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ñKç

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TASTE IS EVERYTHING
IN THE WORLD OF FINE CUISINE.

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HEALTH FOOD HAS NO PLACE IN
THE KITCHEN OF A GOURMET CHEF.

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BUT TIMES ARE CHANGING.

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Woman:
AND WE WANT 100 GRAMS
OF OLIVE OIL.

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WAS THAT SURPRISING?

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MOST OF US THINK

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THAT THE OLIVE OIL IS GOING
TO BE LOWER IN CALORIES.

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ACTUALLY, IT'S 100% FAT

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WHEREAS THE BUTTER IS
ONLY 80% FAT.

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TODAY GROCERY SHOPPING
CAN BE A SCIENCE

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AS MILLIONS STRIVE
FOR THE PERFECT DIET.

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OUR GARBAGE TELLS US
WE STILL HAVE A LONG WAY TO GO.

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IF IT'S TRUE, "WE ARE WHAT
WE EAT," IT'S NO WONDER

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AMERICA'S NUMBER ONE KILLER
IS CORONARY HEART DISEASE.

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FOR THE PIMA INDIANS
OF THE SONORAN DESERT

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HEALTH IS TIED TO THE FOODS
OF THEIR ANCIENT HOMELAND.

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A CHANGE IN THEIR DIET
SPELLED DISASTER.

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FIVE YEARS AGO

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A LIFETIME OF BAD HABITS
CAUGHT UP WITH THIS MAN.

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THEN A REMARKABLE
EXPERIMENT TAUGHT HIM

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DIET ALSO HAS
THE POWER TO HEAL.

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Woman:
THIS IS A NEW KIND OF FRUIT
THAT'S CALLED LITCHIS.

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WOULD YOU LIKE TO TRY SOME?
THEY TASTE GOOD.

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RESEARCHERS ARE STUDYING
HOW OUR TASTES ARE SHAPED

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WHY WE REJECT SOME FOODS
AND DELIGHT IN OTHERS.

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Woman:
HOW WAS THAT?

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FINE.

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WHICH ONE
IS BETTER?

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DO WE LEARN TO LIKE
THE FOODS WE EAT

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OR ARE THERE TASTES
WE WERE SIMPLY BORN TO CRAVE?

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JOIN US NOW FOR
"A TASTE OF HEALTH."

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CAPTIONING OF THIS PROGRAM
IS MADE POSSIBLE

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BY DIGITAL EQUIPMENT
CORPORATION.

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THE INFINITE VOYAGE
IS MADE POSSIBLE

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BY A GRANT FROM DIGITAL
EQUIPMENT CORPORATION

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THROUGH ITS DIGITAL
DISCOVERY SERIES.

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CELEBRATING THE ARTS,
SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

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DIGITAL AND ITS EMPLOYEES
INVITE YOU TO JOIN WITH THEM

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IN SUPPORTING PUBLIC TELEVISION.

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Grey:
EACH OCTOBER, THE RESIDENTS
OF TUCSON, ARIZONA

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HOST A FIESTA TO HONOR
THE CHILI PEPPER.

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ROASTED AND EATEN WHOLE, A GREEN
CHILI CAN BE SURPRISINGLY SWEET.

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ITS SPICIER COUSINS SUPPLY
THE UNMISTAKABLE BITE

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OF SOUTHWESTERN CUISINE.

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Woman:
ARE YOU ENJOYING IT?

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Woman:
CAN I GIVE YOU
A LITTLE CHILI PASTE?

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THIS IS FRESH RED CHILIES

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THAT ARE PICKED, STEAMED AND
MADE INTO A CHILI PASTE.

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Grey:
FOUR YEARS AGO, GARY NABHAN
HELPED CREATE THE FIESTA

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TO CELEBRATE THE LOCAL FOODS.

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BUT HIS INTEREST IS HARDLY
THAT OF A GOURMET COOK.

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NABHAN IS AN ETHNOBOTANIST,
A SCIENTIST WHO STUDIES PLANTS

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AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP
TO PEOPLE.

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TO THE UNTRAINED EYE

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THE SONORAN DESERT
SEEMS INHOSPITABLE.

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FOR NABHAN, IT'S A CORNUCOPIA
OF NATIVE AMERICAN FOODS.

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THE BUD OF THE CHOLLA CACTUS,
WHEN ROASTED

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HAS THE DELICATE FLAVOR
OF ARTICHOKE HEARTS.

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CACTUS LEAVES CAN BE BOILED
AND EATEN LIKE A VEGETABLE.

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THEY ALSO YIELD A SUCCULENT
FRUIT CALLED THE PRICKLY PEAR.

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COME SUMMER, ITS SWEET PULP
MAKES A DELICIOUS SYRUP OR JAM.

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MESQUITE BLOSSOMS INTO PODS

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THAT CAN BE GROUND
INTO NUTRITIOUS FLOUR.

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FOR DESERT INDIANS,
IT WAS A TREE OF LIFE.

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THE LANDSCAPE HERE IS DOMINATED
BY DESERT LEGUME TREES.

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AND LEGUMES, OR BEANS, ALSO
CAME TO DOMINATE THE DIET HERE.

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THE PIMA AND PAPAGO,
OR O'ODHAM PEOPLE

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WERE AMONG THE BEAN-EATINGEST
PEOPLE IN THE WORLD.

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TEPARY BEANS, LIMA BEANS,
MESQUITE PODS, BLACK-EYED PEAS

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COW PEAS, AND MANY OTHER
LEGUMES BECAME

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THE DOMINANT PORTION
OF THEIR DIET.

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I BROUGHT YOU
SOME VIHUK.

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OH, GOOD. THANK YOU.

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THEY'RE FROM
PHOENIX, THOUGH...

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Grey:
FRANCES MANUEL IS THE KEEPER
OF AN ANCIENT TRADITION.

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A DESERT INDIAN, SHE IS ONE
OF THE FEW IN HER TRIBE

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WHO STILL REMEMBERS
THE OLD WAYS.

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Manuel:
MY GRANDMOTHER TAUGHT ME
ABOUT THE CHOLLA

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AND YOU THREW THEM IN THE BASKET

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AND IT'S WINDY, YOU GO LIKE THIS
AND IT BLOWS AWAY THE STICKERS.

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WHEN IT'S THIS DRY,
YOU START AWAY... SEE?

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I MEAN, YOU CAN ALSO EAT IT
WHEN IT'S BOILED.

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Nabhan:
THESE ARE JUST THE BUDS
OF THE CHOLLA CACTUS, RIGHT?

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IF THEY START TO OPEN,
IT'S TOO LATE?

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Manuel:
YES.

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ARE PEOPLE STILL
EATING THEM MUCH?

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NOWADAYS, THEY'LL
TURN THEIR NOSES UP

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WHEN THEY SEE
SOMETHING COOKING

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BECAUSE THEY THINK IT'S NOT...

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I DON'T KNOW WHETHER
THEY THINK IT'S NOT GOOD

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OR WHETHER THEY
DON'T WANT TO THINK

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THAT THAT'S WHAT... OUR ROOTS
EAT, AND GROW UP ON THEM.

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Grey:
FRANCES MANUEL MOURNS A WAY
OF LIFE THAT HAS VANISHED.

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FOR CENTURIES, A HARDY PEOPLE
THRIVED IN THE SONORAN DESERT.

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THE PIMA INDIANS
GATHERED WILD PLANTS

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AND LIVED ACCORDING
TO THE SEASONS.

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SETTLING NEAR RIVERS, THEY
FISHED AND HUNTED SMALL GAME.

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A FARMING CULTURE, THEY
WERE KNOWN FOR THEIR WHEAT--

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AND FOR THEIR GENEROSITY.

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IN TIMES OF FAMINE,
THEY SHARED THEIR CROPS.

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WHEN THE WHITE MAN CAME

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THEY SAW THEIR WAY
OF LIFE DISAPPEAR.

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BY THE 1920s

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THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
LAID CLAIM TO THE DESERT.

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FOR THEIR GOOD FAITH

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THE PIMA WERE STRIPPED
OF THEIR LAND.

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BUT THE FINAL BLOW WAS
THE DAMMING OF RIVERS

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THAT HAD BEEN THEIR LIFEBLOOD.

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TODAY, THE RIVERS RUN AS DRY
AS THE SURROUNDING DESERT

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AND MESQUITE GROVES
HAVE GIVEN WAY TO CITIES.

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NEAR PHOENIX,
THE GILA RIVER RESERVATION

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IS IN THE MIDST
OF A HEALTH CRISIS.

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MORE THAN HALF THE PIMA INDIANS
OVER 35 HAVE DIABETES.

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VICTIMS SUFFER FROM
KIDNEY FAILURE, BLINDNESS

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AND EARLY DEATH.

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IT'S THE HIGHEST KNOWN INCIDENCE
OF DIABETES IN THE WORLD.

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TO HELP FIND A CURE

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THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES
OF HEALTH ESTABLISHED

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THE PHOENIX INDIAN
MEDICAL CENTER.

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Man:
OKAY, ROD, I WANT YOU
TO PUT THIS IN YOUR MOUTH.

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Grey:
PIMA INDIANS LIKE ROD HOWARD

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HAVE FORMED A UNIQUE
PARTNERSHIP WITH SCIENTISTS.

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I'M WATCHING
YOUR HEARTBEAT.

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Grey:
EVERY YEAR, ROD UNDERGOES
A WEEK OF TESTING

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UNDER THE SUPERVISION
OF STEPHEN LILLIOJA.

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THE MORE WE HAVE STUDIED
THE PIMA INDIANS

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THE MORE WE'VE BEEN ABLE TO SEE

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THAT UNDERLYING DIABETES
AND OBESITY IN THIS POPULATION

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ARE GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS.

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AND THAT MEANS

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THAT SOME PEOPLE HAVE
A GREAT DEAL MORE DIFFICULTY

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IN STAYING SLIM AND STAYING
HEALTHY THAN OTHERS.

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AND THE PURPOSE OFUR STUDIES

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IS TO TRY AND FIND UNDERLYING
CAUSES TO THESE DISEASES.

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Grey:
WEIGHING ROD UNDER WATER

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REVEALS THAT OVER 40% OF
HIS 360 POUNDS IS FAT--

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MORE THAN DOUBLE
THAT OF THE AVERAGE MAN.

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Man:
OKAY, COME ON UP.

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Grey:
TESTS LIKE THESE CAN BE TRYING

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BUT ROD IS COMMITTED
TO HIS PEOPLE.

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I LOOK AROUND AND SEE A LOT
OF DIABETICS AT HOME

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ESPECIALLY MY MOM,
SHE'S DIABETIC, TOO

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AND SHE HAD TO COME HERE
AND TAKE MEDICATION

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AND MY YOUNGER BROTHERS
AND SISTERS ARE COMING UP

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AND I DON'T WANT THEM
TO HAVE IT, YOU KNOW.

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AND I DON'T KNOW IF
THEY'RE GOING TO HAVE IT

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BUT I JUST SEE OTHER RELATIVES,
A LOT OF MY FRIENDS

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THAT ARE YOUNGER THAN ME,
AND THEY...

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SO I GUESS DIABETES IS
A BAD THING THAT'S AROUND.

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AND THAT'S WHY I COME IN
AND TRY TO HELP.

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Grey:
TO CHECK FOR SIGNS OF DIABETES,
ROD ENDURES AN EIGHT-HOUR TEST.

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A SPECIAL HOOD MEASURES
HIS OXYGEN INTAKE

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TO SEE HOW EFFICIENTLY HIS BODY
BURNS BLOOD SUGAR, OR GLUCOSE.

