they ended up in the soviet union. where steve shows they use their expertise to develop the microelectronics industry and create moscow's version of silicon valley. most recently, alan hornbloom wrote his book, the invisible harry gold. not only does he make it assertion of rosenbergs -- -- it clear he was a spy for the soviets, contrary to the assertion of rosenbergs defenders. he explained sympathetically why he decided to engage in espionage, and reaches the conclusion that goal told the truth and julius rosenberg and his colleagues were not. gold was labeled by the rosenbergs' defenders as a delusional psychotic. while the rosenbergs and morton sobell were displayed as innocent martyrs to mccarthy witch on. -- a mccarthyite witchhunt. -- gold was very intent on making amends for what he considered his traitorous acts and telling the truth. although his lawyers had ample legal ground that would've allowed gold to escape indictment and prosecution. perhaps the most recent damming news was the confession of codefenda

spying for the soviet union was a different matter than spying for the soviet union in 1944. one more bit of the story. i will go over it very quickly. two americans that escaped from the fbi and a dramatic fashion. they ended up in the soviet union, and helped create the soviet computer industry. this is a picture of them in >> can i say thank you now? allen kornblum, -- hornbloom you are the expert. >> harry gold was far from the prepossessing character. in fact, he was nearly invisible. he could easily pass on the street a dozen times and never take notice. he was no james bond, at least not in the swab, imposing manner. as everyone knows, hollywood creations do not mesh with reality. make no mistake, portly mild-mannered harry gold was the real deal. he was a secret agent who won the order of the red star. his impact on espionage and the endless rosenberg saga is nothing short of momentous. not surprisingly, that j edgar hoover would call gold a master soviet spy, the target of the toughest case the fbi ever made and the center of the crime of the century. even someone he

he gave that to the soviet union. some of the other technology the rosenberg ring gave, that we know, is the blueprints for the first american designed jet engine. blueprints for the first american mass-produced jet aircraft, and specifications of manufacturing instructions for the fdr 584 radar which is the most important radar that was produced in the second world war. the russians were so happy with the fdr 584 information they offered to give the rosenberg ring a $5,000 bonus. which was some money back then. members of the rosenberg ring were aghast that it was suggested they were doing it for money, they wouldn't take the money. that gives you an idea how important they thought it was. the rosenberg ring gave thousands of pages of documents to the soviets. we don't know exactly what was in them. we know he gave a a 12,000 page blueprint for the shooting star and another 5000 pages. in sobell gave 2000 pages 1945, to the soviets. it is reasonable to infer that anything they had axis two they gave. that is what the

so he was a major enemy of the soviet union. he was a biographer of this and he himself had been a member but he was a good biographer and an interesting guy and he said that was the first shot getting rid of him. and they were all on the side of course. >> host: you have a chapter in here about elliott. tell me his story. >> guest: the thing about his story he went to ronald reagan and praised both people he said look i conducted with people, they are the ones that are helpful to me and when i say blacklist if all they had to do basically if you were a communist and you have a car and a house committee found out that you were a member of the party and had an amonte member of the party etc. as long as you could get back to work in hollywood easily. they wouldn't see anything say anything but all you have to do is renounce. that's all you have to do and of course they would say you have to go back and name names and say who your fellow conspirators but they all got back to work. i just wanted to find out about that and he was pra

if you want the soviet union. when hitler decided to make the alliance with the soviet union not only did stalin switch but so did all the communist party members in the united states in hollywood as well. they're going to be making an goofy picture by the way. they are going to glorify it this year. there was one of this time period. i went into some detail about how they became for adolf hitler. >> host: that is absolutely remarkable. >> guest: the fourth american writers conference which was held in new york but the point is they had these american writer conferences. i go into detail on the fourth american writers conference and all of these in hollywood for undecided adolf hitler. they didn't say with a view to adolf hitler. they all of hitler's enemies and particularly england. england was considered a pariah country so far as the hollywood left was concerned i got the fourth american writers congress in august people at dumping on england's saint england. >> host: this is after the nonaggression pact of 193

