1 00:00:05,22 --> 00:00:06,03 So you know talk 2 00:00:06,04 --> 00:00:10,86 a little bit about quantify Tim's today my favorite winter growing succulent plants 3 00:00:10,87 --> 00:00:16,49 from South Africa and sort of the program 4 00:00:18,01 --> 00:00:19,34 so called a fight in there is 5 00:00:19,35 --> 00:00:24,25 a genus in the family eyes away sea and that sort of common name for that group is 6 00:00:24,26 --> 00:00:25,55 the best and after 7 00:00:25,56 --> 00:00:32,21 a kind of old fashioned name for the family which has been superseded and it's 8 00:00:32,22 --> 00:00:37,09 a big family there's about I think eight hundred different species in the family 9 00:00:37,10 --> 00:00:37,77 sometimes quite 10 00:00:37,78 --> 00:00:43,61 a few more if you go by some of the old less divided up and somewhere in the 11 00:00:43,62 --> 00:00:48,74 neighborhood of one hundred thirty different genera and they're not all you know 12 00:00:48,75 --> 00:00:53,34 little compact succulent plants of the sort that we tend to grow in our windowsills 13 00:00:54,27 --> 00:00:59,48 a lot of the medicines are shrubby or things like there's 14 00:00:59,49 --> 00:01:04,75 a land Krampus up here and cultivation in Southern California this is 15 00:01:04,76 --> 00:01:09,01 a dress and the most species osome of those nice flowers so there was 16 00:01:09,02 --> 00:01:12,52 a lot of shrubbery things like that which might have nice flowers in the spring 17 00:01:12,84 --> 00:01:18,13 which people might grow in habitats like Southern California where they can survive 18 00:01:18,48 --> 00:01:21,88 but which are probably not a whole lot of interest to people with 19 00:01:21,89 --> 00:01:28,40 a little window sill collection of succulents in New England. This sort of thing is 20 00:01:28,41 --> 00:01:32,97 more interest may be of more interest to people than the Massachusetts cactus club 21 00:01:33,35 --> 00:01:39,28 so this is with up sort of the most famous genus of Livingstone type of succulent 22 00:01:39,29 --> 00:01:40,43 plants in the eyes of 23 00:01:40,44 --> 00:01:45,75 a city so it's ops are about thirty species it's one of the largest the largest 24 00:01:45,76 --> 00:01:52,17 genera larger genera of. Sort of compact succulents with this 25 00:01:52,18 --> 00:01:56,53 Livingstone type of lifestyle in the family eyes of a C. 26 00:01:56,57 --> 00:02:00,28 Among the messenger. And this is 27 00:02:00,29 --> 00:02:04,35 a kind of fight I'm server generate going to fight I'm going to fight him minimum 28 00:02:04,36 --> 00:02:04,52 there's 29 00:02:04,53 --> 00:02:09,70 a lot of codify tems that have names that mean in one way or another small they're 30 00:02:09,71 --> 00:02:15,99 tiny plants in general so these individual heads here are maybe 31 00:02:16,99 --> 00:02:17,70 a half or 32 00:02:17,71 --> 00:02:23,24 a quarter of an inch across not gigantic things and the plants of kind of fight 33 00:02:23,25 --> 00:02:29,04 them are often more or less cone shaped or OBGYN Ecole they're upside down cones 34 00:02:29,05 --> 00:02:34,50 with the flat part on top and the pointy part towards the base where the the plant 35 00:02:34,51 --> 00:02:39,07 connects to the roots. Each of these bodies is composed of 36 00:02:39,08 --> 00:02:44,37 a pair of fused together leaves they've got highly succulent leaves and they're 37 00:02:44,61 --> 00:02:47,17 fused together into sort of a single body with just 38 00:02:47,18 --> 00:02:54,00 a little opening at the apex through which the flowers emerge when the plants 39 00:02:54,01 --> 00:03:00,17 bloom and codify to those are primarily winter growing plants they mostly grow 40 00:03:00,18 --> 00:03:06,52 during the cooler months and during shorter days. So some 41 00:03:06,56 --> 00:03:11,16 overview of the gene is going to fight them so they're in the eyes of AC It's about 42 00:03:11,17 --> 00:03:15,96 one hundred nine different species of kind of items it's one of the larger genera 43 00:03:16,20 --> 00:03:21,63 in the family and definitely the largest genus of the really compact sort of 44 00:03:22,45 --> 00:03:29,13 horticulturally interesting mess Em's. There in Demick almost entirely to South 45 00:03:29,14 --> 00:03:29,75 Africa with 46 00:03:29,76 --> 00:03:35,71 a few sort of sneaking up into and it may be in the coastal regions there and 47 00:03:35,76 --> 00:03:40,11 they're probably concentrated sort of right around the Springbok and Stein cops 48 00:03:40,12 --> 00:03:45,39 there in the northern part of the region called them Aqua land on the west coast of 49 00:03:45,40 --> 00:03:50,03 South Africa although they get down almost to Cape Town there's 50 00:03:50,04 --> 00:03:55,95 a few species that grow in sort of rocky habitats around the vicinity of Cape Town 51 00:03:55,96 --> 00:03:56,69 which has kind of 52 00:03:56,70 --> 00:04:05,10 a Mediterranean climate and scrubby vegetation. For the right. OK 53 00:04:05,28 --> 00:04:12,24 So better for the microphone right sounds better to me it's not as much echoing 54 00:04:12,25 --> 00:04:14,41 in weirdness as throwing me off 55 00:04:14,42 --> 00:04:19,55 a little bit so yeah they do get down almost to Cape Town where there's sort of 56 00:04:19,56 --> 00:04:21,38 more of a Mediterranean climate than 57 00:04:21,39 --> 00:04:26,62 a really arid climate and out into the little Karoubi has out east of Cape Town 58 00:04:26,63 --> 00:04:33,24 sort of in the rain shadow of some mountains around the city there. And 59 00:04:33,28 --> 00:04:37,99 a little bit out into the interior of South Africa especially up in that area 60 00:04:38,00 --> 00:04:43,19 called Bushman land where it's maybe not so much winter rainfall and really not so 61 00:04:43,20 --> 00:04:49,27 much rainfall at all the rainfall is kind of sporadic and unpredictable but 62 00:04:49,28 --> 00:04:53,32 throughout most of the most of the range of the genus they're in 63 00:04:53,33 --> 00:04:59,78 a definite winter rainfall area. OK so 64 00:04:59,79 --> 00:05:03,06 a little bit on the history of going to fight him and culminating with this guy 65 00:05:03,07 --> 00:05:09,18 here as the world's expert on the genius Steve hammer out in California now he's 66 00:05:09,49 --> 00:05:11,24 trained in music actually and he was 67 00:05:11,25 --> 00:05:16,76 a professional musician. At least part time for part of his life but his other 68 00:05:16,77 --> 00:05:18,19 passion was definitely 69 00:05:18,20 --> 00:05:22,73 a succulent plants from South Africa and especially going to fight them and he's 70 00:05:22,74 --> 00:05:28,25 done a lot of work on the group over the years. To fight them there was sort of 71 00:05:28,26 --> 00:05:33,78 a golden age of description of new species of Kona fight I'm in the nineteen twenty 72 00:05:33,79 --> 00:05:35,25 S. In one nine hundred thirty S. 73 00:05:35,26 --> 00:05:40,73 When people like Luisa bolus and any Brown described 74 00:05:40,74 --> 00:05:45,42 a tremendous number of new species from all the exploration that was going on in 75 00:05:45,43 --> 00:05:49,63 the hinterlands of South Africa that time and also did 76 00:05:49,64 --> 00:05:55,31 a lot of work sort of moving around different species in the mess and listened to 77 00:05:55,32 --> 00:06:00,93 new genera and trying to divide it up and divide up the family into sort of smaller 78 00:06:00,94 --> 00:06:06,25 more manageable natural genera at the time before they started working almost 79 00:06:06,26 --> 00:06:11,43 everything in the family was put into one single gigantic genus Midsomer and the 80 00:06:11,44 --> 00:06:15,14 mom so some of these kind of fight them so they described they were moving them 81 00:06:15,15 --> 00:06:18,59 over from this embryo into this new genus going to fight them 82 00:06:18,90 --> 00:06:22,95 a lot of new ones that they were describing just based on new material that was 83 00:06:22,96 --> 00:06:29,87 coming in. They'd describe hundreds of species of quantify them some of which stood 84 00:06:29,88 --> 00:06:36,07 the test of time and others maybe not so much I think especially Louisa 85 00:06:36,08 --> 00:06:42,93 boluses philosophy was that she just wanted to describe any new variation 86 00:06:42,94 --> 00:06:44,38 that came in and she wanted to put 87 00:06:44,39 --> 00:06:47,22 a name on it just so there was something there for people to get 88 00:06:47,23 --> 00:06:51,53 a handle on and if somebody decided in the future they wanted to sink it into 89 00:06:51,73 --> 00:06:56,58 a different species and reduce the number of species good for them but she just 90 00:06:56,59 --> 00:07:01,84 wanted to sort of get everything out. There and document as much as she could some 91 00:07:01,85 --> 00:07:07,31 people at the time called her taxonomic operation like it was like an automatic 92 00:07:07,32 --> 00:07:13,90 sausage factory it was putting out species so fast. But so in one nine hundred 93 00:07:13,91 --> 00:07:20,26 ninety three Steve hammer finally decided to write his con a graph I'm on 94 00:07:20,27 --> 00:07:23,42 a graph of the genus going to fight where it sort of put together all the 95 00:07:23,43 --> 00:07:29,13 information that was known about the genus and maybe try and reduce some of the 96 00:07:29,14 --> 00:07:35,03 superfluid this number of species that were had accumulated over the years so he 97 00:07:35,04 --> 00:07:38,50 reduce the number of species in kind of fight them in his one thousand nine hundred 98 00:07:38,51 --> 00:07:42,30 three book down to just ninety species from 99 00:07:42,31 --> 00:07:46,94 a height of I think maybe four hundred or even more that had been described at one 100 00:07:46,95 --> 00:07:50,95 point or another. In two thousand and two he came out with 101 00:07:50,96 --> 00:07:54,86 a sequel called dumpling and his wife where he added 102 00:07:54,87 --> 00:08:00,33 a few. New finds but I. Will become 103 00:08:00,34 --> 00:08:04,36 a graph coming out I think it was sort of an inspiration for people to get back out 104 00:08:04,37 --> 00:08:09,25 into the veld again and start looking for Conan and seeing what else might be out 105 00:08:09,26 --> 00:08:14,48 there that didn't really fit into any of the species that Steve Hamer had accepted 106 00:08:15,00 --> 00:08:21,36 and so the period from say the late ninety's or so up until today has been sort of 107 00:08:21,37 --> 00:08:23,48 a second golden age for the description of 108 00:08:23,49 --> 00:08:29,31 a new species of quantify them so he had an additional law ten species or so when 109 00:08:29,32 --> 00:08:29,73 he wrote 110 00:08:29,74 --> 00:08:35,33 a sequel in two thousand and two and currently there is around one hundred nine 111 00:08:35,34 --> 00:08:40,06 species I think it's up to one hundred nine species that are accepted today. 