which brings us to harry truman? so by the time harry truman becomes president walter is a political force in america. he is the face of black power and you ask yourself how amazingly ironic that is with white skin blue eyes and blonde hair. um, he forged this relationship with for a very. interesting reason, but the reasons are obvious, but he became friendly with truman then. this happened now what you're looking at here. that's former heavyweight champion. joe lewis on your left. and that is unknown figure and you're right and in the middle is a man named isaac woodard. and isaac woodard's story was incredible and indicative of something very scary in america at the time. there were isaac woodard comes home from war he's wearing his uniform. army, uniform metal printed pin to his chest. he is carrying his papers from being released from the army with the mimeograph signature of harry truman on it. and he's empowered all of these men are coming back from war they served their country. and black soldiers didn't want

this is part of harry truman's address to congress, april 16, 1945. [video clip] >> with great humility, i call upon all americans to help me keep our nation united in defense of those ideals which have been so eloquently proclaimed by franklin roosevelt. i want in turn to assure my fellow americans and all of those who love peace and liberty through the world that i will support and defend those ideals with all my strength and all my heart. so that there can be no possible misunderstanding, both germany and japan can be certain beyond any shadow of a doubt that america will continue to fight for freedom until no resistance remains. our demand has been and remains unconditional surrender. we will face the problems of peace with the same courage that we have faced and mastered the problems of war. in the memory of those who have made the supreme sacrifice, and the memory of our fallen president, we shall not fail. host: on that first address to the american people as president and who harry truman was before that moment. host: he was vice president. it

the first and only secret service officer to die was an assassination attempt on harry truman. i didn't even know there was an assassination attempt on harry truman. >> andnd you just mentioned the service as it expanded to protect the vice president. >> that was not part of the charge. can you imagine kamala harris at this moment without a protective details? >> now. i can't. it took the assassination of robert kennedy for lyndon b. johnson just to announce overnight and that is a chillingng moment literally in the middle of the night calls up the director of the secret service and says i want details on every single candidate right now. candidates got protection. >> family members. the protection of the service has been and arthur brammer who shot george wallace wanted to kill nixon first. >> and he was awarded. >> and it's a good story for the secret service. he wrote in his journal he was trying to get next and but it was too tricky he was struggling because the secret service made it too hard to get a close enough shot. did for them but kennedy's assassination made them re

dwight eisenhower, who had a chilly relationship with harry truman, didn't go back at all during the truman administration but went back for a short coverages with john f. kennedy. in years after his presidency, harry truman went back to the white house january 20th, 1961 where he met with president kennedy there after skipping the entire eisenhower administration. a little history loan at 6:38 a.m. >>> more than a hundred ukrainians have been abducted from the city of kherson. the mayor says he believes they were taken for future prisoner of war exchanges. he is pleading for the world not to give up on his city, next. but no. he's currently checkin' his investments. you gotta have a plan outside ththe band, man. digital tools so impressive, you just can't stop. what would you like the power to do? find your beat your moment of calm find your potential then own it support your immune system with a potent blend of nutrients and emerge your best every day with emergen-c my moderate to severe plaq psoriasis... ...t itching... the burning. the stinging. my skin was no longer mine. emerge

i only know that i knew there was an assassination attempt on harry truman. leslie goes out a history now's the one and only right? and you just mentioned the mission of the service as an expanded to do things like protect the vice president. the idea that was not part of the charge for the very beginning is extraordinary. can you imagine kamala harris in this country at this moment without a protected detail? >> know i cannot. i cannot. it took the assassination of robert kennedy, he was campaigning and looking like he was headed to become president for lyndon b johnson to announce overnight. that was a really chilling moment. literally in the middle of the night called the director the secret service and said i want details on every single candidate right now. so candidates got protection >> family members as you said pray the protection of the services been expanded to so many people. karol i did not know to read this book that arthur bremmer who shot george wallace actually wanted to kill richard nixon first. and was thwarted. >> that is actually good sto

