and south vietnam proper. i mean, our ally, the one we're supposedly supposed to sustain, that's where most of our air power is really going, and that is also, think about it, big b-52s loaded, doing arc-like missions, doing close air support type missions down in the south. so, there's the bombing tonnage, all the air wars are going to do and this is in comparison. now, give us some idea of the effort being made in this conflict. long war. long campaign. so, the final thing, there's, again, a number of attacks. there's a major attack on the air base where the sappers go in, kill americans, injure a lot of other americans. this happens three days before the 1964 campaign. again, there's always talk about tit for tat, how do we stop te s support of this insurgency down in the south, and then february of '65, there's attacks on bases around pleiku in the middle of south vietnam, and this attack on the 7th of february is kind of the last straw for the johnson administration, the idea that we're not going to do ti

and south vietnam proper. our ally, the one we are supposedly supposed to sustain, that is where most of our airpower is really going. and, that is also, think about it, big b-52's loaded doing missions, close air support, tight missions down in the south. so, there is the -- all the air wars we are going to do. this is in comparison. and give us an idea of the effort being made in this conflict. long war, long campaign. so, the final thing, again, a number of attacks. a major attack on the airbase at benewah, where the sappers go in, kill americans, enter a lot of other americans, that happens three days before the 1964 campaigns. there is always talk about [null] for tat. we stop support of this insurgency in the south? >> in february 1965, there are attacks on bases around -- and pretty much in the middle of south vietnam, and this attack of seven february is kind of the last straw for the johnson administration. the idea that we are not going to do [null] for tat, we have got to start to initiate something

we will stay engaged in south vietnam. when johnson is trying to make his decision, secretary of defense mcnamara sends a memo. it's a significant point in march 1954 to say this is why we need to stay engaged and how we should do it. mcnamara had gone with the chief of the joint chiefs of staff maxwell taylor on an advisory commission to vietnam in 1963. things were not going well and kennedy wanted to get a better grasp of the situation. mcnamara will go back to the report. and summarize it in a memo to the president. and offer a way ahead and pulls language from that report in the memo. the president will acknowledge it all and concur with it all and he does it in a formal way. of the report text it says what is the objective? we seek an independent non- communist south vietnam. the first sentence is significant. also in the discussion is the idea that back in september that back in september 1963, the administration is problematic. it's corrupt. it is focusing more on consolidating power than fighting the communist. th

a stable, independent, non-communist south vietnam. they bring with them, what mcnamara, johnson and kennedy before is bringing with them the idea that this is definitely within the cold war, we'll see, it's containment and they buy into this idea of the domino theory. >> up to the point of this document being introduced to the idea, was this before then codified? i realize you put a lot of emphasis on non-communist state? was that codified or -- >> that's why people kind of grasped this document to this report because beforehand it's a little more gooey in the language used of, what are we trying to do? you used a good word there, codified. this is something -- this is what our goal is. this non-communist, independent, and the language in here says stable south vietnam. so, this is, i would argue, there is a change happening at this point. you could say an architect is secretary of defense, mcnamara, who we discussed last time. also in the language that mcnamara has in this report is he talks about a graduated military response, gradu

south koreans have 40,000, 50,000 troops in south vietnam. he wants to make sure they stay there. then he meets with the australians to make sure they commit and remain committed to their struggle in south vietnam. and finally he meets with the south vietnamese leaders, including the president tu. each time he's trying to cajole, trying to work deals and keep the alliance together because deep down, i really believe johnson thinks victory. he's listening. he thinks victory is possible. he thinks it is around the corner. there's light at the end of the tunnel. and i love what he tells the officers and the enlisted men when he's at cameron bay. he goes to thailand, middle of the night. gets up early the next morning and flies into cameron bay. this is not something they would have announced for the obvious reasons. you really don't want a vietcong at the end of the run way knowing the president and air force one is about to land. typically not something you'd want. so they try not to broadcast it, but they do start pulling troops out of the jungles so they can give them medals. i'm

