the swastika with the soviet star. so you're somewhat directive -- that doesn't mean that we weren't provided supplies by the soviet union. we were. but we supplemented them, as you were, to try to be as self-sufficient as possible. when it came to food, though, then had you to go to the collective farms. and you went to the collective farms an the theory would be it would bring along your political officer and he would talk to the people. he would say, you must give food to the partisans because they are fighting to support the motherland just like your motherland. oh, and by the way, a speech of giving support, if you will, and motivation and confidence to the people about the fact that the war is going to be run and comrade stalin is still in moscow and we're going to win. but then also probably a directive, a warning, go not give aid to fritz, as they were called, the germans. if you collaborate and give aid you might be given permanent discipline and permanent discipline would involve a firing squad. and sometimes

they were pushed out of the soviet union. now there is no need for partisans anymore, because there are no lines to fight behind. most of the units were disbanded. they were amalgamated into the regular red army units. one of those units that i portray -- one of the other things that i find that's interesting about the soviet contribution is -- one of them was the partisans. the other one was cavalry. so, i represent the cavalry, in my case the cavalry sergeant. my uniform is a fairly standard late-war uniform, we'll call it. i have my red stripe on my pants to represent the cavalry movement. my hat also, of course, has various combinations of colors. the idea being, the blue on my epaulets, and the symbol with the crossed sabers. i'm carrying a saber. that's hearkans -- harkens back to the coasssacks. calvary were lightly armored. the point here -- the advantage, the interesting thing about the soviet military in terms of cavalry is that they had these large numbers of mounted cavalry groups. for example, i might represent t

up they should have issued a general indictment on the soviet era and the soviet regime as an instrument of power based on violence that violated its own laws well. but that critical appraisal of the past and soviet crimes never occurred he says that you know it's. illusions of influence. perception. thinking. action. winning teachings trying to appear influence and reform to easily find you know to feed the danger. what happens when the bubble. keeps time for cash made in germany. 13 sponte w. it's a deadly sin. and the whim of nature. motivates us. mr. coote greed. to see should. the tribes. could change. i've come to oppose capitalism because i see the harm it is done to the world. we run the risk of being the 1st. especially. while. we go in search of answers. starts may 21st on t w. this is news coming from battling the coronavirus long term germany and more aggressive plans to expand testing for the virus. on seasonal flu vaccines to hit of infections later this year. coming up a sign of confidence from china the capital beijing loosens restrictions on movement and mask wearing as

by the soviet claims of eastern europe and the soviet policies in the areas occupied by the red army due to his own if it will be a computer on the coast. with so much at stake the question of hitler's fate was rather secondary the truman advisor record later that during dinner with the us president stand in reaffirm that hitler is alive and is either in spain or argentina. in pakistan the leaders also had to decide which nazi leaders would go on trial in a few months time in your i'm back stalin again said hitler is alive so he should have been at the top of the list of war criminals but oddly nobody wanted him not the americans not the english. not even stalin himself. solution was everything was kept secret in case one day we could use it. that is how the soviet union operated it was all controlled by the intelligence services which observed suresh and and spread fear everywhere. that. stalin's decision to withhold information that concerned all of the allies was the soviets 1st step towards the cold war not financial hole new a new. for yelena the time had come to take off her un

stalin and his soviet successors. i would like to turn to the meat of the book and look at a couple of important episodes in this history. i would like to begin by turning to the first world war, which began in the summer of 1914. the u.s. entered the war in 1917. wars can do peculiar things to societies. world war i was no exception. it caused unsavory attitudes to bubble to the surface of american life. the german state and its people were portrayed in barbaric terms. german-americans and all things >> german-americans and all things german ultimately would be scorned in this country. the german language was no longer taught in schools. german books were removed from library shelves. there were book burnings in america of german language books. more trivially, sauerkraut became liberty cabbage. hamburgers, liberty steak. german measles, yes, liberty measles. but more seriously, germans were tarred and feathered. they were beaten. a drunken mob lynched a german labor in a small town in illinois -- a german laborer. g