112 00:08:44,42 --> 00:08:50,99 Right genus is divided up into sixteen sections based mostly on things like 113 00:08:51,93 --> 00:08:57,55 the form of the flowers and the ecology of the plants and the form of the leaves 114 00:08:57,79 --> 00:09:00,85 a little bit to some extent on some research that I did when I was 115 00:09:00,86 --> 00:09:04,77 a grad student and looked at the anatomy and sort of the microscopic structure of 116 00:09:04,78 --> 00:09:09,07 the plants that's kind of been incorporated into this taxonomy as well. 117 00:09:12,74 --> 00:09:16,67 One thousand new species that have appeared since the Qana graph in one thousand 118 00:09:16,68 --> 00:09:23,52 nine hundred three fall out into six sections within the genus So we've got 119 00:09:23,69 --> 00:09:29,00 one new species and Harry and this here. Number of what Stein is 120 00:09:29,29 --> 00:09:35,66 a bunch of Newman Osceola as one very COSA one cylinder ATA and 121 00:09:35,67 --> 00:09:42,66 a couple in the US in the section of the genus called Cheshire fellas so 122 00:09:42,80 --> 00:09:46,49 the rest of the talk I'm sort of going to go through these new species and talk 123 00:09:46,50 --> 00:09:52,91 a little bit about what I know of their history and their sort of ecology and you 124 00:09:52,92 --> 00:09:58,92 know towards the end I think we'll have time for some questions as well all right 125 00:09:58,93 --> 00:10:04,66 so section Herriot this Harry and this is sort of the more primitive section in the 126 00:10:04,67 --> 00:10:11,28 genus put primitive in quotes all kind of. Are equally evolved but 127 00:10:12,02 --> 00:10:16,61 this section Harry and this probably branched out pretty early in Kona fight and 128 00:10:16,62 --> 00:10:22,45 evolution and it is not so closely related to the other species in the genus and 129 00:10:22,86 --> 00:10:23,21 tend to be 130 00:10:23,22 --> 00:10:26,89 a little bit different there are those who believe they've still got the same 131 00:10:26,90 --> 00:10:31,71 belief pairs they produce one pair of leaves each year the leaves are not very 132 00:10:31,72 --> 00:10:33,84 fused together so it's sort of obviously 133 00:10:33,85 --> 00:10:37,89 a pair of leaves there one either side of the flower and just feels together at 134 00:10:37,90 --> 00:10:44,90 their base in this more primitive in Quotes section of the genus. And 135 00:10:45,14 --> 00:10:48,65 the new species in this section is going to fight 136 00:10:48,66 --> 00:10:53,15 a major Milly. Also known as kind of foot I'm Danielle 137 00:10:53,16 --> 00:10:58,50 e I and this was described in one thousand nine hundred eighty and it comes from 138 00:10:58,54 --> 00:11:02,73 plant back is where it grows on an unusual formation of rock 139 00:11:02,74 --> 00:11:06,47 a sort of tough brown rock that contains 140 00:11:06,48 --> 00:11:12,26 a lot of iron probably And you know if it's possible to change the projectors so 141 00:11:12,27 --> 00:11:16,92 you can see that probably not doesn't look like it it's up there at the top that 142 00:11:16,93 --> 00:11:23,87 are well good bye even. When we do. 143 00:11:26,24 --> 00:11:29,18 All right so this was 144 00:11:29,19 --> 00:11:36,14 a kind of fight I'm done here was. All right 145 00:11:36,18 --> 00:11:41,97 nice. Was. One of 146 00:11:41,98 --> 00:11:46,71 a pair of species that were described actually by two different guys from the Czech 147 00:11:46,72 --> 00:11:49,83 Republic in the in the late one nine hundred ninety S. 148 00:11:50,10 --> 00:11:55,30 And they were sort of stepping on each other's toes and they published. These two 149 00:11:55,31 --> 00:12:01,57 names are merely an Danieli I write it around the same time. Based on kind of 150 00:12:01,58 --> 00:12:06,06 incomplete material and this really you know you've got to say these work may be 151 00:12:06,07 --> 00:12:10,94 the most careful descriptions in the world so there are even to today it's not 152 00:12:10,98 --> 00:12:17,34 exactly clear which of these names is correct for this plant and. It's. 153 00:12:18,87 --> 00:12:22,30 Maybe not also the strongest of new descriptions it's actually quite 154 00:12:22,31 --> 00:12:27,15 a similar plant to a very well known previously described species couldn't fight 155 00:12:27,16 --> 00:12:33,56 a margin not was that which is quite common and widespread in bushland in the 156 00:12:33,57 --> 00:12:40,47 Bushman land area so this is kind of really just an isolated population of March 157 00:12:40,48 --> 00:12:44,49 and autumn is maybe the way that people will think about this plant in the future 158 00:12:44,91 --> 00:12:51,08 but for now it's considered a new species. Insects and what Stein is there is 159 00:12:51,09 --> 00:12:54,60 a number of new species that have been described this is going to fight 160 00:12:54,61 --> 00:12:58,38 a battle or I'm here and going to fight a battle or I'm is 161 00:12:58,39 --> 00:13:02,19 a plant that was described in the economy graph in one thousand nine hundred three 162 00:13:02,20 --> 00:13:06,02 so this isn't actually one of the new discoveries I'm going to fight I'm and the 163 00:13:06,03 --> 00:13:09,19 plant was actually discovered in the late one nine hundred seventy S. 164 00:13:09,20 --> 00:13:12,49 I think in one nine hundred seventy nine by Anthony R. 165 00:13:12,50 --> 00:13:16,02 Mitchell And he's an Englishman who spent 166 00:13:16,03 --> 00:13:20,47 a tremendous amount of time in South Africa in the one nine hundred seventy S. 167 00:13:20,48 --> 00:13:22,29 And maybe early one nine hundred eighty S. 168 00:13:23,27 --> 00:13:24,50 He actually had a little bit of 169 00:13:24,51 --> 00:13:28,49 a breakdown maybe and he lost most of his plants so 170 00:13:28,50 --> 00:13:35,41 a lot of his collection died. And he really stopped communicating with people 171 00:13:35,42 --> 00:13:41,99 in the succulent and succulent plant community and to other botanists and so this 172 00:13:42,00 --> 00:13:46,04 plant actually sort of disappeared entirely there was I think one plant in 173 00:13:46,05 --> 00:13:52,19 cultivation that survived in England and that was the only specimen from which this 174 00:13:52,36 --> 00:13:58,35 species was known for many years from the late seventy's when it was discovered up 175 00:13:58,36 --> 00:14:00,93 until its description in the early one nine hundred ninety S. 176 00:14:01,22 --> 00:14:05,91 Until two thousand and four when the original site in South Africa was rediscovered 177 00:14:06,80 --> 00:14:08,95 So this was a species that was lost for quite 178 00:14:08,96 --> 00:14:13,86 a while and it's an interesting thing it flowers in the spring time which is quite 179 00:14:13,87 --> 00:14:19,00 unusual for quantified homes and I have one up here. And it's got 180 00:14:19,01 --> 00:14:22,93 a little blue mana right now which you can check out later on you can come up and 181 00:14:22,97 --> 00:14:23,13 take 182 00:14:23,14 --> 00:14:26,32 a look at the specimens I've got of some of these going to fight him some front here 183 00:14:26,32 --> 00:14:32,27 . Almost all kind of fight on the flower in the fall in our hemisphere they flower 184 00:14:32,28 --> 00:14:37,41 and sort of late August September October is when they bloom this is one of 185 00:14:38,17 --> 00:14:39,35 a couple of species just 186 00:14:39,36 --> 00:14:45,91 a very few number of species that flower in the springtime right around now for us 187 00:14:45,92 --> 00:14:51,44 in the northern hemisphere and it's anything that's unusually large for a cone 188 00:14:51,45 --> 00:14:54,61 a fight or maybe these are sort of a you know the size of 189 00:14:54,62 --> 00:14:58,87 a nickel or so and when they first start growing in the fall they've got this 190 00:14:58,88 --> 00:15:04,10 amazing fire or sort of fire engine red color to them all the plants turn that 191 00:15:04,11 --> 00:15:05,36 color and they sort of fade to 192 00:15:05,37 --> 00:15:10,15 a more greenish color as the winter wears on. So anyway it's 193 00:15:10,16 --> 00:15:15,41 a neat thing fortunately it was rediscovered and it was maybe sort of making its 194 00:15:15,42 --> 00:15:22,01 way into cultivation at this point. It was you know it was known 195 00:15:22,46 --> 00:15:26,46 during this time when the original site for the plants was lost and it was 196 00:15:26,47 --> 00:15:27,47 represented by just 197 00:15:27,48 --> 00:15:33,15 a single plant and cultivation in private collection in England and it was actually 198 00:15:33,16 --> 00:15:38,04 maybe kind of the inspiration for some of the new finds in the genus going to fight 199 00:15:38,05 --> 00:15:41,66 them because people were aware that this thing was probably still out there 200 