south koreans have 40,000, 50,000 troops in south vietnam. he wants to make sure they stay there. then he meets with the australians to make sure they commit and remain committed to their struggle in south vietnam. and finally he meets with the south vietnamese leaders, including the president tu. each time he's trying to cajole, trying to work deals and keep the alliance together because deep down, i really believe johnson thinks victory. he's listening. he thinks victory is possible. he thinks it is around the corner. there's light at the end of the tunnel. and i love what he tells the officers and the enlisted men when he's at cameron bay. he goes to thailand, middle of the night. gets up early the next morning and flies into cameron bay. this is not something they would have announced for the obvious reasons. you really don't want a vietcong at the end of the run way knowing the president and air force one is about to land. typically not something you'd want. so they try not to broadcast it, but they do start pulling troops out of the jungles so they can give them medals. i'm

there was an accession of rulers in vietnam, and south vietnam, and it was pretty much chaos. the insurgency, the communist insurgency was building up. they are starting to win more. basically, bundy and mcnamara are saying we are at a fork in it the road. the memo talks about two options. one of the options is to pursue a negotiated settlement, which they both knew johnson was not going to go for. the other was basically to fully commit the united states to war and to send troops. >> part of the memo in their, that george bundy writes, says that you should know that dean rusk does not agree with us. he does not quarrel over our assertion that things are going very badly. the situation, he writes, is unraveling in vietnam. so, the president is faced with this fork in the road moment. what happens shortly after, what does he do about troop levels? >> then, he operates -- authorizes operation rolling thunder, which is a series of air strikes against north vietnam. when he did that, he also sends guard troops to guard the base, and that is to open the door to american guard troop

and discussed with the ambassador, the issues relating to south vietnam and the war. there are people inside the white house, including the guy to the right right here who is advising the johnson administration and the nixon campaign who starts reporting back. they're closing in on a deal. what will happen a week before the election if a major peace advance is made, who is going to benefit, nixon or humphrey? humphrey, no doubt. so, again, they're starting to worry. so the question is, what do we do now? less than a week out, what they start to do, and they had already been doing this to a certain degree, they start telling the south vietnamese government this, we'll give you a better deal. anna chinault communicates this to the president, too. you'll say, how do we know that? one was, because they had wiretapped the presidential palace in site gonaigon. so johnson placed wiretaps on madame chinault and the embassy. they have, and there's what they call "the x-files." i'm not makes that up. it has all the conversations going on to madame chinault, and going back and f

collapse the elected government of south vietnam or shatter its army anti-communists had hoped. it did not produce a general uprising among the people of the city's, as they had predicted. the communist were unable to maintain control of any of the more than 30 cities that they attacked.

vietnam." nt material, the archivist of the united states and its a pleasure to welcome you here. what you hear in the theater or joining us on our youtube station and a special welcome to our friends at the span. today's program is part of a series of discussions, films, programs, lectures and other events related to remembering vietnam exhibit upstairs in the gallery. before we bring out -- you bring up nick brokhausen, that tell you about two other programs for the coming year later this week. tomorrow night at 7:00 p.m., join us for a bipartisan discussion about how citizenship citizenship -- citizen movements of influence policymakers in a program called citizen engagement in america's history, citizen activists will join the panel with former members of congress to discuss civic engagement, civic education and how to petition the government. then on thursday, june 21st at noon, robert f. kennedy legacy program to hear from kerry kennedy about her new book about her father robert f. kenne

surprise attack across south vietnam during the vietnamese holiday known as tat. many historians consider the tet offensive as a turning point in the vietnam war. next on real america, saigon target zero, a 20 minute film shot and edited by south vietnamese armed forces who documented their efforts to kill and capture vietcong attackers, and to protect civilians and restore order in the capital city. the film contains graphic scenes of dead bodies that may be disturbing to some viewers. ♪ ♪ >> at the end of january, 1968, saigon was alive with a festive spirit as everyone prepared for the text new year. for the people of vietnam, that is a joyous and sacred time of the year. this was to be the first spring of the second republic of vietnam. the tet troops proposed by the communist north vietnamese seemed to promise the people a safe holiday, free from the anxiety of war. people gathered to pay respects to their ancestors. on the eve of the new year's, thousands of saigon families pray before the altars of their ancestors. they prayed that peace may be restored

will be in vietnam, some new zealanders in vietnam and south koreans also fighting in vietnam. i talked to some veterans from the north vietnamese side and they told me that they were absolutely terrified of the south korean troops. they were really, really scared. the south koreans were really, really ferocious troops and eventually the communist north creates a special unit to deal with the south koreans because they are thought to be to be so intimidating from the perspective of communist forces. also little known fact, 35,000 canadians will volunteer to serve in vietnam. so canada itself doesn't fight in vietnam. but 35,000 canadians volunteer because they think that's a good fight. which is probably why you lost the vietnam war. we're great fighters. we're great fighters. so here's a 65, right? so marines, initially 3,000 of them landing in, in, in southern vietnam. they're expecting action and what they get is young vietnamese women with leis. you see that in that upper left-hand corner. and then there's the bombing of the north. so spring of '65 the war effectively becom

