this is barbados, the first slave plantation economy in the world. this is where slavery plantation, british capitalism all came together. a small place becoming the centre of the financial world of the west. it is a tremendous history. a tremendous history, but it is also one of great, great tragedy. absolutely. the entire structures we see here, these economic systems called plantations, the enslavement of thousands of african peoples on these islands, the tragic nature of the slave trade, the exploitation of people at the most extreme levels in human history old generated —— at the most extreme levels in human history all generated tremendous wealth. and barbados became known as the wealthiest colony in the world because of slavery and sugar, and the way in which it plugged into the british economy, the way in which britain grew wealthy out of all of this. but the legacy of british enslavement, the exploitation of african peoples on these plantations, the legacies are all around us. the poverty, the underdevelopment, the consistent institution

ways -- the work of the plantation took place. so in his narrative, he described some of the order, some of the structures of power on a cotton plantation. the landscape, one of the things he points out, the landscape was arranged into rows. so there were neat, orderly ways of laying out a cotton field. that made it easy for overseers or slave drivers, it made it easy for them to see the progress of enslaved people. if everybody is lined up, you can see how far everyone is moving. so the positioning of the overseer is one of the things that northup highlights here. an overseer is up on horseback. you can imagine somebody standing 10 feet tall and how much they could see as opposed to somebody who is 5'5", 6 feet tall. overseers would literally see over, watch over the work of enslaved people. and overseers would use the whip to continue to compel enslaved people to do this work. he writes that the lashes is constantly moving. all day long, people are being whipped. the sound of the slashes, like a constant background noise for pla

the plantation took place. so in his narrated, north up describes some of the order, the structures of power on a cotton plantation. the landscape, one of the things he points out, it was arranged into rows. there were need, orderly ways of laying out the cotton field. that made it easy for overseers, slave drivers, slaveowners, it made it easy for them to see the progress of enslaved people as they were moving across the field. everybody is lined up, you can see how far everyone is moving. the positioning of the overseer is one of those things that north wrapped hires. you can imagine someone on horseback, standing ten feet tall, how much they could see as opposed to somebody who is five foot and a half, six feet tall. right? overseers on horseback with literally see over, watch over the work of enslaved people. overseers would use the whip to continue to compel enslaved people to do this work. north writes the lashes are constantly moving all day long. people are being whipped. the sound of the lashes is like

and here's the earl and the queen on their sugar plantation in barbados in february 1966, a plantation that was bought by the families of the earl's... right, so... ..in 1782 with 300 slaves. so it's the symbolism of that kind of act, all right. powerful symbolism. what about the commonwealth, though? because there are many who say that it's... philip murphy, director of the institute of commonwealth studies, says, "the commonwealth has an admirable record of progressive causes, most notably the struggle against apartheid." would you want barbados to leave the commonwealth too? no, i live in a modern world, i live in a realistic environment. the commonwealth is a very significant institution. there are challenges, of course, with most institutions. the commonwealth is made up of the categories of the british empire. there's the white commonwealth, there's a brown commonwealth, and there's a black commonwealth, all together under the rubric "the commonwealth". there are some serious challenges within the relationship and the elements within the commonwealth. but on the whole, i believe,

the japanese were enticed to go to hawaii the sugar plantation people came to japan to recruit workers. they said gee if you work three years in the sugar plantations of hawaii. it's equivalent to working 10 years in a factory since japan. so close to 1,000 people way back in 1885 went on 103 year labor contract to the sugar plantations of hawaii, but when they got there, they found out differently. they had four minutes or lunas. they had whips they used the leather whoops on the workers. so slave like condition. so many of them got out of their three year labor contract escaped to maybe the coffee plantations or the pineapple plantations and some of them went back to the cities others were enticed to go to the mainland many of you heard of benjamin franklin. he was a great statesman. however, he wanted to keep america white. it's a way back in 1751 benjamin franklin says, he didn't want the blacks or the asians here in america. and in the 1850s america wanted to visit a transcontinent of railway from new york to california, but they couldn't get enough workers. so what did the americ

