WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en Style: ::cue(c.colorCCCCCC) { color: rgb(204,204,204); } ::cue(c.colorE5E5E5) { color: rgb(229,229,229); } ## 00:00:01.890 --> 00:00:04.300 align:start position:0% [Music] 00:00:04.300 --> 00:00:04.310 align:start position:0% [Music] 00:00:04.310 --> 00:00:07.160 align:start position:0% [Music] some<00:00:05.310> of<00:00:05.430> our<00:00:05.520> best<00:00:05.730> debates<00:00:06.089> ever<00:00:06.390> are<00:00:06.899> those 00:00:07.160 --> 00:00:07.170 align:start position:0% some of our best debates ever are those 00:00:07.170 --> 00:00:09.680 align:start position:0% some of our best debates ever are those where<00:00:07.529> we<00:00:07.560> stretched<00:00:08.189> hard<00:00:08.519> to<00:00:09.179> look<00:00:09.360> over<00:00:09.599> the 00:00:09.680 --> 00:00:09.690 align:start position:0% where we stretched hard to look over the 00:00:09.690 --> 00:00:12.230 align:start position:0% where we stretched hard to look over the horizon<00:00:09.840> at<00:00:10.500> coming<00:00:11.190> technologies<00:00:11.910> that<00:00:12.090> have 00:00:12.230 --> 00:00:12.240 align:start position:0% horizon at coming technologies that have 00:00:12.240 --> 00:00:15.049 align:start position:0% horizon at coming technologies that have potential<00:00:12.660> to<00:00:12.750> change<00:00:12.809> how<00:00:13.440> we<00:00:13.860> live<00:00:14.190> and<00:00:14.429> each 00:00:15.049 --> 00:00:15.059 align:start position:0% potential to change how we live and each 00:00:15.059 --> 00:00:17.630 align:start position:0% potential to change how we live and each time<00:00:15.299> asking<00:00:15.690> a<00:00:15.750> question<00:00:16.470> just<00:00:16.890> because<00:00:17.310> this 00:00:17.630 --> 00:00:17.640 align:start position:0% time asking a question just because this 00:00:17.640 --> 00:00:19.910 align:start position:0% time asking a question just because this technology<00:00:18.240> perhaps<00:00:18.480> can<00:00:18.930> work<00:00:19.170> does<00:00:19.740> that 00:00:19.910 --> 00:00:19.920 align:start position:0% technology perhaps can work does that 00:00:19.920 --> 00:00:22.160 align:start position:0% technology perhaps can work does that mean<00:00:20.160> that<00:00:20.400> it<00:00:20.520> should<00:00:20.850> be<00:00:21.150> put<00:00:21.539> to<00:00:21.750> work 00:00:22.160 --> 00:00:22.170 align:start position:0% mean that it should be put to work 00:00:22.170 --> 00:00:23.599 align:start position:0% mean that it should be put to work we<00:00:22.439> have<00:00:22.590> asked<00:00:22.920> that<00:00:23.039> in<00:00:23.160> relation<00:00:23.580> to 00:00:23.599 --> 00:00:23.609 align:start position:0% we have asked that in relation to 00:00:23.609 --> 00:00:25.970 align:start position:0% we have asked that in relation to artificial<00:00:24.240> intelligence<00:00:24.449> and<00:00:25.230> genetic 00:00:25.970 --> 00:00:25.980 align:start position:0% artificial intelligence and genetic 00:00:25.980 --> 00:00:27.650 align:start position:0% artificial intelligence and genetic engineering<00:00:26.460> and<00:00:26.789> a<00:00:27.119> number<00:00:27.359> of<00:00:27.480> other 00:00:27.650 --> 00:00:27.660 align:start position:0% engineering and a number of other 00:00:27.660 --> 00:00:29.480 align:start position:0% engineering and a number of other similar<00:00:28.080> technological<00:00:28.980> developments 00:00:29.480 --> 00:00:29.490 align:start position:0% similar technological developments 00:00:29.490 --> 00:00:31.130 align:start position:0% similar technological developments similar<00:00:29.789> in<00:00:29.970> the<00:00:30.090> sense<00:00:30.240> that<00:00:30.390> what<00:00:30.869> once 00:00:31.130 --> 00:00:31.140 align:start position:0% similar in the sense that what once 00:00:31.140 --> 00:00:33.350 align:start position:0% similar in the sense that what once seemed<00:00:31.470> far-fetched<00:00:31.859> has<00:00:32.850> become<00:00:33.210> at<00:00:33.329> least 00:00:33.350 --> 00:00:33.360 align:start position:0% seemed far-fetched has become at least 00:00:33.360 --> 00:00:35.630 align:start position:0% seemed far-fetched has become at least plausible<00:00:34.200> and<00:00:34.410> therefore<00:00:35.280> we<00:00:35.430> think 00:00:35.630 --> 00:00:35.640 align:start position:0% plausible and therefore we think 00:00:35.640 --> 00:00:38.600 align:start position:0% plausible and therefore we think debatable<00:00:36.420> and<00:00:36.600> now<00:00:37.140> over<00:00:37.680> that<00:00:37.800> same<00:00:38.070> horizon 00:00:38.600 --> 00:00:38.610 align:start position:0% debatable and now over that same horizon 00:00:38.610 --> 00:00:40.040 align:start position:0% debatable and now over that same horizon we<00:00:38.730> see<00:00:38.940> an<00:00:39.030> idea<00:00:39.270> taking<00:00:39.629> shape<00:00:39.870> that 00:00:40.040 --> 00:00:40.050 align:start position:0% we see an idea taking shape that 00:00:40.050 --> 00:00:42.950 align:start position:0% we see an idea taking shape that requires<00:00:40.680> a<00:00:41.010> mouthful<00:00:41.610> of<00:00:41.850> syllables<00:00:42.300> to<00:00:42.780> give 00:00:42.950 --> 00:00:42.960 align:start position:0% requires a mouthful of syllables to give 00:00:42.960 --> 00:00:47.360 align:start position:0% requires a mouthful of syllables to give it<00:00:43.110> its<00:00:43.410> name<00:00:43.739> Solar<00:00:45.440> geoengineering<00:00:46.440> also 00:00:47.360 --> 00:00:47.370 align:start position:0% it its name Solar geoengineering also 00:00:47.370 --> 00:00:49.459 align:start position:0% it its name Solar geoengineering also known<00:00:47.550> as<00:00:47.700> solar<00:00:47.969> radiation<00:00:48.629> management<00:00:48.660> or 00:00:49.459 --> 00:00:49.469 align:start position:0% known as solar radiation management or 00:00:49.469 --> 00:00:52.279 align:start position:0% known as solar radiation management or modification<00:00:50.309> and<00:00:50.520> that<00:00:50.820> is<00:00:50.969> a<00:00:51.210> proposed<00:00:51.780> set 00:00:52.279 --> 00:00:52.289 align:start position:0% modification and that is a proposed set 00:00:52.289 --> 00:00:55.069 align:start position:0% modification and that is a proposed set of<00:00:52.530> technologies<00:00:53.370> that<00:00:53.610> aim<00:00:53.760> to<00:00:53.969> reflect<00:00:54.390> some 00:00:55.069 --> 00:00:55.079 align:start position:0% of technologies that aim to reflect some 00:00:55.079 --> 00:00:58.040 align:start position:0% of technologies that aim to reflect some sunlight<00:00:55.410> and<00:00:55.860> reduce<00:00:56.610> the<00:00:56.940> inflow<00:00:57.480> into<00:00:57.809> the 00:00:58.040 --> 00:00:58.050 align:start position:0% sunlight and reduce the inflow into the 00:00:58.050 --> 00:01:00.470 align:start position:0% sunlight and reduce the inflow into the atmosphere<00:00:58.530> of<00:00:58.710> solar<00:00:58.980> energy<00:00:59.480> thereby 00:01:00.470 --> 00:01:00.480 align:start position:0% atmosphere of solar energy thereby 00:01:00.480 --> 00:01:02.720 align:start position:0% atmosphere of solar energy thereby partially<00:01:01.260> reducing<00:01:01.770> global<00:01:02.190> temperatures 00:01:02.720 --> 00:01:02.730 align:start position:0% partially reducing global temperatures 00:01:02.730 --> 00:01:04.759 align:start position:0% partially reducing global temperatures that's<00:01:03.059> the<00:01:03.359> idea<00:01:03.750> or<00:01:04.019> put<00:01:04.229> another<00:01:04.439> way<00:01:04.589> it's 00:01:04.759 --> 00:01:04.769 align:start position:0% that's the idea or put another way it's 00:01:04.769 --> 00:01:07.190 align:start position:0% that's the idea or put another way it's the<00:01:04.860> idea<00:01:05.100> that<00:01:05.159> the<00:01:05.640> amount<00:01:05.909> of<00:01:06.060> heat<00:01:06.330> that<00:01:06.930> we 00:01:07.190 --> 00:01:07.200 align:start position:0% the idea that the amount of heat that we 00:01:07.200 --> 00:01:09.469 align:start position:0% the idea that the amount of heat that we get<00:01:07.470> from<00:01:07.799> the<00:01:07.890> Sun<00:01:08.130> can<00:01:08.159> be<00:01:08.610> controlled<00:01:09.150> and 00:01:09.469 --> 00:01:09.479 align:start position:0% get from the Sun can be controlled and 00:01:09.479 --> 00:01:12.260 align:start position:0% get from the Sun can be controlled and in<00:01:10.170> an<00:01:10.260> era<00:01:10.500> of<00:01:10.619> concern<00:01:11.250> about<00:01:11.520> climate 00:01:12.260 --> 00:01:12.270 align:start position:0% in an era of concern about climate 00:01:12.270 --> 00:01:15.140 align:start position:0% in an era of concern about climate change<00:01:12.530> partially<00:01:13.530> reflected<00:01:14.220> away<00:01:14.400> from<00:01:15.030> the 00:01:15.140 --> 00:01:15.150 align:start position:0% change partially reflected away from the 00:01:15.150 --> 00:01:16.490 align:start position:0% change partially reflected away from the earth<00:01:15.270> by<00:01:15.540> a<00:01:15.570> number<00:01:15.780> of<00:01:15.900> different<00:01:16.290> means 00:01:16.490 --> 00:01:16.500 align:start position:0% earth by a number of different means 00:01:16.500 --> 00:01:18.770 align:start position:0% earth by a number of different means like<00:01:17.100> putting<00:01:17.430> reflective<00:01:17.970> materials<00:01:18.570> on 00:01:18.770 --> 00:01:18.780 align:start position:0% like putting reflective materials on 00:01:18.780 --> 00:01:20.840 align:start position:0% like putting reflective materials on rooftops<00:01:19.320> or<00:01:19.560> putting<00:01:19.770> mirrors<00:01:20.189> into<00:01:20.369> orbit 00:01:20.840 --> 00:01:20.850 align:start position:0% rooftops or putting mirrors into orbit 00:01:20.850 --> 00:01:22.969 align:start position:0% rooftops or putting mirrors into orbit or<00:01:21.000> injecting<00:01:21.930> aerosols<00:01:22.500> into<00:01:22.740> the 00:01:22.969 --> 00:01:22.979 align:start position:0% or injecting aerosols into the 00:01:22.979 --> 00:01:24.710 align:start position:0% or injecting aerosols into the stratosphere<00:01:23.369> that<00:01:23.729> would<00:01:23.820> effectively<00:01:24.180> act 00:01:24.710 --> 00:01:24.720 align:start position:0% stratosphere that would effectively act 00:01:24.720 --> 00:01:27.140 align:start position:0% stratosphere that would effectively act like<00:01:25.110> a<00:01:25.140> kind<00:01:25.500> of<00:01:25.619> sun<00:01:25.890> block<00:01:26.070> you<00:01:26.820> get<00:01:26.970> the 00:01:27.140 --> 00:01:27.150 align:start position:0% like a kind of sun block you get the 00:01:27.150 --> 00:01:29.390 align:start position:0% like a kind of sun block you get the idea<00:01:27.479> the<00:01:27.720> question<00:01:28.470> is<00:01:28.650> are<00:01:28.860> these<00:01:29.100> ideas 00:01:29.390 --> 00:01:29.400 align:start position:0% idea the question is are these ideas 00:01:29.400 --> 00:01:31.700 align:start position:0% idea the question is are these ideas feasible<00:01:30.270> and<00:01:30.509> if<00:01:30.689> they<00:01:30.840> are<00:01:30.990> feasible 00:01:31.700 --> 00:01:31.710 align:start position:0% feasible and if they are feasible 00:01:31.710 --> 00:01:34.490 align:start position:0% feasible and if they are feasible are<00:01:32.400> they<00:01:32.579> desirable<00:01:33.420> well<00:01:33.930> we<00:01:34.020> think<00:01:34.229> in<00:01:34.320> all 00:01:34.490 --> 00:01:34.500 align:start position:0% are they desirable well we think in all 00:01:34.500 --> 00:01:35.810 align:start position:0% are they desirable well we think in all of<00:01:34.619> these<00:01:34.710> questions<00:01:35.189> we<00:01:35.310> have<00:01:35.490> the<00:01:35.610> makings 00:01:35.810 --> 00:01:35.820 align:start position:0% of these questions we have the makings 00:01:35.820 --> 00:01:37.999 align:start position:0% of these questions we have the makings of<00:01:36.090> a<00:01:36.210> debate<00:01:36.479> so<00:01:36.780> let's<00:01:36.990> have<00:01:37.140> it<00:01:37.200> yes<00:01:37.829> or<00:01:37.979> no 00:01:37.999 --> 00:01:38.009 align:start position:0% of a debate so let's have it yes or no 00:01:38.009 --> 00:01:40.460 align:start position:0% of a debate so let's have it yes or no to<00:01:38.159> this<00:01:38.430> statement<00:01:39.020> Engineering<00:01:40.020> solar 00:01:40.460 --> 00:01:40.470 align:start position:0% to this statement Engineering solar 00:01:40.470 --> 00:01:44.179 align:start position:0% to this statement Engineering solar radiation<00:01:41.430> is<00:01:41.729> a<00:01:42.030> crazy<00:01:42.540> idea<00:01:42.899> I'm<00:01:43.470> John 00:01:44.179 --> 00:01:44.189 align:start position:0% radiation is a crazy idea I'm John 00:01:44.189 --> 00:01:46.130 align:start position:0% radiation is a crazy idea I'm John Donvan<00:01:44.430> and<00:01:44.909> I<00:01:44.970> stand<00:01:45.210> between<00:01:45.570> two<00:01:45.750> teams<00:01:45.960> of 00:01:46.130 --> 00:01:46.140 align:start position:0% Donvan and I stand between two teams of 00:01:46.140 --> 00:01:48.350 align:start position:0% Donvan and I stand between two teams of two<00:01:46.200> who<00:01:46.890> are<00:01:47.040> experts<00:01:47.549> in<00:01:47.640> this<00:01:47.790> topic<00:01:48.030> and 00:01:48.350 --> 00:01:48.360 align:start position:0% two who are experts in this topic and 00:01:48.360 --> 00:01:50.270 align:start position:0% two who are experts in this topic and passionate<00:01:48.930> about<00:01:49.049> it<00:01:49.380> who<00:01:49.500> will<00:01:49.590> argue<00:01:49.829> for 00:01:50.270 --> 00:01:50.280 align:start position:0% passionate about it who will argue for 00:01:50.280 --> 00:01:52.580 align:start position:0% passionate about it who will argue for and<00:01:50.520> against<00:01:50.939> this<00:01:51.060> resolution<00:01:51.299> as<00:01:51.930> always 00:01:52.580 --> 00:01:52.590 align:start position:0% and against this resolution as always 00:01:52.590 --> 00:01:54.800 align:start position:0% and against this resolution as always our<00:01:52.920> debate<00:01:53.220> will<00:01:53.369> go<00:01:53.549> in<00:01:53.790> three<00:01:54.270> rounds<00:01:54.450> and 00:01:54.800 --> 00:01:54.810 align:start position:0% our debate will go in three rounds and 00:01:54.810 --> 00:01:57.050 align:start position:0% our debate will go in three rounds and we<00:01:55.649> are<00:01:55.829> here<00:01:56.100> at<00:01:56.219> the<00:01:56.340> Cape<00:01:56.520> Playhouse<00:01:56.880> in 00:01:57.050 --> 00:01:57.060 align:start position:0% we are here at the Cape Playhouse in 00:01:57.060 --> 00:01:58.819 align:start position:0% we are here at the Cape Playhouse in Hunter<00:01:57.299> College<00:01:57.450> in<00:01:57.719> New<00:01:57.869> York<00:01:58.049> City<00:01:58.320> this 00:01:58.819 --> 00:01:58.829 align:start position:0% Hunter College in New York City this 00:01:58.829 --> 00:02:01.429 align:start position:0% Hunter College in New York City this audience<00:01:59.310> will<00:01:59.549> choose<00:01:59.850> our<00:02:00.119> winner<00:02:00.360> and<00:02:00.630> also 00:02:01.429 --> 00:02:01.439 align:start position:0% audience will choose our winner and also 00:02:01.439 --> 00:02:03.859 align:start position:0% audience will choose our winner and also if<00:02:01.710> all<00:02:02.130> goes<00:02:02.159> well<00:02:02.369> civil<00:02:03.119> discourse<00:02:03.600> will 00:02:03.859 --> 00:02:03.869 align:start position:0% if all goes well civil discourse will 00:02:03.869 --> 00:02:06.289 align:start position:0% if all goes well civil discourse will also<00:02:04.290> win<00:02:04.530> a<00:02:04.710> reminder<00:02:05.490> to<00:02:05.610> our<00:02:05.729> audience<00:02:06.119> one 00:02:06.289 --> 00:02:06.299 align:start position:0% also win a reminder to our audience one 00:02:06.299 --> 00:02:08.359 align:start position:0% also win a reminder to our audience one last<00:02:06.540> time<00:02:06.810> to<00:02:06.990> cast<00:02:07.200> your<00:02:07.439> pre-debate<00:02:07.979> vote 00:02:08.359 --> 00:02:08.369 align:start position:0% last time to cast your pre-debate vote 00:02:08.369 --> 00:02:09.889 align:start position:0% last time to cast your pre-debate vote the<00:02:08.580> vote<00:02:08.610> before<00:02:09.030> you<00:02:09.119> hear<00:02:09.300> the<00:02:09.420> arguments 00:02:09.889 --> 00:02:09.899 align:start position:0% the vote before you hear the arguments 00:02:09.899 --> 00:02:12.320 align:start position:0% the vote before you hear the arguments visit<00:02:10.200> IQ<00:02:10.530> to<00:02:10.679> us<00:02:10.950> org<00:02:11.430> forward<00:02:11.790> slash<00:02:12.000> vote 00:02:12.320 --> 00:02:12.330 align:start position:0% visit IQ to us org forward slash vote 00:02:12.330 --> 00:02:13.090 align:start position:0% visit IQ to us org forward slash vote you 00:02:13.090 --> 00:02:13.100 align:start position:0% you 00:02:13.100 --> 00:02:14.680 align:start position:0% you be<00:02:13.190> prompted<00:02:13.580> to<00:02:13.670> cast<00:02:13.880> a<00:02:14.000> vote<00:02:14.120> for<00:02:14.180> or 00:02:14.680 --> 00:02:14.690 align:start position:0% be prompted to cast a vote for or 00:02:14.690 --> 00:02:16.600 align:start position:0% be prompted to cast a vote for or against<00:02:15.470> the<00:02:15.560> resolution<00:02:15.710> or<00:02:16.310> to<00:02:16.460> declare 00:02:16.600 --> 00:02:16.610 align:start position:0% against the resolution or to declare 00:02:16.610 --> 00:02:19.000 align:start position:0% against the resolution or to declare yourself<00:02:16.880> undecided<00:02:17.810> and<00:02:17.960> I<00:02:18.440> want<00:02:18.620> to<00:02:18.680> explain 00:02:19.000 --> 00:02:19.010 align:start position:0% yourself undecided and I want to explain 00:02:19.010 --> 00:02:20.800 align:start position:0% yourself undecided and I want to explain now<00:02:19.250> you'll<00:02:19.490> be<00:02:19.520> voting<00:02:19.970> again<00:02:20.210> after<00:02:20.690> you've 00:02:20.800 --> 00:02:20.810 align:start position:0% now you'll be voting again after you've 00:02:20.810 --> 00:02:22.450 align:start position:0% now you'll be voting again after you've heard<00:02:20.960> the<00:02:21.110> arguments<00:02:21.680> and<00:02:21.830> it's<00:02:22.070> the<00:02:22.250> team 00:02:22.450 --> 00:02:22.460 align:start position:0% heard the arguments and it's the team 00:02:22.460 --> 00:02:24.340 align:start position:0% heard the arguments and it's the team whose<00:02:22.730> numbers<00:02:23.060> have<00:02:23.090> changed<00:02:23.270> the<00:02:23.780> most<00:02:24.020> in 00:02:24.340 --> 00:02:24.350 align:start position:0% whose numbers have changed the most in 00:02:24.350 --> 00:02:26.380 align:start position:0% whose numbers have changed the most in the<00:02:24.740> upward<00:02:25.130> direction<00:02:25.610> between<00:02:25.820> the<00:02:26.150> first 00:02:26.380 --> 00:02:26.390 align:start position:0% the upward direction between the first 00:02:26.390 --> 00:02:28.630 align:start position:0% the upward direction between the first and<00:02:26.720> the<00:02:26.810> second<00:02:27.170> vote<00:02:27.290> that<00:02:27.920> we<00:02:28.070> will<00:02:28.310> declare 00:02:28.630 --> 00:02:28.640 align:start position:0% and the second vote that we will declare 00:02:28.640 --> 00:02:30.940 align:start position:0% and the second vote that we will declare our<00:02:28.910> winner<00:02:29.120> our<00:02:29.630> resolution<00:02:30.290> engineering 00:02:30.940 --> 00:02:30.950 align:start position:0% our winner our resolution engineering 00:02:30.950 --> 00:02:33.850 align:start position:0% our winner our resolution engineering solar<00:02:31.190> radiation<00:02:31.820> is<00:02:31.970> a<00:02:32.030> crazy<00:02:32.690> idea<00:02:32.870> let's 00:02:33.850 --> 00:02:33.860 align:start position:0% solar radiation is a crazy idea let's 00:02:33.860 --> 00:02:35.380 align:start position:0% solar radiation is a crazy idea let's meet<00:02:34.100> our<00:02:34.280> debaters<00:02:34.580> starting<00:02:35.030> first<00:02:35.210> with 00:02:35.380 --> 00:02:35.390 align:start position:0% meet our debaters starting first with 00:02:35.390 --> 00:02:36.820 align:start position:0% meet our debaters starting first with the<00:02:35.480> team<00:02:35.720> arguing<00:02:36.140> for<00:02:36.350> that<00:02:36.530> resolution 00:02:36.820 --> 00:02:36.830 align:start position:0% the team arguing for that resolution 00:02:36.830 --> 00:02:38.980 align:start position:0% the team arguing for that resolution ladies<00:02:37.700> and<00:02:37.850> gentlemen<00:02:38.150> welcome<00:02:38.360> clive 00:02:38.980 --> 00:02:38.990 align:start position:0% ladies and gentlemen welcome clive 00:02:38.990 --> 00:02:45.050 align:start position:0% ladies and gentlemen welcome clive Hamilton 00:02:45.050 --> 00:02:45.060 align:start position:0% 00:02:45.060 --> 00:02:47.360 align:start position:0% five<00:02:45.600> you've<00:02:45.870> come<00:02:46.080> a<00:02:46.110> long<00:02:46.350> long<00:02:46.620> way<00:02:46.980> to<00:02:47.160> be 00:02:47.360 --> 00:02:47.370 align:start position:0% five you've come a long long way to be 00:02:47.370 --> 00:02:48.620 align:start position:0% five you've come a long long way to be part<00:02:47.550> of<00:02:47.640> this<00:02:47.760> debate<00:02:48.060> you're<00:02:48.270> a<00:02:48.300> professor 00:02:48.620 --> 00:02:48.630 align:start position:0% part of this debate you're a professor 00:02:48.630 --> 00:02:50.420 align:start position:0% part of this debate you're a professor at<00:02:48.900> Charles<00:02:49.230> Sturt<00:02:49.380> University<00:02:49.440> in<00:02:50.070> Canberra 00:02:50.420 --> 00:02:50.430 align:start position:0% at Charles Sturt University in Canberra 00:02:50.430 --> 00:02:52.730 align:start position:0% at Charles Sturt University in Canberra Australia<00:02:51.030> you<00:02:51.510> are<00:02:51.540> a<00:02:51.690> climate<00:02:52.230> advocate<00:02:52.710> a 00:02:52.730 --> 00:02:52.740 align:start position:0% Australia you are a climate advocate a 00:02:52.740 --> 00:02:54.620 align:start position:0% Australia you are a climate advocate a best-selling<00:02:53.250> author<00:02:53.460> some<00:02:54.210> of<00:02:54.300> your<00:02:54.420> books 00:02:54.620 --> 00:02:54.630 align:start position:0% best-selling author some of your books 00:02:54.630 --> 00:02:56.540 align:start position:0% best-selling author some of your books include<00:02:54.990> earth<00:02:55.230> masters<00:02:55.830> the<00:02:56.070> dawn<00:02:56.310> of<00:02:56.490> the 00:02:56.540 --> 00:02:56.550 align:start position:0% include earth masters the dawn of the 00:02:56.550 --> 00:02:59.180 align:start position:0% include earth masters the dawn of the age<00:02:56.580> of<00:02:57.030> climate<00:02:57.150> engineering<00:02:57.650> most<00:02:58.650> recently 00:02:59.180 --> 00:02:59.190 align:start position:0% age of climate engineering most recently 00:02:59.190 --> 00:03:01.730 align:start position:0% age of climate engineering most recently your<00:02:59.520> book<00:02:59.730> silent<00:03:00.240> invasion<00:03:00.930> China's 00:03:01.730 --> 00:03:01.740 align:start position:0% your book silent invasion China's 00:03:01.740 --> 00:03:04.130 align:start position:0% your book silent invasion China's influence<00:03:01.920> in<00:03:02.280> Australia<00:03:02.820> was<00:03:03.510> published 00:03:04.130 --> 00:03:04.140 align:start position:0% influence in Australia was published 00:03:04.140 --> 00:03:06.260 align:start position:0% influence in Australia was published finally<00:03:04.620> after<00:03:05.010> three<00:03:05.280> other<00:03:05.550> publishers 00:03:06.260 --> 00:03:06.270 align:start position:0% finally after three other publishers 00:03:06.270 --> 00:03:08.449 align:start position:0% finally after three other publishers pulled<00:03:06.660> out<00:03:06.990> signing<00:03:07.860> fear<00:03:08.160> of<00:03:08.280> punishment 00:03:08.449 --> 00:03:08.459 align:start position:0% pulled out signing fear of punishment 00:03:08.459 --> 00:03:11.660 align:start position:0% pulled out signing fear of punishment punishment<00:03:09.060> from<00:03:09.540> Beijing<00:03:10.050> and<00:03:10.260> that<00:03:10.860> book 00:03:11.660 --> 00:03:11.670 align:start position:0% punishment from Beijing and that book 00:03:11.670 --> 00:03:13.750 align:start position:0% punishment from Beijing and that book then<00:03:11.880> became<00:03:12.150> an<00:03:12.270> immediate<00:03:12.420> bestseller<00:03:12.990> so 00:03:13.750 --> 00:03:13.760 align:start position:0% then became an immediate bestseller so 00:03:13.760 --> 00:03:15.530 align:start position:0% then became an immediate bestseller so congratulations<00:03:14.760> to<00:03:14.910> that<00:03:14.940> and<00:03:15.209> thanks<00:03:15.450> for 00:03:15.530 --> 00:03:15.540 align:start position:0% congratulations to that and thanks for 00:03:15.540 --> 00:03:21.500 align:start position:0% congratulations to that and thanks for being<00:03:15.690> here<00:03:15.810> closeted<00:03:17.180> and<00:03:20.000> now<00:03:21.000> let's<00:03:21.239> meet 00:03:21.500 --> 00:03:21.510 align:start position:0% being here closeted and now let's meet 00:03:21.510 --> 00:03:23.120 align:start position:0% being here closeted and now let's meet your<00:03:21.540> partner<00:03:22.170> please<00:03:22.440> ladies<00:03:22.709> and<00:03:22.739> gentlemen 00:03:23.120 --> 00:03:23.130 align:start position:0% your partner please ladies and gentlemen 00:03:23.130 --> 00:03:31.280 align:start position:0% your partner please ladies and gentlemen welcome<00:03:23.959> Anjali<00:03:24.989> Vishwa<00:03:25.590> Mohan<00:03:26.100> on<00:03:30.290> Anjali 00:03:31.280 --> 00:03:31.290 align:start position:0% welcome Anjali Vishwa Mohan on Anjali 00:03:31.290 --> 00:03:32.840 align:start position:0% welcome Anjali Vishwa Mohan on Anjali welcome<00:03:31.560> to<00:03:31.770> intelligence<00:03:32.280> squared<00:03:32.459> u.s. 00:03:32.840 --> 00:03:32.850 align:start position:0% welcome to intelligence squared u.s. 00:03:32.850 --> 00:03:34.970 align:start position:0% welcome to intelligence squared u.s. you're<00:03:33.209> a<00:03:33.239> scholar<00:03:33.780> at<00:03:34.050> the<00:03:34.080> Blavatnik<00:03:34.530> School 00:03:34.970 --> 00:03:34.980 align:start position:0% you're a scholar at the Blavatnik School 00:03:34.980 --> 00:03:36.410 align:start position:0% you're a scholar at the Blavatnik School of<00:03:35.100> Government<00:03:35.220> at<00:03:35.580> Oxford<00:03:35.940> you're<00:03:36.120> a<00:03:36.150> lawyer 00:03:36.410 --> 00:03:36.420 align:start position:0% of Government at Oxford you're a lawyer 00:03:36.420 --> 00:03:38.920 align:start position:0% of Government at Oxford you're a lawyer you're<00:03:36.989> an<00:03:37.110> energy<00:03:37.230> policy<00:03:37.730> enthusiast 00:03:38.920 --> 00:03:38.930 align:start position:0% you're an energy policy enthusiast 00:03:38.930 --> 00:03:40.490 align:start position:0% you're an energy policy enthusiast previously<00:03:39.930> you've<00:03:40.080> worked<00:03:40.260> with<00:03:40.380> the 00:03:40.490 --> 00:03:40.500 align:start position:0% previously you've worked with the 00:03:40.500 --> 00:03:42.170 align:start position:0% previously you've worked with the Council<00:03:40.830> on<00:03:40.890> Energy<00:03:41.310> Environment<00:03:41.580> and<00:03:42.000> water 00:03:42.170 --> 00:03:42.180 align:start position:0% Council on Energy Environment and water 00:03:42.180 --> 00:03:44.570 align:start position:0% Council on Energy Environment and water in<00:03:42.420> New<00:03:42.570> Delhi<00:03:42.780> on<00:03:42.900> renewable<00:03:43.800> energy<00:03:44.130> policy 00:03:44.570 --> 00:03:44.580 align:start position:0% in New Delhi on renewable energy policy 00:03:44.580 --> 00:03:46.430 align:start position:0% in New Delhi on renewable energy policy finance<00:03:44.940> and<00:03:45.120> governance<00:03:45.360> you've<00:03:46.050> worked<00:03:46.320> at 00:03:46.430 --> 00:03:46.440 align:start position:0% finance and governance you've worked at 00:03:46.440 --> 00:03:48.320 align:start position:0% finance and governance you've worked at some<00:03:46.620> of<00:03:46.709> India's<00:03:46.860> top<00:03:47.250> law<00:03:47.459> firms<00:03:47.760> on<00:03:47.940> energy 00:03:48.320 --> 00:03:48.330 align:start position:0% some of India's top law firms on energy 00:03:48.330 --> 00:03:49.970 align:start position:0% some of India's top law firms on energy projects<00:03:48.720> welcome<00:03:49.110> it's<00:03:49.470> great<00:03:49.650> to<00:03:49.739> have<00:03:49.830> you 00:03:49.970 --> 00:03:49.980 align:start position:0% projects welcome it's great to have you 00:03:49.980 --> 00:03:54.610 align:start position:0% projects welcome it's great to have you Anjali<00:03:50.280> unintelligence<00:03:51.440> thanks<00:03:52.440> very<00:03:52.620> much 00:03:54.610 --> 00:03:54.620 align:start position:0% Anjali unintelligence thanks very much 00:03:54.620 --> 00:03:57.620 align:start position:0% Anjali unintelligence thanks very much so<00:03:55.620> two<00:03:55.920> of<00:03:56.040> our<00:03:56.130> debaters<00:03:56.430> came<00:03:56.790> a<00:03:57.000> very<00:03:57.360> long 00:03:57.620 --> 00:03:57.630 align:start position:0% so two of our debaters came a very long 00:03:57.630 --> 00:03:59.180 align:start position:0% so two of our debaters came a very long way<00:03:57.810> and<00:03:58.019> the<00:03:58.080> others<00:03:58.260> also<00:03:58.590> travel<00:03:58.890> just<00:03:59.040> not 00:03:59.180 --> 00:03:59.190 align:start position:0% way and the others also travel just not 00:03:59.190 --> 00:04:00.830 align:start position:0% way and the others also travel just not quite<00:03:59.430> as<00:03:59.549> far<00:03:59.700> let's<00:03:59.910> welcome<00:04:00.390> the<00:04:00.600> team 00:04:00.830 --> 00:04:00.840 align:start position:0% quite as far let's welcome the team 00:04:00.840 --> 00:04:03.199 align:start position:0% quite as far let's welcome the team arguing<00:04:01.500> against<00:04:02.130> the<00:04:02.280> resolution<00:04:02.430> starting 00:04:03.199 --> 00:04:03.209 align:start position:0% arguing against the resolution starting 00:04:03.209 --> 00:04:07.820 align:start position:0% arguing against the resolution starting first<00:04:03.390> with<00:04:03.750> David<00:04:04.230> key<00:04:06.320> hi<00:04:07.320> David 00:04:07.820 --> 00:04:07.830 align:start position:0% first with David key hi David 00:04:07.830 --> 00:04:10.580 align:start position:0% first with David key hi David you<00:04:08.640> work<00:04:08.880> at<00:04:09.150> the<00:04:09.450> the<00:04:10.019> meeting<00:04:10.200> point<00:04:10.410> of 00:04:10.580 --> 00:04:10.590 align:start position:0% you work at the the meeting point of 00:04:10.590 --> 00:04:12.530 align:start position:0% you work at the the meeting point of climate<00:04:10.980> science<00:04:11.370> and<00:04:11.549> energy<00:04:11.730> technology 00:04:12.530 --> 00:04:12.540 align:start position:0% climate science and energy technology 00:04:12.540 --> 00:04:15.259 align:start position:0% climate science and energy technology and<00:04:12.720> public<00:04:12.900> policy<00:04:13.110> for<00:04:13.680> 25<00:04:14.190> years<00:04:14.640> you're 00:04:15.259 --> 00:04:15.269 align:start position:0% and public policy for 25 years you're 00:04:15.269 --> 00:04:17.659 align:start position:0% and public policy for 25 years you're professor<00:04:15.690> at<00:04:16.079> Harvard<00:04:16.650> where<00:04:16.890> you<00:04:17.040> led<00:04:17.579> the 00:04:17.659 --> 00:04:17.669 align:start position:0% professor at Harvard where you led the 00:04:17.669 --> 00:04:19.490 align:start position:0% professor at Harvard where you led the development<00:04:17.820> of<00:04:18.209> its<00:04:18.359> solar<00:04:18.690> geoengineering 00:04:19.490 --> 00:04:19.500 align:start position:0% development of its solar geoengineering 00:04:19.500 --> 00:04:21.560 align:start position:0% development of its solar geoengineering research<00:04:19.650> program<00:04:20.459> you're<00:04:21.030> the<00:04:21.150> founder<00:04:21.479> of 00:04:21.560 --> 00:04:21.570 align:start position:0% research program you're the founder of 00:04:21.570 --> 00:04:23.030 align:start position:0% research program you're the founder of carbon<00:04:21.959> engineering<00:04:22.410> that's<00:04:22.560> a<00:04:22.680> company 00:04:23.030 --> 00:04:23.040 align:start position:0% carbon engineering that's a company 00:04:23.040 --> 00:04:24.950 align:start position:0% carbon engineering that's a company developing<00:04:23.760> technology<00:04:24.240> to<00:04:24.270> capture<00:04:24.750> co2 00:04:24.950 --> 00:04:24.960 align:start position:0% developing technology to capture co2 00:04:24.960 --> 00:04:28.190 align:start position:0% developing technology to capture co2 from<00:04:25.470> ambient<00:04:25.919> air<00:04:26.150> Time<00:04:27.150> magazine<00:04:27.570> named<00:04:28.050> you 00:04:28.190 --> 00:04:28.200 align:start position:0% from ambient air Time magazine named you 00:04:28.200 --> 00:04:29.870 align:start position:0% from ambient air Time magazine named you one<00:04:28.380> of<00:04:28.470> its<00:04:28.590> heroes<00:04:28.800> of<00:04:29.190> the<00:04:29.310> environment 00:04:29.870 --> 00:04:29.880 align:start position:0% one of its heroes of the environment 00:04:29.880 --> 00:04:31.969 align:start position:0% one of its heroes of the environment that<00:04:30.090> must<00:04:30.810> be<00:04:30.870> a<00:04:30.930> burden<00:04:31.169> to<00:04:31.380> carry<00:04:31.560> but<00:04:31.919> I 00:04:31.969 --> 00:04:31.979 align:start position:0% that must be a burden to carry but I 00:04:31.979 --> 00:04:33.830 align:start position:0% that must be a burden to carry but I want<00:04:32.400> to<00:04:32.490> thank<00:04:32.669> you<00:04:32.850> very<00:04:33.240> much<00:04:33.450> for<00:04:33.630> joining 00:04:33.830 --> 00:04:33.840 align:start position:0% want to thank you very much for joining 00:04:33.840 --> 00:04:35.780 align:start position:0% want to thank you very much for joining us<00:04:33.990> at<00:04:34.140> intelligence<00:04:34.590> Thank<00:04:34.800> You<00:04:34.950> Janie<00:04:35.669> be 00:04:35.780 --> 00:04:35.790 align:start position:0% us at intelligence Thank You Janie be 00:04:35.790 --> 00:04:37.650 align:start position:0% us at intelligence Thank You Janie be here 00:04:37.650 --> 00:04:37.660 align:start position:0% here 00:04:37.660 --> 00:04:41.430 align:start position:0% here and<00:04:39.240> your<00:04:40.240> partner<00:04:40.660> also<00:04:40.870> were<00:04:41.080> arguing 00:04:41.430 --> 00:04:41.440 align:start position:0% and your partner also were arguing 00:04:41.440 --> 00:04:42.840 align:start position:0% and your partner also were arguing against<00:04:41.800> the<00:04:41.890> resolution<00:04:42.010> please<00:04:42.580> welcome 00:04:42.840 --> 00:04:42.850 align:start position:0% against the resolution please welcome 00:04:42.850 --> 00:04:49.440 align:start position:0% against the resolution please welcome laser<00:04:43.120> intamin<00:04:43.540> Ted<00:04:43.750> parson<00:04:47.460> hi<00:04:48.460> Ted<00:04:48.730> you 00:04:49.440 --> 00:04:49.450 align:start position:0% laser intamin Ted parson hi Ted you 00:04:49.450 --> 00:04:51.210 align:start position:0% laser intamin Ted parson hi Ted you study<00:04:49.810> international<00:04:50.710> environmental<00:04:51.040> law 00:04:51.210 --> 00:04:51.220 align:start position:0% study international environmental law 00:04:51.220 --> 00:04:53.070 align:start position:0% study international environmental law policy<00:04:51.700> and<00:04:51.880> the<00:04:52.240> role<00:04:52.390> of<00:04:52.420> Science<00:04:52.900> and 00:04:53.070 --> 00:04:53.080 align:start position:0% policy and the role of Science and 00:04:53.080 --> 00:04:55.200 align:start position:0% policy and the role of Science and Technology<00:04:53.200> in<00:04:53.800> policymaking<00:04:54.280> your 00:04:55.200 --> 00:04:55.210 align:start position:0% Technology in policymaking your 00:04:55.210 --> 00:04:57.920 align:start position:0% Technology in policymaking your professor<00:04:55.690> of<00:04:55.810> environmental<00:04:56.350> law<00:04:56.470> at<00:04:56.740> UCLA 00:04:57.920 --> 00:04:57.930 align:start position:0% professor of environmental law at UCLA 00:04:57.930 --> 00:04:59.910 align:start position:0% professor of environmental law at UCLA co-director<00:04:58.930> of<00:04:58.960> the<00:04:59.110> emmett<00:04:59.410> Institute<00:04:59.800> on 00:04:59.910 --> 00:04:59.920 align:start position:0% co-director of the emmett Institute on 00:04:59.920 --> 00:05:01.260 align:start position:0% co-director of the emmett Institute on climate<00:05:00.280> change<00:05:00.310> and<00:05:00.640> environment<00:05:01.030> there 00:05:01.260 --> 00:05:01.270 align:start position:0% climate change and environment there 00:05:01.270 --> 00:05:02.670 align:start position:0% climate change and environment there you've<00:05:01.570> worked<00:05:01.870> and<00:05:02.020> consulted<00:05:02.530> for<00:05:02.590> the 00:05:02.670 --> 00:05:02.680 align:start position:0% you've worked and consulted for the 00:05:02.680 --> 00:05:04.590 align:start position:0% you've worked and consulted for the White<00:05:02.860> House<00:05:03.040> Office<00:05:03.880> of<00:05:03.910> Science<00:05:04.510> and 00:05:04.590 --> 00:05:04.600 align:start position:0% White House Office of Science and 00:05:04.600 --> 00:05:06.380 align:start position:0% White House Office of Science and Technology<00:05:05.110> Policy<00:05:05.320> and<00:05:05.800> the<00:05:05.860> UN's 00:05:06.380 --> 00:05:06.390 align:start position:0% Technology Policy and the UN's 00:05:06.390 --> 00:05:08.490 align:start position:0% Technology Policy and the UN's Environment<00:05:07.390> Program<00:05:07.810> Ted<00:05:08.050> it<00:05:08.170> is<00:05:08.290> great<00:05:08.470> to 00:05:08.490 --> 00:05:08.500 align:start position:0% Environment Program Ted it is great to 00:05:08.500 --> 00:05:09.870 align:start position:0% Environment Program Ted it is great to have<00:05:08.680> you<00:05:08.740> here<00:05:08.980> and<00:05:09.040> intelligent<00:05:09.550> squared 00:05:09.870 --> 00:05:09.880 align:start position:0% have you here and intelligent squared 00:05:09.880 --> 00:05:11.130 align:start position:0% have you here and intelligent squared thank<00:05:10.090> you<00:05:10.180> it's<00:05:10.330> great<00:05:10.420> to<00:05:10.600> be<00:05:10.690> here<00:05:10.810> so<00:05:10.960> here 00:05:11.130 --> 00:05:11.140 align:start position:0% thank you it's great to be here so here 00:05:11.140 --> 00:05:12.810 align:start position:0% thank you it's great to be here so here they<00:05:11.230> are<00:05:11.260> our<00:05:11.440> four<00:05:11.650> debaters<00:05:12.040> ready<00:05:12.430> to<00:05:12.670> get 00:05:12.810 --> 00:05:12.820 align:start position:0% they are our four debaters ready to get 00:05:12.820 --> 00:05:16.560 align:start position:0% they are our four debaters ready to get started<00:05:13.300> and<00:05:14.070> let's<00:05:15.070> move<00:05:15.370> on<00:05:15.610> to<00:05:15.880> round<00:05:16.270> 1 00:05:16.560 --> 00:05:16.570 align:start position:0% started and let's move on to round 1 00:05:16.570 --> 00:05:18.750 align:start position:0% started and let's move on to round 1 round<00:05:16.960> 1<00:05:17.140> will<00:05:17.470> be<00:05:17.590> opening<00:05:18.040> statements<00:05:18.580> by 00:05:18.750 --> 00:05:18.760 align:start position:0% round 1 will be opening statements by 00:05:18.760 --> 00:05:21.570 align:start position:0% round 1 will be opening statements by each<00:05:19.030> debater<00:05:19.540> in<00:05:19.630> turn<00:05:20.110> they<00:05:20.980> will<00:05:21.010> be<00:05:21.280> 6 00:05:21.570 --> 00:05:21.580 align:start position:0% each debater in turn they will be 6 00:05:21.580 --> 00:05:24.210 align:start position:0% each debater in turn they will be 6 minutes<00:05:21.940> each<00:05:22.350> speaking<00:05:23.350> first<00:05:23.560> for<00:05:24.010> the 00:05:24.210 --> 00:05:24.220 align:start position:0% minutes each speaking first for the 00:05:24.220 --> 00:05:26.070 align:start position:0% minutes each speaking first for the resolution<00:05:24.760> engineering<00:05:25.330> solar<00:05:25.540> radiation 00:05:26.070 --> 00:05:26.080 align:start position:0% resolution engineering solar radiation 00:05:26.080 --> 00:05:28.500 align:start position:0% resolution engineering solar radiation is<00:05:26.200> a<00:05:26.290> crazy<00:05:26.590> idea<00:05:26.710> Oxford<00:05:27.460> scholar<00:05:27.700> Anjali 00:05:28.500 --> 00:05:28.510 align:start position:0% is a crazy idea Oxford scholar Anjali 00:05:28.510 --> 00:05:36.600 align:start position:0% is a crazy idea Oxford scholar Anjali visual<00:05:29.110> Mohan<00:05:29.470> on<00:05:29.590> a<00:05:35.040> very<00:05:36.040> good<00:05:36.250> evening<00:05:36.340> to 00:05:36.600 --> 00:05:36.610 align:start position:0% visual Mohan on a very good evening to 00:05:36.610 --> 00:05:38.640 align:start position:0% visual Mohan on a very good evening to everyone<00:05:37.150> present<00:05:37.810> in<00:05:37.930> this<00:05:38.110> room<00:05:38.320> today<00:05:38.530> and 00:05:38.640 --> 00:05:38.650 align:start position:0% everyone present in this room today and 00:05:38.650 --> 00:05:40.500 align:start position:0% everyone present in this room today and everyone<00:05:39.370> joining<00:05:39.700> this<00:05:39.940> discussion 00:05:40.500 --> 00:05:40.510 align:start position:0% everyone joining this discussion 00:05:40.510 --> 00:05:42.990 align:start position:0% everyone joining this discussion virtually<00:05:41.050> this<00:05:41.980> debate<00:05:42.340> on<00:05:42.640> solar 00:05:42.990 --> 00:05:43.000 align:start position:0% virtually this debate on solar 00:05:43.000 --> 00:05:45.120 align:start position:0% virtually this debate on solar geoengineering<00:05:43.660> has<00:05:43.990> been<00:05:44.170> rife<00:05:44.410> within<00:05:44.920> the 00:05:45.120 --> 00:05:45.130 align:start position:0% geoengineering has been rife within the 00:05:45.130 --> 00:05:47.400 align:start position:0% geoengineering has been rife within the scientific<00:05:45.850> the<00:05:45.880> Academy<00:05:46.600> and<00:05:46.840> the<00:05:46.960> policy 00:05:47.400 --> 00:05:47.410 align:start position:0% scientific the Academy and the policy 00:05:47.410 --> 00:05:50.190 align:start position:0% scientific the Academy and the policy circles<00:05:47.650> but<00:05:48.610> this<00:05:48.850> is<00:05:49.000> one<00:05:49.240> of<00:05:49.270> the<00:05:49.510> first<00:05:49.810> few 00:05:50.190 --> 00:05:50.200 align:start position:0% circles but this is one of the first few 00:05:50.200 --> 00:05:52.290 align:start position:0% circles but this is one of the first few instances<00:05:50.740> of<00:05:50.980> an<00:05:51.100> open<00:05:51.520> and<00:05:51.700> hopefully 00:05:52.290 --> 00:05:52.300 align:start position:0% instances of an open and hopefully 00:05:52.300 --> 00:05:54.420 align:start position:0% instances of an open and hopefully engaging<00:05:52.720> public<00:05:53.350> conversations<00:05:54.070> on<00:05:54.280> this 00:05:54.420 --> 00:05:54.430 align:start position:0% engaging public conversations on this 00:05:54.430 --> 00:05:57.540 align:start position:0% engaging public conversations on this topic<00:05:54.700> as<00:05:55.560> in<00:05:56.560> the<00:05:56.680> fight<00:05:56.920> for<00:05:56.950> attaining 00:05:57.540 --> 00:05:57.550 align:start position:0% topic as in the fight for attaining 00:05:57.550 --> 00:05:59.880 align:start position:0% topic as in the fight for attaining climate<00:05:57.970> change<00:05:58.180> justice<00:05:58.720> the<00:05:59.260> voice<00:05:59.500> of<00:05:59.740> the 00:05:59.880 --> 00:05:59.890 align:start position:0% climate change justice the voice of the 00:05:59.890 --> 00:06:01.860 align:start position:0% climate change justice the voice of the people<00:06:00.070> will<00:06:00.520> be<00:06:00.640> of<00:06:00.820> critical<00:06:01.030> value<00:06:01.690> in 00:06:01.860 --> 00:06:01.870 align:start position:0% people will be of critical value in 00:06:01.870 --> 00:06:03.660 align:start position:0% people will be of critical value in setting<00:06:02.260> the<00:06:02.380> tone<00:06:02.620> of<00:06:02.890> the<00:06:02.980> discourse<00:06:03.370> on 00:06:03.660 --> 00:06:03.670 align:start position:0% setting the tone of the discourse on 00:06:03.670 --> 00:06:06.000 align:start position:0% setting the tone of the discourse on climate<00:06:04.180> geoengineering<00:06:04.810> and<00:06:05.140> therefore 00:06:06.000 --> 00:06:06.010 align:start position:0% climate geoengineering and therefore 00:06:06.010 --> 00:06:08.010 align:start position:0% climate geoengineering and therefore what<00:06:06.250> you<00:06:06.400> take<00:06:06.670> from<00:06:06.940> this<00:06:07.180> room<00:06:07.420> tonight<00:06:07.600> is 00:06:08.010 --> 00:06:08.020 align:start position:0% what you take from this room tonight is 00:06:08.020 --> 00:06:12.780 align:start position:0% what you take from this room tonight is of<00:06:08.700> face<00:06:09.700> is<00:06:09.940> very<00:06:10.060> important<00:06:10.660> in<00:06:11.550> this<00:06:12.550> part 00:06:12.780 --> 00:06:12.790 align:start position:0% of face is very important in this part 00:06:12.790 --> 00:06:14.430 align:start position:0% of face is very important in this part of<00:06:12.880> the<00:06:12.940> evening<00:06:13.330> I'd<00:06:13.510> like<00:06:13.540> to<00:06:13.900> take<00:06:14.080> a<00:06:14.110> shot 00:06:14.430 --> 00:06:14.440 align:start position:0% of the evening I'd like to take a shot 00:06:14.440 --> 00:06:16.230 align:start position:0% of the evening I'd like to take a shot at<00:06:14.680> answering<00:06:14.920> the<00:06:15.340> question<00:06:15.730> of<00:06:15.880> whether<00:06:16.090> we 00:06:16.230 --> 00:06:16.240 align:start position:0% at answering the question of whether we 00:06:16.240 --> 00:06:18.240 align:start position:0% at answering the question of whether we the<00:06:16.570> only<00:06:16.690> need<00:06:17.080> solar<00:06:17.530> geoengineering 00:06:18.240 --> 00:06:18.250 align:start position:0% the only need solar geoengineering 00:06:18.250 --> 00:06:20.430 align:start position:0% the only need solar geoengineering because<00:06:18.520> I<00:06:19.150> think<00:06:19.300> that<00:06:19.540> would<00:06:19.810> give<00:06:19.960> us<00:06:20.110> half 00:06:20.430 --> 00:06:20.440 align:start position:0% because I think that would give us half 00:06:20.440 --> 00:06:22.260 align:start position:0% because I think that would give us half the<00:06:20.470> context<00:06:21.130> we<00:06:21.250> need<00:06:21.280> to<00:06:21.670> really<00:06:21.970> start 00:06:22.260 --> 00:06:22.270 align:start position:0% the context we need to really start 00:06:22.270 --> 00:06:24.290 align:start position:0% the context we need to really start thinking<00:06:22.780> about<00:06:22.900> the<00:06:23.170> proposition<00:06:23.560> tonight 00:06:24.290 --> 00:06:24.300 align:start position:0% thinking about the proposition tonight 00:06:24.300 --> 00:06:27.120 align:start position:0% thinking about the proposition tonight when<00:06:25.300> clive<00:06:25.570> takes<00:06:25.900> over<00:06:26.260> he<00:06:26.440> will<00:06:26.560> start<00:06:26.890> he 00:06:27.120 --> 00:06:27.130 align:start position:0% when clive takes over he will start he 00:06:27.130 --> 00:06:29.250 align:start position:0% when clive takes over he will start he will<00:06:27.280> talk<00:06:27.550> about<00:06:27.730> the<00:06:28.630> issues<00:06:28.900> associated 00:06:29.250 --> 00:06:29.260 align:start position:0% will talk about the issues associated 00:06:29.260 --> 00:06:31.460 align:start position:0% will talk about the issues associated with<00:06:29.650> deployment<00:06:30.550> of<00:06:30.670> the<00:06:30.790> technology 00:06:31.460 --> 00:06:31.470 align:start position:0% with deployment of the technology 00:06:31.470 --> 00:06:34.020 align:start position:0% with deployment of the technology specifically<00:06:32.470> those<00:06:32.710> around<00:06:33.040> control<00:06:33.760> of<00:06:33.940> the 00:06:34.020 --> 00:06:34.030 align:start position:0% specifically those around control of the 00:06:34.030 --> 00:06:36.420 align:start position:0% specifically those around control of the technology<00:06:34.600> and<00:06:34.840> its<00:06:34.990> implications<00:06:35.680> for<00:06:35.800> on 00:06:36.420 --> 00:06:36.430 align:start position:0% technology and its implications for on 00:06:36.430 --> 00:06:40.440 align:start position:0% technology and its implications for on global<00:06:37.120> security<00:06:38.520> one<00:06:39.520> of<00:06:39.640> the<00:06:39.730> first<00:06:40.030> things 00:06:40.440 --> 00:06:40.450 align:start position:0% global security one of the first things 00:06:40.450 --> 00:06:42.240 align:start position:0% global security one of the first things that<00:06:40.570> came<00:06:40.870> to<00:06:41.080> my<00:06:41.200> mind<00:06:41.410> when<00:06:41.740> I<00:06:41.800> thought 00:06:42.240 --> 00:06:42.250 align:start position:0% that came to my mind when I thought 00:06:42.250 --> 00:06:44.010 align:start position:0% that came to my mind when I thought about<00:06:42.550> what<00:06:42.940> I'd<00:06:43.120> like<00:06:43.300> to<00:06:43.360> speak<00:06:43.780> tonight 00:06:44.010 --> 00:06:44.020 align:start position:0% about what I'd like to speak tonight 00:06:44.020 --> 00:06:47.340 align:start position:0% about what I'd like to speak tonight speak<00:06:44.770> on<00:06:44.920> tonight<00:06:45.220> is<00:06:45.490> this<00:06:46.000> episode<00:06:46.990> from 00:06:47.340 --> 00:06:47.350 align:start position:0% speak on tonight is this episode from 00:06:47.350 --> 00:06:50.550 align:start position:0% speak on tonight is this episode from this<00:06:47.850> American<00:06:48.850> sci-fi<00:06:49.360> sitcom<00:06:49.960> called<00:06:50.290> Rick 00:06:50.550 --> 00:06:50.560 align:start position:0% this American sci-fi sitcom called Rick 00:06:50.560 --> 00:06:52.380 align:start position:0% this American sci-fi sitcom called Rick and<00:06:50.800> more 00:06:52.380 --> 00:06:52.390 align:start position:0% and more 00:06:52.390 --> 00:06:54.720 align:start position:0% and more the<00:06:52.780> sitcom<00:06:53.020> revolves<00:06:53.830> around<00:06:53.980> two<00:06:54.460> main 00:06:54.720 --> 00:06:54.730 align:start position:0% the sitcom revolves around two main 00:06:54.730 --> 00:06:57.180 align:start position:0% the sitcom revolves around two main characters<00:06:55.270> which<00:06:55.510> is<00:06:55.690> this<00:06:55.900> nutty<00:06:56.440> scientist 00:06:57.180 --> 00:06:57.190 align:start position:0% characters which is this nutty scientist 00:06:57.190 --> 00:07:00.000 align:start position:0% characters which is this nutty scientist grandfather<00:06:57.790> Eric<00:06:58.090> and<00:06:58.390> his<00:06:59.080> naive<00:06:59.380> teenage 00:07:00.000 --> 00:07:00.010 align:start position:0% grandfather Eric and his naive teenage 00:07:00.010 --> 00:07:03.120 align:start position:0% grandfather Eric and his naive teenage Dan<00:07:00.460> son<00:07:01.120> mati<00:07:01.540> so<00:07:01.900> in<00:07:02.590> this<00:07:02.770> particular 00:07:03.120 --> 00:07:03.130 align:start position:0% Dan son mati so in this particular 00:07:03.130 --> 00:07:07.020 align:start position:0% Dan son mati so in this particular episode<00:07:03.840> mati<00:07:04.840> has<00:07:05.140> some<00:07:05.350> trouble<00:07:06.030> speaking 00:07:07.020 --> 00:07:07.030 align:start position:0% episode mati has some trouble speaking 00:07:07.030 --> 00:07:09.030 align:start position:0% episode mati has some trouble speaking to<00:07:07.330> a<00:07:07.360> girl<00:07:07.600> that<00:07:07.840> he<00:07:07.990> fancies<00:07:08.440> at<00:07:08.620> his<00:07:08.770> school 00:07:09.030 --> 00:07:09.040 align:start position:0% to a girl that he fancies at his school 00:07:09.040 --> 00:07:11.580 align:start position:0% to a girl that he fancies at his school and<00:07:09.400> Nick<00:07:10.120> helps<00:07:10.480> him<00:07:10.660> through<00:07:10.900> this<00:07:11.080> process 00:07:11.580 --> 00:07:11.590 align:start position:0% and Nick helps him through this process 00:07:11.590 --> 00:07:14.960 align:start position:0% and Nick helps him through this process by<00:07:12.340> developing<00:07:12.940> a<00:07:13.090> love<00:07:13.300> portion<00:07:13.810> of<00:07:13.960> sorts 00:07:14.960 --> 00:07:14.970 align:start position:0% by developing a love portion of sorts 00:07:14.970 --> 00:07:17.640 align:start position:0% by developing a love portion of sorts and<00:07:15.970> as<00:07:16.180> it<00:07:16.360> as<00:07:16.540> is<00:07:16.720> the<00:07:16.810> case<00:07:16.930> with<00:07:16.990> most<00:07:17.410> of 00:07:17.640 --> 00:07:17.650 align:start position:0% and as it as is the case with most of 00:07:17.650 --> 00:07:20.160 align:start position:0% and as it as is the case with most of Rick's<00:07:17.890> inventions<00:07:18.610> and<00:07:18.790> solutions<00:07:19.300> things 00:07:20.160 --> 00:07:20.170 align:start position:0% Rick's inventions and solutions things 00:07:20.170 --> 00:07:22.170 align:start position:0% Rick's inventions and solutions things go<00:07:20.410> horribly<00:07:20.650> wrong<00:07:20.950> and<00:07:21.400> the<00:07:21.610> entire<00:07:21.910> world 00:07:22.170 --> 00:07:22.180 align:start position:0% go horribly wrong and the entire world 00:07:22.180 --> 00:07:24.720 align:start position:0% go horribly wrong and the entire world is<00:07:22.360> destroyed<00:07:22.620> but<00:07:23.620> Rick<00:07:23.860> and<00:07:24.040> Morty<00:07:24.340> travel 00:07:24.720 --> 00:07:24.730 align:start position:0% is destroyed but Rick and Morty travel 00:07:24.730 --> 00:07:26.580 align:start position:0% is destroyed but Rick and Morty travel to<00:07:24.820> a<00:07:24.850> parallel<00:07:25.270> universe<00:07:25.330> and<00:07:25.930> pick<00:07:26.140> up<00:07:26.260> their 00:07:26.580 --> 00:07:26.590 align:start position:0% to a parallel universe and pick up their 00:07:26.590 --> 00:07:28.610 align:start position:0% to a parallel universe and pick up their lives<00:07:26.830> like<00:07:27.070> nothing<00:07:27.460> has<00:07:27.550> changed<00:07:27.880> at<00:07:28.000> all 00:07:28.610 --> 00:07:28.620 align:start position:0% lives like nothing has changed at all 00:07:28.620 --> 00:07:31.170 align:start position:0% lives like nothing has changed at all now<00:07:29.620> the<00:07:29.680> reason<00:07:30.130> that<00:07:30.160> I've<00:07:30.400> brought<00:07:30.700> up<00:07:30.730> this 00:07:31.170 --> 00:07:31.180 align:start position:0% now the reason that I've brought up this 00:07:31.180 --> 00:07:33.840 align:start position:0% now the reason that I've brought up this episode<00:07:31.600> is<00:07:31.750> not<00:07:31.990> to<00:07:32.170> imply<00:07:32.530> by<00:07:33.250> any<00:07:33.490> means 00:07:33.840 --> 00:07:33.850 align:start position:0% episode is not to imply by any means 00:07:33.850 --> 00:07:35.430 align:start position:0% episode is not to imply by any means that<00:07:34.120> any<00:07:34.330> of<00:07:34.510> the<00:07:34.600> scientists<00:07:35.140> involved 00:07:35.430 --> 00:07:35.440 align:start position:0% that any of the scientists involved 00:07:35.440 --> 00:07:37.740 align:start position:0% that any of the scientists involved behind<00:07:35.980> climate<00:07:36.460> geoengineering<00:07:37.210> are<00:07:37.450> crazy 00:07:37.740 --> 00:07:37.750 align:start position:0% behind climate geoengineering are crazy 00:07:37.750 --> 00:07:41.280 align:start position:0% behind climate geoengineering are crazy not<00:07:38.560> at<00:07:38.740> all<00:07:38.860> the<00:07:39.670> only<00:07:39.970> reason<00:07:40.360> that<00:07:40.720> most<00:07:41.080> of 00:07:41.280 --> 00:07:41.290 align:start position:0% not at all the only