued bloodshed much needed a warning for president obama to rethink his strategy there and federal reserve chairman ben bernanke says that his hands are tied when it comes to fixing the unemployment crisis while he's calling on congress to pick up the slack and what that means for those americans who are struggling to pay the bills. are all you need to know this there is still one more day remaining in august but already it has proven to be the deadliest month in the in the decade long war in afghanistan now a record sixty six u.s. soldiers were killed in august with the lion's share of that number of greeley number a result of that you know helicopter crash that claimed thirty american lives most of them leave navy seals on august sixth now according to the associated press at least one thousand six hundred forty members of the u.s. military have to guide since the war in afghanistan began now it does seem unfortunately like no one's even the top on the number of afghan civilian casualties not to m

we're not really worried about afghanistan itself but al qaeda who come to afghanistan to use it. the russian foreign minister in 1867 who said it is in the nature of civilized countries facing while barbarian man's if they do not settle is the threat so it is a failed state that the third kind is not about the country but about the effects on the nabors. if afghanistan false others will get their hands on the nuclear weapons. and then it is called the dominant theory. and the fourth category of fear the more than a great thing of that logical structure is every conceivable the year but regardless what this country does our does not pose a threat, we will be defeated and humiliated. we are afraid of our pride and our reputation will not allow us to be defeated. the weakness will be exposed to the world. this is the argument that was made in the first and second quarters per crowed 1842 come on the british army retreats and 14,000 people were massacred and the muskets firing and the 3,000 people over a 5-mile area and the single last may and. the story of the british parliament is

afghanistan? is that one of the lessons? >> absolutely. that certainly is the lesson and one of the lessons and we haven't touched on another point here which has to be raised within the obama/afghanistan context and that is pakistan because that is where the nuclear weapons are and as you and i have discussed a number of times one of the major reasons we are involved in afghanistan to begin with has to do with keeping an eye up close and pakistan's nuclear stockpile and to make sure terrorists don't get their hands on them. that is the underlying message. when obama first came in they came up with the idea of afghanistan and pakistan. that was due kohlberg's idea. you had to see the two of them together. you could not separate the two. what the president is doing right now in his speech is almost toward separation and they can't be separated. >> we almost ready to go to questions? who has the microphone? nobody has the microphone. he had one -- >> here they are. right there. >> we have a microphone. i am always inclined to say that i find

bradley who recently finished his 5th tour in afghanistan. he talks about his experiences fighting in afghanistan. this is just over 20 minutes. >> good evening, ladies and gentlemen. welcome to barnes & nobles. i'd like to introduce rusty bradley. >> i want to thank everybody for coming. [applause] >> i want to thank you all for coming. unfortunately, kevin mauer is not going to be able to attend tonight. he had something come up. i hate that because kevin was extremely significant in the writing and production of this project. it really wouldn't have taken off without him. let me start by extending a sincere thank you on kevin and my behalf. this project has taken four years in the making. it's inkicktive, your support is inticktive of this community and what it means to the shoulders that serve here. let me start by telling those of you who are not from this area. this is fort bragg, there's probably two things that you need to know. and this is where heros come from. the reason that i wrote this book, i know some of them, some of them are

, especially western afghanistan. by all measures, that is a good thing. it's a good thing for the people of afghanistan, it's a good thing for the people of iran, and it's a good thing for the prospects of peace and democracy. if that is going on back and forth, especially if we have a democratic country in afghanistan. that's the first thing. the second thing, i am limited to a degree in what i can say, but it is troubling, some of the weapons we have found in afghanistan and some of the munitions we found in afghanistan that clearly have their source -- and this is nothing the generals have not said -- it is troubling and that's all i'm going to say on that. >> and do we have a final question? go for it. >> my question is, when we come back and ask for security from the international community, like indians are working and other nations are there, what they're asking many people now is what guarantee can you give them a for their safety? >> what i would say is the fact that they are asking that question is a sign o