the soviets under zukaf with counterattack. it's a tremendous shock to the japanese imperial army, cited i think properly as instilling tremendous caution into the japanese army, imperial army about attacking the soviet union thereafter although quite clear that in 1941 there's a significant opinion within the imperial army that they should join germans in attacking the soviet union. they just can't get their act together and also because of american action, particularly oil embargo. they don't have the means to sustain a war against the soviet union while they don't have any oil, so nomahan is very important but very little known outside of specialists here. i have a whole chapter on that and ties only to japanese doctrine but also the whole battle ethics that the imperial army follows. there's a private who is captured, japanese private, his unit was being overrun. they had no bullets left and his officer had -- he and another guy facing each other with bayonets and run each other through their throats and this guy wakes up i

the soviets became our enemies. we saw them very seldom in the movies, until the soviet union fell. and then, all of a sudden, we began to see movies again. for example, again, "defiance," about soviet jewish partisans, and many others that came along. but as i was saying about the uniform and about the reference that i am a guard -- the red army was first organized in the 1920s by trotsky. one thing he wanted to do is to eliminate the uniform of the past, of the czarist regime. and so, under the czars, the uniform of a regular soldier would many cases look very much like the one i'm wearing. the difference being, for example, they would have the raised collar and they would have epilets. so, trotsky took the red army and said i want to make it a working man's army. so, when you go to work, you don't wear a suit that has a raised collar and epi lets. you have a suit that has a laydown collar. so as we saw on the front of that book, that was what we called the early war uniform. and it was just a simple smock like this with a laydown collar, and all the rank and insignia were on the

for the japanese imperial army the supreme enemy was always russia or later the soviet union. they worked overtime and how they would deal with the situation because they knew they would be outgunned, outnumbered and developed the strategic operational and tactical doctrine all centered around how to fight and prevail against the soviets and from our perspective not only our perspective but everyone else's perspective and they followed that doctrine throughout the asia-pacific war and one of its most important tenants was the solution to any tactical problem is to attack. in 1939 the japanese become entangled in a border dispute with the soviets and the nondescript place in manchuria and to make a long story short the japanese attempt to attack to reestablish what they think is the border in the soviets, under general [inaudible], would mount this huge counterattack and pulverize the japanese division engaged in this and it's a tremendous shock to the japanese imperial army and its cited properly as instilling tremendous caution into the japanese army, imperial army by attacki

enter the war against the soviet union, that u.s. would enter the war against japan. hopkins can't make a pledge but it reinforces the notion that in moscow they see it the same way, they keep in the chinese, keeping the japanese from attacking the soviet union is critical. so what is going to happen is that the u.s. will negotiate with japan and what of the japanese looking for? they want out of the china quagmire and the two basic proposals. they want the u.s. either to agree to oppose a settlement on the chinese which effectively acknowledges japan has one, the chinese are defeated, or the use would agree to force the chinese into negotiations and then abandoned the chinese on the assumption the chinese would then have to submit. when you look at the two approaches, diplomacy at this point, you see on the one hand, japanese one china defeated. on our side we want china to survive. obviously there's not much room or any room for compromise between those proposals. what roosevelt is going to do is partly in response to the japanese

short of the soviet union. the fourth option was into the soviet union. the group chose longer-range into russia short of moscow. i asked my dutch colleague why. he said we think the polls are victims. by the way, that same gentleman i met 20 years later in moscow discussing russia and nato. he was the belgian ambassador to russia. the point was, we were eroding away all of that nuke stuff. we were completely, most of our work was on improving the conventional balance. the same time the carmelo report was being prepared. you heard about mcnamara's flexible response. written by tim stanley. as my mentor said, the difference between that which it said you may count on nuclear weapons from the outset, or relying on conventional forces. i was also in 1963 in a meeting in harry owen's office anyway, one of the big nuclear guys said if you can imagine the day the russian military was told nukes are not just another artillery system. in other words we were working to that. we were working to get rid of that. none of the international relations literature across