reason that most of 00:07:41.290 --> 00:07:43.590 align:start position:0% not at all the only reason that most of us<00:07:41.440> are<00:07:41.650> in<00:07:41.920> this<00:07:42.040> room<00:07:42.280> here<00:07:42.970> tonight<00:07:43.360> is 00:07:43.590 --> 00:07:43.600 align:start position:0% us are in this room here tonight is 00:07:43.600 --> 00:07:45.420 align:start position:0% us are in this room here tonight is because<00:07:43.660> we<00:07:44.140> are<00:07:44.230> very<00:07:44.500> concerned<00:07:44.950> about<00:07:45.130> the 00:07:45.420 --> 00:07:45.430 align:start position:0% because we are very concerned about the 00:07:45.430 --> 00:07:48.420 align:start position:0% because we are very concerned about the implications<00:07:46.120> of<00:07:46.330> climate<00:07:46.480> change<00:07:47.250> the<00:07:48.250> only 00:07:48.420 --> 00:07:48.430 align:start position:0% implications of climate change the only 00:07:48.430 --> 00:07:49.590 align:start position:0% implications of climate change the only reason<00:07:48.880> that<00:07:48.910> we're<00:07:49.150> sitting<00:07:49.270> on<00:07:49.450> the 00:07:49.590 --> 00:07:49.600 align:start position:0% reason that we're sitting on the 00:07:49.600 --> 00:07:51.480 align:start position:0% reason that we're sitting on the opposite<00:07:49.930> sides<00:07:50.200> of<00:07:50.380> the<00:07:50.560> stage<00:07:50.830> tonight<00:07:51.220> is 00:07:51.480 --> 00:07:51.490 align:start position:0% opposite sides of the stage tonight is 00:07:51.490 --> 00:07:53.550 align:start position:0% opposite sides of the stage tonight is because<00:07:51.730> we<00:07:52.510> defer<00:07:52.870> in<00:07:53.050> the<00:07:53.170> way<00:07:53.320> we're 00:07:53.550 --> 00:07:53.560 align:start position:0% because we defer in the way we're 00:07:53.560 --> 00:07:56.790 align:start position:0% because we defer in the way we're approaching<00:07:53.980> this<00:07:54.460> problem<00:07:55.470> now<00:07:56.470> getting 00:07:56.790 --> 00:07:56.800 align:start position:0% approaching this problem now getting 00:07:56.800 --> 00:08:00.210 align:start position:0% approaching this problem now getting back<00:07:56.830> to<00:07:57.310> the<00:07:57.430> episode<00:07:57.940> the<00:07:58.930> whole<00:07:59.230> disaster 00:08:00.210 --> 00:08:00.220 align:start position:0% back to the episode the whole disaster 00:08:00.220 --> 00:08:03.000 align:start position:0% back to the episode the whole disaster could<00:08:00.430> have<00:08:00.550> been<00:08:00.760> avoided<00:08:01.180> if<00:08:01.450> Rick<00:08:02.110> being 00:08:03.000 --> 00:08:03.010 align:start position:0% could have been avoided if Rick being 00:08:03.010 --> 00:08:05.790 align:start position:0% could have been avoided if Rick being the<00:08:03.400> being<00:08:04.210> the<00:08:04.420> grandfather<00:08:04.930> and<00:08:05.260> the<00:08:05.530> wiser 00:08:05.790 --> 00:08:05.800 align:start position:0% the being the grandfather and the wiser 00:08:05.800 --> 00:08:09.390 align:start position:0% the being the grandfather and the wiser and<00:08:06.370> more<00:08:07.050> competent<00:08:08.050> person<00:08:08.530> had<00:08:08.950> pointed 00:08:09.390 --> 00:08:09.400 align:start position:0% and more competent person had pointed 00:08:09.400 --> 00:08:11.400 align:start position:0% and more competent person had pointed out<00:08:09.520> that<00:08:09.760> instead<00:08:10.060> of<00:08:10.150> looking<00:08:10.510> for<00:08:10.840> a<00:08:10.990> quick 00:08:11.400 --> 00:08:11.410 align:start position:0% out that instead of looking for a quick 00:08:11.410 --> 00:08:14.340 align:start position:0% out that instead of looking for a quick fix<00:08:11.710> in<00:08:11.980> the<00:08:12.100> form<00:08:12.310> of<00:08:12.460> a<00:08:12.610> love<00:08:12.790> portion<00:08:13.350> mati 00:08:14.340 --> 00:08:14.350 align:start position:0% fix in the form of a love portion mati 00:08:14.350 --> 00:08:16.890 align:start position:0% fix in the form of a love portion mati should<00:08:14.680> have<00:08:14.800> just<00:08:15.070> taken<00:08:15.520> time<00:08:15.940> to<00:08:16.300> muster 00:08:16.890 --> 00:08:16.900 align:start position:0% should have just taken time to muster 00:08:16.900 --> 00:08:18.990 align:start position:0% should have just taken time to muster courage<00:08:16.930> on<00:08:17.500> his<00:08:17.800> own<00:08:18.010> and<00:08:18.280> go<00:08:18.490> speak<00:08:18.760> to<00:08:18.880> the 00:08:18.990 --> 00:08:19.000 align:start position:0% courage on his own and go speak to the 00:08:19.000 --> 00:08:22.590 align:start position:0% courage on his own and go speak to the girl<00:08:19.180> in<00:08:19.210> a<00:08:19.420> while<00:08:20.310> now<00:08:21.310> on<00:08:21.580> similar<00:08:22.030> lines<00:08:22.300> the 00:08:22.590 --> 00:08:22.600 align:start position:0% girl in a while now on similar lines the 00:08:22.600 --> 00:08:24.480 align:start position:0% girl in a while now on similar lines the problem<00:08:23.050> we<00:08:23.200> are<00:08:23.290> discussing<00:08:23.650> tonight<00:08:24.010> is 00:08:24.480 --> 00:08:24.490 align:start position:0% problem we are discussing tonight is 00:08:24.490 --> 00:08:27.570 align:start position:0% problem we are discussing tonight is global<00:08:25.480> warming<00:08:25.510> and<00:08:26.020> solar<00:08:26.830> geoengineering 00:08:27.570 --> 00:08:27.580 align:start position:0% global warming and solar geoengineering 00:08:27.580 --> 00:08:29.910 align:start position:0% global warming and solar geoengineering is<00:08:27.880> perhaps<00:08:28.120> an<00:08:28.660> answer<00:08:28.810> to<00:08:29.200> the<00:08:29.320> question<00:08:29.710> of 00:08:29.910 --> 00:08:29.920 align:start position:0% is perhaps an answer to the question of 00:08:29.920 --> 00:08:32.339 align:start position:0% is perhaps an answer to the question of how<00:08:30.460> can<00:08:30.670> we<00:08:30.700> most<00:08:31.060> effectively<00:08:31.270> cool<00:08:32.110> the 00:08:32.339 --> 00:08:32.349 align:start position:0% how can we most effectively cool the 00:08:32.349 --> 00:08:35.430 align:start position:0% how can we most effectively cool the earth<00:08:32.380> fast<00:08:33.360> but<00:08:34.360> I<00:08:34.540> think<00:08:34.870> the<00:08:35.020> real<00:08:35.200> question 00:08:35.430 --> 00:08:35.440 align:start position:0% earth fast but I think the real question 00:08:35.440 --> 00:08:38.130 align:start position:0% earth fast but I think the real question is<00:08:35.800> how<00:08:36.340> can<00:08:36.550> we<00:08:36.580> most<00:08:36.970> effectively<00:08:37.150> cool<00:08:37.930> the 00:08:38.130 --> 00:08:38.140 align:start position:0% is how can we most effectively cool the 00:08:38.140 --> 00:08:40.650 align:start position:0% is how can we most effectively cool the earth<00:08:38.169> fast<00:08:38.740> and<00:08:39.099> keep<00:08:39.700> it<00:08:39.880> that<00:08:39.910> way<00:08:40.090> in<00:08:40.510> the 00:08:40.650 --> 00:08:40.660 align:start position:0% earth fast and keep it that way in the 00:08:40.660 --> 00:08:44.250 align:start position:0% earth fast and keep it that way in the long<00:08:40.840> run<00:08:41.729> we<00:08:42.729> already<00:08:43.150> know<00:08:43.510> that<00:08:43.540> we<00:08:43.870> need<00:08:44.080> to 00:08:44.250 --> 00:08:44.260 align:start position:0% long run we already know that we need to 00:08:44.260 --> 00:08:46.290 align:start position:0% long run we already know that we need to maintain<00:08:44.500> the<00:08:45.310> global<00:08:45.670> warming<00:08:46.150> from 00:08:46.290 --> 00:08:46.300 align:start position:0% maintain the global warming from 00:08:46.300 --> 00:08:48.720 align:start position:0% maintain the global warming from reaching<00:08:46.570> from<00:08:47.020> going<00:08:47.410> beyond<00:08:47.710> 1.5<00:08:48.460> degrees 00:08:48.720 --> 00:08:48.730 align:start position:0% reaching from going beyond 1.5 degrees 00:08:48.730 --> 00:08:50.490 align:start position:0% reaching from going beyond 1.5 degrees Celsius<00:08:49.360> to<00:08:49.600> prevent<00:08:49.930> disastrous 00:08:50.490 --> 00:08:50.500 align:start position:0% Celsius to prevent disastrous 00:08:50.500 --> 00:08:53.700 align:start position:0% Celsius to prevent disastrous consequences<00:08:51.220> for<00:08:51.280> the<00:08:51.550> planet<00:08:51.960> the<00:08:52.960> IPCC 00:08:53.700 --> 00:08:53.710 align:start position:0% consequences for the planet the IPCC 00:08:53.710 --> 00:08:56.400 align:start position:0% consequences for the planet the IPCC which<00:08:53.740> is<00:08:54.190> a<00:08:54.340> UN<00:08:54.760> expert<00:08:55.300> panel<00:08:55.810> of<00:08:55.930> climate 00:08:56.400 --> 00:08:56.410 align:start position:0% which is a UN expert panel of climate 00:08:56.410 --> 00:08:58.500 align:start position:0% which is a UN expert panel of climate scientists<00:08:57.040> have<00:08:57.460> already<00:08:57.910> figured<00:08:58.240> out 00:08:58.500 --> 00:08:58.510 align:start position:0% scientists have already figured out 00:08:58.510 --> 00:09:00.810 align:start position:0% scientists have already figured out pathways<00:08:59.110> we<00:08:59.350> could<00:08:59.620> follow<00:08:59.890> to<00:09:00.250> stay<00:09:00.400> below 00:09:00.810 --> 00:09:00.820 align:start position:0% pathways we could follow to stay below 00:09:00.820 --> 00:09:04.190 align:start position:0% pathways we could follow to stay below this<00:09:01.000> 1.5<00:09:01.660> degree<00:09:01.990> target 00:09:04.190 --> 00:09:04.200 align:start position:0% 00:09:04.200 --> 00:09:07.280 align:start position:0% it<00:09:04.260> requires<00:09:04.709> immediate<00:09:05.450> drastic<00:09:06.450> action<00:09:06.930> to 00:09:07.280 --> 00:09:07.290 align:start position:0% it requires immediate drastic action to 00:09:07.290 --> 00:09:10.400 align:start position:0% it requires immediate drastic action to shift<00:09:07.560> to<00:09:07.769> carbon<00:09:08.130> neutral<00:09:08.430> technologies<00:09:09.410> the 00:09:10.400 --> 00:09:10.410 align:start position:0% shift to carbon neutral technologies the 00:09:10.410 --> 00:09:12.620 align:start position:0% shift to carbon neutral technologies the report<00:09:10.800> categorically<00:09:11.730> excludes<00:09:12.240> solar 00:09:12.620 --> 00:09:12.630 align:start position:0% report categorically excludes solar 00:09:12.630 --> 00:09:15.079 align:start position:0% report categorically excludes solar geoengineering<00:09:13.350> from<00:09:13.740> any<00:09:14.010> of<00:09:14.339> its<00:09:14.550> pathways 00:09:15.079 --> 00:09:15.089 align:start position:0% geoengineering from any of its pathways 00:09:15.089 --> 00:09:17.720 align:start position:0% geoengineering from any of its pathways due<00:09:15.930> to<00:09:16.110> what<00:09:16.320> it's<00:09:16.500> due<00:09:17.100> to<00:09:17.220> what<00:09:17.370> it<00:09:17.519> calls 00:09:17.720 --> 00:09:17.730 align:start position:0% due to what it's due to what it calls 00:09:17.730 --> 00:09:20.210 align:start position:0% due to what it's due to what it calls large<00:09:18.360> uncertainties<00:09:19.260> and<00:09:19.470> knowledge<00:09:19.950> gaps 00:09:20.210 --> 00:09:20.220 align:start position:0% large uncertainties and knowledge gaps 00:09:20.220 --> 00:09:22.670 align:start position:0% large uncertainties and knowledge gaps as<00:09:20.519> well<00:09:21.149> as<00:09:21.269> substantial<00:09:22.050> risks<00:09:22.500> and 00:09:22.670 --> 00:09:22.680 align:start position:0% as well as substantial risks and 00:09:22.680 --> 00:09:25.210 align:start position:0% as well as substantial risks and institutional<00:09:23.550> and<00:09:23.730> social<00:09:24.000> constraints<00:09:24.810> and 00:09:25.210 --> 00:09:25.220 align:start position:0% institutional and social constraints and 00:09:25.220 --> 00:09:29.300 align:start position:0% institutional and social constraints and that's<00:09:26.220> putting<00:09:26.519> it<00:09:26.699> mildly<00:09:28.310> Solar 00:09:29.300 --> 00:09:29.310 align:start position:0% that's putting it mildly Solar 00:09:29.310 --> 00:09:31.160 align:start position:0% that's putting it mildly Solar geoengineering<00:09:30.060> does<00:09:30.389> not<00:09:30.630> affect<00:09:31.050> the 00:09:31.160 --> 00:09:31.170 align:start position:0% geoengineering does not affect the 00:09:31.170 --> 00:09:33.439 align:start position:0% geoengineering does not affect the processes<00:09:31.829> that<00:09:32.070> are<00:09:32.220> making<00:09:32.579> the<00:09:32.820> world<00:09:32.850> warm 00:09:33.439 --> 00:09:33.449 align:start position:0% processes that are making the world warm 00:09:33.449 --> 00:09:37.100 align:start position:0% processes that are making the world warm it<00:09:34.079> merely<00:09:34.829> attempts<00:09:35.519> to<00:09:35.639> stop<00:09:36.000> or<00:09:36.329> slow<00:09:36.779> the 00:09:37.100 --> 00:09:37.110 align:start position:0% it merely attempts to stop or slow the 00:09:37.110 --> 00:09:39.290 align:start position:0% it merely attempts to stop or slow the process<00:09:37.560> and<00:09:37.829> getting<00:09:38.670> and<00:09:38.910> making<00:09:39.209> the 00:09:39.290 --> 00:09:39.300 align:start position:0% process and getting and making the 00:09:39.300 --> 00:09:41.810 align:start position:0% process and getting and making the effects<00:09:39.630> from<00:09:39.810> getting<00:09:40.139> worse<00:09:40.550> buying<00:09:41.550> us 00:09:41.810 --> 00:09:41.820 align:start position:0% effects from getting worse buying us 00:09:41.820 --> 00:09:43.970 align:start position:0% effects from getting worse buying us more<00:09:42.180> time<00:09:42.449> to<00:09:42.839> do<00:09:42.959> what<00:09:42.990> we<00:09:43.260> should<00:09:43.410> already 00:09:43.970 --> 00:09:43.980 align:start position:0% more time to do what we should already 00:09:43.980 --> 00:09:46.670 align:start position:0% more time to do what we should already be<00:09:44.160> doing<00:09:44.449> which<00:09:45.449> is<00:09:45.600> changing<00:09:46.050> our<00:09:46.199> energy 00:09:46.670 --> 00:09:46.680 align:start position:0% be doing which is changing our energy 00:09:46.680 --> 00:09:48.889 align:start position:0% be doing which is changing our energy sources<00:09:47.010> and<00:09:47.389> cutting<00:09:48.389> our<00:09:48.510> profligate 00:09:48.889 --> 00:09:48.899 align:start position:0% sources and cutting our profligate 00:09:48.899 --> 00:09:52.939 align:start position:0% sources and cutting our profligate consumption<00:09:50.420> any<00:09:51.420> such<00:09:51.839> effort<00:09:52.110> to<00:09:52.500> buy<00:09:52.680> us 00:09:52.939 --> 00:09:52.949 align:start position:0% consumption any such effort to buy us 00:09:52.949 --> 00:09:55.879 align:start position:0% consumption any such effort to buy us more<00:09:53.339> time<00:09:53.399> is<00:09:53.880> only<00:09:54.449> likely<00:09:54.899> to<00:09:55.170> enable<00:09:55.709> more 00:09:55.879 --> 00:09:55.889 align:start position:0% more time is only likely to enable more 00:09:55.889 --> 00:09:58.639 align:start position:0% more time is only likely to enable more opportunists<00:09:56.730> to<00:09:56.910> step<00:09:57.149> in<00:09:57.329> and<00:09:57.510> benefit<00:09:58.470> in 00:09:58.639 --> 00:09:58.649 align:start position:0% opportunists to step in and benefit in 00:09:58.649 --> 00:10:02.439 align:start position:0% opportunists to step in and benefit in wily<00:09:59.160> ways<00:09:59.370> from<00:09:59.850> the<00:10:00.000> shifting<00:10:00.329> landscape 00:10:02.439 --> 00:10:02.449 align:start position:0% wily ways from the shifting landscape 00:10:02.449 --> 00:10:04.910 align:start position:0% wily ways from the shifting landscape there<00:10:03.449> are<00:10:03.540> wide<00:10:03.720> differences<00:10:04.290> of<00:10:04.440> opinions 00:10:04.910 --> 00:10:04.920 align:start position:0% there are wide differences of opinions 00:10:04.920 --> 00:10:07.189 align:start position:0% there are wide differences of opinions even<00:10:05.130> amongst<00:10:05.940> the<00:10:06.149> scientists<00:10:06.750> working<00:10:06.959> on 00:10:07.189 --> 00:10:07.199 align:start position:0% even amongst the scientists working on 00:10:07.199 --> 00:10:08.900 align:start position:0% even amongst the scientists working on this<00:10:07.320> technology<00:10:07.820> regarding<00:10:08.820> the 00:10:08.900 --> 00:10:08.910 align:start position:0% this technology regarding the 00:10:08.910 --> 00:10:12.199 align:start position:0% this technology regarding the effectiveness<00:10:09.649> of<00:10:10.649> this<00:10:10.800> technology<00:10:11.430> the 00:10:12.199 --> 00:10:12.209 align:start position:0% effectiveness of this technology the 00:10:12.209 --> 00:10:14.569 align:start position:0% effectiveness of this technology the what<00:10:12.449> thus<00:10:12.839> what<00:10:13.320> the<00:10:13.440> real-world<00:10:13.680> risks<00:10:14.490> of 00:10:14.569 --> 00:10:14.579 align:start position:0% what thus what the real-world risks of 00:10:14.579 --> 00:10:17.180 align:start position:0% what thus what the real-world risks of this<00:10:14.880> technology<00:10:15.510> are<00:10:15.720> and<00:10:15.959> to<00:10:16.529> what<00:10:16.709> extent 00:10:17.180 --> 00:10:17.190 align:start position:0% this technology are and to what extent 00:10:17.190 --> 00:10:20.389 align:start position:0% this technology are and to what extent these<00:10:17.399> risks<00:10:17.940> can<00:10:18.209> be<00:10:18.390> contained<00:10:19.040> the<00:10:20.040> list<00:10:20.250> of 00:10:20.389 --> 00:10:20.399 align:start position:0% these risks can be contained the list of 00:10:20.399 --> 00:10:22.519 align:start position:0% these risks can be contained the list of negative<00:10:20.880> impacts<00:10:21.390> on<00:10:21.510> deployment<00:10:22.110> is<00:10:22.260> quite 00:10:22.519 --> 00:10:22.529 align:start position:0% negative impacts on deployment is quite 00:10:22.529 --> 00:10:24.889 align:start position:0% negative impacts on deployment is quite long<00:10:22.769> but<00:10:23.699> one<00:10:23.910> of<00:10:23.940> the<00:10:24.089> most<00:10:24.269> immediate 00:10:24.889 --> 00:10:24.899 align:start position:0% long but one of the most immediate 00:10:24.899 --> 00:10:27.230 align:start position:0% long but one of the most immediate impacts<00:10:25.649> that<00:10:25.740> will<00:10:26.010> be<00:10:26.160> felt<00:10:26.430> will<00:10:27.089> be 00:10:27.230 --> 00:10:27.240 align:start position:0% impacts that will be felt will be 00:10:27.240 --> 00:10:28.400 align:start position:0% impacts that will be felt will be through<00:10:27.449> the<00:10:27.540> change<00:10:27.810> in<00:10:27.990> the<00:10:28.079> precipitation 00:10:28.400 --> 00:10:28.410 align:start position:0% through the change in the precipitation 00:10:28.410 --> 00:10:31.519 align:start position:0% through the change in the precipitation cycles<00:10:29.220> it<00:10:30.000> will<00:10:30.269> also<00:10:30.510> affect<00:10:30.810> tropical 00:10:31.519 --> 00:10:31.529 align:start position:0% cycles it will also affect tropical 00:10:31.529 --> 00:10:34.870 align:start position:0% cycles it will also affect tropical forests<00:10:32.310> the<00:10:32.940> ozone<00:10:33.329> layer<00:10:33.540> and<00:10:33.870> the<00:10:34.350> oceans 00:10:34.870 --> 00:10:34.880 align:start position:0% forests the ozone layer and the oceans 00:10:34.880 --> 00:10:37.819 align:start position:0% forests the ozone layer and the oceans it<00:10:35.880> will<00:10:36.089> also<00:10:36.449> reduce<00:10:36.660> the<00:10:36.990> amount<00:10:37.350> of<00:10:37.500> solar 00:10:37.819 --> 00:10:37.829 align:start position:0% it will also reduce the amount of solar 00:10:37.829 --> 00:10:39.939 align:start position:0% it will also reduce the amount of solar radiation<00:10:38.060> reaching<00:10:39.060> the<00:10:39.420> Earth's<00:10:39.570> surface 00:10:39.939 --> 00:10:39.949 align:start position:0% radiation reaching the Earth's surface 00:10:39.949 --> 00:10:42.829 align:start position:0% radiation reaching the Earth's surface this<00:10:40.949> will<00:10:41.010> affect<00:10:41.550> both<00:10:41.880> crop<00:10:42.209> yields<00:10:42.630> and 00:10:42.829 --> 00:10:42.839 align:start position:0% this will affect both crop yields and 00:10:42.839 --> 00:10:45.290 align:start position:0% this will affect both crop yields and also<00:10:43.800> diminishing<00:10:44.279> the<00:10:44.399> potential<00:10:44.910> of<00:10:45.029> solar 00:10:45.290 --> 00:10:45.300 align:start position:0% also diminishing the potential of solar 00:10:45.300 --> 00:10:47.269 align:start position:0% also diminishing the potential of solar energy<00:10:45.570> which<00:10:46.440> is<00:10:46.589> one<00:10:46.800> of<00:10:46.829> the<00:10:47.040> biggest 00:10:47.269 --> 00:10:47.279 align:start position:0% energy which is one of the biggest 00:10:47.279 --> 00:10:49.550 align:start position:0% energy which is one of the biggest alternatives<00:10:48.089> that<00:10:48.209> has<00:10:48.390> been<00:10:48.569> contemplated 00:10:49.550 --> 00:10:49.560 align:start position:0% alternatives that has been contemplated 00:10:49.560 --> 00:10:53.180 align:start position:0% alternatives that has been contemplated to<00:10:49.800> fossil<00:10:50.370> fuel<00:10:50.610> energy<00:10:50.850> generation<00:10:52.190> the 00:10:53.180 --> 00:10:53.190 align:start position:0% to fossil fuel energy generation the 00:10:53.190 --> 00:10:55.519 align:start position:0% to fossil fuel energy generation the IPCC<00:10:53.880> pathways<00:10:54.420> see<00:10:55.050> renewables 00:10:55.519 --> 00:10:55.529 align:start position:0% IPCC pathways see renewables 00:10:55.529 --> 00:10:58.220 align:start position:0% IPCC pathways see renewables contributing<00:10:56.220> towards<00:10:56.550> 70<00:10:57.000> to<00:10:57.269> 80<00:10:57.510> percent<00:10:57.839> of 00:10:58.220 --> 00:10:58.230 align:start position:0% contributing towards 70 to 80 percent of 00:10:58.230 --> 00:11:01.220 align:start position:0% contributing towards 70 to 80 percent of the<00:10:58.529> of<00:10:58.769> the<00:10:58.920> energy<00:10:59.130> supply<00:10:59.459> by<00:11:00.120> 2050<00:11:00.959> of 00:11:01.220 --> 00:11:01.230 align:start position:0% the of the energy supply by 2050 of 00:11:01.230 --> 00:11:03.680 align:start position:0% the of the energy supply by 2050 of which<00:11:01.980> solar<00:11:02.310> energy<00:11:02.910> will<00:11:03.029> constitute<00:11:03.389> a 00:11:03.680 --> 00:11:03.690 align:start position:0% which solar energy will constitute a 00:11:03.690 --> 00:11:06.530 align:start position:0% which solar energy will constitute a sizeable<00:11:04.170> chunk<00:11:05.209> throwing<00:11:06.209> solar 00:11:06.530 --> 00:11:06.540 align:start position:0% sizeable chunk throwing solar 00:11:06.540 --> 00:11:08.540 align:start position:0% sizeable chunk throwing solar geoengineering<00:11:07.260> into<00:11:07.620> the<00:11:07.709> mix<00:11:07.920> will<00:11:08.160> result 00:11:08.540 --> 00:11:08.550 align:start position:0% geoengineering into the mix will result 00:11:08.550 --> 00:11:10.759 align:start position:0% geoengineering into the mix will result in<00:11:08.760> the<00:11:08.880> lack<00:11:09.089> of<00:11:09.360> a<00:11:09.480> coherent<00:11:09.779> strategy<00:11:10.170> on<00:11:10.620> de 00:11:10.759 --> 00:11:10.769 align:start position:0% in the lack of a coherent strategy on de 00:11:10.769 --> 00:11:11.780 align:start position:0% in the lack of a coherent strategy on de median<00:11:11.069> climate<00:11:11.459> change 00:11:11.780 --> 00:11:11.790 align:start position:0% median climate change 00:11:11.790 --> 00:11:14.990 align:start position:0% median climate change I<00:11:12.470> am<00:11:13.470> also<00:11:13.769> certain<00:11:14.130> that<00:11:14.250> at<00:11:14.399> some<00:11:14.670> point 00:11:14.990 --> 00:11:15.000 align:start position:0% I am also certain that at some point 00:11:15.000 --> 00:11:16.960 align:start position:0% I am also certain that at some point during<00:11:15.240> the<00:11:15.480> discussion<00:11:15.959> today<00:11:16.110> we<00:11:16.740> are 00:11:16.960 --> 00:11:16.970 align:start position:0% during the discussion today we are 00:11:16.970 --> 00:11:19.269 align:start position:0% during the discussion today we are to<00:11:17.329> hear<00:11:17.600> that<00:11:18.139> solo<00:11:18.350> geoengineering<00:11:19.009> is 00:11:19.269 --> 00:11:19.279 align:start position:0% to hear that solo geoengineering is 00:11:19.279 --> 00:11:21.009 align:start position:0% to hear that solo geoengineering is intended<00:11:19.790> to<00:11:19.819> benefit<00:11:20.269> the<00:11:20.329> most<00:11:20.660> vulnerable 00:11:21.009 --> 00:11:21.019 align:start position:0% intended to benefit the most vulnerable 00:11:21.019 --> 00:11:23.379 align:start position:0% intended to benefit the most vulnerable populations<00:11:21.910> protecting<00:11:22.910> them<00:11:23.089> from<00:11:23.120> the 00:11:23.379 --> 00:11:23.389 align:start position:0% populations protecting them from the 00:11:23.389 --> 00:11:25.869 align:start position:0% populations protecting them from the harms<00:11:23.689> of<00:11:23.779> climate<00:11:24.139> change<00:11:24.430> but<00:11:25.430> what<00:11:25.610> may<00:11:25.850> not 00:11:25.869 --> 00:11:25.879 align:start position:0% harms of climate change but what may not 00:11:25.879 --> 00:11:28.449 align:start position:0% harms of climate change but what may not be<00:11:26.089> explained<00:11:26.720> as<00:11:26.959> clearly<00:11:27.379> is<00:11:27.709> that<00:11:28.279> there 00:11:28.449 --> 00:11:28.459 align:start position:0% be explained as clearly is that there 00:11:28.459 --> 00:11:30.460 align:start position:0% be explained as clearly is that there are<00:11:28.759> going<00:11:29.149> to<00:11:29.240> be<00:11:29.360> winners<00:11:29.600> and<00:11:29.990> losers<00:11:30.439> in 00:11:30.460 --> 00:11:30.470 align:start position:0% are going to be winners and losers in 00:11:30.470 --> 00:11:32.759 align:start position:0% are going to be winners and losers in this<00:11:30.829> bid<00:11:31.100> to<00:11:31.250> reconfigure<00:11:31.730> climate<00:11:32.269> and 00:11:32.759 --> 00:11:32.769 align:start position:0% this bid to reconfigure climate and 00:11:32.769 --> 00:11:36.639 align:start position:0% this bid to reconfigure climate and right<00:11:33.769> now<00:11:34.069> the<00:11:35.139> discourse<00:11:36.139> and<00:11:36.290> solar 00:11:36.639 --> 00:11:36.649 align:start position:0% right now the discourse and solar 00:11:36.649 --> 00:11:39.280 align:start position:0% right now the discourse and solar geoengineering<00:11:37.339> and<00:11:37.699> on<00:11:38.180> both<00:11:38.629> research<00:11:39.139> and 00:11:39.280 --> 00:11:39.290 align:start position:0% geoengineering and on both research and 00:11:39.290 --> 00:11:41.050 align:start position:0% geoengineering and on both research and deployment<00:11:39.709> is<00:11:39.980> in<00:11:40.100> the<00:11:40.189> hands<00:11:40.519> of<00:11:40.610> the<00:11:40.730> global 00:11:41.050 --> 00:11:41.060 align:start position:0% deployment is in the hands of the global 00:11:41.060 --> 00:11:44.920 align:start position:0% deployment is in the hands of the global North<00:11:41.529> let<00:11:42.529> me<00:11:42.649> rephrase<00:11:43.069> it<00:11:43.420> is<00:11:44.420> controlled 00:11:44.920 --> 00:11:44.930 align:start position:0% North let me rephrase it is controlled 00:11:44.930 --> 00:11:47.079 align:start position:0% North let me rephrase it is controlled by<00:11:45.019> nations<00:11:45.620> that<00:11:45.829> are<00:11:45.980> yet<00:11:46.250> to<00:11:46.459> take<00:11:46.730> full 00:11:47.079 --> 00:11:47.089 align:start position:0% by nations that are yet to take full 00:11:47.089 --> 00:11:49.119 align:start position:0% by nations that are yet to take full responsibility<00:11:47.120> for<00:11:47.959> their<00:11:48.290> disproportional 00:11:49.119 --> 00:11:49.129 align:start position:0% responsibility for their disproportional 00:11:49.129 --> 00:11:51.280 align:start position:0% responsibility for their disproportional historical<00:11:49.850> contributions<00:11:50.240> to<00:11:50.810> gog 00:11:51.280 --> 00:11:51.290 align:start position:0% historical contributions to gog 00:11:51.290 --> 00:11:53.740 align:start position:0% historical contributions to gog emissions<00:11:51.800> which<00:11:52.579> is<00:11:52.730> why<00:11:52.970> we<00:11:53.240> are<00:11:53.269> forced<00:11:53.689> to 00:11:53.740 --> 00:11:53.750 align:start position:0% emissions which is why we are forced to 00:11:53.750 --> 00:11:55.240 align:start position:0% emissions which is why we are forced to have<00:11:53.810> this<00:11:54.050> conversation<00:11:54.290> today<00:11:54.889> in<00:11:55.129> the 00:11:55.240 --> 00:11:55.250 align:start position:0% have this conversation today in the 00:11:55.250 --> 00:11:58.960 align:start position:0% have this conversation today in the first<00:11:55.459> place<00:11:56.800> to<00:11:57.800> conclude<00:11:58.250> there<00:11:58.730> is<00:11:58.790> no 00:11:58.960 --> 00:11:58.970 align:start position:0% first place to conclude there is no 00:11:58.970 --> 00:11:59.949 align:start position:0% first place to conclude there is no sugarcoating<00:11:59.420> it 00:11:59.949 --> 00:11:59.959 align:start position:0% sugarcoating it 00:11:59.959 --> 00:12:02.350 align:start position:0% sugarcoating it keeping<00:12:00.709> warming<00:12:01.160> to<00:12:01.310> below<00:12:01.339> 1.5<00:12:02.149> degrees 00:12:02.350 --> 00:12:02.360 align:start position:0% keeping warming to below 1.5 degrees 00:12:02.360 --> 00:12:05.230 align:start position:0% keeping warming to below 1.5 degrees will<00:12:02.779> be<00:12:02.810> really<00:12:03.170> hard<00:12:03.470> but<00:12:04.459> let's<00:12:04.610> also<00:12:04.970> be 00:12:05.230 --> 00:12:05.240 align:start position:0% will be really hard but let's also be 00:12:05.240 --> 00:12:07.389 align:start position:0% will be really hard but let's also be very<00:12:05.540> clear<00:12:05.839> that<00:12:06.110> the<00:12:06.920> world<00:12:07.160> has<00:12:07.370> a 00:12:07.389 --> 00:12:07.399 align:start position:0% very clear that the world has a 00:12:07.399 --> 00:12:09.309 align:start position:0% very clear that the world has a scientific<00:12:08.060> understanding<00:12:08.319> the 00:12:09.309 --> 00:12:09.319 align:start position:0% scientific understanding the 00:12:09.319 --> 00:12:11.889 align:start position:0% scientific understanding the technological<00:12:10.129> capacity<00:12:10.699> and<00:12:10.910> the<00:12:11.269> financial 00:12:11.889 --> 00:12:11.899 align:start position:0% technological capacity and the financial 00:12:11.899 --> 00:12:14.019 align:start position:0% technological capacity and the financial means<00:12:12.110> to<00:12:12.560> tackle<00:12:12.740> climate<00:12:13.040> change<00:12:13.370> at<00:12:13.730> its 00:12:14.019 --> 00:12:14.029 align:start position:0% means to tackle climate change at its 00:12:14.029 --> 00:12:16.389 align:start position:0% means to tackle climate change at its source<00:12:14.350> without<00:12:15.350> considering<00:12:16.100> solar 00:12:16.389 --> 00:12:16.399 align:start position:0% source without considering solar 00:12:16.399 --> 00:12:19.960 align:start position:0% source without considering solar geoengineering<00:12:17.120> thank<00:12:18.019> you<00:12:18.819> thank<00:12:19.819> you 00:12:19.960 --> 00:12:19.970 align:start position:0% geoengineering thank you thank you 00:12:19.970 --> 00:12:23.350 align:start position:0% geoengineering thank you thank you absolutely<00:12:20.420> from<00:12:20.600> 100 00:12:23.350 --> 00:12:23.360 align:start position:0% 00:12:23.360 --> 00:12:25.960 align:start position:0% the<00:12:24.350> resolution<00:12:24.889> again<00:12:25.069> engineering<00:12:25.549> sonal 00:12:25.960 --> 00:12:25.970 align:start position:0% the resolution again engineering sonal 00:12:25.970 --> 00:12:28.119 align:start position:0% the resolution again engineering sonal radiation<00:12:26.540> is<00:12:26.689> a<00:12:26.720> crazy<00:12:27.199> idea<00:12:27.499> and<00:12:27.860> here<00:12:28.009> to 00:12:28.119 --> 00:12:28.129 align:start position:0% radiation is a crazy idea and here to 00:12:28.129 --> 00:12:29.829 align:start position:0% radiation is a crazy idea and here to make<00:12:28.249> his<00:12:28.399> opening<00:12:28.519> statement<00:12:28.790> against<00:12:29.540> this 00:12:29.829 --> 00:12:29.839 align:start position:0% make his opening statement against this 00:12:29.839 --> 00:12:31.989 align:start position:0% make his opening statement against this resolution<00:12:30.170> which<00:12:30.649> means<00:12:30.679> he<00:12:31.129> is<00:12:31.369> in<00:12:31.399> favor<00:12:31.850> of 00:12:31.989 --> 00:12:31.999 align:start position:0% resolution which means he is in favor of 00:12:31.999 --> 00:12:34.989 align:start position:0% resolution which means he is in favor of the<00:12:32.720> idea<00:12:32.869> UCLA<00:12:33.589> professor<00:12:34.040> Ted<00:12:34.579> parson 00:12:34.989 --> 00:12:34.999 align:start position:0% the idea UCLA professor Ted parson 00:12:34.999 --> 00:12:40.530 align:start position:0% the idea UCLA professor Ted parson welcome<00:12:35.869> thank<00:12:36.860> you 00:12:40.530 --> 00:12:40.540 align:start position:0% 00:12:40.540 --> 00:12:43.600 align:start position:0% geoengineering<00:12:41.540> does<00:12:42.049> sound<00:12:42.559> crazy<00:12:42.920> when<00:12:43.519> you 00:12:43.600 --> 00:12:43.610 align:start position:0% geoengineering does sound crazy when you 00:12:43.610 --> 00:12:46.210 align:start position:0% geoengineering does sound crazy when you first<00:12:43.819> hear<00:12:44.089> about<00:12:44.329> it<00:12:44.679> that<00:12:45.679> response<00:12:46.069> is 00:12:46.210 --> 00:12:46.220 align:start position:0% first hear about it that response is 00:12:46.220 --> 00:12:48.309 align:start position:0% first hear about it that response is completely<00:12:46.730> understandable<00:12:47.420> and<00:12:47.689> it's<00:12:48.139> also 00:12:48.309 --> 00:12:48.319 align:start position:0% completely understandable and it's also 00:12:48.319 --> 00:12:50.919 align:start position:0% completely understandable and it's also politically<00:12:48.949> potent<00:12:49.309> that's<00:12:50.209> why<00:12:50.420> for<00:12:50.809> the 00:12:50.919 --> 00:12:50.929 align:start position:0% politically potent that's why for the 00:12:50.929 --> 00:12:53.169 align:start position:0% politically potent that's why for the past<00:12:51.170> 10<00:12:51.439> years<00:12:51.470> or<00:12:51.829> so<00:12:52.009> our<00:12:52.220> opponents<00:12:52.939> have 00:12:53.169 --> 00:12:53.179 align:start position:0% past 10 years or so our opponents have 00:12:53.179 --> 00:12:56.079 align:start position:0% past 10 years or so our opponents have won<00:12:53.799> talking<00:12:54.799> about<00:12:55.040> geoengineering<00:12:55.519> is 00:12:56.079 --> 00:12:56.089 align:start position:0% won talking about geoengineering is 00:12:56.089 --> 00:12:58.600 align:start position:0% won talking about geoengineering is pretty<00:12:56.480> much<00:12:56.689> taboo<00:12:57.290> in<00:12:57.529> polite<00:12:57.949> scientific 00:12:58.600 --> 00:12:58.610 align:start position:0% pretty much taboo in polite scientific 00:12:58.610 --> 00:13:00.669 align:start position:0% pretty much taboo in polite scientific and<00:12:58.759> environmental<00:12:58.999> company<00:12:59.689> it's<00:13:00.439> been 00:13:00.669 --> 00:13:00.679 align:start position:0% and environmental company it's been 00:13:00.679 --> 00:13:02.229 align:start position:0% and environmental company it's been starved<00:13:01.129> of<00:13:01.249> research<00:13:01.610> support<00:13:02.059> and 00:13:02.229 --> 00:13:02.239 align:start position:0% starved of research support and 00:13:02.239 --> 00:13:03.819 align:start position:0% starved of research support and marginalized<00:13:03.110> in<00:13:03.410> climate<00:13:03.799> change 00:13:03.819 --> 00:13:03.829 align:start position:0% marginalized in climate change 00:13:03.829 --> 00:13:07.389 align:start position:0% marginalized in climate change assessments<00:13:04.869> but<00:13:05.869> this<00:13:05.989> is<00:13:06.110> dangerous<00:13:06.399> it's 00:13:07.389 --> 00:13:07.399 align:start position:0% assessments but this is dangerous it's 00:13:07.399 --> 00:13:09.400 align:start position:0% assessments but this is dangerous it's dangerous<00:13:07.549> for<00:13:08.089> the<00:13:08.179> environment<00:13:08.720> and<00:13:08.809> it's 00:13:09.400 --> 00:13:09.410 align:start position:0% dangerous for the environment and it's 00:13:09.410 --> 00:13:10.960 align:start position:0% dangerous for the environment and it's dangerous<00:13:09.889> for<00:13:10.309> the<00:13:10.429> preserving 00:13:10.960 --> 00:13:10.970 align:start position:0% dangerous for the preserving 00:13:10.970 --> 00:13:13.179 align:start position:0% dangerous for the preserving opportunities<00:13:11.660> for<00:13:11.899> human<00:13:12.199> development<00:13:12.679> it 00:13:13.179 --> 00:13:13.189 align:start position:0% opportunities for human development it 00:13:13.189 --> 00:13:15.369 align:start position:0% opportunities for human development it is<00:13:13.610> essential<00:13:14.239> to<00:13:14.480> take<00:13:14.629> geoengineering 00:13:15.369 --> 00:13:15.379 align:start position:0% is essential to take geoengineering 00:13:15.379 --> 00:13:17.769 align:start position:0% is essential to take geoengineering seriously<00:13:16.069> to<00:13:16.819> research<00:13:17.209> how<00:13:17.420> it<00:13:17.569> might<00:13:17.749> work 00:13:17.769 --> 00:13:17.779 align:start position:0% seriously to research how it might work 00:13:17.779 --> 00:13:20.679 align:start position:0% seriously to research how it might work and<00:13:18.230> what<00:13:18.589> risks<00:13:18.980> it<00:13:19.100> holds<00:13:19.459> and<00:13:19.610> to<00:13:20.029> confer<00:13:20.420> on 00:13:20.679 --> 00:13:20.689 align:start position:0% and what risks it holds and to confer on 00:13:20.689 --> 00:13:24.789 align:start position:0% and what risks it holds and to confer on how<00:13:20.899> to<00:13:20.959> safely<00:13:21.230> control<00:13:21.709> it<00:13:23.410> now<00:13:24.410> to<00:13:24.470> talk 00:13:24.789 --> 00:13:24.799 align:start position:0% how to safely control it now to talk 00:13:24.799 --> 00:13:26.949 align:start position:0% how to safely control it now to talk sensibly<00:13:25.129> about<00:13:25.309> geoengineering<00:13:26.239> you<00:13:26.689> have 00:13:26.949 --> 00:13:26.959 align:start position:0% sensibly about geoengineering you have 00:13:26.959 --> 00:13:28.869 align:start position:0% sensibly about geoengineering you have to<00:13:27.139> consider<00:13:27.470> the<00:13:27.679> climate<00:13:28.100> change<00:13:28.369> risks 00:13:28.869 --> 00:13:28.879 align:start position:0% to consider the climate change risks 00:13:28.879 --> 00:13:31.449 align:start position:0% to consider the climate change risks that<00:13:29.059> it's<00:13:29.239> intended<00:13:29.629> to<00:13:29.899> comp<00:13:30.199> at<00:13:30.379> how<00:13:31.220> bad 00:13:31.449 --> 00:13:31.459 align:start position:0% that it's intended to comp at how bad 00:13:31.459 --> 00:13:33.970 align:start position:0% that it's intended to comp at how bad they<00:13:31.669> are<00:13:31.819> and<00:13:31.999> what<00:13:32.899> other<00:13:33.169> preferred<00:13:33.709> ways 00:13:33.970 --> 00:13:33.980 align:start position:0% they are and what other preferred ways 00:13:33.980 --> 00:13:36.759 align:start position:0% they are and what other preferred ways there<00:13:34.279> are<00:13:34.309> to<00:13:34.429> reduce<00:13:34.910> them<00:13:35.319> the<00:13:36.319> answer<00:13:36.619> is 00:13:36.759 --> 00:13:36.769 align:start position:0% there are to reduce them the answer is 00:13:36.769 --> 00:13:39.280 align:start position:0% there are to reduce them the answer is sobering<00:13:37.129> the<00:13:37.939> risks<00:13:38.269> are<00:13:38.449> grave<00:13:38.779> the 00:13:39.280 --> 00:13:39.290 align:start position:0% sobering the risks are grave the 00:13:39.290 --> 00:13:41.139 align:start position:0% sobering the risks are grave the opportunities<00:13:40.009> to<00:13:40.249> limit<00:13:40.549> them<00:13:40.699> adequately 00:13:41.139 --> 00:13:41.149 align:start position:0% opportunities to limit them adequately 00:13:41.149 --> 00:13:43.329 align:start position:0% opportunities to limit them adequately through<00:13:41.449> other<00:13:41.629> means<00:13:41.899> are<00:13:42.230> weak<00:13:42.470> and<00:13:42.739> the 00:13:43.329 --> 00:13:43.339 align:start position:0% through other means are weak and the 00:13:43.339 --> 00:13:45.299 align:start position:0% through other means are weak and the news<00:13:43.489> gets<00:13:43.730> worse<00:13:43.819> with<00:13:44.209> each<00:13:44.239> passing<00:13:44.389> year 00:13:45.299 --> 00:13:45.309 align:start position:0% news gets worse with each passing year 00:13:45.309 --> 00:13:47.049 align:start position:0% news gets worse with each passing year you<00:13:46.309> know<00:13:46.489> the<00:13:46.610> headlines 00:13:47.049 --> 00:13:47.059 align:start position:0% you know the headlines 00:13:47.059 --> 00:13:49.299 align:start position:0% you know the headlines we've<00:13:47.749> already<00:13:47.929> heated<00:13:48.439> the<00:13:48.559> earth<00:13:48.709> about<00:13:49.040> 2 00:13:49.299 --> 00:13:49.309 align:start position:0% we've already heated the earth about 2 00:13:49.309 --> 00:13:51.489 align:start position:0% we've already heated the earth about 2 degrees<00:13:49.639> Fahrenheit<00:13:50.209> and<00:13:50.449> are<00:13:50.929> seeing<00:13:51.169> pretty 00:13:51.489 --> 00:13:51.499 align:start position:0% degrees Fahrenheit and are seeing pretty 00:13:51.499 --> 00:13:53.949 align:start position:0% degrees Fahrenheit and are seeing pretty serious<00:13:51.980> impacts<00:13:52.459> and<00:13:52.699> we're<00:13:53.509> on<00:13:53.629> track<00:13:53.839> to 00:13:53.949 --> 00:13:53.959 align:start position:0% serious impacts and we're on track to 00:13:53.959 --> 00:13:56.199 align:start position:0% serious impacts and we're on track to continue<00:13:54.319> heating<00:13:54.829> another<00:13:55.309> two<00:13:55.669> to<00:13:55.999> nine 00:13:56.199 --> 00:13:56.209 align:start position:0% continue heating another two to nine 00:13:56.209 --> 00:13:58.239 align:start position:0% continue heating another two to nine degrees<00:13:56.600> Fahrenheit<00:13:57.139> within<00:13:57.649> the<00:13:57.769> lifetimes 00:13:58.239 --> 00:13:58.249 align:start position:0% degrees Fahrenheit within the lifetimes 00:13:58.249 --> 00:14:01.389 align:start position:0% degrees Fahrenheit within the lifetimes of<00:13:58.399> today's<00:13:58.939> children<00:14:00.249> stopping<00:14:01.249> climate 00:14:01.389 --> 00:14:01.399 align:start position:0% of today's children stopping climate 00:14:01.399 --> 00:14:03.909 align:start position:0% of today's children stopping climate change<00:14:01.939> requires<00:14:02.689> reducing<00:14:03.439> human 00:14:03.909 --> 00:14:03.919 align:start position:0% change requires reducing human 00:14:03.919 --> 00:14:07.299 align:start position:0% change requires reducing human greenhouse<00:14:04.339> gas<00:14:04.549> emissions<00:14:05.029> to<00:14:05.269> zero<00:14:06.309> this 00:14:07.299 --> 00:14:07.309 align:start position:0% greenhouse gas emissions to zero this 00:14:07.309 --> 00:14:09.069 align:start position:0% greenhouse gas emissions to zero this means<00:14:07.549> cutting<00:14:07.850> fossil<00:14:08.329> fuels<00:14:08.629> from<00:14:08.869> their 00:14:09.069 --> 00:14:09.079 align:start position:0% means cutting fossil fuels from their 00:14:09.079 --> 00:14:11.889 align:start position:0% means cutting fossil fuels from their present<00:14:09.439> 80<00:14:09.679> percent<00:14:10.189> of<00:14:10.339> world<00:14:10.699> energy<00:14:11.029> to 00:14:11.889 --> 00:14:11.899 align:start position:0% present 80 percent of world energy to 00:14:11.899 --> 00:14:14.229 align:start position:0% present 80 percent of world energy to about<00:14:12.199> zero<00:14:12.529> there<00:14:13.339> is<00:14:13.369> no<00:14:13.489> serious 00:14:14.229 --> 00:14:14.239 align:start position:0% about zero there is no serious 00:14:14.239 --> 00:14:17.019 align:start position:0% about zero there is no serious disagreement<00:14:14.899> on<00:14:15.019> this<00:14:15.199> need<00:14:15.699> but<00:14:16.699> such<00:14:16.999> a 00:14:17.019 --> 00:14:17.029 align:start position:0% disagreement on this need but such a 00:14:17.029 --> 00:14:18.900 align:start position:0% disagreement on this need but such a vast<00:14:17.449> economic<00:14:18.259> and<00:14:18.439> technological 00:14:18.900 --> 00:14:18.910 align:start position:0% vast economic and technological 00:14:18.910 --> 00:14:21.819 align:start position:0% vast economic and technological transformation<00:14:19.910> is<00:14:20.059> a<00:14:20.480> project<00:14:20.839> of<00:14:21.169> decades 00:14:21.819 --> 00:14:21.829 align:start position:0% transformation is a project of decades 00:14:21.829 --> 00:14:25.659 align:start position:0% transformation is a project of decades not<00:14:22.459> years<00:14:22.759> and<00:14:23.769> despite<00:14:24.769> positive<00:14:25.040> recent 00:14:25.659 --> 00:14:25.669 align:start position:0% not years and despite positive recent 00:14:25.669 --> 00:14:27.970 align:start position:0% not years and despite positive recent signs<00:14:25.910> like<00:14:26.509> the<00:14:26.629> Paris<00:14:26.959> Accords<00:14:27.470> and<00:14:27.649> the 00:14:27.970 --> 00:14:27.980 align:start position:0% signs like the Paris Accords and the 00:14:27.980 --> 00:14:29.889 align:start position:0% signs like the Paris Accords and the rapid<00:14:28.399> recent<00:14:28.790> gains<00:14:29.029> in<00:14:29.329> solar<00:14:29.600> and<00:14:29.839> wind 00:14:29.889 --> 00:14:29.899 align:start position:0% rapid recent gains in solar and wind 00:14:29.899 --> 00:14:32.980 align:start position:0% rapid recent gains in solar and wind energy<00:14:30.259> we've<00:14:31.160> barely<00:14:31.459> started<00:14:32.029> world 00:14:32.980 --> 00:14:32.990 align:start position:0% energy we've barely started world 00:14:32.990 --> 00:14:35.619 align:start position:0% energy we've barely started world emissions<00:14:33.529> are<00:14:33.679> still<00:14:33.709> growing<00:14:34.339> and<00:14:34.629> even 00:14:35.619 --> 00:14:35.629 align:start position:0% emissions are still growing and even 00:14:35.629 --> 00:14:36.900 align:start position:0% emissions are still growing and even with<00:14:35.899> a<00:14:35.929> crash<00:14:36.289> program 00:14:36.900 --> 00:14:36.910 align:start position:0% with a crash program 00:14:36.910 --> 00:14:39.270 align:start position:0% with a crash program it's<00:14:37.210> probably<00:14:37.990> too<00:14:38.260> late<00:14:38.500> to<00:14:38.800> limit<00:14:39.070> climate 00:14:39.270 --> 00:14:39.280 align:start position:0% it's probably too late to limit climate 00:14:39.280 --> 00:14:41.310 align:start position:0% it's probably too late to limit climate change<00:14:39.730> to<00:14:40.030> safe<00:14:40.270> levels<00:14:40.510> by<00:14:40.960> cutting 00:14:41.310 --> 00:14:41.320 align:start position:0% change to safe levels by cutting 00:14:41.320 --> 00:14:44.580 align:start position:0% change to safe levels by cutting emissions<00:14:41.500> alone<00:14:43.140> now<00:14:44.140> cutting<00:14:44.500> emissions 00:14:44.580 --> 00:14:44.590 align:start position:0% emissions alone now cutting emissions 00:14:44.590 --> 00:14:47.190 align:start position:0% emissions alone now cutting emissions isn't<00:14:45.100> our<00:14:45.190> only<00:14:45.400> tool<00:14:45.730> we<00:14:46.510> can<00:14:46.630> also<00:14:46.810> remove 00:14:47.190 --> 00:14:47.200 align:start position:0% isn't our only tool we can also remove 00:14:47.200 --> 00:14:51.180 align:start position:0% isn't our only tool we can also remove carbon<00:14:47.530> dioxide<00:14:47.650> from<00:14:48.580> the<00:14:48.670> atmosphere<00:14:50.190> this 00:14:51.180 --> 00:14:51.190 align:start position:0% carbon dioxide from the atmosphere this 00:14:51.190 --> 00:14:54.660 align:start position:0% carbon dioxide from the atmosphere this can<00:14:51.430> help<00:14:51.640> maybe<00:14:52.420> a<00:14:52.720> lot<00:14:53.220> but<00:14:54.220> we're<00:14:54.370> relying 00:14:54.660 --> 00:14:54.670 align:start position:0% can help maybe a lot but we're relying 00:14:54.670 --> 00:14:57.420 align:start position:0% can help maybe a lot but we're relying on<00:14:54.940> it<00:14:55.120> now<00:14:55.270> to<00:14:55.330> a<00:14:55.600> dangerous<00:14:56.170> degree<00:14:56.350> the<00:14:57.250> most 00:14:57.420 --> 00:14:57.430 align:start position:0% on it now to a dangerous degree the most 00:14:57.430 --> 00:14:59.370 align:start position:0% on it now to a dangerous degree the most optimistic<00:14:57.880> climate<00:14:58.600> projections<00:14:59.170> all 00:14:59.370 --> 00:14:59.380 align:start position:0% optimistic climate projections all 00:14:59.380 --> 00:15:02.190 align:start position:0% optimistic climate projections all assume<00:15:00.190> that<00:15:00.490> we'll<00:15:00.640> scale<00:15:01.030> this<00:15:01.300> up<00:15:01.540> rapidly 00:15:02.190 --> 00:15:02.200 align:start position:0% assume that we'll scale this up rapidly 00:15:02.200 --> 00:15:05.150 align:start position:0% assume that we'll scale this up rapidly from<00:15:02.710> zero<00:15:03.130> to<00:15:03.250> billions<00:15:04.090> of<00:15:04.240> tons<00:15:04.540> a<00:15:04.750> year 00:15:05.150 --> 00:15:05.160 align:start position:0% from zero to billions of tons a year 00:15:05.160 --> 00:15:08.250 align:start position:0% from zero to billions of tons a year this<00:15:06.160> reliance<00:15:06.670> on<00:15:06.970> technologies<00:15:07.750> which<00:15:08.050> are 00:15:08.250 --> 00:15:08.260 align:start position:0% this reliance on technologies which are 00:15:08.260 --> 00:15:10.950 align:start position:0% this reliance on technologies which are not<00:15:08.500> fully<00:15:08.830> developed<00:15:09.370> or<00:15:09.520> tested<00:15:10.030> is<00:15:10.210> a<00:15:10.270> huge 00:15:10.950 --> 00:15:10.960 align:start position:0% not fully developed or tested is a huge 00:15:10.960 --> 00:15:14.190 align:start position:0% not fully developed or tested is a huge gamble<00:15:11.260> and<00:15:11.880> even<00:15:12.880> if<00:15:13.000> this<00:15:13.150> does<00:15:13.450> work<00:15:13.720> it's 00:15:14.190 --> 00:15:14.200 align:start position:0% gamble and even if this does work it's 00:15:14.200 --> 00:15:17.670 align:start position:0% gamble and even if this does work it's probably<00:15:14.530> too<00:15:15.070> slow<00:15:15.810> removing<00:15:16.810> co2<00:15:17.080> from<00:15:17.620> the 00:15:17.670 --> 00:15:17.680 align:start position:0% probably too slow removing co2 from the 00:15:17.680 --> 00:15:19.710 align:start position:0% probably too slow removing co2 from the atmosphere<00:15:17.770> is<00:15:18.490> like<00:15:18.550> draining<00:15:19.360> a<00:15:19.480> lake 00:15:19.710 --> 00:15:19.720 align:start position:0% atmosphere is like draining a lake 00:15:19.720 --> 00:15:23.430 align:start position:0% atmosphere is like draining a lake through<00:15:20.110> a<00:15:20.140> straw<00:15:20.820> it<00:15:21.820> will<00:15:22.090> work<00:15:22.300> but<00:15:23.200> it'll 00:15:23.430 --> 00:15:23.440 align:start position:0% through a straw it will work but it'll 00:15:23.440 --> 00:15:26.700 align:start position:0% through a straw it will work but it'll take<00:15:23.680> a<00:15:23.710> long<00:15:23.980> time<00:15:24.690> so<00:15:25.690> deep<00:15:26.020> emission<00:15:26.500> cuts 00:15:26.700 --> 00:15:26.710 align:start position:0% take a long time so deep emission cuts 00:15:26.710 --> 00:15:28.590 align:start position:0% take a long time so deep emission cuts and<00:15:26.920> carbon<00:15:27.460> removal<00:15:27.820> are<00:15:27.970> both<00:15:28.210> essential 00:15:28.590 --> 00:15:28.600 align:start position:0% and carbon removal are both essential 00:15:28.600 --> 00:15:31.500 align:start position:0% and carbon removal are both essential but<00:15:29.350> they<00:15:29.500> may<00:15:29.800> not<00:15:30.040> be<00:15:30.280> enough<00:15:30.610> soon<00:15:31.150> enough 00:15:31.500 --> 00:15:31.510 align:start position:0% but they may not be enough soon enough 00:15:31.510 --> 00:15:34.170 align:start position:0% but they may not be enough soon enough even<00:15:32.290> with<00:15:32.440> extreme<00:15:32.860> efforts<00:15:33.340> we<00:15:34.030> need 00:15:34.170 --> 00:15:34.180 align:start position:0% even with extreme efforts we need 00:15:34.180 --> 00:15:36.630 align:start position:0% even with extreme efforts we need something<00:15:34.570> else<00:15:34.690> and<00:15:35.340> geoengineering<00:15:36.340> might 00:15:36.630 --> 00:15:36.640 align:start position:0% something else and geoengineering might 00:15:36.640 --> 00:15:39.540 align:start position:0% something else and geoengineering might be<00:15:36.910> that<00:15:37.150> something<00:15:37.420> else<00:15:38.100> now<00:15:39.100> I'll<00:15:39.280> address 00:15:39.540 --> 00:15:39.550 align:start position:0% be that something else now I'll address 00:15:39.550 --> 00:15:41.310 align:start position:0% be that something else now I'll address the<00:15:39.760> two<00:15:39.940> biggest<00:15:40.150> policy<00:15:40.750> concerns<00:15:41.140> that 00:15:41.310 --> 00:15:41.320 align:start position:0% the two biggest policy concerns that 00:15:41.320 --> 00:15:42.960 align:start position:0% the two biggest policy concerns that have<00:15:41.470> been<00:15:41.500> raised<00:15:41.800> about<00:15:42.010> geoengineering 00:15:42.960 --> 00:15:42.970 align:start position:0% have been raised about geoengineering 00:15:42.970 --> 00:15:47.150 align:start position:0% have been raised about geoengineering first<00:15:43.870> can<00:15:44.650> it<00:15:45.010> be<00:15:45.340> governed<00:15:45.760> at<00:15:45.970> all 00:15:47.150 --> 00:15:47.160 align:start position:0% first can it be governed at all 00:15:47.160 --> 00:15:49.320 align:start position:0% first can it be governed at all geoengineering<00:15:48.160> presently<00:15:48.670> looks<00:15:48.970> like<00:15:49.180> it 00:15:49.320 --> 00:15:49.330 align:start position:0% geoengineering presently looks like it 00:15:49.330 --> 00:15:51.900 align:start position:0% geoengineering presently looks like it might<00:15:49.540> be<00:15:49.570> cheap<00:15:50.110> and<00:15:50.290> easy<00:15:50.770> at<00:15:51.070> least<00:15:51.550> cheap 00:15:51.900 --> 00:15:51.910 align:start position:0% might be cheap and easy at least cheap 00:15:51.910 --> 00:15:54.450 align:start position:0% might be cheap and easy at least cheap and<00:15:52.090> easy<00:15:52.240> to<00:15:52.360> do<00:15:52.600> it<00:15:52.750> crudely<00:15:53.280> this<00:15:54.280> is 00:15:54.450 --> 00:15:54.460 align:start position:0% and easy to do it crudely this is 00:15:54.460 --> 00:15:55.860 align:start position:0% and easy to do it crudely this is actually<00:15:54.790> a<00:15:54.820> problem<00:15:55.120> for<00:15:55.450> governance 00:15:55.860 --> 00:15:55.870 align:start position:0% actually a problem for governance 00:15:55.870 --> 00:15:58.110 align:start position:0% actually a problem for governance because<00:15:56.020> it<00:15:56.350> may<00:15:56.680> put<00:15:57.040> the<00:15:57.190> capability<00:15:57.910> within 00:15:58.110 --> 00:15:58.120 align:start position:0% because it may put the capability within 00:15:58.120 --> 00:16:00.240 align:start position:0% because it may put the capability within the<00:15:58.390> reach<00:15:58.600> of<00:15:58.630> more<00:15:59.200> than<00:15:59.350> a<00:15:59.470> dozen<00:15:59.650> nations 