in the days before the final approach civilians were being evacuated from south vietnam. they recall we began seeing the south vietnamese military changing out of their uniforms into civilian clothes because they did not want to be caught when they north came in. it is hard to describe how surrounded we were at the u.s. embassy. we had no idea that the enemy was and who we should try to let and and to evacuate. 28 months earlier nixon promised honor but peace would be a victory for the united states and that was not what the country was watching on their television set. >> a plan was for helicopter evacuation from the embassy and the signal was singing white christmas and someone forgot to play it. the people fought and called the way over the will and they did fight and they did call. the hysteria was infectious.>> the army officer promised he would never let this kind of situation happened to the united states again. tensions between ford and the right wing of his party as this unfolds worsen in 1975 when the soviet minister travels to the united states a few months aft

half of my class in south carolina, 21 boys, 12 were vietnam veterans. there was over 8,000 americans, nurses, soldiers, marines would volunteer for vietnam almost every year of the war, and you could not get none of the presidents to get ready to move on the backlog of people waiting two and three years, entry people like myself cannot get in, and the va hospital can't make our claims. >> thank you, and you dealt with that in the senate. >> i dealt with it first of all as a vietnam veteran serving as the counsel on the congress. i've been working on veterans' issues either public or pro bono, and i'd like to say to the gentleman who called, i appreciate very much your stepping forward and serving and there's been a great misunderstanding in this country about how people who served in vietnam are. we did a harris survey when i was on the political council, 1980. a $30,000 attitude busted. they enjoyed their time in the military, and two out of three said even knowing the result of the war, they would go back again. in terms of the va, when i got to the s

the fall of south vietnam to communism in 1975, and the unification of vietnam was a huge blow to the ford white house, right as it was fighting this battle with conservatives over ditente. >> although president ford blamed the democratic congress, presidential advisors were -- smooth enough to know that much of the public would blame him. in the day before the final evacuation, people saw military and civilians being evacuated from south vietnam. -- one sergeant in the u.s. marine corps said, we began seeing the south vietnamese military changing out of the uniforms into civilian clothes, because they didn't want to be caught. once the north came in. it's hard to describe how surrounded we were at the u.s. embassy. we had no idea who the enemy was, and who we should try to let in to evacuate. 48 months earlier, nixon had promised peace with honor. but, a piece that would be a victory for the united states. that wasn't what the country was watching on the television sets. >> -- and might be in danger. the plan was for a helicopter evacuation from the embassy. and to the signal was bin

make 1 they are, it appears, trying to make 1968 the year of decision in south vietnam. the year that brings, if not final victory or defeat, at least a turning point in the struggle. march 31, 1968. jim we >> again, march 31, 1968. jim webb, you were wrapping up your tenure at the u.s. naval academy. you heard the speech? >> i'm sure i did. >> what was happening in this time frame? >> here's what i think we need to do. i know this is a show about 1968, but it's very difficult to talk about the vietnam war and freeze frame it into one year or even a few months out of one year. >> certainly. vietnam >> by the way, my wife was born in vietnam during the tet offensive in 1968, and her family remembers it well. they became refugees after the fall of saigon. one thing that you will see in the communist strategy on the vietnam war is every presidential year they were able to mobilize some sort of an offensive that would get the attention over here, and that's what happened in tet 68. by the way, this is kind of interesting because we just showed a clip of south vietnamese expl

half of my class from south carolina, 21 boys, 12 are vietnam veterans. i was there and over 8,000 american nurses, marines, soldiers, would volunteer every year of the war. and you can't get anyone to move on the backlog of claims over 400,000 people, waiting fly a plane year after year. they can't make our planes. >> thanks for the call. and that seems to be the legacy. the service and the congress. 1977 i worked on the direct and the gentleman that called, i appreciate that very much. you're stepping forward and serving. and there's been a great big misunderstanding in this country about how proud the people who serve the vietnam are of having served. we did a survey, a harris survey when i was on a committee counsel in 1980. it was about attitudes towards vietnam veterans. 91% of the people who served were glad that they served. 74% said they enjoyed their time in the military. and two out of three said even knowing the end result of the war they would go back again. in terms of the va, i got to the senate in '07. the va backlog was 600,000 claims. wh