00:15:41,68 --> 00:15:45,80 probably hadn't gone extinct or anything like that it was just it was hiding 201 00:15:45,80 --> 00:15:48,66 somewhere out in the hinterlands where nobody had seen it in 202 00:15:48,68 --> 00:15:52,39 a while so it kind of was an encouragement for 203 00:15:52,48 --> 00:15:57,47 a lot of succulent plants sounds and botanists to get out there in the wild and 204 00:15:57,51 --> 00:16:00,47 look around and see what they could find and 205 00:16:00,48 --> 00:16:05,80 a number of other species were discovered sort of in the course of trying to 206 00:16:05,80 --> 00:16:07,87 rediscover the location of going to fight 207 00:16:07,87 --> 00:16:14,48 a battle or I'm. And this was one of the kind of fight of Chrysler crooks them is 208 00:16:14,49 --> 00:16:20,32 named after Chris Barnhill and of the crooks and part comes from the fact that 209 00:16:20,61 --> 00:16:26,70 around the top of the leaf there's this sort of cross shaped reddish patch of 210 00:16:26,71 --> 00:16:32,36 pigment So it's. Going to fight I'm named after Chris Barnhill with 211 00:16:32,37 --> 00:16:39,23 a cross shaped reddish patch around the top of the plant and that's actually 212 00:16:39,24 --> 00:16:42,59 another spring flower so it's also 213 00:16:42,60 --> 00:16:46,21 a plant that flowers around this time of year often 214 00:16:46,22 --> 00:16:48,45 a little bit later than Bacha Lorem but with 215 00:16:48,46 --> 00:16:54,82 a new usual spring flowering time. So it's thought to be quite closely related to 216 00:16:54,83 --> 00:16:59,94 Pacha Lorem but not the same thing comes from you know 217 00:16:59,98 --> 00:17:02,81 a fair amount north the doesn't overlap with kind of fight 218 00:17:02,82 --> 00:17:08,79 a Bachelor of it all comes from further up north. And but those flower at the same 219 00:17:08,80 --> 00:17:13,30 time of year in the plant has sort of the same form as Bachelor him so 220 00:17:13,31 --> 00:17:19,21 a very strong top shaped plant going to fight him Chris solo I'm named after 221 00:17:19,22 --> 00:17:23,94 a different Chris it's named after Chris Rogers than and the solo I'm part of the 222 00:17:23,95 --> 00:17:27,45 name comes from it stays from the fact that it stays 223 00:17:27,75 --> 00:17:33,07 a very small plant these individual little bodies are you know maybe the size of 224 00:17:33,08 --> 00:17:37,98 a pier so and it very rarely branches so it stays as sort of 225 00:17:37,99 --> 00:17:43,85 a little single plant body its entire lifetime. And this hose and autumnal flower 226 00:17:43,86 --> 00:17:44,17 which is 227 00:17:44,18 --> 00:17:48,15 a little bit surprising people thought that again this might be they thought it 228 00:17:48,16 --> 00:17:49,46 first that maybe this was quite 229 00:17:49,47 --> 00:17:53,60 a bachelor I'm having been rediscovered going to realize that that wasn't the case 230 00:17:53,61 --> 00:17:59,88 pretty early on but then it started flowering in the cultivated plants and people 231 00:17:59,89 --> 00:18:03,61 realised that it had sort of the typical autumnal flowering as opposed to the 232 00:18:03,62 --> 00:18:07,52 spring flowering of Bacha Laura So again probably 233 00:18:07,53 --> 00:18:12,57 a different species this actually goes. Quite close to 234 00:18:12,79 --> 00:18:19,61 a fight I'm Chris Olam. And here's another plant it looks 235 00:18:19,62 --> 00:18:23,92 a lot like the fight I'm about to Laura and when I was first shown photos of this 236 00:18:23,93 --> 00:18:25,98 planet I thought well yeah it's just going to fight 237 00:18:25,99 --> 00:18:29,96 a battle or I'm and it comes from about the same place is going to fight 238 00:18:29,97 --> 00:18:36,86 a battle or I'm on the same set of hills so quite close by. But when this flowered 239 00:18:36,87 --> 00:18:43,27 in cultivation it had these funny little darker colored flowers kind of different 240 00:18:43,28 --> 00:18:43,97 from Batchelor 241 00:18:43,98 --> 00:18:48,47 a minute produce those flowers in the autumn so six months off from one batch of 242 00:18:48,48 --> 00:18:54,56 Lorem flowers. So that kind of convinced me and some other people it was this was 243 00:18:54,57 --> 00:18:59,20 a different species they flower at different times they can't cross with each other 244 00:18:59,21 --> 00:19:03,38 they can't exchange genes they're kind of isolated from each other even though they 245 00:19:03,39 --> 00:19:08,39 look similar and they grow on the same hill so that convinced us that this is 246 00:19:08,44 --> 00:19:13,39 probably could be considered different different species and in twenty fifteen. 247 00:19:15,13 --> 00:19:18,91 Various researchers including myself decided to describe this as 248 00:19:18,92 --> 00:19:23,73 a new species and it wound up being called going to fight and confuse them from the 249 00:19:23,74 --> 00:19:29,08 foot from the fact that it's easily confused with Kono bachelor or um and so here 250 00:19:29,09 --> 00:19:35,90 is the two autumn flowering species confused them over here and. So 251 00:19:35,91 --> 00:19:42,36 long here flowering together probably in September or so and yeah so here is our 252 00:19:42,37 --> 00:19:47,67 paper republished this in the journal Bradley out of the U.K. 253 00:19:47,99 --> 00:19:54,73 In twenty fifteen and some photos of the plant from the paper in the 254 00:19:54,74 --> 00:20:01,06 wild. In that same issue of Bradley 255 00:20:01,67 --> 00:20:04,49 there was another new species of going to fight 256 00:20:04,50 --> 00:20:10,05 a in in this section which Stein had his tribe going to fight him critter for 257 00:20:10,19 --> 00:20:13,46 criteria for May. Which is 258 00:20:13,64 --> 00:20:17,73 a fairly similar to the well known and widespread going to fight I'm sure condom 259 00:20:18,69 --> 00:20:21,62 it's you know distinguished by a few characteristics it's 260 00:20:21,63 --> 00:20:28,56 a very large robust plant that has this very convex tops of the leaves 261 00:20:28,57 --> 00:20:34,13 there are concave tops of the leaves the leaves have this kind of sunken area 262 00:20:34,14 --> 00:20:35,28 around their center which is 263 00:20:35,29 --> 00:20:41,20 a little bit unusual it turns out it has the wrong sort of epidermis for kind of 264 00:20:41,21 --> 00:20:42,85 fight I'm just kind of to it's 265 00:20:42,86 --> 00:20:47,38 a totally different sort of epidermis at the microscopic level from your condoms so 266 00:20:47,39 --> 00:20:52,06 it probably is a good species but another one described relatively recently just 267 00:20:52,07 --> 00:20:58,67 a couple of years back and I'm mostly going to stick with new species 268 00:20:58,68 --> 00:21:02,68 descriptions here but this is a funny variety that was described I'm ignoring 269 00:21:02,69 --> 00:21:07,81 a couple of varieties that have cropped up in the past twenty years but I thought 270 00:21:07,82 --> 00:21:14,19 I'd include this one which was just described I think twenty seventeen. Going to 271 00:21:14,20 --> 00:21:20,19 fight I'm slave I'm subspecies novitiate I'm variety cozies Inza which is similar 272 00:21:20,20 --> 00:21:24,97 to the fairly common subspecies novitiate which is kind of 273 00:21:24,98 --> 00:21:29,85 a widespread class but it's got this sort of peach fuzz all over the plants the 274 00:21:29,86 --> 00:21:31,23 REAL know this has 275 00:21:31,24 --> 00:21:36,54 a very smooth leaves this one it has got slightly hairy sort of my newly hairy 276 00:21:36,55 --> 00:21:43,45 leaves. OK some plants and section Osceola 277 00:21:44,06 --> 00:21:45,25 and like I said there's 278 00:21:45,26 --> 00:21:50,44 a lot of kind of fight EMS that have names that mean small and could fight them in 279 00:21:50,45 --> 00:21:53,86 Osceola here is named after are going to fight 280 00:21:53,87 --> 00:21:59,13 a minuscule MS that type species of this section of the genus and this tiny little 281 00:21:59,14 --> 00:22:05,07 bodies here at the base of their flowers in the autumn are you know sort of smaller 282 00:22:05,08 --> 00:22:06,14 than the racer on 283 00:22:06,15 --> 00:22:10,15 a pencil there's probably three or four of these bodies could fit into the space 284 00:22:10,16 --> 00:22:15,63 that's occupied by a pencil eraser and 285 00:22:15,78 --> 00:22:18,50 a fairly close relative probably of codified 286 00:22:18,51 --> 00:22:23,94 a minuscule them is kind of fight M P I'm here and kind of fight M.P. 287 00:22:23,95 --> 00:22:30,67 I'm grows kind of north west of the town of bitter Fontayne. So 288 00:22:30,68 --> 00:22:31,14 it's 289 00:22:31,15 --> 00:22:38,34 a near the mission at report and so it's near the Church of the mission and 290 00:22:38,41 --> 00:22:42,56 so it's the pious kind of fight in this how it got its name is right next to the 291 00:22:42,57 --> 00:22:47,65 church and it's about the same size is the typical plants of quantify them and I 292 00:22:47,66 --> 00:22:49,56 still I'm grows that there's 293 00:22:49,57 --> 00:22:55,49 a good geographic separation between this and its nearest possible relatives in 294 00:22:55,77 --> 00:23:00,73 that section of the genus this is a much more northern plant in the sort of 295 00:23:00,74 --> 00:23:07,69 a coastal plant. And it's got these somewhat blank body is typical codified 296 00:23:07,70 --> 00:23:12,27 a masculine has a lot of red markings on the body's going to fight Imperium has 297 00:23:12,28 --> 00:23:16,56 a very faint sort of red markings that mostly the just the bodies are kind of the 298 00:23:16,57 --> 00:23:21,78 still grey green color and here is with 299 00:23:21,99 --> 00:23:27,72 a penny to give you some scale of the plant sort of this time of year towards the 300 00:23:27,73 --> 00:23:28,98 end of its growing season. 