00:16:00.240 --> 00:16:00.250 align:start position:0% the reach of more than a dozen nations 00:16:00.250 --> 00:16:03.540 align:start position:0% the reach of more than a dozen nations as<00:16:00.490> a<00:16:01.330> result<00:16:01.840> if<00:16:02.080> we<00:16:02.140> should<00:16:02.800> ever<00:16:03.010> face 00:16:03.540 --> 00:16:03.550 align:start position:0% as a result if we should ever face 00:16:03.550 --> 00:16:06.180 align:start position:0% as a result if we should ever face decisions<00:16:04.270> about<00:16:04.480> using<00:16:04.900> it<00:16:05.200> we<00:16:05.710> would<00:16:05.920> want 00:16:06.180 --> 00:16:06.190 align:start position:0% decisions about using it we would want 00:16:06.190 --> 00:16:07.770 align:start position:0% decisions about using it we would want them<00:16:06.340> to<00:16:06.400> be<00:16:06.550> under<00:16:06.940> effective<00:16:07.390> international 00:16:07.770 --> 00:16:07.780 align:start position:0% them to be under effective international 00:16:07.780 --> 00:16:10.740 align:start position:0% them to be under effective international control<00:16:08.730> even<00:16:09.730> if<00:16:09.850> someone<00:16:10.150> tried<00:16:10.360> to<00:16:10.510> do<00:16:10.630> it 00:16:10.740 --> 00:16:10.750 align:start position:0% control even if someone tried to do it 00:16:10.750 --> 00:16:12.780 align:start position:0% control even if someone tried to do it unilaterally<00:16:11.080> that<00:16:11.680> would<00:16:11.860> still<00:16:12.160> require<00:16:12.370> an 00:16:12.780 --> 00:16:12.790 align:start position:0% unilaterally that would still require an 00:16:12.790 --> 00:16:14.750 align:start position:0% unilaterally that would still require an effective<00:16:13.210> international<00:16:13.540> response 00:16:14.750 --> 00:16:14.760 align:start position:0% effective international response 00:16:14.760 --> 00:16:16.800 align:start position:0% effective international response building<00:16:15.760> this<00:16:15.910> international<00:16:16.540> control 00:16:16.800 --> 00:16:16.810 align:start position:0% building this international control 00:16:16.810 --> 00:16:19.320 align:start position:0% building this international control won't<00:16:17.230> be<00:16:17.500> easy<00:16:17.730> but<00:16:18.730> nations<00:16:19.150> have<00:16:19.300> come 00:16:19.320 --> 00:16:19.330 align:start position:0% won't be easy but nations have come 00:16:19.330 --> 00:16:21.210 align:start position:0% won't be easy but nations have come together<00:16:19.630> many<00:16:20.110> times<00:16:20.500> to<00:16:20.770> address<00:16:21.070> global 00:16:21.210 --> 00:16:21.220 align:start position:0% together many times to address global 00:16:21.220 --> 00:16:23.850 align:start position:0% together many times to address global challenges<00:16:21.900> adequately<00:16:22.900> even<00:16:23.560> if<00:16:23.680> not 00:16:23.850 --> 00:16:23.860 align:start position:0% challenges adequately even if not 00:16:23.860 --> 00:16:26.340 align:start position:0% challenges adequately even if not perfectly<00:16:24.570> think<00:16:25.570> about<00:16:25.810> the<00:16:25.960> postwar 00:16:26.340 --> 00:16:26.350 align:start position:0% perfectly think about the postwar 00:16:26.350 --> 00:16:28.650 align:start position:0% perfectly think about the postwar creation<00:16:26.830> of<00:16:26.950> the<00:16:27.040> United<00:16:27.250> Nations<00:16:27.760> or<00:16:28.060> the 00:16:28.650 --> 00:16:28.660 align:start position:0% creation of the United Nations or the 00:16:28.660 --> 00:16:31.380 align:start position:0% creation of the United Nations or the global<00:16:29.050> international<00:16:29.950> economic<00:16:30.520> order<00:16:30.670> or 00:16:31.380 --> 00:16:31.390 align:start position:0% global international economic order or 00:16:31.390 --> 00:16:33.330 align:start position:0% global international economic order or more<00:16:31.660> recently<00:16:32.140> the<00:16:32.620> successful<00:16:33.220> global 00:16:33.330 --> 00:16:33.340 align:start position:0% more recently the successful global 00:16:33.340 --> 00:16:35.630 align:start position:0% more recently the successful global phase<00:16:33.790> out<00:16:33.970> of<00:16:34.000> ozone-depleting<00:16:34.540> chemicals 00:16:35.630 --> 00:16:35.640 align:start position:0% phase out of ozone-depleting chemicals 00:16:35.640 --> 00:16:38.280 align:start position:0% phase out of ozone-depleting chemicals you<00:16:36.640> can<00:16:36.790> imagine<00:16:37.030> the<00:16:37.330> required<00:16:37.690> body<00:16:37.990> being 00:16:38.280 --> 00:16:38.290 align:start position:0% you can imagine the required body being 00:16:38.290 --> 00:16:41.580 align:start position:0% you can imagine the required body being a<00:16:38.530> UN<00:16:38.920> style<00:16:39.310> global<00:16:39.760> institution<00:16:40.480> a<00:16:40.690> concert 00:16:41.580 --> 00:16:41.590 align:start position:0% a UN style global institution a concert 00:16:41.590 --> 00:16:44.520 align:start position:0% a UN style global institution a concert of<00:16:41.740> great<00:16:42.040> world<00:16:42.340> powers<00:16:42.880> a<00:16:43.150> set<00:16:43.840> of<00:16:43.990> soft<00:16:44.290> law 00:16:44.520 --> 00:16:44.530 align:start position:0% of great world powers a set of soft law 00:16:44.530 --> 00:16:47.220 align:start position:0% of great world powers a set of soft law norms<00:16:44.980> or<00:16:45.160> something<00:16:45.550> in<00:16:45.700> between<00:16:45.730> these<00:16:46.390> but 00:16:47.220 --> 00:16:47.230 align:start position:0% norms or something in between these but 00:16:47.230 --> 00:16:49.170 align:start position:0% norms or something in between these but there<00:16:47.380> are<00:16:47.500> simply<00:16:47.890> no<00:16:48.190> grounds<00:16:48.760> to<00:16:48.790> claim 00:16:49.170 --> 00:16:49.180 align:start position:0% there are simply no grounds to claim 00:16:49.180 --> 00:16:50.400 align:start position:0% there are simply no grounds to claim that<00:16:49.390> building<00:16:49.810> the<00:16:49.930> needed 00:16:50.400 --> 00:16:50.410 align:start position:0% that building the needed 00:16:50.410 --> 00:16:53.610 align:start position:0% that building the needed it's<00:16:50.620> capacity<00:16:51.160> is<00:16:51.339> impossible<00:16:52.060> and<00:16:52.480> this<00:16:53.470> is 00:16:53.610 --> 00:16:53.620 align:start position:0% it's capacity is impossible and this is 00:16:53.620 --> 00:16:55.740 align:start position:0% it's capacity is impossible and this is a<00:16:53.649> way<00:16:53.829> that<00:16:54.009> calling<00:16:54.459> a<00:16:54.750> geoengineering 00:16:55.740 --> 00:16:55.750 align:start position:0% a way that calling a geoengineering 00:16:55.750 --> 00:16:59.309 align:start position:0% a way that calling a geoengineering crazy<00:16:56.170> is<00:16:56.470> doing<00:16:56.889> real<00:16:57.279> harm<00:16:57.699> in<00:16:58.170> addition<00:16:59.170> to 00:16:59.309 --> 00:16:59.319 align:start position:0% crazy is doing real harm in addition to 00:16:59.319 --> 00:17:01.230 align:start position:0% crazy is doing real harm in addition to blocking<00:16:59.529> needed<00:17:00.069> research<00:17:00.490> this<00:17:00.790> stance<00:17:01.089> is 00:17:01.230 --> 00:17:01.240 align:start position:0% blocking needed research this stance is 00:17:01.240 --> 00:17:03.389 align:start position:0% blocking needed research this stance is also<00:17:01.660> obstructing<00:17:02.350> the<00:17:02.440> policy<00:17:02.889> discussions 00:17:03.389 --> 00:17:03.399 align:start position:0% also obstructing the policy discussions 00:17:03.399 --> 00:17:04.679 align:start position:0% also obstructing the policy discussions that<00:17:03.579> are<00:17:03.670> needed<00:17:03.940> to<00:17:04.059> help<00:17:04.209> develop 00:17:04.679 --> 00:17:04.689 align:start position:0% that are needed to help develop 00:17:04.689 --> 00:17:07.919 align:start position:0% that are needed to help develop governance<00:17:05.429> last<00:17:06.429> month<00:17:06.699> a<00:17:06.909> Swiss<00:17:07.270> proposal 00:17:07.919 --> 00:17:07.929 align:start position:0% governance last month a Swiss proposal 00:17:07.929 --> 00:17:10.110 align:start position:0% governance last month a Swiss proposal in<00:17:08.049> the<00:17:08.169> UN<00:17:08.500> Environment<00:17:09.010> Programme<00:17:09.459> to<00:17:09.789> start 00:17:10.110 --> 00:17:10.120 align:start position:0% in the UN Environment Programme to start 00:17:10.120 --> 00:17:11.579 align:start position:0% in the UN Environment Programme to start research<00:17:10.539> and<00:17:10.750> consultation<00:17:11.049> on 00:17:11.579 --> 00:17:11.589 align:start position:0% research and consultation on 00:17:11.589 --> 00:17:14.490 align:start position:0% research and consultation on geoengineering<00:17:11.980> was<00:17:12.699> blocked<00:17:13.000> by<00:17:13.990> the<00:17:14.049> United 00:17:14.490 --> 00:17:14.500 align:start position:0% geoengineering was blocked by the United 00:17:14.500 --> 00:17:17.340 align:start position:0% geoengineering was blocked by the United States<00:17:14.799> Brazil<00:17:15.280> and<00:17:15.730> Saudi<00:17:16.089> Arabia<00:17:16.350> this 00:17:17.340 --> 00:17:17.350 align:start position:0% States Brazil and Saudi Arabia this 00:17:17.350 --> 00:17:19.529 align:start position:0% States Brazil and Saudi Arabia this enforced<00:17:17.770> silence<00:17:18.220> is<00:17:18.370> making<00:17:18.850> risks<00:17:19.179> worse 00:17:19.529 --> 00:17:19.539 align:start position:0% enforced silence is making risks worse 00:17:19.539 --> 00:17:22.199 align:start position:0% enforced silence is making risks worse risks<00:17:20.500> of<00:17:20.559> climate<00:17:20.709> change<00:17:20.980> and<00:17:21.459> also<00:17:21.880> risks 00:17:22.199 --> 00:17:22.209 align:start position:0% risks of climate change and also risks 00:17:22.209 --> 00:17:23.490 align:start position:0% risks of climate change and also risks of<00:17:22.299> reckless<00:17:22.720> badly<00:17:23.169> governed 00:17:23.490 --> 00:17:23.500 align:start position:0% of reckless badly governed 00:17:23.500 --> 00:17:26.730 align:start position:0% of reckless badly governed geoengineering<00:17:24.630> the<00:17:25.630> second<00:17:25.990> big<00:17:26.199> objection 00:17:26.730 --> 00:17:26.740 align:start position:0% geoengineering the second big objection 00:17:26.740 --> 00:17:28.620 align:start position:0% geoengineering the second big objection to<00:17:27.069> studying<00:17:27.429> or<00:17:27.730> normalizing 00:17:28.620 --> 00:17:28.630 align:start position:0% to studying or normalizing 00:17:28.630 --> 00:17:30.570 align:start position:0% to studying or normalizing geoengineering<00:17:29.350> is<00:17:29.620> that<00:17:29.830> it<00:17:29.950> will<00:17:30.070> tempt<00:17:30.490> us 00:17:30.570 --> 00:17:30.580 align:start position:0% geoengineering is that it will tempt us 00:17:30.580 --> 00:17:32.700 align:start position:0% geoengineering is that it will tempt us away<00:17:30.970> from<00:17:31.030> the<00:17:31.360> essential<00:17:31.960> work<00:17:32.200> of<00:17:32.380> cutting 00:17:32.700 --> 00:17:32.710 align:start position:0% away from the essential work of cutting 00:17:32.710 --> 00:17:34.680 align:start position:0% away from the essential work of cutting emissions<00:17:32.909> now<00:17:33.909> we<00:17:34.179> agree<00:17:34.480> with<00:17:34.659> our 00:17:34.680 --> 00:17:34.690 align:start position:0% emissions now we agree with our 00:17:34.690 --> 00:17:36.630 align:start position:0% emissions now we agree with our opponents<00:17:35.350> that<00:17:35.470> anything<00:17:36.100> that<00:17:36.130> hinders 00:17:36.630 --> 00:17:36.640 align:start position:0% opponents that anything that hinders 00:17:36.640 --> 00:17:39.240 align:start position:0% opponents that anything that hinders deep<00:17:36.940> emissions<00:17:37.450> cuts<00:17:37.630> is<00:17:37.840> dangerous<00:17:38.409> but 00:17:39.240 --> 00:17:39.250 align:start position:0% deep emissions cuts is dangerous but 00:17:39.250 --> 00:17:40.980 align:start position:0% deep emissions cuts is dangerous but will<00:17:39.460> studying<00:17:39.880> to<00:17:40.059> you<00:17:40.150> or<00:17:40.270> engineering<00:17:40.750> have 00:17:40.980 --> 00:17:40.990 align:start position:0% will studying to you or engineering have 00:17:40.990 --> 00:17:43.620 align:start position:0% will studying to you or engineering have this<00:17:41.169> effect<00:17:42.059> research<00:17:43.059> suggests<00:17:43.510> the 00:17:43.620 --> 00:17:43.630 align:start position:0% this effect research suggests the 00:17:43.630 --> 00:17:45.360 align:start position:0% this effect research suggests the opposite<00:17:44.049> when<00:17:44.740> people<00:17:45.070> learn<00:17:45.340> about 00:17:45.360 --> 00:17:45.370 align:start position:0% opposite when people learn about 00:17:45.370 --> 00:17:47.190 align:start position:0% opposite when people learn about geoengineering<00:17:46.090> their<00:17:46.659> support<00:17:47.049> for 00:17:47.190 --> 00:17:47.200 align:start position:0% geoengineering their support for 00:17:47.200 --> 00:17:49.820 align:start position:0% geoengineering their support for emissions<00:17:47.590> cuts<00:17:47.799> gets<00:17:48.159> stronger<00:17:49.000> not<00:17:49.360> weaker 00:17:49.820 --> 00:17:49.830 align:start position:0% emissions cuts gets stronger not weaker 00:17:49.830 --> 00:17:51.840 align:start position:0% emissions cuts gets stronger not weaker they<00:17:50.830> don't<00:17:51.100> see<00:17:51.460> it<00:17:51.640> as<00:17:51.820> a 00:17:51.840 --> 00:17:51.850 align:start position:0% they don't see it as a 00:17:51.850 --> 00:17:54.120 align:start position:0% they don't see it as a get-out-of-jail-free<00:17:52.570> card<00:17:53.200> they<00:17:53.590> see<00:17:53.650> it<00:17:53.980> as 00:17:54.120 --> 00:17:54.130 align:start position:0% get-out-of-jail-free card they see it as 00:17:54.130 --> 00:17:56.730 align:start position:0% get-out-of-jail-free card they see it as a<00:17:54.190> signal<00:17:54.580> of<00:17:54.880> alarm<00:17:54.970> if<00:17:55.780> you're<00:17:56.350> thinking 00:17:56.730 --> 00:17:56.740 align:start position:0% a signal of alarm if you're thinking 00:17:56.740 --> 00:17:58.710 align:start position:0% a signal of alarm if you're thinking about<00:17:57.070> doing<00:17:57.280> something<00:17:57.730> this<00:17:58.059> radical<00:17:58.630> and 00:17:58.710 --> 00:17:58.720 align:start position:0% about doing something this radical and 00:17:58.720 --> 00:18:01.110 align:start position:0% about doing something this radical and scary<00:17:59.110> then<00:17:59.409> climate<00:17:59.890> change<00:18:00.130> must<00:18:00.400> be<00:18:00.549> really 00:18:01.110 --> 00:18:01.120 align:start position:0% scary then climate change must be really 00:18:01.120 --> 00:18:04.340 align:start position:0% scary then climate change must be really bad<00:18:01.590> even<00:18:02.590> the<00:18:02.919> fossil<00:18:03.250> fuel<00:18:03.490> denial<00:18:03.909> groups 00:18:04.340 --> 00:18:04.350 align:start position:0% bad even the fossil fuel denial groups 00:18:04.350 --> 00:18:07.200 align:start position:0% bad even the fossil fuel denial groups fossil<00:18:05.350> fuel<00:18:05.559> funded<00:18:05.950> denial<00:18:06.250> groups<00:18:06.549> seem<00:18:06.970> to 00:18:07.200 --> 00:18:07.210 align:start position:0% fossil fuel funded denial groups seem to 00:18:07.210 --> 00:18:09.450 align:start position:0% fossil fuel funded denial groups seem to get<00:18:07.360> this<00:18:07.600> they've<00:18:08.440> recently<00:18:08.770> started 00:18:09.450 --> 00:18:09.460 align:start position:0% get this they've recently started 00:18:09.460 --> 00:18:12.419 align:start position:0% get this they've recently started attacking<00:18:09.760> geoengineering<00:18:10.690> as<00:18:10.900> crazy<00:18:11.429> this 00:18:12.419 --> 00:18:12.429 align:start position:0% attacking geoengineering as crazy this 00:18:12.429 --> 00:18:14.130 align:start position:0% attacking geoengineering as crazy this seems<00:18:12.730> strange<00:18:12.880> given<00:18:13.390> their<00:18:13.630> prior<00:18:13.900> behavior 00:18:14.130 --> 00:18:14.140 align:start position:0% seems strange given their prior behavior 00:18:14.140 --> 00:18:16.980 align:start position:0% seems strange given their prior behavior and<00:18:14.650> the<00:18:14.830> interest<00:18:15.190> they<00:18:15.340> represent<00:18:15.990> the 00:18:16.980 --> 00:18:16.990 align:start position:0% and the interest they represent the 00:18:16.990 --> 00:18:18.770 align:start position:0% and the interest they represent the likely<00:18:17.350> explanation<00:18:18.010> is<00:18:18.159> that<00:18:18.220> they<00:18:18.730> think 00:18:18.770 --> 00:18:18.780 align:start position:0% likely explanation is that they think 00:18:18.780 --> 00:18:21.270 align:start position:0% likely explanation is that they think attention<00:18:19.780> to<00:18:19.870> geoengineering<00:18:20.740> will<00:18:21.039> raise 00:18:21.270 --> 00:18:21.280 align:start position:0% attention to geoengineering will raise 00:18:21.280 --> 00:18:23.070 align:start position:0% attention to geoengineering will raise alarm<00:18:21.730> about<00:18:21.940> climate<00:18:22.390> change<00:18:22.419> and<00:18:22.900> so 00:18:23.070 --> 00:18:23.080 align:start position:0% alarm about climate change and so 00:18:23.080 --> 00:18:25.380 align:start position:0% alarm about climate change and so galvanized<00:18:23.650> stronger<00:18:24.070> action<00:18:24.490> on<00:18:24.669> all<00:18:24.940> fronts 00:18:25.380 --> 00:18:25.390 align:start position:0% galvanized stronger action on all fronts 00:18:25.390 --> 00:18:28.860 align:start position:0% galvanized stronger action on all fronts including<00:18:25.600> emission<00:18:26.409> cuts<00:18:26.700> in<00:18:27.870> conclusion 00:18:28.860 --> 00:18:28.870 align:start position:0% including emission cuts in conclusion 00:18:28.870 --> 00:18:30.899 align:start position:0% including emission cuts in conclusion the<00:18:29.260> gravity<00:18:29.620> of<00:18:29.710> climate<00:18:30.130> risks<00:18:30.429> demands 00:18:30.899 --> 00:18:30.909 align:start position:0% the gravity of climate risks demands 00:18:30.909 --> 00:18:33.060 align:start position:0% the gravity of climate risks demands looking<00:18:31.330> at<00:18:31.450> all<00:18:31.600> responses<00:18:32.260> even<00:18:32.710> those<00:18:32.860> that 00:18:33.060 --> 00:18:33.070 align:start position:0% looking at all responses even those that 00:18:33.070 --> 00:18:35.159 align:start position:0% looking at all responses even those that may<00:18:33.190> at<00:18:33.309> first<00:18:33.340> seem<00:18:33.669> frightening<00:18:34.270> there<00:18:35.049> are 00:18:35.159 --> 00:18:35.169 align:start position:0% may at first seem frightening there are 00:18:35.169 --> 00:18:36.539 align:start position:0% may at first seem frightening there are plenty<00:18:35.380> of<00:18:35.530> grounds<00:18:35.919> for<00:18:36.039> concern<00:18:36.400> about 00:18:36.539 --> 00:18:36.549 align:start position:0% plenty of grounds for concern about 00:18:36.549 --> 00:18:38.880 align:start position:0% plenty of grounds for concern about geoengineering<00:18:37.450> but<00:18:37.780> there<00:18:37.960> is<00:18:38.080> no<00:18:38.380> basis<00:18:38.860> for 00:18:38.880 --> 00:18:38.890 align:start position:0% geoengineering but there is no basis for 00:18:38.890 --> 00:18:40.590 align:start position:0% geoengineering but there is no basis for calling<00:18:39.429> these<00:18:39.549> insurmountable 00:18:40.590 --> 00:18:40.600 align:start position:0% calling these insurmountable 00:18:40.600 --> 00:18:43.470 align:start position:0% calling these insurmountable without<00:18:40.990> serious<00:18:41.409> examination<00:18:42.150> nor<00:18:43.150> is<00:18:43.299> there 00:18:43.470 --> 00:18:43.480 align:start position:0% without serious examination nor is there 00:18:43.480 --> 00:18:45.570 align:start position:0% without serious examination nor is there any<00:18:43.630> basis<00:18:44.110> to<00:18:44.230> decide<00:18:44.559> in<00:18:44.740> advance<00:18:44.860> that<00:18:45.460> the 00:18:45.570 --> 00:18:45.580 align:start position:0% any basis to decide in advance that the 00:18:45.580 --> 00:18:48.060 align:start position:0% any basis to decide in advance that the risks<00:18:45.940> of<00:18:46.059> a<00:18:46.210> world<00:18:46.480> aware<00:18:47.110> of<00:18:47.320> geoengineering 00:18:48.060 --> 00:18:48.070 align:start position:0% risks of a world aware of geoengineering 00:18:48.070 --> 00:18:50.039 align:start position:0% risks of a world aware of geoengineering are<00:18:48.309> worse<00:18:48.880> than<00:18:49.090> those<00:18:49.299> of<00:18:49.480> a<00:18:49.539> world<00:18:49.720> with 00:18:50.039 --> 00:18:50.049 align:start position:0% are worse than those of a world with 00:18:50.049 --> 00:18:51.960 align:start position:0% are worse than those of a world with severe<00:18:50.470> climate<00:18:50.799> change<00:18:51.190> and<00:18:51.429> no<00:18:51.700> means 00:18:51.960 --> 00:18:51.970 align:start position:0% severe climate change and no means 00:18:51.970 --> 00:18:54.899 align:start position:0% severe climate change and no means available<00:18:52.270> to<00:18:52.659> limit<00:18:52.929> it<00:18:53.020> in<00:18:53.169> time<00:18:53.700> just<00:18:54.700> as 00:18:54.899 --> 00:18:54.909 align:start position:0% available to limit it in time just as 00:18:54.909 --> 00:18:57.180 align:start position:0% available to limit it in time just as other<00:18:55.150> technologies<00:18:55.900> that<00:18:56.350> carry<00:18:56.620> risks<00:18:57.070> as 00:18:57.180 --> 00:18:57.190 align:start position:0% other technologies that carry risks as 00:18:57.190 --> 00:18:59.630 align:start position:0% other technologies that carry risks as well<00:18:57.220> as<00:18:57.370> benefits<00:18:57.940> are<00:18:58.090> not<00:18:58.390> crazy 00:18:59.630 --> 00:18:59.640 align:start position:0% well as benefits are not crazy 00:18:59.640 --> 00:19:01.620 align:start position:0% well as benefits are not crazy chemotherapy<00:19:00.640> for<00:19:00.789> cancer<00:19:00.850> treatments 00:19:01.620 --> 00:19:01.630 align:start position:0% chemotherapy for cancer treatments 00:19:01.630 --> 00:19:04.259 align:start position:0% chemotherapy for cancer treatments vaccines<00:19:02.470> for<00:19:02.740> infectious<00:19:03.220> diseases 00:19:04.259 --> 00:19:04.269 align:start position:0% vaccines for infectious diseases 00:19:04.269 --> 00:19:07.349 align:start position:0% vaccines for infectious diseases geoengineering<00:19:04.959> is<00:19:05.259> not<00:19:05.589> crazy<00:19:06.239> treating<00:19:07.239> it 00:19:07.349 --> 00:19:07.359 align:start position:0% geoengineering is not crazy treating it 00:19:07.359 --> 00:19:09.930 align:start position:0% geoengineering is not crazy treating it as<00:19:07.479> crazy<00:19:07.869> is<00:19:08.200> blocking<00:19:08.919> needed<00:19:09.309> research<00:19:09.669> and 00:19:09.930 --> 00:19:09.940 align:start position:0% as crazy is blocking needed research and 00:19:09.940 --> 00:19:12.029 align:start position:0% as crazy is blocking needed research and blocking<00:19:10.419> policy<00:19:10.899> dialogue<00:19:11.349> on<00:19:11.559> how<00:19:11.709> to<00:19:11.769> use 00:19:12.029 --> 00:19:12.039 align:start position:0% blocking policy dialogue on how to use 00:19:12.039 --> 00:19:12.749 align:start position:0% blocking policy dialogue on how to use it<00:19:12.070> safely 00:19:12.749 --> 00:19:12.759 align:start position:0% it safely 00:19:12.759 --> 00:19:15.629 align:start position:0% it safely the<00:19:13.330> resolution<00:19:13.929> is<00:19:14.049> dangerous<00:19:14.769> please<00:19:15.279> vote 00:19:15.629 --> 00:19:15.639 align:start position:0% the resolution is dangerous please vote 00:19:15.639 --> 00:19:21.239 align:start position:0% the resolution is dangerous please vote no<00:19:15.909> thank<00:19:18.029> you<00:19:19.029> ted<00:19:19.209> carson<00:19:19.659> and<00:19:19.899> a<00:19:20.889> reminder 00:19:21.239 --> 00:19:21.249 align:start position:0% no thank you ted carson and a reminder 00:19:21.249 --> 00:19:22.529 align:start position:0% no thank you ted carson and a reminder of<00:19:21.459> what's<00:19:21.609> going<00:19:21.789> on<00:19:21.999> we<00:19:22.209> are<00:19:22.239> halfway 00:19:22.529 --> 00:19:22.539 align:start position:0% of what's going on we are halfway 00:19:22.539 --> 00:19:23.999 align:start position:0% of what's going on we are halfway through<00:19:22.719> the<00:19:23.139> opening<00:19:23.499> round<00:19:23.679> of<00:19:23.859> this 00:19:23.999 --> 00:19:24.009 align:start position:0% through the opening round of this 00:19:24.009 --> 00:19:25.829 align:start position:0% through the opening round of this intelligence<00:19:24.279> squared<00:19:24.700> us<00:19:25.029> debate<00:19:25.330> I'm<00:19:25.509> John 00:19:25.829 --> 00:19:25.839 align:start position:0% intelligence squared us debate I'm John 00:19:25.839 --> 00:19:27.779 align:start position:0% intelligence squared us debate I'm John Donvan<00:19:26.109> we<00:19:26.499> have<00:19:26.649> four<00:19:26.889> debaters<00:19:27.309> two<00:19:27.549> teams 00:19:27.779 --> 00:19:27.789 align:start position:0% Donvan we have four debaters two teams 00:19:27.789 --> 00:19:29.839 align:start position:0% Donvan we have four debaters two teams of<00:19:27.969> two<00:19:28.149> arguing<00:19:29.080> out<00:19:29.229> this<00:19:29.469> resolution 00:19:29.839 --> 00:19:29.849 align:start position:0% of two arguing out this resolution 00:19:29.849 --> 00:19:32.339 align:start position:0% of two arguing out this resolution engineering<00:19:30.849> solar<00:19:31.119> radiation<00:19:31.719> is<00:19:31.839> a<00:19:31.959> crazy 00:19:32.339 --> 00:19:32.349 align:start position:0% engineering solar radiation is a crazy 00:19:32.349 --> 00:19:34.949 align:start position:0% engineering solar radiation is a crazy idea<00:19:32.649> you've<00:19:33.519> heard<00:19:33.849> the<00:19:34.119> first<00:19:34.299> two<00:19:34.539> opening 00:19:34.949 --> 00:19:34.959 align:start position:0% idea you've heard the first two opening 00:19:34.959 --> 00:19:36.259 align:start position:0% idea you've heard the first two opening statements<00:19:35.379> on<00:19:35.499> now<00:19:35.649> onto<00:19:36.070> the<00:19:36.190> third 00:19:36.259 --> 00:19:36.269 align:start position:0% statements on now onto the third 00:19:36.269 --> 00:19:38.249 align:start position:0% statements on now onto the third debating<00:19:37.269> for<00:19:37.299> the<00:19:37.659> resolution<00:19:38.229> that 00:19:38.249 --> 00:19:38.259 align:start position:0% debating for the resolution that 00:19:38.259 --> 00:19:40.379 align:start position:0% debating for the resolution that engineering<00:19:39.070> solar<00:19:39.309> radiation<00:19:39.969> is<00:19:40.029> a<00:19:40.149> crazy 00:19:40.379 --> 00:19:40.389 align:start position:0% engineering solar radiation is a crazy 00:19:40.389 --> 00:19:42.659 align:start position:0% engineering solar radiation is a crazy idea<00:19:40.539> clive<00:19:41.289> hamilton<00:19:41.799> author<00:19:42.190> of<00:19:42.489> earth 00:19:42.659 --> 00:19:42.669 align:start position:0% idea clive hamilton author of earth 00:19:42.669 --> 00:19:44.789 align:start position:0% idea clive hamilton author of earth masters<00:19:43.179> the<00:19:43.450> dawn<00:19:43.629> of<00:19:43.659> the<00:19:44.049> age<00:19:44.079> of<00:19:44.529> climate 00:19:44.789 --> 00:19:44.799 align:start position:0% masters the dawn of the age of climate 00:19:44.799 --> 00:19:46.709 align:start position:0% masters the dawn of the age of climate engineering<00:19:45.279> ladies<00:19:45.999> and<00:19:46.119> gentlemen<00:19:46.450> clive 00:19:46.709 --> 00:19:46.719 align:start position:0% engineering ladies and gentlemen clive 00:19:46.719 --> 00:19:55.169 align:start position:0% engineering ladies and gentlemen clive hamilton<00:19:52.619> the<00:19:53.619> solar<00:19:53.889> geoengineering<00:19:54.729> of<00:19:54.940> the 00:19:55.169 --> 00:19:55.179 align:start position:0% hamilton the solar geoengineering of the 00:19:55.179 --> 00:19:58.229 align:start position:0% hamilton the solar geoengineering of the kind<00:19:55.479> that<00:19:55.659> our<00:19:55.809> opponents<00:19:56.679> are<00:19:57.239> advocating 00:19:58.229 --> 00:19:58.239 align:start position:0% kind that our opponents are advocating 00:19:58.239 --> 00:20:01.589 align:start position:0% kind that our opponents are advocating means<00:19:58.929> handing<00:19:59.529> to<00:19:59.739> someone<00:20:00.249> the<00:20:00.879> power<00:20:01.149> to 00:20:01.589 --> 00:20:01.599 align:start position:0% means handing to someone the power to 00:20:01.599 --> 00:20:03.599 align:start position:0% means handing to someone the power to regulate<00:20:01.959> the<00:20:02.139> amount<00:20:02.440> of<00:20:02.859> sunlight<00:20:03.190> reaching 00:20:03.599 --> 00:20:03.609 align:start position:0% regulate the amount of sunlight reaching 00:20:03.609 --> 00:20:07.109 align:start position:0% regulate the amount of sunlight reaching the<00:20:04.119> earth<00:20:04.269> and<00:20:04.690> so<00:20:05.440> the<00:20:06.039> climate<00:20:06.309> system<00:20:06.669> of 00:20:07.109 --> 00:20:07.119 align:start position:0% the earth and so the climate system of 00:20:07.119 --> 00:20:11.479 align:start position:0% the earth and so the climate system of the<00:20:07.419> planet<00:20:07.809> on<00:20:08.349> our<00:20:08.889> side<00:20:09.249> we<00:20:10.119> want<00:20:10.450> to<00:20:10.629> know 00:20:11.479 --> 00:20:11.489 align:start position:0% the planet on our side we want to know 00:20:11.489 --> 00:20:14.959 align:start position:0% the planet on our side we want to know what<00:20:12.489> level<00:20:13.059> of<00:20:13.149> political<00:20:13.509> maturity<00:20:13.989> and 00:20:14.959 --> 00:20:14.969 align:start position:0% what level of political maturity and 00:20:14.969 --> 00:20:18.629 align:start position:0% what level of political maturity and ethical<00:20:15.969> sophistication<00:20:16.899> is<00:20:17.079> necessary<00:20:17.769> to 00:20:18.629 --> 00:20:18.639 align:start position:0% ethical sophistication is necessary to 00:20:18.639 --> 00:20:21.599 align:start position:0% ethical sophistication is necessary to use<00:20:18.909> for<00:20:19.479> anyone<00:20:19.779> who<00:20:20.349> has<00:20:20.559> that<00:20:20.799> power<00:20:21.099> to<00:20:21.159> use 00:20:21.599 --> 00:20:21.609 align:start position:0% use for anyone who has that power to use 00:20:21.609 --> 00:20:25.109 align:start position:0% use for anyone who has that power to use it<00:20:21.820> safely<00:20:22.629> and<00:20:22.929> since<00:20:23.769> solid<00:20:24.429> geoengineering 00:20:25.109 --> 00:20:25.119 align:start position:0% it safely and since solid geoengineering 00:20:25.119 --> 00:20:27.509 align:start position:0% it safely and since solid geoengineering will<00:20:25.479> affect<00:20:25.839> people<00:20:26.829> around<00:20:26.919> the<00:20:27.190> world<00:20:27.339> in 00:20:27.509 --> 00:20:27.519 align:start position:0% will affect people around the world in 00:20:27.519 --> 00:20:29.969 align:start position:0% will affect people around the world in different<00:20:27.549> ways<00:20:28.059> we<00:20:28.929> want<00:20:29.200> to<00:20:29.349> know<00:20:29.529> whether 00:20:29.969 --> 00:20:29.979 align:start position:0% different ways we want to know whether 00:20:29.979 --> 00:20:33.799 align:start position:0% different ways we want to know whether it<00:20:30.369> can<00:20:30.669> be<00:20:30.729> used<00:20:30.909> in<00:20:31.479> in<00:20:32.139> a<00:20:32.259> way<00:20:32.440> that's<00:20:32.859> fair 00:20:33.799 --> 00:20:33.809 align:start position:0% it can be used in in a way that's fair 00:20:33.809 --> 00:20:36.089 align:start position:0% it can be used in in a way that's fair so<00:20:34.809> we're<00:20:34.989> here<00:20:35.169> tonight<00:20:35.349> debating 00:20:36.089 --> 00:20:36.099 align:start position:0% so we're here tonight debating 00:20:36.099 --> 00:20:39.229 align:start position:0% so we're here tonight debating geoengineering<00:20:36.909> because<00:20:37.839> the<00:20:38.169> big<00:20:38.379> carbon 00:20:39.229 --> 00:20:39.239 align:start position:0% geoengineering because the big carbon 00:20:39.239 --> 00:20:42.779 align:start position:0% geoengineering because the big carbon polluting<00:20:40.239> nations<00:20:40.719> of<00:20:41.469> the<00:20:41.679> world<00:20:41.859> are<00:20:42.190> so 00:20:42.779 --> 00:20:42.789 align:start position:0% polluting nations of the world are so 00:20:42.789 --> 00:20:46.199 align:start position:0% polluting nations of the world are so beset<00:20:43.749> by<00:20:44.070> political<00:20:45.070> social<00:20:45.729> and<00:20:45.940> ethical 00:20:46.199 --> 00:20:46.209 align:start position:0% beset by political social and ethical 00:20:46.209 --> 00:20:49.139 align:start position:0% beset by political social and ethical failings<00:20:47.049> that<00:20:47.320> they<00:20:47.919> have<00:20:48.190> shifted<00:20:48.459> the 00:20:49.139 --> 00:20:49.149 align:start position:0% failings that they have shifted the 00:20:49.149 --> 00:20:51.839 align:start position:0% failings that they have shifted the Earth's<00:20:49.179> climate<00:20:49.989> system<00:20:50.169> through<00:20:50.979> rapid 00:20:51.839 --> 00:20:51.849 align:start position:0% Earth's climate system through rapid 00:20:51.849 --> 00:20:54.089 align:start position:0% Earth's climate system through rapid increases<00:20:52.359> in<00:20:52.570> greenhouse<00:20:52.929> gas<00:20:53.440> emissions<00:20:53.919> to 00:20:54.089 --> 00:20:54.099 align:start position:0% increases in greenhouse gas emissions to 00:20:54.099 --> 00:20:58.889 align:start position:0% increases in greenhouse gas emissions to a<00:20:54.519> point<00:20:54.849> where<00:20:55.059> were<00:20:55.329> on<00:20:55.899> track<00:20:56.259> to<00:20:57.749> see<00:20:58.749> an 00:20:58.889 --> 00:20:58.899 align:start position:0% a point where were on track to see an 00:20:58.899 --> 00:21:02.219 align:start position:0% a point where were on track to see an unfolding<00:20:59.440> catastrophe<00:20:59.589> and<00:21:00.690> these<00:21:01.690> nations 00:21:02.219 --> 00:21:02.229 align:start position:0% unfolding catastrophe and these nations 00:21:02.229 --> 00:21:03.959 align:start position:0% unfolding catastrophe and these nations have<00:21:02.409> done<00:21:02.589> it<00:21:02.739> in<00:21:02.979> full<00:21:03.339> knowledge<00:21:03.549> of<00:21:03.879> the 00:21:03.959 --> 00:21:03.969 align:start position:0% have done it in full knowledge of the 00:21:03.969 --> 00:21:08.310 align:start position:0% have done it in full knowledge of the consequences<00:21:05.609> yes<00:21:06.639> solar<00:21:07.389> geoengineering 00:21:08.310 --> 00:21:08.320 align:start position:0% consequences yes solar geoengineering 00:21:08.320 --> 00:21:11.639 align:start position:0% consequences yes solar geoengineering may<00:21:08.529> well<00:21:08.799> be<00:21:09.009> able<00:21:09.159> to<00:21:09.399> reduce<00:21:09.820> for<00:21:10.809> a<00:21:10.899> time<00:21:11.139> to 00:21:11.639 --> 00:21:11.649 align:start position:0% may well be able to reduce for a time to 00:21:11.649 --> 00:21:14.489 align:start position:0% may well be able to reduce for a time to suppressor<00:21:12.129> I<00:21:12.369> should<00:21:12.700> say<00:21:12.940> the<00:21:13.929> rate<00:21:14.320> of 00:21:14.489 --> 00:21:14.499 align:start position:0% suppressor I should say the rate of 00:21:14.499 --> 00:21:17.880 align:start position:0% suppressor I should say the rate of warming<00:21:14.799> of<00:21:15.129> the<00:21:15.159> planet<00:21:15.789> but<00:21:16.629> its<00:21:16.809> side<00:21:17.109> steps 00:21:17.880 --> 00:21:17.890 align:start position:0% warming of the planet but its side steps 00:21:17.890 --> 00:21:19.710 align:start position:0% warming of the planet but its side steps the<00:21:18.160> political<00:21:18.790> social<00:21:19.150> and<00:21:19.510> ethical 00:21:19.710 --> 00:21:19.720 align:start position:0% the political social and ethical 00:21:19.720 --> 00:21:22.410 align:start position:0% the political social and ethical problems<00:21:20.410> it's<00:21:20.920> the<00:21:21.280> mother<00:21:21.549> of<00:21:21.790> all<00:21:21.910> techno 00:21:22.410 --> 00:21:22.420 align:start position:0% problems it's the mother of all techno 00:21:22.420 --> 00:21:26.250 align:start position:0% problems it's the mother of all techno fixes<00:21:23.400> the<00:21:24.400> same<00:21:24.730> political<00:21:25.390> institutions 00:21:26.250 --> 00:21:26.260 align:start position:0% fixes the same political institutions 00:21:26.260 --> 00:21:28.590 align:start position:0% fixes the same political institutions and<00:21:26.500> the<00:21:27.280> same<00:21:27.520> people<00:21:27.880> running<00:21:28.420> those 00:21:28.590 --> 00:21:28.600 align:start position:0% and the same people running those 00:21:28.600 --> 00:21:32.070 align:start position:0% and the same people running those institutions<00:21:29.500> who<00:21:29.980> have<00:21:30.160> so<00:21:30.490> mismanaged<00:21:31.450> the 00:21:32.070 --> 00:21:32.080 align:start position:0% institutions who have so mismanaged the 00:21:32.080 --> 00:21:33.539 align:start position:0% institutions who have so mismanaged the emissions<00:21:32.590> of<00:21:32.710> greenhouse<00:21:32.770> gas<00:21:33.520> emissions 00:21:33.539 --> 00:21:33.549 align:start position:0% emissions of greenhouse gas emissions 00:21:33.549 --> 00:21:37.080 align:start position:0% emissions of greenhouse gas emissions around<00:21:34.299> the<00:21:34.600> world<00:21:34.840> will<00:21:35.559> be<00:21:35.740> responsible<00:21:36.220> for 00:21:37.080 --> 00:21:37.090 align:start position:0% around the world will be responsible for 00:21:37.090 --> 00:21:39.900 align:start position:0% around the world will be responsible for deploying<00:21:37.330> the<00:21:38.140> Solar<00:21:38.470> shield<00:21:38.760> between<00:21:39.760> the 00:21:39.900 --> 00:21:39.910 align:start position:0% deploying the Solar shield between the 00:21:39.910 --> 00:21:44.520 align:start position:0% deploying the Solar shield between the Earth<00:21:40.030> and<00:21:40.299> the<00:21:40.390> Sun<00:21:41.520> who<00:21:42.520> would<00:21:42.760> you<00:21:43.030> trust<00:21:43.530> to 00:21:44.520 --> 00:21:44.530 align:start position:0% Earth and the Sun who would you trust to 00:21:44.530 --> 00:21:47.039 align:start position:0% Earth and the Sun who would you trust to have<00:21:44.740> their<00:21:44.980> hand<00:21:45.340> on<00:21:45.580> the<00:21:45.940> global<00:21:46.360> thermostat 00:21:47.039 --> 00:21:47.049 align:start position:0% have their hand on the global thermostat 00:21:47.049 --> 00:21:50.460 align:start position:0% have their hand on the global thermostat that<00:21:47.460> is<00:21:48.460> the<00:21:49.090> power<00:21:49.390> to<00:21:49.870> turn<00:21:50.110> the<00:21:50.290> earth's 00:21:50.460 --> 00:21:50.470 align:start position:0% that is the power to turn the earth's 00:21:50.470 --> 00:21:54.090 align:start position:0% that is the power to turn the earth's temperature<00:21:50.770> up<00:21:51.400> a<00:21:51.610> bit<00:21:51.820> down<00:21:52.570> a<00:21:52.600> bit<00:21:52.929> up<00:21:53.500> a<00:21:53.919> bit 00:21:54.090 --> 00:21:54.100 align:start position:0% temperature up a bit down a bit up a bit 00:21:54.100 --> 00:21:56.220 align:start position:0% temperature up a bit down a bit up a bit more<00:21:54.309> down<00:21:54.910> a<00:21:54.940> bit<00:21:55.179> more<00:21:55.450> to<00:21:55.630> change<00:21:55.960> the 00:21:56.220 --> 00:21:56.230 align:start position:0% more down a bit more to change the 00:21:56.230 --> 00:21:59.730 align:start position:0% more down a bit more to change the weather<00:21:56.410> in<00:21:57.220> ways<00:21:57.580> that<00:21:57.910> may<00:21:58.090> benefit<00:21:58.740> Chinese 00:21:59.730 --> 00:21:59.740 align:start position:0% weather in ways that may benefit Chinese 00:21:59.740 --> 00:22:02.480 align:start position:0% weather in ways that may benefit Chinese people<00:22:00.250> at<00:22:00.490> the<00:22:00.640> expense<00:22:00.760> of<00:22:01.360> Indian<00:22:01.780> people 00:22:02.480 --> 00:22:02.490 align:start position:0% people at the expense of Indian people 00:22:02.490 --> 00:22:05.930 align:start position:0% people at the expense of Indian people Americans<00:22:03.490> at<00:22:04.059> the<00:22:04.270> expense<00:22:04.299> of<00:22:04.809> Africans<00:22:05.500> who 00:22:05.930 --> 00:22:05.940 align:start position:0% Americans at the expense of Africans who 00:22:05.940 --> 00:22:08.640 align:start position:0% Americans at the expense of Africans who should<00:22:06.940> make<00:22:07.120> the<00:22:07.419> decision<00:22:07.510> should<00:22:08.500> the 00:22:08.640 --> 00:22:08.650 align:start position:0% should make the decision should the 00:22:08.650 --> 00:22:11.159 align:start position:0% should make the decision should the Kremlin<00:22:09.100> make<00:22:09.250> the<00:22:09.460> decision<00:22:10.020> should<00:22:11.020> the 00:22:11.159 --> 00:22:11.169 align:start position:0% Kremlin make the decision should the 00:22:11.169 --> 00:22:13.530 align:start position:0% Kremlin make the decision should the pelipper<00:22:11.740> of<00:22:12.160> the<00:22:12.280> Chinese<00:22:12.700> Communist<00:22:13.150> Party 00:22:13.530 --> 00:22:13.540 align:start position:0% pelipper of the Chinese Communist Party 00:22:13.540 --> 00:22:16.049 align:start position:0% pelipper of the Chinese Communist Party make<00:22:13.750> the<00:22:13.900> decision<00:22:14.380> should<00:22:15.370> Donald<00:22:15.790> Trump 00:22:16.049 --> 00:22:16.059 align:start position:0% make the decision should Donald Trump 00:22:16.059 --> 00:22:19.409 align:start position:0% make the decision should Donald Trump make<00:22:16.780> the<00:22:16.960> decision<00:22:17.470> could<00:22:18.460> we<00:22:18.640> expect<00:22:19.059> to<00:22:19.240> see 00:22:19.409 --> 00:22:19.419 align:start position:0% make the decision could we expect to see 00:22:19.419 --> 00:22:22.770 align:start position:0% make the decision could we expect to see a<00:22:19.600> tweet<00:22:19.929> one<00:22:20.799> morning<00:22:21.340> hey<00:22:22.000> this<00:22:22.330> heat<00:22:22.570> wave 00:22:22.770 --> 00:22:22.780 align:start position:0% a tweet one morning hey this heat wave 00:22:22.780 --> 00:22:24.810 align:start position:0% a tweet one morning hey this heat wave read<00:22:23.049> down<00:22:23.290> of<00:22:23.470> Merrill<00:22:23.860> Argo<00:22:24.220> is<00:22:24.400> getting<00:22:24.700> out 00:22:24.810 --> 00:22:24.820 align:start position:0% read down of Merrill Argo is getting out 00:22:24.820 --> 00:22:27.299 align:start position:0% read down of Merrill Argo is getting out of<00:22:24.970> control<00:22:25.059> so<00:22:25.720> I've<00:22:26.350> instructed<00:22:26.679> the<00:22:26.950> u.s. 00:22:27.299 --> 00:22:27.309 align:start position:0% of control so I've instructed the u.s. 00:22:27.309 --> 00:22:29.520 align:start position:0% of control so I've instructed the u.s. climate<00:22:27.820> Regulatory<00:22:28.390> Authority<00:22:28.900> to<00:22:29.169> turn<00:22:29.380> it 00:22:29.520 --> 00:22:29.530 align:start position:0% climate Regulatory Authority to turn it 00:22:29.530 --> 00:22:36.210 align:start position:0% climate Regulatory Authority to turn it down<00:22:29.850> turn<00:22:30.850> it<00:22:30.910> down<00:22:33.929> our<00:22:34.929> opponents<00:22:35.679> have<00:22:35.860> put 00:22:36.210 --> 00:22:36.220 align:start position:0% down turn it down our opponents have put 00:22:36.220 --> 00:22:38.580 align:start position:0% down turn it down our opponents have put a<00:22:36.250> great<00:22:36.520> deal<00:22:36.549> of<00:22:36.910> thought<00:22:37.150> into<00:22:37.870> countering 00:22:38.580 --> 00:22:38.590 align:start position:0% a great deal of thought into countering 00:22:38.590 --> 00:22:39.810 align:start position:0% a great deal of thought into countering those<00:22:38.770> who<00:22:38.980> argue<00:22:39.370> that<00:22:39.400> Solar 00:22:39.810 --> 00:22:39.820 align:start position:0% those who argue that Solar 00:22:39.820 --> 00:22:42.210 align:start position:0% those who argue that Solar geoengineering<00:22:40.630> would<00:22:41.220> unintentionally 00:22:42.210 --> 00:22:42.220 align:start position:0% geoengineering would unintentionally 00:22:42.220 --> 00:22:44.190 align:start position:0% geoengineering would unintentionally harm<00:22:42.490> some<00:22:42.880> nations<00:22:43.330> while<00:22:43.540> benefiting 00:22:44.190 --> 00:22:44.200 align:start position:0% harm some nations while benefiting 00:22:44.200 --> 00:22:47.130 align:start position:0% harm some nations while benefiting others<00:22:44.679> it's<00:22:45.580> been<00:22:45.820> suggested<00:22:46.000> by<00:22:46.840> some 00:22:47.130 --> 00:22:47.140 align:start position:0% others it's been suggested by some 00:22:47.140 --> 00:22:49.590 align:start position:0% others it's been suggested by some climate<00:22:47.620> models<00:22:47.950> that<00:22:48.010> it<00:22:48.190> could<00:22:48.370> disrupt<00:22:48.730> the 00:22:49.590 --> 00:22:49.600 align:start position:0% climate models that it could disrupt the 00:22:49.600 --> 00:22:53.640 align:start position:0% climate models that it could disrupt the Indian<00:22:50.140> monsoon<00:22:51.179> david<00:22:52.179> has<00:22:52.360> said<00:22:52.660> previously 00:22:53.640 --> 00:22:53.650 align:start position:0% Indian monsoon david has said previously 00:22:53.650 --> 00:22:55.919 align:start position:0% Indian monsoon david has said previously that<00:22:54.280> if<00:22:54.429> solar<00:22:54.700> geoengineering<00:22:55.540> is<00:22:55.690> done 00:22:55.919 --> 00:22:55.929 align:start position:0% that if solar geoengineering is done 00:22:55.929 --> 00:22:57.600 align:start position:0% that if solar geoengineering is done carefully<00:22:56.260> enough 00:22:57.600 --> 00:22:57.610 align:start position:0% carefully enough 00:22:57.610 --> 00:23:00.030 align:start position:0% carefully enough these<00:22:58.000> unintentional<00:22:58.990> harms<00:22:59.380> can<00:22:59.620> be<00:22:59.770> avoided 00:23:00.030 --> 00:23:00.040 align:start position:0% these unintentional harms can be avoided 00:23:00.040 --> 00:23:02.669 align:start position:0% these unintentional harms can be avoided but<00:23:00.880> we<00:23:01.059> on<00:23:01.240> our<00:23:01.270> side<00:23:01.480> we're<00:23:02.080> concerned<00:23:02.530> about 00:23:02.669 --> 00:23:02.679 align:start position:0% but we on our side we're concerned about 00:23:02.679 --> 00:23:05.940 align:start position:0% but we on our side we're concerned about the<00:23:02.860> intentional<00:23:03.610> harms<00:23:04.260> that<00:23:05.260> is<00:23:05.470> when<00:23:05.740> those 00:23:05.940 --> 00:23:05.950 align:start position:0% the intentional harms that is when those 00:23:05.950 --> 00:23:08.010 align:start position:0% the intentional harms that is when those who<00:23:06.160> have<00:23:06.400> their<00:23:06.610> hand<00:23:06.910> on<00:23:07.059> the<00:23:07.570> global 00:23:08.010 --> 00:23:08.020 align:start position:0% who have their hand on the global 00:23:08.020 --> 00:23:11.159 align:start position:0% who have their hand on the global thermostat<00:23:08.650> use<00:23:09.370> it<00:23:09.640> to<00:23:10.150> deliberately<00:23:10.600> damage 00:23:11.159 --> 00:23:11.169 align:start position:0% thermostat use it to deliberately damage 00:23:11.169 --> 00:23:14.039 align:start position:0% thermostat use it to deliberately damage their<00:23:11.410> other<00:23:11.620> adversaries<00:23:12.600> after<00:23:13.600> all<00:23:13.720> the 00:23:14.039 --> 00:23:14.049 align:start position:0% their other adversaries after all the 00:23:14.049 --> 00:23:16.560 align:start position:0% their other adversaries after all the generals<00:23:14.559> have<00:23:14.740> always<00:23:15.299> dreamed<00:23:16.299> of 00:23:16.560 --> 00:23:16.570 align:start position:0% generals have always dreamed of 00:23:16.570 --> 00:23:18.690 align:start position:0% generals have always dreamed of controlling<00:23:17.140> the<00:23:17.410> weather<00:23:17.590> it<00:23:18.040> gives<00:23:18.520> a 00:23:18.690 --> 00:23:18.700 align:start position:0% controlling the weather it gives a 00:23:18.700 --> 00:23:22.289 align:start position:0% controlling the weather it gives a decisive<00:23:19.330> military<00:23:19.570> advantage<00:23:21.000> it's<00:23:22.000> not 00:23:22.289 --> 00:23:22.299 align:start position:0% decisive military advantage it's not 00:23:22.299 --> 00:23:24.830 align:start position:0% decisive military advantage it's not what's<00:23:22.570> known<00:23:22.809> as<00:23:22.990> a<00:23:23.020> force<00:23:23.350> multiplier<00:23:23.760> any 00:23:24.830 --> 00:23:24.840 align:start position:0% what's known as a force multiplier any 00:23:24.840 --> 00:23:27.930 align:start position:0% what's known as a force multiplier any program<00:23:25.840> of<00:23:26.050> solar<00:23:26.440> geoengineering<00:23:27.340> will<00:23:27.790> in 00:23:27.930 --> 00:23:27.940 align:start position:0% program of solar geoengineering will in 00:23:27.940 --> 00:23:30.480 align:start position:0% program of solar geoengineering will in ever<00:23:28.120> inevitably<00:23:29.080> involve<00:23:29.559> the<00:23:29.950> military 00:23:30.480 --> 00:23:30.490 align:start position:0% ever inevitably involve the military 00:23:30.490 --> 00:23:31.760 align:start position:0% ever inevitably involve the military it's<00:23:31.059> just 00:23:31.760 --> 00:23:31.770 align:start position:0% it's just 00:23:31.770 --> 00:23:35.990 align:start position:0% it's just big<00:23:32.100> issue<00:23:32.280> and<00:23:32.990> so<00:23:33.990> the<00:23:34.320> landmark<00:23:35.000> 2014 00:23:35.990 --> 00:23:36.000 align:start position:0% big issue and so the landmark 2014 00:23:36.000 --> 00:23:39.140 align:start position:0% big issue and so the landmark 2014 report<00:23:36.450> on<00:23:36.660> solar<00:23:36.930> geoengineering<00:23:37.830> by<00:23:38.520> the<00:23:38.580> US 00:23:39.140 --> 00:23:39.150 align:start position:0% report on solar geoengineering by the US 00:23:39.150 --> 00:23:41.990 align:start position:0% report on solar geoengineering by the US National<00:23:39.660> Research<00:23:40.320> Council<00:23:41.010> was<00:23:41.550> partly 00:23:41.990 --> 00:23:42.000 align:start position:0% National Research Council was partly 00:23:42.000 --> 00:23:45.920 align:start position:0% National Research Council was partly funded<00:23:42.210> by<00:23:42.540> the<00:23:42.600> CIA<00:23:43.460> the<00:23:44.460> CIA<00:23:44.700> wanted<00:23:45.570> to<00:23:45.750> know 00:23:45.920 --> 00:23:45.930 align:start position:0% funded by the CIA the CIA wanted to know 00:23:45.930 --> 00:23:51.170 align:start position:0% funded by the CIA the CIA wanted to know if<00:23:47.510> America's<00:23:48.510> adversaries<00:23:49.070> could<00:23:50.070> use<00:23:50.520> solar 00:23:51.170 --> 00:23:51.180 align:start position:0% if America's adversaries could use solar 00:23:51.180 --> 00:23:54.200 align:start position:0% if America's adversaries could use solar geoengineering<00:23:52.140> to<00:23:52.890> damage<00:23:53.520> the<00:23:53.700> interests 00:23:54.200 --> 00:23:54.210 align:start position:0% geoengineering to damage the interests 00:23:54.210 --> 00:23:56.750 align:start position:0% geoengineering to damage the interests of<00:23:54.330> the<00:23:54.690> United<00:23:55.110> States<00:23:55.190> the<00:23:56.190> militaries 00:23:56.750 --> 00:23:56.760 align:start position:0% of the United States the militaries 00:23:56.760 --> 00:23:58.490 align:start position:0% of the United States the militaries around<00:23:56.790> the<00:23:57.300> world<00:23:57.540> as<00:23:57.810> well<00:23:58.200> as<00:23:58.350> the 00:23:58.490 --> 00:23:58.500 align:start position:0% around the world as well as the 00:23:58.500 --> 00:24:00.680 align:start position:0% around the world as well as the intelligence<00:23:59.070> agencies<00:23:59.580> are<00:23:59.820> watching<00:24:00.540> this 00:24:00.680 --> 00:24:00.690 align:start position:0% intelligence agencies are watching this 00:24:00.690 --> 00:24:03.890 align:start position:0% intelligence agencies are watching this debate<00:24:01.310> because<00:24:02.310> they're<00:24:02.520> anxious<00:24:03.030> about<00:24:03.210> the 00:24:03.890 --> 00:24:03.900 align:start position:0% debate because they're anxious about the 00:24:03.900 --> 00:24:06.410 align:start position:0% debate because they're anxious about the strategic<00:24:04.500> implications<00:24:04.800> of<00:24:05.520> putting<00:24:06.360> a 00:24:06.410 --> 00:24:06.420 align:start position:0% strategic implications of putting a 00:24:06.420 --> 00:24:11.270 align:start position:0% strategic implications of putting a shield<00:24:06.780> between<00:24:07.620> the<00:24:07.950> Sun<00:24:08.190> and<00:24:08.400> the<00:24:09.330> earth<00:24:10.280> now 00:24:11.270 --> 00:24:11.280 align:start position:0% shield between the Sun and the earth now 00:24:11.280 --> 00:24:13.310 align:start position:0% shield between the Sun and the earth now those<00:24:11.460> in<00:24:11.490> charge<00:24:11.940> of<00:24:12.210> climate<00:24:12.660> regulation 00:24:13.310 --> 00:24:13.320 align:start position:0% those in charge of climate regulation 00:24:13.320 --> 00:24:15.380 align:start position:0% those in charge of climate regulation through<00:24:13.560> sulfate<00:24:14.250> aerosol<00:24:14.730> spraying<00:24:15.150> for 00:24:15.380 --> 00:24:15.390 align:start position:0% through sulfate aerosol spraying for 00:24:15.390 --> 00:24:17.660 align:start position:0% through sulfate aerosol spraying for example<00:24:15.900> would<00:24:16.650> be<00:24:16.680> twiddling<00:24:17.100> with<00:24:17.460> the 00:24:17.660 --> 00:24:17.670 align:start position:0% example would be twiddling with the 00:24:17.670 --> 00:24:20.960 align:start position:0% example would be twiddling with the knobs<00:24:17.910> on<00:24:18.300> a<00:24:18.360> weekly<00:24:19.080> or<00:24:19.110> monthly<00:24:19.290> basis<00:24:20.190> how 00:24:20.960 --> 00:24:20.970 align:start position:0% knobs on a weekly or monthly basis how 00:24:20.970 --> 00:24:23.510 align:start position:0% knobs on a weekly or monthly basis how much<00:24:21.210> should<00:24:21.510> be<00:24:21.540> sprayed<00:24:21.990> how<00:24:22.920> frequently 00:24:23.510 --> 00:24:23.520 align:start position:0% much should be sprayed how frequently 00:24:23.520 --> 00:24:26.120 align:start position:0% much should be sprayed how frequently should<00:24:23.670> it<00:24:23.970> be<00:24:24.120> done<00:24:24.360> where<00:24:25.110> on<00:24:25.350> earth<00:24:25.530> should 00:24:26.120 --> 00:24:26.130 align:start position:0% should it be done where on earth should 00:24:26.130 --> 00:24:28.580 align:start position:0% should it be done where on earth should the<00:24:26.280> planes<00:24:26.550> be<00:24:26.850> sent<00:24:27.150> to<00:24:27.360> spray<00:24:27.690> the<00:24:27.900> sulfates 00:24:28.580 --> 00:24:28.590 align:start position:0% the planes be sent to spray the sulfates 00:24:28.590 --> 00:24:30.560 align:start position:0% the planes be sent to spray the sulfates into<00:24:28.950> the<00:24:29.070> upper<00:24:29.820> atmosphere 00:24:30.560 --> 00:24:30.570 align:start position:0% into the upper atmosphere 00:24:30.570 --> 00:24:33.460 align:start position:0% into the upper atmosphere what<00:24:31.080> kind<00:24:31.380> of<00:24:31.500> particles<00:24:32.100> should<00:24:32.910> we<00:24:33.090> use 00:24:33.460 --> 00:24:33.470 align:start position:0% what kind of particles should we use 00:24:33.470 --> 00:24:36.680 align:start position:0% what kind of particles should we use each<00:24:34.470> decision<00:24:35.280> will<00:24:35.850> change<00:24:36.210> the<00:24:36.510> weather 00:24:36.680 --> 00:24:36.690 align:start position:0% each decision will change the weather 00:24:36.690 --> 00:24:39.020 align:start position:0% each decision will change the weather conditions<00:24:37.380> of<00:24:37.530> some<00:24:38.160> people<00:24:38.580> more<00:24:38.970> than 00:24:39.020 --> 00:24:39.030 align:start position:0% conditions of some people more than 00:24:39.030 --> 00:24:41.900 align:start position:0% conditions of some people more than others<00:24:39.300> in<00:24:39.750> different<00:24:39.990> ways<00:24:40.550> who<00:24:41.550> would<00:24:41.760> you 00:24:41.900 --> 00:24:41.910 align:start position:0% others in different ways who would you 00:24:41.910 --> 00:24:45.200 align:start position:0% others in different ways who would you trust<00:24:42.120> to<00:24:42.480> have<00:24:42.660> such<00:24:42.960> power<00:24:43.520> our<00:24:44.520> opponents 00:24:45.200 --> 00:24:45.210 align:start position:0% trust to have such power our opponents 00:24:45.210 --> 00:24:47.510 align:start position:0% trust to have such power our opponents believe<00:24:45.500> that<00:24:46.500> it<00:24:46.800> will<00:24:46.950> be<00:24:47.070> done<00:24:47.280> on<00:24:47.430> the 00:24:47.510 --> 00:24:47.520 align:start position:0% believe that it will be done on the 00:24:47.520 --> 00:24:50.150 align:start position:0% believe that it will be done on the advice<00:24:47.850> of<00:24:47.880> a<00:24:48.180> cohort<00:24:48.630> of<00:24:48.900> clever<00:24:49.290> rational 00:24:50.150 --> 00:24:50.160 align:start position:0% advice of a cohort of clever rational 00:24:50.160 --> 00:24:52.670 align:start position:0% advice of a cohort of clever rational scientists<00:24:50.940> but<00:24:51.720> that's<00:24:51.930> not<00:24:52.140> how<00:24:52.320> the<00:24:52.350> world 00:24:52.670 --> 00:24:52.680 align:start position:0% scientists but that's not how the world 00:24:52.680 --> 00:24:56.270 align:start position:0% scientists but that's not how the world works<00:24:52.980> and<00:24:53.340> even<00:24:54.210> if<00:24:54.510> it<00:24:54.630> did<00:24:54.900> we<00:24:55.710> may<00:24:55.890> not<00:24:56.070> get 00:24:56.270 --> 00:24:56.280 align:start position:0% works and even if it did we may not get 00:24:56.280 --> 00:24:59.570 align:start position:0% works and even if it did we may not get a<00:24:56.490> professor<00:24:57.120> Keith<00:24:57.330> in<00:24:57.690> charge<00:24:58.110> we<00:24:58.860> may<00:24:59.070> get<00:24:59.340> a 00:24:59.570 --> 00:24:59.580 align:start position:0% a professor Keith in charge we may get a 00:24:59.580 --> 00:25:03.650 align:start position:0% a professor Keith in charge we may get a dr.