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AN INFUSION OF GLUCOSE SHOULD
TRIGGER A RELEASE OF INSULIN

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A HORMONE THAT HELPS CLEAR SUGAR
FROM THE BLOODSTREAM.

157
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I'M JUST GOING TO DRAW ONE
MORE BLOOD SAMPLE, OKAY?

158
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ALL RIGHT.

159
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Grey:
THE PIMA SUFFER FROM
ADULT-ONSET DIABETES.

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THEY PRODUCE INSULIN,
BUT IT HAS LITTLE EFFECT.

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BLOOD SUGAR REMAINS HIGH.

162
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TESTS CONFIRM ROD IS BORDERLINE.

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YOU CAN START TO MOVE
AROUND A LITTLE BIT NOW.

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THE CRITICAL PERIOD
IS OVER.

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I'M GOING TO TAKE
THE HOOD OFF, OKAY?

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Grey:
ADULT-ONSET DIABETES
IS LINKED TO OBESITY.

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ROD'S CONDITION IS LIKELY TO GET
WORSE UNLESS HE LOSES WEIGHT.

168
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UNFORTUNATELY, THE PIMAS
EAT A DIET HIGH IN FAT.

169
00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:44,000
IN ORDER TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS

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THAT A HIGH FAT CONTENT OF
THE DIET WAS A DISADVANTAGE

171
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WE STUDIED A GROUP OF 12 PEOPLE
ON A TRADITIONAL TYPE OF DIET

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THAT IS A HIGH-CARBOHYDRATE...

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HIGH UNREFINED CARBOHYDRATE
DIET, LOW-FAT DIET

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00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:02,000
AND COMPARED THEM ON THAT DIET

175
00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:05,000
WITH A HIGH-FAT TYPE
OF MODERN DIET

176
00:13:05,000 --> 00:13:09,000
TO SEE IF THERE REALLY WAS
A DIFFERENCE THAT YOU COULD TELL

177
00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:12,000
IN HOW WELL INSULIN DID ITS WORK

178
00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:16,000
AND HOW MUCH INSULIN THE BODY
WAS ABLE TO SECRETE.

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Grey:
IN THE STAINLESS STEEL KITCHEN
OF THE MEDICAL CENTER

180
00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:26,000
DIETICIANS RECREATE AN INDIAN
MEAL OF A CENTURY AGO.

181
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A MAIN COURSE OF BEANS

182
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MAKES THE PIMA DIET HIGH
IN CARBOHYDRATES AND LOW IN FAT.

183
00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:40,000
SPINACH MUST PASS
FOR DESERT GREENS

184
00:13:40,000 --> 00:13:45,000
BUT A DRINK MADE WITH CHIA SEEDS
SOAKED IN WATER

185
00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:50,000
IS THE REAL THING.

186
00:13:51,000 --> 00:13:56,000
VOLUNTEERS SPEND TWO WEEKS
ON THE PIMA DIET

187
00:13:56,000 --> 00:14:00,000
THEN TWO WEEKS
ON A MODERN, HIGH-FAT DIET

188
00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:03,000
OF FOODS LIKE CHEESE,
HAM AND ICE CREAM.

189
00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:06,000
BLOOD TESTS SHOW THAT
ON THE MODERN DIET

190
00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:11,000
INSULIN IS LESS EFFECTIVE
THAN ON THE LOW-FAT PIMA DIET.

191
00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:18,000
THE STUDY SUGGESTS THAT A RETURN
TO MORE TRADITIONAL FOODS

192
00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:23,000
COULD HAVE AN IMPORTANT IMPACT
ON THE HEALTH OF THE INDIANS.

193
00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:31,000
IN TUCSON, GARY NABHAN
HELPS PRESERVE NATIVE FOODS.

194
00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:36,000
HALF THE DESERT CROPS THAT
EXISTED AT THE TIME OF COLUMBUS

195
00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:38,000
MAY ALREADY BE LOST.

196
00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:42,000
TO SAVE WHAT IS LEFT,
NABHAN HAS ESTABLISHED

197
00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:45,000
A NATIVE SEED BANK.

198
00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:48,000
PERHAPS THESE ANCIENT SEEDS
MAY AGAIN OFFER HOPE

199
00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:50,000
TO THE PIMA INDIANS.

200
00:14:50,000 --> 00:14:55,000
YOU CANNOT REALLY
SEPARATE A CULTURE

201
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FROM THE DIET
UNDER WHICH IT EVOLVED

202
00:14:59,000 --> 00:15:03,000
WITHOUT SOME
TRAGIC CONSEQUENCES.

203
00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:05,000
EACH CULTURE THAT HAS LIVED

204
00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:09,000
FOR HUNDREDS OR THOUSANDS
OF YEARS IN ONE PLACE

205
00:15:09,000 --> 00:15:11,000
HAS SOMEHOW ADAPTED

206
00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:14,000
TO THE MIX OF FOODS
AVAILABLE IN THAT PLACE.

207
00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:19,000
AND IF YOU REMOVE DESERT PEOPLE
FROM A DIET OF DESERT FOODS

208
00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:25,000
THEIR PROTECTION AGAINST SOME
NUTRITION-RELATED DISEASES

209
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:30,000
IS THEN LOST.

210
00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:34,000
Grey:
LIFE IN THE DESERT
IS UNPREDICTABLE.

211
00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:39,000
THE ABILITY TO GAIN WEIGHT
QUICKLY IN TIMES OF PLENTY

212
00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:42,000
MAY HAVE BEEN AN ADVANTAGE
IN TIMES OF FAMINE.

213
00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:46,000
FOR THE PIMA, IT HAS BECOME
A TRAGIC LIABILITY.

214
00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:51,000
PERHAPS THEY WERE SHAPED BY
A WORLD THAT NO LONGER EXISTS.

215
00:15:52,000 --> 00:15:57,000
IN THAT SENSE,
THEY ARE HARDLY UNIQUE.

216
00:15:59,000 --> 00:16:02,000
LITTLE HAS CHANGED
IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

217
00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:05,000
IN THE LAST 100,000 YEARS.

218
00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:10,000
THE PURSUIT OF FOOD KEPT
OUR ANCESTORS ACTIVE AND LEAN.

219
00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:14,000
WE SHARE THEIR GENES
AND THEIR ANATOMY

220
00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:17,000
BUT OUR LIFESTYLE
HAS COME A LONG WAY

221
00:16:17,000 --> 00:16:22,000
SINCE THE DAYS OF THE CAVEMAN.

222
00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:26,000
CHEF HEINZ HOLTMANN
WON A GOLD MEDAL

223
00:16:26,000 --> 00:16:31,000
FOR HIS "SHRIMP MADAGASCAR."

224
00:16:35,000 --> 00:16:40,000
HEAVY CREAM, SCALLIONS,
CLARIFIED SWEET BUTTER

225
00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:46,000
LICORICE LIQUEUR
AND GREEN PEPPERCORNS.

226
00:16:47,000 --> 00:16:52,000
WHAT IS IT ABOUT SOME FOOD THAT
MAKES IT MELT IN OUR MOUTHS?

227
00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:58,000
IT'S A MATTER OF TASTE.

228
00:16:58,000 --> 00:17:00,000
EXPLORING ITS MYSTERIES

229
00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:04,000
IS THE AIM OF THE MONELL
CHEMICAL SENSES CENTER

230
00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:09,000
IN PHILADELPHIA.

231
00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:12,000
OVERSEEING THE WORK
OF NEARLY 50 SCIENTISTS

232
00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:15,000
IN FIELDS AS VARIED
AS NEUROSCIENCE

233
00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:18,000
BIOCHEMISTRY AND PSYCHOLOGY

234
00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:20,000
IS DIRECTOR GARY BEAUCHAMP.

235
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:25,000
THE SENSE OF TASTE IS PROBABLY
THE SENSE THAT IS MOST INVOLVED

236
00:17:25,000 --> 00:17:27,000
IN IMMEDIATE PLEASURE
AND DISPLEASURE

237
00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:30,000
AND HENCE THERE ARE
BASIC TASTE PREFERENCES

238
00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:32,000
AND BASIC TASTE AVERSIONS

239
00:17:32,000 --> 00:17:35,000
AND THESE ARE EVIDENT
IN NEWBORN BABIES;

240
00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:38,000
SOME OF THEM ARE EVEN EVIDENT
IN PREMATURE BABIES.

241
00:17:38,000 --> 00:17:42,000
PREMATURE BABIES HAVE A HIGH
PREFERENCE FOR SWEET TASTES.

242
00:17:42,000 --> 00:17:45,000
THEY BEGIN TO SUCK
IN RESPONSE TO SWEET TASTE

243
00:17:45,000 --> 00:17:48,000
THEY SHOW A VARIETY OF
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES

244
00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:50,000
IN RESPONSE TO SWEET TASTE.

245
00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:54,000
THE PERCEPTION OF SWEET TASTE
AND THE PREFERENCE FOR IT

246
00:17:54,000 --> 00:17:58,000
ARE BUILT IN, JUST LIKE TWO ARMS
ARE BUILT IN TO A BABY.

247
00:17:58,000 --> 00:18:03,000
Grey:
IT'S A CRAVING
THAT STAYS WITH US FOR LIFE.

248
00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:08,000
NO WONDER WE LOVE CHOCOLATE,
CANDY AND SOFT DRINKS.

249
00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:10,000
OUR SECOND BASIC
TASTE PREFERENCE

250
00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:15,000
ALSO APPEARS EARLY IN LIFE.

251
00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:18,000
JUSTIN IS SEVEN MONTHS OLD.

252
00:18:18,000 --> 00:18:23,000
HIS RESPONSE TO PLAIN
WATER IS MEASURED.

253
00:18:23,000 --> 00:18:28,000
LET'S SWITCH BOTTLES.

254
00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:33,000
Grey:
NEXT HE'LL BE GIVEN WATER WITH
A MINUTE CONCENTRATION OF SALT.

255
00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:38,000
BEFORE THE AGE OF FOUR MONTHS

256
00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:42,000
BABIES SEEM TO LACK THE NEURAL
MECHANISMS TO PERCEIVE SALT.

257
00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:44,000
BUT BETWEEN FOUR AND SIX MONTHS

258
00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:49,000
A DRAMATIC PREFERENCE FOR IT
USUALLY DEVELOPS.

259
00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:59,000
JUSTIN APPEARS TO BE
RIGHT ON SCHEDULE.

260
00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:07,000
AS CHILDREN GROW,
THEIR CRAVING INCREASES.

261
00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:10,000
BY THE TIME THEY
REACH SCHOOL AGE

262
00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:12,000
MANY CHILDREN PREFER SALT LEVELS

263
00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:16,000
THAT AN ADULT WOULD
FIND INTOLERABLE.

264
00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:17,000
Woman:
HOW WAS THAT?

265
00:19:17,000 --> 00:19:19,000
GOOD.

266
00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:22,000
TAKE A TASTE
OF THAT ON

267
00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:24,000
HOW WAS THAT ONE?

268
00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:28,000
Grey:
GIVEN A CHOICE, MOST PICK SOUP
SAMPLES WITH TWICE AS MUCH SALT

269
00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:30,000
AS MOST COMMERCIAL BRANDS.

270
00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:32,000
OKAY, HERE'S THIS ONE.

271
00:19:32,000 --> 00:19:36,000
Grey:
FOOD WITHOUT SALT
IS UNAPPETIZING.