the soviet union he had been anti- hitler. each and every one of them that i talk about were members of the communist party. a member of the communist party, you had to be from the soviet union. that was the only way you could get in. so the hard-core communists when hitler decided to make his alliance with the soviet union stalin switched to be pro- hitler, but so did all of the communist party's members in the united states and hollywood as well. they would be making a movie picture about it glorifying it. don trouble was one of the greatest apologists. i go into some detail about how he became an apologist for adolf hitler at the one that is absolutely remarkable and a forgotten chapter. >> i guess it was new york, but i go into detail about the american writers congress. now i didn't say we love you, adolf hitler. the church of new england. considered a pariah country so far as the hollywood left was concerned. the american writers congress -- american writers group. >> host: just to be clear this was after the pact of 193

today, the soviet union's history. in china is approaching certainly number one in the world economy. it has emerged, risen as an international force in no small measure because of the opening that president nixon and chairman mao initiated. let's go back to what the world look like when the soviet union had -- the soviet union and china had allied themselves. eurasia, from eastern europe to the pacific ocean was controlled, dominated by a hostile alliance. it was a fundamental threat to american security. and that threat persisted. it was certainly one of the motivations for the vietnam war involvement. as the 1960's progressed, there were signs of real tension between moscow and beijing. and mr. nixon who was at that point out of office and would have been unaware of these tensions, he was very much aware of the degree to which the vietnam war had undermined political support for the lyndon johnson administration. it got so bad that president johnson decided not to run for a second term. in the second half of the 60'

deng was the leader who did the final deal with the soviet union. the chaos of tiananmen square, 1989, what did deng do? he sealed the soviet-chinese border. that, more than anything else determined the future of russia china relations. xi jinping sees himself in a similar mode. if there is any leader who could entertain a grand strategic bargain, it might be him. >> that is a great way to end. a grand strategic initiative. on behalf of everyone here thank you so much. it is a pleasure. ♪ >> i mark halperin. >> i'm john heilemann. you're not the only one whose name gets misspelled every now and again. >> this is a bloomberg politics special report. hillary clinton. what did she know and when did she know she would know it? who is eric -- how do you pronounce his name? and more tonight on "with all due respect." >> happy personal e-mail day sports fans. it means we are doing something different tonight. we're not turning into tmz but

it was the start of a proxy war between the soviet union and the u.s. super powers fought in afghanistan. the last hot conflict of the so-called cold war. on moscow's side afghan and soviet force, on the west mujahideen - guerilla fighters. they formed two groups - those funded by the u.s. britain, saudi arabia egypt, pakistan and china. and those backed by iran. as the conflict progressed, the soviet led forces occupied the cities like kabul. while the mujahideen operated outside them. over 14,000 soviets were killed. 75 to 90,000 mujahideen lost their lives. a million civilians are set to have perished. >> in 1987, plans were announced to pull troops out of afghanistan. once the soviets left the civil war in afghanistan worsened. the government left behind headed by the president collapsed. he went into hiding and sought refuge at a u.n. compound. but once the taliban took control of kabul, the leader that the soviets installed was cast rated, dragged through the streets and hanged from a traffic light. the era of the taliban had begun. once the sovie

another was go kroft's advice to president bush in 1989 that the united states and the soviet union both withdraw ground forces from central europe. the logic was that nato minus the u.s. comparison to the warsaw pact and ussr would be to the united states is managed and take away from mikhail gorbachev. the idea provoked a firestorm especially for defense secretary cheney which was eventually a scaled back version of the plan. rather than literally demand the wall be torn down and scowcroft and his staff wanted to create the underlying conditions that would make the berlin wall no longer necessary so it would fall up its own accord. more significantly schoolcraft bush and baker wanted to take the initiative away from gorbachev to think what they will want to go through and what they wanted to achieve them and to provide a set of carrots and sticks that would induce the soviets to a degree which often meant getting the u.k. france and germany to agree. a third example was the decision on the scowcroft commission later under bush 41 to push through radical reductions in nuclear missiles a

the soviet union. medically. by essentially moving in and making that crystal clear about what he had in mind's. what he sees again russia's position as a very offense of defense. the disregard of russia's interest in what happens. but from his perspective becomes by covering the ukrainians and tried to get this message across again. we may not agree with it. well-rounded. >> i don't want to end this conversation without bringing up the question we rate in a. it connects directly onto the book. the proposal to send arms to ukraine thoughts on ukraine are probably the brookings institution including the president of the brookings institution collaborated on reports that advocated that. unfortunately unfortunately it was portrayed as the brookings institution wants to give weapons to ukraine. we we felt obliged to.out that not everybody at brookings supports that policy. policy. we wrote an op-ed in the "washington post" last week. discreetly sum up what we argue they're. a couple points we try to get across. i thi

