what was the moment that won the civil war what was the hinge of the civil war? and i surprise them when i tell them appomattox courthouse. what they're expecting me too see as antietam, gettysburg or something like that. no appomattox courthouse. and they think wait a minute and i put my finger at that partly as a rhetorical gesture but also partly to illustrate the fact it could have been differently especially through abraham lincoln. if for instance lincoln had not been that seems to me at least there is no question about that if not mcclellan himself and certainly his party and if this negotiation had begun no one is going to back to shooting war they'd been too much bloodshed. there is too much awareness of tumescent exhaustion. people in the north would not have elected mcclellan they anticipate an extended work beyond that. so had mcclellan been elected there would have been negotiations. it would have ended and no other way than with confederate independence. if confederate independence had occurred, there are a number of really unpleasant things that i

its operating most of the civil war. at confederate but not -- so this indictment comes from the federal court of norfolk and lee along with some 33, 34 other leaders of his indicted by federal court for treason and the assumption is this is going to be seen as some kind of a trial. that of course is where the problems begin to accrue. if looked at initially just in terms of the constitution's definition of treason,, then we should have gone to a trial that there were some interesting trip wires on the way. one of them is the fact that at appomattox ulysses grant granted to lee and his entire army of norfolk virginia a parole. a parole, what does this mean? this is literally how it's put none of those who surrender to appomattox are going to be troubled or involved in the federal government provided they obey the laws. it's not entirely a get out of jail free card unless you violate terms off parole and thn all the restraints are off but the parole is given by ulysses s. grant and when grant gets wind of the fact that th

there are regularly been curtailing of civil liberties during the war time. we also see an expansion of federal government power as the south and democrats are no longer part of congress, and so republicans are able to implement a really nationalist agenda with the homestead act which a greatly encourages continued western settlement with federally funded. structure including beginning the transcontinental railroad with national banks and all of that kind of stuff so and much bigger spending the government is spending about 10 times as much during the war as it was before the war. there's also the issuing of paper currency that that banks are forced to accept the greenback and both sides the union and the confederacy are also forced to implement the first drafts in american history the south first of course because they're manpower is even shorter, but even the north by 1863 is implementing a giraffe which had never been done before so we see government expanding its power in several different ways. and then of course at the end of the war, we see three const

service. stopping working from home for the civil service-— civil service. there seems to be, lookin: civil service. there seems to be, looking for— civil service. there seems to be, looking for opportunities - civil service. there seems to be, looking for opportunities to - civil service. there seems to be, looking for opportunities to be i civil service. there seems to be, | looking for opportunities to be in his bonnet about the civil service working from home. now that everything is back to normal he thinks that that should, everybody should be back to their desks. two in extent i think there are huge arguments for being present within the office at times, ioo%. the face—to—face interaction, that level of creativity that can perhaps come about from talking to people that you don't get at home on zoom and all of that. but i also think covid has changed many things forever, perhaps. and for a lot of companies they will have found that productivity levels stayed the same or certainly didn't go down and people working from home. other people working fr

i would probably agree civil war i would say and the civil war was of course about whether a part of the country could break away to preserve slavery. so it's not surprising that two presidents who were incredibly popular figures at the time when they were president when they're alive, but also were major slave owners independent slavery. in fact in jackson's case wanted to expand it into the western territories taking from mexico. it's not surprising that present-day democrats in this multi-racial multicultural party are not going to be very, you know, happy about celebrating jackson jefferson or return to that point, but just briefly about you starting your research and trump wins and democrats are in a state of disarray. how did the present influence at all if at all the way you approach this book? you know partly i think it's what i wanted to write the book because i want to understand how we got to this point, you know as i mentioned before i will start with the present question, but also democrats have always been a very heterogeneous party. they've always been a party which ha

civil servants this— have to be simple servants —— civil servants. this is saying this is on you. priti — servants. this is saying this is on you, priti patel. we want that absolutely clear that this is on you _ let's move onto something a little lighter in the mirror. harry and meghan, a low—key reunion for the royals. meghan, a low-key reunion for the r0 als. , ., , , royals. yes, absolutely. the -ictures royals. yes, absolutely. the pictures are _ royals. yes, absolutely. the pictures are around - royals. yes, absolutely. the pictures are around a - royals. yes, absolutely. the pictures are around a lot - royals. yes, absolutely. the pictures are around a lot of. royals. yes, absolutely. the - pictures are around a lot of papers. this is the duke and duchess of sussex coming over to the uk. lots of nice photos. i don't have much to say on it because it's a personal family matter. they have chosen no longer to be quite such public figures, but back on the front pages. figures, but back on the front “aes. ., , ., figures, but back on the front

