this eventually led american patriots to separate britain -- from britain entirely and the second half of the century. this offers a new origin story for the american revolution centered on british party politics. thank you so much. i look forward to your questions. >> thank you very much. great presentation. i am so happy that you are getting a lot out of the mhs's collection. people who are joining us, you are free to raise your hands or type in the chat box. let me start us off by asking the connection between patriots versus whigs versus tories. of the american revolution usually do not talk about this. what role did the tory party play in this? >> they were not really a major part. but you are completely right. they did play aiden increasingly -- an increasingly important role. to give you a little bit of context on this, in the 1740's, the tories were in a bit of a low spot. where the serious rivals. the tories were kind of a third party. they were left out of political power. this all changed in the 1760's when george the third came to the throne. these men really began to trans

andl reduction of britain approximate age spending. and i certainly for one regret that a great deal because i think britain approximate commitment and meeting did nor .7% of gdp commitment to spend on foreign aid has been one of our countries proudest achievement. —— britain's 80 spending. to cut the aid budget any time and probably the worlds poorest need our assistance most i think is a great strain and gas, we will have to take really difficult spending decisions. by balancing the covid—19 budgets on the backs of the worlds poorest people seems to be a wrong decision to me and i hope people at this late stage the government will choose not to make it. the guardian suggesting the prime minister decided to boost spending on armed forces, keen to show us president electjoe biden and britain what are they strong military capability after brexit. i'm not sure what

but now britain is leaving the e.u. and so is not niland, sort of the province will have a special status. and that complicates things. planning for the future is difficult with songs doing here or with us in rome for next year. so he won't see the results of what he's doing today until next oberst or september. so you know, it's 3 years before you sell the beef. it's not a very good best national model there follow on for even a farmer, not the decision to take a long term. so we are concerned, but as it goes, somebody said warriors are wasted emotion, or just get on with that. basically it's not just the sheep you are unsure of where to go, the family and the whole, you know, of an island heading into uncharted territory. it's the biggest change that northern ireland has faced in decades and the road ahead could be difficult. the 1st concern is that northern ireland stretch of peace is not push at risk. and that's why it's been given a special status and will remain part of the united kingdom, but will also have acces

and britain. so a decision was taken to put it in the irish sea, effectively spacing, the united kingdom into it means big changes for workers here at belfast. tarver. the latest ferry has just arrived from scotland with 2 or 3 dozen trucks on board to carry food will materials and consumer goods. to see crossing to build farms is one of the main supply routes within the u.k. . when john o'neill drives from scotland to bill fast, he doesn't lead to you can't even though he crosses the sea, it's domestic crossing, not an international run. you can take a load up now and then jump on the ferry, come across it and go about passing the part that's almost always so hostile to strange task. obviously, different i often joined belfast tata will be required to enforce e.u. customs rules, meaning goods coming from britain will be subject to international controls right now. he can sometimes be out of the port in 2 minutes, but in future, he will need to show a customs declaration that his truck could be pu

but now britain is leaving the e.u. and so is not niland. sort of the province will have a special status and that complicates things. planning for the future is difficult . we're doing here in rome for next year. so he won't see the results of what he's doing today on till next oldest or september. so you know, 3 years before you sail the big snow at a very good best follow on for even a farm term. so we are concerned, but somebody said warriors are wasted emotion, or just get on basically it's not just the sheep you are unsure of where to go. the family and the home know of an island haiti to function as a territory. it's the biggest change that northern ireland has faced in decades and the road ahead could be difficult. the 1st concern is that northern ireland's pledge of peace is not present risk. and that's why it's been given a special status and will remain part of the united kingdom, but will also have access to the european single market. and that was the only way to avoid an international border with the republic of ireland, which