<00:25:00.150> Strangelove<00:25:01.430> after<00:25:02.430> all<00:25:02.610> one<00:25:03.420> of<00:25:03.450> the 00:25:03.650 --> 00:25:03.660 align:start position:0% dr. Strangelove after all one of the 00:25:03.660 --> 00:25:05.690 align:start position:0% dr. Strangelove after all one of the earliest<00:25:04.080> and<00:25:04.410> strongest<00:25:04.980> advocates<00:25:05.520> of 00:25:05.690 --> 00:25:05.700 align:start position:0% earliest and strongest advocates of 00:25:05.700 --> 00:25:07.610 align:start position:0% earliest and strongest advocates of sulfate<00:25:06.150> aerosol<00:25:06.600> spraying<00:25:06.990> was<00:25:07.200> Edward 00:25:07.610 --> 00:25:07.620 align:start position:0% sulfate aerosol spraying was Edward 00:25:07.620 --> 00:25:09.740 align:start position:0% sulfate aerosol spraying was Edward Teller<00:25:07.920> the<00:25:08.220> father<00:25:08.820> of<00:25:08.970> the<00:25:09.180> hydrogen<00:25:09.720> bomb 00:25:09.740 --> 00:25:09.750 align:start position:0% Teller the father of the hydrogen bomb 00:25:09.750 --> 00:25:12.710 align:start position:0% Teller the father of the hydrogen bomb and<00:25:10.320> the<00:25:11.100> real-life<00:25:11.310> model<00:25:11.970> incidentally<00:25:12.510> for 00:25:12.710 --> 00:25:12.720 align:start position:0% and the real-life model incidentally for 00:25:12.720 --> 00:25:15.440 align:start position:0% and the real-life model incidentally for dr.<00:25:13.140> Strangelove<00:25:13.710> he<00:25:14.400> wanted<00:25:14.760> to<00:25:14.850> use<00:25:15.060> nukes 00:25:15.440 --> 00:25:15.450 align:start position:0% dr. Strangelove he wanted to use nukes 00:25:15.450 --> 00:25:17.360 align:start position:0% dr. Strangelove he wanted to use nukes to<00:25:15.630> flatten<00:25:16.110> mountains<00:25:16.620> and<00:25:16.890> carve<00:25:17.130> out<00:25:17.340> new 00:25:17.360 --> 00:25:17.370 align:start position:0% to flatten mountains and carve out new 00:25:17.370 --> 00:25:20.630 align:start position:0% to flatten mountains and carve out new harbors<00:25:18.090> tell<00:25:18.960> a<00:25:18.990> celebrated<00:25:19.860> man's<00:25:20.190> mastery 00:25:20.630 --> 00:25:20.640 align:start position:0% harbors tell a celebrated man's mastery 00:25:20.640 --> 00:25:23.390 align:start position:0% harbors tell a celebrated man's mastery over<00:25:20.970> nature<00:25:21.440> his<00:25:22.440> protege<00:25:23.130> and<00:25:23.340> the 00:25:23.390 --> 00:25:23.400 align:start position:0% over nature his protege and the 00:25:23.400 --> 00:25:25.850 align:start position:0% over nature his protege and the co-author<00:25:23.610> of<00:25:24.030> his<00:25:24.270> paper<00:25:24.540> advocating<00:25:25.410> solid 00:25:25.850 --> 00:25:25.860 align:start position:0% co-author of his paper advocating solid 00:25:25.860 --> 00:25:28.700 align:start position:0% co-author of his paper advocating solid geoengineering<00:25:26.810> Pentagon<00:25:27.810> weaponeer<00:25:28.320> Lowell 00:25:28.700 --> 00:25:28.710 align:start position:0% geoengineering Pentagon weaponeer Lowell 00:25:28.710 --> 00:25:31.640 align:start position:0% geoengineering Pentagon weaponeer Lowell would<00:25:28.980> he<00:25:29.730> said<00:25:30.090> we've<00:25:30.570> engineered<00:25:30.870> every 00:25:31.640 --> 00:25:31.650 align:start position:0% would he said we've engineered every 00:25:31.650 --> 00:25:33.230 align:start position:0% would he said we've engineered every other<00:25:31.830> environment<00:25:32.700> we<00:25:32.820> live<00:25:33.000> in 00:25:33.230 --> 00:25:33.240 align:start position:0% other environment we live in 00:25:33.240 --> 00:25:38.000 align:start position:0% other environment we live in why<00:25:34.230> not<00:25:34.470> the<00:25:34.620> planet<00:25:35.960> some<00:25:36.960> advocates<00:25:37.560> say 00:25:38.000 --> 00:25:38.010 align:start position:0% why not the planet some advocates say 00:25:38.010 --> 00:25:39.740 align:start position:0% why not the planet some advocates say there's<00:25:38.250> nothing<00:25:38.580> wrong<00:25:38.880> with<00:25:38.940> in<00:25:39.420> the 00:25:39.740 --> 00:25:39.750 align:start position:0% there's nothing wrong with in the 00:25:39.750 --> 00:25:42.020 align:start position:0% there's nothing wrong with in the nothing<00:25:40.290> inherently<00:25:40.710> desirable<00:25:41.520> about<00:25:41.790> the 00:25:42.020 --> 00:25:42.030 align:start position:0% nothing inherently desirable about the 00:25:42.030 --> 00:25:44.570 align:start position:0% nothing inherently desirable about the climate<00:25:42.780> that<00:25:42.810> Nature<00:25:43.380> gave<00:25:43.590> us<00:25:43.650> and<00:25:44.070> we've 00:25:44.570 --> 00:25:44.580 align:start position:0% climate that Nature gave us and we've 00:25:44.580 --> 00:25:45.620 align:start position:0% climate that Nature gave us and we've now<00:25:44.790> got<00:25:44.820> these 00:25:45.620 --> 00:25:45.630 align:start position:0% now got these 00:25:45.630 --> 00:25:48.080 align:start position:0% now got these writing<00:25:45.870> new<00:25:46.080> tools<00:25:46.410> to<00:25:47.250> set<00:25:47.430> the<00:25:47.580> climate<00:25:47.970> of 00:25:48.080 --> 00:25:48.090 align:start position:0% writing new tools to set the climate of 00:25:48.090 --> 00:25:50.900 align:start position:0% writing new tools to set the climate of the<00:25:48.180> earth<00:25:48.210> wherever<00:25:48.900> we<00:25:49.320> choose<00:25:49.760> so<00:25:50.760> the 00:25:50.900 --> 00:25:50.910 align:start position:0% the earth wherever we choose so the 00:25:50.910 --> 00:25:52.880 align:start position:0% the earth wherever we choose so the great<00:25:51.150> Promethean<00:25:51.930> dream<00:25:52.290> of<00:25:52.500> human 00:25:52.880 --> 00:25:52.890 align:start position:0% great Promethean dream of human 00:25:52.890 --> 00:25:55.370 align:start position:0% great Promethean dream of human domination<00:25:53.310> over<00:25:53.610> nature<00:25:54.180> could<00:25:54.840> be<00:25:54.960> realized 00:25:55.370 --> 00:25:55.380 align:start position:0% domination over nature could be realized 00:25:55.380 --> 00:25:58.970 align:start position:0% domination over nature could be realized with<00:25:56.250> solar<00:25:56.550> geoengineering<00:25:57.530> until<00:25:58.530> that<00:25:58.740> is 00:25:58.970 --> 00:25:58.980 align:start position:0% with solar geoengineering until that is 00:25:58.980 --> 00:26:03.020 align:start position:0% with solar geoengineering until that is nature<00:25:59.850> starts<00:26:00.240> to<00:26:00.390> fight<00:26:00.600> back<00:26:01.610> so<00:26:02.610> tonight 00:26:03.020 --> 00:26:03.030 align:start position:0% nature starts to fight back so tonight 00:26:03.030 --> 00:26:06.590 align:start position:0% nature starts to fight back so tonight to<00:26:03.360> finish<00:26:03.720> the<00:26:04.230> decision<00:26:04.710> is<00:26:04.890> yours<00:26:05.600> all 00:26:06.590 --> 00:26:06.600 align:start position:0% to finish the decision is yours all 00:26:06.600 --> 00:26:07.820 align:start position:0% to finish the decision is yours all things<00:26:07.080> considered 00:26:07.820 --> 00:26:07.830 align:start position:0% things considered 00:26:07.830 --> 00:26:10.460 align:start position:0% things considered if<00:26:08.250> you<00:26:08.550> trust<00:26:08.880> humans<00:26:09.510> to<00:26:10.020> use<00:26:10.050> the 00:26:10.460 --> 00:26:10.470 align:start position:0% if you trust humans to use the 00:26:10.470 --> 00:26:13.820 align:start position:0% if you trust humans to use the technology<00:26:11.190> responsibly<00:26:12.120> and<00:26:12.420> fairly<00:26:12.830> then 00:26:13.820 --> 00:26:13.830 align:start position:0% technology responsibly and fairly then 00:26:13.830 --> 00:26:17.120 align:start position:0% technology responsibly and fairly then vote<00:26:14.070> no<00:26:14.340> Solar<00:26:15.300> geoengineering<00:26:16.140> is<00:26:16.440> not<00:26:16.860> a 00:26:17.120 --> 00:26:17.130 align:start position:0% vote no Solar geoengineering is not a 00:26:17.130 --> 00:26:21.200 align:start position:0% vote no Solar geoengineering is not a crazy<00:26:17.670> idea<00:26:18.440> if<00:26:19.440> you<00:26:19.710> believe<00:26:20.070> as<00:26:20.370> we<00:26:21.000> do<00:26:21.180> that 00:26:21.200 --> 00:26:21.210 align:start position:0% crazy idea if you believe as we do that 00:26:21.210 --> 00:26:24.260 align:start position:0% crazy idea if you believe as we do that our<00:26:22.170> leaders<00:26:22.800> cannot<00:26:23.220> be<00:26:23.400> trusted<00:26:23.670> to<00:26:23.970> have 00:26:24.260 --> 00:26:24.270 align:start position:0% our leaders cannot be trusted to have 00:26:24.270 --> 00:26:27.290 align:start position:0% our leaders cannot be trusted to have such<00:26:24.540> power<00:26:24.920> over<00:26:25.920> nature<00:26:26.150> over<00:26:27.150> their<00:26:27.270> own 00:26:27.290 --> 00:26:27.300 align:start position:0% such power over nature over their own 00:26:27.300 --> 00:26:31.870 align:start position:0% such power over nature over their own people<00:26:27.780> over<00:26:28.770> other<00:26:28.980> nations<00:26:29.360> then<00:26:30.360> vote<00:26:31.170> yes 00:26:31.870 --> 00:26:31.880 align:start position:0% people over other nations then vote yes 00:26:31.880 --> 00:26:36.950 align:start position:0% people over other nations then vote yes geoengineering<00:26:32.880> is<00:26:33.240> a<00:26:33.750> crazy<00:26:34.200> idea<00:26:35.870> Thank<00:26:36.870> You 00:26:36.950 --> 00:26:36.960 align:start position:0% geoengineering is a crazy idea Thank You 00:26:36.960 --> 00:26:39.320 align:start position:0% geoengineering is a crazy idea Thank You Clive<00:26:37.140> Hamilton<00:26:37.620> and<00:26:38.030> that<00:26:39.030> is<00:26:39.180> our 00:26:39.320 --> 00:26:39.330 align:start position:0% Clive Hamilton and that is our 00:26:39.330 --> 00:26:41.390 align:start position:0% Clive Hamilton and that is our resolution<00:26:39.900> engineering<00:26:40.530> solar<00:26:40.800> radiation 00:26:41.390 --> 00:26:41.400 align:start position:0% resolution engineering solar radiation 00:26:41.400 --> 00:26:43.670 align:start position:0% resolution engineering solar radiation is<00:26:41.520> a<00:26:41.610> crazy<00:26:42.030> idea<00:26:42.210> and<00:26:42.780> here<00:26:42.960> to<00:26:43.080> make<00:26:43.230> his 00:26:43.670 --> 00:26:43.680 align:start position:0% is a crazy idea and here to make his 00:26:43.680 --> 00:26:45.110 align:start position:0% is a crazy idea and here to make his opening<00:26:44.070> statement<00:26:44.160> against<00:26:45.000> this 00:26:45.110 --> 00:26:45.120 align:start position:0% opening statement against this 00:26:45.120 --> 00:26:47.720 align:start position:0% opening statement against this resolution<00:26:45.450> David<00:26:46.080> Keith<00:26:46.290> Harvard<00:26:46.980> professor 00:26:47.720 --> 00:26:47.730 align:start position:0% resolution David Keith Harvard professor 00:26:47.730 --> 00:26:49.760 align:start position:0% resolution David Keith Harvard professor and<00:26:47.940> founder<00:26:48.330> of<00:26:48.360> carbon<00:26:48.810> engineering<00:26:49.260> ladies 00:26:49.760 --> 00:26:49.770 align:start position:0% and founder of carbon engineering ladies 00:26:49.770 --> 00:26:55.910 align:start position:0% and founder of carbon engineering ladies and<00:26:49.890> gentlemen<00:26:50.220> David<00:26:50.610> Keith<00:26:50.940> thank<00:26:51.330> you<00:26:54.920> if 00:26:55.910 --> 00:26:55.920 align:start position:0% and gentlemen David Keith thank you if 00:26:55.920 --> 00:26:58.850 align:start position:0% and gentlemen David Keith thank you if you<00:26:56.190> want<00:26:56.490> a<00:26:56.670> stable<00:26:57.000> climate<00:26:57.540> you<00:26:57.960> must<00:26:58.350> stop 00:26:58.850 --> 00:26:58.860 align:start position:0% you want a stable climate you must stop 00:26:58.860 --> 00:27:01.460 align:start position:0% you want a stable climate you must stop putting<00:26:59.310> co2<00:26:59.730> in<00:26:59.880> the<00:26:59.910> atmosphere<00:27:00.470> nothing 00:27:01.460 --> 00:27:01.470 align:start position:0% putting co2 in the atmosphere nothing 00:27:01.470 --> 00:27:03.350 align:start position:0% putting co2 in the atmosphere nothing about<00:27:01.770> solar<00:27:02.070> genome<00:27:02.400> assuring<00:27:02.700> changes<00:27:03.210> that 00:27:03.350 --> 00:27:03.360 align:start position:0% about solar genome assuring changes that 00:27:03.360 --> 00:27:07.150 align:start position:0% about solar genome assuring changes that essential<00:27:04.200> fact<00:27:04.470> in<00:27:04.740> any<00:27:04.920> way<00:27:05.400> at<00:27:05.700> all<00:27:06.050> but 00:27:07.150 --> 00:27:07.160 align:start position:0% essential fact in any way at all but 00:27:07.160 --> 00:27:09.500 align:start position:0% essential fact in any way at all but fossil<00:27:08.160> fuels<00:27:08.400> are<00:27:08.610> the<00:27:08.790> core<00:27:09.090> of<00:27:09.330> those 00:27:09.500 --> 00:27:09.510 align:start position:0% fossil fuels are the core of those 00:27:09.510 --> 00:27:11.060 align:start position:0% fossil fuels are the core of those emissions<00:27:09.780> and<00:27:10.140> it's<00:27:10.410> tempting<00:27:10.740> to<00:27:10.830> think 00:27:11.060 --> 00:27:11.070 align:start position:0% emissions and it's tempting to think 00:27:11.070 --> 00:27:13.160 align:start position:0% emissions and it's tempting to think because<00:27:11.340> we<00:27:11.460> have<00:27:11.490> to<00:27:12.000> end<00:27:12.030> fossil<00:27:12.600> fuels<00:27:12.900> that 00:27:13.160 --> 00:27:13.170 align:start position:0% because we have to end fossil fuels that 00:27:13.170 --> 00:27:15.650 align:start position:0% because we have to end fossil fuels that anything<00:27:14.130> that<00:27:14.280> distracts<00:27:14.760> us<00:27:15.030> from<00:27:15.270> that<00:27:15.390> is 00:27:15.650 --> 00:27:15.660 align:start position:0% anything that distracts us from that is 00:27:15.660 --> 00:27:19.400 align:start position:0% anything that distracts us from that is crazy<00:27:16.400> that's<00:27:17.400> not<00:27:17.700> quite<00:27:17.910> right<00:27:18.210> the<00:27:19.020> fact<00:27:19.260> is 00:27:19.400 --> 00:27:19.410 align:start position:0% crazy that's not quite right the fact is 00:27:19.410 --> 00:27:22.490 align:start position:0% crazy that's not quite right the fact is that<00:27:20.060> emissions<00:27:21.060> cuts<00:27:21.270> are<00:27:21.510> absolutely 00:27:22.490 --> 00:27:22.500 align:start position:0% that emissions cuts are absolutely 00:27:22.500 --> 00:27:24.500 align:start position:0% that emissions cuts are absolutely necessary<00:27:23.070> but<00:27:23.670> that's<00:27:23.910> not<00:27:24.150> the<00:27:24.300> whole<00:27:24.330> story 00:27:24.500 --> 00:27:24.510 align:start position:0% necessary but that's not the whole story 00:27:24.510 --> 00:27:26.170 align:start position:0% necessary but that's not the whole story and<00:27:25.080> the<00:27:25.380> reason<00:27:25.680> is<00:27:25.770> the<00:27:25.890> following 00:27:26.170 --> 00:27:26.180 align:start position:0% and the reason is the following 00:27:26.180 --> 00:27:28.790 align:start position:0% and the reason is the following emissions<00:27:27.180> cuts<00:27:27.390> are<00:27:27.570> absolutely<00:27:28.200> possible 00:27:28.790 --> 00:27:28.800 align:start position:0% emissions cuts are absolutely possible 00:27:28.800 --> 00:27:31.400 align:start position:0% emissions cuts are absolutely possible very<00:27:29.190> doable<00:27:29.460> we<00:27:29.850> can<00:27:30.060> get<00:27:30.270> what<00:27:30.930> we<00:27:30.960> can<00:27:31.260> get 00:27:31.400 --> 00:27:31.410 align:start position:0% very doable we can get what we can get 00:27:31.410 --> 00:27:34.430 align:start position:0% very doable we can get what we can get emissions<00:27:31.950> to<00:27:32.250> zero<00:27:32.280> with<00:27:33.240> confidence<00:27:33.930> the 00:27:34.430 --> 00:27:34.440 align:start position:0% emissions to zero with confidence the 00:27:34.440 --> 00:27:36.740 align:start position:0% emissions to zero with confidence the increasing<00:27:35.040> low<00:27:35.580> price<00:27:35.850> of<00:27:35.880> solar<00:27:36.210> power<00:27:36.450> is 00:27:36.740 --> 00:27:36.750 align:start position:0% increasing low price of solar power is 00:27:36.750 --> 00:27:38.720 align:start position:0% increasing low price of solar power is fantastic<00:27:37.530> and<00:27:37.740> that<00:27:37.980> combined<00:27:38.400> with<00:27:38.430> the 00:27:38.720 --> 00:27:38.730 align:start position:0% fantastic and that combined with the 00:27:38.730 --> 00:27:40.910 align:start position:0% fantastic and that combined with the youth<00:27:38.940> activism<00:27:39.660> we're<00:27:39.930> seeing<00:27:40.170> gives<00:27:40.680> me 00:27:40.910 --> 00:27:40.920 align:start position:0% youth activism we're seeing gives me 00:27:40.920 --> 00:27:43.580 align:start position:0% youth activism we're seeing gives me some<00:27:41.130> hope<00:27:41.340> of<00:27:41.490> real<00:27:41.850> political<00:27:42.240> change<00:27:42.750> the 00:27:43.580 --> 00:27:43.590 align:start position:0% some hope of real political change the 00:27:43.590 --> 00:27:46.280 align:start position:0% some hope of real political change the challenge<00:27:43.980> is<00:27:44.070> the<00:27:44.220> following<00:27:44.720> even<00:27:45.720> on<00:27:45.900> that 00:27:46.280 --> 00:27:46.290 align:start position:0% challenge is the following even on that 00:27:46.290 --> 00:27:48.440 align:start position:0% challenge is the following even on that marvelous<00:27:46.800> day<00:27:47.010> where<00:27:47.610> emissions<00:27:48.060> are 00:27:48.440 --> 00:27:48.450 align:start position:0% marvelous day where emissions are 00:27:48.450 --> 00:27:51.020 align:start position:0% marvelous day where emissions are finally<00:27:49.050> brought<00:27:49.290> to<00:27:49.560> zero<00:27:49.850> which<00:27:50.850> is 00:27:51.020 --> 00:27:51.030 align:start position:0% finally brought to zero which is 00:27:51.030 --> 00:27:52.100 align:start position:0% finally brought to zero which is absolutely<00:27:51.630> doable 00:27:52.100 --> 00:27:52.110 align:start position:0% absolutely doable 00:27:52.110 --> 00:27:55.070 align:start position:0% absolutely doable the<00:27:52.620> climate<00:27:52.980> polym<00:27:53.310> is<00:27:53.460> not<00:27:53.760> solved<00:27:54.270> this<00:27:54.870> is 00:27:55.070 --> 00:27:55.080 align:start position:0% the climate polym is not solved this is 00:27:55.080 --> 00:27:56.780 align:start position:0% the climate polym is not solved this is not<00:27:55.260> a<00:27:55.290> choice<00:27:55.590> between<00:27:56.010> doing<00:27:56.280> things<00:27:56.550> slowly 00:27:56.780 --> 00:27:56.790 align:start position:0% not a choice between doing things slowly 00:27:56.790 --> 00:27:59.120 align:start position:0% not a choice between doing things slowly or<00:27:57.060> quickly<00:27:57.090> it's<00:27:57.810> a<00:27:57.930> choice<00:27:58.140> about<00:27:58.350> what<00:27:58.770> we 00:27:59.120 --> 00:27:59.130 align:start position:0% or quickly it's a choice about what we 00:27:59.130 --> 00:28:02.210 align:start position:0% or quickly it's a choice about what we the<00:28:00.120> reason<00:28:00.480> for<00:28:00.600> that<00:28:00.660> is<00:28:01.020> that<00:28:01.230> climate<00:28:01.770> risk 00:28:02.210 --> 00:28:02.220 align:start position:0% the reason for that is that climate risk 00:28:02.220 --> 00:28:04.220 align:start position:0% the reason for that is that climate risk is<00:28:02.490> proportional<00:28:03.120> to<00:28:03.150> cumulative<00:28:03.780> emissions 00:28:04.220 --> 00:28:04.230 align:start position:0% is proportional to cumulative emissions 00:28:04.230 --> 00:28:06.680 align:start position:0% is proportional to cumulative emissions of<00:28:04.590> carbon<00:28:04.710> dioxide<00:28:04.919> the<00:28:05.820> more<00:28:06.059> we<00:28:06.240> admit<00:28:06.539> the 00:28:06.680 --> 00:28:06.690 align:start position:0% of carbon dioxide the more we admit the 00:28:06.690 --> 00:28:08.210 align:start position:0% of carbon dioxide the more we admit the higher<00:28:06.900> the<00:28:07.110> risk<00:28:07.200> gets<00:28:07.530> whatever<00:28:07.950> we<00:28:08.130> do 00:28:08.210 --> 00:28:08.220 align:start position:0% higher the risk gets whatever we do 00:28:08.220 --> 00:28:10.640 align:start position:0% higher the risk gets whatever we do about<00:28:08.400> solar<00:28:08.669> geoengineering<00:28:09.200> when<00:28:10.200> we<00:28:10.410> bring 00:28:10.640 --> 00:28:10.650 align:start position:0% about solar geoengineering when we bring 00:28:10.650 --> 00:28:13.370 align:start position:0% about solar geoengineering when we bring emissions<00:28:11.220> to<00:28:11.460> zero<00:28:11.730> we<00:28:12.510> have<00:28:12.539> simply<00:28:13.049> stopped 00:28:13.370 --> 00:28:13.380 align:start position:0% emissions to zero we have simply stopped 00:28:13.380 --> 00:28:15.919 align:start position:0% emissions to zero we have simply stopped building<00:28:13.980> up<00:28:14.160> that<00:28:14.400> underlying<00:28:14.880> risk<00:28:15.210> we<00:28:15.720> have 00:28:15.919 --> 00:28:15.929 align:start position:0% building up that underlying risk we have 00:28:15.929 --> 00:28:19.430 align:start position:0% building up that underlying risk we have not<00:28:16.140> eliminated<00:28:16.850> so<00:28:17.900> cutting<00:28:18.900> emissions<00:28:19.320> to 00:28:19.430 --> 00:28:19.440 align:start position:0% not eliminated so cutting emissions to 00:28:19.440 --> 00:28:21.740 align:start position:0% not eliminated so cutting emissions to zero<00:28:19.470> is<00:28:19.890> necessary<00:28:20.580> but<00:28:21.030> it<00:28:21.179> is<00:28:21.330> not<00:28:21.480> a 00:28:21.740 --> 00:28:21.750 align:start position:0% zero is necessary but it is not a 00:28:21.750 --> 00:28:24.289 align:start position:0% zero is necessary but it is not a sufficient<00:28:22.289> and<00:28:22.470> complete<00:28:22.799> solution<00:28:23.250> we<00:28:24.150> will 00:28:24.289 --> 00:28:24.299 align:start position:0% sufficient and complete solution we will 00:28:24.299 --> 00:28:26.779 align:start position:0% sufficient and complete solution we will also<00:28:24.480> need<00:28:24.720> to<00:28:24.840> adapt<00:28:25.230> we<00:28:26.010> can<00:28:26.160> adapt<00:28:26.549> to 00:28:26.779 --> 00:28:26.789 align:start position:0% also need to adapt we can adapt to 00:28:26.789 --> 00:28:28.909 align:start position:0% also need to adapt we can adapt to reduce<00:28:27.179> climate<00:28:27.690> risks<00:28:28.020> by<00:28:28.320> measures<00:28:28.679> such<00:28:28.890> as 00:28:28.909 --> 00:28:28.919 align:start position:0% reduce climate risks by measures such as 00:28:28.919 --> 00:28:30.470 align:start position:0% reduce climate risks by measures such as air<00:28:29.220> conditioners<00:28:29.850> or<00:28:30.030> dikes 00:28:30.470 --> 00:28:30.480 align:start position:0% air conditioners or dikes 00:28:30.480 --> 00:28:32.990 align:start position:0% air conditioners or dikes but<00:28:31.140> that<00:28:31.320> also<00:28:31.590> cannot<00:28:32.280> be<00:28:32.520> a<00:28:32.549> complete 00:28:32.990 --> 00:28:33.000 align:start position:0% but that also cannot be a complete 00:28:33.000 --> 00:28:35.120 align:start position:0% but that also cannot be a complete solution<00:28:33.480> polar<00:28:34.289> bears<00:28:34.620> cannot<00:28:34.919> take 00:28:35.120 --> 00:28:35.130 align:start position:0% solution polar bears cannot take 00:28:35.130 --> 00:28:37.310 align:start position:0% solution polar bears cannot take advantage<00:28:35.700> of<00:28:35.880> air<00:28:36.090> conditioners<00:28:36.600> and<00:28:36.720> dykes 00:28:37.310 --> 00:28:37.320 align:start position:0% advantage of air conditioners and dykes 00:28:37.320 --> 00:28:39.200 align:start position:0% advantage of air conditioners and dykes can<00:28:37.559> only<00:28:37.740> hold<00:28:38.010> back<00:28:38.220> water<00:28:38.490> in<00:28:38.700> some<00:28:38.970> places 00:28:39.200 --> 00:28:39.210 align:start position:0% can only hold back water in some places 00:28:39.210 --> 00:28:43.909 align:start position:0% can only hold back water in some places particularly<00:28:39.720> rich<00:28:40.080> once<00:28:41.960> the<00:28:42.960> co2<00:28:43.440> we<00:28:43.590> put<00:28:43.799> in 00:28:43.909 --> 00:28:43.919 align:start position:0% particularly rich once the co2 we put in 00:28:43.919 --> 00:28:46.039 align:start position:0% particularly rich once the co2 we put in the<00:28:44.070> atmosphere<00:28:44.159> has<00:28:45.120> an<00:28:45.360> environmental 00:28:46.039 --> 00:28:46.049 align:start position:0% the atmosphere has an environmental 00:28:46.049 --> 00:28:47.930 align:start position:0% the atmosphere has an environmental footprint<00:28:46.470> that<00:28:46.590> lasts<00:28:46.860> for<00:28:47.159> thousands<00:28:47.850> of 00:28:47.930 --> 00:28:47.940 align:start position:0% footprint that lasts for thousands of 00:28:47.940 --> 00:28:50.840 align:start position:0% footprint that lasts for thousands of years<00:28:48.530> even<00:28:49.530> once<00:28:49.770> emissions<00:28:50.309> are<00:28:50.490> brought<00:28:50.669> to 00:28:50.840 --> 00:28:50.850 align:start position:0% years even once emissions are brought to 00:28:50.850 --> 00:28:53.299 align:start position:0% years even once emissions are brought to zero<00:28:51.090> if<00:28:51.419> we<00:28:51.840> want<00:28:52.049> to<00:28:52.200> reduce<00:28:52.350> the<00:28:52.679> underlying 00:28:53.299 --> 00:28:53.309 align:start position:0% zero if we want to reduce the underlying 00:28:53.309 --> 00:28:55.909 align:start position:0% zero if we want to reduce the underlying long<00:28:53.970> run<00:28:54.240> risk<00:28:54.480> of<00:28:54.630> climate<00:28:54.990> change<00:28:55.230> solar 00:28:55.909 --> 00:28:55.919 align:start position:0% long run risk of climate change solar 00:28:55.919 --> 00:28:58.250 align:start position:0% long run risk of climate change solar generation<00:28:56.250> doesn't<00:28:56.640> help<00:28:56.970> we<00:28:57.600> need<00:28:57.870> to<00:28:58.020> do<00:28:58.140> it 00:28:58.250 --> 00:28:58.260 align:start position:0% generation doesn't help we need to do it 00:28:58.260 --> 00:29:00.680 align:start position:0% generation doesn't help we need to do it by<00:28:58.409> removing<00:28:58.710> co2<00:28:59.070> from<00:28:59.340> the<00:28:59.400> atmosphere<00:28:59.690> but 00:29:00.680 --> 00:29:00.690 align:start position:0% by removing co2 from the atmosphere but 00:29:00.690 --> 00:29:03.140 align:start position:0% by removing co2 from the atmosphere but that<00:29:00.929> is<00:29:01.140> inherently<00:29:01.830> a<00:29:02.070> slow<00:29:02.370> process 00:29:03.140 --> 00:29:03.150 align:start position:0% that is inherently a slow process 00:29:03.150 --> 00:29:06.110 align:start position:0% that is inherently a slow process there's<00:29:03.510> no<00:29:03.990> way<00:29:04.230> in<00:29:04.500> which<00:29:04.650> it<00:29:04.980> itself<00:29:05.580> can<00:29:06.030> be 00:29:06.110 --> 00:29:06.120 align:start position:0% there's no way in which it itself can be 00:29:06.120 --> 00:29:08.029 align:start position:0% there's no way in which it itself can be a<00:29:06.150> sufficient<00:29:06.659> solution<00:29:07.289> to<00:29:07.830> the<00:29:07.919> climate 00:29:08.029 --> 00:29:08.039 align:start position:0% a sufficient solution to the climate 00:29:08.039 --> 00:29:12.140 align:start position:0% a sufficient solution to the climate problem<00:29:08.669> the<00:29:09.630> reason<00:29:09.809> is<00:29:10.520> the<00:29:11.520> reason<00:29:11.820> is<00:29:11.970> both 00:29:12.140 --> 00:29:12.150 align:start position:0% problem the reason is the reason is both 00:29:12.150 --> 00:29:14.720 align:start position:0% problem the reason is the reason is both that<00:29:12.179> it's<00:29:12.450> slow<00:29:12.750> and<00:29:12.960> expensive<00:29:13.470> and<00:29:13.679> that<00:29:14.640> it 00:29:14.720 --> 00:29:14.730 align:start position:0% that it's slow and expensive and that it 00:29:14.730 --> 00:29:16.940 align:start position:0% that it's slow and expensive and that it makes<00:29:14.940> no<00:29:15.179> sense<00:29:15.510> as<00:29:16.049> is<00:29:16.289> in<00:29:16.409> those<00:29:16.530> IPCC 00:29:16.940 --> 00:29:16.950 align:start position:0% makes no sense as is in those IPCC 00:29:16.950 --> 00:29:19.100 align:start position:0% makes no sense as is in those IPCC scenarios<00:29:17.520> to<00:29:18.059> use<00:29:18.240> it<00:29:18.390> in<00:29:18.570> the<00:29:18.690> near<00:29:18.900> term 00:29:19.100 --> 00:29:19.110 align:start position:0% scenarios to use it in the near term 00:29:19.110 --> 00:29:22.070 align:start position:0% scenarios to use it in the near term while<00:29:19.770> we<00:29:20.070> are<00:29:20.250> also<00:29:20.520> massively<00:29:21.330> pumping<00:29:21.750> co2 00:29:22.070 --> 00:29:22.080 align:start position:0% while we are also massively pumping co2 00:29:22.080 --> 00:29:24.710 align:start position:0% while we are also massively pumping co2 into<00:29:22.500> the<00:29:22.530> atmosphere<00:29:22.909> the<00:29:23.909> first<00:29:23.940> rule<00:29:24.690> of 00:29:24.710 --> 00:29:24.720 align:start position:0% into the atmosphere the first rule of 00:29:24.720 --> 00:29:27.289 align:start position:0% into the atmosphere the first rule of holes<00:29:25.260> is<00:29:25.620> when<00:29:26.220> you<00:29:26.309> find<00:29:26.610> yourself<00:29:26.730> in<00:29:27.120> one 00:29:27.289 --> 00:29:27.299 align:start position:0% holes is when you find yourself in one 00:29:27.299 --> 00:29:29.690 align:start position:0% holes is when you find yourself in one stop<00:29:27.840> digging<00:29:28.289> it<00:29:28.830> doesn't<00:29:29.220> make<00:29:29.340> sense<00:29:29.370> to 00:29:29.690 --> 00:29:29.700 align:start position:0% stop digging it doesn't make sense to 00:29:29.700 --> 00:29:31.399 align:start position:0% stop digging it doesn't make sense to imagine<00:29:30.270> that<00:29:30.360> this<00:29:30.510> technology<00:29:31.020> of<00:29:31.049> carbon 00:29:31.399 --> 00:29:31.409 align:start position:0% imagine that this technology of carbon 00:29:31.409 --> 00:29:33.470 align:start position:0% imagine that this technology of carbon removal<00:29:31.830> is<00:29:32.100> going<00:29:32.520> to<00:29:32.610> get<00:29:32.789> us<00:29:32.909> out<00:29:33.120> of<00:29:33.360> the 00:29:33.470 --> 00:29:33.480 align:start position:0% removal is going to get us out of the 00:29:33.480 --> 00:29:35.810 align:start position:0% removal is going to get us out of the problem<00:29:33.900> that<00:29:34.049> we<00:29:34.500> need<00:29:34.650> to<00:29:34.860> stop<00:29:35.220> putting<00:29:35.640> co2 00:29:35.810 --> 00:29:35.820 align:start position:0% problem that we need to stop putting co2 00:29:35.820 --> 00:29:38.440 align:start position:0% problem that we need to stop putting co2 in<00:29:36.059> the<00:29:36.090> atmosphere<00:29:36.150> by<00:29:36.600> political<00:29:36.960> action<00:29:37.400> so 00:29:38.440 --> 00:29:38.450 align:start position:0% in the atmosphere by political action so 00:29:38.450 --> 00:29:41.090 align:start position:0% in the atmosphere by political action so solar<00:29:39.450> generation<00:29:39.900> may<00:29:40.409> allow<00:29:40.740> us<00:29:40.950> to 00:29:41.090 --> 00:29:41.100 align:start position:0% solar generation may allow us to 00:29:41.100 --> 00:29:43.520 align:start position:0% solar generation may allow us to significantly<00:29:41.970> reduce<00:29:42.210> reduce<00:29:42.929> the<00:29:43.200> risks<00:29:43.500> of 00:29:43.520 --> 00:29:43.530 align:start position:0% significantly reduce reduce the risks of 00:29:43.530 --> 00:29:46.610 align:start position:0% significantly reduce reduce the risks of the<00:29:43.770> co2<00:29:44.039> that's<00:29:44.460> in<00:29:44.610> the<00:29:44.850> atmosphere<00:29:45.230> it<00:29:46.230> is 00:29:46.610 --> 00:29:46.620 align:start position:0% the co2 that's in the atmosphere it is 00:29:46.620 --> 00:29:49.310 align:start position:0% the co2 that's in the atmosphere it is no<00:29:47.070> panacea<00:29:47.460> but<00:29:47.970> the<00:29:48.390> evidence<00:29:48.929> that<00:29:49.110> it<00:29:49.200> can 00:29:49.310 --> 00:29:49.320 align:start position:0% no panacea but the evidence that it can 00:29:49.320 --> 00:29:52.460 align:start position:0% no panacea but the evidence that it can reduce<00:29:49.440> risks<00:29:49.919> is<00:29:50.039> strong<00:29:50.960> essentially<00:29:51.960> every 00:29:52.460 --> 00:29:52.470 align:start position:0% reduce risks is strong essentially every 00:29:52.470 --> 00:29:54.440 align:start position:0% reduce risks is strong essentially every major<00:29:52.710> climate<00:29:53.039> model<00:29:53.340> has<00:29:53.429> been<00:29:53.610> run<00:29:53.820> looking 00:29:54.440 --> 00:29:54.450 align:start position:0% major climate model has been run looking 00:29:54.450 --> 00:29:56.690 align:start position:0% major climate model has been run looking at<00:29:54.570> how<00:29:54.720> solar<00:29:55.020> generation<00:29:55.380> works<00:29:55.799> and<00:29:56.070> they 00:29:56.690 --> 00:29:56.700 align:start position:0% at how solar generation works and they 00:29:56.700 --> 00:29:58.370 align:start position:0% at how solar generation works and they find<00:29:57.000> that<00:29:57.150> if<00:29:57.390> it<00:29:57.659> is<00:29:57.780> done<00:29:57.960> relatively 00:29:58.370 --> 00:29:58.380 align:start position:0% find that if it is done relatively 00:29:58.380 --> 00:30:00.950 align:start position:0% find that if it is done relatively uniformly<00:29:59.280> over<00:29:59.400> the<00:29:59.610> planet<00:30:00.030> as<00:30:00.179> could<00:30:00.840> be 00:30:00.950 --> 00:30:00.960 align:start position:0% uniformly over the planet as could be 00:30:00.960 --> 00:30:02.060 align:start position:0% uniformly over the planet as could be achieved<00:30:01.320> with<00:30:01.470> aerosols<00:30:01.860> in<00:30:02.039> the 00:30:02.060 --> 00:30:02.070 align:start position:0% achieved with aerosols in the 00:30:02.070 --> 00:30:04.520 align:start position:0% achieved with aerosols in the stratosphere<00:30:02.130> and<00:30:02.820> if<00:30:03.539> it<00:30:03.690> is<00:30:03.809> done<00:30:04.020> to 00:30:04.520 --> 00:30:04.530 align:start position:0% stratosphere and if it is done to 00:30:04.530 --> 00:30:06.890 align:start position:0% stratosphere and if it is done to roughly<00:30:04.830> cut<00:30:05.100> in<00:30:05.220> half<00:30:05.490> or<00:30:05.789> moderate<00:30:06.270> the 00:30:06.890 --> 00:30:06.900 align:start position:0% roughly cut in half or moderate the 00:30:06.900 --> 00:30:10.430 align:start position:0% roughly cut in half or moderate the warming<00:30:07.650> effect<00:30:07.980> of<00:30:08.130> co2<00:30:08.929> if<00:30:09.929> it's<00:30:10.260> done 00:30:10.430 --> 00:30:10.440 align:start position:0% warming effect of co2 if it's done 00:30:10.440 --> 00:30:12.830 align:start position:0% warming effect of co2 if it's done therefore<00:30:10.679> as<00:30:11.100> a<00:30:11.159> supplement<00:30:12.120> to<00:30:12.240> emissions 00:30:12.830 --> 00:30:12.840 align:start position:0% therefore as a supplement to emissions 00:30:12.840 --> 00:30:15.529 align:start position:0% therefore as a supplement to emissions not<00:30:13.230> as<00:30:13.470> a<00:30:13.620> substitute<00:30:14.100> for<00:30:14.130> them<00:30:14.580> we<00:30:15.270> find 00:30:15.529 --> 00:30:15.539 align:start position:0% not as a substitute for them we find 00:30:15.539 --> 00:30:18.590 align:start position:0% not as a substitute for them we find that<00:30:15.809> in<00:30:16.169> essentially<00:30:16.770> every<00:30:16.919> region<00:30:17.730> climate 00:30:18.590 --> 00:30:18.600 align:start position:0% that in essentially every region climate 00:30:18.600 --> 00:30:20.659 align:start position:0% that in essentially every region climate risks<00:30:18.840> are<00:30:18.929> reduced<00:30:19.230> not<00:30:19.770> just<00:30:20.070> warming<00:30:20.460> but 00:30:20.659 --> 00:30:20.669 align:start position:0% risks are reduced not just warming but 00:30:20.669 --> 00:30:24.590 align:start position:0% risks are reduced not just warming but extreme<00:30:21.120> precipitation<00:30:21.679> precipitation<00:30:23.600> the 00:30:24.590 --> 00:30:24.600 align:start position:0% extreme precipitation precipitation the 00:30:24.600 --> 00:30:26.750 align:start position:0% extreme precipitation precipitation the changes<00:30:25.289> in<00:30:25.470> water<00:30:25.710> availability<00:30:26.309> those 00:30:26.750 --> 00:30:26.760 align:start position:0% changes in water availability those 00:30:26.760 --> 00:30:28.610 align:start position:0% changes in water availability those changes<00:30:27.120> are<00:30:27.270> reduced<00:30:27.720> not<00:30:28.020> water<00:30:28.200> available 00:30:28.610 --> 00:30:28.620 align:start position:0% changes are reduced not water available 00:30:28.620 --> 00:30:31.789 align:start position:0% changes are reduced not water available but<00:30:28.980> the<00:30:29.100> changes<00:30:29.640> in<00:30:29.850> it<00:30:30.320> tropical<00:30:31.320> cyclones 00:30:31.789 --> 00:30:31.799 align:start position:0% but the changes in it tropical cyclones 00:30:31.799 --> 00:30:34.549 align:start position:0% but the changes in it tropical cyclones sea<00:30:32.309> level<00:30:32.610> rise<00:30:32.960> our<00:30:33.960> opponents<00:30:34.500> have 00:30:34.549 --> 00:30:34.559 align:start position:0% sea level rise our opponents have 00:30:34.559 --> 00:30:36.890 align:start position:0% sea level rise our opponents have claimed<00:30:35.039> that<00:30:35.309> this<00:30:35.669> is<00:30:35.880> theory<00:30:36.419> that<00:30:36.779> we 00:30:36.890 --> 00:30:36.900 align:start position:0% claimed that this is theory that we 00:30:36.900 --> 00:30:39.710 align:start position:0% claimed that this is theory that we shouldn't<00:30:37.230> trust<00:30:37.500> these<00:30:37.710> models<00:30:38.070> but<00:30:38.909> they're 00:30:39.710 --> 00:30:39.720 align:start position:0% shouldn't trust these models but they're 00:30:39.720 --> 00:30:42.169 align:start position:0% shouldn't trust these models but they're the<00:30:39.900> same<00:30:40.200> models<00:30:40.679> with<00:30:41.279> the<00:30:41.429> same<00:30:41.700> physics 00:30:42.169 --> 00:30:42.179 align:start position:0% the same models with the same physics 00:30:42.179 --> 00:30:44.360 align:start position:0% the same models with the same physics with<00:30:42.570> the<00:30:42.720> same<00:30:42.960> aerosol<00:30:43.529> physics<00:30:43.860> as<00:30:44.039> are 00:30:44.360 --> 00:30:44.370 align:start position:0% with the same aerosol physics as are 00:30:44.370 --> 00:30:46.340 align:start position:0% with the same aerosol physics as are used<00:30:44.730> to<00:30:44.909> understand<00:30:45.450> the<00:30:45.570> risks<00:30:45.870> of<00:30:46.020> building 00:30:46.340 --> 00:30:46.350 align:start position:0% used to understand the risks of building 00:30:46.350 --> 00:30:48.380 align:start position:0% used to understand the risks of building up<00:30:46.500> co2<00:30:46.740> in<00:30:47.010> the<00:30:47.039> atmosphere<00:30:47.130> you<00:30:48.059> cannot 00:30:48.380 --> 00:30:48.390 align:start position:0% up co2 in the atmosphere you cannot 00:30:48.390 --> 00:30:50.810 align:start position:0% up co2 in the atmosphere you cannot easily<00:30:48.690> have<00:30:49.080> it<00:30:49.200> both<00:30:49.350> ways<00:30:49.409> you<00:30:50.250> cannot<00:30:50.520> say 00:30:50.810 --> 00:30:50.820 align:start position:0% easily have it both ways you cannot say 00:30:50.820 --> 00:30:53.659 align:start position:0% easily have it both ways you cannot say that<00:30:51.029> you<00:30:51.620> believe<00:30:52.620> the<00:30:52.860> models<00:30:53.190> that<00:30:53.250> tell<00:30:53.549> us 00:30:53.659 --> 00:30:53.669 align:start position:0% that you believe the models that tell us 00:30:53.669 --> 00:30:55.669 align:start position:0% that you believe the models that tell us how<00:30:53.820> risky<00:30:54.450> co2<00:30:54.870> is<00:30:54.990> in<00:30:55.110> the<00:30:55.140> atmosphere<00:30:55.200> which 00:30:55.669 --> 00:30:55.679 align:start position:0% how risky co2 is in the atmosphere which 00:30:55.679 --> 00:30:57.680 align:start position:0% how risky co2 is in the atmosphere which you<00:30:55.799> should<00:30:56.100> and<00:30:56.490> say<00:30:57.090> that<00:30:57.240> those<00:30:57.390> models 00:30:57.680 --> 00:30:57.690 align:start position:0% you should and say that those models 00:30:57.690 --> 00:30:59.899 align:start position:0% you should and say that those models have<00:30:57.720> nothing<00:30:58.289> meaningful<00:30:58.529> to<00:30:58.890> say<00:30:59.100> about<00:30:59.730> how 00:30:59.899 --> 00:30:59.909 align:start position:0% have nothing meaningful to say about how 00:30:59.909 --> 00:31:01.370 align:start position:0% have nothing meaningful to say about how aerosols<00:31:00.390> in<00:31:00.570> the<00:31:00.600> stratosphere<00:31:00.659> might 00:31:01.370 --> 00:31:01.380 align:start position:0% aerosols in the stratosphere might 00:31:01.380 --> 00:31:04.279 align:start position:0% aerosols in the stratosphere might reduce<00:31:01.770> risks<00:31:02.309> so<00:31:03.120> solar<00:31:03.419> generation<00:31:03.899> really 00:31:04.279 --> 00:31:04.289 align:start position:0% reduce risks so solar generation really 00:31:04.289 --> 00:31:06.440 align:start position:0% reduce risks so solar generation really can<00:31:04.710> reduce<00:31:05.520> risks<00:31:05.850> released<00:31:06.090> there's<00:31:06.240> strong 00:31:06.440 --> 00:31:06.450 align:start position:0% can reduce risks released there's strong 00:31:06.450 --> 00:31:08.960 align:start position:0% can reduce risks released there's strong evidence<00:31:06.480> for<00:31:07.080> it<00:31:07.200> but<00:31:07.919> it<00:31:08.070> cannot<00:31:08.669> be<00:31:08.940> a 00:31:08.960 --> 00:31:08.970 align:start position:0% evidence for it but it cannot be a 00:31:08.970 --> 00:31:11.690 align:start position:0% evidence for it but it cannot be a complete<00:31:09.450> solution<00:31:09.720> for<00:31:10.049> climate<00:31:10.710> change<00:31:10.740> two 00:31:11.690 --> 00:31:11.700 align:start position:0% complete solution for climate change two 00:31:11.700 --> 00:31:14.120 align:start position:0% complete solution for climate change two major<00:31:11.970> reasons<00:31:12.210> one<00:31:12.960> it<00:31:13.169> has<00:31:13.320> a<00:31:13.350> whole<00:31:13.740> set<00:31:14.100> of 00:31:14.120 --> 00:31:14.130 align:start position:0% major reasons one it has a whole set of 00:31:14.130 --> 00:31:16.190 align:start position:0% major reasons one it has a whole set of poorly<00:31:14.730> known<00:31:15.059> environmental<00:31:15.480> side<00:31:15.929> effects 00:31:16.190 --> 00:31:16.200 align:start position:0% poorly known environmental side effects 00:31:16.200 --> 00:31:18.260 align:start position:0% poorly known environmental side effects you're<00:31:16.770> adding<00:31:17.130> aerosols<00:31:17.520> to<00:31:17.700> the<00:31:17.789> atmosphere 00:31:18.260 --> 00:31:18.270 align:start position:0% you're adding aerosols to the atmosphere 00:31:18.270 --> 00:31:20.480 align:start position:0% you're adding aerosols to the atmosphere and<00:31:18.419> aerosols<00:31:18.840> are<00:31:19.110> a<00:31:19.169> health<00:31:19.470> hazard<00:31:19.620> you<00:31:20.010> can 00:31:20.480 --> 00:31:20.490 align:start position:0% and aerosols are a health hazard you can 00:31:20.490 --> 00:31:23.149 align:start position:0% and aerosols are a health hazard you can damage<00:31:20.700> the<00:31:20.850> ozone<00:31:21.120> layer<00:31:21.570> the<00:31:22.169> warming<00:31:22.620> even 00:31:23.149 --> 00:31:23.159 align:start position:0% damage the ozone layer the warming even 00:31:23.159 --> 00:31:24.799 align:start position:0% damage the ozone layer the warming even if<00:31:23.340> you<00:31:23.460> reduce<00:31:23.580> warming<00:31:24.149> you<00:31:24.330> can<00:31:24.480> reduce 00:31:24.799 --> 00:31:24.809 align:start position:0% if you reduce warming you can reduce 00:31:24.809 --> 00:31:26.360 align:start position:0% if you reduce warming you can reduce precipitation<00:31:25.169> some<00:31:25.770> places<00:31:26.130> that<00:31:26.250> could 00:31:26.360 --> 00:31:26.370 align:start position:0% precipitation some places that could 00:31:26.370 --> 00:31:29.570 align:start position:0% precipitation some places that could harm<00:31:26.580> people<00:31:27.049> second<00:31:28.049> there's<00:31:28.710> no<00:31:28.799> way<00:31:29.130> in 00:31:29.570 --> 00:31:29.580 align:start position:0% harm people second there's no way in 00:31:29.580 --> 00:31:31.070 align:start position:0% harm people second there's no way in which<00:31:29.730> it<00:31:29.909> can<00:31:30.029> ever<00:31:30.270> be<00:31:30.450> a<00:31:30.480> perfect 00:31:31.070 --> 00:31:31.080 align:start position:0% which it can ever be a perfect 00:31:31.080 --> 00:31:33.019 align:start position:0% which it can ever be a perfect substitute<00:31:31.289> for<00:31:31.860> adding<00:31:32.460> emissions<00:31:32.850> for 00:31:33.019 --> 00:31:33.029 align:start position:0% substitute for adding emissions for 00:31:33.029 --> 00:31:35.029 align:start position:0% substitute for adding emissions for example<00:31:33.480> the<00:31:33.809> atmosphere<00:31:34.230> the<00:31:34.500> ocean<00:31:34.830> will 00:31:35.029 --> 00:31:35.039 align:start position:0% example the atmosphere the ocean will 00:31:35.039 --> 00:31:38.870 align:start position:0% example the atmosphere the ocean will still<00:31:35.220> acidify<00:31:35.909> so<00:31:36.690> if<00:31:37.620> one<00:31:38.070> thought<00:31:38.309> that<00:31:38.789> you 00:31:38.870 --> 00:31:38.880 align:start position:0% still acidify so if one thought that you 00:31:38.880 --> 00:31:40.700 align:start position:0% still acidify so if one thought that you could<00:31:39.059> keep<00:31:39.270> admitting<00:31:39.899> carbon<00:31:40.200> dioxide<00:31:40.559> and 00:31:40.700 --> 00:31:40.710 align:start position:0% could keep admitting carbon dioxide and 00:31:40.710 --> 00:31:43.190 align:start position:0% could keep admitting carbon dioxide and turn<00:31:41.190> up<00:31:41.429> the<00:31:41.760> amount<00:31:42.029> of<00:31:42.149> solar<00:31:42.600> cheering 00:31:43.190 --> 00:31:43.200 align:start position:0% turn up the amount of solar cheering 00:31:43.200 --> 00:31:45.350 align:start position:0% turn up the amount of solar cheering again<00:31:43.409> again<00:31:43.710> you'd<00:31:44.130> walk<00:31:44.399> yourself<00:31:44.549> further 00:31:45.350 --> 00:31:45.360 align:start position:0% again again you'd walk yourself further 00:31:45.360 --> 00:31:46.820 align:start position:0% again again you'd walk yourself further and<00:31:45.690> further<00:31:45.870> away<00:31:46.169> from<00:31:46.289> the<00:31:46.529> clear<00:31:46.740> on 00:31:46.820 --> 00:31:46.830 align:start position:0% and further away from the clear on 00:31:46.830 --> 00:31:49.010 align:start position:0% and further away from the clear on climate<00:31:47.220> with<00:31:47.580> more<00:31:47.880> and<00:31:48.090> more<00:31:48.120> danger<00:31:48.659> a 00:31:49.010 --> 00:31:49.020 align:start position:0% climate with more and more danger a 00:31:49.020 --> 00:31:53.049 align:start position:0% climate with more and more danger a course<00:31:49.830> that<00:31:50.010> could<00:31:50.190> only<00:31:50.460> end<00:31:51.029> in<00:31:51.330> disaster 00:31:53.049 --> 00:31:53.059 align:start position:0% course that could only end in disaster 00:31:53.059 --> 00:31:55.850 align:start position:0% course that could only end in disaster the<00:31:54.059> best<00:31:54.360> claim<00:31:54.720> that<00:31:55.049> I<00:31:55.080> think<00:31:55.409> one<00:31:55.529> can<00:31:55.679> make 00:31:55.850 --> 00:31:55.860 align:start position:0% the best claim that I think one can make 00:31:55.860 --> 00:31:59.480 align:start position:0% the best claim that I think one can make about<00:31:56.130> solar<00:31:56.940> cheering<00:31:57.659> is<00:31:57.809> that<00:31:58.799> that<00:31:59.460> a 00:31:59.480 --> 00:31:59.490 align:start position:0% about solar cheering is that that a 00:31:59.490 --> 00:32:02.389 align:start position:0% about solar cheering is that that a combination<00:32:00.090> of<00:32:00.409> emissions<00:32:01.409> cuts<00:32:01.679> and<00:32:01.919> solar 00:32:02.389 --> 00:32:02.399 align:start position:0% combination of emissions cuts and solar 00:32:02.399 --> 00:32:05.180 align:start position:0% combination of emissions cuts and solar geoengineering<00:32:03.000> might<00:32:03.809> be<00:32:04.080> less<00:32:04.679> dangerous 00:32:05.180 --> 00:32:05.190 align:start position:0% geoengineering might be less dangerous 00:32:05.190 --> 00:32:08.180 align:start position:0% geoengineering might be less dangerous than<00:32:05.789> emissions<00:32:06.179> cuts<00:32:06.450> alone<00:32:06.919> there's<00:32:07.919> lots 00:32:08.180 --> 00:32:08.190 align:start position:0% than emissions cuts alone there's lots 00:32:08.190 --> 00:32:09.500 align:start position:0% than emissions cuts alone there's lots of<00:32:08.309> evidence<00:32:08.700> for<00:32:08.789> that<00:32:08.850> claim<00:32:09.120> but<00:32:09.390> that 00:32:09.500 --> 00:32:09.510 align:start position:0% of evidence for that claim but that 00:32:09.510 --> 00:32:12.980 align:start position:0% of evidence for that claim but that evidence<00:32:09.690> is<00:32:10.020> not<00:32:10.380> decisive<00:32:11.450> if<00:32:12.450> the<00:32:12.809> motion 00:32:12.980 --> 00:32:12.990 align:start position:0% evidence is not decisive if the motion 00:32:12.990 --> 00:32:15.620 align:start position:0% evidence is not decisive if the motion tonight<00:32:13.260> was<00:32:13.710> should<00:32:14.429> we<00:32:14.460> do<00:32:14.880> it<00:32:15.029> should<00:32:15.210> we 00:32:15.620 --> 00:32:15.630 align:start position:0% tonight was should we do it should we 00:32:15.630 --> 00:32:19.789 align:start position:0% tonight was should we do it should we start<00:32:15.990> geoengineering<00:32:16.679> I<00:32:16.980> would<00:32:17.730> vote<00:32:17.909> no<00:32:18.799> but 00:32:19.789 --> 00:32:19.799 align:start position:0% start geoengineering I would vote no but 00:32:19.799 --> 00:32:22.310 align:start position:0% start geoengineering I would vote no but the<00:32:19.950> motion<00:32:20.250> tonight<00:32:20.370> is<00:32:20.789> solar<00:32:21.659> engineering 00:32:22.310 --> 00:32:22.320 align:start position:0% the motion tonight is solar engineering 00:32:22.320 --> 00:32:25.399 align:start position:0% the motion tonight is solar engineering solar<00:32:22.620> radiation<00:32:23.130> is<00:32:23.280> crazy<00:32:23.909> and<00:32:24.360> what<00:32:25.110> crazy 00:32:25.399 --> 00:32:25.409 align:start position:0% solar radiation is crazy and what crazy 00:32:25.409 --> 00:32:26.570 align:start position:0% solar radiation is crazy and what crazy means<00:32:25.740> is<00:32:26.010> that<00:32:26.220> you 00:32:26.570 --> 00:32:26.580 align:start position:0% means is that you 00:32:26.580 --> 00:32:29.299 align:start position:0% means is that you want<00:32:26.820> to<00:32:26.909> do<00:32:27.029> it<00:32:27.149> under<00:32:27.450> any<00:32:27.600> circumstance<00:32:28.470> it 00:32:29.299 --> 00:32:29.309 align:start position:0% want to do it under any circumstance it 00:32:29.309 --> 00:32:31.070 align:start position:0% want to do it under any circumstance it means<00:32:29.580> you<00:32:29.789> are<00:32:29.820> so<00:32:30.179> sure<00:32:30.539> you<00:32:30.720> don't<00:32:30.899> want<00:32:31.049> to 00:32:31.070 --> 00:32:31.080 align:start position:0% means you are so sure you don't want to 00:32:31.080 --> 00:32:32.990 align:start position:0% means you are so sure you don't want to do<00:32:31.200> it<00:32:31.320> you<00:32:31.500> don't<00:32:31.740> want<00:32:31.919> to<00:32:31.980> do<00:32:32.039> research<00:32:32.190> less 00:32:32.990 --> 00:32:33.000 align:start position:0% do it you don't want to do research less 00:32:33.000 --> 00:32:34.970 align:start position:0% do it you don't want to do research less that<00:32:33.240> 10<00:32:33.450> people<00:32:33.809> to<00:32:33.929> do<00:32:34.049> it<00:32:34.200> it<00:32:34.679> means<00:32:34.830> you 00:32:34.970 --> 00:32:34.980 align:start position:0% that 10 people to do it it means you 00:32:34.980 --> 00:32:36.769 align:start position:0% that 10 people to do it it means you don't<00:32:35.190> even<00:32:35.490> want<00:32:35.669> to<00:32:35.730> talk<00:32:36.029> about<00:32:36.179> it<00:32:36.390> less 00:32:36.769 --> 00:32:36.779 align:start position:0% don't even want to talk