truman, i'm not even sure i knew there was an assassination attempt on harry truman. it goes down in history as the one and only. you mentioned the mission as an expanded to things like a protective the vice president. the idea that that was not part of this charge from the beginning is extraordinary, could you imagine kamala harris in this country at this moment without a protective veil? >> i can't. it took the assassination of robert kennedy while campaigning and looking like he was heading to become president for lyndon b. johnson to announce overnight and thoughts chilling moment, literally in the middle of the night calls up the director of the secret service and says i want details on every single candidate right now. so candidate got protection. >> family members, the protection of the service has been expanded. carol, i didn't know until i read the book that arthur who shot george wallace wanted toth kill richard nixon first and was stored at. >> and that is a good story for the secret service. he wrote in his journal that he was trying to get nixon but it wa

we need to make the alter records non existent, harry truman here. but the lines need the red army in the far east, where the one and a half 1000000 strong quinton army is waiting for us. and britain had a hard time retaking several islands from japan and would welcome some help with a japanese read the most was the idea that the soviet might come into the pacific war. truman understood this solid assures that the russians are coming in on schedule true and writes in his diary test, dahlin will be in the jap poor by august, 15th finney. japs with that occurs. ah, the invincible cleanser now me was able to hold out for just 20 days. ah, the red armies outstanding, manchurian operation ended in complete victory. ah, but even those of a new military reasons for it to russia like a saki with bond, who a bomb was not actually dropped on japan. it was dropped on the soviet union as a warning of what's going to have the soviets, if they interfered with americans post war plan. with a she's news media coverage. and that if you speak russian, keep your voice

we need to make the alter records non existent harry truman who but the lines need the red army in the far east, where the one and a half 1000000 strong quinton army is waiting. the us and britain had a hard time retaking several islands from japan and would welcome some help with a japanese read the most was the idea that the soviets, by come into the civil war. truman understood this solid assures that the russians are coming in on schedule. true rights in his diary, just dollar will be the jap war by august. 15th finney japs when that occurs. ah, the invincible cleansing army was able to hold out for just 20 days. ah, the red armies outstanding manchurian operation ended incomplete victory. be even those of a new military reasons for it. russia, it's not a saki with bond who a bomb was not actually dropped on japan. it was dropped on the soviet union as a warning of what's going to have to soviets if they interfered with americans post war plan for is your media a reflection of reality? in the world transformed what will make you feel safer? high selection, whole community. are you

as time as president, he was only 60% popular. 70 years later, harry truman was ranked sixth most a proactive -- effective on a c-span survey. jeffrey frank, whose career includes the washington post and new yorker magazine, has written the first book about the truman presidency in nearly 30 years. the subtitle reflects the theme of the biography, the externally presidency of an ordinary man. 1945 to 1953. >> author jeffrey frank on this episode of book notes plus. it is available on the c-span now apple or wherever you get your podcast. >> washington journal continues. host: we are joined by anand parekh. he served as the deputy secretary under george w. bush and the obama administration. i want to talk about the state of this pandemic. most americans think covid is no longer a crisis. guest: i would describe the state of the pandemic with cautious optimism. on one hand, we are seeing hospitalizations and deaths at the lowest level since last summer. that is very good news. on the other hand, we are seeing hyper transmissible variance, subvariants of a very growth the country. what

how was harry truman on the piano? >> good. and he was so personal. >> reporter: she says harry truman summoned her to the white house for a concert. >> the place was crowded with people. i thought he played very musically, and they all applauded and he took a bow, and then these two men came and pulled me away. i said, i didn't even get a picture of him. >> reporter: ruth later got his autograph, which she donated to southern illinois university edwardsville, where she served as artist in residents, and met james curr, the love of her life. how much did your life change when you met your second husband? >> well, it changed completely. i became a real person. i'd marry him again all over again. >> reporter: they were married for 34 years before his death in 2001. they had no children, but ruth's legacy lives on through her students. ♪♪ >> reporter: including shelly morrman-stahlman, a professional musician and teacher in her own right. what has ruth taught you about teaching? >> it's important to impart upon young students,

and whether president harry truman set the president for politicized supreme court with his nominations. it's a shock to the system. and i think that i think it's an excellent point steve that i've actually spent a good a good amount of time thinking about over the last few years about how that how that was a shock to americans reading their newspapers or listening to their radio and it's saying who even is this guy? and what's happening here and he's in charge and we're at war and so and it kind of came to a head and later times and part of why it came to a head was in part because of his supreme court nominees as he just began to nominate his friends. which brings us to tom clark one of his friends? he nominated tom clark to be attorney general of the of the united states tom clark at the time was goshen a year older than i am now. i'm 44 tomorrow clark was 45 at the time. was clark had been an unexceptional law student and actually it ended up in washington by accident. then it franklin roosevelt had wanted to hire tom clark's older brother who was an exceptional law student in a big