>> quick question. >> probably the whitney plantation. i did return, i did my reporting at the place -- i think i went there ing, february 2019. then i went back for thanksgiving at 2019, my family was f all in new orleans from my grandmother's 80th birthday so part of what we did was we went to the whitney plantation together. right five parents me a box and i was there with my grandmother who if you read the book, talking about the way she learned about slavery and caring chain because she had been taught so many lessons in the early 20th century. they were slave owners and in africa and she was on her own journey, a few years old on learning so much of what she had been taught her entire life. displace the louisiana centers the lives of enslaved people and surrounded by a compilation of plantations where people hold weddings take pictures in front of them. they rejected the idea we can understand plantation as anything other than torturous but at the same time should underpants and the people fully human individuals so i went with my g

>> the question. >> probably the whitney plantation. i did return, i did my reporting, i think i went there in february 2019 and i went back for thanksgiving of 2019 because my family was all in new orleans for my grandmother's 80th birthday so part of what we did was we all went to the whitney plantation together and i write in my book, i was there with my grandfather who, if you read the book part of like talk to her about the way she learned about slavery carried a lot of shame because she had been taught so many lessons that everyone was running about, slavery wasn't instant institution, they were saved from the savagery of africa she was on her own journey at 80 years old my son unlearning so much of what she had been taught her entire life. when we were at the whitney displaced in louisiana that centers the lives of enslaved people surrounded by the plantations were people continue to hold weddings take pictures in front of where enslavers were, the whitney rejected the idea that we can understand plantation is anything other than

of a plantation the way it should be told. i think it is a powerful place that can be a catalyst for all sorts of learning and unlearning and recalibration of how we understand what slavery was. so ashley, when you come visit me in new orleans we will go to the whitney. and we will eat cupcakes. [laughing] >> we have an anonymous attendee question who writes come was anything you came across in your research that surprised you? >> yes. i've got this question a couple of times over the past two weeks. i know we're running close in time so give rapidfire answers. angolan prison. i've been teaching a present for the last seven years in massachusetts and in d.c. but i was not prepared for what i saw when i was at angola, is specifically there's a whole lot to say about angola which is a prison built on top of the four plantation which disproportionally incarcerates black man in which they got in fields to virtually work for no pay. look, that place had a gift shop and it had shot glasses and coffee mugs and baseball caps and sweat

he is to crime a vegetable wagon from the plantation to the newly founded university of north carolina chapel hill on sundays. and eventually me in writing poems for students girlfriend is to give the girlfriends. and he would talk with them and they realize he was a poet he became friends and professors wife helped him get in first couple of his books published. and he eventually asked his master if he could live in the chapel hill. hogan is poems the slaveowner agrees laws he faced a certain amount of money today which he does. we lived until emancipation off the plantation like off-campus sort of thing. it is most amazing story. and fourthly, is afraid until emancipation was. uni married and has two nephi wind up with three books of his poems. always return to the poems of clifton especially at the and of the chronological survey of american. - >> after retain this, after remember. [inaudible]. [laughter] >> this is very important. right now were having this conversation with a history and black lives matter movement. major concern right now in our country is the tax the asian ameri

probably the whitney plantation and i did return to it. i think i went there and february of 2019 and then i went back for thanksgiving in 2019 because my family was all the new orleans for my relative's 80th birthday. part of all we did plus was we all went to the whitney plantation together and i read write about my grandparents at the end of the book. i was there with my grandmother who would read this and part of what i talked to her about was what she had learned about slavery in curing a shame because she had been taught so many lessons that everyone was taught during the 20th century. there were benevolent slaveowners never saved from the savagery of africa and she was on her own journey at 80 years old sort of unlearning so much of what she had been taught her entire life. the place and we estimate that centers on the lives of the people and surrounded by weddings and have bridal suites and slave cabins. we can understand it is anything but torture site but the same time we can understand the people that held the sites. when i went

probably the whitney plantation. and i did return to it so i did my reporting at the place and then i went back for thanksgiving of 2019 because my family was in new orleans for my grandmother's 80th birthday. i write about my grandparents at the end of the book in the epilogue and i was there with my grandmother who if you read the book part of what i talk about is t the way she learned about slavery and was carrying a lot of shame because she had been taught so many of the lessons everyone was taught which is it was a civilized institution, benevolent slaveholders. she was on her own journey of sort of unlearning so much of what she had been taught her entire life. this place in louisiana that centers the lives of enslaved people surrounded by the constellation where people continue to hold weddings and take pictures fundamentally rejected the idea that we could understand anything other than this. but we should understand the people that were held. when i went with my grandparents, my wife and kids, it was so powe

