this was of course the first of the nuremberg trials but the only for power one 12 steps to put nuremberg trials that happen later including the Ãb were carried out by the c alone and i want to say from the start that that's one of the reasons that many americans tend to associate nuremberg with the united states, there are other reasons as well we can talk about too. >> went to the allies led by franklin roosevelt winston churchill and joseph stalin, wonder they began to discuss whether and how to hold nazi readers responsible for their crimes? wonder that process began? >> this began in the middle of the second world war and what i want to say and what's one of the key arguments i make in the book is that nuremberg would not have happened without the soviet union because right from the start the soviets were the one who were really out in front calling for special international tribunal, made an announcement calling for this of the darkest phase of the war in october 1942 for a number of reasons including the soviets saw this as key for reparations, the war was horrible for the soviet

later at the nuremberg trials he claimed that there had never been a concrete plan. directive $6071.00 went to only high ranking leaders of the s.s. and the police and the corresponding s.s. leaders concerned with race and settlement policy so that the s.s. operators would be aware of how it worked it was a part of a supposedly rational occupation and gemini ization policy that was imposed mainly on occupied poland but also one other occupied and next to each and. all possible. today experts believe that our own 50000 children were abducted from across europe . cases are known from today's ukraine the czech republic and slovenia. but the largest group was from poland because the machinery of the abduction started in the bar to go district. first orphanages were searched then child welfare officials summoned all children living with foster parents for inspection. there were precise guidelines on how a racially suitable child was supposed to look. 21 characteristics were examined including growth patterns the back of the head the bridge of the nose and body hair the of

later at the nuremberg trials he claimed that there had never been a concrete plan. directive $6071.00 went to high ranking leaders of the s.s. and the police and the corresponding s.s. leaders concerned with race and settlement policy so that the s.s. operators would be aware of how it worked it was a part of a supposedly rational occupation and gemini ization policy that was imposed mainly on occupied poland but also one other occupied and next we. will possibly go. today experts believe that our own 50000 children were abducted from across europe . cases are known from today's ukraine the czech republic and slovenia. but the largest group was from poland because the machinery of the abduction started in the bar to go district. first orphanages were searched then child welfare officials summoned all children living with foster parents for inspection. there were precise guidelines on how a racially suitable child was supposed to look 21 characteristics were examined including growth patterns the back of the head the bridge of the nose and body hair the officials wer

in this respect the nuremberg trials can be seen to have made a tragic legal mistake to classify living in spawn which ran these children's homes as a purely charitable organization and equipped those involved with the challenges from today's point of view that was that related to the judicial era class a feel that a child on. a lot of return is on her way to the city of fribourg. she knows germany well. she often visited her foster parents here. today she's giving a talk to students at the catholic university of applied sciences as a living witness. as always she tells her life story in german all that will happen and that is why they gave us new 1st and last names. until then i had been alerted. and now i was really says that if i leave it. alone her lectures have also been a form of therapy for her. it's a way of coming to terms with her own past but i guess that. invented in thailand i said that your time in germany shaped you and yet you still consider yourself polish. would you say that germany is also your homeland in a way on. yes i think that's true it is that for me i love to

that none but a process i saw here in this respect the nuremberg trials could be seen to have made a tragic legal mistake to classify levens born which ran these children's homes as a purely charitable organization and equipped those involved the challenges from today's point of view that was that related to the judicial era class of feel entitled. lodhi of the toshack is on her way to the city of fribourg. she knows germany well. she often visited her foster parents here. today she's giving a talk to students at the catholic university of applied sciences as a living witness. as always she tells her life story in german all that will happen soon and that is why they gave us new 1st and last names. until then i had been. and now i was early to say if i leave the. shop with a live audience has her lectures have also been a form of therapy for her. a way of coming to terms with her own past but we guessed that. you meant to be excited to set your time in germany shaky and yet you still consider yourself polish. would you say that germany is also your homeland in a way on. yes i think t

at the nuremberg trials american prosecutors tried to press charges for the kidnapping of alien children for purposes of german ization. but the tribunal contested the charges according the defendants of that crime and describing the libyans born organization as a welfare institution. that learned that up in this respect the nuremberg trials can be seen to have made a tragic legal mistake to classify live on which ran these children's homes as a purely charitable organization and equipped those involved the challenges from today's point of view that was the latent judicial era class a field and child on. a lot of return is on her way to the city of fribourg. she knows germany well. she often visited her foster parents here. today she's giving a talk to students at the catholic university of applied sciences as a living witness. as always she tells her life story in german all that will happen soon and that is why they gave us new 1st and last names. until then i had been. and now i was early to say if i leave it. here live says her lectures have also been a form of therapy for her. a way