301 00:23:36,43 --> 00:23:38,03 Codify to Mentone I is 302 00:23:38,04 --> 00:23:42,60 a relative of going to fight intend to loom and this was named after Anthony 303 00:23:42,61 --> 00:23:44,56 Mitchell The guy who discovered quite 304 00:23:44,57 --> 00:23:49,15 a fight and bachelor I'm so it was named in his honor he was sort of become more 305 00:23:49,16 --> 00:23:54,27 active by here in the fight and succulent plant community in recent years he's sort 306 00:23:54,28 --> 00:23:59,93 of reappeared and started showing up at conventions and things like that again so 307 00:23:59,94 --> 00:24:02,32 this plant was named C. 308 00:24:02,33 --> 00:24:09,12 In two thousand and nine in his honor. Put him high 309 00:24:09,13 --> 00:24:14,15 racquets is named after the hyrax I don't know if you know those they're sort of 310 00:24:14,16 --> 00:24:19,68 the sort of South African equivalent of Groundhog's although apparently not related 311 00:24:19,69 --> 00:24:23,48 to rodents at all they're you know that they look very much like Ground Hogs that 312 00:24:23,49 --> 00:24:29,81 are this big brown plant eating mammals. About groundhogs 313 00:24:29,82 --> 00:24:36,06 size apparently their closest living relatives are the elephants and it's 314 00:24:36,07 --> 00:24:42,57 a very isolated weird sort of mammal group. But anyway this is named after the 315 00:24:42,58 --> 00:24:45,79 hyrax it's it grows near 316 00:24:45,80 --> 00:24:52,70 a place called piss and dasi is the South African name for 317 00:24:52,71 --> 00:24:56,79 a hyrax and means what you think it means. 318 00:25:01,65 --> 00:25:05,54 New sort of boy Tim and probably a relative again of kind of a fight 319 00:25:05,55 --> 00:25:10,13 a minuscule I'm going to fight him how can I Oh says the other one that's named 320 00:25:10,14 --> 00:25:16,09 after that pair of. Somewhat feuding check going to fight him fans 321 00:25:16,94 --> 00:25:23,82 Pavelka and what's the other guy's name Hulda the Vulcan all the both named this 322 00:25:23,83 --> 00:25:29,60 plant at around the same time two different competing names Han I seems to be the 323 00:25:29,61 --> 00:25:35,78 name that's kind of won out over Thomas eye which I think is what Pavelka one of 324 00:25:35,79 --> 00:25:40,93 the call this plant but I think in this case all of them may have got his name in 325 00:25:40,94 --> 00:25:46,06 a little bit quicker so that's what I think the general consensus is this plant 326 00:25:46,07 --> 00:25:52,16 ought to be for Called going to fight him Han I kind of mini planted anyway in you 327 00:25:52,17 --> 00:25:57,94 no matter what you call it. It's thought to be maybe 328 00:25:57,95 --> 00:26:03,35 a member of the section man Osceola and I think in the description and some of the 329 00:26:03,36 --> 00:26:08,38 subsequent commentary people have thought that it's maybe related to codify them by 330 00:26:08,39 --> 00:26:15,30 current autumn in that section. It's actually it's the flowers are kind 331 00:26:15,31 --> 00:26:19,89 of odd for that section the with these very long tube sleeves kind of robust plant 332 00:26:19,90 --> 00:26:25,34 bodies and these thick sheaves that are brown and full of tannins that's where they 333 00:26:25,35 --> 00:26:30,52 got that brown color it may actually be a better fit for a different section 334 00:26:30,53 --> 00:26:33,32 a section by Loba and maybe 335 00:26:33,33 --> 00:26:40,27 a relative of quantify them by Obama. And. The plant body is they've got 336 00:26:40,28 --> 00:26:46,37 this kind of flattened form and they're very angular and in profile the bodies are 337 00:26:46,38 --> 00:26:49,80 almost diamond shape and it actually reminds me quite 338 00:26:49,81 --> 00:26:55,05 a bit of what I've seen of her barium specimens of another lost species of Kona 339 00:26:55,06 --> 00:27:00,73 fight I'm gonna fight I'm semi vested I'm and it's definitely not that species it's 340 00:27:01,12 --> 00:27:05,23 I think the person the people who found this may have come across that when they 341 00:27:05,24 --> 00:27:08,58 were looking for this last be She's that kind of fight I'm kind of going to fight 342 00:27:08,59 --> 00:27:13,17 I'm seventy vested I'm which hasn't been seen since its description in the one nine 343 00:27:13,18 --> 00:27:16,26 hundred thirty S. So it may be 344 00:27:16,27 --> 00:27:20,15 a shows that people are on the right track when they're looking for this last piece 345 00:27:20,16 --> 00:27:26,73 is that they came up with this new one. Not the quite sit not quite the same thing 346 00:27:26,74 --> 00:27:31,95 as something vested in those some FS so many vested I'm had hairs all over the top 347 00:27:31,96 --> 00:27:38,65 of the plants and. So for now at least that species is still only known from her 348 00:27:38,66 --> 00:27:43,66 barium preserved herbarium specimens there aren't any living plants in cultivation 349 00:27:43,99 --> 00:27:49,12 and the original location has been lost I guess in its description the description 350 00:27:49,13 --> 00:27:54,74 of its location was kind of vague and maybe also wrong so people have been 351 00:27:54,75 --> 00:28:01,64 searching that for that for many decades but never come up with that. But they 352 00:28:01,65 --> 00:28:08,14 have found some other things like this kind of item have I. Ok going to fight I'm 353 00:28:08,15 --> 00:28:12,42 brain Z.-I here was described in the late one nine hundred ninety S. 354 00:28:12,43 --> 00:28:18,50 And named after a South African researcher Peter brains and. You know this is 355 00:28:18,51 --> 00:28:23,00 a plant of the Northern carriers flock to the kind of in the southern part of the 356 00:28:23,01 --> 00:28:29,35 Mako land and it's a usual in a number of respects it has 357 00:28:29,36 --> 00:28:31,97 a kind of Kuli really 358 00:28:32,01 --> 00:28:37,18 a cylindrical and kind of blank featureless plant bodies and the is 359 00:28:37,22 --> 00:28:40,76 a large yellow flowers are born in the middle of winter it's 360 00:28:40,77 --> 00:28:44,73 a very unusual time for going to fight him still flower there's really not much 361 00:28:44,74 --> 00:28:48,61 else at all in the way of kind of fight in flowers at the time of year when it 362 00:28:48,62 --> 00:28:53,91 blooms say in January or February or so so an unusual plant in the in 363 00:28:53,92 --> 00:28:56,38 a number of respects and undoubtedly 364 00:28:56,39 --> 00:29:02,91 a new species some doubt of the good species Here's another case of 365 00:29:03,22 --> 00:29:07,88 people looking for one plant and finding something new and interesting going to 366 00:29:07,89 --> 00:29:13,15 fight a bird in a grows in more or less the same areas kind of fight and brains E.I. 367 00:29:13,16 --> 00:29:18,61 The last one. A different sort of thing it this is a sort of 368 00:29:18,62 --> 00:29:23,25 a normal autumn flowering plant that has big purple flowers in the autumn so sort 369 00:29:23,26 --> 00:29:27,80 of typical for codify them so that way the bodies of the plants are quite similar 370 00:29:27,81 --> 00:29:31,53 to what you see in the kind of fight of brains the eye though but it different 371 00:29:31,54 --> 00:29:36,11 color they've got the reddish brown coloration to them and it's especially strongly 372 00:29:36,12 --> 00:29:40,84 developed in plants and habitat I can't quite duplicate that color in Connecticut 373 00:29:41,18 --> 00:29:46,04 but I am habitat there this really deep sort of earthy looking 374 00:29:46,05 --> 00:29:52,73 a reddish brown color little bit purplish So that was found at when OS launder. 375 00:29:53,91 --> 00:29:57,13 The succulent plant fan and grower in South Africa. 376 00:30:02,71 --> 00:30:04,38 Fight him smelly or omit is 377 00:30:04,39 --> 00:30:09,52 a recent description of just in two thousand and thirteen This was described and 378 00:30:10,07 --> 00:30:13,73 it's a plant that's probably pretty similar to some known plants it's 379 00:30:13,74 --> 00:30:16,15 a little bit similar to going to fight in that type I'm 380 00:30:16,16 --> 00:30:21,14 a little bit similar to. See. Her been 381 00:30:21,15 --> 00:30:27,13 a four man. But maybe different enough to warrant the description this is one of 382 00:30:27,14 --> 00:30:29,00 the you know it's maybe a little bit of 383 00:30:29,01 --> 00:30:33,50 a marginal cases new species go but for now at least considered 384 00:30:33,51 --> 00:30:36,66 a new species named after the snails 385 00:30:36,67 --> 00:30:40,46 a couple of researchers and growers from England 386 00:30:43,89 --> 00:30:46,16 going to fight him or Maya is actually probably 387 00:30:46,17 --> 00:30:50,90 a close relative of Como Smedley or them and it's relatives like to be in a form 388 00:30:50,91 --> 00:30:57,13 a type of so all sort of part of that same complex and this in the last plant 389 00:30:57,14 --> 00:31:01,99 they're both found in the same area east of the town of Eckstein Fonteyn which is 390 00:31:02,00 --> 00:31:05,54 really the center diversity of codify them there is 391 00:31:05,55 --> 00:31:07,54 a tremendous number of species in a quite 392 00:31:07,55 --> 00:31:13,14 a small area in that part of the Mako land on the border of the Richters that old. 393 00:31:14,45 --> 00:31:18,52 Going to fight him or my is named after Irma Berger who's 394 00:31:18,53 --> 00:31:22,03 a naturalist living in the town of Springbok who's 395 00:31:22,04 --> 00:31:26,83 a very well known that has guided a lot of botanists including myself and 396 00:31:27,36 --> 00:31:29,08 a lot of the people I'm talking about during 397 00:31:29,09 --> 00:31:34,54 a lecture today. Around the muckle and in her corner of the world 398 00:31:37,98 --> 00:31:40,59 are my was described in one thousand nine hundred seven which was 399 