>> good question. >> probably the whitney plantation. and i did return to it, but i actually did my recording at the place, maybe i can-- i think i went there in february of 2019. and then i went back for thanksgiving of 2019 because my family was all in new orleans for my grandmother's 80th birth da i day what we did was go to the whitney plantation together as a family and i write about my grandparents in the epilogue of the book. and she had carried shame because she was taught the lessons in the early 20', slavery was an institution, there were benevolent slave owners and they were saved from africa. and she was on her own journey of 80 years old of sort of unlearning so much of what she had been taught her entire life. and when we're at the whitney, it's a place in louisiana that centers the lives of enslaved people and surrounded by a constellation of plantations where people continue to hold weddings and take pictures in front of houses of enslavers and have bridal suites in former slave cabin. and slavery is tortured life. and th

he used it to drive a vegetable wagon from the plantation to the newly founded university of north carolina chapel hill on sundays to fill the masters vegetables. eventually he began writing poems for students girlfriends, unc students to give their girlfriends. he would talk with them and realize he was a poet. the professor's wife helped him to get his first couple of books published. he eventually asked the master if he can live in chapel hill and work on his poems and the slave owner agrees as long as he pays a certain amount of money a day a which he does. so he lives until emancipation off the plantation. like, off-campus sort of. it's the most amazing story. unfortunately he's not freed until emancipation when i think he goes to philadelphia and marries and has children . he ended up with three books of his poems and i always return to the poems of lucille clifton at the and of the chronological survey of american lit. >> there's something i have to change when you say off-campus . this is very important but having this conversation about us history, social justice, black lives matte

emancipation off the plantation, off-campus sort of, it's the most amazing storyf . unfortunately he's not freed until emancipation when he goes to i think philadelphia and marries and has children and we end up with i think three books of his poems, amazing. i always return to the poems of clifton, especially at the end of chronological survey of american lit. >> i have to retain when you say off-campus plantation -- [laughter] on a serious note, this is very important, are taught having this conversation about u.s. history, black lives matter movement but while we m have ths discussion, the major concern right now in our country is attacks against asian americans. i have seen some people say we need to know more about asian americans, koreans and japanese and in your own work as teachers and research, how much are you highlighting the work of asian americans? >> i begin with you, kim because when we go back and this is why i have so much admiration for you, when i was trying to create the program for historical colleges, you are the first personir, i always saw you

so tell me why he was included. >> . >> and with the sugar and plantation of course the plantations were very racially stratified and the working conditions particularly for immigrants were brutal in the cane field. and looking at from pearl harbor and right across the street with the rotc. and then to run across the street and those other cadets on the campus. and then those hawaii territorial. but then they were issued guns. so then that night finding themselves down and waterfront can on —- patrolling the waterfront guarding what everybody expected would be the invasion by japanese imperial forces. unfortunately as we will see in a clip in a moment his time was cut short. >> go ahead and share the clip. >> and then two or three nights in a row with five rounds of ammunition. so what was that? and what we were referring to. and then a month and half later and then to say we word report down waking up at 2:00 o'clock in the morning. >> . >> and then commander and told us point-blank. and then to argue i'm pretty sure he refused to his japanese ancestors. so as of now you are being dis

until emancipation off the plantation, off-campus sort of, it's the most amazing story. unfortunately he's not freed until emancipation when he goes to philadelphia and marries and has children and we end up with i think three books of his poems so amazing. i always return to the poems especially at the end of a chronological survey of america lit. >> something i have to retain when you say off-campus, off plantation, it's just a joke. [laughter] on a serious note in this is important, we are talking right now having this conversation with history, black lives matter movement but while we have this discussion, the major concern right now in our country is asian-american attacks. i've seen some people say we need to know more about asian americans, koreans and japanese and doing research, how much are you highlighting the work of asian americans? i'll bring it with you, can. >> when i go back, this is why i have admiration for you. when i wash trying to create ths program at historic black colleges, you are one of the first persons, feet first person, i always saw you wor