s. president harry s truman and british prime minister, winston churchill on july 26th, churchill, was replaced by the newly elected prime minister clement atlee. this last major conference of the war time alliance was intended to amicably settled the terms of the post war european order. instead, it marked the beginning of a clash between 2 systems, communism and capitalism, and the start of the cold war. under the marshall plan, the truman administration ultimately provided economic assistance to 16 western european countries. the countries that had been liberated by the red army remained in the soviets own of influence. germany was divided into full zones of occupation as well as the capital berlin after an 11 month blockade in which stolen tried to cut the western zones at berlin off from vital supplies. the division of germany became official. as did the division of europe, an iron curtain divided the continent into, into east and west blocks. the cold war had the world firmly in its grip. on march 5th, 1953 stolen died. 4 days later, he was honored with a state funeral. soviet ci

he secretary of state for harry s. truman most famously, but was a brilliant legal mind and writer and had wit and and so his papers openings were a big deal. i arrived the day they opened the papers and there was only one other person in line and two of us started looking at them, so i had great material from my first book because then whatever i did. anything i was quoting was the first time somebody ever heard atchison on brandeis or atchison. i felix frankfurter atchison on archibald macleish. at the very least it was fresh material who carried at the time. that i was doing that not that you were doing it so much that that your people were gonna get to hear what atchison thought how hunter how much interest was he was getting there was interest because truman had already hit his renaissance. i mean people once truman did plain a man donovan wrote a two volume biography of truman truman was starting when i at that arab, let's say called the early 80s had gone through a full bore the america loved harry truman and at

truman said is the main job of the modern presidency. but for a small government, decentralized reversal of the new deal in a very real sense. so, anyway, the reason i mention all that is there are multiple schools of thought about what makes for a successful president and at times they morph into stereotypes and caricatures. how do you measure with lyndon johnson. hugely important in the history of civil rights. a president maybe uniquely, maybe more than fdr, who insisted the american people had the wealth and the moral obligation to care about the poor in their midst. i mean, a president who was willing in some ways to shame them and yet a president who his moral authority by the way he wasn't honest about vietnam. how do you label a president like that? and how long does it take before you can put all of that duality, complexity, contradictions into some kind of historical perspective. what do you measure that against? johnson led himself to stereotype. johnson suffered i think because he thought he was being stereotyped, condescendi

this is part of harry truman's address to congress, april 16, 1945. [video clip] >> with great humility, i call upon all americans to help me keep our nation united in defense of those ideals which have been so eloquently proclaimed by franklin roosevelt. i want in turn to assure my fellow americans and all of those who love peace and liberty through the world that i will support and defend those ideals with all my strength and all my heart. so that there can be no possible misunderstanding, both germany and japan can be certain beyond any shadow of a doubt that america will continue to fight for freedom until no resistance remains. our demand has been and remains unconditional surrender. we will face the problems of peace with the same courage that we have faced and mastered the problems of war. in the memory of those who have made the supreme sacrifice, and the memory of our fallen president, we shall not fail. host: on that first address to the american people as president and who harry truman was before that moment. host: he was vice president. it

harry truman said the chief function of the modern presidency is persuasion. what was the great persuader? so tr fdr wilson truman kennedy to learn to be johnson reagan, but i mean the idea strong presidents presidents who put their stamp upon the age presidents who overalled congress presidents who dictated in a very real sense to the media and they had these tools i mean richard nixon his weight is 1970. could call three men in three towers in manhattan. the networks and have an audience of 70 million people. to listen to whatever you had to say that same night. and the only counter to that was you know? when we eric sebright on cbs offering what was called instant analysis. and that in many ways was the apogee of the sweating your slash roosevelt model of the presidency by contrast. and i think this began to reflect itself in in the in the opinions of students. first of all, there is definitely a libertarian streak. among young people today there is an almost intrinsic. distrust of government a disbelief for example that social security will be there let al

truman giving all of that up for more reliance on china, russia, opec, we are outsources our energy and we have the best environmental standards in the world all we are doing is increasing real pollution in the world is when we outsource in order to meet the, quote, green agenda end quote. >> judge jeanine: congressman donalds i only have a few seconds left. what can congress do effectively in this situation? >> what congress needs to do is we need to actually bring back nuclear power in a major way in the united states that will get us zero emission energy that is cheap, affordable and is reliable. >> judge jeanine: okay. all right. marc murano and congressman byron donalds thanks for being with us tonight. >> any time. >> judge jeanine: are the walls closing in on hunter biden? the u.s. attorney's office is leaving no stone unturned in their investigation into the first son. will an indictment follow? are you haunted by your cable service? have you noticed strange, frightening fees on your monthly bill? do you experience feelings of dread when you pass by your cable box? if the an