about it less 00:32:36.779 --> 00:32:38.720 align:start position:0% don't even want to talk about it less people<00:32:36.990> get<00:32:37.289> dangerous<00:32:37.710> ideas<00:32:38.190> in<00:32:38.370> their<00:32:38.549> head 00:32:38.720 --> 00:32:38.730 align:start position:0% people get dangerous ideas in their head 00:32:38.730 --> 00:32:41.779 align:start position:0% people get dangerous ideas in their head our<00:32:39.320> contention<00:32:40.320> is<00:32:40.440> that<00:32:41.039> solar<00:32:41.460> generation 00:32:41.779 --> 00:32:41.789 align:start position:0% our contention is that solar generation 00:32:41.789 --> 00:32:44.149 align:start position:0% our contention is that solar generation sharing<00:32:42.059> might<00:32:42.539> be<00:32:42.840> part<00:32:43.559> of<00:32:43.679> the<00:32:43.799> way<00:32:43.950> that 00:32:44.149 --> 00:32:44.159 align:start position:0% sharing might be part of the way that 00:32:44.159 --> 00:32:46.220 align:start position:0% sharing might be part of the way that humans<00:32:44.610> manage<00:32:45.269> environmental<00:32:45.630> risks<00:32:46.169> of 00:32:46.220 --> 00:32:46.230 align:start position:0% humans manage environmental risks of 00:32:46.230 --> 00:32:47.779 align:start position:0% humans manage environmental risks of climate<00:32:46.350> change<00:32:46.590> this<00:32:46.890> century<00:32:47.279> that<00:32:47.760> a 00:32:47.779 --> 00:32:47.789 align:start position:0% climate change this century that a 00:32:47.789 --> 00:32:50.870 align:start position:0% climate change this century that a combination<00:32:48.419> of<00:32:48.630> emissions<00:32:49.289> cuts<00:32:49.880> adaptation 00:32:50.870 --> 00:32:50.880 align:start position:0% combination of emissions cuts adaptation 00:32:50.880 --> 00:32:52.370 align:start position:0% combination of emissions cuts adaptation carbon<00:32:51.450> removal<00:32:51.750> and<00:32:52.019> solar<00:32:52.289> generation 00:32:52.370 --> 00:32:52.380 align:start position:0% carbon removal and solar generation 00:32:52.380 --> 00:32:55.370 align:start position:0% carbon removal and solar generation hearing<00:32:52.950> might<00:32:53.669> enable<00:32:54.029> a<00:32:54.240> safer<00:32:54.539> climate<00:32:54.929> but 00:32:55.370 --> 00:32:55.380 align:start position:0% hearing might enable a safer climate but 00:32:55.380 --> 00:32:57.350 align:start position:0% hearing might enable a safer climate but only<00:32:55.620> by<00:32:55.890> discussing<00:32:56.700> it<00:32:56.880> openly<00:32:57.210> and 00:32:57.350 --> 00:32:57.360 align:start position:0% only by discussing it openly and 00:32:57.360 --> 00:32:58.970 align:start position:0% only by discussing it openly and researching<00:32:57.809> it<00:32:57.870> can<00:32:58.289> people<00:32:58.590> make<00:32:58.830> that 00:32:58.970 --> 00:32:58.980 align:start position:0% researching it can people make that 00:32:58.980 --> 00:33:01.060 align:start position:0% researching it can people make that judgment<00:32:59.519> with<00:32:59.850> information 00:33:01.060 --> 00:33:01.070 align:start position:0% judgment with information 00:33:01.070 --> 00:33:03.320 align:start position:0% judgment with information thank<00:33:02.070> you<00:33:02.130> David<00:33:02.309> Keith<00:33:02.610> and<00:33:02.820> that<00:33:02.940> concludes 00:33:03.320 --> 00:33:03.330 align:start position:0% thank you David Keith and that concludes 00:33:03.330 --> 00:33:05.360 align:start position:0% thank you David Keith and that concludes round<00:33:03.480> one<00:33:03.899> of<00:33:04.289> this<00:33:04.649> intelligence<00:33:05.190> squared 00:33:05.360 --> 00:33:05.370 align:start position:0% round one of this intelligence squared 00:33:05.370 --> 00:33:07.389 align:start position:0% round one of this intelligence squared us<00:33:05.639> debate<00:33:05.970> where<00:33:06.179> our<00:33:06.419> resolution<00:33:07.139> is 00:33:07.389 --> 00:33:07.399 align:start position:0% us debate where our resolution is 00:33:07.399 --> 00:33:10.129 align:start position:0% us debate where our resolution is engineering<00:33:08.399> solar<00:33:08.880> radiation<00:33:09.480> is<00:33:09.630> a<00:33:09.659> crazy 00:33:10.129 --> 00:33:10.139 align:start position:0% engineering solar radiation is a crazy 00:33:10.139 --> 00:33:12.710 align:start position:0% engineering solar radiation is a crazy idea<00:33:10.549> now<00:33:11.549> we<00:33:11.610> move<00:33:11.789> on<00:33:11.940> to<00:33:11.970> round<00:33:12.269> two<00:33:12.480> and 00:33:12.710 --> 00:33:12.720 align:start position:0% idea now we move on to round two and 00:33:12.720 --> 00:33:14.750 align:start position:0% idea now we move on to round two and then<00:33:12.840> round<00:33:13.110> two<00:33:13.320> the<00:33:13.620> debaters<00:33:14.130> address<00:33:14.549> one 00:33:14.750 --> 00:33:14.760 align:start position:0% then round two the debaters address one 00:33:14.760 --> 00:33:16.970 align:start position:0% then round two the debaters address one another<00:33:15.000> directly<00:33:15.899> and<00:33:16.139> they<00:33:16.320> take<00:33:16.529> questions 00:33:16.970 --> 00:33:16.980 align:start position:0% another directly and they take questions 00:33:16.980 --> 00:33:19.580 align:start position:0% another directly and they take questions from<00:33:17.190> me<00:33:17.370> and<00:33:17.610> from<00:33:18.299> you<00:33:18.360> our<00:33:18.539> live<00:33:19.200> audience 00:33:19.580 --> 00:33:19.590 align:start position:0% from me and from you our live audience 00:33:19.590 --> 00:33:21.769 align:start position:0% from me and from you our live audience here<00:33:19.950> at<00:33:20.130> the<00:33:20.220> Kay<00:33:20.370> Playhouse<00:33:20.789> in<00:33:21.059> New<00:33:21.120> York 00:33:21.769 --> 00:33:21.779 align:start position:0% here at the Kay Playhouse in New York 00:33:21.779 --> 00:33:23.930 align:start position:0% here at the Kay Playhouse in New York City<00:33:22.080> we<00:33:22.769> have<00:33:22.889> two<00:33:23.070> teams<00:33:23.309> arguing<00:33:23.820> this 00:33:23.930 --> 00:33:23.940 align:start position:0% City we have two teams arguing this 00:33:23.940 --> 00:33:25.850 align:start position:0% City we have two teams arguing this resolution<00:33:24.240> engineering<00:33:25.049> solar<00:33:25.289> radiation 00:33:25.850 --> 00:33:25.860 align:start position:0% resolution engineering solar radiation 00:33:25.860 --> 00:33:28.490 align:start position:0% resolution engineering solar radiation is<00:33:25.980> a<00:33:26.010> crazy<00:33:26.309> idea<00:33:26.580> the<00:33:27.330> team<00:33:27.539> arguing<00:33:27.960> for<00:33:28.260> the 00:33:28.490 --> 00:33:28.500 align:start position:0% is a crazy idea the team arguing for the 00:33:28.500 --> 00:33:30.049 align:start position:0% is a crazy idea the team arguing for the resolution<00:33:28.769> which<00:33:29.279> means<00:33:29.549> that<00:33:29.880> they<00:33:30.029> are 00:33:30.049 --> 00:33:30.059 align:start position:0% resolution which means that they are 00:33:30.059 --> 00:33:32.060 align:start position:0% resolution which means that they are highly<00:33:30.510> skeptical<00:33:31.139> of<00:33:31.409> the<00:33:31.529> idea<00:33:31.799> of<00:33:31.860> solar 00:33:32.060 --> 00:33:32.070 align:start position:0% highly skeptical of the idea of solar 00:33:32.070 --> 00:33:36.019 align:start position:0% highly skeptical of the idea of solar radiation<00:33:32.539> angela<00:33:33.539> vishwa<00:33:33.960> mohan<00:33:34.289> and<00:33:35.029> clive 00:33:36.019 --> 00:33:36.029 align:start position:0% radiation angela vishwa mohan and clive 00:33:36.029 --> 00:33:38.930 align:start position:0% radiation angela vishwa mohan and clive hamilton<00:33:36.630> have<00:33:37.080> argued<00:33:37.679> basically<00:33:38.639> taking 00:33:38.930 --> 00:33:38.940 align:start position:0% hamilton have argued basically taking 00:33:38.940 --> 00:33:41.409 align:start position:0% hamilton have argued basically taking the<00:33:39.029> position<00:33:39.210> do<00:33:40.019> we<00:33:40.169> really<00:33:40.409> need 00:33:41.409 --> 00:33:41.419 align:start position:0% the position do we really need 00:33:41.419 --> 00:33:43.310 align:start position:0% the position do we really need geoengineering<00:33:42.419> they<00:33:42.630> say<00:33:42.809> that<00:33:43.019> the<00:33:43.139> real 00:33:43.310 --> 00:33:43.320 align:start position:0% geoengineering they say that the real 00:33:43.320 --> 00:33:45.379 align:start position:0% geoengineering they say that the real need<00:33:43.590> is<00:33:43.860> getting<00:33:44.549> to<00:33:44.700> the<00:33:44.820> point<00:33:44.970> of<00:33:45.210> total 00:33:45.379 --> 00:33:45.389 align:start position:0% need is getting to the point of total 00:33:45.389 --> 00:33:49.039 align:start position:0% need is getting to the point of total emission<00:33:46.019> cuts<00:33:46.260> that<00:33:47.450> Solar<00:33:48.450> geoengineering 00:33:49.039 --> 00:33:49.049 align:start position:0% emission cuts that Solar geoengineering 00:33:49.049 --> 00:33:51.500 align:start position:0% emission cuts that Solar geoengineering represents<00:33:49.620> a<00:33:49.710> quick<00:33:49.980> fix<00:33:50.279> a<00:33:50.580> solution<00:33:51.330> that 00:33:51.500 --> 00:33:51.510 align:start position:0% represents a quick fix a solution that 00:33:51.510 --> 00:33:52.580 align:start position:0% represents a quick fix a solution that will<00:33:51.659> not<00:33:51.929> work 00:33:52.580 --> 00:33:52.590 align:start position:0% will not work 00:33:52.590 --> 00:33:54.769 align:start position:0% will not work in<00:33:52.799> the<00:33:53.010> long<00:33:53.190> run<00:33:53.220> and<00:33:53.669> that<00:33:53.760> is<00:33:54.059> full<00:33:54.299> of<00:33:54.330> all 00:33:54.769 --> 00:33:54.779 align:start position:0% in the long run and that is full of all 00:33:54.779 --> 00:33:56.750 align:start position:0% in the long run and that is full of all sorts<00:33:54.809> of<00:33:55.260> habit<00:33:55.679> hazards<00:33:56.100> at<00:33:56.220> best<00:33:56.429> it<00:33:56.610> buys 00:33:56.750 --> 00:33:56.760 align:start position:0% sorts of habit hazards at best it buys 00:33:56.760 --> 00:33:58.820 align:start position:0% sorts of habit hazards at best it buys time<00:33:57.120> to<00:33:57.690> do<00:33:57.809> what<00:33:57.960> we<00:33:57.990> should<00:33:58.260> be<00:33:58.289> doing<00:33:58.380> they 00:33:58.820 --> 00:33:58.830 align:start position:0% time to do what we should be doing they 00:33:58.830 --> 00:34:00.710 align:start position:0% time to do what we should be doing they doubt<00:33:59.039> very<00:33:59.070> much<00:33:59.519> that<00:33:59.580> in<00:33:59.970> that<00:34:00.149> bought<00:34:00.450> time 00:34:00.710 --> 00:34:00.720 align:start position:0% doubt very much that in that bought time 00:34:00.720 --> 00:34:03.470 align:start position:0% doubt very much that in that bought time the<00:34:01.260> right<00:34:01.440> thing<00:34:01.769> will<00:34:02.370> be<00:34:02.760> done<00:34:03.029> they<00:34:03.269> talked 00:34:03.470 --> 00:34:03.480 align:start position:0% the right thing will be done they talked 00:34:03.480 --> 00:34:05.480 align:start position:0% the right thing will be done they talked about<00:34:03.600> negative<00:34:04.139> impacts<00:34:04.620> on<00:34:04.860> tropical 00:34:05.480 --> 00:34:05.490 align:start position:0% about negative impacts on tropical 00:34:05.490 --> 00:34:07.549 align:start position:0% about negative impacts on tropical forests<00:34:06.179> on<00:34:06.269> the<00:34:06.299> ozone<00:34:06.750> layer<00:34:06.899> on<00:34:07.230> crop 00:34:07.549 --> 00:34:07.559 align:start position:0% forests on the ozone layer on crop 00:34:07.559 --> 00:34:09.379 align:start position:0% forests on the ozone layer on crop yields<00:34:07.980> on<00:34:08.129> the<00:34:08.250> potential<00:34:08.760> actually<00:34:09.089> to<00:34:09.210> use 00:34:09.379 --> 00:34:09.389 align:start position:0% yields on the potential actually to use 00:34:09.389 --> 00:34:11.240 align:start position:0% yields on the potential actually to use solar<00:34:09.629> energy<00:34:09.750> since<00:34:10.379> some<00:34:10.859> of<00:34:10.950> the<00:34:11.010> sun's 00:34:11.240 --> 00:34:11.250 align:start position:0% solar energy since some of the sun's 00:34:11.250 --> 00:34:12.919 align:start position:0% solar energy since some of the sun's rays<00:34:11.460> will<00:34:11.790> be<00:34:12.000> blocked<00:34:12.359> they<00:34:12.599> talked<00:34:12.810> about 00:34:12.919 --> 00:34:12.929 align:start position:0% rays will be blocked they talked about 00:34:12.929 --> 00:34:14.629 align:start position:0% rays will be blocked they talked about the<00:34:13.470> fact<00:34:13.500> that<00:34:13.770> there<00:34:13.950> will<00:34:14.040> be<00:34:14.070> winners<00:34:14.429> and 00:34:14.629 --> 00:34:14.639 align:start position:0% the fact that there will be winners and 00:34:14.639 --> 00:34:16.339 align:start position:0% the fact that there will be winners and losers<00:34:14.940> and<00:34:15.149> they<00:34:15.300> raised<00:34:15.480> the<00:34:15.659> prospect<00:34:15.869> that 00:34:16.339 --> 00:34:16.349 align:start position:0% losers and they raised the prospect that 00:34:16.349 --> 00:34:18.260 align:start position:0% losers and they raised the prospect that the<00:34:16.830> global<00:34:17.220> north<00:34:17.399> will<00:34:17.639> take<00:34:17.849> control<00:34:18.149> of 00:34:18.260 --> 00:34:18.270 align:start position:0% the global north will take control of 00:34:18.270 --> 00:34:20.690 align:start position:0% the global north will take control of this<00:34:18.480> if<00:34:18.690> not<00:34:19.109> the<00:34:19.320> military<00:34:19.770> and<00:34:20.010> that<00:34:20.550> the 00:34:20.690 --> 00:34:20.700 align:start position:0% this if not the military and that the 00:34:20.700 --> 00:34:22.820 align:start position:0% this if not the military and that the losers<00:34:21.000> will<00:34:21.240> be<00:34:21.300> the<00:34:21.720> powerless<00:34:22.230> and<00:34:22.440> very 00:34:22.820 --> 00:34:22.830 align:start position:0% losers will be the powerless and very 00:34:22.830 --> 00:34:25.129 align:start position:0% losers will be the powerless and very likely<00:34:23.099> the<00:34:23.970> the<00:34:24.300> weak<00:34:24.510> and<00:34:24.750> the<00:34:24.810> large 00:34:25.129 --> 00:34:25.139 align:start position:0% likely the the weak and the large 00:34:25.139 --> 00:34:27.020 align:start position:0% likely the the weak and the large question<00:34:25.619> they<00:34:25.740> raised<00:34:25.919> is<00:34:26.159> the<00:34:26.490> question<00:34:26.909> of 00:34:27.020 --> 00:34:27.030 align:start position:0% question they raised is the question of 00:34:27.030 --> 00:34:29.720 align:start position:0% question they raised is the question of who<00:34:27.270> will<00:34:27.599> be<00:34:27.659> in<00:34:28.109> charge<00:34:28.500> who<00:34:28.770> will<00:34:28.950> have 00:34:29.720 --> 00:34:29.730 align:start position:0% who will be in charge who will have 00:34:29.730 --> 00:34:32.450 align:start position:0% who will be in charge who will have governance<00:34:30.210> over<00:34:30.540> this<00:34:30.690> and<00:34:30.990> they<00:34:31.080> raise<00:34:31.460> very 00:34:32.450 --> 00:34:32.460 align:start position:0% governance over this and they raise very 00:34:32.460 --> 00:34:34.339 align:start position:0% governance over this and they raise very very<00:34:32.760> serious<00:34:33.179> questions<00:34:33.659> about<00:34:33.810> wanting<00:34:34.320> to 00:34:34.339 --> 00:34:34.349 align:start position:0% very serious questions about wanting to 00:34:34.349 --> 00:34:37.490 align:start position:0% very serious questions about wanting to trust<00:34:34.950> the<00:34:35.490> hand<00:34:35.819> of<00:34:36.060> whoever<00:34:36.510> controls<00:34:37.349> the 00:34:37.490 --> 00:34:37.500 align:start position:0% trust the hand of whoever controls the 00:34:37.500 --> 00:34:39.200 align:start position:0% trust the hand of whoever controls the thermostat<00:34:38.220> that<00:34:38.250> this<00:34:38.520> is<00:34:38.700> an<00:34:38.849> ethical 00:34:39.200 --> 00:34:39.210 align:start position:0% thermostat that this is an ethical 00:34:39.210 --> 00:34:40.220 align:start position:0% thermostat that this is an ethical challenge<00:34:39.419> as<00:34:39.810> well 00:34:40.220 --> 00:34:40.230 align:start position:0% challenge as well 00:34:40.230 --> 00:34:42.639 align:start position:0% challenge as well a practical<00:34:40.830> challenge<00:34:41.190> the<00:34:41.580> team<00:34:41.820> arguing 00:34:42.639 --> 00:34:42.649 align:start position:0% a practical challenge the team arguing 00:34:42.649 --> 00:34:44.930 align:start position:0% a practical challenge the team arguing against<00:34:43.649> the<00:34:43.740> resolution<00:34:44.310> which<00:34:44.460> means<00:34:44.490> that 00:34:44.930 --> 00:34:44.940 align:start position:0% against the resolution which means that 00:34:44.940 --> 00:34:46.669 align:start position:0% against the resolution which means that they<00:34:45.030> are<00:34:45.149> arguing<00:34:45.359> for<00:34:45.659> at<00:34:46.230> a<00:34:46.260> minimum 00:34:46.669 --> 00:34:46.679 align:start position:0% they are arguing for at a minimum 00:34:46.679 --> 00:34:48.649 align:start position:0% they are arguing for at a minimum further<00:34:47.010> research<00:34:47.760> study<00:34:48.119> and<00:34:48.300> exploration 00:34:48.649 --> 00:34:48.659 align:start position:0% further research study and exploration 00:34:48.659 --> 00:34:51.320 align:start position:0% further research study and exploration of<00:34:48.990> the<00:34:49.050> concept<00:34:49.590> of<00:34:50.060> engineering<00:34:51.060> solar 00:34:51.320 --> 00:34:51.330 align:start position:0% of the concept of engineering solar 00:34:51.330 --> 00:34:52.270 align:start position:0% of the concept of engineering solar radiation 00:34:52.270 --> 00:34:52.280 align:start position:0% radiation 00:34:52.280 --> 00:34:55.490 align:start position:0% radiation Ted<00:34:53.280> parson<00:34:53.730> and<00:34:53.879> David<00:34:54.510> Keith<00:34:54.690> they<00:34:54.899> say<00:34:55.109> sure 00:34:55.490 --> 00:34:55.500 align:start position:0% Ted parson and David Keith they say sure 00:34:55.500 --> 00:34:58.220 align:start position:0% Ted parson and David Keith they say sure on<00:34:55.800> first<00:34:56.490> glance<00:34:56.820> it<00:34:57.180> does<00:34:57.450> sound<00:34:57.750> crazy<00:34:57.960> but 00:34:58.220 --> 00:34:58.230 align:start position:0% on first glance it does sound crazy but 00:34:58.230 --> 00:34:59.870 align:start position:0% on first glance it does sound crazy but they're<00:34:58.530> arguing<00:34:59.010> that<00:34:59.190> the<00:34:59.280> idea<00:34:59.550> should<00:34:59.760> be 00:34:59.870 --> 00:34:59.880 align:start position:0% they're arguing that the idea should be 00:34:59.880 --> 00:35:02.230 align:start position:0% they're arguing that the idea should be taken<00:35:00.210> seriously<00:35:00.320> that<00:35:01.320> it<00:35:01.440> deserves<00:35:01.740> focus 00:35:02.230 --> 00:35:02.240 align:start position:0% taken seriously that it deserves focus 00:35:02.240 --> 00:35:05.270 align:start position:0% taken seriously that it deserves focus on<00:35:03.240> its<00:35:03.510> merits<00:35:03.930> study<00:35:04.260> of<00:35:04.470> the<00:35:04.560> possibilities 00:35:05.270 --> 00:35:05.280 align:start position:0% on its merits study of the possibilities 00:35:05.280 --> 00:35:07.370 align:start position:0% on its merits study of the possibilities they<00:35:05.670> say<00:35:06.060> it's<00:35:06.210> long<00:35:06.390> past<00:35:06.600> time<00:35:06.780> that<00:35:06.960> the 00:35:07.370 --> 00:35:07.380 align:start position:0% they say it's long past time that the 00:35:07.380 --> 00:35:08.420 align:start position:0% they say it's long past time that the taboo 00:35:08.420 --> 00:35:08.430 align:start position:0% taboo 00:35:08.430 --> 00:35:10.910 align:start position:0% taboo status<00:35:09.119> of<00:35:09.359> this<00:35:09.510> idea<00:35:09.869> it's<00:35:10.080> marginalization 00:35:10.910 --> 00:35:10.920 align:start position:0% status of this idea it's marginalization 00:35:10.920 --> 00:35:13.730 align:start position:0% status of this idea it's marginalization should<00:35:11.460> and<00:35:11.700> they<00:35:12.090> say<00:35:12.390> that<00:35:12.660> they<00:35:13.109> agree<00:35:13.140> that 00:35:13.730 --> 00:35:13.740 align:start position:0% should and they say that they agree that 00:35:13.740 --> 00:35:16.609 align:start position:0% should and they say that they agree that this<00:35:14.220> end<00:35:14.910> goal<00:35:15.180> should<00:35:15.480> be<00:35:15.510> cuts<00:35:15.930> to<00:35:16.170> zero 00:35:16.609 --> 00:35:16.619 align:start position:0% this end goal should be cuts to zero 00:35:16.619 --> 00:35:18.890 align:start position:0% this end goal should be cuts to zero carbon<00:35:17.190> but<00:35:17.700> that<00:35:17.820> the<00:35:17.910> clock<00:35:18.150> is<00:35:18.359> ticking<00:35:18.780> and 00:35:18.890 --> 00:35:18.900 align:start position:0% carbon but that the clock is ticking and 00:35:18.900 --> 00:35:20.870 align:start position:0% carbon but that the clock is ticking and that<00:35:19.050> were<00:35:19.140> already<00:35:19.380> past<00:35:19.800> the<00:35:20.100> point<00:35:20.310> where 00:35:20.870 --> 00:35:20.880 align:start position:0% that were already past the point where 00:35:20.880 --> 00:35:23.900 align:start position:0% that were already past the point where damage<00:35:21.240> has<00:35:21.630> been<00:35:21.660> done<00:35:21.900> that<00:35:22.320> the<00:35:22.500> idea<00:35:23.070> of<00:35:23.130> of 00:35:23.900 --> 00:35:23.910 align:start position:0% damage has been done that the idea of of 00:35:23.910 --> 00:35:26.180 align:start position:0% damage has been done that the idea of of geoengineering<00:35:24.570> should<00:35:24.810> be<00:35:24.930> done<00:35:25.109> in<00:35:25.560> concert 00:35:26.180 --> 00:35:26.190 align:start position:0% geoengineering should be done in concert 00:35:26.190 --> 00:35:29.090 align:start position:0% geoengineering should be done in concert with<00:35:26.400> cuts<00:35:27.030> because<00:35:27.359> we<00:35:27.720> already<00:35:28.650> we<00:35:29.070> already 00:35:29.090 --> 00:35:29.100 align:start position:0% with cuts because we already we already 00:35:29.100 --> 00:35:32.810 align:start position:0% with cuts because we already we already need<00:35:29.910> the<00:35:30.300> shield<00:35:30.619> that's<00:35:31.619> in<00:35:31.830> place<00:35:32.070> and<00:35:32.430> they 00:35:32.810 --> 00:35:32.820 align:start position:0% need the shield that's in place and they 00:35:32.820 --> 00:35:34.280 align:start position:0% need the shield that's in place and they also<00:35:33.180> address<00:35:33.630> the<00:35:33.750> governance<00:35:34.140> question 00:35:34.280 --> 00:35:34.290 align:start position:0% also address the governance question 00:35:34.290 --> 00:35:37.370 align:start position:0% also address the governance question with<00:35:35.220> a<00:35:35.250> kind<00:35:36.119> of<00:35:36.150> a<00:35:36.240> basic<00:35:36.660> trust<00:35:36.960> in<00:35:37.140> the<00:35:37.230> fact 00:35:37.370 --> 00:35:37.380 align:start position:0% with a kind of a basic trust in the fact 00:35:37.380 --> 00:35:40.750 align:start position:0% with a kind of a basic trust in the fact looking<00:35:37.800> back<00:35:37.950> in<00:35:38.100> the<00:35:38.130> past<00:35:38.369> that<00:35:39.260> difficult 00:35:40.750 --> 00:35:40.760 align:start position:0% looking back in the past that difficult 00:35:40.760 --> 00:35:42.800 align:start position:0% looking back in the past that difficult transnational<00:35:41.760> ideas<00:35:42.450> have<00:35:42.690> been 00:35:42.800 --> 00:35:42.810 align:start position:0% transnational ideas have been 00:35:42.810 --> 00:35:45.710 align:start position:0% transnational ideas have been successfully<00:35:43.500> brought<00:35:44.130> together<00:35:44.340> in<00:35:45.180> in<00:35:45.600> the 00:35:45.710 --> 00:35:45.720 align:start position:0% successfully brought together in in the 00:35:45.720 --> 00:35:47.210 align:start position:0% successfully brought together in in the past<00:35:45.900> and<00:35:46.230> that<00:35:46.320> that<00:35:46.500> could<00:35:46.680> be<00:35:46.710> done<00:35:46.950> again 00:35:47.210 --> 00:35:47.220 align:start position:0% past and that that could be done again 00:35:47.220 --> 00:35:48.800 align:start position:0% past and that that could be done again they<00:35:47.369> do<00:35:47.430> have<00:35:47.700> some<00:35:47.940> trust<00:35:48.210> as<00:35:48.420> their 00:35:48.800 --> 00:35:48.810 align:start position:0% they do have some trust as their 00:35:48.810 --> 00:35:49.970 align:start position:0% they do have some trust as their opponent<00:35:49.170> said<00:35:49.290> in<00:35:49.380> the<00:35:49.470> ability<00:35:49.859> of 00:35:49.970 --> 00:35:49.980 align:start position:0% opponent said in the ability of 00:35:49.980 --> 00:35:52.070 align:start position:0% opponent said in the ability of scientists<00:35:50.609> to<00:35:50.850> to<00:35:51.240> figure<00:35:51.420> things<00:35:51.660> out<00:35:51.869> and 00:35:52.070 --> 00:35:52.080 align:start position:0% scientists to to figure things out and 00:35:52.080 --> 00:35:54.140 align:start position:0% scientists to to figure things out and of<00:35:52.830> governments<00:35:53.340> to<00:35:53.369> figure<00:35:53.700> things<00:35:53.970> out<00:35:54.090> so 00:35:54.140 --> 00:35:54.150 align:start position:0% of governments to figure things out so 00:35:54.150 --> 00:35:56.390 align:start position:0% of governments to figure things out so there<00:35:54.450> is<00:35:54.540> a<00:35:54.570> lot<00:35:54.869> to<00:35:55.200> get<00:35:55.320> into<00:35:55.619> here<00:35:55.950> but 00:35:56.390 --> 00:35:56.400 align:start position:0% there is a lot to get into here but 00:35:56.400 --> 00:35:59.120 align:start position:0% there is a lot to get into here but before<00:35:56.820> we<00:35:56.970> do<00:35:57.180> for<00:35:57.990> the<00:35:58.290> sake<00:35:58.619> before<00:35:59.040> we 00:35:59.120 --> 00:35:59.130 align:start position:0% before we do for the sake before we 00:35:59.130 --> 00:36:00.710 align:start position:0% before we do for the sake before we actually<00:35:59.580> begin<00:35:59.850> the<00:35:59.910> competitive<00:36:00.450> part<00:36:00.600> of 00:36:00.710 --> 00:36:00.720 align:start position:0% actually begin the competitive part of 00:36:00.720 --> 00:36:02.630 align:start position:0% actually begin the competitive part of the<00:36:00.780> conversation<00:36:01.440> for<00:36:01.619> the<00:36:02.160> sake<00:36:02.369> of<00:36:02.400> the 00:36:02.630 --> 00:36:02.640 align:start position:0% the conversation for the sake of the 00:36:02.640 --> 00:36:06.099 align:start position:0% the conversation for the sake of the layperson<00:36:03.119> I<00:36:03.630> would<00:36:04.260> just<00:36:04.530> like<00:36:04.740> to<00:36:04.770> to<00:36:05.550> get<00:36:05.850> a 00:36:06.099 --> 00:36:06.109 align:start position:0% layperson I would just like to to get a 00:36:06.109 --> 00:36:08.900 align:start position:0% layperson I would just like to to get a concrete<00:36:07.109> picture<00:36:07.440> of<00:36:07.890> what<00:36:08.460> it<00:36:08.580> is<00:36:08.609> we're 00:36:08.900 --> 00:36:08.910 align:start position:0% concrete picture of what it is we're 00:36:08.910 --> 00:36:10.490 align:start position:0% concrete picture of what it is we're talking<00:36:09.150> about<00:36:09.450> when<00:36:09.900> we're<00:36:10.050> talking<00:36:10.080> about 00:36:10.490 --> 00:36:10.500 align:start position:0% talking about when we're talking about 00:36:10.500 --> 00:36:12.170 align:start position:0% talking about when we're talking about putting<00:36:11.280> aerosols 00:36:12.170 --> 00:36:12.180 align:start position:0% putting aerosols 00:36:12.180 --> 00:36:14.060 align:start position:0% putting aerosols into<00:36:12.600> the<00:36:12.690> atmosphere<00:36:13.320> I<00:36:13.470> did<00:36:13.859> a<00:36:13.890> radio 00:36:14.060 --> 00:36:14.070 align:start position:0% into the atmosphere I did a radio 00:36:14.070 --> 00:36:15.859 align:start position:0% into the atmosphere I did a radio interview<00:36:14.280> and<00:36:14.850> somebody's<00:36:15.270> question<00:36:15.660> to<00:36:15.750> me 00:36:15.859 --> 00:36:15.869 align:start position:0% interview and somebody's question to me 00:36:15.869 --> 00:36:18.770 align:start position:0% interview and somebody's question to me was<00:36:15.900> is<00:36:16.290> it<00:36:16.650> going<00:36:16.830> to<00:36:16.950> smell<00:36:17.220> is<00:36:18.150> it<00:36:18.480> going<00:36:18.660> is 00:36:18.770 --> 00:36:18.780 align:start position:0% was is it going to smell is it going is 00:36:18.780 --> 00:36:20.990 align:start position:0% was is it going to smell is it going is the<00:36:18.900> sky<00:36:19.170> going<00:36:19.500> to<00:36:19.619> look<00:36:19.800> different<00:36:20.010> how<00:36:20.820> will 00:36:20.990 --> 00:36:21.000 align:start position:0% the sky going to look different how will 00:36:21.000 --> 00:36:22.880 align:start position:0% the sky going to look different how will those<00:36:21.150> things<00:36:21.450> get<00:36:21.750> there<00:36:21.990> and<00:36:22.200> I<00:36:22.350> thought<00:36:22.650> you 00:36:22.880 --> 00:36:22.890 align:start position:0% those things get there and I thought you 00:36:22.890 --> 00:36:24.410 align:start position:0% those things get there and I thought you know<00:36:22.980> these<00:36:23.130> are<00:36:23.310> practical<00:36:23.940> questions<00:36:24.270> for 00:36:24.410 --> 00:36:24.420 align:start position:0% know these are practical questions for 00:36:24.420 --> 00:36:26.450 align:start position:0% know these are practical questions for the<00:36:24.480> layperson<00:36:24.810> so<00:36:25.440> I'm<00:36:25.590> not<00:36:25.710> sure<00:36:25.770> who<00:36:26.130> wants 00:36:26.450 --> 00:36:26.460 align:start position:0% the layperson so I'm not sure who wants 00:36:26.460 --> 00:36:27.740 align:start position:0% the layperson so I'm not sure who wants to<00:36:26.609> take<00:36:26.850> that<00:36:27.060> on<00:36:27.330> I<00:36:27.359> think 00:36:27.740 --> 00:36:27.750 align:start position:0% to take that on I think 00:36:27.750 --> 00:36:30.770 align:start position:0% to take that on I think I'm<00:36:27.960> tempted<00:36:28.500> to<00:36:28.680> ask<00:36:28.890> David<00:36:29.160> to<00:36:29.550> tell<00:36:30.150> us<00:36:30.270> how 00:36:30.770 --> 00:36:30.780 align:start position:0% I'm tempted to ask David to tell us how 00:36:30.780 --> 00:36:33.470 align:start position:0% I'm tempted to ask David to tell us how does<00:36:31.050> how<00:36:31.350> does<00:36:31.380> if<00:36:32.070> if<00:36:32.369> it<00:36:32.520> works<00:36:32.760> what's 00:36:33.470 --> 00:36:33.480 align:start position:0% does how does if if it works what's 00:36:33.480 --> 00:36:35.780 align:start position:0% does how does if if it works what's what's<00:36:33.869> being<00:36:34.080> discussed<00:36:34.500> without<00:36:35.130> if<00:36:35.640> you 00:36:35.780 --> 00:36:35.790 align:start position:0% what's being discussed without if you 00:36:35.790 --> 00:36:37.609 align:start position:0% what's being discussed without if you can<00:36:35.970> do<00:36:36.090> it<00:36:36.119> also<00:36:36.330> in<00:36:36.600> 45<00:36:37.050> seconds<00:36:37.380> or<00:36:37.440> less 00:36:37.609 --> 00:36:37.619 align:start position:0% can do it also in 45 seconds or less 00:36:37.619 --> 00:36:41.030 align:start position:0% can do it also in 45 seconds or less that<00:36:37.830> would<00:36:37.890> be<00:36:39.320> well<00:36:40.320> there<00:36:40.470> are<00:36:40.560> many<00:36:40.770> ways 00:36:41.030 --> 00:36:41.040 align:start position:0% that would be well there are many ways 00:36:41.040 --> 00:36:43.160 align:start position:0% that would be well there are many ways that<00:36:41.280> it<00:36:41.430> might<00:36:41.640> be<00:36:41.850> done<00:36:42.119> but<00:36:42.600> if<00:36:42.810> it<00:36:42.990> was 00:36:43.160 --> 00:36:43.170 align:start position:0% that it might be done but if it was 00:36:43.170 --> 00:36:45.080 align:start position:0% that it might be done but if it was aerosols<00:36:43.770> in<00:36:44.070> the<00:36:44.100> stratosphere<00:36:44.190> it<00:36:44.940> would 00:36:45.080 --> 00:36:45.090 align:start position:0% aerosols in the stratosphere it would 00:36:45.090 --> 00:36:47.210 align:start position:0% aerosols in the stratosphere it would likely<00:36:45.270> be<00:36:45.420> put<00:36:45.690> there<00:36:45.720> by<00:36:45.990> airplanes<00:36:46.650> a 00:36:47.210 --> 00:36:47.220 align:start position:0% likely be put there by airplanes a 00:36:47.220 --> 00:36:49.160 align:start position:0% likely be put there by airplanes a number<00:36:47.970> of<00:36:48.060> sort<00:36:48.270> of<00:36:48.330> twenty<00:36:48.810> or<00:36:48.930> thirty 00:36:49.160 --> 00:36:49.170 align:start position:0% number of sort of twenty or thirty 00:36:49.170 --> 00:36:51.260 align:start position:0% number of sort of twenty or thirty airplanes<00:36:49.680> by<00:36:49.890> mid-century<00:36:50.340> operating<00:36:51.090> from 00:36:51.260 --> 00:36:51.270 align:start position:0% airplanes by mid-century operating from 00:36:51.270 --> 00:36:52.430 align:start position:0% airplanes by mid-century operating from a<00:36:51.390> few<00:36:51.630> airfields 00:36:52.430 --> 00:36:52.440 align:start position:0% a few airfields 00:36:52.440 --> 00:36:54.410 align:start position:0% a few airfields that's<00:36:52.770> one<00:36:53.070> way<00:36:53.220> it<00:36:53.370> could<00:36:53.520> be<00:36:53.550> done<00:36:53.640> and<00:36:53.970> they 00:36:54.410 --> 00:36:54.420 align:start position:0% that's one way it could be done and they 00:36:54.420 --> 00:36:56.030 align:start position:0% that's one way it could be done and they would<00:36:54.540> go<00:36:54.660> up<00:36:54.690> every<00:36:55.140> day<00:36:55.290> and<00:36:55.500> do<00:36:55.650> this<00:36:55.800> they'd 00:36:56.030 --> 00:36:56.040 align:start position:0% would go up every day and do this they'd 00:36:56.040 --> 00:36:57.470 align:start position:0% would go up every day and do this they'd be<00:36:56.160> flying<00:36:56.400> continuously<00:36:57.060> putting<00:36:57.390> up 00:36:57.470 --> 00:36:57.480 align:start position:0% be flying continuously putting up 00:36:57.480 --> 00:36:59.480 align:start position:0% be flying continuously putting up aerosols<00:36:57.750> and<00:36:57.930> the<00:36:58.050> air<00:36:58.170> cells<00:36:58.490> naturally 00:36:59.480 --> 00:36:59.490 align:start position:0% aerosols and the air cells naturally 00:36:59.490 --> 00:37:00.980 align:start position:0% aerosols and the air cells naturally spread<00:36:59.760> evenly<00:37:00.300> in<00:37:00.480> the<00:37:00.510> stratosphere<00:37:00.840> is 00:37:00.980 --> 00:37:00.990 align:start position:0% spread evenly in the stratosphere is 00:37:00.990 --> 00:37:02.480 align:start position:0% spread evenly in the stratosphere is actually<00:37:01.200> very<00:37:01.320> hard<00:37:01.680> so<00:37:01.830> you<00:37:01.920> can't<00:37:02.160> get<00:37:02.340> them 00:37:02.480 --> 00:37:02.490 align:start position:0% actually very hard so you can't get them 00:37:02.490 --> 00:37:03.680 align:start position:0% actually very hard so you can't get them in<00:37:02.610> one<00:37:02.760> place<00:37:03.000> to<00:37:03.180> block<00:37:03.330> whether<00:37:03.510> it's 00:37:03.680 --> 00:37:03.690 align:start position:0% in one place to block whether it's 00:37:03.690 --> 00:37:06.260 align:start position:0% in one place to block whether it's actually<00:37:03.930> impossible<00:37:04.200> if<00:37:04.590> you<00:37:04.620> wanted<00:37:05.100> to<00:37:05.280> so 00:37:06.260 --> 00:37:06.270 align:start position:0% actually impossible if you wanted to so 00:37:06.270 --> 00:37:09.230 align:start position:0% actually impossible if you wanted to so so<00:37:06.630> the<00:37:07.400> stratosphere<00:37:08.400> things<00:37:08.730> spread<00:37:08.970> pretty 00:37:09.230 --> 00:37:09.240 align:start position:0% so the stratosphere things spread pretty 00:37:09.240 --> 00:37:11.150 align:start position:0% so the stratosphere things spread pretty evenly<00:37:09.600> and<00:37:09.840> so<00:37:09.960> you'd<00:37:10.110> be<00:37:10.230> bringing<00:37:10.710> aerosols 00:37:11.150 --> 00:37:11.160 align:start position:0% evenly and so you'd be bringing aerosols 00:37:11.160 --> 00:37:12.440 align:start position:0% evenly and so you'd be bringing aerosols up<00:37:11.370> there<00:37:11.550> and<00:37:11.670> they'd<00:37:11.760> be<00:37:11.880> spreading<00:37:12.300> over 00:37:12.440 --> 00:37:12.450 align:start position:0% up there and they'd be spreading over 00:37:12.450 --> 00:37:13.970 align:start position:0% up there and they'd be spreading over the<00:37:12.540> stratosphere<00:37:13.080> and<00:37:13.260> and<00:37:13.680> what's<00:37:13.860> the 00:37:13.970 --> 00:37:13.980 align:start position:0% the stratosphere and and what's the 00:37:13.980 --> 00:37:16.340 align:start position:0% the stratosphere and and what's the chemical<00:37:14.280> being<00:37:14.910> discussed<00:37:15.360> so<00:37:15.960> the<00:37:16.080> most 00:37:16.340 --> 00:37:16.350 align:start position:0% chemical being discussed so the most 00:37:16.350 --> 00:37:18.860 align:start position:0% chemical being discussed so the most best<00:37:17.130> understood<00:37:17.460> chemical<00:37:17.910> is<00:37:18.060> sulfates<00:37:18.750> or 00:37:18.860 --> 00:37:18.870 align:start position:0% best understood chemical is sulfates or 00:37:18.870 --> 00:37:20.900 align:start position:0% best understood chemical is sulfates or sulfuric<00:37:19.230> acid<00:37:19.560> so<00:37:20.190> it's<00:37:20.340> the<00:37:20.430> same<00:37:20.640> thing 00:37:20.900 --> 00:37:20.910 align:start position:0% sulfuric acid so it's the same thing 00:37:20.910 --> 00:37:22.340 align:start position:0% sulfuric acid so it's the same thing that<00:37:20.940> is<00:37:21.240> naturally<00:37:21.780> in<00:37:21.810> the<00:37:21.900> stratosphere 00:37:22.340 --> 00:37:22.350 align:start position:0% that is naturally in the stratosphere 00:37:22.350 --> 00:37:23.660 align:start position:0% that is naturally in the stratosphere bills<00:37:22.560> from<00:37:22.680> volcanoes<00:37:23.220> and<00:37:23.400> natural 00:37:23.660 --> 00:37:23.670 align:start position:0% bills from volcanoes and natural 00:37:23.670 --> 00:37:24.860 align:start position:0% bills from volcanoes and natural emissions<00:37:23.970> but<00:37:24.090> there's<00:37:24.270> a<00:37:24.360> bunch<00:37:24.540> of<00:37:24.660> other 00:37:24.860 --> 00:37:24.870 align:start position:0% emissions but there's a bunch of other 00:37:24.870 --> 00:37:26.540 align:start position:0% emissions but there's a bunch of other ideas<00:37:25.080> okay<00:37:25.860> and<00:37:26.010> I<00:37:26.070> would<00:37:26.160> like<00:37:26.280> to<00:37:26.340> go<00:37:26.430> the 00:37:26.540 --> 00:37:26.550 align:start position:0% ideas okay and I would like to go the 00:37:26.550 --> 00:37:27.890 align:start position:0% ideas okay and I would like to go the other<00:37:26.640> side<00:37:26.850> if<00:37:26.970> you<00:37:27.090> can<00:37:27.210> answer<00:37:27.390> help<00:37:27.780> us 00:37:27.890 --> 00:37:27.900 align:start position:0% other side if you can answer help us 00:37:27.900 --> 00:37:30.500 align:start position:0% other side if you can answer help us understand<00:37:28.290> without<00:37:28.410> yet<00:37:28.800> competing<00:37:29.460> on<00:37:29.610> the 00:37:30.500 --> 00:37:30.510 align:start position:0% understand without yet competing on the 00:37:30.510 --> 00:37:32.090 align:start position:0% understand without yet competing on the concept<00:37:31.020> just<00:37:31.080> to<00:37:31.320> describe<00:37:31.620> what<00:37:31.920> it<00:37:32.010> is 00:37:32.090 --> 00:37:32.100 align:start position:0% concept just to describe what it is 00:37:32.100 --> 00:37:32.990 align:start position:0% concept just to describe what it is we're<00:37:32.220> talking<00:37:32.340> about 00:37:32.990 --> 00:37:33.000 align:start position:0% we're talking about 00:37:33.000 --> 00:37:34.400 align:start position:0% we're talking about so<00:37:33.150> not<00:37:33.510> telling<00:37:33.840> us<00:37:33.930> why<00:37:34.080> it's<00:37:34.200> a<00:37:34.230> bad<00:37:34.350> idea 00:37:34.400 --> 00:37:34.410 align:start position:0% so not telling us why it's a bad idea 00:37:34.410 --> 00:37:36.410 align:start position:0% so not telling us why it's a bad idea but<00:37:35.040> telling<00:37:35.310> us<00:37:35.400> what<00:37:35.550> the<00:37:35.670> idea<00:37:35.910> actually<00:37:36.090> is 00:37:36.410 --> 00:37:36.420 align:start position:0% but telling us what the idea actually is 00:37:36.420 --> 00:37:38.240 align:start position:0% but telling us what the idea actually is if<00:37:36.600> there's<00:37:36.750> more<00:37:36.870> to<00:37:36.930> add<00:37:37.110> to<00:37:37.140> that<00:37:37.260> well 00:37:38.240 --> 00:37:38.250 align:start position:0% if there's more to add to that well 00:37:38.250 --> 00:37:41.570 align:start position:0% if there's more to add to that well david<00:37:38.640> has<00:37:39.230> described<00:37:40.230> the<00:37:40.380> actual<00:37:40.770> most 00:37:41.570 --> 00:37:41.580 align:start position:0% david has described the actual most 00:37:41.580 --> 00:37:44.330 align:start position:0% david has described the actual most likely<00:37:42.270> most<00:37:42.660> discussed<00:37:43.410> actual<00:37:43.890> physical 00:37:44.330 --> 00:37:44.340 align:start position:0% likely most discussed actual physical 00:37:44.340 --> 00:37:48.290 align:start position:0% likely most discussed actual physical process<00:37:44.880> of<00:37:46.010> solid<00:37:47.010> geoengineering<00:37:47.610> sending 00:37:48.290 --> 00:37:48.300 align:start position:0% process of solid geoengineering sending 00:37:48.300 --> 00:37:50.210 align:start position:0% process of solid geoengineering sending up<00:37:48.390> a<00:37:48.510> fleet<00:37:48.720> of<00:37:48.900> planes<00:37:49.050> on<00:37:49.380> a<00:37:49.440> regular<00:37:49.800> basis 00:37:50.210 --> 00:37:50.220 align:start position:0% up a fleet of planes on a regular basis 00:37:50.220 --> 00:37:54.140 align:start position:0% up a fleet of planes on a regular basis to<00:37:50.460> spray<00:37:51.060> sulfate<00:37:51.780> aerosols<00:37:52.410> which<00:37:52.920> react<00:37:53.580> in 00:37:54.140 --> 00:37:54.150 align:start position:0% to spray sulfate aerosols which react in 00:37:54.150 --> 00:37:55.730 align:start position:0% to spray sulfate aerosols which react in the<00:37:54.270> chemicals<00:37:54.750> of<00:37:54.930> the<00:37:55.080> stratosphere<00:37:55.710> the 00:37:55.730 --> 00:37:55.740 align:start position:0% the chemicals of the stratosphere the 00:37:55.740 --> 00:37:58.960 align:start position:0% the chemicals of the stratosphere the upper<00:37:56.100> atmosphere<00:37:56.390> in<00:37:57.390> a<00:37:57.600> way<00:37:57.810> that<00:37:58.470> blocks 00:37:58.960 --> 00:37:58.970 align:start position:0% upper atmosphere in a way that blocks 00:37:58.970 --> 00:38:01.790 align:start position:0% upper atmosphere in a way that blocks some<00:37:59.970> sunlight<00:38:00.450> coming<00:38:00.990> in<00:38:01.230> and<00:38:01.440> it<00:38:01.530> could<00:38:01.650> be 00:38:01.790 --> 00:38:01.800 align:start position:0% some sunlight coming in and it could be 00:38:01.800 --> 00:38:06.140 align:start position:0% some sunlight coming in and it could be regulated<00:38:02.130> so<00:38:03.030> that<00:38:03.360> you<00:38:03.900> could<00:38:05.150> basically 00:38:06.140 --> 00:38:06.150 align:start position:0% regulated so that you could basically 00:38:06.150 --> 00:38:08.630 align:start position:0% regulated so that you could basically adjust<00:38:06.840> the<00:38:07.140> amount<00:38:07.410> of<00:38:07.560> sunlight<00:38:07.770> okay<00:38:08.250> so<00:38:08.550> we 00:38:08.630 --> 00:38:08.640 align:start position:0% adjust the amount of sunlight okay so we 00:38:08.640 --> 00:38:09.980 align:start position:0% adjust the amount of sunlight okay so we all<00:38:08.760> agree<00:38:09.000> to<00:38:09.030> that<00:38:09.270> though<00:38:09.450> and<00:38:09.660> will<00:38:09.870> it 00:38:09.980 --> 00:38:09.990 align:start position:0% all agree to that though and will it 00:38:09.990 --> 00:38:12.770 align:start position:0% all agree to that though and will it smell<00:38:10.280> no<00:38:11.280> and<00:38:11.490> will<00:38:12.030> it<00:38:12.150> the<00:38:12.420> sky<00:38:12.600> look 00:38:12.770 --> 00:38:12.780 align:start position:0% smell no and will it the sky look 00:38:12.780 --> 00:38:15.980 align:start position:0% smell no and will it the sky look different<00:38:13.110> yes<00:38:13.950> it<00:38:14.550> will<00:38:14.790> be<00:38:14.940> white<00:38:15.630> on<00:38:15.660> the 00:38:15.980 --> 00:38:15.990 align:start position:0% different yes it will be white on the 00:38:15.990 --> 00:38:18.530 align:start position:0% different yes it will be white on the sky<00:38:16.320> oh<00:38:16.590> this<00:38:16.920> guy<00:38:17.130> would<00:38:17.340> well<00:38:17.670> never<00:38:18.210> often 00:38:18.530 --> 00:38:18.540 align:start position:0% sky oh this guy would well never often 00:38:18.540 --> 00:38:22.250 align:start position:0% sky oh this guy would well never often run<00:38:18.660> it<00:38:20.000> we're<00:38:21.000> doing<00:38:21.270> okay<00:38:21.750> well<00:38:21.900> if<00:38:21.960> you<00:38:22.080> did 00:38:22.250 --> 00:38:22.260 align:start position:0% run it we're doing okay well if you did 00:38:22.260 --> 00:38:23.570 align:start position:0% run it we're doing okay well if you did enough<00:38:22.470> solar<00:38:22.740> is<00:38:22.800> you<00:38:22.860> ensuring<00:38:23.280> to<00:38:23.430> say 00:38:23.570 --> 00:38:23.580 align:start position:0% enough solar is you ensuring to say 00:38:23.580 --> 00:38:25.790 align:start position:0% enough solar is you ensuring to say offset<00:38:24.150> the<00:38:24.300> effects<00:38:24.540> of<00:38:24.660> four<00:38:25.050> times<00:38:25.350> co2 00:38:25.790 --> 00:38:25.800 align:start position:0% offset the effects of four times co2 00:38:25.800 --> 00:38:27.230 align:start position:0% offset the effects of four times co2 taking<00:38:26.100> you<00:38:26.160> all<00:38:26.340> the<00:38:26.730> way<00:38:26.850> back<00:38:26.880> to 00:38:27.230 --> 00:38:27.240 align:start position:0% taking you all the way back to 00:38:27.240 --> 00:38:28.910 align:start position:0% taking you all the way back to pre-industrial<00:38:27.570> and<00:38:27.990> if<00:38:28.380> you<00:38:28.470> did<00:38:28.620> it<00:38:28.710> in<00:38:28.800> the 00:38:28.910 --> 00:38:28.920 align:start position:0% pre-industrial and if you did it in the 00:38:28.920 --> 00:38:30.950 align:start position:0% pre-industrial and if you did it in the sort<00:38:29.790> of<00:38:29.820> way<00:38:29.970> that<00:38:30.450> makes<00:38:30.600> the<00:38:30.750> biggest 00:38:30.950 --> 00:38:30.960 align:start position:0% sort of way that makes the biggest 00:38:30.960 --> 00:38:33.890 align:start position:0% sort of way that makes the biggest particles<00:38:31.500> which<00:38:31.650> would<00:38:32.580> be<00:38:32.700> crazy<00:38:32.910> then<00:38:33.660> you 00:38:33.890 --> 00:38:33.900 align:start position:0% particles which would be crazy then you 00:38:33.900 --> 00:38:36.710 align:start position:0% particles which would be crazy then you can<00:38:34.110> see<00:38:34.260> some<00:38:34.440> whitening<00:38:34.620> okay<00:38:35.580> so<00:38:35.850> do<00:38:36.660> you 00:38:36.710 --> 00:38:36.720 align:start position:0% can see some whitening okay so do you 00:38:36.720 --> 00:38:38.990 align:start position:0% can see some whitening okay so do you want<00:38:36.840> to<00:38:36.900> well<00:38:37.200> I<00:38:37.230> mean<00:38:37.470> go<00:38:38.460> for<00:38:38.610> it<00:38:38.730> let<00:38:38.910> me 00:38:38.990 --> 00:38:39.000 align:start position:0% want to well I mean go for it let me 00:38:39.000 --> 00:38:41.750 align:start position:0% want to well I mean go for it let me just<00:38:39.150> finish<00:38:39.330> on<00:38:39.540> this<00:38:39.720> because<00:38:40.640> you<00:38:41.640> know 00:38:41.750 --> 00:38:41.760 align:start position:0% just finish on this because you know 00:38:41.760 --> 00:38:44.690 align:start position:0% just finish on this because you know David<00:38:42.330> David<00:38:43.170> has<00:38:43.410> been<00:38:43.830> a<00:38:43.860> crucial<00:38:44.520> person 00:38:44.690 --> 00:38:44.700 align:start position:0% David David has been a crucial person 00:38:44.700 --> 00:38:47.390 align:start position:0% David David has been a crucial person probably<00:38:45.270> the<00:38:45.390> leading<00:38:45.630> scientist<00:38:46.400> pushing 00:38:47.390 --> 00:38:47.400 align:start position:0% probably the leading scientist pushing 00:38:47.400 --> 00:38:49.730 align:start position:0% probably the leading scientist pushing for<00:38:47.670> a<00:38:48.060> research<00:38:48.840> program<00:38:49.320> in<00:38:49.500> solar 00:38:49.730 --> 00:38:49.740 align:start position:0% for a research program in solar 00:38:49.740 --> 00:38:51.920 align:start position:0% for a research program in solar geoengineering<00:38:50.520> and<00:38:50.730> and<00:38:51.000> he's<00:38:51.150> even<00:38:51.330> in<00:38:51.690> some 00:38:51.920 --> 00:38:51.930 align:start position:0% geoengineering and and he's even in some 00:38:51.930 --> 00:38:53.360 align:start position:0% geoengineering and and he's even in some of<00:38:52.020> his<00:38:52.110> writings<00:38:52.170> suggested<00:38:52.950> we<00:38:53.070> should<00:38:53.100> be 00:38:53.360 --> 00:38:53.370 align:start position:0% of his writings suggested we should be 00:38:53.370 --> 00:38:56.840 align:start position:0% of his writings suggested we should be deploying<00:38:53.730> it<00:38:53.970> soon<00:38:55.160> one<00:38:56.160> of<00:38:56.190> the<00:38:56.400> problems 00:38:56.840 --> 00:38:56.850 align:start position:0% deploying it soon one of the problems 00:38:56.850 --> 00:38:59.390 align:start position:0% deploying it soon one of the problems with<00:38:57.060> it<00:38:57.270> is<00:38:57.450> that<00:38:57.780> how<00:38:58.440> much<00:38:58.590> of<00:38:58.650> it<00:38:58.950> do<00:38:59.100> we<00:38:59.220> do 00:38:59.390 --> 00:38:59.400 align:start position:0% with it is that how much of it do we do 00:38:59.400 --> 00:39:01.190 align:start position:0% with it is that how much of it do we do initially<00:38:59.910> people<00:39:00.570> were<00:39:00.630> saying<00:39:00.870> we<00:39:01.020> should 00:39:01.190 --> 00:39:01.200 align:start position:0% initially people were saying we should 00:39:01.200 --> 00:39:02.720 align:start position:0% initially people were saying we should do<00:39:01.380> so<00:39:01.590> much<00:39:01.830> to<00:39:02.040> reduce<00:39:02.160> the<00:39:02.460> temperature 00:39:02.720 --> 00:39:02.730 align:start position:0% do so much to reduce the temperature 00:39:02.730 --> 00:39:04.760 align:start position:0% do so much to reduce the temperature back<00:39:03.000> to<00:39:03.030> pre-industrial<00:39:03.690> levels<00:39:04.290> 1<00:39:04.470> degrees 00:39:04.760 --> 00:39:04.770 align:start position:0% back to pre-industrial levels 1 degrees 00:39:04.770 --> 00:39:06.200 align:start position:0% back to pre-industrial levels 1 degrees Celsius<00:39:05.670> or<00:39:05.790> a<00:39:05.850> bit 00:39:06.200 --> 00:39:06.210 align:start position:0% Celsius or a bit 00:39:06.210 --> 00:39:09.230 align:start position:0% Celsius or a bit more<00:39:06.359> david<00:39:07.260> says<00:39:07.589> no<00:39:07.800> we<00:39:07.980> need<00:39:08.160> to<00:39:08.280> do<00:39:08.460> much 00:39:09.230 --> 00:39:09.240 align:start position:0% more david says no we need to do much 00:39:09.240 --> 00:39:12.730 align:start position:0% more david says no we need to do much less<00:39:09.720> than<00:39:10.320> that<00:39:10.760> but<00:39:11.760> I<00:39:11.970> just<00:39:12.000> point<00:39:12.450> out 00:39:12.730 --> 00:39:12.740 align:start position:0% less than that but I just point out 00:39:12.740 --> 00:39:16.430 align:start position:0% less than that but I just point out there's<00:39:13.740> a<00:39:13.800> sulphur<00:39:14.190> industry<00:39:14.790> that<00:39:15.690> would<00:39:15.960> be 00:39:16.430 --> 00:39:16.440 align:start position:0% there's a sulphur industry that would be 00:39:16.440 --> 00:39:18.079 align:start position:0% there's a sulphur industry that would be nestled<00:39:16.800> would<00:39:17.010> be<00:39:17.099> draw<00:39:17.339> called<00:39:17.820> upon<00:39:18.060> to 00:39:18.079 --> 00:39:18.089 align:start position:0% nestled would be draw called upon to 00:39:18.089 --> 00:39:20.480 align:start position:0% nestled would be draw called upon to provide<00:39:18.390> the<00:39:18.750> sulfur<00:39:19.230> to<00:39:20.010> be<00:39:20.130> put<00:39:20.280> in<00:39:20.400> the 00:39:20.480 --> 00:39:20.490 align:start position:0% provide the sulfur to be put in the 00:39:20.490 --> 00:39:22.700 align:start position:0% provide the sulfur to be put in the planes<00:39:20.730> to<00:39:20.940> set<00:39:21.119> up<00:39:21.270> some<00:39:21.810> of<00:39:21.839> that<00:39:21.990> sulfur 00:39:22.700 --> 00:39:22.710 align:start position:0% planes to set up some of that sulfur 00:39:22.710 --> 00:39:26.570 align:start position:0% planes to set up some of that sulfur comes<00:39:23.700> from<00:39:24.380> extracted<00:39:25.380> from<00:39:25.560> the<00:39:25.740> flue<00:39:25.980> gases 00:39:26.570 --> 00:39:26.580 align:start position:0% comes from extracted from the flue gases 00:39:26.580 --> 00:39:29.810 align:start position:0% comes from extracted from the flue gases of<00:39:26.730> coal-fired<00:39:27.510> power<00:39:28.080> plants<00:39:28.560> and<00:39:28.740> that<00:39:29.490> same 00:39:29.810 --> 00:39:29.820 align:start position:0% of coal-fired power plants and that same 00:39:29.820 --> 00:39:32.030 align:start position:0% of coal-fired power plants and that same sulfur<00:39:30.359> which<00:39:30.570> we<00:39:30.720> don't<00:39:30.990> allow<00:39:31.260> into<00:39:31.920> the 00:39:32.030 --> 00:39:32.040 align:start position:0% sulfur which we don't allow into the 00:39:32.040 --> 00:39:34.640 align:start position:0% sulfur which we don't allow into the lower<00:39:32.310> atmosphere<00:39:33.290> because<00:39:34.290> it<00:39:34.410> causes 00:39:34.640 --> 00:39:34.650 align:start position:0% lower atmosphere because it causes 00:39:34.650 --> 00:39:37.460 align:start position:0% lower atmosphere because it causes sulfur<00:39:35.339> pollution<00:39:35.839> poor<00:39:36.839> faith<00:39:37.020> bad<00:39:37.290> for 00:39:37.460 --> 00:39:37.470 align:start position:0% sulfur pollution poor faith bad for 00:39:37.470 --> 00:39:39.230 align:start position:0% sulfur pollution poor faith bad for health<00:39:37.619> and<00:39:37.740> so<00:39:37.890> on<00:39:37.920> is<00:39:38.160> then<00:39:38.550> put<00:39:38.760> on<00:39:38.910> planes 00:39:39.230 --> 00:39:39.240 align:start position:0% health and so on is then put on planes 00:39:39.240 --> 00:39:41.780 align:start position:0% health and so on is then put on planes and<00:39:39.510> put<00:39:39.930> into<00:39:40.109> the<00:39:40.349> upper<00:39:40.830> atmosphere<00:39:41.580> where 00:39:41.780 --> 00:39:41.790 align:start position:0% and put into the upper atmosphere where 00:39:41.790 --> 00:39:45.260 align:start position:0% and put into the