they had been handed over to the nuremberg natural history society which kept them here. for madelyn burma the discovery marked another turning point. now at the top of the conscious he's really did label these by hand we can see that on this one you know when you realize the importance of this collection was and i knew it had to exist but i have no idea. that there would be so many fossils of such high quality without this collection we wouldn't have been able to reconstruct the environment or date the jawbone as precisely so this is an absolute treasure and the job done on its own is an important find but without the sponsors the context in time and space would have been a surprise and all. a very unusual fossil offered the key to unlocking the age of the job own up. this out it's at its height the age can be determined by examining the rock in the settling is not a system problem with our fossils from a therapist must exist in the greenpeace is that we had a drawer full of bones but no sediment fortunately we had some giraffe this your bone allowed us to do the data on

they had been handed over to the nuremberg natural history society which kept them here. for mad lame burma the discovery marked another turning point. not on the top of the hunch but he's really did label these by hand we can see that on to this one you know when you realize what importance of this collection was and i knew it had to exist but i have no idea. that there would be so many fossils of such high quality without this collection we wouldn't have been able to reconstruct the environment or date the jawbone as precisely thing so this is an absolute treasure the job done on its own isn't important to find out without the response was the context in time and space would have been a surprise and all. a very unusual fossil offered the key to unlocking the age of the job up on. the side it's at its height the age can be determined by examining the rock in the settling is not to see the problem with our fossils from a caricature of us releases in the greenpeace is that we had a drawer full of bones but no sediment simply comes out fortunately we had some giraffe on us

and pleased to introduce this virtual back with francine hirsch, in her new book "soviet judgement at nuremberg".in conversation with joshua rubenstein. through virtual events like

nazis actually debated and consulted american law as they devised what would ultimately become the nuremberg laws. this is just wrenching, wrenching to discover. >> i was also stunned that some of the nazi scholars who would try to put this together thought that the americans went too far with some of their ideas. we have to squeeze in a break here, isabel. please stay with us. when we come back, here going to hear more from isabel wilkerson, who is joining us by phone. her new book is called "caste." ♪ ♪ perfect. -you're welcome. i love it. how'd you do all this? told ya! wayfair. let's talk dining tables. yes! blow it up. ♪ wayfair you've got just what i need ♪ (vo) verizon knows how to build unlimited right. start with america's most awarded network. give people more plans to mix and match at a price built for everyone. with $700 off our best phones when you switch. because everyone deserves the best. this is unlimited built right. apps except work.rywhere... why is that? is it because people love filling out forms? maybe they like checking with their supervisor to see how much va

the nazis actually debated and consulted american law as they devise what would ultimately become the nuremberg laws. this is wrenching to discover. >> i was also stunned that some of the nazi scholars who would try to put this together thought that the americans went too far with some of their ideas. we have to squeeze in a break here, isabel. please stay with us. when we come back, here going to hear more from isabel wilkerson, who is joining us by phone. her new book is called "caste." with my hepatitis c... ...i felt i couldn't be at my... ...best for my family. in only 8 weeks with mavyret... ...i was cured. i faced reminders of my hep c every day. i worried about my hep c. but in only 8 weeks with mavyret... ...i was cured. mavyret is the only 8-week cure for all types of hep c. before starting mavyret your doctor will test... ...if you've had hepatitis b which may flare up and cause serious liver problems during and after treatment. tell your doctor if you've had hepatitis b, a liver or kidney transplant,... ...other liver problems, hiv-1, or other medical conditions,... ...and all medic

back and they debated the american laws in the run-up to creating what would ultimately become the nuremberg laws. these were standing and wrenching things to discover in the process o of this work. amy: we e only have 30 seconds left, but you relate e this s sy of talkingng to being deeply to --nened -- talking >> 2042 is the year that was suggested i in 2008 by the censs as to be the yearr thehe demographihics of the uniteded states would change to configuratation that n no one ie country in any space had ever imagagined, and that wouldld be where the historic whitite majority would no longer be the majority and that impact the configuration we have known for all of american history would be chananging. that has an impact on eveveryone in the hierarchyhy, everyone in this country, everyone is decided to try to figure out how do we work toward a space in which everyone can feel seen and feel that they are recognized as citizens in this country. amy: we will do part two of this interview of this incredible book "caste: the origins of our discontents." isabel wilkerson, pulitzer prize-winning

my father was in europe, guarding the topknot sees in nuremberg. he had his traveling orders for the pacific theater for the expected invasion of japan. vicki in wichita, kansas. at the time, japan was our sworn enemy. some of the comments i hear people making shows people do not know their history. what strikes me is that now japan is an ally and we helped protect them -- help protect them. america does not hold an entire race and enemy in perpetuity for the sins of their fathers. jeff in virginia says i believe the life of a soldier is equal to the life of a civilian and the u.s. soldiers life is more important than foreign civilians. the dropping of bombs in japan is justified as it saved u.s. soldiers lives. bill king, tweeting this. what is frightening is as destructive as those bombs were, they are puny to the current stock of nuclear weapons. it is time for a worldwide ban. let's hear from rory next in rancho mirage, california. excuse me, rancho, center margarita.- santos the atomic bombs, they had to be dropped. they had the russian invasi