he wente deng xiaoping, from china to europe right after the first world war. enlai.zhou he has a founding member of the party and part of the intellectual elite from china, that went to school in europe. you can see from the wonderful picture on your left, this is a westernized bunch. you're going to see other pictures, where they go back and dress in a more traditional chinese way. but these young students going to europe were of the european culture. and the european culture at the time had a lot of socialist and communist leanings. [coughing] so the communist international was founded in 1919 and zhou enl ai shows up in 2020 -- 1920, and off they go. the other is deng xiaoping, who after a short interregnum in 1976-1978, will take over china. he is the second leader for all intents and purposes. 1978-1974, deng xiaoping is the paramount leader, and you can see what his european story as. there are people who say today that xi jinping is the strongest ruler in china, since mao. be,interesting thing will why it is now, and not deng? deng was known for economi

xiaoping onwards has been heavily influenced by seeing what happens when there is a lack of control, lack of anticipation, and trying to work out how to respond in advance. so i think these are closely connected topics. they are, andi closely connected topics. they are, and i take your point that your specialism isn't china, but nonetheless you have written two books which in the are about the power of china, going through millennia but particularly in the new silk roads, talking about china and its relationship with the neighbourhood and even all the way to europe, in the 21st century. and i would just suggest to you that maybe you are over estimating the power and influence that china wields today. so, what i thinki am writing about is that two—thirds of the worldpopulation that lives east of istanbul, and the amount of attention being paid to the people in those regions by not just china, by russia, by iran, by india, by pakistan, by the us, and to some extent by europe. so my interest, i think, not china centric. it is about seeing what influence and impact there is in these re

maybe the key moment was deng xiaoping declaring that china was going to embrace capitalism and that he was going to do it while maintaining the political authority of the communist party. maybe that... when we look at the span of the next 100 years, that will be much more important. well, i would buy a book about that. and you're right. i mean, in fact, the tiananmen square incident in july 1989 happened...was almost synchronous with the berlin wall coming down and the collapse of the soviet union sent shock waves through the communist party in china. and even now xijinping is, i wouldn't say obsessive, but studies very carefully about how the soviet union had failed to adapt and how it failed to respond to the crisis in ‘89. and there's no doubt that the modern trajectory of china from deng xiaoping onwards has been very heavily influenced by seeing what happens when there's a lack of control, lack of anticipation and trying to work out how to respond in advance, so i think that these are...these are very closely connected topics. well, they are. and i take your point that your s

he spent nearly ten years to publish a book on the life of deng xiaoping who advocated a policy of reform and opening up. his linguistic abilities allowed him access to a vast network in japan and china. last year he published "china and japan" a book that addresses the history of exchanges between the countries. the u.s. embassy in tokyo has posted a comment on twitter saying vogel's scholarship brought americans and japanese closer together and "japan is number one" is still essential reading for understanding japan's economic might. >>> the 2004 indian ocean tsunami killed over 220,000 people making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in history, but 16 years on, memories of the tragedy are fading. one teacher is sharing his experience with people too young to have memories of their own. nhk world has more. >> a school teacher in an area of southern thailand that was devastated by the 2004 tsunami. >> please raise your hand if you know what a tsunami is. is that all? >> he was 10 years old when giant waves approached his village. he was told to run to the second floor of a neighb

xiaoping paramount leader of the people's republic paving the way for lifting 800000000 people out of poverty we speak to the britain who introduced foster care to the global superpower of the 21st century that is routinely defamed in the west for terminating us at your money to power and is the un predicts coronavirus may push of a 200000000 more people into extreme poverty we speak to a book along with the novelist about his portrayal of london's underbelly of ultraviolet crime arguably created by upper class political ideology and ask why politicians in the media get violent crimes so wrong all this more coming up in today's going underground of 1st as china looks to the stars after a successful moon landing and with its public health vaccine program looking to be the largest in history on top of lifting 800000000 people out of poverty will nations look to the people's republic not just for public health but for the organization of society itself joining me now is robert glover o.b.e. whose new book as many as the stars a story of change for the children of china charts the opennes

xiaoping paramount leader of the people's republic paving the way for lifting 800000000 people out of poverty we speak to the britain who introduced force to kids of the global superpower of the 21st century that is routinely defamed in the west for terminating us and. and does the u.n. predict coronavirus may push of a 200000000 more people into extreme poverty we speak to a book along with the novelist about his portrayal of london's underbelly of ultraviolet crime arguably created by upper class political ideology and ask why politicians in the media get violent crimes so wrong all this more coming up in today's going underground of 1st as china looks to visto us after a successful moon landing and with its public health vaccine program looking to be the largest in history on top of lifting 800000000 people out of poverty will nations look to the people's republic not just for public health but for the organization of society itself joining me now is robert glover o.b.e. whose new book as many as the stars a story of change for the children of china charts the openness of china to