upper atmosphere where is<00:39:42.599> blocks<00:39:43.500> some<00:39:43.890> sunlight<00:39:44.339> reaching<00:39:45.150> the 00:39:45.260 --> 00:39:45.270 align:start position:0% is blocks some sunlight reaching the 00:39:45.270 --> 00:39:47.420 align:start position:0% is blocks some sunlight reaching the planet<00:39:45.480> I<00:39:45.810> think<00:39:46.410> that<00:39:46.710> along<00:39:47.010> with<00:39:47.070> the 00:39:47.420 --> 00:39:47.430 align:start position:0% planet I think that along with the 00:39:47.430 --> 00:39:50.480 align:start position:0% planet I think that along with the damage<00:39:48.390> to<00:39:48.660> the<00:39:48.780> ozone<00:39:48.930> layer<00:39:49.440> would<00:39:49.740> undo<00:39:50.310> all 00:39:50.480 --> 00:39:50.490 align:start position:0% damage to the ozone layer would undo all 00:39:50.490 --> 00:39:51.530 align:start position:0% damage to the ozone layer would undo all of<00:39:50.520> the<00:39:50.700> work<00:39:50.880> that<00:39:50.910> we've<00:39:51.330> been<00:39:51.359> doing 00:39:51.530 --> 00:39:51.540 align:start position:0% of the work that we've been doing 00:39:51.540 --> 00:39:54.620 align:start position:0% of the work that we've been doing reducing<00:39:52.290> CFCs<00:39:52.890> to<00:39:53.190> try<00:39:53.400> to<00:39:53.460> reduce<00:39:54.030> the<00:39:54.420> hole 00:39:54.620 --> 00:39:54.630 align:start position:0% reducing CFCs to try to reduce the hole 00:39:54.630 --> 00:39:57.050 align:start position:0% reducing CFCs to try to reduce the hole in<00:39:54.810> the<00:39:54.930> ozone<00:39:54.960> layer<00:39:55.460> really<00:39:56.460> tells<00:39:56.730> us<00:39:56.940> that 00:39:57.050 --> 00:39:57.060 align:start position:0% in the ozone layer really tells us that 00:39:57.060 --> 00:39:58.220 align:start position:0% in the ozone layer really tells us that when<00:39:57.210> you<00:39:57.270> start<00:39:57.540> messing<00:39:57.839> with<00:39:58.050> the 00:39:58.220 --> 00:39:58.230 align:start position:0% when you start messing with the 00:39:58.230 --> 00:40:01.520 align:start position:0% when you start messing with the chemistry<00:39:59.190> of<00:39:59.430> the<00:39:59.970> upper<00:40:00.240> atmosphere<00:40:00.530> you're 00:40:01.520 --> 00:40:01.530 align:start position:0% chemistry of the upper atmosphere you're 00:40:01.530 --> 00:40:03.800 align:start position:0% chemistry of the upper atmosphere you're really<00:40:01.890> in<00:40:02.099> very<00:40:02.339> very<00:40:03.060> dangerous<00:40:03.599> territory 00:40:03.800 --> 00:40:03.810 align:start position:0% really in very very dangerous territory 00:40:03.810 --> 00:40:05.510 align:start position:0% really in very very dangerous territory I<00:40:04.230> want<00:40:04.410> to<00:40:04.470> go<00:40:04.530> to<00:40:04.589> the<00:40:04.740> other<00:40:04.859> side<00:40:05.010> but<00:40:05.250> first 00:40:05.510 --> 00:40:05.520 align:start position:0% I want to go to the other side but first 00:40:05.520 --> 00:40:07.040 align:start position:0% I want to go to the other side but first I<00:40:05.670> just<00:40:05.730> want<00:40:06.030> to<00:40:06.089> ask<00:40:06.270> the<00:40:06.510> audience<00:40:06.630> here<00:40:06.990> in 00:40:07.040 --> 00:40:07.050 align:start position:0% I just want to ask the audience here in 00:40:07.050 --> 00:40:08.930 align:start position:0% I just want to ask the audience here in New<00:40:07.170> York<00:40:07.410> have<00:40:07.800> you<00:40:07.920> had<00:40:08.070> enough<00:40:08.339> of<00:40:08.520> a<00:40:08.640> sketch 00:40:08.930 --> 00:40:08.940 align:start position:0% New York have you had enough of a sketch 00:40:08.940 --> 00:40:10.730 align:start position:0% New York have you had enough of a sketch of<00:40:09.150> what<00:40:09.300> it<00:40:09.390> is<00:40:09.510> we're<00:40:09.660> talking<00:40:10.050> about<00:40:10.170> okay 00:40:10.730 --> 00:40:10.740 align:start position:0% of what it is we're talking about okay 00:40:10.740 --> 00:40:13.220 align:start position:0% of what it is we're talking about okay I'm<00:40:11.310> taking<00:40:11.820> your<00:40:12.089> word<00:40:12.210> for<00:40:12.240> it<00:40:12.480> cuz<00:40:12.599> I<00:40:12.690> get<00:40:13.109> it 00:40:13.220 --> 00:40:13.230 align:start position:0% I'm taking your word for it cuz I get it 00:40:13.230 --> 00:40:15.109 align:start position:0% I'm taking your word for it cuz I get it also<00:40:13.380> who<00:40:13.859> would<00:40:13.920> like<00:40:14.070> to<00:40:14.099> respond<00:40:14.520> on<00:40:14.820> the 00:40:15.109 --> 00:40:15.119 align:start position:0% also who would like to respond on the 00:40:15.119 --> 00:40:16.579 align:start position:0% also who would like to respond on the other<00:40:15.270> side<00:40:15.450> to<00:40:15.570> was<00:40:15.690> just<00:40:15.900> what's<00:40:16.320> just<00:40:16.530> been 00:40:16.579 --> 00:40:16.589 align:start position:0% other side to was just what's just been 00:40:16.589 --> 00:40:21.950 align:start position:0% other side to was just what's just been said<00:40:17.060> some<00:40:18.060> technical<00:40:20.690> yeah<00:40:21.690> you<00:40:21.839> do 00:40:21.950 --> 00:40:21.960 align:start position:0% said some technical yeah you do 00:40:21.960 --> 00:40:23.120 align:start position:0% said some technical yeah you do technical<00:40:22.349> points<00:40:22.589> front<00:40:22.740> and<00:40:22.950> then<00:40:23.040> I'll 00:40:23.120 --> 00:40:23.130 align:start position:0% technical points front and then I'll 00:40:23.130 --> 00:40:27.530 align:start position:0% technical points front and then I'll pick<00:40:23.280> up<00:40:23.339> a<00:40:23.460> couple<00:40:23.490> of<00:40:25.460> it's<00:40:26.460> very<00:40:26.760> tough<00:40:27.150> just 00:40:27.530 --> 00:40:27.540 align:start position:0% pick up a couple of it's very tough just 00:40:27.540 --> 00:40:28.910 align:start position:0% pick up a couple of it's very tough just sort<00:40:27.869> out<00:40:27.990> the<00:40:28.290> technical<00:40:28.619> from<00:40:28.859> the 00:40:28.910 --> 00:40:28.920 align:start position:0% sort out the technical from the 00:40:28.920 --> 00:40:30.260 align:start position:0% sort out the technical from the non-technical<00:40:29.160> but<00:40:29.430> I<00:40:29.460> wanna<00:40:29.609> respond<00:40:29.910> to<00:40:29.970> two 00:40:30.260 --> 00:40:30.270 align:start position:0% non-technical but I wanna respond to two 00:40:30.270 --> 00:40:31.880 align:start position:0% non-technical but I wanna respond to two points<00:40:30.599> that<00:40:30.660> Anjali<00:40:31.080> made<00:40:31.260> at<00:40:31.410> the<00:40:31.530> beginning 00:40:31.880 --> 00:40:31.890 align:start position:0% points that Anjali made at the beginning 00:40:31.890 --> 00:40:35.150 align:start position:0% points that Anjali made at the beginning one<00:40:32.490> is<00:40:32.609> she<00:40:32.940> said<00:40:33.180> that<00:40:33.589> it<00:40:34.589> would<00:40:34.770> make<00:40:34.920> the 00:40:35.150 --> 00:40:35.160 align:start position:0% one is she said that it would make the 00:40:35.160 --> 00:40:36.349 align:start position:0% one is she said that it would make the precipitation<00:40:35.790> change 00:40:36.349 --> 00:40:36.359 align:start position:0% precipitation change 00:40:36.359 --> 00:40:38.570 align:start position:0% precipitation change you<00:40:36.599> mean<00:40:36.720> Anjali<00:40:37.050> you<00:40:37.980> mean<00:40:38.130> Anjali<00:40:38.430> said 00:40:38.570 --> 00:40:38.580 align:start position:0% you mean Anjali you mean Anjali said 00:40:38.580 --> 00:40:39.650 align:start position:0% you mean Anjali you mean Anjali said actually<00:40:38.700> yeah<00:40:38.940> that<00:40:39.240> it<00:40:39.450> would<00:40:39.570> make 00:40:39.650 --> 00:40:39.660 align:start position:0% actually yeah that it would make 00:40:39.660 --> 00:40:41.450 align:start position:0% actually yeah that it would make precipitation<00:40:40.230> change<00:40:40.410> that's<00:40:40.680> absolutely 00:40:41.450 --> 00:40:41.460 align:start position:0% precipitation change that's absolutely 00:40:41.460 --> 00:40:43.820 align:start position:0% precipitation change that's absolutely correct<00:40:41.970> but<00:40:42.720> you<00:40:42.810> didn't<00:40:43.080> say<00:40:43.290> which 00:40:43.820 --> 00:40:43.830 align:start position:0% correct but you didn't say which 00:40:43.830 --> 00:40:45.740 align:start position:0% correct but you didn't say which direction<00:40:44.220> and<00:40:44.550> of<00:40:45.000> course<00:40:45.240> one<00:40:45.420> of<00:40:45.450> the<00:40:45.599> big 00:40:45.740 --> 00:40:45.750 align:start position:0% direction and of course one of the big 00:40:45.750 --> 00:40:47.720 align:start position:0% direction and of course one of the big risks<00:40:46.140> of<00:40:46.260> climate<00:40:46.380> changes<00:40:46.950> that<00:40:46.980> precip<00:40:47.700> and 00:40:47.720 --> 00:40:47.730 align:start position:0% risks of climate changes that precip and 00:40:47.730 --> 00:40:50.060 align:start position:0% risks of climate changes that precip and especially<00:40:48.150> intense<00:40:48.900> precipitation<00:40:49.170> goes<00:40:49.800> up 00:40:50.060 --> 00:40:50.070 align:start position:0% especially intense precipitation goes up 00:40:50.070 --> 00:40:52.070 align:start position:0% especially intense precipitation goes up and<00:40:50.790> what<00:40:50.970> solar<00:40:51.210> generation<00:40:51.480> does<00:40:51.900> is<00:40:51.990> it 00:40:52.070 --> 00:40:52.080 align:start position:0% and what solar generation does is it 00:40:52.080 --> 00:40:54.200 align:start position:0% and what solar generation does is it tends<00:40:52.230> to<00:40:52.349> reduce<00:40:52.470> that<00:40:52.980> so<00:40:53.580> you<00:40:53.640> kind<00:40:53.970> of<00:40:54.060> hid 00:40:54.200 --> 00:40:54.210 align:start position:0% tends to reduce that so you kind of hid 00:40:54.210 --> 00:40:55.700 align:start position:0% tends to reduce that so you kind of hid from<00:40:54.359> the<00:40:54.510> audience<00:40:54.839> the<00:40:55.230> fact<00:40:55.410> that<00:40:55.500> one<00:40:55.680> of 00:40:55.700 --> 00:40:55.710 align:start position:0% from the audience the fact that one of 00:40:55.710 --> 00:40:57.320 align:start position:0% from the audience the fact that one of the<00:40:55.859> major<00:40:56.220> risks<00:40:56.609> of<00:40:56.670> climate<00:40:56.760> change<00:40:57.030> for 00:40:57.320 --> 00:40:57.330 align:start position:0% the major risks of climate change for 00:40:57.330 --> 00:40:59.720 align:start position:0% the major risks of climate change for example<00:40:57.410> extreme<00:40:58.410> tropical<00:40:59.040> cyclones<00:40:59.400> are 00:40:59.720 --> 00:40:59.730 align:start position:0% example extreme tropical cyclones are 00:40:59.730 --> 00:41:02.240 align:start position:0% example extreme tropical cyclones are not<00:41:00.510> increased<00:41:00.900> but<00:41:01.109> reduced<00:41:01.560> by<00:41:02.010> solar 00:41:02.240 --> 00:41:02.250 align:start position:0% not increased but reduced by solar 00:41:02.250 --> 00:41:03.950 align:start position:0% not increased but reduced by solar generation<00:41:02.550> earing<00:41:02.849> okay<00:41:03.119> since<00:41:03.690> you<00:41:03.780> put<00:41:03.930> a 00:41:03.950 --> 00:41:03.960 align:start position:0% generation earing okay since you put a 00:41:03.960 --> 00:41:05.329 align:start position:0% generation earing okay since you put a specific<00:41:04.140> out<00:41:04.530> there<00:41:04.740> I<00:41:04.770> want<00:41:04.890> to<00:41:04.950> let<00:41:05.040> Anjali 00:41:05.329 --> 00:41:05.339 align:start position:0% specific out there I want to let Anjali 00:41:05.339 --> 00:41:06.650 align:start position:0% specific out there I want to let Anjali respond<00:41:05.670> to<00:41:05.730> it<00:41:05.790> if<00:41:05.880> you<00:41:05.940> would<00:41:06.089> like<00:41:06.240> to<00:41:06.450> I 00:41:06.650 --> 00:41:06.660 align:start position:0% respond to it if you would like to I 00:41:06.660 --> 00:41:09.470 align:start position:0% respond to it if you would like to I agree<00:41:07.109> with<00:41:07.290> with<00:41:07.859> what<00:41:08.130> David<00:41:08.700> said<00:41:09.089> that<00:41:09.300> the 00:41:09.470 --> 00:41:09.480 align:start position:0% agree with with what David said that the 00:41:09.480 --> 00:41:11.599 align:start position:0% agree with with what David said that the precipitation<00:41:10.200> levels<00:41:10.680> has<00:41:10.800> sort<00:41:11.010> of<00:41:11.099> gone<00:41:11.369> up 00:41:11.599 --> 00:41:11.609 align:start position:0% precipitation levels has sort of gone up 00:41:11.609 --> 00:41:14.570 align:start position:0% precipitation levels has sort of gone up with<00:41:12.450> global<00:41:12.660> warming<00:41:12.900> and<00:41:13.320> the<00:41:13.890> sort<00:41:14.160> of<00:41:14.190> idea 00:41:14.570 --> 00:41:14.580 align:start position:0% with global warming and the sort of idea 00:41:14.580 --> 00:41:16.280 align:start position:0% with global warming and the sort of idea that<00:41:14.760> he's<00:41:14.940> talking<00:41:15.210> about<00:41:15.420> is<00:41:15.839> to<00:41:15.990> sort<00:41:16.200> of 00:41:16.280 --> 00:41:16.290 align:start position:0% that he's talking about is to sort of 00:41:16.290 --> 00:41:18.740 align:start position:0% that he's talking about is to sort of bring<00:41:16.980> it<00:41:17.099> back<00:41:17.339> to<00:41:17.580> what<00:41:17.760> it<00:41:17.790> was<00:41:17.970> as<00:41:18.390> in<00:41:18.570> what 00:41:18.740 --> 00:41:18.750 align:start position:0% bring it back to what it was as in what 00:41:18.750 --> 00:41:19.640 align:start position:0% bring it back to what it was as in what David 00:41:19.640 --> 00:41:19.650 align:start position:0% David 00:41:19.650 --> 00:41:22.550 align:start position:0% David plan<00:41:20.010> with<00:41:20.430> and<00:41:21.390> the<00:41:21.870> general<00:41:22.200> plan<00:41:22.380> with 00:41:22.550 --> 00:41:22.560 align:start position:0% plan with and the general plan with 00:41:22.560 --> 00:41:24.440 align:start position:0% plan with and the general plan with solar<00:41:22.770> geoengineering<00:41:23.370> is<00:41:23.580> is<00:41:23.880> generally<00:41:24.300> to 00:41:24.440 --> 00:41:24.450 align:start position:0% solar geoengineering is is generally to 00:41:24.450 --> 00:41:26.620 align:start position:0% solar geoengineering is is generally to bring<00:41:24.660> back<00:41:24.840> precipitation<00:41:25.770> to<00:41:25.920> what<00:41:26.100> it<00:41:26.250> was 00:41:26.620 --> 00:41:26.630 align:start position:0% bring back precipitation to what it was 00:41:26.630 --> 00:41:30.590 align:start position:0% bring back precipitation to what it was at<00:41:27.630> earlier<00:41:27.900> levels<00:41:28.410> but<00:41:29.040> I<00:41:29.370> think<00:41:30.210> the<00:41:30.420> real 00:41:30.590 --> 00:41:30.600 align:start position:0% at earlier levels but I think the real 00:41:30.600 --> 00:41:32.600 align:start position:0% at earlier levels but I think the real point<00:41:30.870> to<00:41:31.110> really<00:41:31.290> think<00:41:31.650> about<00:41:31.920> here<00:41:32.190> is<00:41:32.220> that 00:41:32.600 --> 00:41:32.610 align:start position:0% point to really think about here is that 00:41:32.610 --> 00:41:34.640 align:start position:0% point to really think about here is that a<00:41:32.820> lot<00:41:32.850> of<00:41:33.090> countries<00:41:33.600> has<00:41:33.780> sort<00:41:33.990> of<00:41:34.050> adapted 00:41:34.640 --> 00:41:34.650 align:start position:0% a lot of countries has sort of adapted 00:41:34.650 --> 00:41:36.350 align:start position:0% a lot of countries has sort of adapted to<00:41:34.770> climate<00:41:34.890> change<00:41:35.340> over<00:41:35.520> the<00:41:35.820> years<00:41:35.850> it's 00:41:36.350 --> 00:41:36.360 align:start position:0% to climate change over the years it's 00:41:36.360 --> 00:41:38.330 align:start position:0% to climate change over the years it's not<00:41:36.810> something<00:41:37.260> that<00:41:37.290> started<00:41:37.830> today<00:41:38.310> or 00:41:38.330 --> 00:41:38.340 align:start position:0% not something that started today or 00:41:38.340 --> 00:41:42.740 align:start position:0% not something that started today or yesterday<00:41:38.670> so<00:41:39.300> so<00:41:39.840> a<00:41:39.870> lot<00:41:40.230> of<00:41:40.380> say<00:41:41.450> crop<00:41:42.450> growth 00:41:42.740 --> 00:41:42.750 align:start position:0% yesterday so so a lot of say crop growth 00:41:42.750 --> 00:41:44.810 align:start position:0% yesterday so so a lot of say crop growth and<00:41:43.050> a<00:41:43.140> lot<00:41:43.260> of<00:41:43.290> the<00:41:43.470> agricultural<00:41:44.220> seasons<00:41:44.640> in 00:41:44.810 --> 00:41:44.820 align:start position:0% and a lot of the agricultural seasons in 00:41:44.820 --> 00:41:46.670 align:start position:0% and a lot of the agricultural seasons in different<00:41:45.240> countries<00:41:45.570> have<00:41:45.720> also<00:41:45.870> adapted<00:41:46.500> to 00:41:46.670 --> 00:41:46.680 align:start position:0% different countries have also adapted to 00:41:46.680 --> 00:41:48.590 align:start position:0% different countries have also adapted to climate<00:41:46.920> change<00:41:47.400> and<00:41:47.610> the<00:41:47.850> sudden<00:41:48.090> change 00:41:48.590 --> 00:41:48.600 align:start position:0% climate change and the sudden change 00:41:48.600 --> 00:41:51.440 align:start position:0% climate change and the sudden change back<00:41:48.930> to<00:41:48.960> what<00:41:49.320> it<00:41:49.470> was<00:41:49.500> may<00:41:50.430> not<00:41:50.640> necessarily 00:41:51.440 --> 00:41:51.450 align:start position:0% back to what it was may not necessarily 00:41:51.450 --> 00:41:54.110 align:start position:0% back to what it was may not necessarily be<00:41:51.960> in<00:41:52.320> everybody's<00:41:52.800> best<00:41:53.340> interest<00:41:53.550> I<00:41:53.940> need 00:41:54.110 --> 00:41:54.120 align:start position:0% be in everybody's best interest I need 00:41:54.120 --> 00:41:55.100 align:start position:0% be in everybody's best interest I need to<00:41:54.210> come<00:41:54.360> in<00:41:54.450> and<00:41:54.570> say<00:41:54.630> that<00:41:54.780> is<00:41:54.870> absolutely 00:41:55.100 --> 00:41:55.110 align:start position:0% to come in and say that is absolutely 00:41:55.110 --> 00:41:57.380 align:start position:0% to come in and say that is absolutely not<00:41:55.740> my<00:41:55.920> plan<00:41:56.130> I<00:41:56.340> think<00:41:56.580> that<00:41:56.670> would<00:41:56.790> be<00:41:56.820> nutty 00:41:57.380 --> 00:41:57.390 align:start position:0% not my plan I think that would be nutty 00:41:57.390 --> 00:41:59.210 align:start position:0% not my plan I think that would be nutty I've<00:41:57.600> never<00:41:58.140> advocated<00:41:58.680> that<00:41:58.830> I<00:41:59.070> actually 00:41:59.210 --> 00:41:59.220 align:start position:0% I've never advocated that I actually 00:41:59.220 --> 00:42:01.580 align:start position:0% I've never advocated that I actually don't<00:41:59.580> know<00:41:59.760> anybody<00:42:00.150> who<00:42:00.330> is<00:42:00.600> what<00:42:01.320> the 00:42:01.580 --> 00:42:01.590 align:start position:0% don't know anybody who is what the 00:42:01.590 --> 00:42:03.770 align:start position:0% don't know anybody who is what the people<00:42:01.860> who<00:42:01.980> seem<00:42:02.280> to<00:42:02.310> be<00:42:02.490> advocating<00:42:03.210> for 00:42:03.770 --> 00:42:03.780 align:start position:0% people who seem to be advocating for 00:42:03.780 --> 00:42:05.000 align:start position:0% people who seem to be advocating for doing<00:42:04.230> so<00:42:04.350> first<00:42:04.530> of<00:42:04.650> all<00:42:04.710> what<00:42:04.830> we're 00:42:05.000 --> 00:42:05.010 align:start position:0% doing so first of all what we're 00:42:05.010 --> 00:42:07.220 align:start position:0% doing so first of all what we're advocating<00:42:05.340> for<00:42:05.550> is<00:42:05.730> understanding<00:42:06.690> that's 00:42:07.220 --> 00:42:07.230 align:start position:0% advocating for is understanding that's 00:42:07.230 --> 00:42:07.670 align:start position:0% advocating for is understanding that's astounding 00:42:07.670 --> 00:42:07.680 align:start position:0% astounding 00:42:07.680 --> 00:42:09.560 align:start position:0% astounding what<00:42:07.800> the<00:42:07.890> risks<00:42:08.100> are<00:42:08.160> and<00:42:08.430> and<00:42:08.640> and<00:42:09.270> for 00:42:09.560 --> 00:42:09.570 align:start position:0% what the risks are and and and for 00:42:09.570 --> 00:42:11.480 align:start position:0% what the risks are and and and for precipitation<00:42:10.020> if<00:42:10.650> I<00:42:10.830> was<00:42:10.950> gonna<00:42:11.070> advocate 00:42:11.480 --> 00:42:11.490 align:start position:0% precipitation if I was gonna advocate 00:42:11.490 --> 00:42:13.520 align:start position:0% precipitation if I was gonna advocate anything<00:42:11.970> I<00:42:12.150> advocate<00:42:12.810> that<00:42:12.930> we<00:42:12.990> regulate<00:42:13.500> it 00:42:13.520 --> 00:42:13.530 align:start position:0% anything I advocate that we regulate it 00:42:13.530 --> 00:42:15.860 align:start position:0% anything I advocate that we regulate it so<00:42:13.620> it<00:42:13.890> doesn't<00:42:14.160> keep<00:42:14.550> increasing<00:42:15.090> let's 00:42:15.860 --> 00:42:15.870 align:start position:0% so it doesn't keep increasing let's 00:42:15.870 --> 00:42:18.800 align:start position:0% so it doesn't keep increasing let's drive<00:42:16.140> land<00:42:16.620> yes<00:42:17.130> that's<00:42:17.520> David's<00:42:18.090> plan<00:42:18.390> for 00:42:18.800 --> 00:42:18.810 align:start position:0% drive land yes that's David's plan for 00:42:18.810 --> 00:42:21.320 align:start position:0% drive land yes that's David's plan for solid<00:42:19.740> geoengineering<00:42:20.400> it's<00:42:21.000> a<00:42:21.090> plan<00:42:21.300> that's 00:42:21.320 --> 00:42:21.330 align:start position:0% solid geoengineering it's a plan that's 00:42:21.330 --> 00:42:23.720 align:start position:0% solid geoengineering it's a plan that's evolved<00:42:21.990> over<00:42:22.080> quite<00:42:22.740> a<00:42:22.770> few<00:42:22.980> years<00:42:23.250> I've<00:42:23.550> been 00:42:23.720 --> 00:42:23.730 align:start position:0% evolved over quite a few years I've been 00:42:23.730 --> 00:42:26.480 align:start position:0% evolved over quite a few years I've been debating<00:42:24.240> David<00:42:25.230> on<00:42:25.350> this<00:42:25.470> question<00:42:25.770> for<00:42:26.190> I 00:42:26.480 --> 00:42:26.490 align:start position:0% debating David on this question for I 00:42:26.490 --> 00:42:28.100 align:start position:0% debating David on this question for I don't<00:42:26.670> know<00:42:26.880> how<00:42:26.940> long<00:42:27.180> eight<00:42:27.390> months<00:42:27.900> eight 00:42:28.100 --> 00:42:28.110 align:start position:0% don't know how long eight months eight 00:42:28.110 --> 00:42:31.900 align:start position:0% don't know how long eight months eight seven<00:42:28.650> eight<00:42:28.770> years<00:42:29.070> and<00:42:29.340> David<00:42:30.270> I<00:42:30.420> think<00:42:30.840> has 00:42:31.900 --> 00:42:31.910 align:start position:0% seven eight years and David I think has 00:42:31.910 --> 00:42:35.120 align:start position:0% seven eight years and David I think has adjusted<00:42:32.910> the<00:42:33.000> plan<00:42:33.270> to<00:42:33.840> try<00:42:34.080> to<00:42:34.140> deal<00:42:34.530> with<00:42:34.950> as 00:42:35.120 --> 00:42:35.130 align:start position:0% adjusted the plan to try to deal with as 00:42:35.130 --> 00:42:37.130 align:start position:0% adjusted the plan to try to deal with as many<00:42:35.310> of<00:42:35.610> the<00:42:36.000> objections<00:42:36.810> that<00:42:36.900> have<00:42:37.020> been 00:42:37.130 --> 00:42:37.140 align:start position:0% many of the objections that have been 00:42:37.140 --> 00:42:38.870 align:start position:0% many of the objections that have been raised<00:42:37.560> to<00:42:37.830> it<00:42:37.920> including<00:42:38.340> the<00:42:38.430> ones<00:42:38.610> that 00:42:38.870 --> 00:42:38.880 align:start position:0% raised to it including the ones that 00:42:38.880 --> 00:42:42.260 align:start position:0% raised to it including the ones that Anjali<00:42:39.780> has<00:42:40.530> mentioned<00:42:40.770> now<00:42:41.160> if<00:42:41.730> the<00:42:42.060> world 00:42:42.260 --> 00:42:42.270 align:start position:0% Anjali has mentioned now if the world 00:42:42.270 --> 00:42:44.510 align:start position:0% Anjali has mentioned now if the world decides<00:42:42.720> to<00:42:42.900> go<00:42:43.050> with<00:42:43.080> David's<00:42:43.680> plan<00:42:43.950> rather 00:42:44.510 --> 00:42:44.520 align:start position:0% decides to go with David's plan rather 00:42:44.520 --> 00:42:46.910 align:start position:0% decides to go with David's plan rather than<00:42:44.700> somebody<00:42:45.060> else's<00:42:45.540> more<00:42:45.780> radical<00:42:46.260> plan 00:42:46.910 --> 00:42:46.920 align:start position:0% than somebody else's more radical plan 00:42:46.920 --> 00:42:50.750 align:start position:0% than somebody else's more radical plan perhaps<00:42:47.840> then<00:42:48.840> maybe<00:42:49.320> that's<00:42:49.650> a<00:42:49.770> good<00:42:50.460> thing 00:42:50.750 --> 00:42:50.760 align:start position:0% perhaps then maybe that's a good thing 00:42:50.760 --> 00:42:52.820 align:start position:0% perhaps then maybe that's a good thing but<00:42:51.240> what<00:42:51.420> I've<00:42:51.570> noticed<00:42:51.600> with<00:42:52.050> David's<00:42:52.500> plan 00:42:52.820 --> 00:42:52.830 align:start position:0% but what I've noticed with David's plan 00:42:52.830 --> 00:42:56.300 align:start position:0% but what I've noticed with David's plan is<00:42:53.100> that<00:42:54.090> he's<00:42:54.780> been<00:42:55.200> adjusting<00:42:55.770> at<00:42:55.890> over<00:42:56.220> the 00:42:56.300 --> 00:42:56.310 align:start position:0% is that he's been adjusting at over the 00:42:56.310 --> 00:42:59.180 align:start position:0% is that he's been adjusting at over the years<00:42:56.340> in<00:42:57.180> a<00:42:57.420> way<00:42:57.630> that<00:42:58.200> tries<00:42:58.440> to<00:42:58.500> head<00:42:58.950> off 00:42:59.180 --> 00:42:59.190 align:start position:0% years in a way that tries to head off 00:42:59.190 --> 00:43:02.420 align:start position:0% years in a way that tries to head off the<00:42:59.550> principal<00:42:59.940> objections<00:43:00.900> that<00:43:01.220> people<00:43:02.220> in 00:43:02.420 --> 00:43:02.430 align:start position:0% the principal objections that people in 00:43:02.430 --> 00:43:06.560 align:start position:0% the principal objections that people in fora<00:43:03.180> like<00:43:03.510> this<00:43:03.720> have<00:43:04.680> been<00:43:04.890> making<00:43:05.300> in<00:43:06.300> order 00:43:06.560 --> 00:43:06.570 align:start position:0% fora like this have been making in order 00:43:06.570 --> 00:43:09.320 align:start position:0% fora like this have been making in order to<00:43:07.050> make<00:43:07.260> it<00:43:07.560> more<00:43:07.830> palatable<00:43:08.100> to<00:43:08.700> the<00:43:08.970> general 00:43:09.320 --> 00:43:09.330 align:start position:0% to make it more palatable to the general 00:43:09.330 --> 00:43:13.190 align:start position:0% to make it more palatable to the general public<00:43:09.720> so<00:43:11.120> politicized<00:43:12.120> but<00:43:12.870> but<00:43:13.080> what 00:43:13.190 --> 00:43:13.200 align:start position:0% public so politicized but but what 00:43:13.200 --> 00:43:14.420 align:start position:0% public so politicized but but what you're<00:43:13.320> doing<00:43:13.650> there<00:43:13.800> is<00:43:13.890> you're<00:43:14.010> questioning 00:43:14.420 --> 00:43:14.430 align:start position:0% you're doing there is you're questioning 00:43:14.430 --> 00:43:16.130 align:start position:0% you're doing there is you're questioning his<00:43:14.550> motives<00:43:14.580> as<00:43:15.150> opposed<00:43:15.450> to<00:43:15.570> his<00:43:15.690> science 00:43:16.130 --> 00:43:16.140 align:start position:0% his motives as opposed to his science 00:43:16.140 --> 00:43:19.010 align:start position:0% his motives as opposed to his science well<00:43:16.710> no<00:43:16.890> I'm<00:43:17.010> saying<00:43:17.280> this<00:43:17.460> is<00:43:17.580> a<00:43:17.610> no<00:43:18.210> okay 00:43:19.010 --> 00:43:19.020 align:start position:0% well no I'm saying this is a no okay 00:43:19.020 --> 00:43:20.570 align:start position:0% well no I'm saying this is a no okay because<00:43:19.230> oh<00:43:19.530> no<00:43:19.680> I'm<00:43:19.740> saying<00:43:20.010> the<00:43:20.220> science 00:43:20.570 --> 00:43:20.580 align:start position:0% because oh no I'm saying the science 00:43:20.580 --> 00:43:23.870 align:start position:0% because oh no I'm saying the science can't<00:43:20.850> be<00:43:21.030> separated<00:43:21.840> from<00:43:22.380> the<00:43:22.620> the<00:43:23.340> way<00:43:23.610> in 00:43:23.870 --> 00:43:23.880 align:start position:0% can't be separated from the the way in 00:43:23.880 --> 00:43:26.810 align:start position:0% can't be separated from the the way in which<00:43:24.260> okay<00:43:25.260> olive<00:43:26.070> geoengineering<00:43:26.670> is 00:43:26.810 --> 00:43:26.820 align:start position:0% which okay olive geoengineering is 00:43:26.820 --> 00:43:29.510 align:start position:0% which okay olive geoengineering is presented<00:43:27.720> in<00:43:28.500> a<00:43:28.620> more<00:43:28.830> palatable<00:43:29.040> way 00:43:29.510 --> 00:43:29.520 align:start position:0% presented in a more palatable way 00:43:29.520 --> 00:43:31.640 align:start position:0% presented in a more palatable way because<00:43:29.850> general<00:43:30.120> public<00:43:30.420> I<00:43:30.510> just<00:43:30.930> I<00:43:31.230> just 00:43:31.640 --> 00:43:31.650 align:start position:0% because general public I just I just 00:43:31.650 --> 00:43:33.080 align:start position:0% because general public I just I just want<00:43:31.770> to<00:43:31.890> as<00:43:32.040> a<00:43:32.100> presumption<00:43:32.790> here 00:43:33.080 --> 00:43:33.090 align:start position:0% want to as a presumption here 00:43:33.090 --> 00:43:35.060 align:start position:0% want to as a presumption here like<00:43:33.180> assume<00:43:34.140> that<00:43:34.290> all<00:43:34.380> of<00:43:34.500> our<00:43:34.560> debaters<00:43:34.860> are 00:43:35.060 --> 00:43:35.070 align:start position:0% like assume that all of our debaters are 00:43:35.070 --> 00:43:37.010 align:start position:0% like assume that all of our debaters are arguing<00:43:35.490> in<00:43:35.580> good<00:43:35.760> faith<00:43:36.030> and<00:43:36.360> if<00:43:36.510> and<00:43:36.780> if<00:43:36.870> your 00:43:37.010 --> 00:43:37.020 align:start position:0% arguing in good faith and if and if your 00:43:37.020 --> 00:43:38.960 align:start position:0% arguing in good faith and if and if your plan<00:43:37.260> has<00:43:37.290> evolved<00:43:37.980> and<00:43:38.130> responds<00:43:38.910> to 00:43:38.960 --> 00:43:38.970 align:start position:0% plan has evolved and responds to 00:43:38.970 --> 00:43:41.090 align:start position:0% plan has evolved and responds to criticism<00:43:39.150> or<00:43:40.020> critiques<00:43:40.410> or<00:43:40.560> questions<00:43:40.980> or 00:43:41.090 --> 00:43:41.100 align:start position:0% criticism or critiques or questions or 00:43:41.100 --> 00:43:43.190 align:start position:0% criticism or critiques or questions or challenges<00:43:41.550> I'm<00:43:42.090> not<00:43:42.270> sure<00:43:42.480> I<00:43:42.660> don't<00:43:42.750> think<00:43:42.930> I 00:43:43.190 --> 00:43:43.200 align:start position:0% challenges I'm not sure I don't think I 00:43:43.200 --> 00:43:44.000 align:start position:0% challenges I'm not sure I don't think I have<00:43:43.440> a<00:43:43.470> plan 00:43:44.000 --> 00:43:44.010 align:start position:0% have a plan 00:43:44.010 --> 00:43:46.940 align:start position:0% have a plan I<00:43:44.040> really<00:43:44.430> don't<00:43:44.580> yeah<00:43:44.970> yeah<00:43:45.590> come<00:43:46.590> on<00:43:46.680> on<00:43:46.830> this 00:43:46.940 --> 00:43:46.950 align:start position:0% I really don't yeah yeah come on on this 00:43:46.950 --> 00:43:50.570 align:start position:0% I really don't yeah yeah come on on this yeah<00:43:47.310> so<00:43:47.700> so<00:43:48.320> there<00:43:49.320> actually<00:43:49.680> is<00:43:49.860> a<00:43:50.130> lot<00:43:50.430> of 00:43:50.570 --> 00:43:50.580 align:start position:0% yeah so so there actually is a lot of 00:43:50.580 --> 00:43:53.510 align:start position:0% yeah so so there actually is a lot of confusion<00:43:51.120> between<00:43:51.650> scientific<00:43:52.650> results<00:43:53.340> and 00:43:53.510 --> 00:43:53.520 align:start position:0% confusion between scientific results and 00:43:53.520 --> 00:43:55.700 align:start position:0% confusion between scientific results and things<00:43:53.970> that<00:43:54.180> people<00:43:54.360> propose<00:43:54.990> might<00:43:55.470> be 00:43:55.700 --> 00:43:55.710 align:start position:0% things that people propose might be 00:43:55.710 --> 00:43:58.220 align:start position:0% things that people propose might be reasonable<00:43:56.370> basis<00:43:56.700> for<00:43:56.730> action<00:43:57.150> and<00:43:57.510> there's 00:43:58.220 --> 00:43:58.230 align:start position:0% reasonable basis for action and there's 00:43:58.230 --> 00:44:00.380 align:start position:0% reasonable basis for action and there's ways<00:43:58.440> that<00:43:58.860> you<00:43:58.980> can<00:43:59.130> get<00:43:59.280> confused<00:43:59.790> by<00:44:00.030> mixing 00:44:00.380 --> 00:44:00.390 align:start position:0% ways that you can get confused by mixing 00:44:00.390 --> 00:44:04.700 align:start position:0% ways that you can get confused by mixing up<00:44:00.540> the<00:44:01.200> two<00:44:01.230> so<00:44:01.980> it<00:44:02.850> would<00:44:03.240> probably<00:44:03.710> be 00:44:04.700 --> 00:44:04.710 align:start position:0% up the two so it would probably be 00:44:04.710 --> 00:44:06.950 align:start position:0% up the two so it would probably be extraordinarily<00:44:05.670> damaging<00:44:06.210> and<00:44:06.660> destructive 00:44:06.950 --> 00:44:06.960 align:start position:0% extraordinarily damaging and destructive 00:44:06.960 --> 00:44:10.850 align:start position:0% extraordinarily damaging and destructive to<00:44:07.890> let<00:44:08.160> co2<00:44:08.670> go<00:44:09.180> to<00:44:09.240> three<00:44:10.080> or<00:44:10.350> four<00:44:10.380> times 00:44:10.850 --> 00:44:10.860 align:start position:0% to let co2 go to three or four times 00:44:10.860 --> 00:44:13.190 align:start position:0% to let co2 go to three or four times pre-industrial<00:44:11.460> levels<00:44:12.030> and<00:44:12.270> then<00:44:12.540> hammer 00:44:13.190 --> 00:44:13.200 align:start position:0% pre-industrial levels and then hammer 00:44:13.200 --> 00:44:15.230 align:start position:0% pre-industrial levels and then hammer the<00:44:13.590> earth<00:44:13.740> with<00:44:14.100> solar<00:44:14.340> geoengineering<00:44:15.060> to 00:44:15.230 --> 00:44:15.240 align:start position:0% the earth with solar geoengineering to 00:44:15.240 --> 00:44:17.600 align:start position:0% the earth with solar geoengineering to bring<00:44:15.420> it<00:44:15.540> back<00:44:15.630> to<00:44:15.810> pre-industrial<00:44:16.110> I<00:44:16.650> don't 00:44:17.600 --> 00:44:17.610 align:start position:0% bring it back to pre-industrial I don't 00:44:17.610 --> 00:44:20.150 align:start position:0% bring it back to pre-industrial I don't know<00:44:17.790> anybody<00:44:18.510> who's<00:44:18.840> ever<00:44:19.050> proposed<00:44:19.770> that 00:44:20.150 --> 00:44:20.160 align:start position:0% know anybody who's ever proposed that 00:44:20.160 --> 00:44:22.430 align:start position:0% know anybody who's ever proposed that that<00:44:20.370> would<00:44:20.550> be<00:44:20.670> a<00:44:20.700> sensible<00:44:21.090> idea<00:44:21.320> what<00:44:22.320> you 00:44:22.430 --> 00:44:22.440 align:start position:0% that would be a sensible idea what you 00:44:22.440 --> 00:44:25.010 align:start position:0% that would be a sensible idea what you can<00:44:22.830> find<00:44:23.190> in<00:44:23.400> the<00:44:23.490> literature<00:44:23.640> is<00:44:24.180> scientific 00:44:25.010 --> 00:44:25.020 align:start position:0% can find in the literature is scientific 00:44:25.020 --> 00:44:27.170 align:start position:0% can find in the literature is scientific studies<00:44:25.410> using<00:44:25.800> climate<00:44:26.100> models<00:44:26.580> where<00:44:26.970> they 00:44:27.170 --> 00:44:27.180 align:start position:0% studies using climate models where they 00:44:27.180 --> 00:44:30.110 align:start position:0% studies using climate models where they assume<00:44:27.690> that<00:44:28.020> in<00:44:28.320> order<00:44:29.010> to<00:44:29.040> hit<00:44:29.490> the<00:44:29.730> models 00:44:30.110 --> 00:44:30.120 align:start position:0% assume that in order to hit the models 00:44:30.120 --> 00:44:32.030 align:start position:0% assume that in order to hit the models climate<00:44:30.600> really<00:44:30.810> hard<00:44:31.290> and<00:44:31.590> get<00:44:31.890> an 00:44:32.030 --> 00:44:32.040 align:start position:0% climate really hard and get an 00:44:32.040 --> 00:44:34.820 align:start position:0% climate really hard and get an informative<00:44:32.610> result<00:44:33.170> but<00:44:34.170> you<00:44:34.290> don't<00:44:34.530> want<00:44:34.710> to 00:44:34.820 --> 00:44:34.830 align:start position:0% informative result but you don't want to 00:44:34.830 --> 00:44:37.010 align:start position:0% informative result but you don't want to misinterpret<00:44:35.550> those<00:44:35.730> results<00:44:36.300> as<00:44:36.480> saying 00:44:37.010 --> 00:44:37.020 align:start position:0% misinterpret those results as saying 00:44:37.020 --> 00:44:39.170 align:start position:0% misinterpret those results as saying that's<00:44:37.410> how<00:44:37.860> it<00:44:38.130> would<00:44:38.310> be<00:44:38.460> used<00:44:38.730> and<00:44:39.060> that's 00:44:39.170 --> 00:44:39.180 align:start position:0% that's how it would be used and that's 00:44:39.180 --> 00:44:41.720 align:start position:0% that's how it would be used and that's how<00:44:39.480> the<00:44:39.930> scientific<00:44:40.500> authors<00:44:40.920> advocate<00:44:41.580> it's 00:44:41.720 --> 00:44:41.730 align:start position:0% how the scientific authors advocate it's 00:44:41.730 --> 00:44:44.360 align:start position:0% how the scientific authors advocate it's being<00:44:41.910> used<00:44:42.150> the<00:44:42.810> broader<00:44:43.110> point<00:44:43.470> here<00:44:43.680> is<00:44:43.830> is 00:44:44.360 --> 00:44:44.370 align:start position:0% being used the broader point here is is 00:44:44.370 --> 00:44:47.210 align:start position:0% being used the broader point here is is it<00:44:44.550> is<00:44:44.730> it<00:44:44.880> similar<00:44:45.270> to<00:44:45.300> in<00:44:45.600> biology<00:44:46.380> when<00:44:47.040> they 00:44:47.210 --> 00:44:47.220 align:start position:0% it is it similar to in biology when they 00:44:47.220 --> 00:44:49.430 align:start position:0% it is it similar to in biology when they dose<00:44:47.520> mice<00:44:48.060> with<00:44:48.360> enormous<00:44:48.780> amounts<00:44:49.350> of 00:44:49.430 --> 00:44:49.440 align:start position:0% dose mice with enormous amounts of 00:44:49.440 --> 00:44:51.680 align:start position:0% dose mice with enormous amounts of something<00:44:49.890> that's<00:44:50.460> that<00:44:50.670> that's<00:44:51.000> a<00:44:51.150> very<00:44:51.420> nice 00:44:51.680 --> 00:44:51.690 align:start position:0% something that's that that's a very nice 00:44:51.690 --> 00:44:53.270 align:start position:0% something that's that that's a very nice analogy<00:44:52.350> well<00:44:52.710> I'm<00:44:52.800> not<00:44:52.860> trying<00:44:52.980> to<00:44:53.100> be<00:44:53.190> on 00:44:53.270 --> 00:44:53.280 align:start position:0% analogy well I'm not trying to be on 00:44:53.280 --> 00:44:54.710 align:start position:0% analogy well I'm not trying to be on your<00:44:53.370> side<00:44:53.670> I'm<00:44:53.850> just<00:44:54.030> trying<00:44:54.210> to<00:44:54.240> understand 00:44:54.710 --> 00:44:54.720 align:start position:0% your side I'm just trying to understand 00:44:54.720 --> 00:44:57.470 align:start position:0% your side I'm just trying to understand yeah<00:44:54.840> yeah<00:44:55.250> well<00:44:56.250> one<00:44:56.760> side<00:44:56.940> or<00:44:57.120> the<00:44:57.180> other<00:44:57.210> but 00:44:57.470 --> 00:44:57.480 align:start position:0% yeah yeah well one side or the other but 00:44:57.480 --> 00:44:58.970 align:start position:0% yeah yeah well one side or the other but it's<00:44:57.750> something<00:44:57.960> that<00:44:58.200> illustrates<00:44:58.650> the<00:44:58.800> fact 00:44:58.970 --> 00:44:58.980 align:start position:0% it's something that illustrates the fact 00:44:58.980 --> 00:45:02.030 align:start position:0% it's something that illustrates the fact often<00:44:59.430> in<00:44:59.640> scientific<00:45:00.300> studies<00:45:00.420> if<00:45:01.020> you<00:45:01.770> have 00:45:02.030 --> 00:45:02.040 align:start position:0% often in scientific studies if you have 00:45:02.040 --> 00:45:03.950 align:start position:0% often in scientific studies if you have constraints<00:45:02.760> on<00:45:02.880> what<00:45:02.940> you're<00:45:03.390> able<00:45:03.660> to<00:45:03.690> do 00:45:03.950 --> 00:45:03.960 align:start position:0% constraints on what you're able to do 00:45:03.960 --> 00:45:06.590 align:start position:0% constraints on what you're able to do you<00:45:04.230> want<00:45:04.470> to<00:45:04.560> hit<00:45:04.890> a<00:45:05.100> system<00:45:05.820> an<00:45:06.000> artificial 00:45:06.590 --> 00:45:06.600 align:start position:0% you want to hit a system an artificial 00:45:06.600 --> 00:45:09.380 align:start position:0% you want to hit a system an artificial system<00:45:06.810> or<00:45:07.170> a<00:45:07.230> small<00:45:07.650> system<00:45:08.040> really<00:45:08.310> hard<00:45:08.760> to 00:45:09.380 --> 00:45:09.390 align:start position:0% system or a small system really hard to 00:45:09.390 --> 00:45:12.260 align:start position:0% system or a small system really hard to observe<00:45:09.690> how<00:45:09.900> it<00:45:10.080> responds<00:45:10.740> but<00:45:11.490> no<00:45:11.790> one<00:45:12.030> in 00:45:12.260 --> 00:45:12.270 align:start position:0% observe how it responds but no one in 00:45:12.270 --> 00:45:15.560 align:start position:0% observe how it responds but no one in their<00:45:12.510> right<00:45:12.540> mind<00:45:12.810> would<00:45:13.410> propose<00:45:14.360> acting<00:45:15.360> in 00:45:15.560 --> 00:45:15.570 align:start position:0% their right mind would propose acting in 00:45:15.570 --> 00:45:17.570 align:start position:0% their right mind would propose acting in that<00:45:15.810> way<00:45:16.050> in<00:45:16.440> the<00:45:16.710> real<00:45:16.920> earth<00:45:17.130> that<00:45:17.340> we<00:45:17.460> all 00:45:17.570 --> 00:45:17.580 align:start position:0% that way in the real earth that we all 00:45:17.580 --> 00:45:19.400 align:start position:0% that way in the real earth that we all have<00:45:17.760> to<00:45:17.940> live<00:45:18.060> in<00:45:18.210> the<00:45:18.600> broader<00:45:18.840> point<00:45:19.200> here 00:45:19.400 --> 00:45:19.410 align:start position:0% have to live in the broader point here 00:45:19.410 --> 00:45:21.310 align:start position:0% have to live in the broader point here is<00:45:19.560> that<00:45:19.590> we're<00:45:20.010> all<00:45:20.250> arguing<00:45:20.850> about 00:45:21.310 --> 00:45:21.320 align:start position:0% is that we're all arguing about 00:45:21.320 --> 00:45:25.660 align:start position:0% is that we're all arguing about hypotheticals<00:45:22.320> because<00:45:22.980> nobody<00:45:23.940> knows<00:45:24.440> what 00:45:25.660 --> 00:45:25.670 align:start position:0% hypotheticals because nobody knows what 00:45:25.670 --> 00:45:31.550 align:start position:0% hypotheticals because nobody knows what interventions<00:45:26.670> might<00:45:27.210> be<00:45:27.890> feasible<00:45:30.200> fair<00:45:31.200> in 00:45:31.550 --> 00:45:31.560 align:start position:0% interventions might be feasible fair in 00:45:31.560 --> 00:45:35.240 align:start position:0% interventions might be feasible fair in their<00:45:31.770> effects<00:45:32.840> desirable<00:45:33.860> we<00:45:34.860> don't<00:45:35.100> even 00:45:35.240 --> 00:45:35.250 align:start position:0% their effects desirable we don't even 00:45:35.250 --> 00:45:36.950 align:start position:0% their effects desirable we don't even know<00:45:35.580> that<00:45:35.610> the<00:45:36.060> main<00:45:36.270> form<00:45:36.600> of<00:45:36.720> intervention 00:45:36.950 --> 00:45:36.960 align:start position:0% know that the main form of intervention 00:45:36.960 --> 00:45:40.160 align:start position:0% know that the main form of intervention would<00:45:37.440> remain<00:45:37.770> sulfur<00:45:38.520> but<00:45:39.000> let's<00:45:39.660> let<00:45:39.870> Anjali 00:45:40.160 --> 00:45:40.170 align:start position:0% would remain sulfur but let's let Anjali 00:45:40.170 --> 00:45:42.110 align:start position:0% would remain sulfur but let's let Anjali jump<00:45:40.380> in<00:45:40.470> on<00:45:40.560> this<00:45:40.650> I<00:45:40.830> think<00:45:41.160> it<00:45:41.820> is<00:45:42.000> very 00:45:42.110 --> 00:45:42.120 align:start position:0% jump in on this I think it is very 00:45:42.120 --> 00:45:44.090 align:start position:0% jump in on this I think it is very reasonable<00:45:42.570> to<00:45:43.020> assume<00:45:43.170> that<00:45:43.590> once<00:45:43.830> feels 00:45:44.090 --> 00:45:44.100 align:start position:0% reasonable to assume that once feels 00:45:44.100 --> 00:45:45.980 align:start position:0% reasonable to assume that once feels once<00:45:44.460> we're<00:45:44.640> talking<00:45:44.670> about<00:45:45.030> research<00:45:45.660> and 00:45:45.980 --> 00:45:45.990 align:start position:0% once we're talking about research and 00:45:45.990 --> 00:45:46.609 align:start position:0% once we're talking about research and modeling 00:45:46.609 --> 00:45:46.619 align:start position:0% modeling 00:45:46.619 --> 00:45:48.710 align:start position:0% modeling that<00:45:46.740> we<00:45:46.890> would<00:45:47.069> always<00:45:47.249> try<00:45:47.940> and<00:45:48.119> see<00:45:48.390> what 00:45:48.710 --> 00:45:48.720 align:start position:0% that we would always try and see what 00:45:48.720 --> 00:45:50.900 align:start position:0% that we would always try and see what would<00:45:48.869> happen<00:45:49.230> if<00:45:49.410> we<00:45:49.529> increase<00:45:49.910> sulfate 00:45:50.900 --> 00:45:50.910 align:start position:0% would happen if we increase sulfate 00:45:50.910 --> 00:45:52.789 align:start position:0% would happen if we increase sulfate aerosols<00:45:51.359> in<00:45:51.569> the<00:45:51.599> in<00:45:51.900> the<00:45:52.049> atmosphere<00:45:52.559> like 00:45:52.789 --> 00:45:52.799 align:start position:0% aerosols in the in the atmosphere like 00:45:52.799 --> 00:45:54.890 align:start position:0% aerosols in the in the atmosphere like my<00:45:53.069> 10<00:45:53.339> times<00:45:53.609> as<00:45:53.910> what<00:45:54.180> we<00:45:54.359> initially<00:45:54.630> planned 00:45:54.890 --> 00:45:54.900 align:start position:0% my 10 times as what we initially planned 00:45:54.900 --> 00:45:56.749 align:start position:0% my 10 times as what we initially planned because<00:45:55.230> we<00:45:55.440> are<00:45:55.529> all<00:45:55.710> initially<00:45:56.249> modeling 00:45:56.749 --> 00:45:56.759 align:start position:0% because we are all initially modeling 00:45:56.759 --> 00:45:58.670 align:start position:0% because we are all initially modeling we're<00:45:57.240> trying<00:45:57.450> to<00:45:57.599> see<00:45:57.779> what<00:45:57.990> the<00:45:58.109> impacts<00:45:58.470> of 00:45:58.670 --> 00:45:58.680 align:start position:0% we're trying to see what the impacts of 00:45:58.680 --> 00:46:00.710 align:start position:0% we're trying to see what the impacts of it<00:45:58.890> would<00:45:59.099> be<00:45:59.130> on<00:45:59.490> the<00:45:59.970> earth<00:46:00.089> and<00:46:00.420> it's<00:46:00.569> all 00:46:00.710 --> 00:46:00.720 align:start position:0% it would be on the earth and it's all 00:46:00.720 --> 00:46:03.079 align:start position:0% it would be on the earth and it's all research<00:46:01.259> it'sit's<00:46:02.190> nothing<00:46:02.369> that<00:46:02.670> we're<00:46:02.999> not 00:46:03.079 --> 00:46:03.089 align:start position:0% research it'sit's nothing that we're not 00:46:03.089 --> 00:46:04.609 align:start position:0% research it'sit's nothing that we're not deploying<00:46:03.539> it<00:46:03.779> but<00:46:03.930> we're<00:46:04.079> trying<00:46:04.259> to<00:46:04.440> see 00:46:04.609 --> 00:46:04.619 align:start position:0% deploying it but we're trying to see 00:46:04.619 --> 00:46:05.660 align:start position:0% deploying it but we're trying to see what<00:46:04.829> the<00:46:04.980> impacts<00:46:05.430> of<00:46:05.549> different 00:46:05.660 --> 00:46:05.670 align:start position:0% what the impacts of different 00:46:05.670 --> 00:46:08.690 align:start position:0% what the impacts of different circumstances<00:46:06.230> would<00:46:07.230> be<00:46:07.410> on<00:46:07.650> the<00:46:08.249> earth<00:46:08.400> is 00:46:08.690 --> 00:46:08.700 align:start position:0% circumstances would be on the earth is 00:46:08.700 --> 00:46:11.269 align:start position:0% circumstances would be on the earth is am<00:46:09.539> I<00:46:09.720> not<00:46:09.869> right<00:46:10.079> in<00:46:10.289> saying<00:46:10.470> that<00:46:10.650> I'm<00:46:11.039> not 00:46:11.269 --> 00:46:11.279 align:start position:0% am I not right in saying that I'm not 00:46:11.279 --> 00:46:13.370 align:start position:0% am I not right in saying that I'm not criticizing<00:46:12.059> these<00:46:12.180> scientific<00:46:12.779> studies<00:46:13.109> I'm 00:46:13.370 --> 00:46:13.380 align:start position:0% criticizing these scientific studies I'm 00:46:13.380 --> 00:46:15.140 align:start position:0% criticizing these scientific studies I'm agreeing<00:46:13.829> that<00:46:14.069> these<00:46:14.220> are<00:46:14.400> useful<00:46:14.640> ways<00:46:14.970> to 00:46:15.140 --> 00:46:15.150 align:start position:0% agreeing that these are useful ways to 00:46:15.150 --> 00:46:18.109 align:start position:0% agreeing that these are useful ways to get<00:46:15.299> information<00:46:16.640> is<00:46:17.640> the<00:46:17.789> misunderstanding 00:46:18.109 --> 00:46:18.119 align:start position:0% get information is the misunderstanding 00:46:18.119 --> 00:46:21.140 align:start position:0% get information is the misunderstanding that<00:46:18.809> says<00:46:18.990> because<00:46:19.410> we<00:46:19.559> studied<00:46:20.039> a<00:46:20.220> huge<00:46:20.910> hit 00:46:21.140 --> 00:46:21.150 align:start position:0% that says because we studied a huge hit 00:46:21.150 --> 00:46:22.670 align:start position:0% that says because we studied a huge hit like<00:46:21.329> that<00:46:21.509> in<00:46:21.690> a<00:46:21.779> model<00:46:22.109> that's<00:46:22.289> what<00:46:22.529> we're 00:46:22.670 --> 00:46:22.680 align:start position:0% like that in a model that's what we're 00:46:22.680 --> 00:46:25.370 align:start position:0% like that in a model that's what we're advocating<00:46:23.279> doing<00:46:23.579> I<00:46:23.990> completely<00:46:24.990> agree<00:46:25.109> with 00:46:25.370 --> 00:46:25.380 align:start position:0% advocating doing I completely agree with 00:46:25.380 --> 00:46:27.170 align:start position:0% advocating doing I completely agree with that<00:46:25.559> but<00:46:25.859> my<00:46:26.160> point<00:46:26.369> is<00:46:26.609> that<00:46:26.640> once<00:46:26.999> that 00:46:27.170 --> 00:46:27.180 align:start position:0% that but my point is that once that 00:46:27.180 --> 00:46:29.210 align:start position:0% that but my point is that once that information<00:46:27.359> is<00:46:27.839> out<00:46:28.049> there<00:46:28.319> that<00:46:28.499> in<00:46:28.710> case<00:46:28.920> we 00:46:29.210 --> 00:46:29.220 align:start position:0% information is out there that in case we 00:46:29.220 --> 00:46:31.489 align:start position:0% information is out there that in case we increase<00:46:30.210> the<00:46:30.390> amount<00:46:30.690> of<00:46:30.839> aerosols<00:46:31.259> in<00:46:31.470> the 00:46:31.489 --> 00:46:31.499 align:start position:0% increase the amount of aerosols in the 00:46:31.499 --> 00:46:34.249 align:start position:0% increase the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere<00:46:31.650> that<00:46:32.249> might<00:46:32.759> reduce<00:46:33.180> the<00:46:33.779> warming 00:46:34.249 --> 00:46:34.259 align:start position:0% atmosphere that might reduce the warming 00:46:34.259 --> 00:46:36.410 align:start position:0% atmosphere that might reduce the warming photo<00:46:34.619> that<00:46:35.220> might<00:46:35.460> just<00:46:35.670> instigate<00:46:36.119> a<00:46:36.150> bunch 00:46:36.410 --> 00:46:36.420 align:start position:0% photo that might just instigate a bunch 00:46:36.420 --> 00:46:38.739 align:start position:0% photo that might just instigate a bunch of<00:46:36.509> players<00:46:36.779> in<00:46:36.960> the<00:46:37.109> market<00:46:37.470> to<00:46:37.710> sort<00:46:38.279> of 00:46:38.739 --> 00:46:38.749 align:start position:0% of players in the market to sort of 00:46:38.749 --> 00:46:41.120 align:start position:0% of players in the market to sort of increase<00:46:39.749> their<00:46:39.960> emissions<00:46:40.410> and<00:46:40.619> not<00:46:40.769> follow 00:46:41.120 --> 00:46:41.130 align:start position:0% increase their emissions and not follow 00:46:41.130 --> 00:46:44.269 align:start position:0% increase their emissions and not follow government<00:46:42.349> sort<00:46:43.349> of<00:46:43.440> both<00:46:43.920> sides<00:46:44.160> have 00:46:44.269 --> 00:46:44.279 align:start position:0% government sort of both sides have 00:46:44.279 --> 00:46:45.559 align:start position:0% government sort of both sides have raised<00:46:44.460> something<00:46:44.849> of<00:46:44.970> a<00:46:44.999> more<00:46:45.390> of<00:46:45.480> a 00:46:45.559 --> 00:46:45.569 align:start position:0% raised something of a more of a 00:46:45.569 --> 00:46:46.970 align:start position:0% raised something of a more of a philosophical<00:46:46.170> issue<00:46:46.380> you've<00:46:46.589> raised<00:46:46.890> the 00:46:46.970 --> 00:46:46.980 align:start position:0% philosophical issue you've raised the 00:46:46.980 --> 00:46:48.769 align:start position:0% philosophical issue you've raised the concern<00:46:47.579> about<00:46:47.700> moral<00:46:48.029> hazard<00:46:48.059> that<00:46:48.390> if<00:46:48.630> this 00:46:48.769 --> 00:46:48.779 align:start position:0% concern about moral hazard that if this 00:46:48.779 --> 00:46:51.170 align:start position:0% concern about moral hazard that if this tool<00:46:49.019> exists<00:46:49.740> that<00:46:49.950> the<00:46:50.130> pressure<00:46:50.430> the 00:46:51.170 --> 00:46:51.180 align:start position:0% tool exists that the pressure the 00:46:51.180 --> 00:46:53.599 align:start position:0% tool exists that the pressure the pressure<00:46:51.210> to<00:46:51.869> to<00:46:52.259> cut<00:46:52.799> carbon<00:46:53.099> emissions<00:46:53.220> to 00:46:53.599 --> 00:46:53.609 align:start position:0% pressure to to cut carbon emissions to 00:46:53.609 --> 00:46:55.729 align:start position:0% pressure to to cut carbon emissions to zero<00:46:53.640> will<00:46:54.180> be<00:46:54.210> will<00:46:54.630> be<00:46:54.869> lifted<00:46:55.319> your 00:46:55.729 --> 00:46:55.739 align:start position:0% zero will be will be lifted your 00:46:55.739 --> 00:46:56.930 