but really and that was the labor front of the soviet army. if they have to die than they would sell 100 percent of the food was confiscated not 99 but 100 percent. the locals find ways to hide food and also there were conditions of extreme malnutrition so people wanted to get out of the soviet union but in some cases they said whatever our phages will be our children's fate. in some cases the children ran off they were sobb and t many bt the end it is like a mystery novel with this army intelligence and so then they answer that question why do you love the grandmother more than me? so where is home for you? >> so in some ways but in new york since 93 i have to say i spend more time in israel then currently my love affair with new york has gone away. and how hard it is to live here but intellectually this is my home for sure. i probably could not have written the book in hebrew i had to have the distance and the his other people to help me with this. but maybe my heart is in israel. >> will the book be published in poland? >> let's see. [laugh

and soviet cold war policy. and that is a profoundly non-rational, irrational kind of idea or approach to the cold war. the third point i want to make is i want to get at the assumption that it was a conservative response to the student protests of the 1960s. this argument pits nixon's policy in opposition to the student and civil rights protests of the 1960s. to be fair, there's something to be said in favor of this argument. after all, no love was lost between nixon and those anti-war, anti-establishment students of the 1960s. i argue that it started much earlier, in the early 1960s, before -- long before the mass protests against the vietnam war took hold in the west, long before young people challenged the cold war order in central and eastern europe. its impulse, the impulse came from the middle class moderate middle-aged political and intelle intellectual activists who exposed the dangerous nature of the arms race as well as the environmental and health threats of nuclear testing. so before i go into more

if the japanese were to come into the war and joined the soviets. so the most important thing to do this to keep china type down and they receive important information on the mission for president roosevelt and was the principal advisor, certain combination of the national security adviser and chief of staff he'd gone to moscow and had an interview with stalin himself. stalin said i need aluminum. and he goes back with the message that obviously you can't use aluminum on the battlefield right-of-way. it reinforces the notion that in moscow they see it the same way. what are the japanese looking for at this point? they want out of the quagmire and they have two basic proposals. we should read what they are saying down to this. they want the u.s. to agree or pose a settlement or the u.s. would agree to on the assumpti assumption. there isn't much room for any room for compromise. but roosevelt is going to do is end advance after he's gone through the collaborations with churchill, harry hopkins. he realizes one of the most important thing they can do

to make soviet women envious. those who were well prepared would know that they had done their best to spread, and i quote, the american message of goodwill. clearly at least to me the mission had less to do with spreading goodwill than with showcasing the superiority of the american way of life. on the night of september 11th, 1950, leonard bernstein would conduct the orchestra's farewel. earlier that day, he had led a program that would be shown on american television a few weeks later. and in that daytime performance before an audience, the fi philharmonic played the first movement that we heard an excerpt of before. they played the first movement of the 7th symphony. the first half of that lecture performance saw leonard bernstein comparing american and russian music. he highlighted the similarities between russians and americans by demonstrating how their music had so much in common. russians and americans even laughed at the same kind of jokes he said, and he claimed that both countries had to continue to st

central asia was the labor front of the soviet army. so the idea was central asia will feed and dress the soviet army in order to enable to find the massey army and the locals who have to die, they will die. so now of course locals find ways to hide food. the refugees don't know how to hide food, they are not farmers, they were under conditions of extreme malnutrition and as people want to get out of the soviet union they would do it. i know some families who said whatever will be our fate will be our children's fate. some places children ran off, parents didn't want to let them go and i'm starving, i want to leave. my grandparents decided to send their children. >> one more question of you. i feel your book is many books. the beginning book is your exploration of your family's past and there is incredible history of discovering the past of these 3 million jews and at the end it is like a mystery novel when the israelis come, reminds me of an israeli army intelligence, how we going to get these kids across the border and then it has thi

