they came mainly to new england. they founded places that were built on town meetings and self-government. as a strong counterpoint to what was being imposed upon them. the result was the town meeting culture of new england that we know so well today. then, i will not go into great detail but i looked at four other american regions. never the same group of migrants. always coming from different places, at different moments, going to different parts of the u.s. the result was the development of the regional patterns that we know in america today. that is what albion sea was about. this next book which was our primary business tonight has the same sort of thing for the migration for africa to what is now the united states. these people came mostly in chains. these were people who came as slaves. they also came in waves. they came to different parts of america from different places in africa in the same way that they migrations from europe or patterned. the result was a considerable diversity of african in america. my b

the 1700s, new england sees the decline of puritanism. remember, they had been founded in massachusetts, connecticut especially, these kind of colonies were founded as puritan colonies. and puritanism by the early 1700s is in decline. now 70, 80 years past the time of the founding. and the puritan movement has started to fade away. historians e debate about just how much puritanism is really declining. some of this may just be taught because you know that pastors especially but lots of christians will talk about, oh, you know, our founders were much more committed than we are. i don't know if you've ever heard that in a church service or something. but, you know, it used to be so much better, but now we've fallen away. that's a very common rhetorical movement you get in churches, and you started to see that in the puritan churches in the late 1600s, early 1700s, and it breeds a type of sermon, a characteristic type of new england sermon that you get in this period that historians call the jeremiahad. if you know your bible, that's from je

especially new england. new england, again, it is the easiest story to tell about the coming of the great awakening. because there is such a linear colonial story in new england of the puritan founding, the decline of puritanism, a sense of building religious crisis in the early 1700s, and the 17 thirties, forties, an outburst of new religious commitment as signaled in the great awakening. a lot of what i will talk about, the background of the great awakening, is tracing the story most specifically of colonial new england. which is the epicenter of the great awakening in america. but the other colonies are definitely affected. okay? why do they have a sense of religious crisis? well one reason you see here is a rise, apparently, in agreed, immorality. we talked about this. about the science people were falling away from their puritan commitment. the pastures are talking all the time about how people are consumed with business affairs, forgetting about their love for god. they are worried society is becoming

electric grid operator known as iso new england, the independent systems operator said this, quote, for the clean energy transition to be successful, the region must continue to have reliable supplies of gas for home heating and electricity. without adequate gas, the region may not be able to meet the demand for home heating and electricity and reliability suffers, the clean energy transition suffers they continue, quote, we have seen that story play out in europe, australia and choslosero home in california and texas in some it is critical to the region's decarbonization goals that the lights and the heat stay on in new england and for the foreseeable future that requires gas end quote. this comes from a document released on monday ahead of a key meeting about the issue on september 8th and is very clearly meant to be a stark warning to regulators and politicians in new england about the seriousness of the issue, what seems to be a real warning that unless there is a steady and stable supply of natural gas there could be a day when the lights or the heat simply don't come on in bos

you get movements like the alumni revival and the baptist movements in new england in northern new england that are really at a different social level than these other movements. but that is after the revolution. >> thanks very much, taylor. next question is coming from gerald, funny enough that was about my last name was before it was changed on ellis island. but was the role of the catholic faith within the revolution in period especially as it contained to the processing communities here. >> that is such a fantastic question. i am going to rely on the work on mauro fairly here who has done a lot of works on u.s. catholics anglo new conflicts in north america. colonial catholics in the british empire and in north america were pretty loyal to the british state. they were really english catholics. they had learned to work within the english system then once the revolution happens catholics disproportionately participate in the revolutionary movement, disproportionate to their numbers. they use that as a lever to gain more citizen ship rights. to move military service to help redefine what

this was less true in new england than in new york in the south, where there were larger numbers of loyalists to begin with. but not all of them had the same -- behalf of many>> thanks, patric. suzie, do you want to add to that? >> i thought that was really interesting, that alexander hamilton worked on behalf of many of the ones who are coming back. there's a wonderful story about john adams reuniting with his friend, jonathan steward, their friendship had really broken up over the revolutionary war. when it was over, they saw each other and just gave each other a big hug at one point. i can't remember now if this was while adams was in the uk or whether it was back on home ground. but, you know, there were these bonds of friendship and love and family that sometimes were only temporarily broken by the revolution. >> it is emotional when you start to think about, it really. talk also about that tension of bonds. i want to talk about the tension between breaking preservation and erasure. and that tension right there. and i want to start off with eileen for this one. to kind of address the ten