it took us a long time to figure that out with the soviet union if we ever really did. be careful about be careful about talking with certainty here on any of these subjects. i clearly believe that we have got to understand the world that we are in now. this is a different international security environment than we have faced in the last century. the compelling security problems of the last century imperialism fascism, nazis, communism have largely been relegated to the history books. some of it echoes, but largely relegated to the history books. it is a different world today command to assume that we would be structuring our nuclear deterrent the same way that we did during the cold war is a big mistake. understanding this notion of taylor deterrent what combination of factors will be the most effective in deterring any given country and then understanding that us policy only considering using nuclear weapons in extreme circumstances. does that limit to other nuclear powers? that was the negative security guarantee provided in the nuclear posture review of 2010. but by

and soviet union. in the last day of f the truman administration, president truman actually founded -- established a special evaluatition subcommittee on e national security council. its purposee was to try to look at the implications of an l-out nunuclear exchange between the two sides. that contitinued into ththe mid-1960's, when the secretary canceled what had become the net evalaluation subcommittee. they focused onuclear war, but within a short period ofime afr the nesc s ended terminated, peopople started adadvocating for -- we need a broad assessmentnt capability on the nesc or at the top of government. the poinint would b be, you wer in a long-term, protracted competition with the sovt union, and you needed an asssment c capability toto see where you stood, boboth i presence a and where the trds and everytything suggested you are going in the future. vago: and he started his career at the natioional security council before he moved to thehe pentatagon. >> yes. kissinger brought hihim into work

the reason we were at odds with the soviet union was economics. [indiscernible] china, they are developing their nuclear capacity. they still have their business if they fall, just like the soviet union, they fell because there economic interest were working. a second question, we know that nuclear weapons cost a lot to maintain. what is the minimum structural nuclear weapons? something like 14,000 in the world. what is the minimum threshold for the u.s.? to where it is still a deterrent, but is easy to maintain. prof. gavin: i would say that the u.s. competition is with the soviet union still fairly had an economic component, but was also about the future of the western world, and an ideological competition. nuclear weapons are in this competition. i think, it would be wrong to make a direct parallel to the u.s. and soviet union. as he pointed out there is certainly interdependence. written large, you can ask a look at the u.s.-china relationship as a success to a certain extent. there is is monetization -- modernization going on, but if you were

the baltic republics were occupied by the soviet union for half a century. after moscow's annexation of crimea, many are worried they could be occupied by the russians. >> i think they are afraid of russia to be a war. >> our independence is very important to us. i was 18 years old in 1991 when russian tanks rolled through the streets and their soldiers attacked people here. back then i thought how at -- how great it would be to be independent and free. now we can achieve that and make our own decisions. >> i am bored with that. >> the captain says lithuanians have learned from history. she grew up located in the north not far from the border. it is the fourth-largest city in the country. >> i could tell you i was the first generation of free lithuania and kid decided to go to the school. i could never even imagine they would be here in my country. almost 11 years to secure the space. >> what extent would you say our events a concern in the ukraine? >> for me? >> a confident statement in a time of great uncertainty. lithuania small army fuse russia with more

max: that -- soviet union, the land untouched by modern medicine. i had some sort of a respiratory disease after another. bronchitis to pneumonia to some other stuff. every time i would breathe into a tube, they'd say, "oh, the lung capacity -- any minute now he is going to pass out and not wake up." between my mom and grandma, they were like, well, that is unacceptable. go do 100 push-ups, expand your lung capacity. my mom insisted i played a woodwind instrument to expand my lung capacity. i played clarinet. and somehow survived past the point where the doctors said we're going to stop predicting when he's going to die, since he seems to be surviving. emily: you were in chernobyl? max: i was not in chernobyl. i was a couple of -- pretty close to chernobyl. emily: you were there when chenobyl happened? max: oh, yeah. i was very much in kiev. i think it was about 90 miles. so it's pretty close. yeah. it was -- it was very anti-climactic, retrospectively. a couple weeks after it happened, it became this giant, terrifying thing. but, when it happened,

