but, but the labor movement was a huge beneficiary of this growth, with labor laws, protective labor laws in place. we had an enormous growth of the middle class in america. and the country became the prosperous place that it was in the fifties and sixties. and that's been the base of our country's great global wealth. >> good morning, you mentioned she was a strong supporter of the wpa, and i'm wondering if she had friendships with lewis han, and dorothy lying? photographers. >> well -- frances perkins was less immediately involved with the wpa and the public works project, which he did is law before the funding that allow those programs to happen. she was a reason that any of those things actually happened. and in fact, as a wonderful story, she went to the white house, and battled fdr to keep those programs in place, though money for all the various programs, and in fact, david taylor will be speaking after me, he will be talking about the authors program, that was part of the new deal at the time. and frances perkins what the biggest single advocate of that. >> hi, -- i just had

she spent 12 years in labor. that's the first time i ever remember hearing frances perkins' name spoken allowed. now i laughed, like the rest of you did, but it is also, as a feminist, kind of irritated me. i kept her name in my mind and i kept listening for her i spent 20 years at "the washington post" and realized how often i heard her name, often like a sort of a distant whisper when we talk about social security, frances perkins. we talked about age discrimination, frances perkins. when we talked about the fair labor standards act and making revisions to it, we talked about frances perkins. when we talked about the labor movement, we talk -- were talking about frances perkins. this was all her handy work. quite an extraordinary record of achievement. i spent 20 years at the washington post. i went all over the country for "the washington post." it was a wonderful life education going to visit places and learn new things. as i traveled around the country, writing business stories, i began to realize how little

with labor laws, protective labor laws in place. we had an enormous growth of the middle class in america. and the country became the prosperous place that was in the'50s and'60s. and that has been the base of our countries great global wealth. >> good morning. you mention she was a strong supporter of the wpa. and i'm wondering if she had friendships with louis hine and dorothy lange? francis perkins was less involved and the public works projects what she did is lobby for the funding that allowed those programs to happen. she was the reason that any of those things actually happened. in fact, she has a wonderful story. when she went to the white house and embattled fdr to keep those programs in place, the money for all of the various programs, and in fact, david taylor will be speaking after me. he'll be talking about the office program that was part of the new deal at that time. and frances perkins was the biggest single advocate of that. >> hi. my name is isaac. i have a question, what was the top programs as she put forward? >>

the fair labor standards act passed in 1938 said that 40-hour workweek, it put the ban on child labor. other things she did. >> fha insurance, she was the primary booster of the civilian conservation corps. she was the largest single supporter of the wpa. truly this was a remarkable woman. now it's a little interesting and unusual that i came to write this book. i came from a staunchly republican family. i actually came from a family of roosevelt haters, but when i came to washington, d.c. as a business reporter, one of the first things i did was to sign up for a trolley bus tour of the city and one of the first things i noticed was that francis perkins department of labor. as those of you who live in washington know there are very few buildings in washington named after women and i noticed it and i filed it away knowing who was francis perkins and as we went around in the trolley bus, i got around the washington monument and the tour bus driver said, and along with his regular pattern, what american woman had his own child birth experience. fran francis perkins spent 12 years in labo

child labor. no that's not child labor this. but i'm going from the cane afonso who's been here. 5 years off that's child labor raiola i mean normal. so far i haven't heard of any such cases of children working for one of our partners to. make a law can you be sure. we inspect our producers every year. the supply chain for chocolate is anything but transparent what exactly happens between the forest and down supermarkets. that's the cocoa you process where does it go how does it work who's buying this next quarter's. exporters. like to mislay. it is export us from ivory coast. to. the cooper web manager won't tell us who he sells to we come back in the evening and to drive us spills the beans. are those the cargo yes. they both yes. koopa web sells it's kick our beans to congo a giant u.s. conglomerate the trades agricultural commodities among other things. it's an intermediary that sells cocoa on to the chocolate makers whose products we see in our supermarkets many people haven't even heard the