>> he was for the civil rights movement. he had more black appointees than any president in history before him, for example. so i think what happened is once the democrats were perceived by a lot of white voters who were ambivalent about civil rights or maybe antagonistic to it, not just the south. it wasn't just a southern problem. well, the democratic party is more for black people than it is for us and they began to feel maybe these liberals really, you know, mostly a black party now or a party for minorities, and so they began -- we keep voting for democrats at the local level in the south for a long time and for presidential elections they would vote for republican. nixon and then reagan and both bushes. >> lbj had the big majorities but he had to break a filibuster for voting rights? >> both of them actually. hubert humphrey actually who was in the senate in '64 and then was vice president by '65 instrumental, too. >> i'm glad you brought up hubert humphrey. >> very few people do. >> good man. >> hubert. >> so the two

so, the civil servants clearly feel _ office. so, the civil servants clearly feel this _ office. so, the civil servants clearly feel this is _ office. so, the civil servants clearly feel this is a - office. so, the civil servants clearly feel this is a divisive | clearly feel this is a divisive issues but what choice do they have? either they work with a home office or they leave. {iii either they work with a home office or they leave-— either they work with a home office or they leave. of course because you don't 'oin or they leave. of course because you don't join the — or they leave. of course because you don't join the civil— or they leave. of course because you don't join the civil service _ or they leave. of course because you don't join the civil service without - don'tjoin the civil service without recognising that you have to serve the government of the day and you don't work in the home office without knowing that you are going to have to deal with some of the most controversial policies in government. that is what we are picking up from people. this is a very div

the book is about how being the civil rights queen was a double edged sword. it is one of the reasons she wasn't promoted to the court of appeals or the supreme court. and it meant that the cases for which she was most famous as a judge were civil rights cases. and i thought that it might have been nice to write one more chapter about the business case, just to break the pattern. but it is true that the most important cases that she decided tended to be in the civil rights realm. so i compromised by in the epilogue citing some of those cases. but i didn't go into detail. >> i wanted to get into some questions before we ends our conversation. this is one from kate. kate writes as the first black woman appointed to the federal bench what advice do you think she would have for the first black female supreme court justice? >> so, that's a good question. i would say, in terms of the new mexico nomination and confirmation process she might say buckle your seat belt. right? because as we have already seen. it is going to be trying. it is going to be challenging. and

lbj signed the civil rights act. ricky jones is also from chicago. for civil rights for nearly 60 years since she was a teenager. well, late last month reverend and ms. jones with four other people drove 11 hours from chicago to attend in our of judge jackson's hearing. reverend said she was moved by the judges courage, grace, integrity and wisdom. she imagined what it will be like years from now to tell her future grandchildren what it was like to be inat that room for tt historic moment. and ricky jones said she never even expected to hear about a blackom woman being nominated to the supreme court let alone to be in the room for her hearing. she said it, she watches judge jackson flicked the fulfillment of everything i've worked for my whole life. she thought of all the strong black women who came before her that help make the movement possible. harriet tubman, ida b wells and my personalri late friend the reverend willie barrow a black woman minister from chicago who worked alongside doctor martin luther king. thi