272
00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:38,000
YET FOR REASONS UNKNOWN

273
00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:43,000
WE CONSUME TEN TO 100 TIMES
MORE THAN WE NEED.

274
00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:47,000
DOES CHILDHOOD TASTE DETERMINE
OUR SALT USE AS ADULTS?

275
00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:50,000
THE LEVELS AT WHICH
THEY PREFER SALT, THOUGH

276
00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:53,000
CAN BE MODATED BY EXPERIENCE.

277
00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:55,000
WE'VE SHOWN, AND OTHERS
HAVE SHOWN NOW, TOO

278
00:19:55,000 --> 00:20:00,000
THAT IF YOU PUT ADULTS ON A DIET
THAT CUTS THEIR SALT IN HALF

279
00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:03,000
THAT IS A LOW, BUT NOT A VERY,
VERY LOW SODIUM DIET

280
00:20:03,000 --> 00:20:06,000
THAT THEIR PREFERENCE
FOR SALT SHIFTS DOWN.

281
00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:09,000
THIS TAKES ABOUT
TWO TO THREE MONTHS

282
00:20:09,000 --> 00:20:11,000
MAYBE A LITTLE BIT LONGER.

283
00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:12,000
IT'S A GRADUAL SHIFT

284
00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:16,000
AND IT CAN MOVE UP VERY QUICKLY
BACK WHERE IT WAS BEFORE

285
00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:19,000
IF THEY RETURN
TO THE HIGHER SALT DIET.

286
00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:21,000
Grey:
INNATE TASTES ARE POWERFUL.

287
00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:26,000
BUT THERE ARE MANY OTHER FACTORS
THAT INFLUENCE WHAT WE'LL EAT.

288
00:20:27,000 --> 00:20:30,000
PSYCHOLOGIST MARCI PELCHAT
WANTS TO KNOW

289
00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:34,000
HOW TO CONVINCE CHILDREN
TO TRY NEW AND UNUSUAL FOODS.

290
00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:36,000
DO YOU KNOW
WHAT THESE ARE?

291
00:20:36,000 --> 00:20:37,000
NO.

292
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:39,000
THAT'S A NEW
KIND OF FRUIT.

293
00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:41,000
THEY'RE CALLED
LITCHIS.

294
00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:42,000
THEY TASTE GOOD.

295
00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:44,000
YOU WANT
TO TRY SOME?

296
00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:46,000
NO?

297
00:20:46,000 --> 00:20:51,000
A LOT OF OTHER KIDS TRIED THEM.

298
00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:56,000
YEAH.

299
00:20:56,000 --> 00:20:58,000
I'LL TAKE THIS ONE.

300
00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:00,000
ALL RIGHT.

301
00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:04,000
Grey:
PELCHAT FINDS PRESCHOOL
CHILDREN THE MOST RESISTANT.

302
00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:06,000
HOW IS IT?

303
00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:08,000
IT'S GOOD.

304
00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:12,000
Grey:
BUT THAT CHANGES WITH AGE.

305
00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:15,000
BY THE TIME YOU GET TO
COLLEGE AGE, OR YOUNG ADULTS

306
00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:19,000
YOU SEE PRETTY GOOD WILLINGNESS
TO TRY NOVEL FOODS

307
00:21:19,000 --> 00:21:23,000
ALTHOUGH THERE ARE LARGE
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES.

308
00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:27,000
THERE ARE SOME INDIVIDUALS
WHO SEEK OUT UNFAMILIAR FOODS

309
00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:31,000
AND THERE ARE OTHER INDIVIDUALS
WHO AVOID THEM AT ALL COSTS.

310
00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:36,000
WE DON'T KNOW WHAT HAPPENS TO
WILLINGNESS TO TRY NOVEL FOODS

311
00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:40,000
AS PEOPLE GO FROM YOUNG
ADULTHOOD TO OLD AGE

312
00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:44,000
AND THAT'S ONE OF THE THINGS
THAT I'M STUDYING NOW.

313
00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:46,000
Pelchat:
HERE'S THE FIRST FOOD.

314
00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:48,000
THIS IS CALLED "LANGUA STEAK."

315
00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:52,000
IT'S MEAT FROM A SMALL
SOUTH AMERICAN GAME ANIMAL

316
00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:54,000
AND IT'S SUPPOSED
TO CONTAIN

317
00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:56,000
A KIND OF CHOLESTEROL

318
00:21:56,000 --> 00:21:58,000
THAT ACTUALLY PROTECTS
YOUR ARTERIES.

319
00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:00,000
Grey:
TO CREATE A NOVEL FOOD

320
00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:04,000
PELCHAT INVENTS A FICTIONAL
NAME FOR COMMON BEEF.

321
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:09,000
I'VE NEVER SEEN OR
EVEN TRIED THAT FOOD.

322
00:22:10,000 --> 00:22:14,000
Pelchat:
AND FINALLY,
I'D LIKE YOU TO RATE

323
00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:18,000
YOUR WILLINGNESS TO TRY
THE LANGUA STEAK.

324
00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:20,000
ONE IS EXTREMELY
UNWILLING

325
00:22:20,000 --> 00:22:23,000
SEVEN IS EXTREMELY
WILLING.

326
00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:28,000
FOR SCIENCE, I WILL TRY IT.

327
00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:31,000
DO YOU KNOW
WHAT THESE ARE?

328
00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:32,000
NO.

329
00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:33,000
OKAY, THESE
ARE CRACKERS

330
00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:36,000
MADE OUT OF RICE
AND SEAWEED.

331
00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:39,000
WOULD YOU LIKE
TO TRY SOME?

332
00:22:39,000 --> 00:22:44,000
NO? A LOT OF OTHER
KIDS TRIED THEM.

333
00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:51,000
Grey:
SOMETIMES THE MOST PERSUASIVE
ARGUMENT CAN BACKFIRE.

334
00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:53,000
HOW IS IT?

335
00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:55,000
WHAT, GOOD OR BAD?

336
00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:56,000
BAD.

337
00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:59,000
BAD. DO YOU WANT
TO SPIT IT OUT?

338
00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:04,000
OKAY, HERE, YOU
CAN SPIT IT OUT.

339
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:06,000
THAT'S OKAY.

340
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:09,000
DO YOU WANT ME TO
GET YOU SOMETHING
ELSE TO EAT?

341
00:23:09,000 --> 00:23:12,000
WHAT WOULD YOU
LIKE TO EAT?

342
00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:13,000
PIZZA.

343
00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:18,000
PIZZA.

344
00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:34,000
Grey:
FAST FOOD CATERS TO OUR INBORN
CRAVINGS FOR SALT AND SUGAR

345
00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:39,000
AND TO AN ACQUIRED
TASTE FOR FAT.

346
00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:43,000
FAT CARRIES FLAVOR
AND ADDS BODY TO FOOD.

347
00:23:43,000 --> 00:23:46,000
IT MAY BE THE FEEL OF IT
WE LOVE MOST.

348
00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:50,000
THE OCCASIONAL BURGER
CAN BE A TREAT

349
00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:55,000
BUT A STEADY DIET OF FATTY
FOODS CAN TAKE ITS TOLL.

350
00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:07,000
EVERYTHING WE EAT
BECOMES PART OF US.

351
00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:12,000
FOOD TRAVELS DOWN THE ESOPHAGUS
INTO THE STOMACH

352
00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:16,000
WHERE IT MIXES WITH
HYDROCHLORIC ACID.

353
00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:20,000
IN THE 15-FOOT-LONG TUBE
OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

354
00:24:20,000 --> 00:24:24,000
WHAT WAS ONCE HAMBURGER IS
REDUCED TO SIMPLE MOLECULES.

355
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:28,000
LINING THE INTESTINE ARE
MILLIONS OF TINY FINGERS

356
00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:32,000
THAT ABSORB NUTRIENTS
INTO THE BLOODSTREAM.

357
00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:36,000
FOOD IS TRANSFORMED
INTO TISSUE, MUSCLE, BONE

358
00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:39,000
AND FATTY SUBSTANCES
CALLED CHOLESTEROL.

359
00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:43,000
THE MORE FAT WE EAT, THE MORE
CHOLESTEROL IN OUR BLOOD.

360
00:24:43,000 --> 00:24:46,000
TOO MUCH CAN CLOG ARTERIES.

361
00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:49,000
THE BUILDUP, CALLED PLAQUE

362
00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:54,000
LEADS TO HARDENING OF THE
ARTERIES, OR ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

363
00:24:55,000 --> 00:25:00,000
EVENTUALLY IT CAN BLOCK
THE FLOW OF BLOOD.

364
00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:08,000
PLAQUE IS REMOVED FROM THIS
PATIENT'S CORONARY ARTERY

365
00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:10,000

TO PREVENT A MASSIVE
HEART ATTACK.

366
00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:15,000
SOME PEOPLE ARE NOT SO LUCKY.

367
00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:23,000
EVERY 32 SECONDS, SOMEONE
IN AMERICA HAS A HEART ATTACK.

368
00:25:23,000 --> 00:25:27,000
Man:
IS IT GOING ANYWHERE, OR IS IT
JUST STAYING IN YOUR CHEST?

369
00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:29,000
LET'S GET THAT E.K.G.

370
00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:33,000
Grey:
ONE IN TWO AMERICANS WILL DIE
OF HEART DISEASE OR STROKE.

371
00:25:33,000 --> 00:25:38,000
WHAT ARE
HIS VITAL SIGNS?

372
00:25:39,000 --> 00:25:41,000
YOU'RE HAVING
A HEART ATTACK.

373
00:25:41,000 --> 00:25:45,000
THIS MEDICINE WILL HELP YOUR
BODY DISSOLVE THIS BLOOD CLOT

374
00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:48,000
THAT'S CAUSING THE HEART ATTACK.

375
00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:52,000
Grey:
TODAY THE DOCTOR HAS
THE TOOLS AND THE KNOWLEDGE

376
00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:55,000
TO SAVE THIS PATIENT'S LIFE.

377
00:25:55,000 --> 00:25:59,000
SIR, ARE YOU STARTING
TO FEEL ANY RELIEF?

378
00:25:59,000 --> 00:26:00,000
I THINK SO.

379
00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:01,000
Grey:
ONLY HALF A CENTURY AGO

380
00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:06,000
THE CAUSES OF HEART DISEASE
WERE COMPLETELY UNKNOWN.

381
00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:11,000
IN SOUTHERN ITALY,
HEART DISEASE IS RARE

382
00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:13,000
A FACT THAT DID NOT ESCAPE

383
00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:18,000
PIONEERING PHYSIOLOGIST
ANCEL KEYS.

384
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:23,000
KEYS HAS SPENT THE LAST 50 YEARS
LOOKING AT HOW THE WORLD EATS.

385
00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:29,000
HE BEGAN HIS CAREER AT
THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA.

386
00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:32,000
HIS GOAL, IN HIS OWN WORDS, WAS

387
00:26:32,000 --> 00:26:36,000
"TO FIND OUT WHY PEOPLE GET
SICK BEFORE THEY GET SICK."

388
00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:40,000
IN 1941, THE SECRETARY
OF WAR ASKED KEYS

389
00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:45,000
TO DEVELOP THE PERFECT MEAL
FOR A SOLDIER IN COMBAT.

390
00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:49,000
IF VITAMINS WERE
MISSING FROM HIS FOOD

391
00:26:49,000 --> 00:26:52,000
A SOLDIER MIGHT HAVE
TO TAKE VITAMINS.