down so what was going on in afghanistan we have a different. source to tell intelligence about this by him and be made by the government done in ninety nine now do we can. leave as a confirmation because according to these files bush personally president bush was asking berlusconi our first minister to stop by a man in afghanistan when the. publisher of some allegation all of the ten out of these of the member of the government of the defense minister. the buscombe person won't deny that they said the was not by meant why we can exclude boars now or give us the evidence that the government was paying some tribes the taliban's in afghanistan ok so let's talk a bit more about what happened in two thousand and nine when these allegations first came out the response from the italian government are true there was no response you have to feel that every finger about afghanistan he need is a. question because we never say that italian troops are in afghanistan for war we always say to the parliament that. a peace mission and so everything about afghan

in afghanistan for war we always said to the parliament that. a peace mission and so everything about afghanistan is covered by a deep secret state secret the military secret and most of all disinformation all the evidence about what italian troops in the every day in afghanistan fighting. what all the troops do in afghanistan in italy is the neither the eleventh why did the italian forces take this approach towards easing. it's a traditional way i mean all the forces doing it can stand the prufer of british forces paying some tribes in. cash there was an incident in two thousand and five or. the scene one of the fair play from the breed for the real life or as crash of the south from afghanistan and his was full of money there was this man a burning with the cash money dollar left and they were used to ride according to. many sources including these files. secret service where just two hours some sort of quiet say ok troops are going to stay here for six months we don't care what they are going to do in the future we just want six safe months a

support to afghanistan. drive to kabul and look at all the cell phone and computer advertisements that have women's whose heads are not covered. the looks outpatient peridots are not pakistan. -- they look asian. those are not pakistan. again, i cannot really speak for the government of india. i am talking about the people of india. that is a different thing. >> you ever raise the issue of the neighbors, so i have to ask the iran question. talk about their economic involvement and also the security situation. we hear reports from time to time that they are playing various sides of the fence. and there has been a troublesome uptick in violence. what is your sense of what the iranians are up to? >> first off, let me separate iranian people and iranian businesses from the iranian government. the iranian people and the iranian businesses have a long- term economic relationship with the people of afghanistan, especially western afghanistan. i think that by all measures, that is a good thing. it is a good thing fo

he wasn't talking about the dead in iraq or the dead in afghanistan. and there were two reasons for that. a, because in vietnam there were weeks when we had 300 -- weeks, when we had 300 dead and more. and they were the sons of -- there were very few daughters in those days. they were the sons of people all around the country because it was a draft. that made a huge difference. i'm sorry, debbie? >> well, i think one thing -- i mean, you make a really good point about the changes in the media over that period of time because i remember recently watching maybe a year or two ago my father/co-author brought some videos from back from the '60s and '70s when he was on the cbs news. and i was just really struck by the amount of very serious discussion of issues that was going on. and the sound bites went on for longer. people were allowed to speak for longer and they really got much more in depth on issues. and it just really struck me because at the time i was, you know, a child watching this and i wasn't getting as much out of it as i was then but yeah, ju

. >> that he represents afghanistan. well-intentioned, bumbling, no clue how to do this. no clue about the cultural sensitivities. i am american and farouk -- he has to get what he can while he can. so he likes telling people i am a 3-dimensional character. where did you get that? i was telling him i am trying to make this not just one dimensional, you are three dimensional and refers to himself as a try dimensional character. >> tim mentioned the former prime minister of pakistan who has an interesting relationship or had an interesting relationship with him -- kim. he misinterpreted their relationship and her retelling history funny but also unsettling because the relationship a person might have with a source can be difficult so tell us briefly about that and the question is what has happened since then? have you heard from him? what is the upshot of this? >> we are getting married. for those who don't know the story i was front-page news in pakistan for a week. it took osama bin laden being killed to knock me off the

it is neat that i just returned one month ago from my fifth appointment to afghanistan. to come home to have a book coming out is very special. >> the process of the book? >> your review? >> the review relieve took about a month and a half and went through it pretty thoroughly. but this is really starting to resonate that it is about victory. for what we could do on the ground i was just lucky enough to be a part of it. it was a small group of ordinary men who did something extraordinary. it is about the men who directly put themselves confronted the enemies and came to the aid of an entire force. >> did you have been april report before you went on fox? >> there was someone there from the army and we discussed the issues that would arise and they did. but thank you. but what is important died just want to stick to the story line that is about the men and what they accomplished and how important the public outside the military and special operations need to look at seven afghanistan and what it is. especially kandahar which is the crossroads of five major cities. all of