>> this president sf exactly harry truman that says the buck stops here. he always seems to point his finger at someone else will be happy economic problems, whethe it is trump or international factors. it's a fundamental problem and did go through this report. when you have 8.5% inflation, that makes it really difficult for the economic output to keep up with that pace. you've got to get over that 8.5 level justice to even. what happened is we see in the last three months wages and salaries are falling behind the inflation. the stock market is falling behind inflation than that mean that people's paychecks are shrinking and they are feeling little bit poorer and don't forget if we get another quarte of this negative growth, that would technically be a recession . >> if that for the country and democrats heading into the midterm. we want to talk about the reality of the m economic impac of this. the tragedy of the biden presidency is that it should be presiding over a long post economic boom periods that went from -- by creating a larger entitlemen state a

in 1945, after world war ii president harry truman attempted to make things right with the truman directive, an executive order using existing immigration laws to advocate for refugees coming into the united states from europe and the former soviet union. from 1949 to 1952, about half the 900,000 immigrants who entered the united states were considered displaced persons. fast forward to 1956, the hun fwarian revolution announced another directive. america was largely receptive of these refugees partly because of the positive image the government and the media painted of them, well-educated people who wished to integrate into american culture. in 1959 a wave of cuban refugees fled to the united states after fidel castro's guerilla fighters toppled the government. america saw them as welcome new commerce who brought economic revitalization to south florida, but everything changed on september 11, 2001. the 9/11 terrorist attacks put a hold on immigration reforms, refugee intake plummeted and it created rampant anti-muslim sentiment among some americans and politicians. between the years 2000

truman was ranked sixth most effective of the 46 u.s. presidents according to the c-span survey. they wrote the first full account of the treatment presidency in nearly 30 years. the extraordinary presidency here. >> booklets plus is available on the c-span now cap or whatever you get your podcast. crisis c-span is your unfiltered view of government. we are funded by these television companies and more including comcast. >> you think this is just a community center? >> it is way more than that. >> they are partnering with a thousand community centers so students from low income families can get the tools they need to be ready for anything. comcast supports c-span as a public service along with these other television providers. giving you a front row seat to democracy. >> and survey has an open senate seat. the candidates running from the democratic -- for the democratic nomination got together with three weeks to go before voters cast their ballot. >> good evening and welcome to pennsylvania in the spotlight's democratic candidate for th

truman moment, has to have his franklin roosevelt moment, even his ronald reagan moment -- that was the line about mr. gorbachev -- and make it absolutely clear that the u.s. is in this fight to help ukraine win. i think anything else will not yield a result that will save the liberal world order that we fought so hard and took the leadership role in setting up in 1945. >> right now there are a number of american lawmakers, democrats and republicans, who are in poland very close to the ukraine border. we just heard from one of them. democrat jason crow who says he wants to come to ukraine. he's asked the administration if he can come, but he's not coming. that certainly tells you something. we've also heard from leaders here like the deputy prime minister who said, yes, they would like to see lawmakers, that it's helpful. should the biden administration allow those lawmakers to come? >> i was just talking to susan collins who was on a prior trip. they asked, too, they were three miles from the border and were told no. i understand the impulse to protect the lawmakers. but i also thi

and then his hero was harry truman. he hated hollywood and despised actors. he was very conservative, born again christian, but he said, i like people that do stuff. but it was then the humor was, evel knievel was telling me, these kids today, they call it jumping. in my day we didn't have these kinds of helmets. my elbows weren't protected. it was like talking to somebody out of a distant past. he passed away not long afterwards. >> 207? >> i was kind to him and my writing. there were a lot of opportunities not to be but in the end here was a guy who was regularly visiting the doctor, broken bones, pain medicine, praying to god. he joined an evangelical church and he just -- >> after all the people we've been talking about, the cultural people, i don't know that this means anything. bob dylan from minnesota, johnny depp from owens borough kentucky, hunter thompson from louisville kentucky, kara whack from lowell massachusetts, chuck berry from st. louis. and knievel from butte, montana. does that say anything? >> it might be. i wasn't part of a new york kind