from congregationalists in new england in new york is very -- very many different. quakers in pennsylvania and delaware. a lot of anglo tenants especially in virginia and the carolinas. and then there's going to be new sets by the time of 1840. the shakers, the methodists and more baptist coming on board. baptist more important in virginia and madison befriends the baptist in particular. so that is a lot of religious diversity. that's going to be a stumbling block. for geo- strategic reasons think we have to hang together. first so first congress even though we recently fought a war against you. in that era catholic and protestant your french-speaking and we are english-speaking. geo strategically useful for us to have you on board. see you do not status in the inback. enema nice letter this is like a membership. you're like a credit card. preapproved for a gold card for american express or mastercard or whatever. they thanks but no thanks. so americans tried to conquer and benedict arnold comes close but fails. religious diversity is one of the things is going to m

this is less true in new england the new york in the south where there's larger numbers of artists to begin with but not all of them have the same kind of trag. section thanks, patrick susie. do you want to add to that? well, actually, so i thought that was really interesting that alexander hamilton worked on behalf of many of the ones who? who were coming back and there's a wonderful story about john adams reuniting with his friend jonathan seward and they had their friendship had really broken up over the revolutionary war and then when it was over they saw each other and just gave each other a big hug at one point. i can't remember now whether this was well adams was in the uk or whether it was back on home ground, but you know, they there are these bonds of friendship and love and family that sometimes just you know, we're only temporarily broken by the revolution. it it is emotional when you start to think about it, really? talking us about you know that tension the tension of bonds. i want to get into the tension between the bond of breaking preservation and erasure and and that

i am always inspired when i come to new england. within indiana we do not have the tourist sites that you all have. i am a student of american history. these are storied places in which we live. against all odds, against the most powerful force in the world, freedom was minted. but it all began with faith. from people who believed that they were called by providence to create a shining city on a hill. and we have. america is the greatest nation in the history of the world because we have a great people who believe in freedom and because we have ever put our trust in this one nation under god. with liberty and justice for all. so long as we keep that faith, the best days for the greatest nation on earth are yet to come. thank you for having this, it is a great honor to be back. god bless you all. [applause] >> thank you for that. we have a personal connection, it appears that the vice president's grandfather emigrated to the united states from ireland in the early 1920's. he came from a little town called tupper curry. guess what? in

of course new england, it saturates the landscape. the point is, there is naturally going to be, in kind of the way we think about the enlightenment and high enlightenment, there is naturally going to be a tension between religion and the enlightenment, and the reason. so if you were to take the enlightenment to its logical conclusion, in terms of religious belief, forget about colonies for a second, but if you were to take the enlightenment to its logical conclusion, where would you be religiously? dylan? >> you would probably be landing on people who improve themselves and are morally good without the price. >> okay, where would you end up? how would i categorize that religion? if you didn't hear him, he said you can improve your life without any kind of christian faith or price or god. so if you took that to its logical conclusion, where would you end up? humanism or, what? atheism. is everything is reason, and everything can only be explained by reason, i guess you could try to apply a reason to prove the existence of god but ulti

have to fish in new england, new england's big crop was fish. half of it goes to catholic countries, were there a lot of fish, because they are not allowed to meet on fridays and saints days. there refuge dish, as they call, it was an amazing evocative term, the refuge fish, is what's feeds enslaved people in the caribbean. so the economically, we can start there. you can't name a colony where enslaved people were not significant. it even in a place like vermont, which is going to be the 14th state, there were enslaved people. not a lot, but even fremont is dependent on sending livestock down to the caribbean. so, economically there are significant. i think they become hugely significant, african americans to, late in the process of the origins of the revolution. but it's a reminder, to me, that we've got to talk, we talk about doors in the revolution, it's not a decision that somebody made one day. like i said at the beginning, you can't ask the question, if you start asking, why did the colonists decide herbal? you are already going down the w