not using for afghanistan. and i think pakistan will be the way of afghanistan in that aid will be cut. we're going to go back to the sort -- just like what happened in the '80s when we cut ties a little bit, and then we're going to see the fallout of that. pakistan is a much more troubling country than afghanistan because of the nuclear weapons issue, although i do believe those are safe, and the fact they created this sort of frankenstein enemy that is coming back on them and you're seeing extremely sophisticated attacks on the establishment. >> when we turned away from pakistan the last time, it was not a nuclear armed country. >> it was not. >> well, we have about 15 minutes left, so i thought we could take some questions from the crowd, if anybody has something they want to bring up. if you can come up to the microphone. >> kim, what made you decide in the first place you wanted to be a foreign correspondent? >> that's a good question. and i'm unlike a lot of foreign correspondents. a lot of foreign corres

>> atia abawi in afghanistan. joined by four-star general and decorated impact general barry mccaffrey. it's easy to forget this is a relatively small community. besides the deep personal loss, will this affect the u.s. war tempo? >> probably not, lester. it reminds all of our viewers we've had 15,000 killed and wounded in afghanistan. it's a big operation. the casualties increased each year, and the special operations community has carried a tremendous burden of that combat operation. a lot of these rangers, sergeants, delta s.e.a.l.s, 160th aviation on their fourth, sixth combat tours. it's a tremendous struggle to keep this up. i think there'll continue. >> we continue the drawdown. will rangers and delta force be among the last to leave? >> i would think so. the absolutely last out, trainers trying to develop the afghan army and police right up to the very end, but clearly what we're facing is a political challenge here in the united states in which increasingly there is little support for this war. maybe two-

>> mike boettcher inin afghanistan. mike, thanks. >>> i want to bring in christiane amanpour, the anchor of abc's "this week." and, christiane, as we heard martha report there at the top of that phone call, the president received last night on this, you learned the briefings continue today, and the president issuing a statement. >> that's right, the white house says the president was, of course, briefed several times, and then he did issue a statement and, of course, he said that he and all americans mourn the loss of these american service members. he sent out his sympathies to the families of those who were killed and to their loved ones and he talked about how it reminds everyone of the sacrifice that these people are making for afghanistan and for a free a a more peaceful afghanistan, and he included in his remarks a remembrance of the afghans who also died alongside the americans in that terrible attack. >> and, christiane, in the bigger picture here, what does this mean for the state of play in afghanistan? >> wel

in afghanistan in taliban. that they well they will increase that number of attacks against foreign troops and and ask afghan troops because the taliban are gaining ground and they are they are becoming stronger and stronger in afghanistan so she may just really ask you i have to say rick sorry to interrupt but you talk about the taliban gaining strength you all there in afghanistan in kabul tell us what life is like there how it's changed over the past ten years and what is the overall sentiment of the older people there in terms of the results of the foreign occupation and indeed the strength of the taliban what is the feeling there just briefly. but this tradition has changed so many extended in afghanistan particularly in the big cities in afghanistan and. if we compare this to asia and to the taliban through it in afghanistan it is better now back. it is it has the worsening situation is worsening in afghanistan because the taliban came in more strong and they can attack the targets and everywhere in afgha

type to say we could and like afghanistan the other point is you know. i think it's that lack of happen in afghanistan nobody can predict what will happen after at their feet we know that they're from would be removed from power because he actually hide from us and he hasn't got back up abilities but the big question is you know what positional council which is they're presenting that bill will be able first to contain the differences in their visions and it's ranked second whether it is capable to run the country and to keep. the united states that seems like an accident. the issues in the air let's talk about that more specifically first of all where do you think the my. thought to the bitter end i think is a very kind of this by many people in their words you know describe him as a crazy mad i met him three times in my life he is you know i shoot. we like it or not he very well we don't know where he is actually hiding it took the need to under american fifteen years to find osama bin laden and kill him i don't know how many months how many weeks how