the decision fell to the aged leader deng xiaoping he declared martial law and mobilize the army . the reformist leader of the party recognize the danger was near he went to the square to plead with the students what is in the despite the tears of the general secretary of the party the hardliners won the square was to be emptied and divided. you shall both saw that danger was imminent and with 3 others started a hunger strike to demands nonviolence both from the students and also from the army which was already stationed around the city. to them but the whole generation really wanted to show that we were turning our backs on the communist party through the marxist leninist parties in power and especially the chinese communist party and proclaiming their power grows out of the barrel of a gun and that they backed violent struggle the mark of nonviolence was for us a way of expressing a total breakdown from party ideology and swats engineer. during the evening of the 3rd of june 1990 the people. liberation army advance through the city the massacre began at each pockets of resistance

xiaoping paramount leader of the people's republic paving the way for lifting 800000000 people out of poverty we speak to the britain who introduced foster care to the global superpower of the 21st century it is routinely defamed in the west for terminating us. and is the un predicts coronavirus may push of a 200000000 more people into extreme poverty we speak to a book a long list of novelist about his portrayal of london's underbelly of ultraviolet crime arguably created by upper class political ideology and ask why politicians in the media get violent crimes so wrong all this more coming up in today's going underground of 1st as china looks to the stars after a successful moon landing and with its public health vaccine program looking to be the largest in history on top of lifting 800000000 people out of poverty will nations look to the people's republic not just for public health but for the organization of society itself joining me now is robert glover o.b.e. whose new book as many as the stars a story of change for the children of china charts the openness of china to respond to

but then deng xiaoping changed world, gorbachev in my view helped save the world from catastrophe. that's the way i link it right now. i would add two more people in the middle east. i would add president sadat who had a vision about peace in the middle east, and i think his influence was enormous. and also rabin in israel. he had a vision, and he was willing to reach out. leadership in that area of the world is still very important and we haven't had nearly enough enlightened leadership in the middle east. >> senator, the cold war, as we mentioned, has been over 30 years. as we stand here now 75 years after it first began, what lessons did we learn from it? are we safer now than we were at the height of the cold war? what's the great legacy and lesson from the cold war that senator nunn takes? >> there are many. but let me just name a few. one is that we do still have nuclear posture that's extremely dangerous. i think there's less chance now of a deliberate nuclear war. it would be something like a premeditated attack. i think there's actually more chance, more risk of a blunder,

and it goes back to deng xiaoping in 1979, another critical event from that fateful year, and he modernized his -- he decided to reform the society of china, modernized their economy, and they had a run of about 10% for quite a while of their gdp growth. and today, they've slowed down to call it 6%, 7%, something in that range, but that's still extraordinary growth for an economy. so for 40 years now, 41, the chinese economy has really gone on a roll, extraordinarily powerful, and in its wake has come a modernized, reformed, very, very capable chinese military. so where the soviet military was the pacing threat, if you will, back in the 70s and 80s sort of thing, and when i became was -- when i was commissioned. today, i would argue that the chinese military and the challenge from a rising china, if you will, that is really the pacing threat of today, so a lot of geo-strategic changes, a lot of changes in the environment in terms of technology urbanization -- in terms of technology, urbanization is rapidly approaching. almost 80% of the world's population by mid-century. so there's a lot of

so i think if we went back to 1978 when deng xiaoping started to reform the process, if the u.s. at that time had said no, you're not come into the global economy, we won't trade with you, , we won't invest in you, e won't share our technology and expertise, that would be a crushing blow to china's early reform ambitions, and maybe the global economy today would look very different to how it actually does. but here we are in 2020. china is a second biggest economy in the world. the biggest exporter in the world, and export increasingly of capital to many emerging markets, multinationals here in the u.s., in europe and japan and korea are deeply invested in their china relationship both as a source of supply and as a source of demand. so it's clear there's been a change in the way the world views china, it's very clear here in the u.s. and europe, and other parts of the world there has been a shift in focus on thinking about the opportunities from worrying about the risks and thinking about how to manage them. but is that going to mean a decoupling? is that going to mean a cold wa

it was growing very rapidly under deng xiaoping and i attribute a large measure of its growth to the fact it was moving towards a market economy. it does now face some issues. it's debt is growing, it state owned enterprises are not vigorous, and it is aging. the question is how can we deal with it. serve --think it would i do not think it would serve the president to walk away from phase one politically and publicly and i do not think he can eliminate the $370 billion tariffs. gradualthe fix will be and it will require negotiation. on structural issues, there are many. limiting the subsidies to state owned enterprises and forbidding them to compete with the non-safe sector without notification so actions can be taken. the percentage cap on investment. we should involve like-minded nations who share our views and our complaints. this should not be a shouting match. i belong to the school, indra gandhi said you cannot shake hands with a clenched fist, and i think we need to talk to china in terms of specific spirit how can we move it in the direction that is positive for it and the re