00:31:40,60 --> 00:31:44,60 a big year for Kona descriptions. This is going to fight 400 00:31:44,61 --> 00:31:51,20 a cubicle and its description was in one thousand nine hundred nine and this grows 401 00:31:52,18 --> 00:31:59,16 well north of the town of Eckstein Fontayne which is sort of out in the middle of 402 00:31:59,17 --> 00:32:04,05 the Richters valves kind of in the middle of nowhere this comes from way north of 403 00:32:04,06 --> 00:32:09,19 the middle of nowhere up in really no man's land it's kind of uninhabited where 404 00:32:09,20 --> 00:32:14,81 this plant grows and extremely rough country I made one attempt I think it might 405 00:32:14,82 --> 00:32:19,88 have been with that when OSLAND or the discoverer of Conan O'Brian am to find this 406 00:32:19,89 --> 00:32:23,89 plant the sort of get up to where it grows and we had to give up after just 407 00:32:23,90 --> 00:32:29,15 a couple of miles trying to drive the tracks and roads that go north of the town of 408 00:32:29,16 --> 00:32:33,58 expand farm town and to where this plant was discovered it's 409 00:32:33,59 --> 00:32:39,42 a very difficult to reach region and it's extremely arid and definitely quite harsh 410 00:32:39,43 --> 00:32:46,12 country but yeah so it really typically recent find the plant in its vegetative 411 00:32:46,13 --> 00:32:51,27 growth is plant bodies look at least superficially similar to cause 412 00:32:51,28 --> 00:32:55,93 a fight I'm Angeliki subspecies Tetra gone home which has been known for quite 413 00:32:55,94 --> 00:33:02,23 a while. Which also has this sort of square bodies which gives plant its name. 414 00:33:03,53 --> 00:33:09,69 But kind of autumn Angeliki has sort of dark colored small nocturnal flowers 415 00:33:10,28 --> 00:33:16,92 this guy has daytime flowers diurnal flowers and they're huge you know 416 00:33:16,93 --> 00:33:22,77 they're in interim or across they dwarf the bodies of the plants and other up on 417 00:33:22,78 --> 00:33:27,30 there's a very long floral tube so it must be pollinated by some insect like 418 00:33:27,31 --> 00:33:28,21 a butterfly with 419 00:33:28,22 --> 00:33:33,30 a very long time and so the flowers are totally different from going to fight 420 00:33:33,31 --> 00:33:34,13 eventually K. 421 00:33:34,14 --> 00:33:39,62 And it's probably not related to that plant that all based on its floral form it's 422 00:33:39,62 --> 00:33:41,76 . So it's 423 00:33:41,77 --> 00:33:46,74 a pretty plant with the the form of the leaves these cubical leaves and there's 424 00:33:46,75 --> 00:33:50,94 a very large flowers in the autumn sometimes in 425 00:33:50,95 --> 00:33:52,86 a few plants the flowers are more of 426 00:33:52,87 --> 00:33:58,39 a purple color they are generally white occasionally there are some purples that 427 00:33:58,40 --> 00:34:03,83 pop up in the wild population and I haven't seen one in person but apparently that 428 00:34:03,84 --> 00:34:06,67 does occur it's also 429 00:34:06,71 --> 00:34:11,72 a fairly easy plant to grow it turns out and cultivation does quite well doesn't 430 00:34:11,73 --> 00:34:16,59 really present in the problems as long as you respect its winter growing period and 431 00:34:16,87 --> 00:34:17,15 give it 432 00:34:17,16 --> 00:34:21,86 a decent amount of sunlight it does quite well in cultivation it's pretty vigorous 433 00:34:21,87 --> 00:34:27,30 actually get this change 434 00:34:28,55 --> 00:34:33,19 quantify tomorrow Bill is maybe not so friendly and cultivation but 435 00:34:33,20 --> 00:34:38,56 a very interesting plant this was another one that people think was probably 436 00:34:38,57 --> 00:34:43,30 discovered by Anthony Mitchell in the nineteenth seventy's and he didn't really 437 00:34:43,31 --> 00:34:47,75 follow up on it so there wasn't any description of this plant until it was 438 00:34:47,76 --> 00:34:50,53 rediscovered fairly recently so this is 439 00:34:50,54 --> 00:34:57,44 a two thousand and one description of this plant. It grows out east of the town 440 00:34:57,45 --> 00:35:02,30 of Springbok which is kind of the unofficial capital of the no muckle and region 441 00:35:03,10 --> 00:35:08,12 but sort of out in the boonies east of Springbok it only grows in one very limited 442 00:35:08,13 --> 00:35:10,35 safe. It's 443 00:35:10,36 --> 00:35:16,03 a remarkable for these very long hairs all over the planet so vegetatively it looks 444 00:35:16,04 --> 00:35:17,33 like quite 445 00:35:17,34 --> 00:35:21,98 a fight I'm Stephanie and some of its relatives which also have these long hairs 446 00:35:22,46 --> 00:35:29,21 but those are again night flowering plants this has big purple daytime flowers so 447 00:35:29,22 --> 00:35:35,65 obviously not really closely related to Stefana at all despite the appearance of 448 00:35:35,66 --> 00:35:42,30 the the leaves of the plant. Here it is in the wild I visited the site where this 449 00:35:42,31 --> 00:35:47,37 plant grows I think in two thousand and four it's when I got to the spot where it 450 00:35:47,38 --> 00:35:53,57 grows and this is the place where it grows out used to Springbok and it's grows in 451 00:35:53,58 --> 00:35:58,80 a very unusual rock formation of sort of up in the those hills there and it's sort 452 00:35:58,81 --> 00:36:04,90 of one little area of Quartzsite So it's the squirt site mountain and it's the 453 00:36:04,91 --> 00:36:10,63 sunny tan colored kind of crumbly Quartzsite that breaks up into little shards that 454 00:36:10,68 --> 00:36:15,50 cover the sides of the mountain and it grooves among the rocks and boulders there 455 00:36:16,41 --> 00:36:22,30 as far as anybody knows just on that one Halo is the entire wild population of Kona 456 00:36:22,31 --> 00:36:26,25 fight him Raba lay and in Cope of Asian It seems to be 457 00:36:26,26 --> 00:36:30,85 a pretty slow grower and kind of finicky so I'm not sure if it's anything it'll 458 00:36:30,86 --> 00:36:35,07 ever get really widespread and cultivation even is kind of items go. 459 00:36:37,94 --> 00:36:42,94 Section very Kosovo's the small section I think just three or four species 460 00:36:42,95 --> 00:36:46,21 depending on how you count them this is kind of put in 461 00:36:46,22 --> 00:36:51,77 a small Rennes How do NS A from the section very COSA and others sort of window 462 00:36:51,78 --> 00:36:54,66 plant so sort of halfway to being window plants that got 463 00:36:54,67 --> 00:37:00,10 a little clear areas in the top of the plant like the WHO ARE Thea trunk out of our 464 00:37:00,11 --> 00:37:06,33 Scarpa showed the earlier. Windows in the users sort of the way partially developed 465 00:37:06,34 --> 00:37:11,49 to this is sort of these little clear dots on the top of the plant. And this is 466 00:37:11,50 --> 00:37:16,00 going to fight him her Mario which is the recently described one just in two 467 00:37:16,01 --> 00:37:21,20 thousand it was described it was actually raised up from it had been considered 468 00:37:21,21 --> 00:37:26,49 a subspecies of codify Timbs more and it's going to Enza but was raised up to the 469 00:37:26,50 --> 00:37:31,38 species status so it's sort of a loose description not really 470 00:37:31,39 --> 00:37:33,43 a new discovery the plant was known for quite 471 00:37:33,44 --> 00:37:37,91 a while although kind of obscure and cultivation and exactly where it came from in 472 00:37:37,92 --> 00:37:41,54 the wild was obscure as well but was 473 00:37:41,55 --> 00:37:48,52 a better information and some more work on it in its habitat. I think Steve have 474 00:37:48,53 --> 00:37:52,92 or in some other sided to raise it up to species status and in two thousand 475 00:37:57,03 --> 00:38:00,57 case Section cylinder ato or some other small section just 476 00:38:00,58 --> 00:38:07,43 a couple of species where one new species has been named recently and so this 477 00:38:07,44 --> 00:38:12,69 kind of fight every GROSS I'm growing it's typical habitat in the pans of grit 478 00:38:13,51 --> 00:38:17,06 granite mountains so very shallow soil model 479 00:38:17,07 --> 00:38:22,38 a whole lot of soil and all these pans probably actually flood during rains but 480 00:38:22,53 --> 00:38:27,76 most of the year they they dry out pretty quickly since the soil is so thin and 481 00:38:27,77 --> 00:38:31,58 it's growing there with that some little bulb which I have no idea what it is and 482 00:38:31,59 --> 00:38:33,70 who knows if it's even described it might be 483 00:38:33,71 --> 00:38:38,53 a dry minute or something but I think as they're going to fight I'm there and some 484 00:38:38,54 --> 00:38:43,53 are in the background there are. Members of section still and draw to grow in this 485 00:38:43,54 --> 00:38:47,15 type of habitat and they're often quite cryptic they kind of hide down among the 486 00:38:47,16 --> 00:38:53,82 stones and they're mostly buried. And this is going to fight I'm Young Yeah I the 487 00:38:53,83 --> 00:38:58,21 leaves of the plants look quite similar to that come to fight every ghost I'm it's 488 00:38:58,22 --> 00:39:02,92 not the best picture in the world but what I could find so that I can to fight him 489 00:39:02,93 --> 00:39:06,18 or ghosts of and then the leaves of this plant that also has these kind of reddish 490 00:39:06,19 --> 00:39:07,68 colored leaves with 491 00:39:07,69 --> 00:39:12,96 a very rigorous bumpy surface to them the flowers are totally wrong though this is 492 00:39:12,97 --> 00:39:16,88 another one that flowers off season and it flowers right around this time of year 493 00:39:17,31 --> 00:39:21,69 for us Northern Hemisphere people and I just heard from Steve Hamer I don't have 494 00:39:21,70 --> 00:39:25,84 this plant in cultivation but he does he says his plants of this are flowering 495 00:39:25,85 --> 