she calls herself a civil rights baby. born in 1964, the year l.b.j. signed the civil rights act. ricki jones is also from chicago, working for civil rights for nearly 60 years since she was a teenager. late last month rev rend allston and ricki jones drove 11 hours from chicago to attend an hour of judge jackson's hearing. reverend allston said she imagined what it will be like years from now to tell her future grandchildren what it was like to be nbltions room for that historic -- in that room for that historic moment. ricki jones said she never even expected to hear about a black woman being nominated to the supreme court, let alone to be in the room for her hearing. she said as she watched judge jackson, it felt like the fulfillment of everything i've worked for my whole life. she thought of all the strong black women who came before her and helped make the movement possible. sojourner truth, harriet tubman, idab. wells and my personal late friend, the reverend willie barrow, a block woman minister from chicago who worked alongside dr. martin luther king. this moment was about

it managed to come together after the civil war, after the civil rights revolution in the 60s, the dixiecrat revolution, the dixiecrat convention into 94. it will get to all of. that when i prepare for a podcast interview i try to see if i have something in common with my guest. this is a stunning coincidence, we were born in new york city. >> small town, small town, both from their. >> you're a baby boom. sorry. i'm generation x. and a great window to start off talking how old you are. baby boomer. you already mentioned you came of age politically in the 60s handing out leaflets for kennedy, then you took a more radical turn in your politics. how did this inform euro journey to becoming a professional scholar, what has i have been mentioned, has been writing about this issue multiple bookstore decades? >> a lot of historians right about, you know, the distant past, but the countries there from. but for be the main motivation for writing books of history, and most articles as well, is to figure out something that's happening politically in the present, you know. so i've written books about t

and the fight for civil rights? it was at a lunch counter that bernard lafayette elmira gray and mary ann morgan had detergent. poured down their backs it was at a lunch counter that john lewis and james bevel were nearly suffocated. it was at a lunch counter where john salter was attacked with brass knuckles where joan trumpauer and in moody were attacked with condiments and where memphis norman was beaten. while the jackson police looked on now hear me out on this one. don't you think that kind of like the lunch counters of old memorials have become new public sites of racial confrontation. just as memphis norman was once beaten at a lunch counter while the police looked on. in 2017. heather higher was killed just down the road in charlottesville at a memorial. well trump looked on. later proclaiming that there were very fine people on both sides. and charlottesville was exceptional only. in its death toll in the past year and change memorials have become protest sites in richmond. saint paul, washington dc chapel

civil rights activists were engaging civil disobedience, so breaking the law on purpose knowing they could be arrested. but the than panthers were acting under the law. if they don't like you they would have to step outside of the law to get you. that was what happening, there was a lot of illegal surveillance, illegal breaking and entering, breaking into places without warrants and things like that. and it was actually an incredibly successful effort. one of the things they did was foment disagreement. they sent false letters back and forth. this was long before cell phones, you couldn't pick up the phone and text your bud. you would send him a handwritten letter across the country. it was easy to forge those and create distrust and dismay. they were effective in breaking up the organization and picking at -- you know, when there are little fault lines that just get expanded. and they were really really good at that. >> the next question came from kathy asking -- >> could you -- i'm sorry, it is breaking up a little bit for me. >> stories that didn't fit or you decided were inapprop

talked to all of the civil rights establishment. talked to some of the judges who had heard her argue. even supreme court justices and others in the federal government. people thought very highly of her. at the same time, there was pushback after the appointment, after she was sworn in and along the way. there were some who said -- i'm talking about white liberals in new york who said that her practice experience as a civil rights lawyer was too narrow for the federal district court. you have to note that the district court that she joined in manhattan was nations -- and still is the nation's most prestigious. the judges hear a lot of financial litigation. there were those who thought that she wasn't suitable. after she was appointed, some people did write in to lyndon johnson and say that, why did you do this? the bench has been preserved for legal scholars and people who are well-known. i quote -- it's the last sentence of the chapter -- the administration, one of johnson's aides writing back. she was not appointed because she was

a beginning of the civil rights movement modern civil rights movement from mainstream politics from within the white house and we know what happened next truman desegregated the military by executive order. he became the first sitting president to campaign in 1948 and the spiritual home of black america and harlem very moving moment that i wrote a bunch about in my book. do we defeats truman? and here he is walter white can convinces truman to the first president. to address the naacp in person the picture you're looking at is walter on your right. it's truman on your left eleanor roosevelt is in the middle eleanor spoke first the former first lady and then walter got up and he introduced the president he gave this very moving speech that i don't have time to tell you about now, but i quote at length and white lives and then he says ladies and gentlemen. president of the united states and then we see. this that is what it looked like you can see truman's back to the camera. speaking to the end of naacp the first very historic speech. and it was the the sim the symbolic importance of this m