and the workers said, let's join the knights of labor. in june of 1884 we saw the beginning of a major mine strike in the hawking river valley of ohio where 4,000 workers, plus their families and the community, went out on strike. they -- the strike lasted six months. the miners lost the strike but what's noteworthy about this is it once again taught them the usefulness of organization and coordination. if you go on strike, you don't get paid. the strike doesn't last very long because you have to eat. but they were able to organization and raise funds. they had a hundred thousand dollars relief fund that enabled them to keep this fight up for six months. once again it demonstrates to workers the value of organization. then in march of 1885 came a major strike against the missouri pacific railroad which was trying to have a pay cut. that strike spread to virtually the entire southwestern railroad network most of which was owned by our friend jay gould. the governors of nebraska and kansas intervened on behalf of the workers which i think t

that's labor and labor never had but one friend in politics and that is the democratic party and franklin d. roosevelt. [ cheers and applause ] >> and i'll say to labor just what i said to the farmers. they are the most ungrateful people in the world if they pass the democratic party by this year. [ cheers and applause ] >> the total national income has increased from less than $40 billion in 1933 to $203 billion in 1947. the greatest in all the history of the world. these benefits have been spread to all of the people because it's the business of the democratic party to see that the people get a fair share of these things. this last worst 80th congress proved just the opposite for the republicans. [ cheers and applause ] the record on foreign policy of the democratic party is that the united states has been turned away permanently from isolationism and we've converted the greatest and best of the republicans to our viewpoint on that subject. the united states has to accept its full responsibility for leadership in international affairs. we have been the backers and the people who organiz

well, it is the 1890's, of course labor in the 1890's, labor in the 1950's and 1960's, that didn't have anything to do with women, it had to do with men, male workers, at least in my consciousness at that point. but when the women's movement exploded and i became immediately active in it, i realized there was no way i could publish a dissertation on the labor movement, especially not the jewish labor movement, without looking for the women, so i went back to work and i started looking for the labor organizers in the unions my big excuse was that i was -- in the unions. my big excuse was that i was working on the 1890's, and women joined the ilg in large numbers not until the early 1900s. so i escaped my blame game. but here was an industry, the garment industry in new york, which already in the early days, it was probably about 70% of the workers jewish, about 30% italian and a sprinkling of other people. but the industry was dominated by immigrants, and something like 85% of the workers in the industry and the operators, the sewing-machine operators, were female. so how could it be tha

role in policing labor disputes. through criminal law, and through labor injunctions. some accepted the comments charged that judges, whether by temperament or training, or graft, inevitably privileged capital over neighbor. progressive hostility to judicial power carried over to the conception of individual rights on which the courts decisions were reportedly wrapped. in place of the autonomous individual, progressives championed the common good. ross go pound, who shaped the progressive school of legal thought, known as sociological jurisprudence, was emblematic of this approach. in countering, individual rights deserve protection only in so far as they promoted the public welfare. the problem, with the lochner area constitution, west at eighth exaggerated private rights. at the expense of public interest. he and other progressive rejected the formalist fiction that individuals are autonomous social actors, with equal bargaining powers. along with the notion that courts should protect personal autonomy from the enc

, particularly the american federation of labor, which he said was dominated by what he called labor fakers who -- and the role -- the immediate role of socialists said deleon was to destroy the existing labor movement and create new radical unions. you can imagine that the existing unions were not too happy with the notion that the role of socialism were the first to destroy their unions. some had joined the socialist labor party in the 1890s, and then he said, wait a minute. why is the political party trying to destroy my union i'm working with? so many of them left rather quickly, but deleon, his views actually we'll see next time would influence the industrial workers of the world, which attempted to mobilize or organize those mass production workers which the american federation of labor had left out. but when the socialist party of america is founded in 1901, deleon and his little group is the one group of socialists who remained outside, were not really part of this group. so who does come together in 1901 to form this socialist party of america? a conglomeration of people. af

they turned to the knights of labor. the knights of labor started as sort of secret society founded by urijah stevens, a garment worker in philadelphia who was obsessed with all sorts of rituals and secrets and so forth, but after 1877, many workers became interested in organization and looked to the nights. the knights were never effective recruiters, but people were looking for an organization and so in 1879, the knight of labor had 9,000 and then had 42,000. then they were discussing monetary reform. they began discussing an eight a-hour day. organizing for coop rative schemes for the workers. trying to gain state and local political influence. many began embracing the ideas of henry george who called for a single tax on land. what's interesting besides their wide ranging agenda is their broad leverage. they were highly inclusive. they reached across lines of skill. so it's skill and unskilled workers. immigrants and foreign workers. catholics and protestants. black members as well as white. male as well as female. so