by 1971isplaced approximately 6 million refugees in south vietnam and 700,000 refugees in laos. iner, in the fall of saigon the spring of 1975, the withdraw of american military forces caused another outpouring of refugees. in response to this immediate crisis, president gerald ford gave the green light to parole admit 200,000r refugees. some were evacuated through the help of american forces. others fled on their own and relate later taken into protective custody i the united states. the vietnamese refugees in 1975 were placed in several military runs refugee camps on military bases here in the united states. stayed there until sponsors could assist their resettlement elsewhere. as 1976 began, americans thought they were done with the crisis. they handled those couple hundred thousand refugees who went to the military run refugee camps. but the crisis was only beginning to heat up at this point. violence and political conflict in southeast asia continued to escalate and continued to spur new refugee migration. cambodia, then vietnamese invasion of 1978 brought the downfall of t

the concern was if south vietnam was overtaken by the communists in the north than laos and cambodia would follow. that notion was inspired in part by what happened in eastern europe right after world war ii when various governments, mostly in central and eastern europe fell to communism. in that case it was through direct soviet occupation. the concern in east asia was that it might come about through indigenous guerrillas that would take over. >> who was funding the government at the time of -- the government to north korea? >> the north vietnamese was armed by the soviet union and china. they were bitterly at odds at that point they'll. they were competing with each other for greater influence in north vietnam. that work out well for the north vietnamese because they can play them off against each other and get more weaponry. >> who was funding north korea during this time? explain what was happening and how that is relevant to today. >> in north korea, playing both sides against the middle, they had patrons in the soviet union and china. at the same time they were always doing th

men and material into the south and to be used against forces in south vietnam. with the announcement of that in april of 1970, the campuses explode again, particularly kent state. there's a peaceful demonstration, but the ohio national guards open fire and several are killed. that is yet another open wound for the united states to have to deal with. how did these people organize. i watched a documentary and without social media, the way to get to the media, in those days, media is supposed to be between the media and the people. now, we are. we are the media and the people of the media. it's what pat was saying about how to reach the media in the nixon campaign. how to do good advance work to get people out if you're having a rally or a demonstration. it was word of mouth, it was telephones, it was tlem grelegr. >> i wrote this speak with nixon, the cambodian invasion speech. and it was very dramatic, because i think it was, what, april 1, i think it was 1970 and what happened was, they did have riots out at camp, that's why the national guard was called in by g

you are a south vietnamese army veteran in vietnam you have no veteran status. host: explain that. >> you have no veteran status. it's a little bit like the confederate army after the civil war. that's how states rights got so big. you are not recognized as a veteran. no medical care, no sorts of things. the cemeteries for the south to fallse were allowed apart. a big cemetery outside of saigon where they put the word traitor. thousands of south vietnamese .oldiers who'd been killed that meets be healed. we did this in this country. it took a long time. we did it. there's a confederate memorial in arlington national cemetery put in there in 1912. i like to take them there and say this is how we make peace. we bring people together. we could do a whole show on that. host: we're talking with james as wend david maraniss look back on 1968. john from los angeles, vietnam war veteran, thank you for waiting. and.r: thank you, gentle i find the conversation a little scary. i would like to focus my remarks to the senator, who i do believe falls in the category of those

they will go after people who were a part of the leadership of south vietnam. by 1960 whentoday john f. kennedy decided we needed to do something. we didn't know how to do that. we had incidents that were regretful and discussing. generally they were the result peopleional overload and -- they were aberrations from what our policy legally -- that is not true on the other side. when you look at the way it was use as an example in a number of these recent -- 2000 south vietnamese people assassinated when they had temporary control. we don't hear them talking about that. there is a number of ways for the audience to engage in our conversation. if you are a vietnam veteran, we would love to hear from you. you can follow us on twitter. we had a poll that is now underway on who is winning in the 1968. we would love to have you participate. >> i would like to disagree with some of that. and theyou take scf revolutionary guard in the united states as one thing but that doesn't represent the antiwar movement. it was a more diverse and more oriented toward other things.