deng was the leader who did the final deal with the soviet union. the chaos of tiananmen square, 1989, what did deng do? he sealed the soviet-chinese border. that, more than anything else, determined the future of russia china relations. xi jinping sees himself in a similar mode. if there is any leader who could entertain a grand strategic bargain, it might be him. >> that is a great way to end. a grand strategic initiative. on behalf of everyone here thank you so much. it is a pleasure. ♪ cory: welcome to "bloomberg west.” federal reserve stress test shows the biggest banks are adequately capitalized to survive a sharp and prolonged economic downturn. it's the first time since the stress test began in 2009 that no firm fell below the mean capital threshold. the annual test posed hypothetical scenarios and are a key part of the fed's effort to prevent a repeat of the 2008 financial crisis. a delta flight skids off the runway after landing at new york's laguardia airport.

as robeson is going into the soviet union, his jewish pianist is denied access into the soviet union. because they have started killing jews. in the ussr. and so, he finally find somebody that he used to hang out with in 1936. because all his friends are gone. so his friends basically signals the room is bugged. and when this meeting is over, he is going to be killed. and robeson does not say a word. because -- so, it tells you that in these moments where you have these conflicting values, and that is part of what the italian colonies issue does for me -- it allows me to look incisively when there are these conflicting values about what do you prioritize? because most scholars when they are writing on robeson focus in on south africa. south africa becomes easy, because the soviet union is against south africa. so makes it easy for robeson to be against south africa. on this italian colonies issue, when you move north you start seeing what those priorities look like. meanwhile, the naacp, in fact, takes on the u.s. state department on this issue. there was a plan to do some carving up

the soviet union collapsed. that happened in 90-91. but when i look there is not evidence for the new strategic rationale for the china-u.s. relationship. so leave that to one side. and then you roll into the present. >> rose: you're describing this as missed opportunities for the united states that it did not take that moment it build a new relationship with china that china would be more responsive? >> with a new global strategic rationale. >> rose: right. >> the glue which held china and the u.s. together during that period was a common position against the soviet union. to get the soviet soviet union what have you got left? well, we could make a lot of money together. that kind of held together for a season but there wasn't, shall i say, a grarnd strategic narrative capable of uniting these two great countries into a common endeavor for the future. maybe it would have been just impossible. i don't know. but what i do know is when you start to see this fundamental rift emerge between russia and the u.s.-- the west and the rest, that

serving as president's personal emissary to countries such as the soviet union china, saudi arabia germany france and great britain for the discussion of particularly sensitive issues, be an honest broker as national security adviser working as a business consultant from 1977-1988 and then from 1994 through the present and agreeing to serve as chair or co-chair of blue ribben commissions, study groups. so what important elements are not implicated in a week's title -- in a book's title and subtitle? one is perhaps, the momentous history of which scowcroft was a part. many of the chief events in u.s. national security policy over the last 40 years. 32 out of 31 -- 22 out of 31 chapters as an adviser to presidents ronald reagan and george w. bush. i had two decision rules. one was to focus on a few principal events such as the u.s. evacuation of sigh done and the development of u.s./china relations, the tower board's investigation of the iran contra scandal that would lead up to the implementation of the 1991 gulf war and the decision to attack iraq in 2003 where many of his friends and coll

union collapsed. putin is somewhat of a throwback to a previous era. the great russian and buyer. -- russian inempire. the number one foreign policy objective is dominance of the former soviet space and especially ukraine. >> they are the places where russian language has a prominent play within certain provinces. >> the russians have a very expensive official definition of russian citizens. any russian speaker. >> do believe putin is responding to that? this has been a response -- he got himself involved in this and did certain things. wants a strategy to take over

after the war was over, things changed radically and the soviet union became our enemy. beginning in the late months of 1945 and a little bit before that. all of a sudden this communist fellow travelers that nobody was paying any attention to before became a major issue. at this time the fbi, i won't worry what the details was tracking all this in great detail and sent hundreds of report to the white house the attorney general state department, treasury department, seen here at these cases in these government jobs and something needs to be done about them. one of them was alger hiss they were all these fbi files also. virtually nothing went in. i have got some other stuff here i will show you the kind of ties in with it. there is a charging here on page 156 which is way too little to see. if you want to come up afterwards, i've got a different version here. this is a chart which a hacker hoover had in 1948 showing the number of reports that had been sent to high officials about alger has been about these other suspects in the government and it looks like a spider web. th