and britain. so a decision was taken to put it in the irish sea, effectively space in the united kingdom into it means big changes for workers here at belfast. harbor. the latest ferry has just arrived from scotland with 2 or 3 dozen trucks on board to carry food will materials and consumer goods to see cross into buildings as one of the main supply routes within the u.k. . when john o'neill drives from scotland to build fast, he doesn't leave the you can't. even though he crosses the sea, it's stick crossing not an international one. you can pick the load up now and i'm going to jump on the ferry. come across it and go leave about possible parts almost always so hostile to strangers. that scummy so different i often join belfast tata will be required to enforce e.u. customs rules. mean goods coming from britain will be subject to international controls. right now, he can sometimes be out of the port in 2 minutes. but in future, he will need to show a customs declaration and his truck could be pul

at the end you talk about why this is so vital to britain. at first they regrouped when they figured out how to have the cake, look that's the wrong metaphor. 's. [booing] was wide written trip to see countries with more riches and more soldiers because they could raise money quicker to punch up their weight. as you put it. >> guest: the bible itself emerges from the successes of the first attempts to use these new ideas about money. because what happens in the 1690s forward, britain gets involved in a series of wars that last until 1815. sometimes referred to as the long 18th century. one of the things that defines it as the first of william and mary's wars against louis the 1h and the last british war against france ended with the defeat of napoleon, that is the parameters. in this first round the invention of the national debt explicit responsible cost of war that britain cannot handle out of everyday receipts. it's not coming it enough to keep the army in the field. they start raising really vast sums. starting from 1693. in that first wa

and britain. so a decision was taken to put it in the irish sea, effectively spitting the united kingdom into it means big changes for workers here at belfast. harbor. the latest ferry has just arrived from scotland with 2 or 3 dozen trucks on board to carry food will materials and consumer goods to see cross into buildings as one of the main supply routes within the u.k. . when john o'neill drives from scotland to bill foster, he doesn't lead to you can't even though he crosses the sea, it's stick crossing not an international one. you can take a load of my own. i'm going to jump on the ferry, come across. you can go, please about passing, go to the park. it's almost always so hosam just strange that scummy. so different i often joined belfast tata will be required to enforce e.u. customs rules, meaning goods coming from britain will be subject to international controls. right now, he can sometimes be out of the port in 2 minutes, but in future, he will need to show a customs declaration and his

borisjohnson told the house of commons that britain's military was "the pride of britain" as he announced £16 billion of new money to "modernise" defence over the next four years. the extra money will help fund space and cyber projects. 0ur defence correspondent jonathan beale reports. britain's armed forces say they are about to undergo their biggest transformation since the end of the cold war. it will inevitably mean less of the old, like tanks and heavy armour and more of the new, to defend in the domains of cyber and space. british troops are already encountering threats such as this information and they will be part of a new national cyber force are ready to carry out offensive cyber operations. and there will be a new space command with plans to fire the first british rocket, like this us one, to launch their own military satellites. announcing the biggest increase in defence spending in decades, the prime minister said it would help his vision of a global britain and end an era of retreat.|j have done this in the teeth of the pandemic amid every other demand on oui’ pandemic am

your new book is so beautiful and eloquently written about britain's justice system. how difficult was it even to write a book at such a damning account of the judicial system here from the inside. to be honest with you, to spend a bit of time last year, just thinking about what a mess we've made of our justice, not just in the last few years, but books work from for centuries. we've spent time just, you know, looking people up for no reason trying to criminalize drugs with no good to really want and even put children in prisons, you know, from the police just insane. so we have a completely dysfunctional system, and i spent all these years with you on the side of the system. i just think it's about time the people on the outside notice not. you know, we covered the plight of julian, a songe, the weald famous journalist, the un special rapporteur, meals meltzer has been on this program at the edge and he was being tortured at belmont prison in london. you know, some people, i don't know, some mainstream media newspapers call it the holiday camps, these british presenc

what britain does, it's just for the government. they set up rules that the companies can't use this apparatus, but the government can. what britain gets out of it, the first real boost in their ability to exert power all across t globe. >> i a minute i want to ask you, if we have time after these questions, what t u.s. did differently. >> i will do that. >> and how they. >> just getting to at. >> i thought you were. >> a couple of quick questions. one, patty has a wonderful pair of questions. one, not trivial, but little things and the other one big. okay. the first one is the brit and american bks have different subtitle. is there a different story there or which do you prefer and why? or you're best off not commenting? >> i love all of my children equally. they have different covers, too, and the american o is more brash and the british one, blues and subtle. and i think the differenc is in britain there's more broad cultural memory of, you know, this is aondon story and, you kn, so i think their subtitle reflects that. no, i don