there will be some others in vietnam. there will be south koreans also fighting in vietnam. i talked to some veterans from the north vietnamese side and they told me that they were absolutely terrified of the south korean troops. they were really scary. the south koreans were really ferocious troops. eventually, the communist north create a special unit to deal the south koreans. they are thought to be so intimidating from the perspective of communist forces. also, a little-known fact, 35,000 canadians were volunteered to serve in vietnam. kennedy himself doesn't fight in vietnam but but 35,000 canadians volunteered because they thought it was a good fight. which is probably why he lost the vietnam war. [ laughter ] >> we are great fighters, we are great fighters. here is a slide, 1965. initially 3000 marines land in southern vietnam. they are expecting action, what they get is young vietnamese women with lays. you see that up in the upper left-hand corner. then there is the bombing of the north. in the spring of 65, the war effectively becomes americanized through the deplo

vietnam, the battle of hue lasted months, and this book is a little bit different. it's not your classic antiwar book. it's really -- really focuses on the bravery and the actions on our marines and our army in trying to fight back and win back the city of hue. and very dramatic, and tells us from both sides, the seening congress, north seemese and and south vietnamese side and it's an extraordinary re-telling and gives you a lot of insights how and why -- the battle 0 hue was in many ways very system symptomatic only the problems in vietnam and the complete denial of what was happening by william westmoreland. another book work read neglect current times he, the sociopath next door. what it's like to work with people who are almost universally seen as charming, who have no moral compass no sense of right or wrong, and no empathy for other people, and tend to be extremely narcissistic, i don't know but this book seemed to be relevant and i recommend it. took up a new mystery writer, more gee john, joe nesbo, an extraordinary writer and i want to read everything he h

>> to free the south. >> and by free the south. >> unite vietnam. >> you will win the war. that's the whole. not i'm going to do south power, that is something they hack into once they get their head slaved in. go ahead. >> there is a reading it comes one way or another the vietnamese tried to get in the head of wes moor land as well. >> if you are going to win the war by sparking an uprising in the major city, ousting the saigon government, what's your big obstacle. >> you could go out to the countries [indiscernible] to conduct so they can take troops outside the population, like with my own men inside the population. >> so we have got an issue, a challenge. if i am going to make the cities vulnerable, the major combat organizations of the u.s. has to be pulled away. how do they do that? >> they present that conventional battle that american south vietnamese forces were expecting. like start showing caisson, i believe, and presenting what their enemy expected. >> so attacks at caisson, the central highlands and even the cambodian border against the saigon gerd sons. how d

what do you have to do to get the south vietnam army -- south vietnamese army in? one is going to be training, training, training. what changes in our training regimen? what did we say about the advisers last time? >> the advisers initially were good because that was the main effort and then as the combat built up, all of our good people were assigned to combat units, of course, similar to what we do now, and everyone that was an adviser was kind of shunned to the side. >> what about now? >> now, since we're drawing down, we have less people need in combat so we can afford to send better people, more experienced leaders that have some combat experience and have worked there and maybe not necessarily want to be there but they're better for the mission set. >> we get the right guy in the right place with the right training to try to deal with this situation. what else? >> you also have army special forces, which specializes in foreign internal defense that are by this time now more seasoned who are able to those forces in direct action as well, in addition to your ad

mission called operation ranch hand in which herbicides and defoliants were sprayed on rural areas in south vietnam to deprive the viet cong of cover and food these weaponized tactical chemicals were called rainbow herbicides it is because they included agent green agent purple and well the most well known and most dangerous agent orange recorders or website documentation the united states department of veterans affairs has recognized certain cancers and other health problems as presumption of diseases associated to exposure to agent orange or other herbicides during military service some of the diseases they said they are presumed to be caused by agent orange and other herbicides include but are not limited to chronic b.s.l. leukemia hodgkin's disease non hodgkins lymphoma parkinson's disease prostate cancer and respiratory cancers including lung cancer in addition the v.a. presumed certain birth defects in children of vietnam and korea veterans are associated with the veterans exposure to agent orange meaning the v.a. recognizes that birth defects in u.s. veterans children were caused by