00:39:31,82 right now so it flowers six months removed from most other kind of fight 496 00:39:31,83 --> 00:39:37,27 a mess and from its close relatives in the section very close to the flowers in the 497 00:39:37,28 --> 00:39:43,26 spring rather fall and is very large colorful flowers are also unusual for the 498 00:39:43,27 --> 00:39:49,23 section its potential close relatives come to fight them Rigo so has 499 00:39:49,24 --> 00:39:56,18 a tiny white flowers not very impressive but I saw these large pink flowers or 500 00:39:56,19 --> 00:40:00,35 violet flowers are quite different so I think probably 501 00:40:00,36 --> 00:40:06,74 a good species there. And my last section of the genus going to fight him is kind 502 00:40:06,75 --> 00:40:07,06 of fight 503 00:40:07,07 --> 00:40:12,51 a section in Cheshire fail is named because some of the plants sort of slowly 504 00:40:12,52 --> 00:40:16,81 disappear at the end of the growing season in the spring and tend to even shrink 505 00:40:16,82 --> 00:40:22,35 under ground and sort of like the Cheshire cat. This is going to fight 506 00:40:22,36 --> 00:40:28,30 a burger I. All the species in the section are window plants and 507 00:40:28,31 --> 00:40:34,49 a lot of them some or all of the plant body is buried underground and subs are 508 00:40:34,50 --> 00:40:40,54 a medium in the wild especially often not so much in cultivated plants which we 509 00:40:40,55 --> 00:40:42,17 tend to grow raised up 510 00:40:42,18 --> 00:40:46,98 a little bit above the surface so we can see them better and maybe also to prevent 511 00:40:47,02 --> 00:40:53,77 some problems with from Guy and rotting in disease but in the wild these are often 512 00:40:53,78 --> 00:40:58,22 almost Gee if it plants they have most of the plant body buried underground 513 00:40:58,56 --> 00:41:05,48 especially during the summer dormant period OK So that was going to find 514 00:41:05,49 --> 00:41:06,88 a burger I could afford 515 00:41:06,89 --> 00:41:10,87 a burger I was one of these descriptions of an eighteen thirty S. 516 00:41:10,91 --> 00:41:11,13 It's 517 00:41:11,14 --> 00:41:17,87 a very isolated plant it just grows in one spot in Bushman land. Near 518 00:41:17,88 --> 00:41:23,71 a town called Aka is which is kind of a little mining community. Going to find 519 00:41:23,72 --> 00:41:27,60 a burger I was so it's been known for quite a while it's a it's 520 00:41:27,61 --> 00:41:33,74 a really unusual plant these get to be almost the size of hen's eggs so it's pretty 521 00:41:33,75 --> 00:41:37,72 large they're going to fight them they almost never branch and probably in the wild 522 00:41:37,73 --> 00:41:41,36 they never branch at all it's just something that sometimes happens in soft 523 00:41:41,37 --> 00:41:46,10 cultivated conditions so it's always just the stuff in the wild it's always just 524 00:41:46,11 --> 00:41:51,79 the sort of single gumdrop shape and sort of gum drop textured body and it's 525 00:41:51,80 --> 00:41:56,64 perpetually covered on the outside by the dried up remains of old leaves and so it 526 00:41:56,65 --> 00:42:00,32 gets the common name burgers onion which I think is sort of 527 00:42:00,33 --> 00:42:04,30 a made up common name I guess all common names are made up but this is one that the 528 00:42:04,31 --> 00:42:06,70 mining company assigned to it as 529 00:42:07,06 --> 00:42:10,94 a common name for this plant for they did some promotional materials for 530 00:42:10,95 --> 00:42:14,76 a while because they have been pretty good about protecting the small site where 531 00:42:14,77 --> 00:42:20,58 this grows near the mines and they wanted a common name for their publicity for 532 00:42:20,59 --> 00:42:25,98 a showing how they were being responsible in conserving the local flora and fauna. 533 00:42:27,38 --> 00:42:30,36 So it's very unusual I think it's probably was 534 00:42:30,64 --> 00:42:36,21 a more or less unique in the plant kingdom that this thing lives its entire life 535 00:42:36,42 --> 00:42:41,61 protected under the dried up remains of old leaves like that the leaves in the wild 536 00:42:41,93 --> 00:42:46,84 never really break out of the dried up remains of previous years leaves like other 537 00:42:46,85 --> 00:42:50,88 quantify Timbs do during the growing season so it's 538 00:42:50,89 --> 00:42:56,09 a very unusual plant people have tried making hybrids with it it wouldn't 539 00:42:56,10 --> 00:43:00,17 a hybrid I was with anything else so it seems to be kind of a just and 540 00:43:00,18 --> 00:43:07,02 a CLI isolated plant from other kind of items. But in the past couple years 541 00:43:07,03 --> 00:43:12,95 a few probably fairly close relatives of this plant of turned up and the first one 542 00:43:12,96 --> 00:43:15,39 here is kind of put absorbed through radium which was 543 00:43:15,40 --> 00:43:21,79 a description from two thousand and one and this crows pretty close to where can 544 00:43:21,80 --> 00:43:22,34 a five Q. 545 00:43:22,35 --> 00:43:29,20 Become comes from in this isolated area north of Eckstein Fontayne. And it grows 546 00:43:29,62 --> 00:43:32,00 it's a plant of quartz fields like Could a fight 547 00:43:32,01 --> 00:43:37,86 a burger ride grows in the. Flooded areas that are covered by little courts pebbles 548 00:43:38,25 --> 00:43:42,66 and it really hides down among the courts have bowls and in the wild is the name 549 00:43:42,67 --> 00:43:49,59 suggests it is almost entirely submarine and am. Use of larger plants not in 550 00:43:49,60 --> 00:43:54,78 flower these get up to maybe the size of olives or so so it's 551 00:43:54,79 --> 00:43:59,43 a different from codify them burglarizing of of similar shape and similar flower 552 00:43:59,44 --> 00:44:04,84 structure it doesn't hide beneath the leaf sheath so all year long like a foot 553 00:44:04,85 --> 00:44:07,19 a bird or I does and it is 554 00:44:07,64 --> 00:44:12,49 a much more sub to Randy and plant in the wild the kind of fight a bird is so it's 555 00:44:12,64 --> 00:44:17,34 a sort of a horse underground version of codified 556 00:44:17,35 --> 00:44:21,69 a burger and maybe but this was discovered by 557 00:44:21,70 --> 00:44:27,72 a guy named Tom Jacobs and apparently when he found it he was Few feeling very sick 558 00:44:27,73 --> 00:44:32,68 and he was kind of dehydrated and exhausted and he was poking around into sort of 559 00:44:32,69 --> 00:44:36,95 looking at the ground in this flat and he saw these little guys picking up at him 560 00:44:36,96 --> 00:44:42,56 from the ground so it might not have been found if Tom hadn't been feeling sick 561 00:44:42,57 --> 00:44:44,02 that day sort of 562 00:44:44,12 --> 00:44:51,01 a been creeping around and looking at the ground. There 563 00:44:51,02 --> 00:44:53,06 is a the seeds of 564 00:44:53,07 --> 00:44:57,48 a kind of fight have some draining on them some young seedlings here just to give 565 00:44:57,49 --> 00:45:03,65 you an idea of the scale of young plants of the species. A lot of 566 00:45:03,94 --> 00:45:09,35 a lot of the species in the section Cheshire fail as they have very tiny seed like 567 00:45:09,39 --> 00:45:15,18 this and they probably in the wild at least mostly germinate underneath pebbles so 568 00:45:15,19 --> 00:45:20,50 that they're really plants of these courts fields and these courts pebbles that 569 00:45:20,51 --> 00:45:22,84 cover the ground are translucent and went through 570 00:45:22,85 --> 00:45:28,19 a fair amount of life and the way these plants establish is probably mostly 571 00:45:28,23 --> 00:45:33,80 underneath or at the edges of these courts pebbles not exposed to the air at all 572 00:45:33,84 --> 00:45:39,78 sort of hiding down in their own little bitty greenhouse beneath the rocks on the 573 00:45:39,79 --> 00:45:43,96 ground surface and only when they get a little bit older and larger of 574 00:45:43,97 --> 00:45:46,24 a sort of nudge there pebble aside 575 00:45:46,25 --> 00:45:51,06 a little bit so they're exposed to the air and can send up their flowers. 576 00:45:55,19 --> 00:46:00,46 My last new species is going to fight him hammer I named after Steve hammer and 577 00:46:01,03 --> 00:46:06,82 this is so another. Probable relative of quantify to burglarize and actually has 578 00:46:06,83 --> 00:46:10,64 the the same sort of vegetative form so this is 579 00:46:10,65 --> 00:46:17,37 a second species of codify to that perpetually High's underneath her remains of 580 00:46:17,38 --> 00:46:22,71 previous years leaves and has this sort of paper recovering over the plant its 581 00:46:22,72 --> 00:46:29,36 entire life. So these are older plants just starting to flower here unlike codify 582 00:46:29,37 --> 00:46:34,88 Tim Burger has a kind of dull colored nocturnal flowers going to fight 583 00:46:34,89 --> 00:46:41,85 a burger and most of the other species in that section have daytime flowers who 584 00:46:41,86 --> 00:46:47,07 are sort of evening flowers but that are colorful and probably attack attract 585 00:46:47,40 --> 00:46:52,22 daytime in sex like butterflies to pollinate them going to fight I'm 586 00:46:52,23 --> 00:46:57,57 a hammer I have nocturnal flowers that are mostly closed up during the daytime at 587 00:46:57,58 --> 00:47:02,31 night they open wide and they produce a very strong smell at night it has 588 00:47:02,32 --> 00:47:07,32 a smell I don't know if you know trailing our beautiful little wild flower going to 589 00:47:07,33 --> 00:47:12,86 fight I'm hammer I has the smell of the flowers the exactly the same as trailing 590 00:47:12,87 --> 00:47:18,17 argued is doing with wild flower and it's really strong at night on the If I go 591 00:47:18,18 --> 00:47:22,66 into the greenhouse and these guys are flowering I often find out that they're 