well, he handled the civil war. yeah. you know, i think. it wasn't as far from them as we like to think, you know, i mean one of the details that i found was that after first manassas there weren't sufficient hospital facilities. so a chase brought, you know, a dozen wounded men into his house and his daughters, you know tended to them along with a couple of nurses. um, i don't know this, but i wouldn't be surprised if one of those young men died. so these tens of thousands of deaths were it wasn't like a distant thing, you know, like we watched vietnam on television. no, it was it was right there, you know in and he was like lincoln he was often at the front and visiting a hospital. so he visited hospitals quite a bit. the any other cabinet members do that that you stand in. yeah, stanton seward all of these men. um, you know it i think they were very conscious all the time this was not. yes, it was a battle of ideas. and yes, you've had to you know for him you had to raise the money to keep the soldiers, but it was also about about lives

civil war and the u.s. presidency. we carry both old and new books in our fields and also historical artifacts including autographed letters and documents, originals, photography from the age, prints, statuary, and because we have historical artifacts in our shop, from time to time we're able to show one that is relevant to one of the interview questions with our author today our past author interviews on our youtube page and our artifacts broadcasts, we have them every other week on fridays and they are on our facebook page and i hope you'll join us to discuss historical artifacts. and you can visit our website in order to get today's book. and we have actual books signed by our author. we don't have him in our shop yet because of the pandemic, but eventually we'll have them had in here again. so let's introduce walter star, graduate of harvard law school. he practiced international law for 25 years. including five years with the securities and exchange commission. he's a two-time winner of the award for excellence fo

one of them was -- fought for the union in the civil war. and the other one was the child of a black slave and a white -- i mean, she was the child of a black slave, but she was also the mistress, as it were -- but i don't think she was -- she was the rape victim of her owner's son. so she grew up with people on both sides of the south. and she was, art of their skin color of what she called in-between race, which was especially a problem in school when she was young. she was made fun of for that reason. then when she became a teenager she thought she was misidentified as a girl. she was -- she felt she was a man. and she kept writing to doctors saying, please help me. i know there has been a mistake. so she was in between both racial and gender. so that was her -- that was her -- that was her struggle, and that was her weapon against the world as she found it later. >> and then she helps form it. to me, that part of the story really begins when she's in law school at howard university. >> right. >> tell us about that. >> yeah. she was well

al menos 50 civiles murieron, entre ellos varios niÑos. cientos de personas resultaron heridas en el mÁs reciente acto de barbarie del ataque ruso a ucrania, un misil destruyÓ una estaciÓn ferroviaria en una poblaciÓn del este de ese paÍs cuando cientos de personas estaban allÍ. el gobierno ucraniano acusÓ a los rusos de haber perpetrado otra masacre de civiles. noria garrido tienen las estremecedoras imÁgenes desde ucrania. noria: el ataque ruso concibe volviÓ una estaciÓn de ferrocarril por donde se evacuaba miles de residentes en la regiÓn oriental de donetsk, las imÁgenes muestran los cuerpos de las vÍctimas cubiertos por lonas y los restos del civil con las palabras "para los niÑos" pintadas en ruso. otras imÁgenes divulgadas a travÉs de las redes sociales muestran Áridos en el suelo a las que tienen otros civiles y otras personas que estÁn en medio de la confusiÓn y el pÁnico que siguiÓ al ataque. >> Éste caso demuestra que tratan de asesinar civiles, ayer bombardearon al puente que conecta estas ciudades, sin t