congregationalists in new england. you know, new york has many different situations and they are going to be new sets, the shakers and the method is and more baptist coming on board and then dad is a lot of religious diversity. and america further strategic regions, we have to hang together. so much so that the first confederation actually writes a letter to that saying hey, why don't you join us and even though you are partisan, geostrategic situation as it will be useful to have you onboard while we are fighting the british said they extended it, saying okay, this is unlike any you membership. you have been preapproved and so benedict arnold comes close but they fail, so religious diversity is one of the things that is going to make a hard for them to join or die. different colonies found at different times for different reasons, virginia is about making money, basically about religious freedom and so when my story begins, they are not american, massachusetts, tons of newspapers, we treat them all pretty badly, throu

tens of millions under alert from the plains to new england. in downtown washington, d.c. the heat index made it feel like the low 100s. al roker is tracking it all. al, what can we expect going forward? >> reporter: well, also ter, it feels a lot like las vegas only a lot more humidity across much of the country. 78 million people from the plains, the southwest, into the mid-zplakt northeast into new england feeling heat advisories, dangerous heat. in fact, you have the jet stream to the north, hot humid air being pumped up around that high pressure. triple digit feels like temperatures. selena, oklahoma city, washington, d.c. and raleigh for tomorrow. and going into the weekend we've got temperatures that are not going to cool off very much. it's going to stay pretty warm. and the bad news is we are going to be looking at these kind of conditions due to this big heat dome and a jetstream to the north into the late part of august. lester? >> all right, al, thanks. >>> the white house is condemning china's actions after it fired missiles near taiwan, calling it an overreac

in other words think about new england puritans for a minute. you are not so stained and depraved from your sin nature. that you can't rise above it. and make something of yourself. you are not stuck in some type of a conservative caste system in which your bloodline determines whether or not you will be successful or not. if you reject that idea. you have drunk deeply. from the well, if you will of the enlightenment, so imagine, you know, imagine like a medieval peasant. okay, a medieval peasant pretty how does a medieval peasant just take a guess. how does a medieval peasant spend his or her day? so if you've studied medieval history, jack fields working in the field, right dylan you what dad to that. i was gonna say the same thing quietly. he's usually on a plow right or behind a horse. right plowing sowing reaping agricultural stuff, right? no medieval peasant say 18 to 22 year old medieval peasant is out there in the field saying. i may be on the field now, right but one day my kids they're going to go to college, you know, they're gonna be

congregationalists in new england. freethinkers and rhode island. a great-great-grandmother of roger williams, freethinkers and rhode island and baptists and congregationalists in new england. new york are many -- lakers in pennsylvania and delaware, anglicans especially in virginia and carolinas and then new ones by 18 order, the shakers and methodists and baptists coming on board and madison befriends the baptist particular so it's a lot of religious diversity and will initially be a stumbling block. i haven't mentioned catholicism american for geostrategic reasons think you have to hang together. join or die so much so the first confederation congress writes a letter saying why don't you join us? in the fought a war against you french and indian war even though you are catholic and we're protestant and you're french-speaking and if we are english-speaking, geo strategically it's going to be useful to have you on board say don't establish in the back fighting on the coast. they send a letter saying e you membership. you have been preapproved for a

englanders. because the boston massacre happen it was one-off and only five people were killed but at lexington, ten people were killed and more as a british made their way home so many from new england would turn them from his calculation of week don't want to pay the sugar tax the gas tax so we got rid of the gas tax minister protected all that so that sort of rational compilation about how can we get back the good times we had in 1762. and basically getting back to the good old days to wanting to be a separate nation and many factors of course the biggest factor of new england, is the battle of lexington and from that faces the question of whether self version conquered and i would say yesterday that is emancipation proclamation, he was the last governor of virginia and in 1775, he was massively outnumbered, there were few whites in virginia who were loyal to the crown the vast majority of free to people in virginia were supporting revolution because they were not ready for independence yet th

and from new england into new york. in places like ohio, illinois, michigan, and wisconsin. at the heart of all of these migrations sit cities like cincinnati they form the center of these growing trade and exchange networks. you also see growth happening on the east coast. these trade and transportation networks connecting east and west spurred the growth of some other cities like baltimore on the coast. it really comes into its own on the early national period. urban populations in the united states skyrocketed between 1820 and 1850. in 1820, there are just 12 cities with populations of more than 5000 people. by 1850, there are almost 150 cities with populations of that size. as western settlers are traveling, they're going with their families, they're bringing their belongings, they're taking things with them that you would expect, your typical household belongings. things like furniture and farming equipment. but also in many cases, they are traveling with enslaved men and women. i will just say this briefly here. we are going to return to this and future lectures when w