592 00:47:22,67 --> 00:47:27,58 flowering by the smell rather than go even before I go over to look at the plants 593 00:47:27,99 --> 00:47:28,79 because it has such 594 00:47:28,80 --> 00:47:34,17 a strong sweet spicy smell which probably attracts moths which pollinate them at 595 00:47:34,18 --> 00:47:39,24 nice. And this is 596 00:47:39,25 --> 00:47:44,71 a sort of typical of kind of fight I'm hammer I have a task. Hammer is onion is 597 00:47:44,72 --> 00:47:50,38 a much more widespread plant widespread plant than burgers on the end Burger King 598 00:47:50,39 --> 00:47:54,73 to fight a burger I rose in just one little area that's probably not 599 00:47:54,74 --> 00:48:00,53 a whole lot larger than this library building. If item hammer I was actually pretty 600 00:48:00,54 --> 00:48:03,96 widespread in the vicinity of the client held close 601 00:48:04,50 --> 00:48:07,63 a little hell Valley and now the veeps 602 00:48:07,64 --> 00:48:11,97 a berg and the crystal Burke in sort of 603 00:48:11,98 --> 00:48:18,70 a kind of an isolated area of the Richter cells but not actually some of these 604 00:48:18,71 --> 00:48:24,86 sites are not too far off the beaten path. But that this plant was only described 605 00:48:24,87 --> 00:48:26,90 in one thousand ninety seven and just discovered 606 00:48:26,91 --> 00:48:32,34 a couple of years earlier than that so it hid for quite a while and I bet that 607 00:48:32,35 --> 00:48:36,41 a botanist must have visited some of the sites where this plant grows over the 608 00:48:36,42 --> 00:48:43,00 years and poked around and maybe even stepped on it and not seen it it's 609 00:48:43,22 --> 00:48:46,85 some of the sites for this plant grows are actually pretty close to the fairly 610 00:48:46,86 --> 00:48:52,67 decent roads some are isolated but some are pretty close to civilization as the 611 00:48:52,68 --> 00:48:58,80 Richters L.B.O.'s and I'd bet that sites like this particular particularly would 612 00:48:58,81 --> 00:49:04,05 have attracted the attention of succulent plant Grover as an botanists over the 613 00:49:04,06 --> 00:49:09,90 years and they must've just missed this little plant in the one nine hundred thirty 614 00:49:09,91 --> 00:49:10,09 S. 615 00:49:10,10 --> 00:49:16,57 Up until the nineteenth nineties when it was finally found and described. And here's 616 00:49:16,58 --> 00:49:20,83 a photograph of some of these plants in the wild towards the end of the flowers 617 00:49:20,84 --> 00:49:25,43 lives sort of stayed more and more open during the daytime and may attract 618 00:49:25,44 --> 00:49:30,90 a few daytime visitors but especially when the flowers first open they're really 619 00:49:30,91 --> 00:49:34,33 only open at night. So this is 620 00:49:34,34 --> 00:49:39,48 a photo from Chris Rogers and it's the plants and habitat that the new version of 621 00:49:39,52 --> 00:49:43,31 Powerpoint it was got this feature where it tries to describe 622 00:49:43,54 --> 00:49:48,49 a picture that you put into it and give you some sort of text description as I 623 00:49:48,50 --> 00:49:53,07 guess kind of an accessibility thing and I remember the way described this photo 624 00:49:53,08 --> 00:49:56,27 when I put it in was I think it was 625 00:49:56,31 --> 00:50:03,23 a stone wall covered with snow. But that's all of course pebbles they are and two 626 00:50:03,24 --> 00:50:07,58 plants it's going to fight them hammer I They're flowering and even with the 627 00:50:07,59 --> 00:50:11,58 flowers they're kind of cryptic and you can imagine how difficult it would be to 628 00:50:11,59 --> 00:50:16,66 find those plants fit was just the sort of the plant body covered up with those 629 00:50:16,67 --> 00:50:22,18 very pale leaf she is at the base there it's almost impossible to fight unless 630 00:50:22,19 --> 00:50:26,55 you're on your hands and knees just examining one pebble after another till you 631 00:50:26,56 --> 00:50:30,75 find the thing that's not actually a pebble and there's 632 00:50:30,76 --> 00:50:33,67 a couple more of these plants probably in the background there I think I see 633 00:50:33,68 --> 00:50:36,74 another flower there at least maybe 634 00:50:36,75 --> 00:50:43,55 a couple flowers there. Out of focus. OK So those are the news 635 00:50:43,56 --> 00:50:44,78 scription I just got 636 00:50:44,79 --> 00:50:49,26 a couple slides here of some things that have been found recently haven't been 637 00:50:49,27 --> 00:50:52,18 described yet so this is a possibly 638 00:50:52,19 --> 00:50:57,17 a new species of kind of fight I'm found by and the young who did the description 639 00:50:57,18 --> 00:51:01,81 with me and some others of classify to confuse them is a researcher from the U.K. 640 00:51:01,81 --> 00:51:08,79 . But there are veterans pass I find most little plat which is you know 641 00:51:08,80 --> 00:51:13,47 maybe related to some of the known species like going to fight him Swan 642 00:51:13,48 --> 00:51:14,64 a Pollyanna but 643 00:51:14,65 --> 00:51:19,82 a fairly different as well were these sort of very angular rough from the ridge 644 00:51:19,83 --> 00:51:26,05 bodies doesn't exactly fit any Moncada fight them I guess you could guess as to its 645 00:51:26,06 --> 00:51:32,26 relatives but maybe as a species and another one here 646 00:51:32,27 --> 00:51:37,33 a kind of fight. Related to going to fight him hairy at this but 647 00:51:37,34 --> 00:51:38,80 a very large plant for 648 00:51:38,81 --> 00:51:45,79 a quantified the user apparently each of these leaf pairs are four or five or six 649 00:51:45,80 --> 00:51:48,99 inches across so fairly large plant for 650 00:51:49,00 --> 00:51:54,37 a clone if item and of the stippling all over the leader this is doesn't really fit 651 00:51:54,52 --> 00:52:00,25 any other forms in related to qualify to marry at this that were known up to this 652 00:52:00,26 --> 00:52:07,13 point and this was found by Flora Grenier. Sort of 653 00:52:07,14 --> 00:52:11,69 up in the rector's Feld in the in the coastal range is the mountains there in 654 00:52:11,70 --> 00:52:16,17 a place that I guess nobody had really checked out before because the plants were 655 00:52:16,23 --> 00:52:22,69 completely obvious as you might imagine but. Hasn't been described it's the could 656 00:52:22,70 --> 00:52:24,24 maybe be considered 657 00:52:24,25 --> 00:52:28,13 a form of going to fight him Harry amp this but it it may be described as 658 00:52:28,14 --> 00:52:35,13 a new species at some point. OK So that's the end of my talks there's 659 00:52:35,14 --> 00:52:39,85 a lot of area in South Africa that probably hasn't been explored all that well and 660 00:52:39,93 --> 00:52:44,72 a lot of kind of remote places and also places near civilization here this is 661 00:52:44,73 --> 00:52:50,32 a bit in years past both the wheat fields around Cape Town but probably not many 662 00:52:50,33 --> 00:52:55,42 people are interested in cult of succulent classes been up in these mountains even 663 00:52:55,43 --> 00:52:58,56 though we know there are quantify Tim's up there and 664 00:52:58,68 --> 00:53:02,65 a lot of the mountains in this area for instance are pretty hard to access even 665 00:53:02,66 --> 00:53:06,56 though they're close to Cape Town and there but they are difficult to climb and 666 00:53:06,57 --> 00:53:11,18 they're covered with fairly thick vegetation so there is I'm sure there's new 667 00:53:11,19 --> 00:53:15,07 succulent plants hiding there and definitely out in the hinterlands of the Richters 668 00:53:15,08 --> 00:53:19,43 building Bushman land there's other things out there that are waiting to be 669 00:53:19,44 --> 00:53:24,75 discovered. Right so you know I saw in the presentation there are there any 670 00:53:24,76 --> 00:53:27,13 questions way back. 671 00:53:34,49 --> 00:53:39,79 So the question was What about going to fight Opal why and you know I've been there 672 00:53:39,83 --> 00:53:44,87 I've been to South Africa three times and I've never found any kind of fight I'm so 673 00:53:44,88 --> 00:53:51,05 that I thought were really do. Some of one of these actually that kind of fight I'm 674 00:53:51,06 --> 00:53:55,95 smelly or one that I went over here I think I probably had seen those in the wild 675 00:53:55,96 --> 00:54:00,58 before it was described but. The I don't I wasn't really convinced that it was 676 00:54:00,59 --> 00:54:01,94 a new species so I didn't make 677 00:54:01,95 --> 00:54:07,93 a description. Somebody else decided to try that one but I know that pilot coding 678 00:54:07,94 --> 00:54:12,21 was the one that I found that I didn't really know what it was and other people who 679 00:54:12,22 --> 00:54:16,46 were tightly couldn't experts checked it out on the side they didn't know what it 680 00:54:16,47 --> 00:54:18,68 was and so they gave it 681 00:54:18,69 --> 00:54:35,83 a new name and have been the name and after me. OK 682 00:54:35,84 --> 00:54:42,36 So Carol's question was about cultivating codify dams in their houses. You know I 683 00:54:42,37 --> 00:54:42,81 do use 684 00:54:42,82 --> 00:54:46,79 a greenhouse I've got access to the greenhouses that you know where I grow some of 685 00:54:46,80 --> 00:54:51,16 my plants but I do have plants at home as well and I grow some of those on window 686 00:54:51,17 --> 00:54:56,49 cells and some of them under lights. One of the main tricks is to give them enough 687 00:54:56,50 --> 00:55:01,35 light so the plants that I have under lights are about this far from the 688 00:55:01,36 --> 00:55:07,03 fluorescent tubes just a couple of inches away and the ones that are 689 00:55:07,04 --> 00:55:09,21 a window cells are definitely in 690 00:55:09,22 --> 00:55:14,26 a south facing window so where they get full sun is long because the