392
00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:56,000
IF HE HAD VITAMINS BUT NO FOOD,
HE WOULD STARVE.

393
00:26:56,000 --> 00:27:01,000
THE BEST WAY IS TO SUPPLY
VITAMINS IN THE FOOD.

394
00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:05,000
Grey:
KEYS' CREATION WOULD BEAR
HIS INITIAL: K-RATIONS.

395
00:27:05,000 --> 00:27:10,000
CANNED MEAT, FRUIT BARS,
POWDERED COFFEE, CHOCOLATE--

396
00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:12,000
IT WASN'T TASTY

397
00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:17,000
BUT THE K-RATION FED 16 MILLION
SERVICEMEN DURING WORLD WAR II.

398
00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:25,000
OTHERS FARED FAR WORSE.

399
00:27:25,000 --> 00:27:27,000
WAR-TORN EUROPE.

400
00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:29,000
LIFELINES DESTROYED.

401
00:27:29,000 --> 00:27:34,000
AS FOOD SUPPLIES DWINDLE,
MILLIONS GO HUNGRY.

402
00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:37,000
IN THE MIDST OF THIS SUFFERING

403
00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:39,000
LOCAL DOCTORS NOTE
A CURIOUS FACT:

404
00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:43,000
THE RATE OF HEART DISEASE
IS SLOWLY DROPPING.

405
00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:47,000
THE REPORTS RECEIVE
LITTLE NOTICE.

406
00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:52,000
BUT FOR ANCEL KEYS,
THEY HOLD THE GERM OF AN IDEA.

407
00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:57,000
HE WOULD SPEND THE NEXT 40 YEARS
FOLLOWING A HUNCH.

408
00:27:57,000 --> 00:28:02,000
COULD DIET AND HEART DISEASE
BE LINKED?

409
00:28:02,000 --> 00:28:07,000
AN INTRIGUING CLUE CAME FROM
AN ITALIAN COLLEAGUE IN NAPLES.

410
00:28:07,000 --> 00:28:09,000
ONE OF THE MEMBERS WAS

411
00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:12,000
A PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY
AT NAPLES

412
00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:16,000
AND HE SAYS, "WE DON'T HAVE
CORONARY HEART DISEASE HERE."

413
00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:19,000
WELL, IT WAS TRUE,
THEY HAD VERY LITTLE

414
00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:21,000
AND THEY HAD
VERY LOW CHOLESTEROL

415
00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:24,000
AND THE DIET WAS
RADICALLY DIFFERENT

416
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:27,000
EVEN FROM WHAT WE HAD
BEEN EATING IN OXFORD

417
00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:31,000
LET ALONE THE UNITED STATES.

418
00:28:31,000 --> 00:28:36,000
Grey:
IN 1957, AT THE HELM
OF AN INTERNATIONAL TEAM

419
00:28:36,000 --> 00:28:39,000
KEYS ESTABLISHED
THE "SEVEN COUNTRIES" STUDY.

420
00:28:39,000 --> 00:28:41,000
FOR NEARLY TWO DECADES

421
00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:45,000
HE WOULD TRACK THE DIET
AND HEALTH OF 12,000 MEN

422
00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:50,000
ACROSS EUROPE, THE UNITED
STATES AND JAPAN.

423
00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:54,000
EVENTUALLY A PATTERN EMERGED.

424
00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:59,000
HEART ATTACKS WERE MOST FREQUENT
IN MEN WITH HIGH CHOLESTEROL

425
00:28:59,000 --> 00:29:02,000
AND DIETS RICH IN MEATS
AND DAIRY PRODUCTS--

426
00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:04,000
FOODS WITH SATURATED FAT.

427
00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:09,000
DIETS LOW IN SATURATED FAT
MEANT LESS HEART DISEASE.

428
00:29:11,000 --> 00:29:15,000
KEYS FOUND A KILLER IN OUR FOOD.

429
00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:19,000
A CHEESEBURGER WOULD
NEVER BE THE SAME.

430
00:29:19,000 --> 00:29:22,000
TODAY, KEYS LIVES IN ITALY

431
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:26,000
AND CONTINUES TO UPDATE
THE "SEVEN COUNTRIES" STUDY.

432
00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:29,000
HE HAS SEEN
SOME DRAMATIC CHANGES

433
00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:32,000
SINCE THE SURVEY BEGAN
SOME 30 YEARS AGO.

434
00:29:32,000 --> 00:29:37,000
IN EASTERN FINLAND,
PEOPLE WERE ACTIVE AND TRIM

435
00:29:37,000 --> 00:29:42,000
BUT THEY HAD THE HIGHEST RATE
OF HEART DISEASE IN THE WORLD.

436
00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:46,000
THE FINNS LIKE THEIR FISH SALTED

437
00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:50,000
AND A GLASS OF WHOLE MILK
WITH EVERY MEAL.

438
00:29:50,000 --> 00:29:53,000
A LOCAL DELICACY, THE "HOT POT"

439
00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:58,000
IS MADE WITH PORK BELLY, BEEF
AND MUTTON SIMMERED IN LARD.

440
00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:00,000
SERVED WITH BREAD AND BUTTER

441
00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:05,000
IT'S AN OVERDOSE
OF SATURATED FAT.

442
00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:07,000
IN THE 1970s

443
00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:12,000
THE GOVERNMENT LAUNCHED A
MASSIVE PUBLIC HEALTH CAMPAIGN.

444
00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:15,000
THE FOOD INDUSTRY RESPONDED

445
00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:19,000
WITH FINLAND'S FIRST
LOW-FAT DAIRY PRODUCTS

446
00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:21,000
AND LEANER CUTS OF MEAT.

447
00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:23,000
THANKS TO PUBLIC EDUCATION

448
00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:28,000
THE FINNS HAVE REDUCED
HEART DISEASE BY 30%.

449
00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:34,000
IN JAPAN, THE DIET
NEEDED LITTLE CHANGE.

450
00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:38,000
RICE, FISH AND VEGETABLES
MADE THE TYPICAL MEAL

451
00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:43,000
LOW IN SATURATED FAT.

452
00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:49,000
RED MEAT AND PROCESSED FOODS
WERE RARE.

453
00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:52,000
NOT ANYMORE.

454
00:30:52,000 --> 00:30:55,000
WESTERN-STYLE FOODS
HAVE FOUND THEIR PLACE

455
00:30:55,000 --> 00:31:00,000
ON THE JAPANESE DINNER TABLE,
ALONGSIDE HOMEGROWN FARE.

456
00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:07,000
( saying prayer in Japanese )

457
00:31:07,000 --> 00:31:11,000
TODAY'S HOMEMAKER
PREPARES A DOUBLE MEAL.

458
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:16,000
IT REFLECTS JAPAN'S
RICH CULTURAL PAST

459
00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:21,000
AND ITS RAPIDLY EVOLVING FUTURE.

460
00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:25,000
40 YEARS AGO

461
00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:29,000
HEART DISEASE WAS
CLOSE TO NONEXISTENT.

462
00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:31,000
ALL THAT IS CHANGING.

463
00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:35,000
CHOLESTEROL LEVELS
ARE ON THE RISE.

464
00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:37,000
SO ARE HEART ATTACKS.

465
00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:40,000
FOR NOW,
THE JAPANESE STILL ENJOY

466
00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:45,000
THE LOWEST RATE OF HEART DISEASE
IN THE INDUSTRIALIZED WORLD.

467
00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:51,000
BUT A NEW GENERATION
MAY BE AT RISK.

468
00:31:56,000 --> 00:31:58,000
MEDITERRANEAN CUISINE

469
00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:02,000
REMAINS ANCEL KEYS' PERSONAL
PRESCRIPTION FOR GOOD HEALTH.

470
00:32:02,000 --> 00:32:06,000
PRACTICING WHAT HE PREACHES,
HE USHERED IN THE ERA

471
00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:07,000
OF THE LOW-FAT DIET

472
00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:12,000
AND CHANGED FOREVER
THE WAY WE LOOK AT FOOD.

473
00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:17,000
KEYS CONFIRMED THAT
CHOLESTEROL AND HEART DISEASE

474
00:32:17,000 --> 00:32:19,000
ARE INEXTRICABLY LINKED

475
00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:24,000
BUT IT WAS ONLY RECENTLY
THAT WE UNDERSTOOD HOW.

476
00:32:25,000 --> 00:32:30,000
( orchestra playing )

477
00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:33,000
IN 1985, A NOBEL PRIZE
WAS SHARED BY MICHAEL BROWN

478
00:32:33,000 --> 00:32:38,000
AND LONG-TIME COLLEAGUE
JOSEPH GOLDSTEIN.

479
00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:45,000
THEIR AWARD-WINNING RESEARCH
BEGAN 12 YEARS EARLIER

480
00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:49,000
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS
HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER IN DALLAS.

481
00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:52,000
BROWN AND GOLDSTEIN TEAMED UP

482
00:32:52,000 --> 00:32:57,000
TO INVESTIGATE WHY
HEART DISEASE RUNS IN FAMILIES.

483
00:32:57,000 --> 00:33:02,000
THEY BEGAN BY LOOKING AT HOW
THE BODY REGULATES CHOLESTEROL.

484
00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:05,000
CHOLESTEROL CIRCULATES
IN THE BLOODSTREAM.

485
00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:08,000
ALL OF THE CELLS IN THE BODY
REQUIRE CHOLESTEROL

486
00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:11,000
BECAUSE THEY USE CHOLESTEROL
TO MAKE THE OUTER WALL

487
00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:13,000
THAT SURROUNDS EACH CELL.

488
00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:16,000
SO CHOLESTEROL HAS TO BE
TRANSPORTED IN THE BLOOD

489
00:33:16,000 --> 00:33:18,000
FROM ONE TISSUE TO ANOTHER.

490
00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:22,000
Grey:
NOTHING MORE
GRAPHICALLY ILLUSTRATES

491
00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:23,000
A BREAKDOWN IN THIS SYSTEM

492
00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:27,000
THAN CHILDREN WITH A RARE,
INHERITED DISORDER

493
00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:30,000
THAT RESULTS IN LETHAL LEVELS
OF CHOLESTEROL.

494
00:33:30,000 --> 00:33:35,000
IT'S A STRIKING CLINICAL PICTURE
WHERE YOU SEE THESE CHILDREN

495
00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:37,000
THAT HAVE
CHOLESTEROL LEVELS OF 1,000.

496
00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:41,000
THE NORMAL WOULD BE 150, 160
FOR A CHILD, AND IT'S 1,000.

497
00:33:41,000 --> 00:33:45,000
AND THAT CAUSES
THESE DEPOSITS OF CHOLESTEROL

498
00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:47,000
IN THEIR ELBOWS,
THEIR HANDS, THEIR KNEES

499
00:33:47,000 --> 00:33:51,000
AND THEN THEY ALSO BEGIN
TO HAVE HEART ATTACKS

500
00:33:51,000 --> 00:33:53,000
AS EARLY AS TWO YEARS OF AGE.

501
00:33:53,000 --> 00:33:55,000
Grey:
BROWN AND GOLDSTEIN
COMPARED CELLS

502
00:33:55,000 --> 00:33:58,000
FROM THESE CHILDREN
TO THOSE OF HEALTHY PEOPLE

503
00:33:58,000 --> 00:34:03,000
AND FOUND THEY LACKED A CRITICAL
MOLECULE, THE "L.D.L. RECEPTOR."

504
00:34:04,000 --> 00:34:07,000
RECEPTORS TRAP CHOLESTEROL
CALLED L.D.L.