align:start position:0% zero will be will be lifted your opponents<00:46:56.249> are<00:46:56.279> making<00:46:56.549> a<00:46:56.609> different 00:46:56.930 --> 00:46:56.940 align:start position:0% opponents are making a different 00:46:56.940 --> 00:46:58.910 align:start position:0% opponents are making a different argument<00:46:57.089> more<00:46:57.809> on<00:46:57.900> the<00:46:57.989> philosophical<00:46:58.200> realm 00:46:58.910 --> 00:46:58.920 align:start position:0% argument more on the philosophical realm 00:46:58.920 --> 00:47:00.920 align:start position:0% argument more on the philosophical realm which<00:46:59.039> is<00:46:59.069> let's<00:46:59.730> just<00:46:59.849> find<00:47:00.359> out<00:47:00.599> their 00:47:00.920 --> 00:47:00.930 align:start position:0% which is let's just find out their 00:47:00.930 --> 00:47:02.960 align:start position:0% which is let's just find out their argument<00:47:01.349> is<00:47:01.440> let's<00:47:01.950> let's<00:47:02.279> find<00:47:02.640> some<00:47:02.940> more 00:47:02.960 --> 00:47:02.970 align:start position:0% argument is let's let's find some more 00:47:02.970 --> 00:47:04.339 align:start position:0% argument is let's let's find some more of<00:47:03.239> the<00:47:03.299> answers<00:47:03.599> to<00:47:03.779> the<00:47:03.900> questions<00:47:04.259> you're 00:47:04.339 --> 00:47:04.349 align:start position:0% of the answers to the questions you're 00:47:04.349 --> 00:47:06.710 align:start position:0% of the answers to the questions you're raising<00:47:04.499> let's<00:47:04.769> let's<00:47:05.309> they<00:47:06.119> claim<00:47:06.359> there<00:47:06.569> was 00:47:06.710 --> 00:47:06.720 align:start position:0% raising let's let's they claim there was 00:47:06.720 --> 00:47:08.569 align:start position:0% raising let's let's they claim there was a<00:47:06.749> taboo<00:47:07.200> on<00:47:07.380> the<00:47:07.529> on<00:47:07.769> the<00:47:07.859> topic<00:47:08.249> and<00:47:08.430> they're 00:47:08.569 --> 00:47:08.579 align:start position:0% a taboo on the on the topic and they're 00:47:08.579 --> 00:47:10.880 align:start position:0% a taboo on the on the topic and they're fighting<00:47:08.880> back<00:47:09.150> against<00:47:09.569> that<00:47:09.720> so<00:47:09.900> take<00:47:10.680> on 00:47:10.880 --> 00:47:10.890 align:start position:0% fighting back against that so take on 00:47:10.890 --> 00:47:12.229 align:start position:0% fighting back against that so take on that<00:47:11.069> I<00:47:11.099> want<00:47:11.489> to<00:47:11.549> take<00:47:11.670> your<00:47:11.789> question<00:47:12.150> to 00:47:12.229 --> 00:47:12.239 align:start position:0% that I want to take your question to 00:47:12.239 --> 00:47:15.170 align:start position:0% that I want to take your question to them<00:47:12.359> but<00:47:12.569> take<00:47:13.140> on<00:47:13.349> their<00:47:13.680> their<00:47:14.190> their<00:47:14.819> point 00:47:15.170 --> 00:47:15.180 align:start position:0% them but take on their their their point 00:47:15.180 --> 00:47:17.809 align:start position:0% them but take on their their their point that<00:47:15.539> let's<00:47:16.170> just<00:47:16.440> let's<00:47:17.069> just<00:47:17.130> look<00:47:17.369> into<00:47:17.579> it 00:47:17.809 --> 00:47:17.819 align:start position:0% that let's just let's just look into it 00:47:17.819 --> 00:47:21.950 align:start position:0% that let's just let's just look into it and<00:47:17.970> find<00:47:18.119> out<00:47:18.299> well<00:47:19.109> yes<00:47:19.859> thank<00:47:20.130> you<00:47:20.960> everyone 00:47:21.950 --> 00:47:21.960 align:start position:0% and find out well yes thank you everyone 00:47:21.960 --> 00:47:25.819 align:start position:0% and find out well yes thank you everyone says<00:47:23.599> including<00:47:24.599> our<00:47:24.930> opponents<00:47:25.650> tonight 00:47:25.819 --> 00:47:25.829 align:start position:0% says including our opponents tonight 00:47:25.829 --> 00:47:29.329 align:start position:0% says including our opponents tonight that<00:47:26.309> they<00:47:26.970> completely<00:47:27.539> agree<00:47:28.170> that<00:47:28.619> cutting 00:47:29.329 --> 00:47:29.339 align:start position:0% that they completely agree that cutting 00:47:29.339 --> 00:47:32.390 align:start position:0% that they completely agree that cutting carbon<00:47:29.759> emissions<00:47:29.849> must<00:47:30.720> come<00:47:31.019> first<00:47:31.400> and 00:47:32.390 --> 00:47:32.400 align:start position:0% carbon emissions must come first and 00:47:32.400 --> 00:47:35.359 align:start position:0% carbon emissions must come first and that<00:47:32.930> Solar<00:47:33.930> geoengineering<00:47:34.680> should<00:47:35.130> never 00:47:35.359 --> 00:47:35.369 align:start position:0% that Solar geoengineering should never 00:47:35.369 --> 00:47:37.880 align:start position:0% that Solar geoengineering should never be<00:47:35.549> a<00:47:35.910> substitute<00:47:36.869> for<00:47:36.900> we<00:47:37.380> all<00:47:37.499> completely 00:47:37.880 --> 00:47:37.890 align:start position:0% be a substitute for we all completely 00:47:37.890 --> 00:47:39.859 align:start position:0% be a substitute for we all completely agree<00:47:38.220> on<00:47:38.339> that<00:47:38.519> but<00:47:38.640> I<00:47:38.670> have<00:47:38.849> to<00:47:38.970> say<00:47:39.180> that<00:47:39.779> it 00:47:39.859 --> 00:47:39.869 align:start position:0% agree on that but I have to say that it 00:47:39.869 --> 00:47:42.680 align:start position:0% agree on that but I have to say that it can<00:47:40.079> become<00:47:40.259> a<00:47:40.410> kind<00:47:40.680> of<00:47:40.769> incantation<00:47:41.690> because 00:47:42.680 --> 00:47:42.690 align:start position:0% can become a kind of incantation because 00:47:42.690 --> 00:47:46.579 align:start position:0% can become a kind of incantation because we<00:47:42.839> have<00:47:43.019> to<00:47:43.170> consider<00:47:43.619> how<00:47:43.980> in<00:47:44.700> practice<00:47:45.589> this 00:47:46.579 --> 00:47:46.589 align:start position:0% we have to consider how in practice this 00:47:46.589 --> 00:47:49.130 align:start position:0% we have to consider how in practice this kind<00:47:47.039> of<00:47:47.220> grand<00:47:47.489> technology<00:47:48.180> is<00:47:48.779> going<00:47:49.019> to 00:47:49.130 --> 00:47:49.140 align:start position:0% kind of grand technology is going to 00:47:49.140 --> 00:47:52.430 align:start position:0% kind of grand technology is going to play<00:47:49.200> out<00:47:50.269> politically<00:47:51.269> in<00:47:51.900> policy 00:47:52.430 --> 00:47:52.440 align:start position:0% play out politically in policy 00:47:52.440 --> 00:47:54.650 align:start position:0% play out politically in policy incidentally<00:47:53.160> we're<00:47:53.970> not<00:47:54.180> attempting<00:47:54.420> to 00:47:54.650 --> 00:47:54.660 align:start position:0% incidentally we're not attempting to 00:47:54.660 --> 00:47:56.359 align:start position:0% incidentally we're not attempting to close<00:47:54.900> down<00:47:55.140> the<00:47:55.319> debate<00:47:55.499> at<00:47:56.099> all<00:47:56.249> I<00:47:56.339> mean 00:47:56.359 --> 00:47:56.369 align:start position:0% close down the debate at all I mean 00:47:56.369 --> 00:47:58.249 align:start position:0% close down the debate at all I mean we're<00:47:56.670> here<00:47:56.819> tonight<00:47:57.059> we<00:47:57.569> jumped<00:47:58.079> at<00:47:58.170> the 00:47:58.249 --> 00:47:58.259 align:start position:0% we're here tonight we jumped at the 00:47:58.259 --> 00:48:00.350 align:start position:0% we're here tonight we jumped at the chance<00:47:58.289> to<00:47:58.650> debate<00:47:59.130> this<00:47:59.309> in<00:47:59.759> pub 00:48:00.350 --> 00:48:00.360 align:start position:0% chance to debate this in pub 00:48:00.360 --> 00:48:02.960 align:start position:0% chance to debate this in pub what<00:48:00.780> we're<00:48:01.050> worried<00:48:01.440> about<00:48:01.950> is<00:48:02.250> the<00:48:02.580> way<00:48:02.760> in 00:48:02.960 --> 00:48:02.970 align:start position:0% what we're worried about is the way in 00:48:02.970 --> 00:48:08.090 align:start position:0% what we're worried about is the way in which<00:48:04.070> a<00:48:05.630> research<00:48:06.630> program<00:48:07.260> without<00:48:07.680> proper 00:48:08.090 --> 00:48:08.100 align:start position:0% which a research program without proper 00:48:08.100 --> 00:48:10.250 align:start position:0% which a research program without proper governance<00:48:08.580> will<00:48:09.090> be<00:48:09.210> taken<00:48:09.690> over<00:48:09.810> by 00:48:10.250 --> 00:48:10.260 align:start position:0% governance will be taken over by 00:48:10.260 --> 00:48:12.560 align:start position:0% governance will be taken over by particular<00:48:10.890> groups<00:48:11.430> that<00:48:11.640> a<00:48:11.700> constituency 00:48:12.560 --> 00:48:12.570 align:start position:0% particular groups that a constituency 00:48:12.570 --> 00:48:15.860 align:start position:0% particular groups that a constituency will<00:48:13.050> emerge<00:48:13.500> so<00:48:13.890> who<00:48:14.790> will<00:48:15.150> carry<00:48:15.450> out<00:48:15.660> the 00:48:15.860 --> 00:48:15.870 align:start position:0% will emerge so who will carry out the 00:48:15.870 --> 00:48:18.170 align:start position:0% will emerge so who will carry out the research<00:48:15.990> what<00:48:16.890> ethical<00:48:17.370> guidelines<00:48:17.940> say 00:48:18.170 --> 00:48:18.180 align:start position:0% research what ethical guidelines say 00:48:18.180 --> 00:48:19.850 align:start position:0% research what ethical guidelines say they<00:48:18.570> will<00:48:18.720> follow<00:48:18.930> and<00:48:19.170> and<00:48:19.410> in<00:48:19.560> particular 00:48:19.850 --> 00:48:19.860 align:start position:0% they will follow and and in particular 00:48:19.860 --> 00:48:22.850 align:start position:0% they will follow and and in particular who<00:48:20.640> will<00:48:20.880> own<00:48:21.120> the<00:48:21.360> results<00:48:21.870> because<00:48:22.620> there's 00:48:22.850 --> 00:48:22.860 align:start position:0% who will own the results because there's 00:48:22.860 --> 00:48:24.650 align:start position:0% who will own the results because there's already<00:48:23.040> been<00:48:23.310> a<00:48:23.370> rush<00:48:23.730> of<00:48:23.910> people<00:48:24.240> taking<00:48:24.570> out 00:48:24.650 --> 00:48:24.660 align:start position:0% already been a rush of people taking out 00:48:24.660 --> 00:48:27.590 align:start position:0% already been a rush of people taking out patents<00:48:25.260> on<00:48:25.970> geoengineering<00:48:26.970> technologies 00:48:27.590 --> 00:48:27.600 align:start position:0% patents on geoengineering technologies 00:48:27.600 --> 00:48:30.440 align:start position:0% patents on geoengineering technologies privatizing<00:48:28.590> it<00:48:28.680> including<00:48:29.280> aspects<00:48:30.270> of 00:48:30.440 --> 00:48:30.450 align:start position:0% privatizing it including aspects of 00:48:30.450 --> 00:48:32.840 align:start position:0% privatizing it including aspects of solar<00:48:30.780> geoengineering<00:48:31.680> so<00:48:32.280> we<00:48:32.430> have<00:48:32.670> to 00:48:32.840 --> 00:48:32.850 align:start position:0% solar geoengineering so we have to 00:48:32.850 --> 00:48:34.700 align:start position:0% solar geoengineering so we have to consider<00:48:33.180> the<00:48:33.390> political<00:48:33.960> implications 00:48:34.700 --> 00:48:34.710 align:start position:0% consider the political implications 00:48:34.710 --> 00:48:37.490 align:start position:0% consider the political implications research<00:48:35.430> is<00:48:35.790> never<00:48:35.970> pure<00:48:36.210> it<00:48:36.690> always<00:48:36.930> takes 00:48:37.490 --> 00:48:37.500 align:start position:0% research is never pure it always takes 00:48:37.500 --> 00:48:39.460 align:start position:0% research is never pure it always takes place<00:48:37.710> in<00:48:38.070> a<00:48:38.610> social<00:48:38.880> and<00:48:39.270> institutional 00:48:39.460 --> 00:48:39.470 align:start position:0% place in a social and institutional 00:48:39.470 --> 00:48:41.600 align:start position:0% place in a social and institutional context<00:48:40.470> David<00:48:40.740> Keith<00:48:40.920> Oh<00:48:41.040> sound<00:48:41.280> like<00:48:41.370> very 00:48:41.600 --> 00:48:41.610 align:start position:0% context David Keith Oh sound like very 00:48:41.610 --> 00:48:43.060 align:start position:0% context David Keith Oh sound like very very<00:48:41.670> legitimate<00:48:42.330> concerns 00:48:43.060 --> 00:48:43.070 align:start position:0% very legitimate concerns 00:48:43.070 --> 00:48:45.290 align:start position:0% very legitimate concerns absolutely<00:48:44.070> the<00:48:44.220> legitimate<00:48:44.850> concerns<00:48:45.150> I 00:48:45.290 --> 00:48:45.300 align:start position:0% absolutely the legitimate concerns I 00:48:45.300 --> 00:48:46.490 align:start position:0% absolutely the legitimate concerns I think<00:48:45.480> I<00:48:45.600> was<00:48:45.720> actually<00:48:45.840> one<00:48:46.050> of<00:48:46.080> the<00:48:46.200> early 00:48:46.490 --> 00:48:46.500 align:start position:0% think I was actually one of the early 00:48:46.500 --> 00:48:48.680 align:start position:0% think I was actually one of the early people<00:48:46.680> to<00:48:46.950> raise<00:48:47.130> them<00:48:47.370> and<00:48:47.550> I<00:48:47.940> think<00:48:48.240> that<00:48:48.600> we 00:48:48.680 --> 00:48:48.690 align:start position:0% people to raise them and I think that we 00:48:48.690 --> 00:48:50.270 align:start position:0% people to raise them and I think that we should<00:48:48.930> not<00:48:48.960> be<00:48:49.380> patenting<00:48:49.740> and<00:48:49.830> I<00:48:49.890> think<00:48:50.100> this 00:48:50.270 --> 00:48:50.280 align:start position:0% should not be patenting and I think this 00:48:50.280 --> 00:48:51.860 align:start position:0% should not be patenting and I think this needs<00:48:50.670> to<00:48:50.730> be<00:48:50.820> pretty<00:48:51.120> global<00:48:51.480> that's<00:48:51.660> why<00:48:51.780> I'm 00:48:51.860 --> 00:48:51.870 align:start position:0% needs to be pretty global that's why I'm 00:48:51.870 --> 00:48:53.270 align:start position:0% needs to be pretty global that's why I'm really<00:48:52.110> happy<00:48:52.380> to<00:48:52.590> see<00:48:52.710> there's<00:48:52.920> an<00:48:53.040> Indian 00:48:53.270 --> 00:48:53.280 align:start position:0% really happy to see there's an Indian 00:48:53.280 --> 00:48:54.860 align:start position:0% really happy to see there's an Indian research<00:48:53.610> program<00:48:54.000> there's<00:48:54.420> a<00:48:54.510> Chinese 00:48:54.860 --> 00:48:54.870 align:start position:0% research program there's a Chinese 00:48:54.870 --> 00:48:56.270 align:start position:0% research program there's a Chinese research<00:48:55.140> program<00:48:55.560> there's<00:48:56.040> research 00:48:56.270 --> 00:48:56.280 align:start position:0% research program there's research 00:48:56.280 --> 00:48:58.340 align:start position:0% research program there's research programs<00:48:56.670> in<00:48:56.790> Europe<00:48:56.940> in<00:48:57.210> fact<00:48:57.420> the<00:48:57.900> only<00:48:58.230> one 00:48:58.340 --> 00:48:58.350 align:start position:0% programs in Europe in fact the only one 00:48:58.350 --> 00:48:59.600 align:start position:0% programs in Europe in fact the only one of<00:48:58.470> those<00:48:58.590> countries<00:48:58.770> that<00:48:58.980> does<00:48:59.250> not<00:48:59.370> have<00:48:59.580> a 00:48:59.600 --> 00:48:59.610 align:start position:0% of those countries that does not have a 00:48:59.610 --> 00:49:01.310 align:start position:0% of those countries that does not have a formal<00:48:59.880> research<00:49:00.060> programs<00:49:00.420> the<00:49:00.570> US<00:49:00.840> but<00:49:01.200> one 00:49:01.310 --> 00:49:01.320 align:start position:0% formal research programs the US but one 00:49:01.320 --> 00:49:02.450 align:start position:0% formal research programs the US but one site<00:49:01.500> now<00:49:01.590> is<00:49:01.680> a<00:49:01.710> good<00:49:01.860> thing<00:49:01.980> but<00:49:02.160> once<00:49:02.340> we 00:49:02.450 --> 00:49:02.460 align:start position:0% site now is a good thing but once we 00:49:02.460 --> 00:49:03.890 align:start position:0% site now is a good thing but once we hear<00:49:02.550> the<00:49:02.670> word<00:49:02.790> patents<00:49:03.180> I<00:49:03.300> mean<00:49:03.450> again<00:49:03.660> going 00:49:03.890 --> 00:49:03.900 align:start position:0% hear the word patents I mean again going 00:49:03.900 --> 00:49:06.380 align:start position:0% hear the word patents I mean again going back<00:49:03.990> to<00:49:04.170> biomedicine<00:49:05.160> controller<00:49:06.060> I 00:49:06.380 --> 00:49:06.390 align:start position:0% back to biomedicine controller I 00:49:06.390 --> 00:49:08.330 align:start position:0% back to biomedicine controller I actually<00:49:06.600> can't<00:49:07.050> think<00:49:07.110> of<00:49:07.320> a<00:49:07.440> single<00:49:07.470> solar 00:49:08.330 --> 00:49:08.340 align:start position:0% actually can't think of a single solar 00:49:08.340 --> 00:49:10.310 align:start position:0% actually can't think of a single solar tutoring<00:49:08.940> patent<00:49:09.240> that's<00:49:09.360> remotely<00:49:09.870> relevant 00:49:10.310 --> 00:49:10.320 align:start position:0% tutoring patent that's remotely relevant 00:49:10.320 --> 00:49:12.560 align:start position:0% tutoring patent that's remotely relevant so<00:49:10.710> I<00:49:10.740> think<00:49:10.830> it's<00:49:11.040> a<00:49:11.130> good<00:49:11.310> concern<00:49:11.790> and<00:49:12.120> at 00:49:12.560 --> 00:49:12.570 align:start position:0% so I think it's a good concern and at 00:49:12.570 --> 00:49:13.790 align:start position:0% so I think it's a good concern and at Carnegie<00:49:12.960> Mellon<00:49:13.170> we<00:49:13.260> actually<00:49:13.530> ran<00:49:13.770> a 00:49:13.790 --> 00:49:13.800 align:start position:0% Carnegie Mellon we actually ran a 00:49:13.800 --> 00:49:14.810 align:start position:0% Carnegie Mellon we actually ran a meeting<00:49:14.100> trying<00:49:14.220> to<00:49:14.340> figure<00:49:14.520> out<00:49:14.550> it<00:49:14.700> was 00:49:14.810 --> 00:49:14.820 align:start position:0% meeting trying to figure out it was 00:49:14.820 --> 00:49:16.760 align:start position:0% meeting trying to figure out it was legal<00:49:15.240> to<00:49:15.360> back<00:49:15.540> what<00:49:15.660> about<00:49:15.810> nice<00:49:16.470> to<00:49:16.620> do<00:49:16.740> a 00:49:16.760 --> 00:49:16.770 align:start position:0% legal to back what about nice to do a 00:49:16.770 --> 00:49:18.590 align:start position:0% legal to back what about nice to do a stretch<00:49:17.130> but<00:49:17.790> it's<00:49:17.940> important<00:49:18.330> to<00:49:18.420> say<00:49:18.570> that 00:49:18.590 --> 00:49:18.600 align:start position:0% stretch but it's important to say that 00:49:18.600 --> 00:49:20.630 align:start position:0% stretch but it's important to say that that<00:49:19.050> there's<00:49:19.440> essentially<00:49:20.250> none<00:49:20.430> of<00:49:20.550> it 00:49:20.630 --> 00:49:20.640 align:start position:0% that there's essentially none of it 00:49:20.640 --> 00:49:23.860 align:start position:0% that there's essentially none of it happened<00:49:21.030> in<00:49:21.120> practice<00:49:22.340> Nathan<00:49:23.340> Burton 00:49:23.860 --> 00:49:23.870 align:start position:0% happened in practice Nathan Burton 00:49:23.870 --> 00:49:27.200 align:start position:0% happened in practice Nathan Burton Merville<00:49:24.870> strata<00:49:25.320> shield<00:49:25.940> correct<00:49:26.940> that's 00:49:27.200 --> 00:49:27.210 align:start position:0% Merville strata shield correct that's 00:49:27.210 --> 00:49:28.750 align:start position:0% Merville strata shield correct that's one<00:49:27.540> of<00:49:27.660> them<00:49:27.810> it<00:49:28.020> seems<00:49:28.290> completely 00:49:28.750 --> 00:49:28.760 align:start position:0% one of them it seems completely 00:49:28.760 --> 00:49:31.190 align:start position:0% one of them it seems completely ridiculous<00:49:29.760> and<00:49:30.210> implausible<00:49:30.570> and<00:49:31.050> I<00:49:31.140> don't 00:49:31.190 --> 00:49:31.200 align:start position:0% ridiculous and implausible and I don't 00:49:31.200 --> 00:49:33.500 align:start position:0% ridiculous and implausible and I don't think<00:49:31.410> there's<00:49:31.800> much<00:49:32.040> there<00:49:32.370> but<00:49:32.640> is<00:49:33.060> there<00:49:33.300> is 00:49:33.500 --> 00:49:33.510 align:start position:0% think there's much there but is there is 00:49:33.510 --> 00:49:35.840 align:start position:0% think there's much there but is there is there<00:49:33.720> a<00:49:33.930> second<00:49:34.800> explanation<00:49:35.280> you<00:49:35.370> can<00:49:35.490> catch 00:49:35.840 --> 00:49:35.850 align:start position:0% there a second explanation you can catch 00:49:35.850 --> 00:49:37.970 align:start position:0% there a second explanation you can catch us<00:49:36.000> up<00:49:36.150> with<00:49:36.300> your<00:49:36.630> Dyson<00:49:36.990> mobile<00:49:37.410> the<00:49:37.620> former 00:49:37.970 --> 00:49:37.980 align:start position:0% us up with your Dyson mobile the former 00:49:37.980 --> 00:49:39.730 align:start position:0% us up with your Dyson mobile the former chief<00:49:38.340> technology<00:49:38.940> officer<00:49:39.540> at<00:49:39.690> Microsoft 00:49:39.730 --> 00:49:39.740 align:start position:0% chief technology officer at Microsoft 00:49:39.740 --> 00:49:42.620 align:start position:0% chief technology officer at Microsoft set<00:49:40.740> up<00:49:40.860> a<00:49:40.980> company<00:49:41.550> called<00:49:41.910> something 00:49:42.620 --> 00:49:42.630 align:start position:0% set up a company called something 00:49:42.630 --> 00:49:44.900 align:start position:0% set up a company called something ventures<00:49:43.110> I<00:49:43.440> forget<00:49:43.800> exactly<00:49:43.950> intellectual 00:49:44.900 --> 00:49:44.910 align:start position:0% ventures I forget exactly intellectual 00:49:44.910 --> 00:49:46.850 align:start position:0% ventures I forget exactly intellectual Ventures<00:49:45.060> intellectual<00:49:45.810> Ventures<00:49:45.990> which<00:49:46.740> is 00:49:46.850 --> 00:49:46.860 align:start position:0% Ventures intellectual Ventures which is 00:49:46.860 --> 00:49:48.410 align:start position:0% Ventures intellectual Ventures which is taken<00:49:47.190> out<00:49:47.310> a<00:49:47.340> series<00:49:47.730> of<00:49:47.760> patents<00:49:48.240> including 00:49:48.410 --> 00:49:48.420 align:start position:0% taken out a series of patents including 00:49:48.420 --> 00:49:51.500 align:start position:0% taken out a series of patents including one<00:49:48.930> over<00:49:49.290> device<00:49:49.890> called<00:49:50.550> the<00:49:50.850> strategy 00:49:51.500 --> 00:49:51.510 align:start position:0% one over device called the strategy 00:49:51.510 --> 00:49:52.640 align:start position:0% one over device called the strategy shield 00:49:52.640 --> 00:49:52.650 align:start position:0% shield 00:49:52.650 --> 00:49:56.930 align:start position:0% shield which<00:49:53.460> is<00:49:53.670> essentially<00:49:54.600> a<00:49:54.630> balloon<00:49:55.940> tethered 00:49:56.930 --> 00:49:56.940 align:start position:0% which is essentially a balloon tethered 00:49:56.940 --> 00:50:00.560 align:start position:0% which is essentially a balloon tethered to<00:49:57.090> the<00:49:57.210> earth<00:49:57.240> with<00:49:57.780> a<00:49:57.810> cube<00:49:58.790> on<00:49:59.790> it<00:50:00.000> and<00:50:00.210> it 00:50:00.560 --> 00:50:00.570 align:start position:0% to the earth with a cube on it and it 00:50:00.570 --> 00:50:03.800 align:start position:0% to the earth with a cube on it and it would<00:50:00.690> pump<00:50:02.240> sulfate<00:50:03.240> aerosols 00:50:03.800 --> 00:50:03.810 align:start position:0% would pump sulfate aerosols 00:50:03.810 --> 00:50:06.920 align:start position:0% would pump sulfate aerosols into<00:50:04.500> the<00:50:04.680> upper<00:50:05.190> atmosphere<00:50:05.310> wave<00:50:06.240> that's 00:50:06.920 --> 00:50:06.930 align:start position:0% into the upper atmosphere wave that's 00:50:06.930 --> 00:50:08.450 align:start position:0% into the upper atmosphere wave that's abs<00:50:07.230> does<00:50:07.440> it<00:50:07.560> be<00:50:07.620> happened<00:50:07.890> over<00:50:08.100> so<00:50:08.280> if<00:50:08.340> that 00:50:08.450 --> 00:50:08.460 align:start position:0% abs does it be happened over so if that 00:50:08.460 --> 00:50:10.070 align:start position:0% abs does it be happened over so if that turned<00:50:08.760> out<00:50:08.880> to<00:50:09.000> be<00:50:09.120> the<00:50:09.210> best<00:50:09.420> way<00:50:09.570> to<00:50:09.600> do<00:50:09.930> it 00:50:10.070 --> 00:50:10.080 align:start position:0% turned out to be the best way to do it 00:50:10.080 --> 00:50:12.590 align:start position:0% turned out to be the best way to do it we'd<00:50:10.620> have<00:50:10.650> to<00:50:10.890> go<00:50:11.070> to<00:50:11.100> Nathan<00:50:11.790> Myhrvold<00:50:12.030> and 00:50:12.590 --> 00:50:12.600 align:start position:0% we'd have to go to Nathan Myhrvold and 00:50:12.600 --> 00:50:13.130 align:start position:0% we'd have to go to Nathan Myhrvold and pay<00:50:12.750> them 00:50:13.130 --> 00:50:13.140 align:start position:0% pay them 00:50:13.140 --> 00:50:15.620 align:start position:0% pay them large<00:50:13.710> amounts<00:50:14.130> of<00:50:14.220> money<00:50:14.400> in<00:50:14.670> order<00:50:14.820> to<00:50:15.060> buy 00:50:15.620 --> 00:50:15.630 align:start position:0% large amounts of money in order to buy 00:50:15.630 --> 00:50:18.020 align:start position:0% large amounts of money in order to buy the<00:50:15.690> right<00:50:16.440> to<00:50:16.830> save<00:50:17.280> the<00:50:17.490> earth<00:50:17.550> you're 00:50:18.020 --> 00:50:18.030 align:start position:0% the right to save the earth you're 00:50:18.030 --> 00:50:19.880 align:start position:0% the right to save the earth you're saying<00:50:18.270> David<00:50:18.540> his<00:50:18.630> idea<00:50:18.960> is<00:50:19.050> not<00:50:19.470> very 00:50:19.880 --> 00:50:19.890 align:start position:0% saying David his idea is not very 00:50:19.890 --> 00:50:21.170 align:start position:0% saying David his idea is not very feasible<00:50:20.190> but<00:50:20.580> what<00:50:20.760> if<00:50:20.880> there<00:50:21.030> were<00:50:21.150> a 00:50:21.170 --> 00:50:21.180 align:start position:0% feasible but what if there were a 00:50:21.180 --> 00:50:24.050 align:start position:0% feasible but what if there were a feasible<00:50:21.690> idea<00:50:22.140> with<00:50:22.560> a<00:50:22.590> patent<00:50:22.950> owner<00:50:23.100> and<00:50:23.430> it 00:50:24.050 --> 00:50:24.060 align:start position:0% feasible idea with a patent owner and it 00:50:24.060 --> 00:50:25.910 align:start position:0% feasible idea with a patent owner and it would<00:50:24.150> be<00:50:24.300> the<00:50:24.510> scenario<00:50:24.930> that<00:50:25.230> clive<00:50:25.800> is 00:50:25.910 --> 00:50:25.920 align:start position:0% would be the scenario that clive is 00:50:25.920 --> 00:50:27.920 align:start position:0% would be the scenario that clive is talking<00:50:26.250> about<00:50:26.340> so<00:50:27.240> one<00:50:27.390> answer<00:50:27.570> is<00:50:27.720> you<00:50:27.780> just 00:50:27.920 --> 00:50:27.930 align:start position:0% talking about so one answer is you just 00:50:27.930 --> 00:50:29.930 align:start position:0% talking about so one answer is you just override<00:50:28.380> and<00:50:28.680> and<00:50:29.250> there's<00:50:29.370> good<00:50:29.550> precedent 00:50:29.930 --> 00:50:29.940 align:start position:0% override and and there's good precedent 00:50:29.940 --> 00:50:31.490 align:start position:0% override and and there's good precedent for<00:50:30.030> that<00:50:30.180> so<00:50:30.330> in<00:50:30.480> this<00:50:30.600> workshop<00:50:31.200> that<00:50:31.290> we<00:50:31.410> had 00:50:31.490 --> 00:50:31.500 align:start position:0% for that so in this workshop that we had 00:50:31.500 --> 00:50:32.900 align:start position:0% for that so in this workshop that we had a<00:50:31.530> Carney<00:50:31.800> Mellon<00:50:32.010> exploring<00:50:32.430> how<00:50:32.490> to<00:50:32.550> do<00:50:32.730> that 00:50:32.900 --> 00:50:32.910 align:start position:0% a Carney Mellon exploring how to do that 00:50:32.910 --> 00:50:34.640 align:start position:0% a Carney Mellon exploring how to do that there<00:50:33.180> are<00:50:33.360> places<00:50:33.840> where<00:50:34.110> States<00:50:34.380> just<00:50:34.590> to 00:50:34.640 --> 00:50:34.650 align:start position:0% there are places where States just to 00:50:34.650 --> 00:50:36.800 align:start position:0% there are places where States just to serpent<00:50:35.130> roll<00:50:35.310> so<00:50:35.910> I<00:50:35.940> think<00:50:36.090> the<00:50:36.360> answer<00:50:36.390> is 00:50:36.800 --> 00:50:36.810 align:start position:0% serpent roll so I think the answer is 00:50:36.810 --> 00:50:38.570 align:start position:0% serpent roll so I think the answer is there<00:50:37.500> are<00:50:37.590> many<00:50:37.710> different<00:50:38.160> states<00:50:38.340> in<00:50:38.490> this 00:50:38.570 --> 00:50:38.580 align:start position:0% there are many different states in this 00:50:38.580 --> 00:50:40.250 align:start position:0% there are many different states in this world<00:50:38.790> and<00:50:39.120> if<00:50:39.450> there<00:50:39.630> was<00:50:39.720> only<00:50:39.840> a<00:50:39.990> single 00:50:40.250 --> 00:50:40.260 align:start position:0% world and if there was only a single 00:50:40.260 --> 00:50:42.200 align:start position:0% world and if there was only a single patent<00:50:40.770> on<00:50:40.950> some<00:50:41.430> piece<00:50:41.580> of<00:50:41.610> technology<00:50:41.790> of<00:50:42.150> a 00:50:42.200 --> 00:50:42.210 align:start position:0% patent on some piece of technology of a 00:50:42.210 --> 00:50:43.490 align:start position:0% patent on some piece of technology of a solar<00:50:42.420> generator<00:50:42.780> and<00:50:42.900> other<00:50:43.110> states<00:50:43.380> were 00:50:43.490 --> 00:50:43.500 align:start position:0% solar generator and other states were 00:50:43.500 --> 00:50:45.770 align:start position:0% solar generator and other states were just<00:50:43.650> override<00:50:44.040> and<00:50:44.310> in<00:50:44.970> practice<00:50:45.510> the 00:50:45.770 --> 00:50:45.780 align:start position:0% just override and in practice the 00:50:45.780 --> 00:50:48.230 align:start position:0% just override and in practice the technologies<00:50:46.290> here<00:50:46.500> are<00:50:46.620> actually<00:50:46.950> very<00:50:47.250> sort 00:50:48.230 --> 00:50:48.240 align:start position:0% technologies here are actually very sort 00:50:48.240 --> 00:50:49.820 align:start position:0% technologies here are actually very sort of<00:50:48.270> basic<00:50:48.810> they're<00:50:48.990> not<00:50:49.170> particularly<00:50:49.560> high 00:50:49.820 --> 00:50:49.830 align:start position:0% of basic they're not particularly high 00:50:49.830 --> 00:50:51.350 align:start position:0% of basic they're not particularly high technologies<00:50:50.340> and<00:50:50.460> there's<00:50:50.580> multiple<00:50:50.790> routes 00:50:51.350 --> 00:50:51.360 align:start position:0% technologies and there's multiple routes 00:50:51.360 --> 00:50:53.780 align:start position:0% technologies and there's multiple routes this<00:50:51.600> isn't<00:50:51.960> like<00:50:52.110> biotech<00:50:52.470> so<00:50:53.280> it's<00:50:53.430> actually 00:50:53.780 --> 00:50:53.790 align:start position:0% this isn't like biotech so it's actually 00:50:53.790 --> 00:50:55.760 align:start position:0% this isn't like biotech so it's actually pretty<00:50:54.390> hard<00:50:54.810> to<00:50:54.900> see<00:50:55.170> that<00:50:55.380> a<00:50:55.410> patent<00:50:55.680> would 00:50:55.760 --> 00:50:55.770 align:start position:0% pretty hard to see that a patent would 00:50:55.770 --> 00:50:57.560 align:start position:0% pretty hard to see that a patent would make<00:50:55.920> much<00:50:56.070> sense<00:50:56.250> it's<00:50:57.030> important<00:50:57.330> maybe<00:50:57.450> for 00:50:57.560 --> 00:50:57.570 align:start position:0% make much sense it's important maybe for 00:50:57.570 --> 00:51:00.170 align:start position:0% make much sense it's important maybe for the<00:50:57.660> US<00:50:57.840> to<00:50:57.900> know<00:50:58.020> pads<00:50:58.380> are<00:50:58.560> cheap<00:50:59.180> Nathan's 00:51:00.170 --> 00:51:00.180 align:start position:0% the US to know pads are cheap Nathan's 00:51:00.180 --> 00:51:01.820 align:start position:0% the US to know pads are cheap Nathan's group<00:51:00.360> files<00:51:00.600> a<00:51:00.720> lot<00:51:00.900> of<00:51:01.020> patents<00:51:01.350> and<00:51:01.500> I<00:51:01.650> don't 00:51:01.820 --> 00:51:01.830 align:start position:0% group files a lot of patents and I don't 00:51:01.830 --> 00:51:03.500 align:start position:0% group files a lot of patents and I don't think<00:51:02.040> they<00:51:02.280> think<00:51:02.340> they're<00:51:02.670> serious<00:51:02.850> I<00:51:03.240> don't 00:51:03.500 --> 00:51:03.510 align:start position:0% think they think they're serious I don't 00:51:03.510 --> 00:51:05.120 align:start position:0% think they think they're serious I don't think<00:51:03.690> that<00:51:03.810> one's<00:51:04.020> serious<00:51:04.170> I<00:51:04.500> don't<00:51:04.800> like<00:51:04.920> it 00:51:05.120 --> 00:51:05.130 align:start position:0% think that one's serious I don't like it 00:51:05.130 --> 00:51:05.930 align:start position:0% think that one's serious I don't like it I<00:51:05.250> oppose<00:51:05.580> it 00:51:05.930 --> 00:51:05.940 align:start position:0% I oppose it 00:51:05.940 --> 00:51:08.030 align:start position:0% I oppose it but<00:51:06.660> I<00:51:06.690> think<00:51:06.990> actually<00:51:07.140> of<00:51:07.500> the<00:51:07.620> things<00:51:07.860> that 00:51:08.030 --> 00:51:08.040 align:start position:0% but I think actually of the things that 00:51:08.040 --> 00:51:09.470 align:start position:0% but I think actually of the things that are<00:51:08.130> wrong<00:51:08.370> with<00:51:08.640> older<00:51:08.880> geo<00:51:09.030> sharing<00:51:09.390> and 00:51:09.470 --> 00:51:09.480 align:start position:0% are wrong with older geo sharing and 00:51:09.480 --> 00:51:11.330 align:start position:0% are wrong with older geo sharing and there's<00:51:09.600> a<00:51:09.660> lot<00:51:09.870> this<00:51:10.380> is<00:51:10.440> pretty<00:51:10.710> low<00:51:10.890> I<00:51:11.160> want 00:51:11.330 --> 00:51:11.340 align:start position:0% there's a lot this is pretty low I want 00:51:11.340 --> 00:51:12.590 align:start position:0% there's a lot this is pretty low I want to<00:51:11.400> go<00:51:11.460> to<00:51:11.520> audience<00:51:11.820> questions<00:51:11.940> in<00:51:12.330> just<00:51:12.510> a 00:51:12.590 --> 00:51:12.600 align:start position:0% to go to audience questions in just a 00:51:12.600 --> 00:51:14.150 align:start position:0% to go to audience questions in just a moment<00:51:12.900> but<00:51:12.990> before<00:51:13.050> we<00:51:13.440> do<00:51:13.590> I<00:51:13.620> have<00:51:13.980> one 00:51:14.150 --> 00:51:14.160 align:start position:0% moment but before we do I have one 00:51:14.160 --> 00:51:15.860 align:start position:0% moment but before we do I have one question<00:51:14.310> I<00:51:14.550> want<00:51:14.700> to<00:51:14.730> bring<00:51:14.850> to<00:51:15.000> Anjali<00:51:15.360> until 00:51:15.860 --> 00:51:15.870 align:start position:0% question I want to bring to Anjali until 00:51:15.870 --> 00:51:17.930 align:start position:0% question I want to bring to Anjali until you<00:51:15.990> you<00:51:16.350> alone<00:51:17.100> on<00:51:17.250> the<00:51:17.310> panel<00:51:17.580> raised<00:51:17.760> the 00:51:17.930 --> 00:51:17.940 align:start position:0% you you alone on the panel raised the 00:51:17.940 --> 00:51:19.850 align:start position:0% you you alone on the panel raised the issue<00:51:18.090> of<00:51:18.510> potential<00:51:19.080> disparities<00:51:19.710> of 00:51:19.850 --> 00:51:19.860 align:start position:0% issue of potential disparities of 00:51:19.860 --> 00:51:23.360 align:start position:0% issue of potential disparities of control<00:51:20.250> between<00:51:20.490> the<00:51:21.300> small<00:51:22.080> a<00:51:22.380> small<00:51:23.130> group 00:51:23.360 --> 00:51:23.370 align:start position:0% control between the small a small group 00:51:23.370 --> 00:51:25.430 align:start position:0% control between the small a small group of<00:51:23.520> powerful<00:51:23.820> nations<00:51:24.300> who<00:51:24.570> historically<00:51:24.750> put 00:51:25.430 --> 00:51:25.440 align:start position:0% of powerful nations who historically put 00:51:25.440 --> 00:51:27.440 align:start position:0% of powerful nations who historically put most<00:51:25.620> of<00:51:25.740> the<00:51:25.830> carbon<00:51:26.130> into<00:51:26.340> the<00:51:26.370> air<00:51:26.460> making 00:51:27.440 --> 00:51:27.450 align:start position:0% most of the carbon into the air making 00:51:27.450 --> 00:51:29.330 align:start position:0% most of the carbon into the air making decisions<00:51:28.080> for<00:51:28.200> you<00:51:28.560> know<00:51:28.680> North<00:51:28.890> versus 00:51:29.330 --> 00:51:29.340 align:start position:0% decisions for you know North versus 00:51:29.340 --> 00:51:32.090 align:start position:0% decisions for you know North versus South<00:51:29.700> and<00:51:30.120> your<00:51:30.480> opponents<00:51:30.950> expressed<00:51:31.950> a 00:51:32.090 --> 00:51:32.100 align:start position:0% South and your opponents expressed a 00:51:32.100 --> 00:51:34.790 align:start position:0% South and your opponents expressed a kind<00:51:32.430> of<00:51:32.550> optimism<00:51:33.230> that<00:51:34.230> that's<00:51:34.440> a<00:51:34.590> pretty 00:51:34.790 --> 00:51:34.800 align:start position:0% kind of optimism that that's a pretty 00:51:34.800 --> 00:51:36.580 align:start position:0% kind of optimism that that's a pretty that<00:51:35.370> that's<00:51:35.580> if<00:51:35.700> that's<00:51:35.910> a<00:51:36.030> fixable<00:51:36.480> problem 00:51:36.580 --> 00:51:36.590 align:start position:0% that that's if that's a fixable problem 00:51:36.590 --> 00:51:39.290 align:start position:0% that that's if that's a fixable problem not<00:51:37.590> not<00:51:37.770> merely<00:51:37.980> conceivably<00:51:38.550> fixable<00:51:38.970> but 00:51:39.290 --> 00:51:39.300 align:start position:0% not not merely conceivably fixable but 00:51:39.300 --> 00:51:41.600 align:start position:0% not not merely conceivably fixable but but<00:51:39.600> that<00:51:39.630> historically<00:51:40.200> the<00:51:40.530> the<00:51:41.340> track 00:51:41.600 --> 00:51:41.610 align:start position:0% but that historically the the track 00:51:41.610 --> 00:51:43.970 align:start position:0% but that historically the the track record<00:51:41.970> is<00:51:42.210> pretty<00:51:42.780> good<00:51:43.110> when<00:51:43.380> something<00:51:43.830> big 00:51:43.970 --> 00:51:43.980 align:start position:0% record is pretty good when something big 00:51:43.980 --> 00:51:45.350 align:start position:0% record is pretty good when something big has<00:51:44.160> to<00:51:44.280> be<00:51:44.370> done<00:51:44.550> that<00:51:44.670> nations<00:51:45.000> can<00:51:45.210> come 00:51:45.350 --> 00:51:45.360 align:start position:0% has to be done that nations can come 00:51:45.360 --> 00:51:47.210 align:start position:0% has to be done that nations can come together<00:51:45.540> and<00:51:46.080> do<00:51:46.350> it<00:51:46.440> the<00:51:46.500> right<00:51:46.650> way<00:51:46.800> what<00:51:47.100> is 00:51:47.210 --> 00:51:47.220 align:start position:0% together and do it the right way what is 00:51:47.220 --> 00:51:50.000 align:start position:0% together and do it the right way what is your<00:51:47.520> response<00:51:47.940> to<00:51:48.120> that<00:51:48.150> I<00:51:48.570> think<00:51:49.560> that<00:51:49.800> is 00:51:50.000 --> 00:51:50.010 align:start position:0% your response to that I think that is 00:51:50.010 --> 00:51:51.920 align:start position:0% your response to that I think that is genderly<00:51:50.670> or<00:51:50.940> disconnect<00:51:51.690> between 00:51:51.920 --> 00:51:51.930 align:start position:0% genderly or disconnect between 00:51:51.930 --> 00:51:54.800 align:start position:0% genderly or disconnect between advancement<00:51:52.860> of<00:51:53.010> science<00:51:53.820> in<00:51:54.060> the<00:51:54.180> US<00:51:54.510> as 00:51:54.800 --> 00:51:54.810 align:start position:0% advancement of science in the US as 00:51:54.810 --> 00:51:57.070 align:start position:0% advancement of science in the US as opposed<00:51:55.290> to<00:51:55.500> perhaps<00:51:56.010> the<00:51:56.340> rest<00:51:56.550> of<00:51:56.700> the<00:51:56.760> world 00:51:57.070 --> 00:51:57.080 align:start position:0% opposed to perhaps the rest of the world 00:51:57.080 --> 00:52:00.010 align:start position:0% opposed to perhaps the rest of the world because<00:51:58.080> there<00:51:58.500> is<00:51:58.650> a<00:51:58.680> sort<00:51:59.070> of<00:51:59.190> or<00:51:59.400> techno 00:52:00.010 --> 00:52:00.020 align:start position:0% because there is a sort of or techno 00:52:00.020 --> 00:52:02.660 align:start position:0% because there is a sort of or techno optimist<00:52:01.020> approach<00:52:01.410> that<00:52:02.040> is<00:52:02.220> in<00:52:02.400> conflict 00:52:02.660 --> 00:52:02.670 align:start position:0% optimist approach that is in conflict 00:52:02.670 --> 00:52:04.640 align:start position:0% optimist approach that is in conflict with<00:52:03.000> the<00:52:03.330> values<00:52:03.750> that<00:52:03.930> a<00:52:03.990> lot<00:52:04.260> of<00:52:04.290> the<00:52:04.530> other 00:52:04.640 --> 00:52:04.650 align:start position:0% with the values that a lot of the other 00:52:04.650 --> 00:52:07.130 align:start position:0% with the values that a lot of the other countries<00:52:04.950> and<00:52:05.400> regional<00:52:06.210> communities<00:52:06.780> place 00:52:07.130 --> 00:52:07.140 align:start position:0% countries and regional communities place 00:52:07.140 --> 00:52:10.160 align:start position:0% countries and regional communities place as<00:52:07.440> inherent<00:52:08.370> in<00:52:08.520> some<00:52:08.760> technologies<00:52:09.480> that<00:52:10.020> is 00:52:10.160 --> 00:52:10.170 align:start position:0% as inherent in some technologies that is 00:52:10.170 --> 00:52:13.820 align:start position:0% as inherent in some technologies that is being<00:52:10.350> developed<00:52:10.560> in<00:52:12.110> solar<00:52:13.110> geoengineering 00:52:13.820 --> 00:52:13.830 align:start position:0% being developed in solar geoengineering 00:52:13.830 --> 00:52:15.740 align:start position:0% being developed in solar geoengineering specifically<00:52:14.760> the<00:52:14.970> difference<00:52:15.330> in<00:52:15.480> approach 00:52:15.740 --> 00:52:15.750 align:start position:0% specifically the difference in approach 00:52:15.750 --> 00:52:18.140 align:start position:0% specifically the difference in approach is<00:52:16.050> particularly<00:52:16.620> apparent<00:52:17.220> in<00:52:17.580> how<00:52:17.790> some 00:52:18.140 --> 00:52:18.150 align:start position:0% is particularly apparent in how some 00:52:18.150 --> 00:52:19.940 align:start position:0% is particularly apparent in how some countries<00:52:18.600> like<00:52:18.630> the<00:52:18.990> United<00:52:19.380> Kingdom<00:52:19.770> and 00:52:19.940 --> 00:52:19.950 align:start position:0% countries like the United Kingdom and 00:52:19.950 --> 00:52:22.070 align:start position:0% countries like the United Kingdom and Germany<00:52:20.610> have<00:52:21.030> withdrawn<00:52:21.420> support<00:52:21.630> for 00:52:22.070 --> 00:52:22.080 align:start position:0% Germany have withdrawn support for 00:52:22.080 --> 00:52:23.930 align:start position:0% Germany have withdrawn support for geoengineering<00:52:22.740> research<00:52:22.890> in<00:52:23.790> their 00:52:23.930 --> 00:52:23.940 align:start position:0% geoengineering research in their 00:52:23.940 --> 00:52:26.599 align:start position:0% geoengineering research in their countries<00:52:24.360> in<00:52:24.780> light<00:52:25.710> of<00:52:25.740> these<00:52:26.040> the 00:52:26.599 --> 00:52:26.609 align:start position:0% countries in light of these the 00:52:26.609 --> 00:52:29.269 align:start position:0% countries in light of these the winces<00:52:26.970> in<00:52:27.210> opinions<00:52:28.049> on<00:52:28.230> how<00:52:28.529> we<00:52:28.589> wanted<00:52:29.160> you 00:52:29.269 --> 00:52:29.279 align:start position:0% winces in opinions on how we wanted you 00:52:29.279 --> 00:52:31.539 align:start position:0% winces in opinions on how we wanted you only<00:52:29.430> proceed<00:52:30.180> on<00:52:30.390> the<00:52:30.480> technology<00:52:31.079> in 00:52:31.539 --> 00:52:31.549 align:start position:0% only proceed on the technology in 00:52:31.549 --> 00:52:34.460 align:start position:0% only proceed on the technology in without<00:52:32.549> there<00:52:33.150> being<00:52:33.180> a<00:52:33.569> global<00:52:34.019> governance 00:52:34.460 --> 00:52:34.470 align:start position:0% without there being a global governance 00:52:34.470 --> 00:52:36.650 align:start position:0% without there being a global governance framework<00:52:34.950> where<00:52:35.160> every<00:52:35.640> country<00:52:35.819> is<00:52:36.329> on 00:52:36.650 --> 00:52:36.660 align:start position:0% framework where every country is on 00:52:36.660 --> 00:52:39.140 align:start position:0% framework where every country is on board<00:52:37.079> on<00:52:37.289> how<00:52:37.440> we<00:52:37.619> proceed<00:52:37.980> on<00:52:38.369> the<00:52:38.880> next 00:52:39.140 --> 00:52:39.150 align:start position:0% board on how we proceed on the next 00:52:39.150 --> 00:52:41.509 align:start position:0% board on how we proceed on the next steps<00:52:39.390> on<00:52:39.599> climate<00:52:40.499> change<00:52:40.529> mitigation<00:52:40.980> or 00:52:41.509 --> 00:52:41.519 align:start position:0% steps on climate change mitigation or 00:52:41.519 --> 00:52:43.729 align:start position:0% steps on climate change mitigation or any<00:52:41.759> step<00:52:42.059> forward<00:52:42.539> on<00:52:42.690> climate<00:52:43.140> change<00:52:43.170> there 00:52:43.729 --> 00:52:43.739 align:start position:0% any step forward on climate change there 00:52:43.739 --> 00:52:45.470 align:start position:0% any step forward on climate change there has<00:52:43.920> to<00:52:43.950> be<00:52:44.099> a<00:52:44.220> global<00:52:44.640> governance<00:52:45.089> treatment 00:52:45.470 --> 00:52:45.480 align:start position:0% has to be a global governance treatment 00:52:45.480 --> 00:52:46.940 align:start position:0% has to be a global governance treatment and<00:52:45.599> you<00:52:45.900> think<00:52:46.079> that's<00:52:46.230> unlikely<00:52:46.380> to<00:52:46.829> happen 00:52:46.940 --> 00:52:46.950 align:start position:0% and you think that's unlikely to happen 00:52:46.950 --> 00:52:48.769 align:start position:0% and you think that's unlikely to happen yeah<00:52:47.640> I<00:52:47.670> think<00:52:47.819> that's<00:52:48.119> let's<00:52:48.359> take<00:52:48.539> it<00:52:48.660> back 00:52:48.769 --> 00:52:48.779 align:start position:0% yeah I think that's let's take it back 00:52:48.779 --> 00:52:50.120 align:start position:0% yeah I think that's let's take it back to<00:52:48.839> Ted<00:52:49.200> you<00:52:49.440> you<00:52:49.739> were<00:52:49.859> more<00:52:49.980> optimistic 00:52:50.120 --> 00:52:50.130 align:start position:0% to Ted you you were more optimistic 00:52:50.130 --> 00:52:56.089 align:start position:0% to Ted you you were more optimistic about<00:52:50.489> that<00:52:50.789> I<00:52:51.749> am<00:52:52.739> so<00:52:54.289> let<00:52:55.289> me<00:52:55.410> stipulate 00:52:56.089 --> 00:52:56.099 align:start position:0% about that I am so let me stipulate 00:52:56.099 --> 00:52:57.499 align:start position:0% about that I am so let me stipulate again<00:52:56.369> we're<00:52:56.579> all<00:52:56.819> arguing<00:52:57.390> about 00:52:57.499 --> 00:52:57.509 align:start position:0% again we're all arguing about 00:52:57.509 --> 00:53:00.049 align:start position:0% again we're all arguing about hypotheticals<00:52:58.470> what<00:52:58.739> would<00:52:59.009> a<00:52:59.039> world<00:52:59.460> be<00:52:59.759> like 00:53:00.049 --> 00:53:00.059 align:start position:0% hypotheticals what would a world be like 00:53:00.059 --> 00:53:02.239 align:start position:0% hypotheticals what would a world be like in<00:53:00.390> which<00:53:00.809> there<00:53:01.079> had<00:53:01.259> been<00:53:01.440> some<00:53:01.739> decision 00:53:02.239 --> 00:53:02.249 align:start position:0% in which there had been some decision 00:53:02.249 --> 00:53:03.890 align:start position:0% in which there had been some decision made<00:53:02.460> to<00:53:02.789> develop<00:53:03.119> and<00:53:03.509> use<00:53:03.539> these 00:53:03.890 --> 00:53:03.900 align:start position:0% made to develop and use these 00:53:03.900 --> 00:53:05.509 align:start position:0% made to develop and use these technologies<00:53:04.289> and<00:53:04.920> who<00:53:05.220> would<00:53:05.400> be 00:53:05.509 --> 00:53:05.519 align:start position:0% technologies and who would be 00:53:05.519 --> 00:53:07.960 align:start position:0% technologies and who would be controlling<00:53:05.940> it<00:53:06.150> what<00:53:06.450> would<00:53:06.569> be<00:53:06.749> the<00:53:06.869> impact 00:53:07.960 --> 00:53:07.970 align:start position:0% controlling it what would be the impact 00:53:07.970 --> 00:53:11.059 align:start position:0% controlling it what would be the impact you're<00:53:08.970> absolutely<00:53:09.329> right<00:53:09.779> that<00:53:10.259> the<00:53:10.619> issue 00:53:11.059 --> 00:53:11.069 align:start position:0% you're absolutely right that the issue 00:53:11.069 --> 00:53:14.089 align:start position:0% you're absolutely right that the issue of<00:53:11.509> sectional<00:53:12.509> control<00:53:12.930> by<00:53:13.230> a<00:53:13.259> powerful<00:53:13.650> group 00:53:14.089 --> 00:53:14.099 align:start position:0% of sectional control by a powerful group 00:53:14.099 --> 00:53:17.749 align:start position:0% of sectional control by a powerful group is<00:53:14.339> a<00:53:14.759> serious<00:53:15.329> concern<00:53:16.369> Clive<00:53:17.369> I<00:53:17.519> think 00:53:17.749 --> 00:53:17.759 align:start position:0% is a serious concern Clive I think 00:53:17.759 --> 00:53:19.910 align:start position:0% is a serious concern Clive I think you're<00:53:17.880> right<00:53:18.089> that<00:53:18.119> the<00:53:18.509> concern<00:53:19.349> about<00:53:19.650> the 00:53:19.910 --> 00:53:19.920 align:start position:0% you're right that the concern about the 00:53:19.920 --> 00:53:21.859 align:start position:0% you're right that the concern about the debate<00:53:20.220> being<00:53:20.519> distorted<00:53:20.970> by<00:53:21.299> people<00:53:21.690> who 00:53:21.859 --> 00:53:21.869 align:start position:0% debate being distorted by people who 00:53:21.869 --> 00:53:24.259 align:start position:0% debate being distorted by people who have<00:53:22.170> a<00:53:22.829> kind<00:53:23.249> of<00:53:23.309> material<00:53:23.759> interests<00:53:24.180> in 00:53:24.259 --> 00:53:24.269 align:start position:0% have a kind of material interests in 00:53:24.269 --> 00:53:25.940 align:start position:0% have a kind of material interests in intellectual<00:53:24.599> property<00:53:24.779> is<00:53:25.319> a<00:53:25.349> significant 00:53:25.940 --> 00:53:25.950 align:start position:0% intellectual property is a significant 00:53:25.950 --> 00:53:28.039 align:start position:0% intellectual property is a significant concern<00:53:26.249> and<00:53:26.519> we<00:53:26.999> can<00:53:27.180> see<00:53:27.390> other<00:53:27.660> issues 00:53:28.039 --> 00:53:28.049 align:start position:0% concern and we can see other issues 00:53:28.049 --> 00:53:30.430 align:start position:0% concern and we can see other issues where<00:53:28.230> both<00:53:28.380> of<00:53:28.559> those<00:53:28.680> have<00:53:28.920> been<00:53:29.130> of<00:53:30.029> concern 00:53:30.430 --> 00:53:30.440 align:start position:0% where both of those have been of concern 00:53:30.440 --> 00:53:34.039 align:start position:0% where both of those have been of concern but<00:53:31.440> we<00:53:32.279> can<00:53:32.460> also<00:53:32.640> see<00:53:33.119> issues<00:53:33.329> where<00:53:33.809> there 00:53:34.039 --> 00:53:34.049 align:start position:0% but we can also see issues where there 00:53:34.049 --> 00:53:37.970 align:start position:0% but we can also see issues where there have<00:53:34.349> been<00:53:34.579> effective<00:53:36.230> adequate<00:53:37.230> relatively 00:53:37.970 --> 00:53:37.980 align:start position:0% have been effective adequate relatively 00:53:37.980 --> 00:53:40.069 align:start position:0% have been effective adequate relatively equitable<00:53:38.670> regimes<00:53:39.509> enacted 00:53:40.069 --> 00:53:40.079 align:start position:0% equitable regimes enacted 00:53:40.079 --> 00:53:41.420 align:start position:0% equitable regimes enacted internationally<00:53:40.799> to<00:53:40.950> address<00:53:41.279> global 00:53:41.420 --> 00:53:41.430 align:start position:0% internationally to address global 00:53:41.430 --> 00:53:43.519 align:start position:0% internationally to address global problems<00:53:42.029> and<00:53:42.180> moreover<00:53:42.869> there's<00:53:43.200> a<00:53:43.259> couple 00:53:43.519 --> 00:53:43.529 align:start position:0% problems and moreover there's a couple 00:53:43.529 --> 00:53:46.489 align:start position:0% problems and moreover there's a couple of<00:53:43.710> reasons<00:53:43.920> to<00:53:44.339> think<00:53:44.369> that<00:53:45.499> geoengineering 00:53:46.489 --> 00:53:46.499 align:start position:0% of reasons to think that geoengineering 00:53:46.499 --> 00:53:48.799 align:start position:0% of reasons to think that geoengineering is<00:53:46.650> likely<00:53:46.950> to<00:53:47.339> not<00:53:47.609> be<00:53:47.670> a<00:53:48.150> particularly 00:53:48.799 --> 00:53:48.809 align:start position:0% is likely to not be a particularly 00:53:48.809 --> 00:53:52.489 align:start position:0% is likely to not be a particularly pernicious<00:53:49.319> problem<00:53:50.569> in<00:53:51.569> terms<00:53:51.809> of<00:53:52.049> effective 00:53:52.489 --> 00:53:52.499 align:start position:0% pernicious problem in terms of effective 00:53:52.499 --> 00:53:54.289 align:start position:0% pernicious problem in terms of effective and<00:53:52.739> equitable<00:53:53.130> governance<00:53:53.549> relative<00:53:54.029> to<00:53:54.150> all 00:53:54.289 --> 00:53:54.299 align:start position:0% and equitable governance relative to all 00:53:54.299 --> 00:53:56.720 align:start position:0% and equitable governance relative to all the<00:53:54.569> ones<00:53:54.749> that<00:53:54.989> we<00:53:55.109> face<00:53:55.369> first<00:53:56.369> of<00:53:56.609> all 00:53:56.720 --> 00:53:56.730 align:start position:0% the ones that we face first of all 00:53:56.730 --> 00:53:58.849 align:start position:0% the ones that we face first of all there's<00:53:57.539> this<00:53:57.690> worry<00:53:58.049> that<00:53:58.349> the<00:53:58.440> fossil 00:53:58.849 --> 00:53:58.859 align:start position:0% there's this worry that the fossil 00:53:58.859 --> 00:54:01.039 align:start position:0% there's this worry that the fossil interests<00:53:59.400> will<00:53:59.549> take<00:53:59.819> it<00:53:59.999> sort<00:54:00.569> of<00:54:00.660> capture 00:54:01.039 --> 00:54:01.049 align:start position:0% interests will take it sort of capture 00:54:01.049 --> 00:54:03.140 align:start position:0% interests will take it