down so what was going on in afghanistan we have the. saw to tell intelligence about this payment. by the government and. nine. do we can. give us a confirmation because according to this files personally president bush was. corny as mr top with a man in afghanistan when the time's gone for publisher of some allegation all of the ten out of these or the members of the government of the defense and he's the. sort of the boom scrawny person won't deny that they said that the was not meant why we can exclude goals now or give us the evidence that the government was paying some tribes the taliban in afghanistan ok so let's talk a bit more about what happened in two thousand in the when these allegations first came out the response from the italian government there was no response you have to feel that everything good about afghanistan he need is a. question because we never say that he probably and troops are in afghanistan for war we always said to the parliament that. and so everything about afghanistan is covered by a deep secret state secret the military secret and most of all this

and so everything about afghanistan is covered by a secret. state secret military secret and most of all this information all the evidence about what italian troops do every day in afghanistan fighting. what all the troops knew in afghanistan you need tell me is the neither will the rebels why did you tell him forces take the separate towards easing. it's a traditional way i mean all the forces are doing in afghanistan the proof of british forces paying some tribes in. cash there was an incident in two thousand and five or. the c. one hundred eighty from the greed for the regular for the crash of the south for in afghanistan and it was for money there was this man a burning with the aircraft cash money dollar left and they were used to provide according to. many sources who's in these files. secret service who were just two hours some sort of quiet saying ok troops are going to stay you fall since we don't care what are you going to defer to do in the future we just want to six safe months and this is the prize we are going to pay for let's ta

bodies confiscated more than two tons of drugs coming from afghanistan. we need groups of criminals who are different members have a particular role to play they include masterminds traffickers go betweens. and consumers. the whole network is a will machine. police in the whole amount of confiscated heroin into a special laboratory here it becomes clear that drug traffickers are willing to resort to any trick to make sure their supply gets through in one of the consignments laboratory staff discovered heroin tucked away inside dried grapes. and these reasons were soaked in water before hand so the seeds could be removed then tiny packets of herion were inserted into a place. the republic of tragic is done is situated in the foothills of the permian range in central asia it is a landlocked country bordering afghanistan in the south as biggest on in kyrgyzstan in the north and west and china to the east the country significantly lacks major transport routes due to its vast distance from the sea mountains cover ninety three percent of the country's terrain s

the top man in afghanistan when the. allegation all get out of this or the member of the government of the defense minister or. the boom scorning person won't deny that the said the was no by him and why we can excuse it was now or give us the evidence that the government was paying some tribes and the taliban in afghanistan ok so let's talk a bit more about what happened in two thousand and nine when these allegations first came out the response. telling the truth there was no response you have to feel that every finger about afghanistan in italy is a very particular question because we never say that italian troops are in afghanistan for war we always say to the parliament that it's a peace mission and so everything about afghanistan is covered by a secret state secret military secret and most of all disinformation all the evidence about what italian troops do every day in afghanistan fighting. all the troops to do in afghanistan in italy is the neither will the levels why kids here telling forces take this approach to

clear evidence of what was going on in afghanistan we have a different. source and tell intelligence about this i meant. by the government done pin nine now or do we can mix of. give us a confirmation because according to these files bush personally president bush was asking where was corny our first minister to start with prime and in afghanistan when a crime so i'm going for publishing some allegation all of that and out of this all the members of the government of the defense minister. and the groom scorning person on the night that they said the was no crime and why are we killing skidmore's now give us the evidence that crowley and government was paying some tribes and the taliban in afghanistan ok so let's talk a bit more about what happened in two thousand and eight when these allegations first came out the response from the italian government are true there was no response you have to feel that every think about the afghanistan he need telly is a. question because of the we never say that italian troops are in afghanistan for war we always say to