505
00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:10,000
AND RELEASE IT INSIDE THE CELL.

506
00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:15,000
WHEN CHOLESTEROL IS LOW,
RECEPTORS ARE RECYCLED.

507
00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:17,000
BUT WHEN CHOLESTEROL IS HIGH

508
00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:21,000
THE CELL RESPONDS
BY SHUTTING DOWN ITS RECEPTORS.

509
00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:26,000
EXCESS CHOLESTEROL THEN
ACCUMULATES IN THE BLOOD.

510
00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:32,000
A FORMER STUDENT OF BROWN
AND GOLDSTEIN, MONTY KRIEGER

511
00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:37,000
WANTED TO KNOW JUST HOW EXCESS
CHOLESTEROL DOES ITS DAMAGE.

512
00:34:40,000 --> 00:34:43,000
A MICROSCOPIC VIEW
OF A HARDENED ARTERY

513
00:34:43,000 --> 00:34:47,000
REVEALS LAYERS OF SCAVENGER
CELLS, CALLED "MACROPHAGES."

514
00:34:47,000 --> 00:34:50,000
THEY ARE FILLED
WITH CHOLESTEROL.

515
00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:53,000
IF THEIR L.D.L. RECEPTORS
HAVE SHUT DOWN

516
00:34:53,000 --> 00:34:57,000
HOW DO THESE CELLS
ABSORB CHOLESTEROL?

517
00:34:57,000 --> 00:35:00,000
AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY

518
00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:05,000
KRIEGER ISOLATED A RECEPTOR
ON THE SURFACE OF A MACROPHAGE.

519
00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:10,000
A YEAR'S WORK WOULD
YIELD ITS GENETIC CODE

520
00:35:10,000 --> 00:35:14,000
AND A COMPUTER MODEL
OF ITS STRUCTURE.

521
00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:19,000
IN 1990, KRIEGER HAD HIS FIRST
LOOK AT THE SCAVENGER RECEPTOR.

522
00:35:20,000 --> 00:35:23,000
THIS RECEPTOR TRAPS CHOLESTEROL

523
00:35:23,000 --> 00:35:28,000
THAT HAS DETERIORATED
WHILE IN THE BODY.

524
00:35:28,000 --> 00:35:33,000
FOR KRIEGER, IT WAS AN IMPORTANT
CLUE TO ITS FUNCTION.

525
00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:37,000
WHY SHOULD WE HAVE A RECEPTOR
ON OUR MACROPHAGES

526
00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:39,000
THAT CAUSES ATHEROSCLEROSIS?

527
00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:41,000
PERHAPS THAT RECEPTOR
NORMALLY PROTECTS US

528
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:43,000
RATHER THAN HARMS US.

529
00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:46,000
INDEED, MODIFIED L.D.L.
CAN BE TOXIC TO CELLS.

530
00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:50,000
IT SEEMS REASONABLE TO THINK
THAT THIS RECEPTOR IS THERE

531
00:35:50,000 --> 00:35:54,000
TO REMOVE THAT TOXIC L.D.L. AND
DESTROY IT-- MODIFIED L.D.L.--

532
00:35:54,000 --> 00:35:56,000
BUT IF ONE HAS
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA--

533
00:35:56,000 --> 00:35:58,000
TOO MUCH L.D.L. IN THE BLOOD--

534
00:35:58,000 --> 00:36:02,000
THERE WILL BE TOO MUCH
OF THE MODIFIED L.D.L. MADE.

535
00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:03,000
THEN, INSTEAD OF PROTECTING

536
00:36:03,000 --> 00:36:07,000
WE HAVE FOAM CELL FORMATION
AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

537
00:36:07,000 --> 00:36:10,000
Grey:
THE LONGER
CHOLESTEROL CIRCULATES

538
00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:12,000
THE MORE TOXIC IT BECOMES.

539
00:36:12,000 --> 00:36:15,000
MACROPHAGES ABSORB TOXIC L.D.L..

540
00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:19,000
THEY ADHERE TO ARTERY WALLS
AND BECOME BLOATED.

541
00:36:19,000 --> 00:36:22,000
IF CHOLESTEROL STAYS HIGH

542
00:36:22,000 --> 00:36:24,000
THE VICIOUS CYCLE
REPEATS ITSELF...

543
00:36:24,000 --> 00:36:26,000
( heart monitor beeping )

544
00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:28,000
SILENTLY, WITHOUT WARNING...

545
00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:30,000
( heart monitor stops beeping )

546
00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:33,000
TO ITS INEVITABLE CONCLUSION.

547
00:36:33,000 --> 00:36:38,000
SOME PEOPLE DON'T REALIZE THEY
ARE AT RISK UNTIL IT'S TOO LATE.

548
00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:43,000
ED AHRENS, A LONG BEACH,
CALIFORNIA, RESIDENT, WAS LUCKY.

549
00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:47,000
...IN THE FALL ON A HOT DAY, AND
I WAS WORKING OUT IN THE YARD.

550
00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:50,000
I WAS DIGGING UP THE BACKYARD.

551
00:36:50,000 --> 00:36:54,000
AND I JUST ALL OF A SUDDEN
BROKE OUT INTO A SWEAT

552
00:36:54,000 --> 00:36:57,000
AND I GOT VERY DIZZY
AND BEGAN HAVING PAINS

553
00:36:57,000 --> 00:37:00,000
DOWN IN MY LEFT ARM
AND LEFT LEG.

554
00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:04,000
WELL, IT WAS SEVERE ENOUGH
THAT I ALMOST LOST CONSCIOUSNESS

555
00:37:04,000 --> 00:37:08,000
AND I HAD TO BE TAKEN
BY PARAMEDICS TO THE HOSPITAL.

556
00:37:08,000 --> 00:37:11,000
BUT I'D HAD
NO PREVIOUS INDICATION

557
00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:13,000
THAT THIS WAS HAPPENING.

558
00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:16,000
Grey:
ED'S CHEST PAINS WERE A WARNING.

559
00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:18,000
HIS DOCTOR REFERRED HIM

560
00:37:18,000 --> 00:37:21,000
TO THE ATHEROSCLEROSIS
RESEARCH INSTITUTE

561
00:37:21,000 --> 00:37:24,000
OF THE UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

562
00:37:24,000 --> 00:37:27,000
DIRECTOR DAVID BLANKENHORN
WANTED TO KNOW

563
00:37:27,000 --> 00:37:32,000
IF HARDENING OF THE ARTERIES
COULD BE REVERSED.

564
00:37:34,000 --> 00:37:36,000
WE KNEW THAT IN ANIMALS

565
00:37:36,000 --> 00:37:40,000
IF YOU PRODUCE THE DISORDER
BY CHOLESTEROL FEEDING

566
00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:42,000
AND THEN THE CHOLESTEROL
ACCUMULATES

567
00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:44,000
IN THE ANIMALS' ARTERIES

568
00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:48,000
LATER, IF YOU STOP
THE CHOLESTEROL FEEDING

569
00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:50,000
THE DEPOSITS WOULD GO AWAY.

570
00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:52,000
THE SECOND THING WE KNEW

571
00:37:52,000 --> 00:37:56,000
WAS THAT IN WORLD WAR II,
WHEN POPULATIONS WERE STARVED

572
00:37:56,000 --> 00:38:00,000
THE CHOLESTEROL DEPOSITS
IN THEIR ARTERIES WAS REDUCED.

573
00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:04,000
BUT AT THE TIME
THESE STUDIES WERE STARTED--

574
00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:06,000
THE FIRST ANGIOGRAPHIC TRIALS--

575
00:38:06,000 --> 00:38:09,000
NOBODY REALLY KNEW
WHAT WAS ACTUALLY GOING ON

576
00:38:09,000 --> 00:38:12,000
INSIDE A HUMAN HEART,
IN THOSE ARTERIES;

577
00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:17,000
WERE THE CHOLESTEROL DEPOSITS
ACTUALLY GETTING SMALLER.

578
00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:20,000
Nurse:
LET'S SEE
HOW WELL YOU'VE DONE.

579
00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:23,000
Grey:
ED AHRENS VOLUNTEERED
FOR A CLINICAL TRIAL

580
00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:26,000
TO TEST
A CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING DRUG.

581
00:38:26,000 --> 00:38:28,000
PRETTY GOOD, I HOPE.

582
00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:33,000
Grey:
ONCE A MONTH, FOR FOUR YEARS

583
00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:37,000
ED'S WEIGHT, BLOOD PRESSURE
AND CHOLESTEROL WERE CHECKED.

584
00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:39,000
PERFECT.

585
00:38:39,000 --> 00:38:42,000
SQUEEZE THAT.

586
00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:43,000
ALL RIGHT.

587
00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:46,000
Woman:
YOUR DIET LOOKS GOOD.

588
00:38:46,000 --> 00:38:51,000
Grey:
WITH DIETARY COUNSELING, ED
ALSO LEARNED NEW EATING HABITS.

589
00:38:52,000 --> 00:38:56,000
HE WORKED CLOSELY WITH PROJECT
DIETITIAN MARTHA CHARLESON

590
00:38:56,000 --> 00:38:57,000
TO LOWER HIS FAT INTAKE.

591
00:38:57,000 --> 00:38:59,000
YOU'RE WATCHING
YOUR FAT.

592
00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:02,000
MY SON LOVES TO FISH

593
00:39:02,000 --> 00:39:06,000
AND HE CAUGHT SOME FISH,
AND SO WE ATE IT.

594
00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:08,000
FISH IS AN ANIMAL PRODUCT

595
00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:11,000
AND DOES CONTAIN
SOME CHOLESTEROL.

596
00:39:11,000 --> 00:39:13,000
OKAY.
NOW, YOU SAY YOU HAD A LOT.

597
00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:16,000
COMPARED TO THIS PORTION,
WHAT IS YOUR PORTION?

598
00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:19,000
I PROBABLY HAD
THREE TIMES THAT AMOUNT.

599
00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:21,000
DON'T GO OVERBOARD.

600
00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:23,000
WATCH YOUR
FISH PORTIONS, OKAY?

601
00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:28,000
WELL, HE DOESN'T GO
FISHING EVERY WEEK.

602
00:39:29,000 --> 00:39:34,000
Grey:
WITH THE HELP OF HIS WIFE,
MARGARET, ED MADE CHANGES.

603
00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:40,000
GONE WERE THE BACON-AND-EGG
BREAKFASTS HE ONCE LOVED.

604
00:39:42,000 --> 00:39:46,000
OATMEAL, NONFAT MILK,
WHOLE-GRAIN TOAST

605
00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:50,000
AND FRESH FRUIT
BECAME HIS DAILY FARE.

606
00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:55,000
Margaret:
THEY HAD SOME KIND OF A FRACAS
DOWN AT THAT MINI-MART...

607
00:39:57,000 --> 00:39:59,000
NOT BAD; IT'LL DO.

608
00:39:59,000 --> 00:40:01,000
Grey:
IT'S NOT EASY

609
00:40:01,000 --> 00:40:04,000
TO GIVE UP OLD HABITS,
BUT ED MADE THE BEST OF IT.

610
00:40:04,000 --> 00:40:08,000
MAY SOUND STRANGE,
BUT I ACTUALLY ENJOYED IT.

611
00:40:08,000 --> 00:40:11,000
I TOOK IT AS A GAME
OR A CHALLENGE.

612
00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:16,000
AND I DECIDED THAT I WAS GOING
TO WIN AND CHOLESTEROL WASN'T.