johnson is indeed britain's trump. ofin, because of the sort exterior and the way in which he bats questions way, people think is harmless and a bit clownish. it is not. he and others in his administration sherry hardline on brexit. until biden's victory, britain was moving in the direction of a no-deal brexit. now i think one thing that may happen -- and we have some evidence there is disarray and a johnson's inner circle -- is that biden has made clear his support for the good friday agreement. his absolute opposition to any violation of the good friday agreement. remember, until now, britain has been prepared to be an international rogue states and break the withdrawal agreement in what it calls a specific and limited way, but nonetheless it will be a breach of international law. i think that trump's -- bidens victory has made this a little less easy for the johnson government than they might have wanted it to be. i think quite a big spoke has been put in the will of hard brexiteers. times" had anyork interesting pi

indeed, the struggle of black people in britain between the 960, s. and 980 s. steve mcqueen return to the sounds and sense of his london childhood, his 5 film anthology, small acts true stories of resistance, protest and celebration from the black caribbean experience of the 1960 s. seventy's and eighty's for the oscar winner mcqueen. this is his 1st british production and his most personal for the series produced by the b.b.c. and amazon mcqueen casts some of britain's biggest stars lity to write famous from black panther plays one of the mangrove, 9 black activists put on trial in 1970 for daring to speak out against systemic racism, plays against the police. then maybe they have been the victim of injustice, of who like parasites to treat all these beliefs and seek to turn them to their own event. deliberately create and by these defendants are all guilty of the serious criminal offense. act of one stock john boy, you get plays leave really no can of real life police officer who trying to change and crisis system from within small acts tells the cotton stori

making britain great again, will not be done under boris johnson. that is for sure, the man is ever more threadbare, constantly reinventing himself, going off on his brain schemes. now he's off. on a green card. he is going to in 9 years from now, just 9 years, make diesel and petrol cars illegal when we have absolutely no infrastructure to charge electric cars and electric cars are about 3 times the price that the average person in britain can afford. 'd this is his latest tweet, us, of course it's own look over there. it's to divert people's attention from the many and deep political and economic problems that britain now has imagined that if i keep britain together and you're against assassin, now what's going on in the world today is something fanaa and all that. you and i been talking about now probably for 15 years. we've been friends, we've been talking about what i'm about to talk about here for 10 years. and that is something called bitcoin. and the reason i bring it up is that the u.s. comptroller of the currency says that the u.s. needs t

from the days of margaret thatcher, joe biden has been no stranger to britain, making it his business to know the prime ministers of the day. at least, until now. for borisjohnson has yet to meet the president—elect and the two men have their differences. mr biden has described the pm as a "physical and emotional clone" of donald trump. and as for brexit... had i been a member of parliament, had i been a british citizen, i would have voted against leaving. views shaped in part by his ancestry. mr biden, a quick word for the bbc? bbc? i'm irish. he's made clear that peace in northern ireland should not become a casualty of brexit, with a uk—us trade deal very much on the line. a warning repeated by allies. there are of course significant concerns here about how any departure arrangement, final status, between the uk and eu might impact the border in northern ireland. from downing street, the prime minister insisted the us was britain's closest, most important ally, and there was a good chance of a trade deal. there is far more that unites the government of this country and governme

britain's power, that doesn't mean that i say that britain is going to drift off into the shadows. but i think it does mean that the government should come up with a program about projecting power about taking on new commitments about being a player in europe to make sure that it remains as as relevant and partner to the united states going forward as it has been in the past, well, as you make clear in the book, fronts a 0 oldest ally, and of course those are both brecht's that they say this is segregation. this is making it an international power when it comes to america 1st, i don't know how you've coped them with the way the trump presidency has been chronicled by so-called, mainstream media. you make it clear that this is much older than many of these journalists actually understand america. yeah, i mean, i am not a big fan of donald trump. i think his presidency has been very difficult for those of us who live here very difficult for the rest of the world. he's in some ways taken a wrecking ball to the world america made in cooperation with its allies after world war 2. but i