but in illinois, the governor is sympathetic to labor. so this time it was going to be federal intervention. the justice department went to court, they got an injunction against the strikers, but he strikes continued. so debs was arrested on july 10th for contempt of court. meanwhile, the president had to act because the strikes continued. the president is still grover cleveland. we got to know him last time. the male is being disrupted, management is telling us it is the fault of the workers, george pullman is a friend of mine by the way and don't forget that cleveland is like the other gilded age presidents, pro business. he's pro management. so they get the injunction based on two matters. number one, they are interrupting federal delivery of mail. and number two, this is viewed by the courts and the justice department as an illegal conspiracy in restraint of trade. these fellows are in violation of the sherman antitrust act. so the injunction is granted, union does not back down and so we have to send in the army. thousands of u.s. so

s within the labor party some of the jewish all of them doing that in process over corbin's handling of the situation he himself is not accused of anti semitism but as the leader of the party essentially overall responsibility fell to him he responded though to this report saying that it was dramatically overstated for political reasons and that's put him on this collision course with the new leader of the labor party kiran starmer who has now suspended him means that jeremy corbyn still remains an amp a albeit an independent one but considering he's been an m.p. since the early 1980 s. a significant blow to him and a clear indication that starr wants to take the labor party in a new direction breaking from the past ok need barkha there live from london thank you. fellow russian president alexander lukashenko replaces in syria minister with the police chief who has been leading the crackdown on anti-government protests in minsk is also appointed to aides one a former heads of the k.g.b. police aloose has been rocked by nearly 12 weeks of mass protests following aid to speeches electi

who is able to be forced labor. they are not the kind of forced labor we associate with a camp in auschwitz, but they are working at expected to work. that is an interesting question. jason: thank you. i thought we would work in two more, so i will just give these to you and i think we can squeeze these in. , infirst is from arthur melbourne, australia. he was curious about hitler's role in this. how much is he directly involved or not? the other one is from my friend who has joined us from the twin cities. she was curious about whether medical experiments are conducted on these victims before they are murdered. first to arthur, hello. i do not know what time it is there, but it must be quite late. thank you for joining us. role, this is not a big consideration of his. we do know that he signed on his own private stationary. it is the only time that we have signature onler's what could be seen as an order for killing operation. that is a topic for another time. this is not his thing. jews.interested in the the real

among the labor party about his quiet softly softly style. i doubt it. but later parties and obesity is made up of many parts but the real question which i'm hearing from people who i'm talking to and i make sure i do is why we only ahead in one opinion poll at this stage given the disasters that are going on inside the conservative party given what has happened in the economy what's going to happen with regard to jobs what is happening with regards to coronavirus surely they should be ahead by a massive margin that's what to do if they're going to wind power and it's taken labor a long time to get close to being even merely ahead now you can say they pull back 25 plus percent from where they were in april and of course that's good news but i've not short just being ahead at this moment is good enough peter oborne you've been quite a my of suck your stammers style of leadership thus far do you think it is enough to think less softly softly catch a monkey approaches are enough we're living through the biggest national crisis since the 1930 s. now in those

to power with a majority of 80 bodies johnson finally lost his opinion poll lead over the opposition labor party and the trouble is not confined to the opinion polls with the restless tory m.p. stephanie another revolt over the way in which the new to corporate regulations are being introduced all this with the economy facing a double cliff edge of another locked and an interminable lardy crash of european with till today we asked political commentators peter oborne and professor richard murphy what exactly is going on on the left and the right of british politics i say westminster parliament struggles to hold the government to account during the pandemic and the banks that did it will finally arrives but 1st over to alex with your reaction to last week's show what's your tweets messages and emails. was a big reaction to last week's show which featured the 3 top experts on covert 19 and a huge audience of face because well the 1st stop was from a vet an old friend of the sure that it has to come painless and she picked up the thought the free medical experts all mentioned sustainability an