chinese were not in vietnam, the north vietnamese were in the south, but it's a very good question. looking back, and obviously, anybody that's been involved in any way, and i wasn't there, but writing speeches in the white house, and working for nixon as an aide before he ran. and you have to ask yourself, the vietnam water accomplished a lot -- war accomplished a lot of good things, it held the line. the countries did not move toward -- should we have gone in in the first place? >> barbara, was nixon undercutting the johnson administration in trying to keep the war going through the election of 1968, saying you'll get a better deal with me? >> that's what the latest literature, the historical literature says about that question. but i'll pass it over to pat, because i think he was there and he will know the answer to it. but the historians are saying yes, that, indeed, nixon was back channeling with shinal. she was the widow of general shinault from world war ii, and the go-between between, according to literature, the nixon camp and south vietnamese encouraging the president to s

vietnam from one nine hundred sixty two to one nine hundred seventy one. the most common herbicide was known as agent orange one of the goals of this operation was to expose the supply route known as the trail to u.s. air strikes. the use of these chemicals eventually destroyed fifteen percent of the regional ecosystem. this area near the border with laos was once rich an animal species but no longer many of the weapons that were used here contains dioxins which are known carcinogens. i thought. there used to be elephants and tigers here all sorts of species even rarer kinds of buffaloes than apes but after the bombing campaign they were all gone. by october nineteenth seventy four everything here it was. not a single living thing survived. is a lecturer and researcher at the university of agriculture and forestry in one day . he's been studying this region along the border with laos for years but the scope of the environmental damage is so great that he and his colleagues can scarcely come to grips with it. one of the local officials says that there used

vietnam president in 1968. let's set the stage for where the country was at because we had the assassination of robert kennedy, vice president humphrey was about to be nominated as the democratic candidate, the republicans nominating richard nixon and lyndon johnson trying to bring a peaceful end to the war in vietnam. where was he politically? where was his military? where was his defense department in all of this? >> johnson was deeply shaken not only by the assassination in june of robert kennedy but two months earlier the assassination of martin luther king. he was accompanied by civil violence in the united states that had begun in the mid-60s and escalated in 1967 and '68 including here in washington, d.c. that meant that johnson wanted to focus on domestic priorities and that was always his major intraft but he was consumed early on by the war in vietnam and that's why in his final year in office he wanted to focus on whatever priorities he could do while trying to bring a peaceful end to the war. hubert

vietnam. the united states could actually increase its military strength. at the moment these were bold ideas that cut across the grain of the conventional wisdom in foreign policy. richard nixon had been the president to make detente the policy of the united states. before watergate, this is what many americans knew about his presidency. they believed that he was trying to rebuild the strength of the united states overseas that had been weakened as a result of the turmoil of the '60s. nixon was convinced he needed to make a series of dramatic ends and thawing relations with the soviet union and china. because of his strong political standing with conservatives, nixon plooebelieved he would do. he would open up relations with the communists without suffering politically here at home. the first component involved a series of high level arms agreements with the soviet union that produced the salt one agreement. this was a deal that had been negotiated with the leader who had been a protege and t

the air force would fly out of those bases, and some from south vietnam, into hanoi and haiphong. you can see there were long missions the air force had to fly where the ships would be right off the coast. for a long time, vietnam was divided in a line. basically through hanoi, and the air force had a responsibility on the western side. the navy on the eastern side. later in the war, we went uncoordinated strikes. >> it meant that this was north and south? >> yes. >> we have got some videotape, senator mccain, that has become a mini tourist area. have you been there? >> i have not been there. remember, the b-52s did not fly north until the christmas bombing of 1972. there were a number of b-52s that were shot down in that christmas. -- period. but it was an incredible display of firepower and had taken up the ability to defend themselves. >> we show this because we wanted to show you the neighborhood. this is a day in april that was about 100 degrees. and this, in the middle of that song with houses around it that was wreckage. then you have to pay a little money to get back. >> f

followed by a film about the tet offensive made by south vietnames. we're able to show it to you why congress is on its august break. >> our nine-part cspan series 1968 america in turmoil continues throughout the week on cspan 3. we focus on a different aspect of the state of the u.s. 50 years ago. tuesday, the 1968 presidential election as former vice president richard nixon faced democratic nominee, the incumbent vice president hubert humphrey. wednesday, it's civil rights and race relations. on thursday, the riots of liberal politics with a special look at the democratic convention in chicago. friday, conservative politics and richard nixon's rise in the republican party. all are available on spotify or watch any time on cspan.org on our 1968 page. >> cspan, where history unfolds daily. in 1979, cspan was created as a public service by america's cable television companies. today, we continue to bring you unfilter coverage of congress, the white house, the supreme court, and public policy events in washington, d.c. and around the country. cspan is b