they said, gee, if you worked in the sugar plantations of hawaii is equivalent to working ten years in a factory in japan. so, close to 1000 people, way back in 1885 went on a three-year labor contract to a sugar plantation in hawaii. but when they got there, they found out differently. they had a foreman's who had whips. they used leather whips on the workers. so, it was slave like conditions. so, many of them got out of their three year labor contract, escape to the other plantations, or pineapple plantations. and some of them went back to the cities, others were enticed to go to the mainland. many of you have heard of benjamin franklin. he was a great statesman. however, he wanted to keep america white. so, way back in 1751, benjamin franklin says, he did not want the blacks or haitians here in america. and in the 18 fifties, america wanted to visit the transcontinental whale way of new york to california, but they could not get enough workers, so what did america do? they want to china to recruit the chinese to come and build the railroad. once the railroads were built, they did no

part of the problem was that there sort of cultural differences between growing up in the plantation that in hawaii and growing up in los angeles and going to ucla. but one of the roots of the problem was that the kids from hawaii, a young man from y, universally spoke pidgin english and the mainland guys simply could not understand what they were saying. that made the guys from allies feel disrespected, and so is tension arose between them and on that level they couldn't communicate. they had different attitudes towards the life and anticipate in the war. a lot of the young man from the mainland have came out of the camp and they felt they had a righteous cause. a were very serious about what they were doing in terms of wanting to prove their loyalty and respect for japanese americans in general. the hawaii guys by a large many of them were kind of oblivious to this. they knew the camps existed but it didn't really, they didn't internalize it, and the groups are having such a hard time getting along that the commanders were considering disbanding the 442nd until actual i believe it

some of the essay is for instance look at the record of six major plantations and what was happening in the family. they found 70% had a man and a woman raising children and the two parent households continue for a century afterwards also when whites were at their worst, blacks were atd their best. during that period the illiteracy rate was like 75% and in less than 50 years that number reduced to 25% to the pointne where when the governmet said they found there was very little they could do because the institutions that had been established in the church were already attacking that problem and found nowhere in the history of the world that people moved from the rate down to 25% in such a short period of time. we also talk about how we achieved against the odds under very difficult o circumstances r instance in 1929 in chicago when we were denied access to financing from banks, venture capitall established 731 black-owned businesses in 1929 with $100 million in real estate assets and almost every major city there was kind of a black wall street but these stories of triumph in the fac

and currently, the plantation it and you can actually see the landmark and from charleston's wealthiest family. and the plantation operated by the foundation and the owner of the southland the fact of the smithsonian. [inaudible]. and is properly exhibited in international african-american culture. this sack, as so many twists and so many turns along his journey to these various sites in our country. was a pivotal moment of the south history in a place where like you just like keep me was looking through bands in tennessee, and was coming through rags and came across the sack. it looked like a rag. and it was with other rags, it cost around $20. and then discovered was on a doll when it seemed. because in fact, even while compelling of the twists and turns that it took, it could open up things about enslaved women's lives in about black families, and about heirlooms and other things. and about rugs, and and thanks. as a passed down heirloom. his treasured through the generations. this is a common family practice and it's one that i have been fortunate enough to engage in as well. in a n

essentially large sugarcane and pineapple plantation, and of course the plantations were very racially stratified and working conditions were really brutal. as a student at the university of hawaii he witnessed the attack on pearl harbor from the residence hall and upon seeing this, he ran across the street as a member of the rotc. he ran across the street and joined dozens or hundreds of other young cadets on the campus. they were quickly in the hawaii territorial guard. that night, they were issued guns that they did not know how to use and for that night, he found himself down on the waterfront in honolulu guarding against what everybody expected would be an invasion of the forces. unfortunately, as we are going to see in the clip here in a moment, the territorial guard. >> go ahead and show the clip talking about the hawaii card. a student was dropped off at the guard in the dark four hour shifts. for two or three in a row we were serving. i don't know what we would have done because we were given the five rounds of ammunition and we didn't even know how to fire a gun. [inaudible]

, manuscripts of the plymouth plantation. king james bible. we know where that bible is located. and we also know that they also brought another bible which is known as the geneva bible. what's really powerful about this exhibit is this geneva bible actually belonged to william bradford, who was the second lieutenant governor of plymouth, but this bible is kind of interesting in its very controversial because of what it is. in 1560 the first edition of this text english puritans fled from england to geneva. while they were there because they were under protestant persecution, they produced what is known as the geneva bible because it was translated there. this is the very first english bible that would use the hebrew and the greek in its translation. it's also the first english bible to contain what is known as the typeset that we are familiar with in the newspaper as well today. before you had this medieval gothic text. and now you have the more friendly, easier text to look upon. it's also the first bible with study notes.