i say no, the civil rights, no in 1956, 57, went to republican as the 1957 civil rights act. basically black people down south could vote. the 101st airborne there to make sure they got into the hospital in arkansas he did the first oval office address civil rights in the history of this nation. if people want to talk about civil rights, they wouldn't have voted for johnson, they would have voted for eisenhower and nixon. so what happens? eisenhower in the civil rights stuff, four or 5 million black people registered to vote down south. i tell this story, grandfather, they kicked him off where he wat in tennessee. the fbi came down and told him not to go anywhere. eisenhower set him down to say weda passed a new law to say thy cannot intimidate or hurt yout anymore, you're going to vote my grandfather voted. and i askedat my father why. black folks did what white folks -- even then 80% of black voted for democrat party. people say all of these went republican, all of those, only one switch, only one. black people voted for them. when i started asking, why didho this happen? i

the supremed court while vigorously opposing civil rights and civil liberties of all americans pay special attention to safeguarding and enforcing the constitutional rights guaranteed in our system of governance. we know from our history the supreme court is not always protective of all americans and indeed look at some americans is left equal than others simply due to their race religion or gender. let us remember the preamble of the constitution that we the people of united states in order to form a more perfect union established justice. it's certainly not a perfect union.fe i do believe in the words of dr. martin lutheris king jr. tht the arc of the moral universe is tall but it tents towards justice. americans know the supreme court makes profound decisions every dayt that impacts the lives of people. the supreme court regularly attack so many controversial issues the day that include criminal justice environmental protection. turning specifically to judge jackson's nomination. she replaces justice stephen breyer in a court. she has clerked for him and graduated from moscow. judge jac

i took part in the 1st civil rights, marsh glided on young. and i was lucky if you look up a woman one boat, right to house and right to jo. a on the british government on stormed at that time, couldn't deliver no simple demand because to give people race or stand the country . and they would look for jobs and stay under that number. they had the union vote in the years to come. so they had the whole collision issue has been part and parcel of the british controlled island and unable to this day. and there of course, most recent force. now, my mom clearly stint that it was collusion in orders that collusion directed by the british government collision, implemented by the or u. c, u d r i. and on special ranch the importation office as african americans by british agents. i think at a time whenever they set often regime was come to an end and were the at the british were re army loyalist here. i'm most of them orders that happened on time where borders change may who happens, but in, from south africa. well, i mean, it's your defense. some says

manner. >> in a civil manner. the most important book in some ways, or most highly visible book that argues that lincoln was a racist was a biography of lincoln called abraham lincoln, racist. i don't agree with it. the author was my friend, -- lauren and i were good friends in chicago. we got along very well, we argued with each other rather vigorously. but we were friends. and we respected each other as scholars. and this is my point is that these are different ways of seeing history and teachers and students benefit from these conversations. >> in our culture wars, people can cherry pick fact without nuance and when you say abraham lincoln was a racist, his statues need to come down, you overlook the fact that before he died he came around to supporting black suffrage and black civil rights and had he not been assassinated -- >> and it's important to know, this goes back to things are not simple, they're complicated. and that is important to stand for principles with different political -- the american historic

-- civil liberties. despite arguments first on -- strong encryption, not everyone is enthusiastic. 2020 was one of cybersecurity cost roughest years. according to the washington post, this would require tech companies to weaken an excess secure system so law enforcement can attract cyber criminals. they argue it makes it hard for the government to catch cyber criminals. the act did not pass it represents a very -- a very real resistance to subsequent measures. >> i think the reality is that in a lot of ways, strong cybersecurity can preserve civil liberty. >> we are woefully unprepared but these are the only conflicts we have to worry about. we also need to worry about the war for information. >> we reached out to a mathematician. >> the idea is that various scientists and researchers have been looking at of quantum computer. what we do today is catastrophic. across the security of all of us and the security of government systems depends on that. but do we do? >> that was dr. brian. we contacted him in o

he's been very keen to get civil servants— he's been very keen to get civil servants back to the office. i sort of agree — servants back to the office. i sort of agree with the lot of even said there _ of agree with the lot of even said there if— of agree with the lot of even said there. if there are valid reasons why they— there. if there are valid reasons why they want to continue working from _ why they want to continue working from home — why they want to continue working from home then fine, they need to put from home then fine, they need to out those — from home then fine, they need to put those to the whitehall bosses. they are _ put those to the whitehall bosses. they are paid pretty well, as eve says— they are paid pretty well, as eve says as _ they are paid pretty well, as eve says as well, they look at those offices — says as well, they look at those offices are _ says as well, they look at those offices are sitting empty of that are being useful to what are the reasons? — are being useful to what are the reasons? if they're still claiming that it's — reason

