an international consortium of gene hunters formed, and in 1993, they iced and sequenced the gene. that was an enormous advance because with the gene, they could pop it into mice and flies, and into worms, and study mechanisms of pathogen sis, how the gene does its harm. they learned an enormous amount about this. moreover, as they began to look at these disorders, they realized that in addition to the clinical similarity, they both affect motor systems and they both share certain anatomical features in common. there also is an interesting similarity in the way the proteins that are involved in the disease become abnormal. they realized this is a protein-folding disorder, and it belonged to a larger family of protein-folding disorders which were pioneered by stan pewsener. he described a disease many years before that as a disease involving protein misfolding and we realize, alzheimer's disease, that you and i talked about, frontal temporal dementia, in addition to parkinson's disease and huntington's disease, are protein-folding disorders. what does that mean? that means the prote

so the brain is built from genes. they provide the parts for the brain and the instructions for using them. there are about 25,000 genes used to make the brain. and many brain disorders are at least in part genetic disorders. we want to understand those so that we can understand what the disorder is. and also so that we can think of ways of intervening in the disorder based on really that basic knowledge of what has gone wrong. so the trick to doing that is that human genes are shared with animals. of the 25,000 human genes, almost all of them are present in other animals. and often it's much easier to figure out what a gene is doing by studying that gene is n an animal than by studying that gene in a human. and that's the trick that scientists use to try and translate back and forth. understanding the biology of brain disorders by comparing humans to animals, by using the genetics and by using genes to see what's happening in a normal brain and an abnormal brain. so one example is genes for sleep. so sleep is one of

are there many little genes having small effects or single genes that have some larger effects. we also want to understand how do we approach these things in terms of treatment. >> rose: episode 4 of the charlie rose brain series ii written by the simon's foundation coming up. understanding the brain. the series is made possible by grant by the simon's foundation. they want to advance research in the science. captioning sponsored by rose communications from our studios in new york city, this is charlie rose. >> tonight, we continue our exploration of the human brain looking at two of the most devastating diseases. they are alzheimer's disease and frontal temporal dementia, the central hallmark of alzheimer's disease is loss of memory, temporal dementia on the other hand is characterized by behavior and language dysfunction. boast are degenerative diseases taking a toll not only those diagnosed but everyone around them. patients are robbed of their independence, their relationship and their various identities. alzheimer's is the most common degenerative brain disease. more than 5

we could be in a position to identify the six genes or 20 genes that are contributors and see whether the mother is carrying some combination that could be critical. and be prepared for that. or decide not to have that child. s this's number one, number two as crory pointed out once we have identified specific genes we can put them into animal models and we can see, you know, which component of the illness is mediated by which particular gene and develop drugs in mice that overcome that is hafing a genetic base would be-- a giant step forward and we far from it but we see how to go. >> charlie there may be no single drug that treats the entire spectrum. so right now, for example, pharmaceutical companies and biotech companies are working to find drugs that will work on the cognitive deficits and negative symptoms to add to the other earlier generation of drugs. so we'll think about it much like we treat cancer now. with as complex as its brain is and as complex as the indices s i'm not surprised that this will be actually the path that we'll ultimately lead to better drugs. >> go ahea

that may contain many genes. so this idea that the structure of the chromosomes were not inviolable was really a revolutionary change. >> and the implication is so profound. before we were all thinks in terms of the fact that mutations involve a single gene and that that is going to account for the various psychiatric, neurological, et cetera, cancer genetics we have. but it now turns out that you can have significant portions of a chromosome, lots of genes either duplicated or missing. >> yes. >> it's a completely new concept of a major mutation in the genome. >> and we've only been able to see that over the last few years. now, that's part of the normal spectrum of human genetic variation. we're all sitting at this table... >> we all have this. >> we have these things called copy number variations. it's a completely new insight that emerged within the last five years. >> five or six years, yes. but now what we found, once we were able to see that that was an important source of genetic variation, we found out t

even as a kid i could see the kid in gene. a guy who didn't see his time up there as a mission but a passion. one that even drove he and his colleague schmidt to soar. >> ♪ da, da, da, ♪ da, da da, ♪ all along >> neil: i said gene was a hero, i never said he was a singer. i joked yesterday with gene as i have often shared with many of you on this show howmuch i wanted to be an astronaut when i was a kid. i did. i was a nut about being an astronaut. when other kids my age were collecting baseball cards, i was collecting astronaut autographs. i have quite an impressive collection. reading everything i could get on every mission that i could follow. gemini models apt apollo models. lunar modules, command modulessism would pretend in my room, because i didn't have any friends, i was in a rocket in outer space. it worried my mom and dad. but lo and behold it got them to do something forever change my life. take me to cape canaveral, itself. that's when it hit me like a roster booster to the kisser. after look at all of those,