this is a soviet reenactment of london's men men storming the winter palace in st. petersburg. in reality the revolution was much less dramatic and the provisional government yielded with little bloodshed. >> many did not expect the new regime to hold on to power any longer from the provisional government. >> when lenin and the bolsheviks received power they really were a tiny minority and immediately the bolshevik regime found itself embroiled in a civil war which it won militarily but it also one because the bolsheviks had been very successful in their use of propaganda to win what we might, nowadays call the hearts and minds of the russian people. ♪ bret: two posters, leaflets and speakers lenin tried to convince russians of just who were the enemies of the people and who were their saviors. ♪ bret: lenin did not stop with propaganda. the enemies of the people were marked for retribution. this included priests, many peasants and his political opponents. lenin began with nicholas - the last czar to reign over russia. >> him, his wife, their five children, their doctor, th

the soviet tyrant joseph stalin would brutalize his people for a more years until his death in 1953, but would write no memoir of his decades of bloody rule. winston churchill, however, who once told the house of commons that history would be kind to ,im or he intended to write it would indeed do just that. in his speeches as leader of the opposition and as prime minister and in his six-volume history of the second world war he would ande the memory of yalta to come. for decades churchill's impressions of the also were far from positive. acidly, we could not have found it worst -- a worse place to meet if we have spent 10 years looking at it. he also deemed at the riviera of hades. his experience would have been hellish if not for his cheerful report to his wife -- we have covered a great amount of ground and i am very pleased with the decisions we have gains. saw furtherhurchill proof the mantle of western leadership had been decisively passed on from britain to america. roosevelt, though physically diminished was the four-time elected leader of the most powerful nation on earth. wh

of the soviets invaded western europe or grabbed west berlin and we responded by blowing up the soviet union they could blow up us and that is when it was decided we should have some conventional weapons so we don't have to go nuclear right away but also thought about limited nuclear war. maybe if a war starts maybe we can just launch some weapons at their military forces and tell them if you strike back against us we will take the weapons we have left and hit your cities. the people who came up with the idea had serious doubts whether this was plausible. they thought, if they had to bet on it they would bet that it would all go sky high from the outset that they figured if there's a small chance this might be controlled let's go for it. and so president kennedy comes into office with the situation. the war plan was still, the blowup everything, in berlin the russians are threatening by the end of the year, taking over berlin. most of you realize that some of you do not, berlin, west berlin, it was 100 miles inside east germany, a small enclave of freedom and democracy and there is no

soviet soldiers and they were put in soviet pow camps where they likely faced death. he recruited them and essentially taught them how to fight for the enemy. he also recruited lithuanians, latvians, polls and other recruits and he brought them to a little farming village south of warsaw known as [inaudible]. you can see from the map what is interesting about this map is that [inaudible] was an incredible location because it had rail lines that connected this village to other key points in occupied poland. and so he ultimately withdrew 5000 men to this camp and it became, in a sense, a school for mass murder. in this camp these men were trained in nazi ideology and armed and empowered and they were taught military drills, german marching commands andy they were ultimately dispatched from thispa school for mass murr in this little farm village known as [inaudible] to the jewish ghettos of occupied poland where they liquidated the ghettos and they were not to, they participated in shooting operations throughout occupied poland and manned the killing centers in occupied

soviets after the war and convicted by the soviets of fighting for the enemy. we just didn't know that because we weren't talking to the soviets about these things and it took years and years for american investigators to realize the soviets themselves prosecuted trawniki men. when we were able to get our hands on those records it helped to build cases in the united states. >> i forgot the name of the proper names of the units. >> office of special investigation. >> it has been around a long time. do you know how many people were in this office of special investigation? >> the work they did was tiny, they started with investigators, more like little investigators who worked in the federal government and ultimately they started using historians because they realized they desperately needed that kind of context. but for many years we didn't do a lot of nazi hunting in the united states. it took until the 70s for there to be political will to do this kind of work. ..k. >> debbie, thank you for your work. how do we learn from history, how do we have generations not