no. >> [ speaking foreign language ]. >> in the soviet union and the present-day russia there's never been a reason to create infrastructure to make people's lives better. no one really cared about the people and they should have decent toilet or shower. >> so how's it going lately? better? worse? >> [ speaking foreign language ]. >> so vladimir putin changed the whole landscaping in the country. first of all, he started to clamp down on the human rights, on the democratic rights. the most recent laws and changes in the constitution bring up the old soviet union type of structure in the country. >> so what happens next? >> [ speaking foreign language ]. >> a year before the soviet union collapsed you would never believe in any wildest dreams that it could happen. nowadays he thinks it's a similar situation, it looks like a stable -- you know, people are busy, money being made, rich cars. but it can't go on like this for too long. so yuri predicts it could be in a similar overnight collapsing situation. so there is some hope -- >> you're due for some major renovations. hey pal? you rea

the most recent laws and changes in the constitution bring up the old soviet union type of structure in the country. >> so what happens next? [ speaking foreign language ] >> a year before the soviet union collapsed you would never believe in any wildest dreams that it could happen. nowadays he thinks it's a similar situation, it looks like a stable -- you know, people are busy, money being made, rich cars. but it can't go on like this for too long. so yuri predicts it could be in a similar overnight collapsing situation. so there is some hope -- >> you're due for some major renovations. ♪ [epic music] introducing aleve pm... the pm pain reliever. that dares to work all the way until... [birds chirping] the am. new aleve pm. it's the first to combine a safe sleep aid plus the 12 hour strength of aleve. for pain relief that can last all the way until morning. new aleve pm, for a better am. moare transportedcts on container ships. before a truck delivers it to your store, a container ship delivered it to that truck. here in san diego, we're building the first one ever to run on natur

out with the soviet union. be careful about talking with any certainty on any of these subjects. i believe that we have got to understand the world we are in now. this is a very different international security environment that we have faced in the last century. in fact, the compelling security problems of the last century -- imperialism, fascism communism -- have largely been relegated to the history books. some of it echoes a little bit but largely that is relegated to the history books. we have a different world today. to assume that we would be structuring our nuclear deterrent the same way we did during the cold war, i think it is a big mistake. understanding this notion of tailored deterrence, what combination of factors will be the most effective in deterring any given country and then understanding that yes, u.s. policy is that we will only consider using nuclear weapons in extreme circumstances when vital national security interests are a stake. does that limit the other nuclear powers provided in the

union's and coming out from the department which maybe part of the problem that soviet union's posts something about an incident or series of incident in complete ignorance and i sit there wondering how i can get official information that is appropriate to go out to the community and respond to people and try to bring a level of understanding in the community by a what san francisco police department has done and is doing about a variety of different types of things for example some years ago we had an unhoused person unable to stay on their meds who was between paperwork district and terryville district causing a nuisance it was a great deal of work and captain park station and the public defender came up with a solution for this person and got back on their meds and not caused any more problems that was a win-win for all concerned unfortunately on social media the neighborhood goes on and on there was a wave for the people in the neighborhood to get information to suppress the information so - >> thank you, mr. rolling field i agree i'm on the outer side i appreciate your from. >>

the baltic states were occupied by the soviet union for a half century. fear of russian aggression has grown since moscow annexed crimea. >> i think of lot -- i think a lot of lithuanian people are afraid of russia, for a war. >> i was born with that, and i hope i will die with that. >> people have learned their lesson from history. this captain says she grew up here. lithuania's largest -- fourth largest city. >> i could take you that i was the first generation that decided to go to the school, and i could never even imagine that it took almost 11 years to secure airspace. for us it is very important. >> the lithuanian government recently decided to reintroduce military conscription. it is the clearest response yet to concerns over russia. >> heading back to our correspondent, the question is, what is nato's major focus now? reporter: the main focus of nato with this threat is on deterrence. in some ways that takes nato back to its roots, after difficult missions for instance in afghanistan or libya. nato boosts its collective security system that is mil