i took part in the 1st civil rights march from california. and i was id be looking for a woman, one boat rate to host and right to a jo, a on the british government on storm. and at that time couldn't deliver no simple demand because to give people race or stay in the country. and they would look for jobs and stay on the work number, the at the union vote in the years to come. so they had the whole collusion issue has been part and parcel of the british controlled island and unable to this day. and there, of course, the most recent course, norma mon, clearly stint that it was collusion in the mortars that collusion directed by the british government collision, implemented by the or u. c, u d r i. and on special ranch, the importation office, as african americans by british agents. i think that a tang whenever the south african regime was come to an end and were the at the british were re army, the loyalist here. i'm most of the murders that happened that time. where borders catered bay who was weapons brought in from south africa. well, i mea

all the civil can we have about to have going underground a. it isn't the day with a lot of the life with a feller the all new those in the deal with with welcome back 100 years ago today. the 2nd federation of central america comprising latin american nations. we know today formerly dissolved after an attempt to create a regional government and made increased u. s. influence in the region. one of those nations was el salvador, a country which later descended into a 12 year civil war reported the killing of $75000.00 civilians. one of the most notorious crimes during the war was the jesuit massacre of 1989. now $33.00, as all the salvador in supreme court has ordered the case to be reopened. after an hour returned to amnesty law prevented prosecutions. joining me now from california is a war crimes and human rights investigator of stanford university's political science and latin american studies department. professor terry lynn call. thank you so much, professor for coming on. in part, when we talked about the 50th anniversary, la matthew k ki

i've been civilized, i'm salad. i'm glad you brought in that out there and made all those historical references. that's actually all the time we have for today. i'm going to end on a tweet from now. we, unless the victim is white, european christian resistance is terrorism. international law doesn't apply. refugees have no right to return. that's all the time we have catch us. you can read that. we can find it on twitter. find us on stream dot al jazeera dot com. thanks for watching in full of struggles full of pleasure. with what was going on with this guy and with that because he blew in with me boy. but when i get an hour, an intimate look at life in cuba, me for zone thought about course. i got my boss hang on me when i hear mom, but me go, i'm hang by my cuba. this time on al jazeera we understand the differences and similarities of cultures, the cost, the well no matter what we've been using kind of for that matter to you know, to remove. ready a . ready with wherever you go in the world, one airline goes to m

the supreme court must vigorously uphold the civil rights and civil liberties of all americans and pay special attention to safeguarding and enforcing the constitutional rights guaranteed in our system of government. as we know from our history, the supreme court has not always protected all americans, and indeed in the past has treated some americans as less equal than others simply due to their race, religion, or gender, among other factors. so let us remember the preamble of the constitution which declares that we the people of the united states in order to pomple -- have a more perfect union establish justice. i do believe in the words of dre arc of the moral universe is long but bends towards justice. americans know the supreme court makes profound decisions every day that impact the lives of people across this country. the supreme court regularly tackles so many of the controversial issues of the day that involve issues such as voting rights, criminal justice, labor rights, environmental protection, and many, many more. turning now specifically to judge jackson's nomination, she

, the civil war. they required teachers to start undergoing cultural sensitivity training and other types of professional development to kind of get at those, yet those allegations of discrimination. and almost immediately, parents and staff began expressing concerns about the actions of the school district. in several different trainings, both dealing with a student and with employees of the school district, teachers were told that they experienced privilege or experienced oppression based on the color of their skin. teachers were told that white people always get a head start, we'll individuals of color are always held back and then once they're on free to move forward, they face obstacles that white people simply do not face. right about this time, of course, the pandemic hit. and covid-19 somewhat shut down schools. but you had all of these racial, kind of, pension issues in the background before covid ever hit. so overtime, the complaints grew not only from how the school was handling racial tens