>> he was one of the most important labor leaders and in a crucial time of conflict between labor and capital. he was the central figure in the socialist movement at a time when it was a viable and growing part of the american political culture. >> is he interesting as a snapshot in time? where does he have a lasting legacy? >> like many third party candidates he and his fellow socialist managed to move the conversation and import directions that have affected the development of american democracy ever since. in that regard, he is of his time, but also having a long impact. >> we'll have time to delve into some of the elections more deeply later on. of the five bids he made for the white house, are any particularly significant? >> two for different reasons. the 1912 bid represents a high water mark of socialism, where he got about 6% of the vote. the different election is 1920, where he was imprisoned in the atlanta penitentiary and got 1 million votes as well while running in prison. >> we will learn more about both of those and his other bids for the white house as our 90-minute pro

and it is labor conquers all. and now we are the reddest state in the union, which is kind of an ironic thing. >> donna, thank you so much for your comments. we'll let that stand and take a telephone call from eric in los angeles. eric, go ahead, please. >> caller: yes, hello, i also am enjoying the program. i think that eugene debs really tried to keep us to our ideals. my question, though, is about joe paramon who was a christian socialist who ran on the ticket with debs in 1900 and then later was involved in the trial of the mcnamara brothers who were accused of using sabotage to further their cause. and joe paramon is one of the attorneys along with clarence darrow but i know that debs defended him from the mcnamaras, and i wondered if they could comment on that. >> is this a period you could fill us in on? >> i don't know enough about it, but i failed to mention earlier that clarence darrow was a big part of eugene debs' defense in 1894 after he was accused of being convicted for a contempt of court with the

especially within labor. this group was highly inclusive. they reached across lines of craft, lines of skill, so it was skilled and unskilled workers. it is immigrants and native born workers. there are catholics and protestants in this organization. there are black members as well as white members. female members as well as male members. and so, this was a very large, inclusive organization and they were building a lot of momentum in the 1880s. we will see in a moment, they have a precipitous climb -- decline however. we when we see them start to decline, it's a totally different deal in labor that comes to the fort. that is craft unionism. that is the american federation of labour founded in 1886. their leader is samuel gompers. if you want to learn more, and the papers are held at the library. they were not inclusive. they were for focused on elite craftsman. this is strategic. the skilled craftsmen had a little bit more leverage when it came to negotiations. unskilled craftsman are replaceable. skilled craftsmen are little bit harder to

forced laborers, they are foreign civilian forced laborers, specifically polish and soviet, or they were called eastern workers by the nazi. s. they are significant because they are the basis for the hadamar trial. if they were ill or exhausted while they were performing forced labor, they were sent home and sent back east. but this was not possible at a certain point in the war effort when the red army was coming towards the german border. camp was set up to confine basically these individuals, but in the frankfurt area near where hadamar was, these forced laborers, almost all of them had tuberculosis, they were close enough to the population to cause a public health crisis. they did not want tuberculosis to spread to the population, so they sent these individuals to be murdered at hadamar. and we know that exactly 476 laborers were killed in hadamar. jason: everything you told us there points to the fact that the nazi regime, as you noted the second phase in 1942, the summer of 1942, and as the war turns against hitler, the dictatorship over the next year, stalingrad curves north

party of tackling and to semitism and to semitism was much talked about in the labor party during the leadership of jeremy corbyn it was a big problem it came up again and again and there were many voices within the party that were saying that there is a problem that the labor party has a problem with anti-semitism and the leadership doesn't really look into it in the proper way and this is exactly what the watchdog found it found that the leadership didn't really handle these complaints that came up in a good way and then why do it because it was suspended today is because of his reaction to the findings of the of this commission to date he said that they were overstated for political reasons and this is something the new leader kids dhamma and said this is just not the right reaction if you in any way minimizing the problem of anti-semitism we have had in the labor party of late then you are part of the problem so that's why jeremy kuhlmann got suspended for it how surprising are these accusations i mean and what does it really mean for the party going forward every discord and stil

you had no standard of labor. it was a dog eat dog. >> and benefits, we had none. >> i can move to any union shop in the country, new york, ohio and tuscaloosa, keep my medical care and keep my pension. >> whoever thought that this trade would have three weeks' vacation? whoever thought they'd have legal holidays? whoever thought we'd see a business and walk in and tell a boss you can't fire a man because he's old or because he's sick. you have to keep him. those things you didn't see years ago, and whoever thought in this trade that when a man reached 65 he could retire and never did we think we'd see it in this trade. a man used to work until he dropped by the machine and he hoped his family would support him. i can remember when a man got sick he was broke. today we've got the union hospitalization on x-ray, sight atrick right down the line. today i come into a shop and i looked around, and i see the younger people, girls and boys. do they know how hard it was that they fought for? >> do they know what a union