i'm not sure i knew there was an assassination attempt on harry truman. leslie koppel goes down in history and the one and only. and you mentioned the mission of the service have expanded to protect the vice-president. the idea that that was not part of this charge from the very beginning is extraordinary. can you imagine kamala harris in this country at this moment without a protective detail? >> no, i can't. i can't. you know, it took the assassination of robert kennedy while he was campaigning, and looking like he was headed to become president. >> right. >> for lyndon b. johnson actually to just announce overnight and that was actually a chilling moment, literally in the middle of the night, called up the director of the secret service and says i want details on every single candidate for president right now. >> right. >> so candidates got protection. >> and family members as you say. the protection of the service has been expanded to so many people. carol, i didn't know until i read this book. arthur bremer, who actually shot george wallace wanted to

harry truman was president, it was a mid term, your democrat-controlled congress. the u. s. was still recovering from the enormous society wide disruption of world war ii that touched every aspect of life. as americans suggested to the new normal, inflation soared over 8%, just like what it is doing now. guess what? not a good year for the democrats. truman and the democrats lost big in the midterms that here. republicans controlled both the house and the senate. it was sort of the end of the new deal rain. the parallel here is not perfect. the economy in 1946 was actually shrinking excellence inflation. there is a lot of other factors to consider. but the big question for democrats now is can inflation around and time for them to avoid a 1946 style election night? tell pence around that question, i am joined now by noble prize economist winner paul krugman, peddled inflation is about to come down but don't get too excited. paul, let's start on that. people don't like inflation, and understandably so. the politics of it are pretty uniform across the world. there is nowhere w

with a hundred thousand dollars and then his hero is harry truman. and he hated hollywood and despised actors. he was very conservative born again christian, but really because he said i liked people that do stuff and you know, but it was then the humor was evel knievel telling me these kids today. they call it jumping, you know, the my day we didn't have these kind of helmets fancy. they my elbows weren't protected like, you know, and it's just like what talking to somebody out of um, you know a distant past and any passed away not that long after 207. yeah, and i i was kind to him in my writing i didn't there are a lot of opportunities not to be but in the end, he's a guy who's regularly visiting the doctor all these broken bones pain medicine praying to god on he joined evangelical church and you know me just after all of it people have been talking the culture people. that i don't know that this means anything dylan bob from hibbing, minnesota. johnny depp from owensboro, kentucky hunter thompson from louisville, kentucky carouac from lowell, mas

he had gone through a full born -- america loved harry truman. and acheson won the pulitzer prize. so george cannon and dean -- which was the -- and it was the joint story of dean acheson, robert lovet, john j. mccoy, and it's a group port rat, and i was worried like uh-oh, maybe they got into my -- and they hadn't. so it was actually a useful tool. and my dean acheson book got reviewed. >> was that a dissertation you were doing? >> it was on two volumes i did. it was very long, and then i got -- there was a professor at yale named gattis smith, and he had written a volume on acheson, a book once. and i talked to him, and he said why don't you submit your book to university yale press. so i wrote them a letter, and they do peer review, collect letters, and yale decided to publish it. i was just ecstatic. getting reviewed by evan thomas and the new york republic of books and all that was heavy stuff. i tell students today, do your dissertation that can get published. do something -- you know, this is your shot to get a job. i mean, so make sure you are getting a book by some scholar

now harry truman famously said the buck stops here. biden says it stops more than five thousand miles away. and metropol, of course, this absurd head . biden continued to keep america energy independent. what have gasoline down at around two bucks a gallon would be a huge relief to our families and had biden stuck with trump's economic policies would still have low inflation r and maybe even rising median income which trump had. but hise but his team of dolts refused i to concedet' that it's time to change course.t's a they think it's just allll a messaging problem a m. ifvi we can only convince americans that the president feels their painn and is doing everything possible, you're seeing a president that is focused on keeping an international coalition resolve to do what is necessary to a counter putin's actions in ukraine while doingrat everything that we can to protect consumers here at home jake. tapper wasn't believing that it is safe. well, this isas a completen' and total lie. oncece they plan to sanction russian oil, they neede