[explosions] >> and in europe, german armies had invaded the soviet union. winston churchill, the prime minister of england, america's strongest ally, traveled to washington to meet with roosevelt. together they planned a strategy to combat the axis powers. in began to pay off in june of 1942 as i lies slowly stop the expansion of the axis powers and began to take the offensive. in the battle of midway in june of 1942, it was a major turning point. the u.s. navy destroyed 4 japanese aircraft carriers. a month later, american forces invaded the island of guadalcanal, the first step in a strategy that came to be called island hopping, an island by an island advance toward the japanese homeland. in europe, the situation improved. an anglo american it invasion force landed in north africa to clear the continent of axis forces. the german advance to the soviet union was stopped in a series of hard-fought battles. in a 1943, the tide of the battle turned to favor the allies as they gained greater and greater control fighting in both europe and the pacific. the sov

where we might bring the soviets into this. this is a cold war, we don't have a wider war so for truman it became a concept of civilian control of the military. is he going to let this popular general run the war the way he wanted or is the president who's supposed to be our commander-in-chief run the war so truman went and met macarthur on wake island in the pacific to get a sense of what the general was up to rid the meeting went okay, they didn't get along very well but macarthur started to make these very aggressive bellicose comments and again and truman fired him and it caused a huge firestorm. historians basically feel it was the right thing to do. he was defending the constitution principle of civilian control of the military and it was on the popular at the time and cost truman a lot of support but he always defended and now in revisionist history people who write the history books feel it was the right thing to do but at the time it was a tremendous gamble for truman . but this is an example of sort of a political mil

and the german advance in the soviet union was stopped in a series of hard-fought battles. in 1943, the tide of the battle continued to turn in favor of the allies as they gained greater and greater control fighting in both europe and the pacific. the soviet union turned back the german invasion and began driving hitler's armies westward. in july, the allies invaded sicily. the invasion led to the overthrow of mussolini's government and italy surrendered soon after. the battle of the atlantic, the campaign to end the german submarine menace in the north atlantic ocean, began to turn in the allies' favor as well they needed. the allies needed to eliminate this threat so they could begin the giant buildup of supplies that would be needed for the invasion on northwest europe. from 1942 to 1944 the allies pondered when, where and how a second front in europe could be opened. this thorny issue caused considerable friction between the big three, as roosevelt, churchill, and stalin each had their own ideas concerning the attack. stalin demanded his allies strike quickly at the hea

and in europe german armies invaded the soviet union. winston churchill travelled to washington to meet with roosevelt. together they planned a strategy to combat the axis powers. it began to pay off in june of 1942 as the allies slowly stopped the expansion of the axis powers and began to take the offensive. in the epic battle of midway in june of 1942 was a major turning point. the u.s. navy destroyed four japanese aircraft carriers and ended japan's dominance in the central pacific. months later american forces invaded the island. this was a first step in the strategy that came to be called island hopping. an island to island advance. in europe, the situation also improved. british forces defeated the german africa core in egypt. they landed to clear the continent of axis forces. and the german advance and the soviet union was stopped in a series of hard fought battles. in 1943, the tide of battle continues to turn for the allies as they gained greater control. the soviet union turned back the german invasion and began driving hitler'

he got along pretty well with the soviet leader, the soviets were up to, he authorized these were spy planes over the soviet union, they flew at tremendously high altitudes, being able to shoot them down until they improved their technology and authorized several of these flights before the international conference, the capstone of his presidency and in germany, france, the uk and so on in paris. the spy mission, before the international conference was supposed to happen and the soviets shot that one down, a tremendous blow to the prestige of the americans, it looked like we were the warmongers. president eisenhower authorized a lie about it, said it wasn't a spy flight, it was a whether mission. he made a bad judgment and admitted later it was the worst mistake of his presidency, set both sides back in the cold war but his feeling was planes could not survive because they were fragile, the pilot would not survive as tremendous out the to being shot down in the pilot also had a poison needle to inject himself so he could kill himself. the soviets not only found the debris but captured