let's get a status update from gene munster, analyst at piper jaffray. are you all checks in, gene? >> i'm all checked in. i'm ready to choose the "want" button. >> let's talk about that. the negative narrative on facebook is, oh, they're never going to be able to monetize mobi mobile. you talk about a "want" button. >> there's evidence of this "wa "want" button. onbviously a "like" button. this is nebulous to what going is doing to search. they're going to get mobile right but the want button is going to lay the groundwork that facebook is not kind of doing it for the social joy. >> still, do you step in now or wait for the next round of stock that's going to be able to unlock in november and do it after that. >> to answer your question, we went back and looked. it looks like historically there would be 7% on the downside between now and november 15th lockup. the mid-november lockup. beyond, that i think if you have a perspective of owning a real company for the next one to two years as a real investor, i think it doesn't matter if you buy it now or in two months. so the answer to

and what gene cernan means to america. let's hear from the hero himself. >> did you know he was last man to walk on the moon? [talking over each other] i'm serious, we compare our direct rates side by side to find you a great deal, even if it's not with us. [ ding ] oh, that's helpful! well, our company does that, too. actually, we invented that. it's like a sauna in here. helping you save, even if it's not with us -- now, that's progressive! call or click today. no mas pantalones! neil: in our fox financial flash. striking out, instead of hitting a homer, the postal service selling only one third of the billion stamps are printed to commemorate the hit fox tv show. it lost a million dollars just on this deal. anyway, high gas prices, not stopping people from hitting the road on labor day weekend. aaa saying at least 33 million people will travel 50,000 miles or more. that is a 3% from last year, which would be high since the recession. nike is going to roll out sneakers that will run you more than $300 per pair. these thi

you're shaking your head, gene. >> no, no, no. actually, when we talk about uncertainty, i just don't know whenever there was not uncertainty, so whenever i hear people saying like, oh, we don't like president obama, and the democrats, because there's so much uncertainty around and you know, how can we do our business, i just think to myself, well, wasn't there uncertainty in the fif'50s, '60 and '70s, too. there's always going to be uv certainty. what brian is saying is right about knowing what to expect in the future. i'm really happy romney chose paul ryan to run with him. why? because he is now really making a statement they're going to focus on the economy. i'm really happy that president obama then came out and said i respect paul ryan and think that he's a good man and he will be able to communicate with governor romney's policies but i don't agree with his policies. at least for the next few months, hopefully, we will be getting the respect for the candidates to give us both sides of what their plan is so that we can make

and what gene cernan means to america. let's hear from the hero himself. >> did you know he was last man >> did you know he was last man to walk on the moon? for many, nexium helps relieve heartburn symptoms caused by acid reflux disease. osteoporosis-related bone fractures and low magnesium levels have been seen with nexium. possible side effects include headache, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. other serious stomach conditions may still exist. talk to your doctor about nexium. neil: in our fox financial flash. striking out, instead of hitting a homer, the postal service selling only one third of the billion stamps are printed to commemorate the hit fox tv show. it lost a million dollars just on this deal. anyway, high gas prices, not stopping people from hitting the road on labor day weekend. aaa saying at least 33 million people will travel 50,000 miles or more. that is a 3% from last year, which would be high since the recession. nike is going to roll out sneakers that will run you more than $300 per pair. these things b

from getting the right size to the right to that shopping for genes can be an ordeal. is the perfect pair with almost no efforts to watch shows us how works. duckweeds for jamie jean shopping can be an all-day events. >>> usually you pull 10 genes of the rack and try them on. even step on in. >>> the uses three the body map and technology. first-degree a personalized account then she steps down get scans and within minutes deep mud to see yourself? a measurement and picks up more than a dozen perfect tears. >>> will do now is decide whether you want scanning jeans but that basically tear fit preference and then you can go in town a few hours. did ways we do is match your measurements due to measurement information of the government. the founder says body metrics has been wildly popular in london for years and he chose to make its u.s. debut at this bloomingdale's in palo alto for a very specific reason. dick weis i think the future is very much made in the silicon valley that's why we chose this is microsoft net technology not only the access your stem from online shop

so we have 100,000 genes, and all of us have to have two copies of each gene, one from each parent. each time they're being transmitted from parent to offspring, the genes have to be copied. and the copying system isn't perfect, so little mistakes are made, or changes, and most of them are irrelevant. but over time, we have in the population for any given gene, variance. in fact, my dna, and your dna, and somebody else's dna is 99.9% the same. but there's about one base out of 1000 that's different. so michael jackson's dna might read "a," and michael jordan's dna might read "g," and michelangelo's dna might read "c," and so on and so forth. and surprisingly those very few differences, that one out of 1000, is enough to make all the differences in the way we look, blue eyes or green eyes, our skin color, our height, as well as in some of our behavioral traits. sometimes people are surprised that such a tiny bit of difference-- .1% can make such a big difference in who we are. but remember that our dna and chimpanzee dna is only 1% different, and obviously we're a lot different than

impossible for getting pollution in gene pool oh you can't recall the g.m. was once it's a nature it's a nature exactly so it's going to go beyond the effects of global warming beyond nuclear waste it's at this point in our science it's permanent self-propagating pollution so what do we do we have a little less than a minute left first of all we have to cap it right now the good news is this we know from europe even a small percentage of consumers avoiding g m o's can drive it out of the market with a tipping point so we're educating people that responsible technology dot org with information that changes people's die. you can learn how to avoid it but now there's a labeling initiative in california where if it wins in november g.m. will be labeled fifty three percent of americans say they would avoid g m o's if labeled we think i think that the companies would rather eliminate than admit they use them so winning in california is essential right now amazing and spreading the word for thanks maybe so honored to meet you to see this or other conversations of t