this is another image here of this plantation in buford, south carolina. images of harriet tubman and images of the call for men and women to join the war by frederick douglassdouglass. looking at the posing of the experience of quiet moment of going into the studio here. he says we have gone quietly along as he prepares for the war and how long it takes to get to south carolina and prepare for the war. album is bound. we see the power of images. in terms of his image and what he used throughout his lifetime, the importance of the war and his story. the narrative of history lessons. we think a portrait, this portrait of charles douglas, frederick douglass who after his father said the call to arms, called to arms that this is a way of looking at his history. he's prepared to fight with his brother. he says i've been in two fights. he describes the people who were wounded in upstate new york. then he writes another. my dear girl, do not fret yourself to death. i beg of you. he's also concerned about her life. her concern. he talks about the experience of th

this is the house on the grounds of the plantation, built in the 1650s, where the slave owners

also, i just recently discovered this image of the plantation scene as entitled antebellum tableau by shawn mullin, and it is a fascinating story as i am trying to place the land, and place the personal experience and place the memory of the enslavement and also of the civil war. here we see a land owner who is standing in the front, and we see a post that is the fascinating aspect of the image, and we can see the young woman who is straight in the back. she has a bonnet in her hand, and another young girl who is actively posing as if she is sweeping the land. the experience of this, and when we think of dress in these images and the importance of land and family stories, this -- finding these images and meeting -- when i was researching this story, i was looking for ways to tell how photography mediated with the silencing of this history by going into public and private collections to find another narrative. this is a port rate of richard etheridge. and he writes a letter to his former captain, orem hedrick -- in the days to come, we will have a chance to say hello again. this is imp

some of my essays for instance look at the records of six major plantations at the end of slavery to look at what was happening in the families. they found that 70% of slave families in this tradition of two-parent households continued through a century afterwards. also when whites were at their worst and blacks were at their best during that t period the literacy rate of lacks was 75% and less than 50 years that number returns returned to 25% to the pointd where when the government they found there was little that they could do. he was already attacking that problem and they found nowhere in the history of the world where people had a 75% literacy rate down to 25 or send sent in such a short period of time. in my essay i talk about how we are cheating against the odds of the physical circumstances. for instance in 1929 in chicago in lebron filled section when we were allowed access to financing banks blacks established black owned businesses in 1929 with $100 million in real estate assets in almost every major city there was a black wall street. these stories of triumph in a te face

so some of our essays for instance talk, looks at the records of six major plantations at the end of slavery. to look at what was happening in the family. they found that 70 percent of slave families had a man and a woman raised as children and this tradition of two-parent households continued for a century afterwards. also when whites were out there at theirworst, blacks were at their best . when the ring that period, the literacy rate of blacks was like 75 percent and in less than 50 years that number reduced to 25 percent to the point where when the government sent workers out to a blacks and becoming literate they found there was very little they could do because the mediating institutions that have been established in the black church was already attacking that problem and they found nowhere in the history of the world that did a people move from a 75percent illiteracy rate down to 25 percent in such a short period of time . so again, rsa we also talk about how we achieve against the odds under very difficult circumstances. for instance in 1929, in chicago brownsville section wh

also the home of a very lucrative plantation system. to brazil, roughly 3.5 were loaded on the ships and 3.2 million arrived. this is about 36% of the total, a little more than a third. so overwhelmingly, the caribbean and brazil are the two most important sites of the slave trade. if you're just keeping track of the numbers as i give them to you, you'll see these two areas account for the overwhelming majority of the slaves shipped to the new world, right? so where does the united states come into this? well, as it turns out, the united states was a rather minor partner in the slave trade. the current estimates are that maybe 370, as many as 400,000 people were loaded onto vessels bound for north american ports. the greatest of which, by the way, would have been charleston, south carolina. and that somewhere around 310,000 were delivered alive. now, that's about 3.5% of the total. the numbers may be a little higher across the board, maybe 4%. okay. but don't be deceived. the fact that mainland north america received a fairly small perc