cold war about what the soviets were up to so he authorized these u2 flights, biplanes over the soviet union. theseplanes flew in tremendously high altitudes . beyond the soviet technology of being able to shoot them down until the soviets improved their technology. and then he authorized several of these five flights for international conference in 1960 which he felt was going to be the capstone of his presidency and cause a thought in the cold war. it was going to be with chris jeff, france, the ukand so on in paris . but he wants the spy mission about three weeks before this international conference was supposed to happen and wouldn't you know it, the soviets shot that one down. so it was a tremendous blow to the prestige of the americans. it looked like we were the warmongers and all this sort of thing initially president eisenhower authorized a lie about it. he said it wasn't a spy flights: it was a weather mission and he is, he made a bad judgment. he admitted later that it was the worst mistake of his presidency and set both sides back in the cold war but his healing from his ad

and while he did take arms of the soviet union was not exactly the client of the soviet union. eisenhower panicked and short. very interesting to read his memoirs. in his memoirs he said he felt he had to do something. now eisenhower, the hero of d-day, may be the greatest american general of the 20th century was smart enough to realize, unlike some of his successors that with iraq is really, really hard thing to do. but invading lebanon is really, really easy to do. because the united states has a large fleet in the eastern mediterranean. when this 2000 marines went ashore on july 15 were backed up by 70 ships including three carrier battle groups. it was that goliath and a midget battlefield. by invading lebanon, they were going to the defense, the united states was doing something to prevent it from sweeping the region. his very popular in lebanon. when he first went to syria after the murder of merger of the two countries in 1,958,350,000 lebanese came to damascus to hear him speak. this is a country who had little lesson one at a half-million people. that's an awful lot of

one of the reasons is there was this idea the soviets didn't pay attention to apollo eleven or didn't believe it, or there was no news for soviet citizens to know about but in the armstrong correspondence you, see a lot of letters from not just soviet citizens but the eastern block countries and they were all, none of them were nasty. >> reporter: there are also many letters from kids, some sweet, like this dinner invitation from a young girl, some heartbreaking, including a 14-year-old looking for an autograph. his mother attached a separate letter telling armstrong, the boy didn't know it but was terminally ill. armstrong whose daughter died of cancer at just 2 wrote back immediately. douglas wrote you that hearing from you would be the happiest moment of his life, perhaps it was, just two hours after your letter arrived, he fell sweetly and peacefully asleep with the sweetest little smile on his face, not to awaken again on this earth. >> somewhere you have a new little guardian angel who joins me in these ♪ this virus is testing all of us. and it's testing the people on the fron

until the soviets improve their technology. and then we authorized several of these spy flights before international conference in 1960. he thought about the capstone of his presidency germany, france, uk, paris. he once the spy mission, about three weeks before this international conference is supposed to happen and wouldn't you know, the soviets shot that went down. it was a tremendous blow to the prestige of the americans. look like we're the war mongers and all of the sorts of things. initially president eisenhower had a lie about it he said it was not a spy flight it was a weather mission. he made a bad judgment here and he admitted later it was the worst mistake of his presidency it set both sides back of the cold war. he is from his advisors he got was this youtube planes could not survive an attack, they were very fragile, the pilot would not survive the pilot also had a poison needle to inject himself with so he could kill himself. the soviets not only felt the debris they captured the pilot. chris just showed the degr