613
00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:20,000
THE ANGIOGRAPHIC MACHINES
ARE DOWN HERE.

614
00:40:20,000 --> 00:40:22,000
Grey:
TODAY, ED WILL FIND OUT

615
00:40:22,000 --> 00:40:26,000
IF FOUR YEARS
OF HARD WORK HAVE PAID OFF.

616
00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:31,000
AN ANGIOGRAM, OR X-RAY FILM
OF HIS HEART, WAS TAKEN

617
00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:33,000
AT THE TIME
HE ENTERED THE STUDY.

618
00:40:33,000 --> 00:40:36,000
Blankenhorn:
...AND THEN YOU SEE

619
00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:39,000
THIS LITTLE NARROW STRIP
OF VESSEL GOING THROUGH THERE

620
00:40:39,000 --> 00:40:44,000
WHICH IS REALLY QUITE NARROW,
SO THAT'S THE THING OF INTEREST.

621
00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:47,000
WE'RE LOOKING
AT THAT VERY NARROW THING

622
00:40:47,000 --> 00:40:51,000
WHICH WE'RE GOING TO COMPARE
WITH THE ONE ON THE OTHER SIDE.

623
00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:55,000
THAT'S THE ORIGIN OF THE
CIRCUMFLEX CORONARY ARTERY.

624
00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:59,000
Grey:
ED'S CORONARY ARTERY
WAS DANGEROUSLY BLOCKED.

625
00:40:59,000 --> 00:41:03,000
BUT A RECENT ANGIOGRAM
REVEALS A DRAMATIC CHANGE.

626
00:41:03,000 --> 00:41:07,000
Blankenhorn:
AND WE'RE LOOKING
AT THAT STRIP RIGHT THERE

627
00:41:07,000 --> 00:41:10,000
WHICH IS OVERALL
VERY MUCH LARGER

628
00:41:10,000 --> 00:41:12,000
THAN IT WAS FOUR YEARS EARLIER.

629
00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:14,000
NO QUESTION--
THAT'S BETTER.

630
00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:16,000
REMARKABLE.

631
00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:18,000
Grey:
THE PLAQUE IS DISAPPEARING.

632
00:41:18,000 --> 00:41:21,000
Ahrens:
EVEN I CAN SEE IT

633
00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:24,000
IN MY UNEDUCATED MEDICAL EYE.

634
00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:28,000
Grey:
ANOTHER REVELATION MAKES IT
ALL THE MORE IMPRESSIVE.

635
00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:32,000
HALF THE VOLUNTEERS RECEIVED
PLACEBOS, INSTEAD OF THE DRUG.

636
00:41:32,000 --> 00:41:33,000
ED WAS ONE OF THEM.

637
00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:37,000
THE RESULTS OF THE TRIAL
ARE NOT YET IN

638
00:41:37,000 --> 00:41:42,000
BUT ED IS PROOF:
DIET ALONE CAN HEAL THE HEART.

639
00:41:43,000 --> 00:41:45,000
I HAD BEEN SORT OF LED
TO BELIEVE

640
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:48,000
JUST BY MY OWN READING
AND HEARING PEOPLE TALK

641
00:41:48,000 --> 00:41:50,000
THAT YOU COULDN'T DO IT--

642
00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:53,000
YOU COULD NOT HAVE
REGRESSION ON DIET ALONE.

643
00:41:53,000 --> 00:41:57,000
AND I THOUGHT THAT HERE I SPENT
ALL THIS TIME AND NO MEDICATION.

644
00:41:57,000 --> 00:42:01,000
BUT THEN WHEN IT TURNED OUT THE
WAY IT DID, I WAS REAL HAPPY.

645
00:42:01,000 --> 00:42:05,000
THE IMPORTANT THING TO KNOW IS
THAT MODERATE CHANGES OF DIET--

646
00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:07,000
JUST A MODERATE FAT RESTRICTION

647
00:42:07,000 --> 00:42:10,000
THAT DOESN'T TAKE
ALL THAT MUCH CHANGE--

648
00:42:10,000 --> 00:42:13,000
CAN PREVENT THE DISEASE
IN THE FIRST PLACE.

649
00:42:13,000 --> 00:42:16,000
AND AN OUNCE OF PREVENTION
IS WORTH A POUND OF CURE.

650
00:42:16,000 --> 00:42:17,000
AND IN THIS CASE

651
00:42:17,000 --> 00:42:21,000
AN OUNCE OF PREVENTION IS
MUCH EASIER THAN THE CURE.

652
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:24,000
Grey:
ED AHRENS JUST TURNED 72.

653
00:42:24,000 --> 00:42:27,000
IT'S NEVER TOO LATE
TO START EATING RIGHT.

654
00:42:27,000 --> 00:42:32,000
MOST OF US JUST DON'T KNOW HOW.

655
00:42:33,000 --> 00:42:36,000
IN THE SHADOW
OF THE FOOTBALL STADIUM

656
00:42:36,000 --> 00:42:41,000
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA,
AN UNUSUAL CLASS IS IN SESSION.

657
00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:44,000
HERE'S YOUR
"GARBAGE DU JOUR."

658
00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:46,000
ENJOY.

659
00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:49,000
Grey:
STUDENTS ENROLLED
IN "ARCHEOLOGY 199"

660
00:42:49,000 --> 00:42:51,000
ARE GLEANING CLUES

661
00:42:51,000 --> 00:42:56,000
ABOUT A CULTURE'S
EATING PATTERNS.

662
00:42:57,000 --> 00:43:01,000
THEY'RE CATALOGING
AMERICA'S GARBAGE.

663
00:43:01,000 --> 00:43:05,000
THE DETAILED ANALYSIS OF
WRAPPERS, LABELS AND LEFTOVERS

664
00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:09,000
PROVIDES UNIQUE INSIGHT INTO
WHAT WE REALLY EAT AND DRINK.

665
00:43:09,000 --> 00:43:11,000
IT'S FRIES?

666
00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:12,000
148.

667
00:43:12,000 --> 00:43:16,000
I'VE GOT
A QUESTION ON THE WAY
THE MATRIX BREAKS DOWN.

668
00:43:16,000 --> 00:43:18,000
Grey:
FOUNDED TWO DECADES AGO

669
00:43:18,000 --> 00:43:21,000
THE "GARBAGE PROJECT"
IS THE BRAINCHILD

670
00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:26,000

OF WILLIAM RATHJE.

671
00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:29,000
A LOT OF PEOPLE
JUST DON'T HAVE ANY IDEA

672
00:43:29,000 --> 00:43:31,000
WHAT THEY ACTUALLY
EAT AND DRINK.

673
00:43:31,000 --> 00:43:34,000
YOU KNOW, HOW MANY OUNCES
OF GREEN VEGETABLE

674
00:43:34,000 --> 00:43:36,000
DID YOU HAVE YESTERDAY?

675
00:43:36,000 --> 00:43:38,000
NOBODY REALLY KNOWS
THAT VERY WELL.

676
00:43:38,000 --> 00:43:41,000
AND WE FOUND OUT
FROM SORTING GARBAGE

677
00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:43,000
THAT THERE'S A BIG DIFFERENCE

678
00:43:43,000 --> 00:43:45,000
BETWEEN WHAT PEOPLE SAY THEY EAT

679
00:43:45,000 --> 00:43:49,000
AND THE REMAINS
OF THEIR DIET IN GARBAGE CANS.

680
00:43:49,000 --> 00:43:53,000
AND SECONDLY, THE PROBLEM IS,
IF YOU DID KNOW

681
00:43:53,000 --> 00:43:57,000
A LOT OF PEOPLE
WOULDN'T WANT TO TELL ANYBODY

682
00:43:57,000 --> 00:43:59,000
HOW MUCH BEER, HOW MUCH CANDY

683
00:43:59,000 --> 00:44:01,000
HOW MUCH ICE CREAM
THEY ACTUALLY CONSUME.

684
00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:03,000
WHEN PEOPLE GO TO THE STORE

685
00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:06,000
THEY KNOW EXACTLY
WHAT THEY WANT TO EAT

686
00:44:06,000 --> 00:44:08,000
AND WHAT THEY SHOULD EAT

687
00:44:08,000 --> 00:44:11,000
WHICH IS FRESH PRODUCE,
FRESH VEGETABLES

688
00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:12,000
FRESH FRUIT, FRESH MEATS

689
00:44:12,000 --> 00:44:15,000
AND THEY'RE GOING
TO MAKE THOSE DINNERS.

690
00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:19,000
BUT THEY ALSO KNOW
WHAT THEIR LIFESTYLES ARE LIKE.

691
00:44:19,000 --> 00:44:22,000
SO THEY BUY MICROWAVE
AND FROZEN STUFF

692
00:44:22,000 --> 00:44:24,000
THAT THEY CAN PREPARE QUICKLY.

693
00:44:24,000 --> 00:44:26,000
AND AFTER TWO WEEKS

694
00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:29,000
THE BOXES AND THE BAGS
AND SO FORTH

695
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:32,000
OF THE PRE-PREPARED MEALS
ARE IN THEIR GARBAGE

696
00:44:32,000 --> 00:44:35,000
AND THE HEAD OF LETTUCE,
CELERY, ONION

697
00:44:35,000 --> 00:44:38,000
AND MEAT IS BLUE AND GOOEY,
AND THEY THROW IT OUT.

698
00:44:38,000 --> 00:44:41,000
PEOPLE DON'T HAVE
REALISTIC EXPECTATIONS

699
00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:43,000
OF THEIR OWN BEHAVIOR

700
00:44:43,000 --> 00:44:46,000
ANY RE THAN THEY CAN
REALISTICALLY REPORT

701
00:44:46,000 --> 00:44:48,000
WHAT THEY'VE EATEN
IN THE LAST WEEK.

702
00:44:48,000 --> 00:44:53,000
Grey:
IN THE 1970s, FAT BECAME
A MAJOR DIETARY CONCERN.

703
00:44:54,000 --> 00:44:59,000
THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE

704
00:44:59,000 --> 00:45:01,000
HIRED RATHJE TO MONITOR

705
00:45:01,000 --> 00:45:06,000
HOW MUCH FAT AMERICANS
TRIMMED OFF RED MEAT.

706
00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:09,000
FROM 1977 TO THE END OF 1982

707
00:45:09,000 --> 00:45:14,000
THERE WAS A VERY CONSTANT LEVEL
OF FAT THAT WAS CUT OFF.

708
00:45:14,000 --> 00:45:18,000
IN 1983 IT DOUBLED--
BOOM!-- JUST LIKE THAT.

709
00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:22,000
ALL OF A SUDDEN, PEOPLE ARE
CUTTING OFF TWICE AS MUCH FAT.

710
00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:27,000
MEAT ISN'T CHEAPER IF YOU DON'T
CUT THE FAT OFF OR IF YOU DO.

711
00:45:27,000 --> 00:45:31,000
ALL WE COULD FIGURE WAS
THAT AT THE END OF '82

712
00:45:31,000 --> 00:45:34,000
THE NATIONAL ACADEMY
OF SCIENCE PUBLISHED

713
00:45:34,000 --> 00:45:36,000
ITS DIET, NUTRITION
AND CANCER BOOK

714
00:45:36,000 --> 00:45:39,000
WHICH FINGERED THE FAT
FROM RED MEAT

715
00:45:39,000 --> 00:45:42,000
AS A RISK FACTOR
IN COLON AND BREAST CANCER.

716
00:45:42,000 --> 00:45:45,000
EVERYBODY WAS SO HAPPY
WITH THESE RESULTS

717
00:45:45,000 --> 00:45:48,000
UNTIL WE LET
THE OTHER SHOE DROP.