soviet union and china. it's almost like the old exploration who could originally sail around the world, who is going to take those risks, invest that amount to try and reap the benefits of it? the fact now that it's a proven technology in the united states, a proven technology in russia and oproblem offing technology in china i think -- and a proving technology in china oops that carmona managed to land a rover on the moon that drove around on the moon for a while shows a lot of potential but how do you put it all together how much cooperation should there be, ul how much competition should there be? and the international space station that is up there now is an interesting and new model for us all. 15 of those leading nations of the world working together countries that always have serious arguments on the surface, that were fighting the second world war against each other against each other -- >> you make a good point. >> what is the right model for which we gauge rest of the earth? the international spac

we bear the scars of the fight against the soviet union. scars that are in our minds as on the bodies of the afghan farmers and american soldiers who have fought for freedom. but although we may be poor, we are very proud. our goal of self-reliance is no pipe dream to pacify partners who are tired of hearing the promises that we failed to meet. we want your know how, the business skills of your corporations the innovation of your start-ups and the commitment, but we don't want your charity. we have no more interest in perpetuating a childish dependence than you have in being saddled with a poor family member who lacks the energy and drive to get out and find a job. we are not going to be the lazy uncle joe. afghanistan can and will be an enduring success. your support your understanding and your commitment to our country will not have been in vain. afghanistan will be the graveyard of al qaeda and their foreign terrorist associates. never again will our country be hosts to terrorists. never again will we give extremists the santh sanctuary

a number of people carried on emotionally an attachment to the soviet union. in this part

i grew up in the cold war and the soviet union was dissolved. anything this possible. >> history changes and people -- you get the sense, sometimes, that the participants in this conflict feel their battle is entitled to be eternal. don't the personalities matter? as you say, sadat and begin unlikely people to be at the table. to broker peace. different personalities might have had different attributes going in that -- a reason to be more optimistic and may not have accomplished it. mr. yaw hue inetanyahu is said a difficult person, or are the issues so retractable. you're say, correctly, civil rights, came and went, soviet union came and went, this could come and go, but the personalities seem not -- >> this is why i'm trying to create this language for me to explain this. i think within the logic of war, you know, just recently, you know, netanyahu led the strike on georgia aand within the logic of war when you have missiles flying, then you retaliate. but missiles will always fly out of gaza until peace comes. and the other big area of confli

tallinn has modernized at an astounding rate since the fall of the soviet union. its business district shines with the same glass and steel gleam you'll find in any modern city. yet nearby are the rugged and fully intact medieval walls, and the town within these ramparts has a beautifully preserved old-world ambiance. among medieval cities in the north of europe, none are as well preserved as tallinn. the town hall square was a marketplace through the centuries. its fine old buildings are a reminder that tallinn was once an important medieval trading center. today it's a touristy scene, full of people just having fun. through the season, each midday, cruise-ship groups congest the center as they blitz the town in the care of local guides. like many tourist zones, tallinn's is a commercial gauntlet. here there's a hokey torture museum, strolling russian dolls, medieval theme restaurants complete with touts, and enthusiastic hawkers of ye olde taste treats. woman: [ laughs ] steves: but just a couple blocks away is, for me, the real attraction of tallinn -- workaday

under that, we had the soviet union. [indiscernible] china, which had a degree of independence whether it's internal choices of development or international politics, that was clear and became more clear and clear along with [indiscernible] no less important, out of the conference in 1955. celebrating the anniversary this year. coming out of it, we had the movement of nonaligned countries, which established the one hand, a political [indiscernible] between most nations and states and africa on the one hand, and on the other hand, the reestablishment of the group that was a pattern of globalization. it came for a variety of reasons. therefore, it created as conditions for what i call a counteroffensive or an offensive of imperialism. that is of the allied western major powers. u.s., the european union and japan. attempt to establish the domination of the whole planet including the so-called socialist country of eastern europe the former soviet union and including even china including everybody. as i mentioned before, a pa