fair labor standards law setting minimum wages and maximum hours. child labor laws passed again. the tba bringing light to the dark valleys. the social security act partially inspired by the a hal ga mated pattern, providing unemployment and old age insurance. the wagner labor relations act, employees shall have the right to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing. >> continue to express yourselves. politicians will vote no bills in congress. unless you make your rights known. unless you organize. >> they want organization, they want participation, they want protection, they want employment. and they are going to have those things through the leadership and the instrumentality of this new labor movement. >> you said of a thousand unions, the cio meant one big union for every major industry. organize the unorganized. pedal letters and furnace men in the steel mills, deck hands aboard the ships, lead miners, copper miner, ribber worker, electrical workers, amalgamated organizing cotton garment workers in pennsylvania, nuk and the prayerity states. retail

you see problems defies the sound is all these displays deforestation slave labor child labor it all comes down to one thing traceability without traceability it's almost or it's all in the shadows we don't know the root of it accountable everyone is hiding as soon as we know who sells life when where and how then all of a sudden we have something that works we can do little people accountable to this child and particularly for this case of slaves wherever they are just the forestation and so we can fix the problem traceability is the key to everything. we also want to explore be areas of ivory coast where cocoa is being grown legally rather than on secret plantations in the classified rain forest. in 2012 ivory coast's government launched its 1st national action plan to crack down on child labor its 3rd and latest plan has expanded to include issues such as supply chain traceability and illegal plantations in the classified forests and it's allocated a little over 100000000 euros for the daunting task. may assume works for one of the ngos that implement the program at the local leve

artifacts and lisa phillips is a history professor at indiana state university, and a specialist in labor history. thank you for being with us. your thoughts on debs's significance to the american story? >> i think his significance has to be with his labor activity, and in the socialist party as well. he has had a lasting effect on many of the laws that were passed. some of them we still enjoy. and he certainly can tell us a lot about the time period through his running for president and his labor activities as well. >> lisa phillips will be showing us some of the artifacts from time to time at the house. she's also part of the deb's foundation. tell me about the work of the debs foundation, and why you are involved. >> the debs foundation seeks to keep the debs legacy alive. it hopes to promote not only the museum, but the policies

would -- not necessarily organized labor, what labor looks like in a free enterprise system. >> let me step back from that. in my early chapter, a really important transition, my argument is that in the 19th century free enterprise was really a subset of the free labor vision. so you find a lot of people who promote free labor ideology, who believe that free enterprise, an enterprising character is part of what makes up a free labor society. and one of the points that i make in my book is that in the 20th century, those flipped and then what happened for -- was that free enterprise became sort of the more important term and free labor was a subset of it. so you do find a lot of corporate leaders, especially during the era, you know, the 1950s when labor unions were quite high, who talked about the kind of role of free labor in a free enterprise society. but i think a lot of it was constrained by what eric was talking about when, you know, labor was popular, membership was quite high, and being seen as very anti-labor was probably not going to be that effective politically. i find a

we've come to an agreement that we no longer wish to find slave labor or child labor in a supply sense but if you look closer at some of these producers you find that sometimes up to 90 percent of their production does not take place in china. it does not take place in the factories where the european and the americans all that are scalded sequitur think this is are these and yes they are in those factories that that's only worth 10 percent of the products as well as the other 90 percent. of korea his team investigated one chinese textile company more closely it's called vonda este their list of customers reads like a who's who of international fashion brands the website features a men's jacket next to it it says korean imported the buttons carry a label a money genius. using trade databases brought his team analyzed wrong desks business relations between 20132019 the databases used customs data showing which goods are sent back and forth between companies in different countries so in a sense the material to legs certain types of clothes 2 or 3 or one low they are the subject in the so

labor in the 18 nineties. labor in the 19 fifties and sixties. that didn't have anything to do with women. it had to do with men and male workers. at least in my consciousness at that point. when the women's movement exploded and i became immediately active in it, i realized that there was no way that i could publish a dissertation on the labor movement, especially not the jewish labor movement without looking for the women. so i went back to work and i started to look for the labor organizers in the union. i learned very quickly my big excuse is that i was working on the 1890s. women joined the ilg in large numbers not until the early nine hundreds. i skate my own blame game. i realized here was a garment industry in new york, which already, in the early days, it was probably about 70% of the workers in the industry, about 70% jewish. about 30% italian. the industry was dominated by immigrants and then something like 85% of the workers in the industry, the operators, the sewing machine operators were female. so how could it be that i had missed