718
00:45:48,000 --> 00:45:51,000
YOU SEE, PEOPLE WERE BUYING
LESS RED MEAT--

719
00:45:51,000 --> 00:45:53,000
FEWER STEAKS, ROASTS AND CHOPS--

720
00:45:53,000 --> 00:45:56,000
AND THEY WERE CUTTING
A LOT MORE FAT OFF

721
00:45:56,000 --> 00:45:59,000
OF THOSE STEAKS,
ROASTS AND CHOPS.

722
00:45:59,000 --> 00:46:03,000
BUT WHAT DID THEY DO
TO MAKE UP FOR THAT DIFFERENCE?

723
00:46:03,000 --> 00:46:08,000
THEY BOUGHT SALAMI, BOLOGNA,
SAUSAGE, BACON--

724
00:46:08,000 --> 00:46:13,000
ALL RED-MEAT PROCESSED ITEMS
THAT HAVE A LOT OF HIDDEN FAT.

725
00:46:13,000 --> 00:46:17,000
WHAT I THINK IS REALLY
EXCITING ABOUT THIS IS

726
00:46:17,000 --> 00:46:21,000
TO UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN WHAT'S CONSUMED

727
00:46:21,000 --> 00:46:23,000
WHAT ISN'T,
AND HOW PEOPLE SEE FOODS

728
00:46:23,000 --> 00:46:27,000
SO YOU CAN REALLY UNDERSTAND
WAYS TO CHANGE

729
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:28,000
WHAT PEOPLE ARE DOING

730
00:46:28,000 --> 00:46:30,000
BECAUSE YOU NEED TO KNOW

731
00:46:30,000 --> 00:46:33,000
BOTH THEIR BEHAVIOR
AND THEIR ATTITUDES

732
00:46:33,000 --> 00:46:36,000
TO GET THAT INTERVENTION
IN DIET TO WORK.

733
00:46:36,000 --> 00:46:40,000
Announcer:
HERE'S YOUR HAMBURGER,
THE WAY YOU LIKE IT.

734
00:46:40,000 --> 00:46:43,000
BUT ALL THE GARNISHES
WON'T CHANGE ONE FACT:

735
00:46:43,000 --> 00:46:45,000
THE AVERAGE HAMBURGER
IS 1/4 FAT--

736
00:46:45,000 --> 00:46:47,000
FAT THAT HARDENS
IN YOUR ARTERIES

737
00:46:47,000 --> 00:46:49,000
AND LEADS TO HEART ATTACKS.

738
00:46:49,000 --> 00:46:51,000
SUBSTITUTE FOODS
THAT ARE LOW IN FAT

739
00:46:51,000 --> 00:46:54,000
LIKE GRILLED FISH
OR BROILED CHICKEN

740
00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:56,000
AND EAT MORE VEGETABLES.

741
00:46:56,000 --> 00:47:00,000
CUT DOWN ON HAMBURGERS;
IT'S BETTER FOR YOUR HEART.

742
00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:04,000
Grey:
STANFORD UNIVERSITY
HAS LONG BEEN KNOWN

743
00:47:04,000 --> 00:47:06,000
FOR ITS BOLD THINKERS.

744
00:47:06,000 --> 00:47:09,000
TO CHANGE THE DIET
OF 100,000 PEOPLE

745
00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:11,000
IS NO MEAN FEAT.

746
00:47:11,000 --> 00:47:14,000
BUT JOHN FARQUHAR
THOUGHT IT COULD BE DONE--

747
00:47:14,000 --> 00:47:17,000
SURPRISING, FOR A MAN
WHO STARTED OUT

748
00:47:17,000 --> 00:47:19,000
IN INTERNAL MEDICINE.

749
00:47:19,000 --> 00:47:22,000
BUT I GOT FRUSTRATED
AS A CLINICIAN

750
00:47:22,000 --> 00:47:24,000
BECAUSE I WOULD SEE MY PATIENTS

751
00:47:24,000 --> 00:47:27,000
WHO HAD LOST WEIGHT
IN A HOSPITAL SETTING

752
00:47:27,000 --> 00:47:32,000
REGAIN IT IN THEIR NORMAL LIFE
WHEN I SAW THEM AS OUTPATIENTS.

753
00:47:32,000 --> 00:47:37,000
AND SO, THE FRUSTRATION
OF THE CLINICIAN LED ME TO ASK

754
00:47:37,000 --> 00:47:39,000
WELL, WHAT ARE THE FACTORS

755
00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:42,000
THAT LEAD PEOPLE
TO LIVE THE WAY THEY DO?

756
00:47:42,000 --> 00:47:44,000
WHAT DETERMINES LIFESTYLE?

757
00:47:44,000 --> 00:47:47,000
WHAT ARE THE SOCIAL
FORCES INVOLVED

758
00:47:47,000 --> 00:47:51,000
IN CAUSING THE RISK FACTORS
OF SMOKING, OVERWEIGHT

759
00:47:51,000 --> 00:47:53,000
LACK OF EXERCISE AND BAD DIETS?

760
00:47:53,000 --> 00:47:57,000
I REALIZED PEOPLE DON'T LIVE
IN DOCTOR'S OFFICES.

761
00:47:57,000 --> 00:47:59,000
THEY LIVE IN COMMUNITIES.

762
00:47:59,000 --> 00:48:01,000
YOU NEED TO APPROACH IT
WHERE THEY LIVE.

763
00:48:01,000 --> 00:48:06,000
Grey:
IN 1980, FARQUHAR ORCHESTRATED
A PUBLIC HEALTH CAMPAIGN

764
00:48:08,000 --> 00:48:11,000
IN TWO CALIFORNIA COMMUNITIES:

765
00:48:11,000 --> 00:48:14,000
MONTEREY,
A WELL-TO-DO RESORT TOWN

766
00:48:14,000 --> 00:48:18,000
AND NEARBY SALINAS--
FARM COUNTRY.

767
00:48:18,000 --> 00:48:23,000
FOR SIX YEARS, NEWSPAPERS, RADIO
AND TELEVISION SPREAD THE WORD.

768
00:48:25,000 --> 00:48:28,000
Announcer:
"THE NUTRITION KIT"--

769
00:48:28,000 --> 00:48:31,000
A FREE, FOUR-STEP PROGRAM
FOR HEALTHY EATING

770
00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:34,000
THAT LETS YOU CHANGE
AT YOUR OWN PACE.

771
00:48:34,000 --> 00:48:37,000
PICK UP YOUR KIT NOW
AT YOUR PUBLIC LIBRARY.

772
00:48:37,000 --> 00:48:42,000
A MESSAGE FROM
THE STANFORD HEART DISEASE
PREVENTION PROGRAM.

773
00:48:42,000 --> 00:48:45,000
Grey:
EVERY NIGHT AFTER DINNER

774
00:48:45,000 --> 00:48:49,000
SALINAS RESIDENT BOB BUMBA
USED TO EAT ICE CREAM.

775
00:48:49,000 --> 00:48:54,000
THEN HIS WIFE BEGAN TO
EXPERIMENT WITH LOW-FAT RECIPES.

776
00:48:54,000 --> 00:48:58,000
THE FRIDGE WAS STOCKED
WITH VEGETABLES AND FRUIT JUICE.

777
00:48:58,000 --> 00:49:03,000
THE STANFORD MESSAGE
WAS INESCAPABLE.

778
00:49:05,000 --> 00:49:07,000
THE HEART WAS ALWAYS THERE.

779
00:49:07,000 --> 00:49:09,000
AND YOU WOULD SEE THAT LOGO

780
00:49:09,000 --> 00:49:11,000
ON TELEVISION
AND IN THE NEWSPAPERS

781
00:49:11,000 --> 00:49:13,000
AND YOU STARTED TO RELATE TO IT.

782
00:49:13,000 --> 00:49:17,000
SUBLIMINALLY, IT MUST HAVE BEEN
DOING SOMETHING TO ME.

783
00:49:17,000 --> 00:49:19,000
I STOPPED EATING ICE CREAM.

784
00:49:19,000 --> 00:49:21,000
I SUBSTITUTED POPCORN.

785
00:49:21,000 --> 00:49:22,000
I'M A BEER DRINKER.

786
00:49:22,000 --> 00:49:26,000
I CONTINUE TO DRINK BEER,
HOPEFULLY IN MODERATION.

787
00:49:26,000 --> 00:49:28,000
IN THE PAPER
THERE WERERTICLES...

788
00:49:28,000 --> 00:49:30,000
AND I WAS PART OF IT.

789
00:49:30,000 --> 00:49:34,000
AND I WOULD TELL MY FRIENDS,
AND THEY THOUGHT IT WAS NEAT.

790
00:49:34,000 --> 00:49:37,000
AND EACH YEAR, AS IT WENT ON

791
00:49:37,000 --> 00:49:39,000
I SAW PROGRESS IN MY WEIGHT LOSS

792
00:49:39,000 --> 00:49:42,000
AND I NEVER KILLED MYSELF
OR ANYTHING.

793
00:49:42,000 --> 00:49:46,000
Grey:
BEFORE HE KNEW IT,
BOB HAD LOST 20 POUNDS.

794
00:49:46,000 --> 00:49:48,000
MONTEREY ATTORNEY
BOB BEBERMEYER

795
00:49:48,000 --> 00:49:51,000
CYCLES THE THREE MILES
BETWEEN OFFICE AND HOME.

796
00:49:51,000 --> 00:49:56,000
THAT'S IN ADDITION TO THE
EIGHT MILES HE RUNS EVERY DAY.

797
00:49:57,000 --> 00:50:02,000
HE WAS SHOCKED TO FIND
HIS CHOLESTEROL WAS HIGH.

798
00:50:02,000 --> 00:50:04,000
I WAS LABORING
UNDER THE IMPRESSION

799
00:50:04,000 --> 00:50:07,000
THAT IF I HAD A VIGOROUS
EXERCISE PROGRAM

800
00:50:07,000 --> 00:50:10,000
THAT THIS WOULD ESSENTIALLY
SOLVE ALL ILLS

801
00:50:10,000 --> 00:50:12,000
THAT I WOULD HAVE, HEALTH-WISE;

802
00:50:12,000 --> 00:50:14,000
THAT THAT WAS
ESSENTIALLY AN END-ALL.

803
00:50:14,000 --> 00:50:18,000

I FOUND OUT THAT THE EXERCISE
PROGRAM ALONE WAS A COMPONENT

804
00:50:18,000 --> 00:50:20,000
BUT IT CERTAINLY
WASN'T THE ULTIMATE.

805
00:50:20,000 --> 00:50:24,000
YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT, SO
THE TWO NEED TO WORK TOGETHER.

806
00:50:24,000 --> 00:50:29,000
Grey:
A GOURMET COOK, LINDA BEBERMEYER
PUT THE PRIME RIB ON HOLD.

807
00:50:30,000 --> 00:50:33,000
NOW BOB'S CHOLESTEROL IS LOW.

808
00:50:33,000 --> 00:50:35,000
MORE VEGETABLES, TOFU

809
00:50:35,000 --> 00:50:40,000
AND LESS MEAT
HAVE MADE A HEALTHY DIFFERENCE.

810
00:50:41,000 --> 00:50:45,000
THE BEBERMEYERS ARE NOT UNIQUE.

