ambassador to russia, michael fall. director brennan, i do want to start with you. this is the unending tangle. how do you deal with a global bully who has nukes and who also holds the gas tank? do you take seriously russia's threats to use nuclear weapons, number one, and number two, should europe respond to their threats by saying the hell with your gas? >> well, first of all, i think we had the mindful that russia is a nuclear power. this is a lot of nuclear saber-rattling as a way to threaten and intimidate the west and europe. putin still wants to win this war with conventional military might and not going to escalate to a nuclear realm. as far as europe is concerned, the gas supplies to bulgaria and poland. and it's been very, very strong. and determined to. using these levers that he has particularly on the energy fronts, but i think based on my discussions with some europeans, they realize that the threat that europe poses not just to ukraine, to europe more broadly is very, very serious and this is the time for them to stay strong. >> same question to you,