with a hundred thousand dollars and then his hero is harry truman. and he hated hollywood and despised actors. he was very conservative born again christian, but really because he said i liked people that do stuff and you know, but it was then the humor was evel knievel telling me these kids today. they call it jumping, you know, the my day we didn't have these kind of helmets fancy. they my elbows weren't protected like, you know, and it's just like what talking to somebody out of um, you know a distant past and any passed away not that long after 207. yeah, and i i was kind to him in my writing i didn't there are a lot of opportunities not to be but in the end, he's a guy who's regularly visiting the doctor all these broken bones pain medicine praying to god on he joined evangelical church and you know me just after all of it people have been talking the culture people. that i don't know that this means anything dylan bob from hibbing, minnesota. johnny depp from owensboro, kentucky hunter thompson from louisville, kentucky carouac from lowell, mas

truman moving around to a village people song. ♪ it's fun to sta at the ymca ♪ ♪ it's fun to sta at the ymca ♪ >> seth: for example, the news found a way to get even dumber this week when newly released excerpts from a deposition revealed that donald trump said he was afraid that protesters during the 2016 election would throw dangerous fruits at him during a rally in transcripts of an october 2021 deposition filed in court on tuesday, the twice-impeached former president insisted tomatoes, pineapples, and bananas can be very dangerous weapons that justify violent acts of self-defense "they were going to throw fruit," he claimed "and you get hit with fruit, it's no -- it's very violent stuff. we were on alert for that, to stop somebody from throwing pineapples, tomatoes, bananas, stuff like that. it's dangerous stuff." "and that's why we had the security guards. now, me, i wanted to use some very highly specialized fruit ninjas i said, let's do ninjas, because they had the fruit swords. but they said no, because with the ninjas, if they miss three fruits, they're out. and you can'

last week the "washington post" reminded us about 1946, when harry s. truman canceled it tor a different reason: to call attention to the post world war ii food crisis. this year the united nations predicts the war in ukraine could cost an estimated 1.7 billion people to go hungry. coming up in our next half hour, a conversation with the head of the u.n. world food program about this hunger crisis 76 years later. and prescriptions as low as $4. so you can live a little better each day. (fisher investments) it's easy to think that all money managers are pretty much the same, but at fisher investments we're clearly different. (other money manager) different how? you sell high commission investment products, right? (fisher investments) nope. fisher avoids them. (other money manager) well, you must earn commissions on trades. (fisher investments) never at fisher investments. (other money manager) ok, then you probably sneak in some hidden and layered fees. (fisher investments) no. we structure our fees so we do better when clients do better. that might be w

harry truman was kind of thrown into the government after fdr's death, and he really had a crash course of what was going on with the government while on the funeral train partially while on the funeral train, so they managed to uphold the traditions and the expectations of the public for the for the public funerals, but the the work of government went on and lbj did the same thing very quickly took over commands of power even on air force one while they're still at love field. so yeah, there's always been that that balance of retaining the secession of power to make sure that that wasn't that wasn't disturbed. also giving attention to the public morning. thank you. thank you. yes, ma'am. thank you. hi, my name is colleen rickenbacker and i live here in dallas. and this is more of a story and obviously a big honor that i had linda lynn adams when this is towards the end of the 80s. she came to our office. i worked for the dallas convention visits bureau, which was now visit dallas and she came and i was the head of the convention services department and we had the great privilege she wa

truman. then the johnson richard nixon and ronald reagan as well as on iconic entertainer johnny carson. it's a pleasure to welcome back to the great lives podium my good friend steve farnsworth. thank you so much bill. i'm delighted to be here and to talk to you about one of the really interesting people in the history of american film. now you may have heard a rags to riches story or two in your time, but few will ever compare to the bust to boom tale of charlie chaplin who went from being a destitute child in a victorian workhouse in london to the most famous man in the world in two decades. charlie chaplin the world's first and arguably largest global movie star was so effective at offering enigmatic political messages that we are still debating what he was trying to say more than a century after his first signature character appeared on the silver screen. the 81 films that chaplain was involved in as actor or author or director or composer or all of the above represent an unequaled body