many of them as i said were soviet pows. recruited out of soviet p.o.w. camps. they were made to fight for their enemy. many after the war ditched the identity papers and uniforms and returned to home. and they were prosecuted by the soviets in the years after the war. what i found fascinating is historians in the west didn't know too much about this because we were in a cold war. and the records were kept in the archives of communist countries. it really wasn't until the cold war ended and communism collapsed that people like barrie white, peter black and others were able to mine the archives and find lost nazi rosters and records much that's really what prompted this whole investigation at osi. >> actually, just to add to that. there is an interesting angle there. he was a man and prosecuted in israel as ivan the terrible. very famous case. and he was found guilty as ivan the terrible of trablenka. he was awaiting the death sentence. the only second death sentence that israel was going to give out. after adolf ikeman. and as he was awaiting his death sentence,

china is not yet a rising power, soviet, rush of the former soviet union as a decline in power, there is no competitor for the united states to worry about and you really get to different mentalities that take hold. one is, the united states should keep on dealing with the world much is it has with its alliances. and not try to change much, just preserve the status quo, the existing order and the other was okay, we have the power now, if we want to reorder things we can, we should. and powell represents the first, cheney represents the second. during that decade, sometimes multilateralism seems like a pain even the united states kind of sort of was more multilateral in the clinton years. remember clinton in the end did not go to the un for permission for military action in xhosa vote. but, as they carried out military action in the balkans they had to keep on asking the french, the germans and italians and so on to coordinate the military action and have a debate about each one. in the military people would kind of grumble that it was a pain. so, the united states is all-powerful, but

to so he authorized the spy plane flights over the soviet union. they flew at tremendously high altitudes beyond the soviet technology to shoot them down and tell they improve that technology and then he authorized several of the spy flights before the international conference that he thought would be the capstone of his presidency and thought he would be with khrushchev and france and germany and the uk but he launched a spy mission three weeks before this conference was supposed to happen and the soviets shot that down. it was a tremendous blow to the prestige of the americans and eventually eisenhower authorized ally and said it wasn't a spy plane it was a whether mission. he made a bad judgment and admitted later it was the worst mistake of his presidency to set both sides back of the cold war but his feeling from his advisers was that the planes could not survive an attack because they were fragile and then the pilot would not survive at that altitude to land on the ground and the pilot also had a poison needle to inject himself. the soviets n

it was a great success for the soviets to do. we do it by the wealth of mineral resources . military considerations also played a major role in the fraternal relief action. the trance mongolian rail link from the russian border in the north to china and the south is still the backbone of all traffic in mongolia today. because of the enormous distances many passenger trains run overnight sleeping cars are the best way to weather the long journey times. is also on the roofs of the so-called deal it trains most of the passengers on board all mongolian merchants on their way to their chinese neighbors. there they buy goods that are lace is sold at a profit in their shops back home. to a large part of the mongolian population now lives from this trade including some women from gun a city in northern central mongolia. we're on a train for 4 days. but if you include all the shopping in beijing or even further away then you get to a total of at least 10 days on the road. everyone both retailers and wholesalers takes the train to travel between the 2 countries other pigeon why. becau

peoples republic of mongolia 921 the soviet union sided with its economically weaker. engineers in moscow designed the lines and forced laborers was sent from russian prison camps to reinforce the mongolian track with has to drive this gigantic project through. the 1111 kilometers of track through the most difficult terrain gave mongolia a big boost. it was a great success for the soviets to who would do it by the wealth of mineral resources. us military considerations also played a major role in the fraternal relief action. the chance mongolian rail link from the russian border in the north to china in the south is still the backbone of all the rail traffic in mongolia today. because of the enormous distances many passenger trains run overnight sleeping cars are the best way to weather the long journey times. chair is also on the roofs of the so-called deal or trains most of the passengers on board are mongolian merchants on their way to their chinese neighbors. steal their they buy goods that are laces sold at a profit in their shops back home. in a large part of the