corny as we need to stop the in afghanistan when the. publisher of some allegation all of the ten are part of this or the member of the government of the fans means the. sort of the boost calling person won't deny that they said the was no crime and why we can exclude balls now or give us the evidence that the government was paying some tribes and the taliban in afghanistan ok so let's talk a bit more about what happened in two thousand in late when these allegations first came out the response from the italian government there was no response you have to feel that everything about the afghanistan he needs is a. question because we never say that the pelion troops are in afghanistan for war we always say to the parliament for the. and so everything about afghanistan is covered by a secret state secret military secret and most of all this information all the evidence about what italian troops do every day in afghanistan fighting. what all the troops knew in afghanistan in italy is the night of the roll the levels why did the telling force

down so what was going on in afghanistan we have a different. sort of kind intelligence about this poem and are being made by the government on pin nine. do we can leaks of. give us a confirmation because according to these files personally president bush was asking where was corny for us news to stop the prime and in afghanistan when the crimes. publish and some allegation all the time out of this or the member of the grand amount of the fence means the. person and deny that they said that the was not by him and why we can exclude balls now or give us the evidence that rally and government was paying some tribes and the taliban in afghanistan ok so let's talk a bit more about what happened in two thousand and nine when these allegations first came out the response from the italian government there was no response you have to feel that every finger about the afghanistan you need is a. question because of the we never say that italian troops are in afghanistan for war we always said to the parliament that the. it's a peace mission and so everythi

down so what was going on in afghanistan we have a different. sort of intel intelligence about this and. by the government done in nine. do we can sort of. give us a confirmation because according to. bush personally president bush was asking where was corny as a means to stop the man to in afghanistan when the. allegation all of the of these of the members of the government of the defense minister. and the boom some own deny that said the was not by him and why we can exclude it was now or give us the evidence that the government was paying some tribes and the taliban in afghanistan ok so let's talk a bit more about what happened in two thousand and eight when these allegations first came out the response from the italian government are true there was no response you have to feel that everything about the afghanistan he need is a. question because of the we never say that italian poops are in afghanistan for war we always said. parliament that is the peace mission and so everything about afghanistan is covered by a secret state secret military

like afghanistan and the other you know libya. state like what happened in afghanistan and nobody can predict what will happen after combat and we know very few would be removed from power because he and i actually i mean something has a good pickup in that but a big question please you know whether that turns the council which is there representing that revolt will be able first to contain the differences divisions in its own set whether it is capable to run the country and to keep it as a united states that seems like an accident that the issues. let's talk about the war specifically first of all where do you think it's. going to do you think you'll fight to the bitter end if he is a very kind of despite to many people in that words describe him as a crazy man i meet him there three times in my life. you know what i should. whether we like it or not he believes very well we don't know where he is actually hiding it took the need to under american fifteen years to find some of bin laden and kill him i don't know how many months h

way or another and try to say libya could like afghanistan the other point is you know libya. could turn to a failed state like what happened in afghanistan nobody can predict what will happen after that we know if we would be removed from power because he cannot actually need police and he hasn't got backup abilities but the big question is you know whether that positional council which is that or presenting that will be able first to contain the differences divisions in its ranks second whether it is capable to run the country and to keep as a united state that seems like an excellent overview of the issues but let's talk about the more specifically first of all where do you think gadhafi is that maybe what's he going to do you think you'll fight to the bitter end qaddafi is a very kind of despite to many people and their words you know describe him as a crazy mad i met him three times in my life he is you know i should politician whether we like it or not he calculates very well we don't know where he is actually hiding it took the need to under american fifteen years to fi

presence in afghanistan does harm al qaeda. whether or not leaving now poses a challenge to afghan's government. but the president -- democrats, i think, would vote unanimously to speed up the withdrawal if they could. the president would dissent from that. the republicans are split on this issue. i don't think any presidential candidate other than jon huntsman wants the debate to be about this. >> we talked to john kerry earlier on the program did the downgrade. he reacted to it this way. >> this is the tea party downgrade because a minority of people in the house of representatives countered the will of many republican and the united states senate who were prepared to do a bigger deal, $4 trillion, have a mix of reductions and reforms in social security, medicare and medicaid and also recognized that we needed to do some revenue. >> alan greenspan, about 15 seconds what is the prospect that this super committee gets to some of the hard questions that senator talked about? >> very low. it's going to require one person amongst