sun is 691 00:55:14,27 --> 00:55:19,73 available whatever that might be in the New England winter but yeah it's hard to 692 00:55:19,74 --> 00:55:24,86 give these plants too much light during the winter time during the summer time when 693 00:55:24,94 --> 00:55:27,10 it's you know they should be given 694 00:55:27,11 --> 00:55:31,27 a little bit of protection from they can that's not the sort of plant you can move 695 00:55:31,28 --> 00:55:35,74 out to your patio and have it cooking in full song all day long during the 696 00:55:35,75 --> 00:55:42,27 summertime. But so light is important if you got to respect there are 697 00:55:42,44 --> 00:55:48,03 there are growing seasons so you have to really water them well in the winter time 698 00:55:48,35 --> 00:55:51,75 and really backed off of a watering and very little watering at all just 699 00:55:51,76 --> 00:55:58,72 a little misting now and again now and now and again in the summertime. About 700 00:55:58,73 --> 00:56:00,47 a whole lot of fertilizer kind of 701 00:56:00,48 --> 00:56:06,28 a mineral well drained soil mix is good but and temperatures kind of cool in the 702 00:56:06,29 --> 00:56:11,06 wintertime they don't like it if your house is heated up to sixty eight degrees all 703 00:56:11,07 --> 00:56:14,54 year round. They like to cool off quite 704 00:56:14,55 --> 00:56:18,24 a bit in the wintertime especially at night they like cool nights down in the 705 00:56:18,25 --> 00:56:25,06 fifty's or forty's. Yes So the ones 706 00:56:25,07 --> 00:56:29,45 under lights that was the question about keep them under lights here around but I 707 00:56:29,46 --> 00:56:35,82 do it just because it's easier that way. And I keep the lights just at twelve hours 708 00:56:35,83 --> 00:56:40,36 all the around the ones under lights I've got it set up right now so it's next to 709 00:56:40,37 --> 00:56:44,55 a window so they do get some natural light which probably helps with their photo 710 00:56:44,56 --> 00:56:51,23 period and helps to maintain their own seasonal growth cycle but I just sort of 711 00:56:51,24 --> 00:56:54,88 leave the timer set at twelve hours your twelve hours of light 712 00:56:55,02 --> 00:57:00,38 a day year round and it seems to work out pretty well now. 713 00:57:11,88 --> 00:57:13,80 The question about whether 714 00:57:13,81 --> 00:57:17,26 a bullet killer work has been done on Kona fight M M D.N.A. 715 00:57:17,27 --> 00:57:21,99 Sequencing and that sort of thing and it would be tremendously interesting if it 716 00:57:22,00 --> 00:57:27,43 had been and I'd be curious very curious to see what the results would be you know 717 00:57:27,44 --> 00:57:34,26 if it's getting probably cheaper and easier every week to do 718 00:57:34,30 --> 00:57:37,43 molecular biology work and to sequence D.N.A. 719 00:57:37,76 --> 00:57:41,88 And that's becoming one of the main ways that people tell about relationships in 720 00:57:41,89 --> 00:57:47,71 the evolutionary history of plants and animals these days it hasn't been done for 721 00:57:47,72 --> 00:57:52,91 Conniff items yet except. You know sort of in the broadest way I think 722 00:57:52,92 --> 00:57:58,48 a few species of had some gene sequence just to compare them till the thoughts and 723 00:57:59,05 --> 00:58:03,81 other members of the family is so on that sort of course or level it's been done 724 00:58:04,29 --> 00:58:07,03 but you know one of these days somebody else sequence 725 00:58:07,04 --> 00:58:12,46 a bunch of going to fight of genes and figure that out and. Will get 726 00:58:12,84 --> 00:58:18,97 a nice black ular phylogeny or evolutionary tree of the genus. Maybe get 727 00:58:18,98 --> 00:58:23,36 a better idea of how these sections relate to each other and where their natural 728 00:58:23,37 --> 00:58:29,31 groups are not and have all the species fit together but hasn't been done yet 729 00:58:29,32 --> 00:58:29,69 there's been 730 00:58:29,70 --> 00:58:37,30 a few to attempts. The sort of founder to run around them. One 731 00:58:37,31 --> 00:58:39,39 of these years it'll be done sooner or later. 732 00:58:46,52 --> 00:58:48,53 You know so the question was whether there's 733 00:58:48,54 --> 00:58:52,46 a technical name for the opening where the flower comes out and yeah 734 00:58:52,47 --> 00:58:59,30 a comma for the people call it the fish or so. So that the little space 735 00:58:59,34 --> 00:59:03,67 where the leaves are not fused together in the middle of the plant is called the 736 00:59:03,68 --> 00:59:08,46 fissure and that's where the flower emerges and that's where the old leaves that 737 00:59:08,47 --> 00:59:13,49 have dried up break apart and open op for most species during the beginning of the 738 00:59:13,50 --> 00:59:18,73 growing season to allow the new leaves to be exposed to in the fall 739 00:59:20,66 --> 00:59:27,65 yeah. I've been down there three times. 740 00:59:31,37 --> 00:59:37,93 Yeah so the question was whether I plan to get down to South Africa again. Yes I've 741 00:59:37,94 --> 00:59:41,68 been there three times and I you know definitely would like to get down there again 742 00:59:42,64 --> 00:59:48,06 no immediate plans but yeah one of these to him so I've gotta work out the time off 743 00:59:48,07 --> 00:59:53,87 and get down there during the summer time it's you know it's difficult it's 744 00:59:53,88 --> 00:59:54,78 expensive and it's 745 00:59:54,79 --> 00:59:59,53 a lot of travelling and. Doesn't make sense to go down there for just 746 00:59:59,54 --> 01:00:04,95 a week you sort of want to go down for two or three weeks at least at bare minimum 747 01:00:05,41 --> 01:00:10,73 in order to make the trip worthwhile especially if you don't really care for travel 748 01:00:10,74 --> 01:00:16,67 like myself. But you know one of these years that idea back down there and get back 749 01:00:16,68 --> 01:00:21,17 out to the veld again looking for kind of items where they are where they grow in 750 01:00:21,18 --> 01:00:27,75 the wild. You know so when I've been down there in the 751 01:00:27,76 --> 01:00:34,41 past. The season I've been down there has been during their winter or 752 01:00:34,42 --> 01:00:36,17 summer that's 753 01:00:36,18 --> 01:00:42,08 a sort of April or so is the best time to go down and see the flowers and most of 754 01:00:42,10 --> 01:00:48,97 the species flower in the fall. More sort of the June July August has 755 01:00:48,98 --> 01:00:53,80 been when I've mostly travelled down there and that's kind of the best time to see 756 01:00:53,82 --> 01:00:59,62 the plants at the peak of their growing period when they're sort of most exposed 757 01:00:59,62 --> 01:01:00,94 and not growing it's been 758 01:01:00,94 --> 01:01:05,15 a tremendous drought there the past couple of years which is maybe six shown some 759 01:01:05,15 --> 01:01:10,67 signs of breaking this southern autumn our spring so I guess there has been 760 01:01:10,68 --> 01:01:15,51 a little bit of rain in the buckle and recently but not nearly enough I'm sure 761 01:01:15,53 --> 01:01:19,28 you've heard on the news about the water shortage in Cape Town and that sort of 762 01:01:19,29 --> 01:01:25,50 thing. All right. The other questions. 763 01:01:42,94 --> 01:01:48,85 And so the question is about. How it's decided when you name 764 01:01:48,86 --> 01:01:50,04 a new species and you know it's 765 01:01:50,05 --> 01:01:54,15 a good question I think people sort of think about it the way you describe it to 766 01:01:54,19 --> 01:01:59,69 some group of scientists gets together in their secret lair and comes to 767 01:01:59,70 --> 01:02:02,27 a decision about it and it's really 768 01:02:02,28 --> 01:02:08,24 a whole lot looser than that which is how you can get situations like these two 769 01:02:08,25 --> 01:02:11,77 Check guy who is trying to describe 770 01:02:11,78 --> 01:02:16,29 a new species before the other one and trying to be to other route to the scription 771 01:02:16,29 --> 01:02:22,89 . It's you know there's certain rules as to what you have to do in order to validly 772 01:02:22,90 --> 01:02:25,52 publish a species you've got a deposit 773 01:02:25,53 --> 01:02:31,01 a specimen in her barium you've got you know follow certain rules about the 774 01:02:31,02 --> 01:02:36,51 description and whatnot. But you know basically anyone can describe 775 01:02:36,52 --> 01:02:41,43 a species if they can get it published in what seems to be sort of 776 01:02:41,44 --> 01:02:44,29 a reasonable but tactical journal for 777 01:02:44,30 --> 01:02:50,12 a species description to appear him and you know it's sort of up to other botanists 778 01:02:50,13 --> 01:02:56,83 whether they want to accept that description. But you know just things of sort of 779 01:02:56,84 --> 01:03:01,32 work out that way there's really no central authority we don't all get together and 780 01:03:01,33 --> 01:03:02,90 decide what we want to describe as 781 01:03:02,91 --> 01:03:07,69 a new species I was you know maybe you could sense I was sort of cuckoo in some of 782 01:03:07,70 --> 01:03:14,58 these new species some of them I think are not. Probably not real really novel 783 01:03:15,40 --> 01:03:21,08 others definitely are I think but you know other people's opinions might vary and 784 01:03:21,18 --> 01:03:25,21 you know eventually some sort of consensus shakes out there especially when 785 01:03:25,22 --> 01:03:29,19 somebody finally decides to get together and write a monograph write 786 01:03:29,20 --> 01:03:34,41 a book and sort it since synthesize everything and that's often the point where you 787 01:03:34,99 --> 01:03:35,60 sort of get 788 01:03:35,61 --> 01:03:41,93 a set of species that are generally considered as being of the valid ones. 789 01:04:04,32 --> 01:04:09,19 And thank you and.