there was a suggestion that britain might want tojoin there was a suggestion that britain might want to join that's, britain declined, we said we'd rather go our own way. but i think 300 million, if you look at these populations, probably proportionate to the 40 million the government tapped out, it would be interesting to see how that you are going to decide to distribute them, because i think all of next year, the politics of vaccine is going to dominate absolutely everything. i mean, there is already debate for example among some tory mps whether you should prioritise the working people, because of working people need to feel the account that will rage in europe at the same time, but what is clear is that britain will have no pa rt clear is that britain will have no part in the eu's vaccine programme. i think some vaccines had come to the forefront ahead of others and that you would've brought that one and not britain, that would be trouble for the government. i think they will get away with this one out. they are not decent position, at least initially with this big batch first o

in your view, can britain afford or simply not afford a no—deal brexit? well, for sure, there would be very severe short—term consequences from a no—deal... this isn't short—term, this is over ten years. well, we know that there would be long—term consequences, too, because they've been modelled, but there would be particularly severe short—term consequences. but we also have an obligation to do what the british people asked us to do in 2016, which is to implement that brexit result. and that was reaffirmed in the general election ofa yearago... but they didn't at any time vote to make the economy smaller by up to 8% over ten years. no, but they voted to leave the european union cleanly. and if we don't do that, there will be democratic consequences that, in my judgment, would far outweigh the economic consequences of leaving without a deal in the long run, because it would send a signal to... i mean, i voted to remain in the european union, i should say, stephen, but the majority of the country did not, and those people would interpret not leav

britain's power, that doesn't mean that i say that britain is going to drift off into the shadows. but i think it does mean that the government should come up with a program about projecting power about taking on new commitments about being a player in europe to make sure that it remains as, as relevant, a partner to the united states going forward as it has been in the past, well as you make clear in the book, francis 0 oldest. and of course those of all the bricks that they say, this is segregation. this is making it an international power when it comes to america 1st, i don't know how you've coped them with the way the trump presidency has been chronicled by so-called, mainstream media. you make it clear that this is much older than many of these journalists actually understand america. yeah, i mean, i am not a big fan of donald trump. i think his presidency has been very difficult for those of us who live here very difficult for the rest of the world. he's and some ways taken a wrecking ball to the world america made in cooperation with its allies after world war 2. but i do th

but now britain is leaving the e.u. . and so is northern ireland, sort of the province will have a special status and that complicates things. planning for the future is difficult . we songs do it here for next year, so he won't see the results of what he's doing today on till next oberst or september. so you know, calvert's 3 years before you sell the beef, it's not a very good follow on for their decision to take a long term. so we are concerned, but as again, somebody said warriors are wasted emotion or just get almost basically it's not just the sheep you are unsure of where to go. the family and the home, you know, of an island heading into uncharted territory. it's the biggest change that northern ireland has faced in decades and the road ahead could be difficult. the 1st concern is that northern alliance pledge of peace is not push at risk. and that's why it's been given a special status. not an island will remain part of the united kingdom and will also have access to the european single market. and that was the o

what britain does with this is the really reserve this just for the government. they set up rules for private companies can't use this to apparatus of credit by the treasury camp. what britain gets out of it is the first real boost in their ability to exert our all across the globe. >> in him minute i want to ask you what the u.s. did differently. a couple of quick questions. hattie has a wonderful pair of questions. one not trivial but the other what is big. the first one is, brits and american addition of different titles. is there a story there? which to do you prefer? >> i love all my children equally. they have different covers and they're very different in the copper style. i think they're both gorgeous. the american what is more brash and high and i contrast the british what is lovely blue and subtle textures, is great. i think the difference is, in britain this more broad cultural memory of, this is a luncheon story but their subtitle reflects that. i don't have a a preference. i think there are both great. >> that makes sense. i haven't seen the british