811
00:50:45,000 --> 00:50:50,000
LIFESTYLE CHANGES MADE BY THE
PEOPLE OF MONTEREY AND SALINAS

812
00:50:50,000 --> 00:50:54,000
WILL PREVENT 800 HEART ATTACKS
OVER THE NEXT DECADE.

813
00:50:54,000 --> 00:50:55,000
WHAT WE'RE ALL AFTER IS

814
00:50:55,000 --> 00:50:59,000
THAT WE SHOULD BE ALLOWED
TO LIVE OUR ALLOTTED LIFE-SPAN

815
00:50:59,000 --> 00:51:02,000
IN PEACE, FREEDOM AND DIGNITY,
AND IN GOOD HEALTH

816
00:51:02,000 --> 00:51:06,000
AND NOT AS CRIPPLES, AND NOT
HAVING PREVENTABLE DISEASE.

817
00:51:06,000 --> 00:51:07,000
THAT'S WHAT WE ALL WANT.

818
00:51:07,000 --> 00:51:10,000
NOW, A LOT OF THAT
IS WITHIN OUR REACH.

819
00:51:10,000 --> 00:51:12,000
WE HAVE TO BE
OPTIMISTIC ABOUT IT.

820
00:51:12,000 --> 00:51:15,000
SO WHAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT
IS MORE PEOPLE

821
00:51:15,000 --> 00:51:18,000
WHO ARE FREE OF DISEASE
AND DISABILITY

822
00:51:18,000 --> 00:51:21,000
FOR A LONGER PORTION
OF THEIR LIFE-SPAN.

823
00:51:21,000 --> 00:51:26,000
Grey:
MANY OF THE PROGRAMS CREATED BY
STANFORD CONTINUE TO BE POPULAR.

824
00:51:27,000 --> 00:51:30,000
...HOW MUCH FAT,
CARBOHYDRATES...

825
00:51:30,000 --> 00:51:31,000
Grey:
AT A MONTEREY SCHOOL

826
00:51:31,000 --> 00:51:34,000

INSTRUCTOR MICHELLE BULL
TEACHES FIFTH-GRADERS

827
00:51:34,000 --> 00:51:36,000
HOW TO READ A FOOD LABEL.

828
00:51:36,000 --> 00:51:38,000
Student:
INGREDIENTS ARE RIGHT HERE.

829
00:51:38,000 --> 00:51:43,000
SALT, IRON--
THERE'S NO IRON--
CALCIUM...

830
00:51:45,000 --> 00:51:50,000
Bull:
AND YOU'RE ALSO GETTING 25% OF
THE PROTEIN YOU NEED EACH DAY.

831
00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:55,000
SO IT GIVES YOU
TWO DIFFERENT READINGS.

832
00:51:56,000 --> 00:51:57,000
Student:
VITAMINS...

833
00:51:57,000 --> 00:52:02,000
SALT-- THAT'S NOT GOOD.

834
00:52:02,000 --> 00:52:06,000
WOW! THIS ONE'S TOTALLY GOOD!

835
00:52:06,000 --> 00:52:09,000
IT'S ALREADY
JUNK FOOD.

836
00:52:09,000 --> 00:52:11,000
WHAT MAKES IT A JUNK FOOD?

837
00:52:11,000 --> 00:52:14,000
IT HAS LOTS OF SALT
AND FAKE CHEESE AND FAT.

838
00:52:14,000 --> 00:52:19,000
Grey:
AN OUNCE OF PREVENTION
IS WORTH A POUND OF CURE.

839
00:52:19,000 --> 00:52:20,000
THE STANFORD PROGRAM

840
00:52:20,000 --> 00:52:25,000
AT A COST OF LESS THAN
FOUR DOLLARS PER PERSON PER YEAR

841
00:52:25,000 --> 00:52:28,000
PROVES WE CAN'T AFFORD
NOT TO EAT RIGHT.

842
00:52:28,000 --> 00:52:32,000
THESE CHILDREN ARE PART
OF A HEALTH REVOLUTION

843
00:52:32,000 --> 00:52:37,000
THAT IS SWEEPING AMERICA.

844
00:52:38,000 --> 00:52:41,000
THE WINDS OF CHANGE HAVE
REACHED A REVERED INSTITUTION

845
00:52:41,000 --> 00:52:44,000
ON THE HUDSON RIVER
IN UPSTATE NEW YORK.

846
00:52:44,000 --> 00:52:49,000
FOR NEARLY HALF A CENTURY, THE
CULINARY INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

847
00:52:49,000 --> 00:52:53,000
HAS TRAINED SOME
OF THE WORLD'S FINEST CHEFS.

848
00:52:53,000 --> 00:52:56,000
SEE THE TWO THUMBS?
THEY'RE LOVERS.

849
00:52:56,000 --> 00:52:58,000
SO YOU WANT TO GO
INTO THE INSIDE

850
00:52:58,000 --> 00:53:02,000
AND THE TWO THUMBS
SNEAK A LITTLE KISS.

851
00:53:02,000 --> 00:53:06,000
SO WE KEEP STIRRING
UNTIL THE CHOCOLATE IS COOL.

852
00:53:06,000 --> 00:53:09,000
FROM THE DOUBLE BOILER,
ADD A PIECE OF CHOCOLATE

853
00:53:09,000 --> 00:53:10,000
AND TEMPER IT.

854
00:53:10,000 --> 00:53:15,000
BRING THE TEMPERATURE
TO WHAT DEGREE?

855
00:53:16,000 --> 00:53:21,000
Grey:
IN THE WORLD OF GASTRONOMY,
NO FOOD IS ENEMY;

856
00:53:21,000 --> 00:53:26,000
NO BUTTER TOO RICH,
NO SUGAR TOO SWEET

857
00:53:26,000 --> 00:53:30,000
NO FORBIDDEN FRUIT.

858
00:53:30,000 --> 00:53:35,000
THE CULINARY ARTS
HAVE BEEN COMPARED TO MUSIC.

859
00:53:37,000 --> 00:53:42,000
THE ROLE OF THE CHEF
IS TO ORCHESTRATE

860
00:53:42,000 --> 00:53:44,000
WITH PERFECT TIMING
AND PROPORTION

861
00:53:44,000 --> 00:53:49,000
A MEDLEY OF TASTE AND TEXTURE.

862
00:53:51,000 --> 00:53:53,000
NUTRITIONIST CATHERINE POWERS

863
00:53:53,000 --> 00:53:56,000
TEACHES TOMORROW'S CHEFS
A NEW TUNE.

864
00:53:56,000 --> 00:54:00,000
Powers:
WHAT DO YOU SAY
WE SAUTE THIS CHICKEN BREAST?

865
00:54:00,000 --> 00:54:01,000
LET'S SEE WHAT BUTTER DOES.

866
00:54:01,000 --> 00:54:03,000
SO LET'S TYPE IN "BUTTER":

867
00:54:03,000 --> 00:54:06,000
B-U-T-T-E-R.

868
00:54:06,000 --> 00:54:11,000
Grey:
IN 1989, THE INSTITUTE
OPENED A NUTRITION CENTER.

869
00:54:11,000 --> 00:54:16,000
COMPUTER SYSTEMS HELP STUDENTS
ANALYZE RECIPES FOR NUTRIENTS.

870
00:54:16,000 --> 00:54:19,000
Powers:
THE OLIVE OIL HAS
ABOUT 100 MORE CALORIES

871
00:54:19,000 --> 00:54:22,000
PER HUNDRED GRAMS
THAN THE BUTTER.

872
00:54:22,000 --> 00:54:25,000
NOW IF WE LOOK AT THAT,
TIMOTHY, WE SEE

873
00:54:25,000 --> 00:54:30,000
THAT THE OLIVE OIL, IN FACT, HAS
ZERO MILLIGRAMS OF CHOLESTEROL

874
00:54:31,000 --> 00:54:33,000
AND THE BUTTER HAS 222.

875
00:54:33,000 --> 00:54:37,000
I WOULD SUGGEST HERE
THAT WE USE THE OLIVE OIL.

876
00:54:37,000 --> 00:54:42,000
Grey:
CHEF JONATHON ZEARFOSS
BRINGS NUTRITION TO THE KITCHEN.

877
00:54:43,000 --> 00:54:46,000
HE SUPERVISES ADVANCED STUDENTS

878
00:54:46,000 --> 00:54:50,000
IN AN ON-CAMPUS,
WORKING RESTAURANT.

879
00:54:50,000 --> 00:54:52,000
IF WE OIL THE GRILL

880
00:54:52,000 --> 00:54:55,000
WE DON'T HAVE TO PUT
ANY OIL IN THE MEAT

881
00:54:55,000 --> 00:54:57,000
WHICH WOULD PUT
A LOT OF FAT IN IT.

882
00:54:57,000 --> 00:55:01,000
Grey:
BROILING, POACHING
AND LIGHT SAUTEING

883
00:55:01,000 --> 00:55:06,000
HELP MAKE LOW-FAT MEALS THAT
TOTAL LESS THAN 1,000 CALORIES.

884
00:55:06,000 --> 00:55:08,000
THE WORK IS A LITTLE BIT HARDER

885
00:55:08,000 --> 00:55:12,000
TO MAKE THIS CUISINE LIVE UP
TO PEOPLE'S EXPECTATIONS

886
00:55:12,000 --> 00:55:13,000
IN TERMS OF TASTE

887
00:55:13,000 --> 00:55:18,000
BUT IT'S ONLY LIMITED
BY OUR IMAGINATIONS.

888
00:55:19,000 --> 00:55:24,000
Grey:
BAKED SEA BASS WITH GRILLED
VEGETABLES, 380 CALORIES.

889
00:55:25,000 --> 00:55:30,000
COUNTRY TURKEY WITH WILD RICE,
415 CALORIES.

890
00:55:33,000 --> 00:55:38,000
FOREST MUSHROOM PARFAIT,
104 CALORIES.

891
00:55:40,000 --> 00:55:44,000
CHOCOLATE YOGURT MOUSSE
IN APRICOT SAUCE.

892
00:55:44,000 --> 00:55:48,000
HARD TO BELIEVE IT'S ONLY
165 CALORIES, ISN'T IT?

893
00:55:48,000 --> 00:55:53,000
YOU BET IT'S
HARD TO BELIEVE.

894
00:55:56,000 --> 00:56:01,000
Grey:
THE DINERS AT THE CULINARY
INSTITUTE CONFIRM THE NEWS:

895
00:56:01,000 --> 00:56:06,000
FOOD THAT'S GOOD FOR US
CAN TASTE GOOD, TOO.

896
00:56:11,000 --> 00:56:16,000
IF WE ARE WHAT WE EAT,
SHOULDN'T WE EAT WELL?

897
00:56:19,000 --> 00:56:23,000
A TOAST TO A TASTE OF HEALTH.

898
00:56:23,000 --> 00:56:28,000
Captioned by
The Caption Center
WGBH Educational Foundation

899
00:57:23,000 --> 00:57:26,000
THE INFINITE VOYAGE
IS MADE POSSIBLE

900
00:57:26,000 --> 00:57:28,000
BY A GRANT FROM DIGITAL
EQUIPMENT CORPORATION

901
00:57:28,000 --> 00:57:31,000
THROUGH ITS DIGITAL
DISCOVERY SERIES.

902
00:57:31,000 --> 00:57:33,000
CELEBRATING THE ARTS,
SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

903
00:57:33,000 --> 00:57:36,000
DIGITAL AND ITS EMPLOYEES
INVITE YOU TO JOIN WITH THEM

904
00:57:36,000 --> 00:57:39,000
IN SUPPORTING PUBLIC TELEVISION.