. >> to you think there is a gene for music? >> well, you are the scientists. [laughter] i do not know. my grandfather was a side -- violinist with the san francisco symphony. my father was quite a good pianist. my brother was musical, my sister was not. i have a musical cousin. i do not really know. >> let me put it this way and i will try to stumble through a scientific explanation. let me remind the audience at this point that we are going to take questions in five minutes. there are microphones set up in the aisles. please be ready with your questions. if you had not become a musician professionally, do you think you would still be playing? >> yes, i think i would still be playing, but everybody should play a little bit, sing -- not everyone feels confident about their medical abilities, -- musical abilities, but it is such an import way to connect. it is, after all, a vibration. whether you are doing it to relax, get excited, to jump up and down, i think it is an import way to connect yourself to something that is a little bit bigger in life. life is a con

es una enfermedad genetica escondida en los genes que no se sabe de donde viene. desgraciadamente ambos padres de alana tenian esos genes, terr tuvo que hacerse cargo de su nieta desde los 15 meses de nacida, ya que su hija la madre de alana abusaba de drogas y alcohol inclusive cuando estaba embarazada. 11;25;44;27 we got lana 15 months old her noither who was my daughter and unfortunatley had and alcoholic abuse problem. debido a una sobredosis murio la madre de alana pero su abuelita dedica su vida entera a cuidarla algo que es devastador , 11;27;07;03 devastades we lsot her mother of a drug overdose. afortunadamente solamente la sufren 100o ninos en el mundo 500 en los estados unidos. dr.david jimenez/ profesor uthsc y neurocirujano *viz l3_dr.david jimenez- _-profesor uthsc y neurocirujano 12;18;48;04 se refiere a la perdida del movimiento en los musculos puede ser la pierna los brazos la cara ... //12;19;20;25 hay una listabastante grande de las cosas que pueden causar ataxia. 11;26;02;15 ataxia telangiectacia at is like having a combination of several syndr

they took 78 families and looked at the mom's genes and dad's genes and child's genes. some of the children had schizophrenia and some autism and some didn't. men produce thousands of sperm a minute. the question is are you likely to have more mutations associated with autism as sperm gets older. >> this is 2012. why have we not been looking at that or known we are moving toward that? >> science does not move quickly. this is astounding. look at the numbers. they looked at the dads and found at age 20, the children of the dads, if the dad was 20, the child had 25 random mutations linked to autism. at age 40, they had 65 mutations that could be linked to autism. that is a huge difference. one of the authors said, maybe men ought to start banking their sperm. >> is it the same as banking your eggs? >> it is much easier to do sperm. we have been freezing sperm longer than freezing eggs. one said think about it. guys, freeze your sperm when you are 20 and you can use it when you're 40. it is an interesting idea. >> i have to wrap it up. this is not a message to men over 40

goods to see you, gene. >> hey, doug, how are you. >> well, thank you. tell me what you made of that speech you just heard? >> first of all, i think it sums up completely why i'm actually enthusiastic about romney's pick of ryan. you know, ryan himself is all about the economy and all about balancing the budget and fact that he goes into the largest senior living facility in the country, to really talk about his plan for medicare, means that he's, now,'s attacking entitlements, so from the aspect after small business owners that's what we want to hear from the guys in government. how they're going to drive the budget deficit down and reduce the national debt and attack entitlements out there. and i think air choosing ryan as a running mate focuses debate on the economy and that's exactly what small business owners make me want to hear. >> i want to move on to your small business, and you wrote a piece in inc..com and you sauk did small businesses owners. >> my kids don't want to hear what i have to say unless it's go giving them money. and my vendors mis

gene sigel from deep bounty vineyards. >> thank you. sandra: the ultimate road rash for lance armstrong. the former cycling king stripped of his seven tour de france titles and banned from competitive sports for life. how quickly could the wheels fall off his multimillion-dollar endorsements? we have an expert's insight next. >>> plus the u.n. moves to spend a $100 billion to fight climate change. how big a tab could u.s. taxpayers be stuck with? details coming up. do you ever have too much money? ♪ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ where's tommy? i thought he was with you. no. jack! (playing twinkle, twinkle, little star.) tommy? go get him! don't stop! keep playing! here we go. here's the fun part! did you do this? great job! san san it's official, lance armstrong's athletic career is over. the anti-doping agency stripped him of his titles barring him from competing or coaching professional sports the rest of his life. will he keep endorsement deals? i want to bring in two experts on this. fox sports radio host and editor-in-chief of b