marx kind of pierces through to the underpinning of the labor market and labor relations. it shows that it is based on any quality, exploitation, and you know, wage earners not getting what they deserve. it's something that has of course been an idea flowing around american radicalism for a long time. but what he was different -- what was different about him is he insisted that capitalism was inevitably creating the instrument of its own destruction, that is what he called it. proletariat workers, who's coming self awareness would lead them to seize power and sort of change the whole system. not because they were any better than anyone else, but because the very nature of their social existence sort of made them inexorably pushed towards changing the whole system. they cannot abolish, this is marks. your own conditions of life without abolishing on the inhuman conditions of present a society. now oddly, in the year 2000 and soon after that, there was a kind of a flurry of rediscovery of coral marx, in fact a new yorker in the time of the millennium of 2000, published an ar

and it was easier for them to keep labor costs down. like true independent contractors, those determining their own affairs or prices or building client lists or hustling to be small business owners, workers in these economies the business model and through our gorillas on this. it is not true across the platform but it is particularly true for the platform companies that get the most attention and for the most workers. to your question that is why there is so much attention on the issue of workers compensation when we think of regulating the platform economy more broadly. my sense is regulators see this as the biggest pressure point for these companies but what they hear from their constituents is people are not earning minimum wage, sleeping in their cars. in california economic equality, as opposed to being ameliorated by this work, if you work 10, 12 hours a day, you should be up to put food on the table. what julie talks about, provost at the beginning in the shadows of occupied people did more freedom, flexibility, hope for true o

he was a champion of the labor issue. he was a champion of hydro electric power, he was a champion of parks and recreation, one that wanted to spend money for the social programs of new york state and they were all forerunners of the new deal. when he ran in 1928 people didn't want to hear that issue. it was overclouded by prosperity. it was a whispering campaign about his religion. it was this unknown politician that had this thick new york accent that came out to the farm country. even smith when he campaigned. in fact he had one funny story he was driving on the train through wyoming and they were about an hour out and he sees a horse out in the field and says to somebody we must be getting close to civilization, there's a horse there and the guy said no, that's a woiild horse, we've go about an hour ago. he was really used to new york and i think the country was used to somebody eastern a new yorker. they were used to that prosperity, the calvin coolidge, the warren harding and herbert hoover. >> if you were elected g

the ages of $5.17 are forced to work in these mineral mines according to the organization stop child labor on average they earn less than $2.00 a day mining raw materials for a sector that sees revenues totaling $700000000000.00 a year the global mineral industry is booming but the poor and vulnerable are paying the price. come on t.v. and have 5 year old son raj you turn the offense such of micah the glittering. mineral plays a vital role in this region's economy for many people mining the raw material is the only way to survive. children working for hours in the blistering sun in the indian state of jharkhand it's nothing out of the ordinary to a better bear let alone my children are so young but there's no other way of making a living here there's no farming or nothing that i can't afford to send them to school oh they have to help me but they manage to too and i have kilos a day and we work until 5 in the evening that they used to be more than 700 official mica mines in northern india but in 1900 new law came into force banning deforestation that made it almost impossible to access new

argues that the key to building a more just society, lies and workers gaining a greater say over their labor time. then cato institute yuliya shapiro offers his thoughts on the traditional nomination process and how to improve it. also this evening philosophy professor weighs in on what it means to be a feminist. political commentator candice owens offers her thoughts on why black americans should vote republican. and, professor chair gates examines what he calls the myths of americans exceptionalism find more schedule information a booktv.org or consult your program guide. now, here is jamie mccallum. >> the professor of sociology at middlebury college his first book mobile union local power when the prize for best book on labor. has appeared in many areas. he's from vermont and is a distinguished professor sociology the graduate center and the author of the best-selling for people's movement regulating the poor and why americans don't vote with the late richard gaye. please join me in using your zoom clap or heart reactions to welcome him to your living room. >> high everyone thanks for jo

the same with labor. smith would go and settle labor strikes by sending state employees from the late labor department, and one case, francis perkins. he is not only sending government people, he is sending women now. he was unconventional. when it comes to something like that, i think he would look at it and say, what is it for the good of the people? he was not a big champion of big business. >> francis in cincinnati. you are on "the contenders" on c-span. >> good evening. have been privileged to have gone to school in albany. i would like to know if you could address the financial banking that elspeth had -- that al smith had and the contention that was because smith catholic and trying to be president. >> prices, where did you go to school here in albany? we have several colleges in our audience. >> i went to the academy of the sacred heart on south pearl street. unfortunately, it has he was a good friend of the dupont family. he was one of the key people in general motors. he was a multi millionaire.