new england last vegas coming your way. ♪good vibes by moa l.m. munoz & ryan t. short♪ ♪ ♪bout to get down, living it up♪ ♪never touch ground, never enough♪ ♪bout to get down, living it up♪ ♪never touch ground, never enough♪ ♪got me feeling good♪ ♪vibes♪ ♪ ♪got me feeling good♪ ♪vibes♪ ♪ ♪everything's everything's alright alright♪ get a free storage upgrade and case when you pre-order at t-mobile. >> when fun time from the bay area's local news station. you're watching kron. 4 news. >> really quickly, check polls right there feel anything. >> 2 california highway patrol officers are being credited for possibly saving a woman's life after a fiery crash on 5.80, in dublin. good evening and thank you for joining us for kron. 4 news at 10. i'm dan thorn kron four's. harris spoke with one of the officers about the experience and how that woman is doing tonight. >> i just know that that blood was not. >> was not circulating. so that was that was the big thing to end. just happy we got there. we did around 2.50 wednesday morni

england dare i say that? >>> the weekend forecast looks pretty nice, too, guys those details are still to come. >> we'll talk to you then, bill. thanks. >>> under the lights and in front of the corn the field of dreams hosted second major league baseball game there is ken griffey jr. and his dad, senior there. the cubs and the reds in iowa. the cubbies were also greeted by the voice of their late, great broa three -- ♪ take me out to the ball game ♪ ♪ take me out to the crowd ♪ >> hologram of harry carey singing "take me out to the ball game" during the seventh inning stretch. as for the game, chicago they had four runs on the board by then they would hold on to win the game, 4-2. >>> we're back in one minute with the ex-cop who is tied for the longest sentence in the capitol riot. >>> ahead, a little covid relief the new guidelines affecting millions of americans. it supports your health, starting with your digestive system. metamucil's plant-based fiber forms a gel to trap and remove the waste that

the flash drought across the new england coastline is that rapid onset of drought conditions, intensification within a matter of weeks. you saw that when i showed you the comparison between two weeks ago and just now. and it is also set into motion by the low rain and high temperature profile. out west, we're talking about decades of drought problems across that area which by the way are starting to get eaten away at slowly but surely. we like to see that this. but a lot of rain could lead to serious problems because the ground is so hard and so compacted from the multidecade drought that this amount of precipitation in a short period of time could lead to serious troubles. the potential today for flash flooding across arizona and new mexico, that is where the weather prediction center has a level three of four on its flash flood prediction scale. we also have national weather service issuing flood watches across much of the state of arizona and new mexico, including phoenix to al betterky albuquerque as well. with additional rainfall in the forecast, this could lead to flash flooding and we'

and he picked them despite the fact they were new englanders any dislike new englanders ardently. he thought they were the bestie had and the heat they were the bestie had. those two men, green and knox with washington are the only general officers who stayed the entire length of the war. who did not leave, who would not quit. >> you are watching the tv. and so, last summer when the comments being made by the republican candidate for the presidency were not only appalling but unimaginably out of place, i thought what can i do to provide some counter point of view to this and i started thinking about some of the speeches that i gave at national occasions such as the 200th anniversary, the anniversary of the white house, kennedy's memorial service in dallas which i was asked to be the speaker and commencement speeches and speeches that i had given at particular occasions of importance to the history of other organizations and/or universities and found there were a great many that i was voicing what matters and why i think history is so fascinating and how essential i think it is as

england and as a result new england occasionally has to buy large quantities from countries like russia? mr. butterworth: the constitution pipeline was supposed to take gas from pennsylvania to the new england states. when i got this job in 2016, we were meeting with contractors to pre-job the constitution. it got scrapped. i go to public hearings where i have been to some in new york and buffalo where a lady got up there and said -- we don't want your pennsylvania frack gas. that is the type of stuff we are dealing with. also, the nessie, which was going to take 1.8 million people off heating order in brooklyn, it never got through because they said -- aoc sent a rep there and said if you approve this project, the city will be underwater in 10 years. >> if it were possible to build these pipelines, among other things, would it likely result in more work for your members? mr. butterworth: heck, yes. >> mr. eberhart, it is my understanding that american energy extraction, oil and gas extraction, is generally held to a higher standard of environmental quality than many other places in the