this is very visible in the soviet union. the soviet union is anti capitalist project but in some ways if you look at the cotton industry which might be a narrow perspective but in some ways the imperial project in central asia becomes radicalized and quite violent. perhaps even more violent. there was a beautiful story in a german archive, germany had a few economy is in africa but in 1914 they lost them but they used these economies to produce and for german industry but these experts new how to do these kinds of things. there was no colonial empire anymore but the soviet union in the 1920s they realize these people in berlin know how to do this. they actually consult with them. the great soviet russian cotton soviet context, colonial officials in berlin and ask for advice about agriculture in central asia. there is a clear ruling and sometimes obviously the national liberation project went along with an anti capitalist project, but i see enormous continuity between the two and sometimes radicalization of this project. this

the emergence of the soviet union further isolated our country. today, however, the isolation is over. first, awareness is growing that afghanistan is quite literally the heart of asia. asia cannot become a continental economy without us. asian in the next 25 years will have its 1869 moment the year that the east and west coast of the united states were joined through the transcontinental railway, but this completion of a new connected asia cannot happen without us. we are in the midst of 3.5 billion people and we should be able to export something and not just import. [ laughter ] >> our fragmented geography can once again become the opportunity for integrating, central, west east and south asia into a network that supports stability and prosperity over a vast [ inaudible ]. dim mattic efforts to advance integration can free up trade and support multi-investments. the first major project between central and south asia for transmitting energy to india to pakistan is already underway. and i truly believe that diplomatic efforts backed by the leader

and with russia, given the position of the soviet union. a lot has happened on the ground in central asia and not just here in washington, d.c. the state of central asia themselves have found themselves on very different paths individually. and although energy resources are still a focal point in the region, the decades since 9/11 -- actually, more than a decade of course -- has turned to other issues related to afghanistan and counterterrorism. that is now shifting with the partial the role -- withdrawal of u.s. troops from afghanistan. but that for a long time tended to distract attention. while russia's position to continue to live in large, there is also been -- has also been an importance for other reasons. china has become one of the most active players in the region not something that mr. stroke could have predicted in 1987 when things looked quite different. beijing made investments in energy and infrastructure, and in many places change the trajectory of trade politics in some of the central asian state. in short, central asia 2015

you alluded to the old soviet union. you said that putin's policies are leading to a return to cold war tactics. help concerned are -- how concerned are you that the tactics could translate into a confrontation between the u.s. vessels and a soviet -- russian reconnaissance vessel as you talked about, or bomber patrol, if in fact they have not? how concerned are you that a confrontation could escalate, not like the missiles of october type of scale, but another jfk -- but on a lower level? general kelly: i do not think much at all. i think they are just a nuisance to me. we watch them come, we watch them go. very little possibility of than actually having a confrontation with u.s. ships or airplanes because i do not have any down there. cannot liken it that -- [laughter] general kelly: pastor we saw for the first time since 2008, we force,hree-ship task cruiser, destroyer top ships, and then a military ships, came to the caribbean, they stop that venezuela once or twice, went to cuba once or twice, went to nicaragua, ste

north korea was born because of the soviet union and the soviet union was the biggest patron of north korea until the fall of the soviet union, then north korea shifted, deftly shifted to being a client of china, essentially. now relations between china and north korea are souring and north korea's looking for a new patron and russia especially with bad boy vladimir putin in charge is their best bet. so the two countries are very rapidly coming together. >> beyond just coming together what do you think these two guys are cooking up here? >> from the north korean perspective, as i said they need a new patron. for the russians they see an opportunity to get north korea as a client. on one hand you would say why would anybody want north korea as a client state but from a russian perspective, if they begin arming north korea, re-arm north korea with better weapons than the north koreans have had in the past they have a tool. if relations between russia and the west worsen they can make sure that relations between north korea and everybody else worsens. if the west treats russia nicer, the

starting in the late '70s when the soviet union invadedd pakistan. it had the option to be neutral, it had the option of being quietly supportive of the soviet union or it had the option of stabbeding ing standing up to the communist invasion with the international community, and making itself be counted. we took the third option. it was a long war. a very difficult war. it was a very uneven war. because it was not a war between two superpowers. it was a war between a super power and an underdeveloped country which is being helped by other developing countries of the region. and which pakistan played a very proactive role. i think most of you will not probably be aware of the fact that that. >> there's only one proxy war and that is of the afghanistan. if you go into the history they have all been failures. so i think that particular war is a testimony. to the alliance. to the friendship with the united states, pakistan, other countries of the free world which made us come out victorious, as i said n in a very, very difficult war. but the victory cam