crunch for a longer period of soft labor markets. caroline: what has been painful to see within the soft labor market is not all are affected equally, and the fact that we shine a light on how women have been falling out of the labor market at a quicker pace, people of color also affected far more. you've done some really interesting analysis about whether this is something to be expected within a recession, a slow car crash. le have lot of peop pricked up on this more quickly. essentially every recession follows this k-shaped trend, that has been identified were soft labor markets, you know, -- bargaining power across the board make it so that, you know, groups, disadvantage groups, black workers, people of color, like who are less able to bargain in the first -- because of structural inequalities, bear the brunt of the downturn while people who, who were doing well establish these, you do not see the same drop in hiring that you see in low income jobs in every recession. joe: this is the key thing cared we talk about winners and lo

the ages of $5.17 are forced to work in these mineral mines according to the organization stop child labor on average they earn less than $2.00 a day mining drama serials for a sector that sees revenues totalling $700000000000.00 a year the global mineral industry is booming but the poor and vulnerable are paying the price. kamaal debbie and her 5 year old son roger you turn the earth in search of mica the glittering mineral plays a vital role in this region's economy for many people mining the raw material is the only way to survive children working for hours in the blistering sun in the indian state of jharkhand it's nothing out of the ordinary to a better there let alone my children are so young but there's no other way of making a living here there's no farming or nothing i can't afford to send them to school they have to help me they manage to 2 and a half kilos a day we work until 5 in the evening that they used to be more than $700.00 official mica mines in northern india but in 1900 new law came into force banning deforestation that made it almost impossible to access new sources o

the ages of $5.17 are forced to work in these mineral mines according to the organization stop child labor on average they earn less than $2.00 a day mining raw materials for a sector that sees revenues totaling $700000000000.00 a year the global mineral industry is booming but the poor and vulnerable are paying the price. come out every and her 5 year old son roger turned the earth in search of mica the glittering mineral plays a vital role in this region's economy for many people mining the raw material is the only way to survive. children working for hours in the blistering sun in the indian state of jharkhand it's nothing out of the ordinary to a better at that let alone my children are so young but there's no other way of making a living here there's no farming or nothing that i can't afford to send them to school they have to help me they manage to 2 and have kilos a day we work until 5 in the evening. they used to be more than 700 official mica mines in northern india but in 1900 new law came into force banning deforestation that made it almost impossible to access new sources of th

this has been a labor of love. i am excited to have and just really try to understand what this time can bring. donors, i will be referencing this a few times tonight, but i've got some of these centers and donors who really want to contribute to do do this research. this is a six-year-long process, no joke. it took a lot of time and labor. the research of african-american research cannot be understated. i want to give them a quick shout out so you can see what they are capable of. and we will keep having these conversations. so, i'm going to give you a bit of an overview, how i am going .o address this overview these are key concepts just to give you a broad sense of the way that i approach this research and the resources we put together. i will tell you not just about the civil war more broadly, but also what black prisoners of war were able to accomplish , their direct action and agency, even within very limited contingent circumstance they had throughout the war. their choices and their actions were just as imp

laborers. and the decision was made to relocate those who had survived the death camps and the labor camps in poland and in the baltics, to relocate them, to death march them into germany where they would be not gassed, but worked to death, most of them in underground mines, mills, armament factory -- factories. these are the three groups that a make up the last million. their journeys into germany are different. so, too, would be their experiences in germany. >> so it's v-e day, a little bit after. we're in europe, 1945. can you give us a little bit of a feel for what it's like in these camps, and what sort of -- the life and then what sort of futures or choices are these people looking at? >> there is no way to comprehend the devastation in germany that the displaced persons found when they left their workplaces or their concentration camps or their p.o.w. camps. they were rounded up by the allies, put on trucks, gotten out of the way, shipped to centers and then sorted out by nationality and