in afghanistan it's different because in afghanistan it's a nationalist resistance movement it's not only the taliban in afghanistan it's warlords it's loosely natwar it's it's tribal warlords as well they're more or less united to expel the foreign invader which is the story of afghanistan as a collection of warring tribes that when they're not fighting themselves they're fighting a foreign invader so that's why designers have been spending ad billions of dollars on foreign aid on humanitarian projects working out no no because that most of the money doesn't go to many terror projects because. before the big get to the community spirit supposed to help did they are blown dirt by ministers and functionaries in kabul serve these ministers are more or less ruled by gangs in kabul in fact saw the little bit of money that trickles down to a brutal acts like an old building schools or some highways it's not enough and when you when you. make a comparison between american help for the stroke x. and actually chinese or indian involvement direct involvement with some communities it's an enor

today now explain to me what the fact is all play all comparable between libya and afghanistan. there are a lot of similarities here between afghanistan and libya we have the need to intervention military intervention it is through this intervention is not actually sending troops on the ground but the same. way or another. change is that name of the game in both countries so that's why actually i compare the two countries and try to say libya could like afghanistan the other point is you know leave where we could turn to a failed state like what happened in afghanistan nobody can predict what will happen after that we know it would be removed from power because he cannot actually fight the and he hasn't got backup abilities but the big question is you know whether that transitional council which is the representing that liberal will be able first to contain. differences huge divisions in its second whether it is capable to run the country and to keep you believe as a united states that seems like an excellent overview of the issues in libya but let's talk about the more specific

led mission in afghanistan will end soon when nato troops go to n.y. seventeen's will make it come back to face the afghan is whence once again russia will ship twenty one helicopters to afghanistan to help the country's security in years and pilots work together to perfect and ease operating of m y seventeen s while it seems quantum physics to me afghan pilots are already familiar with the machine many of them trained under soviet air force instructors even now twenty years later speak perfect russian. i graduated from a pilot school in the russian city of christendom in one thousand nine hundred four when i got back to afghanistan to serve in the army we only had soviet aircraft those machines were the best to get to the most difficult and isolated parts of the country with the us will be for afghanistan's m.-i seventeen's something which put american helicopter manufacturers in a spin with congress using russian military aircraft the countries had plenty of helping hands after the soviet invasion russia provided millions of dollars worth of military

we have to remember these young men in afghanistan, and to a lesser extent in iraq, but in afghanistan, they're agrarian, so when the planting and harvesting seasons come and go, the attrition rates wax and wane accordingly. the general in charge of our iranian training monitors the situation. i don't have the number, but it's in the number of 10,000 and growing in the literacy rate, the soldiers we've accrued learning english. you can develop it, and it's a little more challenging to develop the leaders to lead them. >> if you could get to my office maybe kind of what you see those trend lines look like over the last several years and where we're going in literacy atta attainment within our security force that afghanistan has, as well as the retention rate? can you do that? >> yes. the last time i touched them, the trend line on attrition was testing positive, which means we were gaining control of it. the trend line on literacy training was also training positive, but it's a very -- you know, that is a -- an enormous slope to climb for all the reasons you suggested. but both trends a

healing its wounds even a decade on the problems are numerous from drug trafficking from neighboring afghanistan to acute shortages of electricity and drinking water. each morning a camel appears on this road running from the hills drive his cause beside the animal to feed it. now it needs something to eat it. local say the camels owner deliberately turns the animal out there's no food for it in the man's household. emoji dove and his family live two hundred kilometers south of tragedies dance capital to shun very close to the border with afghanistan he has ten children. this cow provides for. each member of his family has a particular job to do the mentor in the vines and women do the washing and bake bread while the kids work in the vegetable garden. images of gathered cotton stalks left in a field after harvesting they used them to heat the oven in order to make flats round cakes the stalks do produce some heat but certainly much less than firewood does. i. cut it out get on with it. like i can cut him many times the peasants live below the poverty line. some don't have jobs at all others bar