he identifies the two perhaps as the starting point of the middle east the end of the soviet union and international communism if the united states did not respond to the two - - the coup it could be a significant as a lost of china of 1948 it is a remarkable statement also completely divorced from the fact that his statements had very little to do with reality of iraq and the middle east 1958. 's real concern was not communism but this man the charismatic young very attractive president of egypt who had taken power through 1819 and 1952 and an extraordinary speaker able to lift an audience with his words and survived literally on stage have an assassin fire a bullet at him and he never stopped speaking. he was the winner of the 1956 crisis that egypt defeated the united kingdom and france and israel in part because eisenhower leaned to egypt over the try part tied aggressors and february 1958 syria and egypt united together against the united arab or public today we forgot nationalism as a motivating factor but in the fifties the idea of one arab nation from the gulf to the ocean was

victor soviet union it was the afghans themselves who expelled the soviet union not not the arabs but still people like bin laden kind of they going to use or appt that victory but i think i would say that more important because of kind of al qaeda rising and growing international. was that of dollars zam had basically undermined. the ability for any leaders in the islamist movement to control these jihadi group groups when he wanted people to come to afghanistan to fight he told them come and wage jihad don't listen to anyone don't listen to your parents or your local in months just come and fight jihad and in saying so he basically undermined authority in islam and what he what happened was that groups like al qaeda then went on to do more radical things international terrorism suicide bombings against civilians and nobody could control them it didn't matter anymore what the moms or religious scholars were saying they just wouldn't listen to them because they had been told not to listen to anyone. well there's been a lot of allegations about british united states' involvement with i

and still the soviet union kept it a secret. and 15 minutes on d w. ah i'm going crazy thing in all the time. how to handle our new lives in times of the corona and then make the w. reporter. just like ever. and she's looking for answers and thankfully with the help of cleaning expect. thank you this is not life as we know it. in this together. how does a virus spread. why do we have it and when will all this. just through the topics covered and the weekly radio show is called spectrum if you would like any information on the crawling virus or any other science topic you should really check out our podcast if you get it wherever you go your podcasts can also find us at d.f.w. dot com slash science. i'm skilled at the my work not hard and in the end it's a me you're not allowed to stay here anymore we will send you back. are you familiar with this. with the smugglers one liners. what's your story. 'd with numbers and women especially of victims of violence. take part and send us your story we are trying in all ways to understand this new culture. not a

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the soviets not only found the debris but capture the pilot. so khrushchev's show the debris and well-publicized demonstrations and exhibits in moscow and said not only are the americans warmongers flying over our country, but eisenhower is a liar. and it is a tremendous blow. he prides himself to be an honest politician so it really did hurt his reputation. the soviets played the public relations much better than the americans thought they would so they canceled the paris meeting where khrushchev went initially. and then to call off any future you two missions so they waft one - - he waffled on that. and to go well for american president and then president kennedy from 1960 and with the bay of pigs invasion on - - invasion with a cuban exile trying to retake cuba from fidel castro. and kennedy adopted the plan at the eisenhower administration and he meets with chris jeff with the bay of pigs in vienna he concludes he is weak and inexperienced and he can get better of him. so what happens? one of the most dramatic and dangerous moments in the c

the soviets were up to so he authorized the u2 flicks, my spy plains over the soviet union. they flew at high altitudes buns the soviet technology until the soviets improved their technology, and then he authorized several of these spy flights before international conference in 1960, which he thought was going to be the capstone of his presidency and caused a thaw in the cold war-meet with khrushchev, letters of germany, france and uk in paris but he launched a spy mission but the weeks before this international conference was supposed to happen, and wouldn't you know it this soviets shot that one down. so a tremendous blow to the prestige of the americans. looked like we their he warmongers and this sort of thing and initially president eisenhower authorized a lie. he said it was a weather mission and his -- he made a bad judgment here and admitted later it was the worst mistake of his presidency and set beth sides back in the cold war. his feeling from his adviser he got was that the u2 plains could not survive an attack because they were rather fragile and the pilot would