andi reduction of britain approximate age spending. and i certainly for one regret that a great deal because i think britain approximate commitment and meeting did nor .7% of gdp commitment to spend on foreign aid has been one of our countries proudest achievement. —— britain's 80 spending. to cut the aid budget any time and probably the worlds poorest need our assistance most i think is a great strain and gas, we will have to take really difficult spending decisions. by balancing the covid—19 budgets on the backs of the worlds poorest people seems to be a wrong decision to me and i hope people at this late stage the government will choose not to make it. the guardian suggesting the prime minister decided to boost spending on armed forces, keen to show us president electjoe biden and britain what are they strong military capability after brexit. i'm not sure what his motivations are. there was apparently a bit of a tussle between the pm, the treasury, and the defence department for the last few weeks over this. but i do agree wit

when britain entered world war 2, it's media had to toe the government grind. as the primary distributor,, an amplifier of winston churchill's wartime speeches, the b.b.c., now a global player, grew central to the government's propaganda drive. at the dawn of the television age, the b.b.c. was well positioned to grow with the technology. and the times that was most clearly reflected in the 1960 s. and seventy's. when a culture of deference was making way for a determination to challenge authority, it was an age of liberation. questioning the old post-war assumption was a lot of foreign news more more, more than they do not. they were the wars in africa. nam was going to be artillery support for the americans and for the cause of this they're not immediately life or to lose out here. but i feel that the climate changed. i think perhaps mostly under the prime ministership of margaret thatcher. good evening. well, it looks like being one of the most exciting election nights are with the possibility of a very close result and the prospect having its 1st woman prime

well, britain gives aid for those children. and regardless of the fact oxfam is alleging that the g 20 sales dwarfs the actual aid being given. i think the oxfam report says of the g 20 arms sales to saudia 3 times the humanitarian aid money. surely you can criticize the british government for its response to the yemen, humanitarian catastrophe, because it gives so much aid. oh, absolutely, absolutely i'm. i'm very much on the, on, on the side of the, of the people and it gives of aid and the agencies of course, legislators give more aid, but let us be very careful about south our military exports. they had to be, they have, i think they should be, they should be stopped spending an international inquiry, which i think the united nations might might well carry out this. i'm not for a moment criticising the amount of aid that we give. i am criticising our arms exports and the damage that they do the you've covered more as in your history of war reporting with the r.a.f. . i mean, how, how is it possible that if they are half a t

would griffith a very porter who has been raising the issue in britain 2nd chamber the house of lords thank so much not given for coming on using a seat in the house of lords to campaign for the expansion of free school meals what is it like to live on them. well when i was a small child i did little nym and the memory hasn't faded i was raised in a one parent family in poor circumstances and my mother was on benefits and the only money she had was the pittance that came from that benefit so she counted on this the preschool me at the. yard of the schools they went to and i know that when it came to the holidays sheba's fearful that she would not have the sort of budget that would allow it to put food on the table in a world of growing boys needs i remember the pentagon remember the fear right members haggard face a member of the anxieties just as much to do with a sense of impending doom as it is a part of what i ate and what i did the now of course you know that british prime minster of our strengths and says money has been given to local councils to help children universal credit t

the member might recall the famous issue around lasagnes from great britain into northern ireland. frankly, it is a nonsense. but first: boris johnson, six tory mps, and two political aides are self—isolating after a breakfast meeting inside downing street last week. one of the mp5, lee anderson, later tested positive for covid—i9, and on sunday, the prime minister was told to self—isolate by nhs england's test and trace. in a video from number ten, boris johnson urged others to "follow the rules" if contacted. he insisted he had no symptoms and is "fit as a butcher's dog". meanwhile in the commons, jacob rees—mogg announced that the government plans to extend virtual participation in debates to include extremely vulnerable mps. it follows an incident last week when an mp with breast cancer complained to him that she hadn't been able to take part in a debate on the illness in the parallel debating chamber of westminster hall. my honourable friend, the member for chatham and aylesford, made a brave and moving appeal to be allowed to contribute more to our proceedings through