the plantation was an economic institution. slavery itself was an economic institution racism grew up alongside it in an effort to rationalize its power and profit-making potential. those of you who are interested in the rise of the world market. here is a crucial part of it. the rise of capitalism where we began. free trade free trade in human beings and it still goes on by the way. don't think all this is safely over. there are slave trades in many parts of the world today, i urge you to learn about them. now there is a new view growing up among historians, and i think not only historians more broadly as well. that when we think about the slave trade when we think about slavery, we're not just talking about an unfortunate moment in human history. we're not just talking about a tragedy. we're talking about something that we can now label as crimes against humanity. write that down. crimes against humanity a crime against humanity is something that affects an entire society over many generations. it's effects are not over when

the biggest have taken all the everything, all the people have become, or plantation workers on the global plantation of slave lad. dia seems, i'm on that day, the vaccines were still in a period of discussing how effective they are, etc. but it seems like it's almost like when they need another pump on the fed gas stuff on the gas, there's all we need. another booster shot that they've now tried booster shots to fit to monetary using. right? so there's a gap, right? so you can make the power came out and said to get the company got going to show right, there's another variance so the economy won't improve. so we need both a booster to bail pfizer again, and we need monetary easy using to bow wall street again. they've, they've, they've done the impossible, gerald. yeah. they've, they've, they've been able to create monetary policy a hi printer, mac natal. now it's fantastic. it is incredible. so on the trans watch. 2021 is more than half over the 2nd half. we got about 20 seconds left. one of the, some little watch out for the crash markets to market the market crash, the market crash may

suicide in 1777 and mary byrd was left to manage the plantation. so elizabethan her sister were close they were making their trip down to visit her. but they ended up stopping at mount vernon for four days. and samuel on the trip down kept a amazing travel journal that's very cool to trace how a couple would've traveled through maryland, delaware, virgia they stick get speeds tavern which iss pretty cool they arrived at mount vernon. salmon goes into great detail about seeing the house itself. it is one of the best documentations we have of the house. 1787, a new room is being created, the bond mantle has been installed so he comments on the mantle in the new room. he says he thought it would be premier without the columns. i think tt is kind of funny. the other thing he says when they are standing out on the piazza, he says i it's probably the most charming scene he's ever seen in america. that is a really cool quote we often use. and very fitting for samuel who has traveled so much to be so intrigued by the house itself. this image is one of our

some of our essays, looks at the records of six major plantations at the end of slavery, to look at what was happening in the family. they found that 70% of slave families had a man and woman raising children and this tradition of two-parent households continued for a century afterwards. also, when whites were at their worst blacks were at their best. during that period the it literacy was 75%, in less than 50 years that number reduced to 25%, to the point where when the government sent workers south to aid the black community in many abouting literate, they found that there was very little that they could do because the mediating institutions established in the black church was already attacking that problem and they found nowhere in the history of the world did a people move from the 75% illiteracy rate down to 25% in such a short period of time and so, in our essays we also talk about how we achieved against the odds under very difficult circumstances. and 1929 in chicago bronzeville section, when we were denied access to financing from banks, the venture capital. blacks established 7

out for labor which meant that they would arrest people and put them right back on the plantation to work. and then during the same time, we had all of the lynchings from 1860 to 1950. over 4,000 lynchings that took place during that time. so we had all of these things happening during that period, right up until 1954 where brown versus board of education. things kind of settled a little. and it was another ten years before the civil rights bill was passed. when that happened, we could go to any library in the city, not just this one. and the jim crow laws finally were taken -- the signs were taken down. integration took place. but even the schools were not really integrated or desegregated until 1970, in this area. so this facility kind of paints that story for us of the things that took place during that time. when you see our brochure, you'll see what dora did. she took this building and put it in the front doorsteps of our main public library to show the difference in the size, even though african-americans were 50% of the population. it was designed by george rogers. he was the

removal was necessary for the plantation slavery and the second, the indian removal itself involves people of african descent. now as for these tribes rebuilding after removal, historians argue that actually they rebuilt it better than before and so they course and homes and plantations and there are many people are very economically successful and again but is been known as indian territory. but about 30 years passed in the united states is increasingly divided over slavery. and hence we have the civil war and nation who work it had influential families black women and men they were very interested in these discussions in the united states about humanity and the civil war and slavery in all these things we think about seem to this country, were also very important in the five tribes. and sometimes especially in the nations they were large over the institution of slavery in ever joining in the war. now as a confederacy and building alliances, in an effort the confederacy talk to the five tribes, and very familiar with members of the tribe and they tell them what they want to hear th