with the invention of national debt is the extraordinary cost of war that britain cannot just handle out of everyday receipts they have to keep the army in the field so the right vast sums starting in 1693. the first were tens and they be group and then another starts and they do the same thing they always borrow at the point of crisis so decades and decades and high interest rate so the mid- 17 teens it overshadowed the revenue goes to pay half interest on the debt accumulated over the previous 25 years. >> but the key was they thought they found a way, this company at first took a shot at consolidating this debt and then selling the right to receive the payment of the debt you could do that in theory so that package debt as an asset believe it was something to come. >> it was an asset. britain borrowed everywhere he they could they sold lottery tickets and carried interest, interest, they sold annuities so people can have the guaranteed payment for life. they sold straight up debt bill had different terms and constraints. one of the things about almost all of them the people that r

borisjohnson told the house of commons that britain's military was "the pride of britain" as he announced 16 billion pounds of new money to "modernise" defence over the next four years. the extra money will help fund space and cyber projects. our defence correspondent jonathan beale reports. britain's armed forces say they are about to undergo their biggest transformation since the end of the cold war. it will inevitably mean less of the old, like tanks and heavy armour and more of the new, to defend in the domains of cyber and space. british troops are already encountering threats such as this information and they will be part of a new national cyber force are ready to carry out offensive cyber operations. and there will be a new space command with plans to fire the first british rocket, like this us one, to launch their own military satellites. announcing the biggest increase in defence spending in decades, the prime minister said it would help his vision of a global britain and end an era of retreat. i have done this in the teeth of the pandemic amid every other demand on our resources

would serve the whole of britain, the wealthy and the pole, the genius and the food. and it would report the news without fear or favor. mission statements, much easier to write them for film. and it didn't take long for a conflict to sufis between the b.b.c.'s dependence on the government and its journalistic need to be independent from it. the b.b.c.'s news and current affairs output here in the u.k. is at the heart of that conflict. one that has a various points in the network's history threatened its very existence. there is a permanent tension between the government of the day, whatever political color and the b.b.c. . i've put it this way. the b.b.c. is independent of government pressure until such time as it is not reports from every part of the country to reveal the general strike which began at midnight has caused enormous industrial $926.00. millions of workers take to the streets in a general strike called in support of britain's coal miners. put workers stop the presses in solidarity. that left the b.b.c. less than 4 years old as the country's only nationa

and we are talking about exporting, it is notjust about great britain into the eu. those certificates are going to apply from goods going from great britain into northern ireland. that is exactly right we are going to see goods travelling across the irish sea being subject to these export health certificates. and these certificates will be needed for all commercial shipments of meat, fish and cheese going from great britian to northern ireland. this is not a one—off cost. certification will be needed for every product, every time. so that cost is going to be felt. spotlight has spoken to other vets who will be involved in this certification process about the likely costs. and the news isn't good for northern ireland consumers. filling outjust one of these export health certificates on something straightforward, like a single block of cheese, could increase its import cost by an extra £50. and at those prices, it could have implications for which products appear on our shelves. meet mark. he presides over an impressive cheese counter in his belfast deli. when you'

here in britain either. not, no, no, i know, but they're all, they're all following this again, her up items women coming in and it's going to be, you know, back to back to the office chair. but i think that actually what's happening with iran is that biden is over, baby is asking for too much from the us. and he's saying he wants to bring in all of the gulf states, saudi arabia. israel must be, must be in agreement with that. the israeli ambassador said the combi an agreement, unless israel is at the table, they want to get rid of the sunset cross'. they want to change other aspects of it . i'm not sure that iran will do that, so they've made it very clear. they don't want to and what's changed is iran has new options as russia and china. more that the american administration of mr. trump attacked china and russia. so the closer that has brought them to iraq. iran has a pivotal in the planning both of russia and of china. and china has been investing large resources in europe in iran, quietly, but substanti