sort of capture the<00:54:01.079> debate<00:54:01.470> and<00:54:01.710> basically<00:54:02.190> advocate<00:54:02.819> too 00:54:03.140 --> 00:54:03.150 align:start position:0% the debate and basically advocate too 00:54:03.150 --> 00:54:04.940 align:start position:0% the debate and basically advocate too much<00:54:03.390> and<00:54:03.660> use<00:54:03.809> that<00:54:03.989> as<00:54:04.140> a<00:54:04.170> justification<00:54:04.559> for 00:54:04.940 --> 00:54:04.950 align:start position:0% much and use that as a justification for 00:54:04.950 --> 00:54:06.950 align:start position:0% much and use that as a justification for continuing<00:54:05.640> to<00:54:05.670> pollute<00:54:06.029> and<00:54:06.210> not<00:54:06.690> cutting 00:54:06.950 --> 00:54:06.960 align:start position:0% continuing to pollute and not cutting 00:54:06.960 --> 00:54:09.019 align:start position:0% continuing to pollute and not cutting emissions<00:54:07.279> you're<00:54:08.279> talking<00:54:08.609> coal<00:54:08.819> and 00:54:09.019 --> 00:54:09.029 align:start position:0% emissions you're talking coal and 00:54:09.029 --> 00:54:11.660 align:start position:0% emissions you're talking coal and petroleum<00:54:09.210> gases<00:54:10.079> yeah<00:54:10.230> yes<00:54:10.499> yeah<00:54:10.859> petroleum 00:54:11.660 --> 00:54:11.670 align:start position:0% petroleum gases yeah yes yeah petroleum 00:54:11.670 --> 00:54:12.920 align:start position:0% petroleum gases yeah yes yeah petroleum and<00:54:11.759> gas<00:54:11.819> we're<00:54:12.089> talking<00:54:12.359> about<00:54:12.450> climate 00:54:12.920 --> 00:54:12.930 align:start position:0% and gas we're talking about climate 00:54:12.930 --> 00:54:14.989 align:start position:0% and gas we're talking about climate denial<00:54:13.230> organizations<00:54:14.069> will<00:54:14.249> just<00:54:14.460> move<00:54:14.730> from 00:54:14.989 --> 00:54:14.999 align:start position:0% denial organizations will just move from 00:54:14.999 --> 00:54:16.729 align:start position:0% denial organizations will just move from saying<00:54:15.329> climate<00:54:15.599> change<00:54:16.019> is<00:54:16.170> nonsense<00:54:16.589> it's 00:54:16.729 --> 00:54:16.739 align:start position:0% saying climate change is nonsense it's 00:54:16.739 --> 00:54:18.920 align:start position:0% saying climate change is nonsense it's not<00:54:16.890> real<00:54:17.160> to<00:54:17.640> saying<00:54:17.880> oh<00:54:18.059> now<00:54:18.359> we've<00:54:18.599> decided 00:54:18.920 --> 00:54:18.930 align:start position:0% not real to saying oh now we've decided 00:54:18.930 --> 00:54:20.390 align:start position:0% not real to saying oh now we've decided it's<00:54:19.109> real<00:54:19.319> but<00:54:19.470> here's<00:54:19.710> the<00:54:19.890> solution<00:54:20.279> we 00:54:20.390 --> 00:54:20.400 align:start position:0% it's real but here's the solution we 00:54:20.400 --> 00:54:23.029 align:start position:0% it's real but here's the solution we still<00:54:20.640> don't<00:54:20.789> need<00:54:20.910> to<00:54:21.029> cut<00:54:21.180> emissions<00:54:22.039> that 00:54:23.029 --> 00:54:23.039 align:start position:0% still don't need to cut emissions that 00:54:23.039 --> 00:54:25.849 align:start position:0% still don't need to cut emissions that absolutely<00:54:23.880> merits<00:54:24.630> concern<00:54:25.079> and<00:54:25.380> attention 00:54:25.849 --> 00:54:25.859 align:start position:0% absolutely merits concern and attention 00:54:25.859 --> 00:54:27.979 align:start position:0% absolutely merits concern and attention but<00:54:26.190> the<00:54:26.369> oddity<00:54:26.910> is<00:54:27.150> that<00:54:27.420> all<00:54:27.630> the<00:54:27.869> evidence 00:54:27.979 --> 00:54:27.989 align:start position:0% but the oddity is that all the evidence 00:54:27.989 --> 00:54:32.210 align:start position:0% but the oddity is that all the evidence that<00:54:28.380> exists<00:54:29.009> goes<00:54:29.249> the<00:54:29.519> other<00:54:29.779> way<00:54:31.039> the<00:54:32.039> other 00:54:32.210 --> 00:54:32.220 align:start position:0% that exists goes the other way the other 00:54:32.220 --> 00:54:34.460 align:start position:0% that exists goes the other way the other concern<00:54:32.789> that<00:54:33.059> it<00:54:33.299> would<00:54:33.450> be<00:54:33.569> captured<00:54:33.900> by 00:54:34.460 --> 00:54:34.470 align:start position:0% concern that it would be captured by 00:54:34.470 --> 00:54:36.650 align:start position:0% concern that it would be captured by Nathan<00:54:35.249> Myhrvold<00:54:35.579> or<00:54:35.970> someone<00:54:36.359> else<00:54:36.539> who 00:54:36.650 --> 00:54:36.660 align:start position:0% Nathan Myhrvold or someone else who 00:54:36.660 --> 00:54:39.019 align:start position:0% Nathan Myhrvold or someone else who holds<00:54:36.960> the<00:54:37.079> crucial<00:54:37.440> patent<00:54:37.859> here's<00:54:38.789> one 00:54:39.019 --> 00:54:39.029 align:start position:0% holds the crucial patent here's one 00:54:39.029 --> 00:54:40.130 align:start position:0% holds the crucial patent here's one place<00:54:39.299> where<00:54:39.599> the 00:54:40.130 --> 00:54:40.140 align:start position:0% place where the 00:54:40.140 --> 00:54:41.780 align:start position:0% place where the the<00:54:40.230> oddity<00:54:40.620> of<00:54:40.680> climate<00:54:41.100> engineering<00:54:41.580> that 00:54:41.780 --> 00:54:41.790 align:start position:0% the oddity of climate engineering that 00:54:41.790 --> 00:54:44.360 align:start position:0% the oddity of climate engineering that it's<00:54:41.970> so<00:54:42.390> cheap<00:54:42.870> I<00:54:43.140> talked<00:54:43.770> about<00:54:43.890> how<00:54:44.190> it's 00:54:44.360 --> 00:54:44.370 align:start position:0% it's so cheap I talked about how it's 00:54:44.370 --> 00:54:46.190 align:start position:0% it's so cheap I talked about how it's being<00:54:44.520> cheap<00:54:44.880> was<00:54:45.060> a<00:54:45.090> problem<00:54:45.720> because<00:54:46.080> it 00:54:46.190 --> 00:54:46.200 align:start position:0% being cheap was a problem because it 00:54:46.200 --> 00:54:48.260 align:start position:0% being cheap was a problem because it sort<00:54:46.410> of<00:54:46.530> it<00:54:46.800> makes<00:54:47.460> the<00:54:47.610> possibility<00:54:47.820> of 00:54:48.260 --> 00:54:48.270 align:start position:0% sort of it makes the possibility of 00:54:48.270 --> 00:54:50.420 align:start position:0% sort of it makes the possibility of unregulated<00:54:49.260> or<00:54:49.530> competitive<00:54:50.040> use<00:54:50.220> by 00:54:50.420 --> 00:54:50.430 align:start position:0% unregulated or competitive use by 00:54:50.430 --> 00:54:52.880 align:start position:0% unregulated or competitive use by multiple<00:54:50.940> actors<00:54:51.300> it's<00:54:52.080> being<00:54:52.320> cheap<00:54:52.680> also 00:54:52.880 --> 00:54:52.890 align:start position:0% multiple actors it's being cheap also 00:54:52.890 --> 00:54:54.800 align:start position:0% multiple actors it's being cheap also means<00:54:53.190> that<00:54:53.370> there's<00:54:53.550> no<00:54:53.730> fortunes<00:54:54.570> to<00:54:54.780> be 00:54:54.800 --> 00:54:54.810 align:start position:0% means that there's no fortunes to be 00:54:54.810 --> 00:54:58.220 align:start position:0% means that there's no fortunes to be made<00:54:54.930> in<00:54:55.380> it<00:54:55.500> and<00:54:55.710> so<00:54:56.550> the<00:54:57.180> configuration<00:54:58.110> of 00:54:58.220 --> 00:54:58.230 align:start position:0% made in it and so the configuration of 00:54:58.230 --> 00:55:00.350 align:start position:0% made in it and so the configuration of interests<00:54:58.890> of<00:54:59.040> people<00:54:59.340> kind<00:54:59.490> of<00:54:59.610> monopolizing 00:55:00.350 --> 00:55:00.360 align:start position:0% interests of people kind of monopolizing 00:55:00.360 --> 00:55:02.360 align:start position:0% interests of people kind of monopolizing it<00:55:00.450> and<00:55:00.630> then<00:55:00.840> hijacking<00:55:01.590> the<00:55:01.680> debate<00:55:01.980> you 00:55:02.360 --> 00:55:02.370 align:start position:0% it and then hijacking the debate you 00:55:02.370 --> 00:55:04.160 align:start position:0% it and then hijacking the debate you might<00:55:02.550> say<00:55:02.730> the<00:55:02.910> analogy<00:55:03.420> to<00:55:03.450> a<00:55:03.600> military 00:55:04.160 --> 00:55:04.170 align:start position:0% might say the analogy to a military 00:55:04.170 --> 00:55:06.980 align:start position:0% might say the analogy to a military industrial<00:55:04.350> complex<00:55:04.800> it<00:55:05.730> isn't<00:55:06.480> really<00:55:06.810> that 00:55:06.980 --> 00:55:06.990 align:start position:0% industrial complex it isn't really that 00:55:06.990 --> 00:55:10.640 align:start position:0% industrial complex it isn't really that persuasive<00:55:07.620> if<00:55:08.070> this<00:55:08.700> is<00:55:08.910> ever<00:55:09.150> used<00:55:09.720> which<00:55:10.470> is 00:55:10.640 --> 00:55:10.650 align:start position:0% persuasive if this is ever used which is 00:55:10.650 --> 00:55:12.140 align:start position:0% persuasive if this is ever used which is not<00:55:10.860> what<00:55:11.130> we're<00:55:11.280> advocating<00:55:11.790> arguing 00:55:12.140 --> 00:55:12.150 align:start position:0% not what we're advocating arguing 00:55:12.150 --> 00:55:14.600 align:start position:0% not what we're advocating arguing tonight<00:55:12.450> my<00:55:13.140> guess<00:55:13.380> is<00:55:13.560> it<00:55:13.800> will<00:55:13.950> look<00:55:14.010> like<00:55:14.220> a 00:55:14.600 --> 00:55:14.610 align:start position:0% tonight my guess is it will look like a 00:55:14.610 --> 00:55:17.690 align:start position:0% tonight my guess is it will look like a dreary<00:55:15.180> public<00:55:15.810> works<00:55:16.050> project<00:55:16.650> well<00:55:17.580> then 00:55:17.690 --> 00:55:17.700 align:start position:0% dreary public works project well then 00:55:17.700 --> 00:55:19.520 align:start position:0% dreary public works project well then let<00:55:18.090> me<00:55:18.120> I<00:55:18.510> still<00:55:18.960> want<00:55:19.110> to<00:55:19.140> go<00:55:19.230> to<00:55:19.320> audience 00:55:19.520 --> 00:55:19.530 align:start position:0% let me I still want to go to audience 00:55:19.530 --> 00:55:21.020 align:start position:0% let me I still want to go to audience questions<00:55:19.770> I'm<00:55:20.100> gonna<00:55:20.190> cut<00:55:20.370> a<00:55:20.400> little<00:55:20.460> bit<00:55:20.940> of 00:55:21.020 --> 00:55:21.030 align:start position:0% questions I'm gonna cut a little bit of 00:55:21.030 --> 00:55:22.640 align:start position:0% questions I'm gonna cut a little bit of that<00:55:21.150> time<00:55:21.360> to<00:55:21.480> let<00:55:21.600> clive<00:55:21.810> respond<00:55:22.260> to<00:55:22.470> a 00:55:22.640 --> 00:55:22.650 align:start position:0% that time to let clive respond to a 00:55:22.650 --> 00:55:25.850 align:start position:0% that time to let clive respond to a dreary<00:55:23.160> public<00:55:23.790> works<00:55:24.060> project<00:55:24.860> transforming 00:55:25.850 --> 00:55:25.860 align:start position:0% dreary public works project transforming 00:55:25.860 --> 00:55:28.100 align:start position:0% dreary public works project transforming the<00:55:25.950> atmosphere<00:55:26.430> of<00:55:26.580> planet<00:55:27.030> Earth<00:55:27.180> I<00:55:27.480> don't 00:55:28.100 --> 00:55:28.110 align:start position:0% the atmosphere of planet Earth I don't 00:55:28.110 --> 00:55:30.560 align:start position:0% the atmosphere of planet Earth I don't think<00:55:28.290> so<00:55:28.500> and<00:55:28.890> when<00:55:29.400> you<00:55:29.430> think<00:55:29.730> as<00:55:30.000> as<00:55:30.420> I 00:55:30.560 --> 00:55:30.570 align:start position:0% think so and when you think as as I 00:55:30.570 --> 00:55:32.690 align:start position:0% think so and when you think as as I suggested<00:55:31.200> that<00:55:31.320> this<00:55:31.470> would<00:55:31.650> is<00:55:31.920> a<00:55:31.950> strategic 00:55:32.690 --> 00:55:32.700 align:start position:0% suggested that this would is a strategic 00:55:32.700 --> 00:55:35.180 align:start position:0% suggested that this would is a strategic issue<00:55:32.880> it<00:55:33.480> has<00:55:33.630> military<00:55:33.990> implications<00:55:34.980> the 00:55:35.180 --> 00:55:35.190 align:start position:0% issue it has military implications the 00:55:35.190 --> 00:55:37.070 align:start position:0% issue it has military implications the military<00:55:35.610> are<00:55:35.730> all<00:55:35.880> already<00:55:36.450> watching<00:55:36.810> this 00:55:37.070 --> 00:55:37.080 align:start position:0% military are all already watching this 00:55:37.080 --> 00:55:39.230 align:start position:0% military are all already watching this very<00:55:37.290> carefully<00:55:37.650> I<00:55:38.010> think<00:55:38.550> it's<00:55:38.670> a<00:55:38.790> profound 00:55:39.230 --> 00:55:39.240 align:start position:0% very carefully I think it's a profound 00:55:39.240 --> 00:55:42.530 align:start position:0% very carefully I think it's a profound issue<00:55:39.540> of<00:55:39.870> geopolitics<00:55:40.380> and<00:55:41.040> when<00:55:42.030> we<00:55:42.180> look<00:55:42.390> at 00:55:42.530 --> 00:55:42.540 align:start position:0% issue of geopolitics and when we look at 00:55:42.540 --> 00:55:44.240 align:start position:0% issue of geopolitics and when we look at the<00:55:43.110> fact<00:55:43.320> that<00:55:43.440> the<00:55:43.710> coal<00:55:43.920> and<00:55:44.100> oil 00:55:44.240 --> 00:55:44.250 align:start position:0% the fact that the coal and oil 00:55:44.250 --> 00:55:46.880 align:start position:0% the fact that the coal and oil industries<00:55:44.880> are<00:55:45.060> taking<00:55:45.420> a<00:55:45.510> look<00:55:46.320> I<00:55:46.500> should 00:55:46.880 --> 00:55:46.890 align:start position:0% industries are taking a look I should 00:55:46.890 --> 00:55:50.780 align:start position:0% industries are taking a look I should say<00:55:48.140> most<00:55:49.140> of<00:55:49.350> the<00:55:49.470> people<00:55:49.650> who<00:55:49.860> have<00:55:49.950> been<00:55:50.160> at 00:55:50.780 --> 00:55:50.790 align:start position:0% say most of the people who have been at 00:55:50.790 --> 00:55:52.940 align:start position:0% say most of the people who have been at the<00:55:50.940> forefront<00:55:51.120> of<00:55:51.510> the<00:55:51.630> research<00:55:51.950> including 00:55:52.940 --> 00:55:52.950 align:start position:0% the forefront of the research including 00:55:52.950 --> 00:55:55.250 align:start position:0% the forefront of the research including and<00:55:53.100> advocacy<00:55:54.030> including<00:55:54.480> David<00:55:54.840> and<00:55:55.020> Ted 00:55:55.250 --> 00:55:55.260 align:start position:0% and advocacy including David and Ted 00:55:55.260 --> 00:55:58.040 align:start position:0% and advocacy including David and Ted come<00:55:55.890> to<00:55:56.130> it<00:55:56.220> with<00:55:56.370> the<00:55:56.850> best<00:55:57.060> of<00:55:57.240> motives<00:55:57.420> they 00:55:58.040 --> 00:55:58.050 align:start position:0% come to it with the best of motives they 00:55:58.050 --> 00:56:00.050 align:start position:0% come to it with the best of motives they like<00:55:58.320> us<00:55:58.560> are<00:55:58.800> deeply<00:55:59.100> concerned<00:55:59.580> about 00:56:00.050 --> 00:56:00.060 align:start position:0% like us are deeply concerned about 00:56:00.060 --> 00:56:02.330 align:start position:0% like us are deeply concerned about climate<00:56:00.750> change<00:56:00.780> and<00:56:01.350> the<00:56:01.590> failure<00:56:02.040> of<00:56:02.100> the 00:56:02.330 --> 00:56:02.340 align:start position:0% climate change and the failure of the 00:56:02.340 --> 00:56:06.980 align:start position:0% climate change and the failure of the earth<00:56:02.460> to<00:56:03.420> at<00:56:03.890> our<00:56:04.890> concern<00:56:05.520> is<00:56:05.550> that<00:56:06.090> once<00:56:06.750> it 00:56:06.980 --> 00:56:06.990 align:start position:0% earth to at our concern is that once it 00:56:06.990 --> 00:56:09.020 align:start position:0% earth to at our concern is that once it gets<00:56:07.020> out<00:56:07.410> of<00:56:07.470> the<00:56:07.680> hands<00:56:08.190> of<00:56:08.340> people<00:56:08.580> who<00:56:08.820> are 00:56:09.020 --> 00:56:09.030 align:start position:0% gets out of the hands of people who are 00:56:09.030 --> 00:56:12.200 align:start position:0% gets out of the hands of people who are well<00:56:09.240> motivated<00:56:09.510> and<00:56:10.260> do<00:56:10.950> insist<00:56:11.370> that<00:56:11.970> there 00:56:12.200 --> 00:56:12.210 align:start position:0% well motivated and do insist that there 00:56:12.210 --> 00:56:15.200 align:start position:0% well motivated and do insist that there should<00:56:12.420> be<00:56:12.450> that<00:56:13.350> emission<00:56:13.980> cuts<00:56:14.220> should<00:56:14.910> come 00:56:15.200 --> 00:56:15.210 align:start position:0% should be that emission cuts should come 00:56:15.210 --> 00:56:18.050 align:start position:0% should be that emission cuts should come first<00:56:15.480> we're<00:56:16.200> in<00:56:16.380> very<00:56:16.650> murky<00:56:17.220> and<00:56:17.400> difficult 00:56:18.050 --> 00:56:18.060 align:start position:0% first we're in very murky and difficult 00:56:18.060 --> 00:56:20.030 align:start position:0% first we're in very murky and difficult territory<00:56:18.330> I<00:56:18.900> mean<00:56:19.260> think<00:56:19.500> about<00:56:19.560> it<00:56:19.830> from<00:56:19.950> the 00:56:20.030 --> 00:56:20.040 align:start position:0% territory I mean think about it from the 00:56:20.040 --> 00:56:21.560 align:start position:0% territory I mean think about it from the point<00:56:20.280> of<00:56:20.370> view<00:56:20.430> of<00:56:20.760> the<00:56:20.970> coal<00:56:21.240> and<00:56:21.420> oil 00:56:21.560 --> 00:56:21.570 align:start position:0% point of view of the coal and oil 00:56:21.570 --> 00:56:23.770 align:start position:0% point of view of the coal and oil industries<00:56:22.260> if<00:56:22.740> you<00:56:22.950> have<00:56:23.220> solar 00:56:23.770 --> 00:56:23.780 align:start position:0% industries if you have solar 00:56:23.780 --> 00:56:27.260 align:start position:0% industries if you have solar geoengineering<00:56:24.780> there's<00:56:25.440> no<00:56:25.680> need<00:56:25.950> to<00:56:26.270> tax 00:56:27.260 --> 00:56:27.270 align:start position:0% geoengineering there's no need to tax 00:56:27.270 --> 00:56:29.240 align:start position:0% geoengineering there's no need to tax carbon<00:56:27.630> emissions<00:56:28.260> there's<00:56:28.800> no<00:56:28.980> need<00:56:29.220> to 00:56:29.240 --> 00:56:29.250 align:start position:0% carbon emissions there's no need to 00:56:29.250 --> 00:56:31.340 align:start position:0% carbon emissions there's no need to worry<00:56:29.550> about<00:56:29.850> gas<00:56:30.330> guzzlers<00:56:31.050> or 00:56:31.340 --> 00:56:31.350 align:start position:0% worry about gas guzzlers or 00:56:31.350 --> 00:56:33.620 align:start position:0% worry about gas guzzlers or deforestation<00:56:32.130> we'll<00:56:32.730> just<00:56:32.940> wrap<00:56:33.120> up<00:56:33.390> the 00:56:33.620 --> 00:56:33.630 align:start position:0% deforestation we'll just wrap up the 00:56:33.630 --> 00:56:37.220 align:start position:0% deforestation we'll just wrap up the fleet<00:56:33.930> of<00:56:34.370> sulfur<00:56:35.370> spraying<00:56:35.730> planes<00:56:36.330> sounds 00:56:37.220 --> 00:56:37.230 align:start position:0% fleet of sulfur spraying planes sounds 00:56:37.230 --> 00:56:40.640 align:start position:0% fleet of sulfur spraying planes sounds Cruden<00:56:37.740> and<00:56:37.980> irrational<00:56:38.760> boy<00:56:39.330> in<00:56:39.840> Washington 00:56:40.640 --> 00:56:40.650 align:start position:0% Cruden and irrational boy in Washington 00:56:40.650 --> 00:56:43.190 align:start position:0% Cruden and irrational boy in Washington today<00:56:40.830> don't<00:56:41.280> crude<00:56:41.760> any<00:56:42.180> rational<00:56:42.660> arguments 00:56:43.190 --> 00:56:43.200 align:start position:0% today don't crude any rational arguments 00:56:43.200 --> 00:56:48.260 align:start position:0% today don't crude any rational arguments work<00:56:43.410> I<00:56:43.650> mean<00:56:43.800> look<00:56:43.950> at<00:56:44.040> the<00:56:44.190> NRA<00:56:45.320> so<00:56:46.320> yeah<00:56:47.270> my 00:56:48.260 --> 00:56:48.270 align:start position:0% work I mean look at the NRA so yeah my 00:56:48.270 --> 00:56:50.240 align:start position:0% work I mean look at the NRA so yeah my my<00:56:48.780> worst<00:56:49.050> let<00:56:49.380> me<00:56:49.440> tell<00:56:49.620> you<00:56:49.710> about<00:56:49.770> my<00:56:50.010> worst 00:56:50.240 --> 00:56:50.250 align:start position:0% my worst let me tell you about my worst 00:56:50.250 --> 00:56:52.160 align:start position:0% my worst let me tell you about my worst nightmare<00:56:50.760> it's<00:56:50.850> a<00:56:50.880> very<00:56:51.090> short<00:56:51.360> one<00:56:51.540> and<00:56:51.810> then 00:56:52.160 --> 00:56:52.170 align:start position:0% nightmare it's a very short one and then 00:56:52.170 --> 00:56:55.039 align:start position:0% nightmare it's a very short one and then is<00:56:52.290> that<00:56:52.680> Rupert<00:56:53.490> Murdoch<00:56:54.000> watches<00:56:54.900> this 00:56:55.039 --> 00:56:55.049 align:start position:0% is that Rupert Murdoch watches this 00:56:55.049 --> 00:56:58.670 align:start position:0% is that Rupert Murdoch watches this debate<00:56:55.470> and<00:56:55.770> says<00:56:56.780> it<00:56:57.780> sounds<00:56:58.140> like<00:56:58.290> a<00:56:58.319> great 00:56:58.670 --> 00:56:58.680 align:start position:0% debate and says it sounds like a great 00:56:58.680 --> 00:57:01.490 align:start position:0% debate and says it sounds like a great idea<00:56:59.190> and<00:56:59.520> he<00:56:59.640> sends<00:56:59.910> that<00:57:00.000> tweet<00:57:00.390> out<00:57:00.630> and<00:57:00.930> his 00:57:01.490 --> 00:57:01.500 align:start position:0% idea and he sends that tweet out and his 00:57:01.500 --> 00:57:04.370 align:start position:0% idea and he sends that tweet out and his I<00:57:01.710> think<00:57:01.890> it's<00:57:02.359> 321<00:57:03.359> editors<00:57:03.900> around<00:57:04.200> the 00:57:04.370 --> 00:57:04.380 align:start position:0% I think it's 321 editors around the 00:57:04.380 --> 00:57:06.470 align:start position:0% I think it's 321 editors around the world<00:57:04.589> says<00:57:04.890> that<00:57:04.920> Rupert<00:57:05.280> has<00:57:05.460> spoken<00:57:05.790> we<00:57:06.270> now 00:57:06.470 --> 00:57:06.480 align:start position:0% world says that Rupert has spoken we now 00:57:06.480 --> 00:57:09.250 align:start position:0% world says that Rupert has spoken we now support<00:57:06.740> geoengineering<00:57:07.740> and<00:57:08.040> every<00:57:08.700> Murdoch 00:57:09.250 --> 00:57:09.260 align:start position:0% support geoengineering and every Murdoch 00:57:09.260 --> 00:57:12.680 align:start position:0% support geoengineering and every Murdoch newspaper<00:57:10.260> in<00:57:10.680> the<00:57:10.920> world<00:57:11.329> doesn't<00:57:12.329> take 00:57:12.680 --> 00:57:12.690 align:start position:0% newspaper in the world doesn't take 00:57:12.690 --> 00:57:14.390 align:start position:0% newspaper in the world doesn't take account<00:57:13.079> of<00:57:13.170> the<00:57:13.290> subtleties<00:57:13.829> and 00:57:14.390 --> 00:57:14.400 align:start position:0% account of the subtleties and 00:57:14.400 --> 00:57:17.599 align:start position:0% account of the subtleties and environmental<00:57:15.589> emphasis<00:57:16.589> that<00:57:16.799> David<00:57:17.520> and 00:57:17.599 --> 00:57:17.609 align:start position:0% environmental emphasis that David and 00:57:17.609 --> 00:57:20.000 align:start position:0% environmental emphasis that David and Ted<00:57:17.849> do<00:57:18.030> they<00:57:18.210> say<00:57:18.510> screw<00:57:19.470> cutting<00:57:19.890> emissions 00:57:20.000 --> 00:57:20.010 align:start position:0% Ted do they say screw cutting emissions 00:57:20.010 --> 00:57:22.250 align:start position:0% Ted do they say screw cutting emissions we're<00:57:20.970> going<00:57:21.150> to<00:57:21.270> put<00:57:21.390> up<00:57:21.510> a<00:57:21.599> solar<00:57:21.780> shield 00:57:22.250 --> 00:57:22.260 align:start position:0% we're going to put up a solar shield 00:57:22.260 --> 00:57:23.839 align:start position:0% we're going to put up a solar shield then<00:57:22.619> we're<00:57:22.770> really<00:57:22.920> in<00:57:23.099> trouble<00:57:23.400> let's<00:57:23.700> go<00:57:23.790> to 00:57:23.839 --> 00:57:23.849 align:start position:0% then we're really in trouble let's go to 00:57:23.849 --> 00:57:28.809 align:start position:0% then we're really in trouble let's go to audience<00:57:24.089> questions<00:57:24.569> please<00:57:24.839> hi<00:57:25.770> I'm<00:57:25.920> Bonnie 00:57:28.809 --> 00:57:28.819 align:start position:0% 00:57:28.819 --> 00:57:33.440 align:start position:0% is<00:57:29.819> there<00:57:30.270> a<00:57:30.740> risk<00:57:31.740> that<00:57:32.280> all<00:57:32.940> the 00:57:33.440 --> 00:57:33.450 align:start position:0% is there a risk that all the 00:57:33.450 --> 00:57:37.940 align:start position:0% is there a risk that all the geopolitical<00:57:35.720> agreements<00:57:36.720> will<00:57:36.900> be<00:57:36.950> put 00:57:37.940 --> 00:57:37.950 align:start position:0% geopolitical agreements will be put 00:57:37.950 --> 00:57:41.030 align:start position:0% geopolitical agreements will be put aside<00:57:38.069> by<00:57:38.309> someone<00:57:39.119> like<00:57:39.150> Yann<00:57:39.809> Musk<00:57:40.200> just 00:57:41.030 --> 00:57:41.040 align:start position:0% aside by someone like Yann Musk just 00:57:41.040 --> 00:57:45.380 align:start position:0% aside by someone like Yann Musk just doing<00:57:41.490> it<00:57:43.910> Ted<00:57:44.910> person 00:57:45.380 --> 00:57:45.390 align:start position:0% doing it Ted person 00:57:45.390 --> 00:57:49.480 align:start position:0% doing it Ted person no<00:57:45.799> no<00:57:46.799> because<00:57:47.400> any<00:57:47.990> megalomaniac 00:57:49.480 --> 00:57:49.490 align:start position:0% no no because any megalomaniac 00:57:49.490 --> 00:57:52.250 align:start position:0% no no because any megalomaniac individual<00:57:50.490> entrepreneur<00:57:51.089> is<00:57:51.359> a<00:57:51.420> citizen<00:57:52.049> of 00:57:52.250 --> 00:57:52.260 align:start position:0% individual entrepreneur is a citizen of 00:57:52.260 --> 00:57:54.230 align:start position:0% individual entrepreneur is a citizen of some<00:57:52.500> country<00:57:53.040> and<00:57:53.250> their<00:57:53.609> enterprises 00:57:54.230 --> 00:57:54.240 align:start position:0% some country and their enterprises 00:57:54.240 --> 00:57:56.539 align:start position:0% some country and their enterprises operate<00:57:54.900> under<00:57:55.260> the<00:57:55.380> legal<00:57:55.559> jurisdiction<00:57:56.400> of 00:57:56.539 --> 00:57:56.549 align:start position:0% operate under the legal jurisdiction of 00:57:56.549 --> 00:57:58.940 align:start position:0% operate under the legal jurisdiction of some<00:57:56.819> country<00:57:57.210> or<00:57:57.390> countries<00:57:57.930> and<00:57:58.170> that 00:57:58.940 --> 00:57:58.950 align:start position:0% some country or countries and that 00:57:58.950 --> 00:58:01.370 align:start position:0% some country or countries and that however<00:57:59.309> much<00:57:59.849> it<00:58:00.059> is<00:58:00.089> the<00:58:00.210> modern<00:58:00.720> fashion<00:58:01.200> to 00:58:01.370 --> 00:58:01.380 align:start position:0% however much it is the modern fashion to 00:58:01.380 --> 00:58:02.809 align:start position:0% however much it is the modern fashion to kind<00:58:01.559> of<00:58:01.650> ignore<00:58:01.829> the<00:58:02.250> state<00:58:02.490> and<00:58:02.730> to 00:58:02.809 --> 00:58:02.819 align:start position:0% kind of ignore the state and to 00:58:02.819 --> 00:58:04.520 align:start position:0% kind of ignore the state and to disrespect<00:58:03.480> the<00:58:03.660> state<00:58:03.900> and<00:58:04.109> collective 00:58:04.520 --> 00:58:04.530 align:start position:0% disrespect the state and collective 00:58:04.530 --> 00:58:06.260 align:start position:0% disrespect the state and collective action<00:58:04.859> in<00:58:05.040> fact<00:58:05.309> states<00:58:05.849> have<00:58:06.059> the<00:58:06.180> authority 00:58:06.260 --> 00:58:06.270 align:start position:0% action in fact states have the authority 00:58:06.270 --> 00:58:11.420 align:start position:0% action in fact states have the authority and<00:58:06.869> so<00:58:07.680> if<00:58:08.369> it's<00:58:08.880> ever<00:58:09.180> done<00:58:09.569> it<00:58:10.410> will<00:58:10.680> very 00:58:11.420 --> 00:58:11.430 align:start position:0% and so if it's ever done it will very 00:58:11.430 --> 00:58:14.480 align:start position:0% and so if it's ever done it will very likely<00:58:11.569> in<00:58:12.569> fact<00:58:12.809> almost<00:58:13.500> certainly<00:58:13.920> be<00:58:14.220> under 00:58:14.480 --> 00:58:14.490 align:start position:0% likely in fact almost certainly be under 00:58:14.490 --> 00:58:16.930 align:start position:0% likely in fact almost certainly be under the<00:58:14.609> authority<00:58:15.059> of<00:58:15.089> states<00:58:15.420> we<00:58:16.079> might 00:58:16.930 --> 00:58:16.940 align:start position:0% the authority of states we might 00:58:16.940 --> 00:58:20.120 align:start position:0% the authority of states we might mistrust<00:58:17.940> the<00:58:18.569> competency<00:58:19.260> and<00:58:19.500> integrity<00:58:19.980> of 00:58:20.120 --> 00:58:20.130 align:start position:0% mistrust the competency and integrity of 00:58:20.130 --> 00:58:21.890 align:start position:0% mistrust the competency and integrity of state<00:58:20.369> decision-making<00:58:21.059> and<00:58:21.359> I<00:58:21.450> don't<00:58:21.510> want 00:58:21.890 --> 00:58:21.900 align:start position:0% state decision-making and I don't want 00:58:21.900 --> 00:58:24.109 align:start position:0% state decision-making and I don't want to<00:58:21.990> be<00:58:22.079> any<00:58:22.260> slouch<00:58:22.770> in<00:58:23.040> believing<00:58:23.940> in 00:58:24.109 --> 00:58:24.119 align:start position:0% to be any slouch in believing in 00:58:24.119 --> 00:58:28.280 align:start position:0% to be any slouch in believing in political<00:58:24.630> folly<00:58:26.089> but<00:58:27.089> I<00:58:27.390> think<00:58:27.900> we<00:58:28.049> don't 00:58:28.280 --> 00:58:28.290 align:start position:0% political folly but I think we don't 00:58:28.290 --> 00:58:30.950 align:start position:0% political folly but I think we don't need<00:58:28.440> to<00:58:28.589> worry<00:58:28.980> about<00:58:29.220> in<00:58:29.730> we<00:58:30.569> don't<00:58:30.750> need<00:58:30.839> to 00:58:30.950 --> 00:58:30.960 align:start position:0% need to worry about in we don't need to 00:58:30.960 --> 00:58:33.680 align:start position:0% need to worry about in we don't need to worry<00:58:31.170> about<00:58:31.380> dr.<00:58:31.710> evil<00:58:32.220> or<00:58:32.369> Elon<00:58:33.089> Musk<00:58:33.329> or 00:58:33.680 --> 00:58:33.690 align:start position:0% worry about dr. evil or Elon Musk or 00:58:33.690 --> 00:58:37.510 align:start position:0% worry about dr. evil or Elon Musk or Bill<00:58:34.619> Gates<00:58:35.150> doing<00:58:36.150> it<00:58:36.270> on<00:58:36.390> their<00:58:36.540> own 00:58:37.510 --> 00:58:37.520 align:start position:0% Bill Gates doing it on their own 00:58:37.520 --> 00:58:41.180 align:start position:0% Bill Gates doing it on their own I<00:58:38.520> think<00:58:38.880> it<00:58:39.780> is<00:58:40.020> unfair<00:58:40.410> to<00:58:40.470> not<00:58:40.619> point<00:58:41.010> out 00:58:41.180 --> 00:58:41.190 align:start position:0% I think it is unfair to not point out 00:58:41.190 --> 00:58:42.650 align:start position:0% I think it is unfair to not point out that<00:58:41.250> there<00:58:41.520> have<00:58:41.760> been<00:58:41.940> instances<00:58:42.210> of 00:58:42.650 --> 00:58:42.660 align:start position:0% that there have been instances of 00:58:42.660 --> 00:58:45.020 align:start position:0% that there have been instances of individuals<00:58:43.380> attempting<00:58:44.309> to<00:58:44.460> test<00:58:44.700> these 00:58:45.020 --> 00:58:45.030 align:start position:0% individuals attempting to test these 00:58:45.030 --> 00:58:47.109 align:start position:0% individuals attempting to test these technologies<00:58:45.720> on<00:58:45.960> their<00:58:46.140> own<00:58:46.319> in<00:58:46.589> terms<00:58:46.829> of 00:58:47.109 --> 00:58:47.119 align:start position:0% technologies on their own in terms of 00:58:47.119 --> 00:58:49.940 align:start position:0% technologies on their own in terms of some<00:58:48.119> ocean<00:58:48.569> acidification<00:58:49.049> that<00:58:49.650> has<00:58:49.799> been 00:58:49.940 --> 00:58:49.950 align:start position:0% some ocean acidification that has been 00:58:49.950 --> 00:58:52.670 align:start position:0% some ocean acidification that has been done<00:58:50.280> off<00:58:50.520> the<00:58:50.549> coast<00:58:50.910> of<00:58:51.150> Canada<00:58:52.049> and<00:58:52.260> that 00:58:52.670 --> 00:58:52.680 align:start position:0% done off the coast of Canada and that 00:58:52.680 --> 00:58:54.740 align:start position:0% done off the coast of Canada and that has<00:58:52.859> been<00:58:53.040> only<00:58:53.220> discovered<00:58:53.849> much<00:58:54.210> later<00:58:54.240> and 00:58:54.740 --> 00:58:54.750 align:start position:0% has been only discovered much later and 00:58:54.750 --> 00:58:59.420 align:start position:0% has been only discovered much later and it<00:58:54.900> has<00:58:55.380> caused<00:58:55.650> a<00:58:55.799> lot<00:58:55.829> of<00:58:56.150> impact<00:58:57.150> on<00:58:57.299> the<00:58:58.430> sea 00:58:59.420 --> 00:58:59.430 align:start position:0% it has caused a lot of impact on the sea 00:58:59.430 --> 00:59:01.579 align:start position:0% it has caused a lot of impact on the sea life<00:58:59.700> in<00:59:00.329> that<00:59:00.510> area<00:59:00.839> but<00:59:00.990> this<00:59:01.230> was<00:59:01.410> where<00:59:01.559> a 00:59:01.579 --> 00:59:01.589 align:start position:0% life in that area but this was where a 00:59:01.589 --> 00:59:03.380 align:start position:0% life in that area but this was where a bunch<00:59:01.829> of<00:59:01.920> iron<00:59:02.130> was<00:59:02.670> dumped<00:59:03.030> into<00:59:03.150> the<00:59:03.359> water 00:59:03.380 --> 00:59:03.390 align:start position:0% bunch of iron was dumped into the water 00:59:03.390 --> 00:59:05.060 align:start position:0% bunch of iron was dumped into the water in<00:59:03.900> order<00:59:04.109> to<00:59:04.230> spur 00:59:05.060 --> 00:59:05.070 align:start position:0% in order to spur 00:59:05.070 --> 00:59:08.030 align:start position:0% in order to spur algae<00:59:05.430> growth<00:59:05.700> to<00:59:06.030> get<00:59:06.180> the<00:59:06.300> algae<00:59:06.540> to<00:59:06.980> okay<00:59:07.980> so 00:59:08.030 --> 00:59:08.040 align:start position:0% algae growth to get the algae to okay so 00:59:08.040 --> 00:59:09.290 align:start position:0% algae growth to get the algae to okay so I<00:59:08.130> don't<00:59:08.340> think<00:59:08.490> most<00:59:08.700> people<00:59:08.910> know<00:59:08.940> that<00:59:09.240> that 00:59:09.290 --> 00:59:09.300 align:start position:0% I don't think most people know that that 00:59:09.300 --> 00:59:12.200 align:start position:0% I don't think most people know that that actually<00:59:09.570> some<00:59:10.380> guy<00:59:10.560> did<00:59:10.830> that<00:59:10.860> yeah<00:59:11.520> as<00:59:11.670> it<00:59:11.880> as 00:59:12.200 --> 00:59:12.210 align:start position:0% actually some guy did that yeah as it as 00:59:12.210 --> 00:59:13.850 align:start position:0% actually some guy did that yeah as it as a<00:59:12.300> test<00:59:12.630> and<00:59:12.840> some<00:59:13.290> guy<00:59:13.470> did<00:59:13.680> it 00:59:13.850 --> 00:59:13.860 align:start position:0% a test and some guy did it 00:59:13.860 --> 00:59:15.880 align:start position:0% a test and some guy did it and<00:59:14.010> then<00:59:14.490> the<00:59:14.880> Government<00:59:15.300> of<00:59:15.330> Canada 00:59:15.880 --> 00:59:15.890 align:start position:0% and then the Government of Canada 00:59:15.890 --> 00:59:18.890 align:start position:0% and then the Government of Canada forcefully<00:59:16.890> asserted<00:59:17.700> its<00:59:18.000> authority<00:59:18.180> and 00:59:18.890 --> 00:59:18.900 align:start position:0% forcefully asserted its authority and 00:59:18.900 --> 00:59:20.480 align:start position:0% forcefully asserted its authority and they<00:59:19.110> did<00:59:19.290> so<00:59:19.530> little<00:59:19.650> it<00:59:19.890> actually<00:59:20.190> had<00:59:20.340> no 00:59:20.480 --> 00:59:20.490 align:start position:0% they did so little it actually had no 00:59:20.490 --> 00:59:21.770 align:start position:0% they did so little it actually had no impact<00:59:20.790> it<00:59:20.940> was<00:59:21.030> a<00:59:21.120> completely<00:59:21.510> terrible 00:59:21.770 --> 00:59:21.780 align:start position:0% impact it was a completely terrible 00:59:21.780 --> 00:59:23.660 align:start position:0% impact it was a completely terrible stunt<00:59:22.110> but<00:59:22.500> the<00:59:22.590> point<00:59:22.800> is<00:59:22.920> the<00:59:23.070> state<00:59:23.310> ruled 00:59:23.660 --> 00:59:23.670 align:start position:0% stunt but the point is the state ruled 00:59:23.670 --> 00:59:28.760 align:start position:0% stunt but the point is the state ruled as<00:59:24.630> it<00:59:25.380> would<00:59:25.620> yeah<00:59:27.080> well<00:59:28.080> I<00:59:28.110> just<00:59:28.320> come<00:59:28.650> back 00:59:28.760 --> 00:59:28.770 align:start position:0% as it would yeah well I just come back 00:59:28.770 --> 00:59:30.860 align:start position:0% as it would yeah well I just come back to<00:59:29.010> Moscone<00:59:29.550> gates<00:59:29.850> and<00:59:30.180> so<00:59:30.360> knowing<00:59:30.600> Bill 00:59:30.860 --> 00:59:30.870 align:start position:0% to Moscone gates and so knowing Bill 00:59:30.870 --> 00:59:33.610 align:start position:0% to Moscone gates and so knowing Bill Gates<00:59:31.080> has<00:59:31.290> put<00:59:32.160> a<00:59:32.190> few<00:59:32.640> million<00:59:32.820> dollars<00:59:33.240> into 00:59:33.610 --> 00:59:33.620 align:start position:0% Gates has put a few million dollars into 00:59:33.620 --> 00:59:36.290 align:start position:0% Gates has put a few million dollars into supporting<00:59:34.620> research<00:59:35.220> into<00:59:35.580> geoengineering 00:59:36.290 --> 00:59:36.300 align:start position:0% supporting research into geoengineering 00:59:36.300 --> 00:59:39.800 align:start position:0% supporting research into geoengineering and<00:59:36.900> I<00:59:37.020> think<00:59:37.320> and<00:59:38.160> there's<00:59:38.570> and<00:59:39.570> there's 00:59:39.800 --> 00:59:39.810 align:start position:0% and I think and there's and there's 00:59:39.810 --> 00:59:42.440 align:start position:0% and I think and there's and there's Nathan<00:59:39.990> Myhrvold<00:59:40.410> to<00:59:40.860> who's<00:59:41.190> very<00:59:42.180> interested 00:59:42.440 --> 00:59:42.450 align:start position:0% Nathan Myhrvold to who's very interested 00:59:42.450 --> 00:59:47.240 align:start position:0% Nathan Myhrvold to who's very interested in<00:59:42.960> it<00:59:43.080> and<00:59:45.290> what<00:59:46.290> it<00:59:46.410> tells<00:59:46.590> you<00:59:46.860> is<00:59:46.890> that 00:59:47.240 --> 00:59:47.250 align:start position:0% in it and what it tells you is that 00:59:47.250 --> 00:59:49.730 align:start position:0% in it and what it tells you is that there's<00:59:47.510> it's<00:59:48.510> the<00:59:48.690> American<00:59:49.080> techno<00:59:49.440> fix 00:59:49.730 --> 00:59:49.740 align:start position:0% there's it's the American techno fix 00:59:49.740 --> 00:59:53.270 align:start position:0% there's it's the American techno fix Silicon<00:59:50.640> Valley<00:59:50.910> love<00:59:51.360> these<00:59:51.660> kinds<00:59:52.380> of<00:59:52.500> grand 00:59:53.270 --> 00:59:53.280 align:start position:0% Silicon Valley love these kinds of grand 00:59:53.280 --> 00:59:55.940 align:start position:0% Silicon Valley love these kinds of grand schemes<00:59:53.940> will<00:59:54.600> just<00:59:54.900> take<00:59:55.140> control<00:59:55.380> of<00:59:55.830> the 00:59:55.940 --> 00:59:55.950 align:start position:0% schemes will just take control of the 00:59:55.950 --> 00:59:57.650 align:start position:0% schemes will just take control of the earth<00:59:56.130> you<00:59:56.790> know<00:59:56.910> it's<00:59:57.090> a<00:59:57.210> technological 00:59:57.650 --> 00:59:57.660 align:start position:0% earth you know it's a technological 00:59:57.660 --> 01:00:00.710 align:start position:0% earth you know it's a technological solution<00:59:58.260> that<00:59:58.920> proves<00:59:59.250> once<00:59:59.550> again<00:59:59.970> the 01:00:00.710 --> 01:00:00.720 align:start position:0% solution that proves once again the 01:00:00.720 --> 01:00:03.050 align:start position:0% solution that proves once again the ingenuity<01:00:01.620> of<01:00:01.920> humankind<01:00:02.700> in<01:00:02.940> our 01:00:03.050 --> 01:00:03.060 align:start position:0% ingenuity of humankind in our 01:00:03.060 --> 01:00:05.330 align:start position:0% ingenuity of humankind in our intervention<01:00:03.660> over<01:00:03.810> nature<01:00:04.290> and<01:00:04.500> for<01:00:04.680> people 01:00:05.330 --> 01:00:05.340 align:start position:0% intervention over nature and for people 01:00:05.340 --> 01:00:08.150 align:start position:0% intervention over nature and for people like<01:00:05.520> us<01:00:05.580> we<01:00:06.570> find<01:00:06.870> this<01:00:07.020> extremely<01:00:07.380> worrying 01:00:08.150 --> 01:00:08.160 align:start position:0% like us we find this extremely worrying 01:00:08.160 --> 01:00:11.120 align:start position:0% like us we find this extremely worrying you<01:00:08.550> know<01:00:08.670> we<01:00:08.850> we<01:00:09.180> don't<01:00:09.360> trust<01:00:09.860> in<01:00:10.860> this 01:00:11.120 --> 01:00:11.130 align:start position:0% you know we we don't trust in this 01:00:11.130 --> 01:00:12.670 align:start position:0% you know we we don't trust in this context<01:00:11.790> where<01:00:11.970> you've<01:00:12.120> got<01:00:12.330> the 01:00:12.670 --> 01:00:12.680 align:start position:0% context where you've got the 01:00:12.680 --> 01:00:14.810 align:start position:0% context where you've got the extraordinary<01:00:13.680> complexity<01:00:14.280> of<01:00:14.430> the<01:00:14.580> Earth's 01:00:14.810 --> 01:00:14.820 align:start position:0% extraordinary complexity of the Earth's 01:00:14.820 --> 01:00:17.300 align:start position:0% extraordinary complexity of the Earth's system<01:00:15.090> as<01:00:15.510> a<01:00:15.540> whole<01:00:15.660> which<01:00:16.530> is<01:00:16.740> still<01:00:16.980> poorly 01:00:17.300 --> 01:00:17.310 align:start position:0% system as a whole which is still poorly 01:00:17.310 --> 01:00:22.010 align:start position:0% system as a whole which is still poorly understood<01:00:18.860> into<01:00:19.860> interfered<01:00:20.490> with<01:00:20.820> by<01:00:21.480> some 01:00:22.010 --> 01:00:22.020 align:start position:0% understood into interfered with by some 01:00:22.020 --> 01:00:25.520 align:start position:0% understood into interfered with by some human<01:00:23.010> technological<01:00:23.600> program<01:00:24.600> which<01:00:25.350> we 01:00:25.520 --> 01:00:25.530 align:start position:0% human technological program which we 01:00:25.530 --> 01:00:27.620 align:start position:0% human technological program which we really<01:00:25.800> don't<01:00:26.040> understand<01:00:26.730> thank<01:00:27.390> you<01:00:27.480> for 01:00:27.620 --> 01:00:27.630 align:start position:0% really don't understand thank you for 01:00:27.630 --> 01:00:29.090 align:start position:0% really don't understand thank you for the<01:00:27.690> question<01:00:28.020> it<01:00:28.140> was<01:00:28.290> perfect<01:00:28.770> in<01:00:28.890> getting 01:00:29.090 --> 01:00:29.100 align:start position:0% the question it was perfect in getting 01:00:29.100 --> 01:00:30.560 align:start position:0% the question it was perfect in getting the<01:00:29.250> debate<01:00:29.520> to<01:00:29.640> go<01:00:29.730> to<01:00:29.790> a<01:00:29.880> new<01:00:30.000> place<01:00:30.210> I<01:00:30.360> really 01:00:30.560 --> 01:00:30.570 align:start position:0% the debate to go to a new place I really 01:00:30.570 --> 01:00:34.700 align:start position:0% the debate to go to a new place I really appreciate<01:00:30.990> it<01:00:31.580> right<01:00:32.580> there<01:00:33.180> I<01:00:33.590> might<01:00:34.590> have 01:00:34.700 --> 01:00:34.710 align:start position:0% appreciate it right there I might have 01:00:34.710 --> 01:00:35.930 align:start position:0% appreciate it right there I might have missed<01:00:34.950> this<01:00:35.130> in<01:00:35.160> the<01:00:35.370> debate<01:00:35.610> but<01:00:35.790> I'm 01:00:35.930 --> 01:00:35.940 align:start position:0% missed this in the debate but I'm 01:00:35.940 --> 01:00:37.670 align:start position:0% missed this in the debate but I'm wondering<01:00:36.360> if<01:00:36.480> you<01:00:36.570> can<01:00:36.690> speak<01:00:36.840> to<01:00:37.170> in<01:00:37.320> case<01:00:37.470> I 01:00:37.670 --> 01:00:37.680 align:start position:0% wondering if you can speak to in case I 01:00:37.680 --> 01:00:38.450 align:start position:0% wondering if you can speak to in case I didn't<01:00:38.130> miss<01:00:38.280> it 01:00:38.450 --> 01:00:38.460 align:start position:0% didn't miss it 01:00:38.460 --> 01:00:41.420 align:start position:0% didn't miss it what<01:00:39.090> happens<01:00:39.570> to<01:00:39.900> the<01:00:40.020> sulfuric<01:00:40.470> acid<01:00:40.860> after 01:00:41.420 --> 01:00:41.430 align:start position:0% what happens to the sulfuric acid after 01:00:41.430 --> 01:00:43.910 align:start position:0% what happens to the sulfuric acid after it's<01:00:41.640> been<01:00:41.880> daily<01:00:42.660> hourly<01:00:43.110> pumped<01:00:43.620> into<01:00:43.740> the 01:00:43.910 --> 01:00:43.920 align:start position:0% it's been daily hourly pumped into the 01:00:43.920 --> 01:00:45.200 align:start position:0% it's been daily hourly pumped into the stratosphere<01:00:44.310> I'm<01:00:44.640> reading<01:00:44.940> through<01:00:45.090> the 01:00:45.200 --> 01:00:45.210 align:start position:0% stratosphere I'm reading through the 01:00:45.210 --> 01:00:47.660 align:start position:0% stratosphere I'm reading through the list<01:00:45.450> of<01:00:45.630> health<01:00:45.930> effects<01:00:46.470> of<01:00:47.010> sulfuric<01:00:47.550> acid 01:00:47.660 --> 01:00:47.670 align:start position:0% list of health effects of sulfuric acid 01:00:47.670 --> 01:00:49.760 align:start position:0% list of health effects of sulfuric acid right<01:00:48.000> now<01:00:48.180> and<01:00:48.360> it<01:00:48.450> doesn't<01:00:48.780> sound<01:00:49.020> great<01:00:49.320> and 01:00:49.760 --> 01:00:49.770 align:start position:0% right now and it doesn't sound great and 01:00:49.770 --> 01:00:51.560 align:start position:0% right now and it doesn't sound great and then<01:00:50.310> my<01:00:50.430> other<01:00:50.550> question<01:00:50.640> is<01:00:51.150> as<01:00:51.360> we<01:00:51.540> are 01:00:51.560 --> 01:00:51.570 align:start position:0% then my other question is as we are 01:00:51.570 --> 01:00:54.040 align:start position:0% then my other question is as we are talking<01:00:52.020> about<01:00:52.080> reducing<01:00:52.920> emissions<01:00:53.730> to<01:00:53.940> zero 01:00:54.040 --> 01:00:54.050 align:start position:0% talking about reducing emissions to zero 01:00:54.050 --> 01:00:57.260 align:start position:0% talking about reducing emissions to zero where<01:00:55.050> are<01:00:55.470> the<01:00:55.770> solar<01:00:56.220> powered<01:00:56.700> trucks<01:00:57.060> that 01:00:57.260 --> 01:00:57.270 align:start position:0% where are the solar powered trucks that 01:00:57.270 --> 01:00:58.970 align:start position:0% where are the solar powered trucks that are<01:00:57.390> going<01:00:57.510> to<01:00:57.660> deliver<01:00:57.990> the<01:00:58.200> satiric<01:00:58.620> acid 01:00:58.970 --> 01:00:58.980 align:start position:0% are going to deliver the satiric acid 01:00:58.980 --> 01:01:00.710 align:start position:0% are going to deliver the satiric acid where<01:00:59.160> are<01:00:59.340> the<01:00:59.490> solar<01:00:59.730> powered<01:01:00.120> planes<01:01:00.450> that 01:01:00.710 --> 01:01:00.720 align:start position:0% where are the solar powered planes that 01:01:00.720 --> 01:01:02.120 align:start position:0% where are the solar powered planes that are<01:01:00.780> going<01:01:00.960> to<01:01:01.110> be<01:01:01.320> delivering<01:01:01.770> it<01:01:01.920> into<01:01:02.070> the 01:01:02.120 --> 01:01:02.130 align:start position:0% are going to be delivering it into the 01:01:02.130 --> 01:01:05.300 align:start position:0% are going to be delivering it into the atmosphere<01:01:02.280> okay<01:01:03.090> isn't<01:01:03.480> it<01:01:03.600> somewhat<01:01:04.310> ironic 01:01:05.300 --> 01:01:05.310 align:start position:0% atmosphere okay isn't it somewhat ironic 01:01:05.310 --> 01:01:07.820 align:start position:0% atmosphere okay isn't it somewhat ironic at<01:01:05.460> least<01:01:05.670> to<01:01:06.150> use<01:01:06.390> fossil<01:01:06.690> fuels<01:01:06.900> to<01:01:07.650> put 01:01:07.820 --> 01:01:07.830 align:start position:0% at least to use fossil fuels to put 01:01:07.830 --> 01:01:10.720 align:start position:0% at least to use fossil fuels to put sulfuric<01:01:08.400> acid<01:01:08.760> into<01:01:08.970> the<01:01:09.060> stratosphere 01:01:10.720 --> 01:01:10.730 align:start position:0% sulfuric acid into the stratosphere 01:01:10.730 --> 01:01:14.900 align:start position:0% sulfuric acid into the stratosphere David<01:01:11.730> Keith<01:01:11.850> yeah<01:01:12.680> so<01:01:13.680> sulfuric<01:01:14.340> acid<01:01:14.670> is 01:01:14.900 --> 01:01:14.910 align:start position:0% David Keith yeah so sulfuric acid is 01:01:14.910 --> 01:01:17.030 align:start position:0% David Keith yeah so sulfuric acid is dangerous<01:01:15.360> and<01:01:15.540> sulfate<01:01:16.230> aerosols<01:01:16.620> killed 01:01:17.030 --> 01:01:17.040 align:start position:0% dangerous and sulfate aerosols killed 01:01:17.040 --> 01:01:18.319 align:start position:0% dangerous and sulfate aerosols killed people 01:01:18.319 --> 01:01:18.329 align:start position:0% people 01:01:18.329 --> 01:01:20.910 align:start position:0% people the<01:01:19.329> numbers<01:01:19.720> matter<01:01:20.019> so<01:01:20.319> right<01:01:20.500> now<01:01:20.680> in<01:01:20.799> the 01:01:20.910 --> 01:01:20.920 align:start position:0% the numbers matter so right now in the 01:01:20.920 --> 01:01:22.710 align:start position:0% the numbers matter so right now in the lower<01:01:21.069> atmosphere<01:01:21.309> put<01:01:21.759> about<01:01:21.940> fifty<01:01:22.480> million 01:01:22.710 --> 01:01:22.720 align:start position:0% lower atmosphere put about fifty million 01:01:22.720 --> 01:01:24.960 align:start position:0% lower atmosphere put about fifty million tons<01:01:23.140> a<01:01:23.259> year<01:01:23.289> of<01:01:23.859> sulfates<01:01:24.279> and<01:01:24.519> along<01:01:24.819> with 01:01:24.960 --> 01:01:24.970 align:start position:0% tons a year of sulfates and along with 01:01:24.970 --> 01:01:27.420 align:start position:0% tons a year of sulfates and along with other<01:01:25.059> things<01:01:25.269> they<01:01:25.980> shortened<01:01:26.980> the<01:01:27.039> lives<01:01:27.250> of 01:01:27.420 --> 01:01:27.430 align:start position:0% other things they shortened the lives of 01:01:27.430 --> 01:01:28.859 align:start position:0% other things they shortened the lives of people<01:01:27.579> in<01:01:27.730> very<01:01:27.910> polluted<01:01:28.180> cities<01:01:28.420> by<01:01:28.569> years 01:01:28.859 --> 01:01:28.869 align:start position:0% people in very polluted cities by years 01:01:28.869 --> 01:01:31.769 align:start position:0% people in very polluted cities by years um<01:01:29.170> at<01:01:30.039> the<01:01:30.250> peak<01:01:30.640> if<01:01:30.970> you<01:01:31.210> were<01:01:31.329> doing<01:01:31.569> solar 01:01:31.769 --> 01:01:31.779 align:start position:0% um at the peak if you were doing solar 01:01:31.779 --> 01:01:33.299 align:start position:0% um at the peak if you were doing solar generation<01:01:32.049> the<01:01:32.230> way<01:01:32.380> I've<01:01:32.890> been<01:01:33.009> talking 01:01:33.299 --> 01:01:33.309 align:start position:0% generation the way I've been talking 01:01:33.309 --> 01:01:35.009 align:start position:0% generation the way I've been talking you'd<01:01:33.430> be<01:01:33.519> putting<01:01:33.819> about<01:01:33.940> one<01:01:34.720> or<01:01:34.869> two 01:01:35.009 --> 01:01:35.019 align:start position:0% you'd be putting about one or two 01:01:35.019 --> 01:01:36.749 align:start position:0% you'd be putting about one or two million<01:01:35.230> tons<01:01:35.500> into<01:01:35.710> the<01:01:35.829> stratosphere<01:01:36.160> where 01:01:36.749 --> 01:01:36.759 align:start position:0% million tons into the stratosphere where 01:01:36.759 --> 01:01:39.390 align:start position:0% million tons into the stratosphere where it<01:01:36.880> would<01:01:37.029> come<01:01:37.240> down<01:01:37.269> evenly<01:01:37.839> and<01:01:38.400> we've 01:01:39.390 --> 01:01:39.400 align:start position:0% it would come down evenly and we've 01:01:39.400 --> 01:01:40.529 align:start position:0% it would come down evenly and we've actually<01:01:39.609> worked<01:01:39.910> with<01:01:40.029> people<01:01:40.240> who<01:01:40.390> are 01:01:40.529 --> 01:01:40.539 align:start position:0% actually worked with people who are 01:01:40.539 --> 01:01:41.940 align:start position:0% actually worked with people who are leading<01:01:40.750> health<01:01:41.079> experts<01:01:41.470> who<01:01:41.619> have<01:01:41.920> looked 01:01:41.940 --> 01:01:41.950 align:start position:0% leading health experts who have looked 01:01:41.950 --> 01:01:43.789 align:start position:0% leading health experts who have looked at<01:01:42.190> this<01:01:42.279> and<01:01:42.490> it<01:01:43.029> turns<01:01:43.269> out<01:01:43.450> that<01:01:43.599> the 01:01:43.789 --> 01:01:43.799 align:start position:0% at this and it turns out that the 01:01:43.799 --> 01:01:45.839 align:start position:0% at this and it turns out that the sulfates<01:01:44.799> already<01:01:45.069> in<01:01:45.250> the<01:01:45.339> stress<01:01:45.549> in<01:01:45.789> the 01:01:45.839 --> 01:01:45.849 align:start position:0% sulfates already in the stress in the 01:01:45.849 --> 01:01:49.849 align:start position:0% sulfates already in the stress in the atmosphere<01:01:46.329> cool<01:01:46.690> the<01:01:46.839> planet<01:01:46.990> a<01:01:47.349> bit<01:01:47.619> today 01:01:49.849 --> 01:01:49.859 align:start position:0% atmosphere cool the planet a bit today 01:01:49.859 --> 01:01:51.900 align:start position:0% atmosphere cool the planet a bit today sulfates<01:01:50.859> in<01:01:50.950> the<01:01:51.039> stratosphere<01:01:51.369> will<01:01:51.730> cool 01:01:51.900 --> 01:01:51.910 align:start position:0% sulfates in the stratosphere will cool 01:01:51.910 --> 01:01:54.120 align:start position:0% sulfates in the stratosphere will cool the<01:01:52.029> planet<01:01:52.180> with<01:01:52.509> a<01:01:52.539> thousand<01:01:53.259> times<01:01:53.529> smaller 01:01:54.120 --> 01:01:54.130 align:start position:0% the planet with a thousand times smaller 01:01:54.130 --> 01:01:56.609 align:start position:0% the planet with a thousand times smaller health<01:01:54.730> impact<01:01:55.119> so<01:01:55.720> they<01:01:55.960> do<01:01:56.019> have<01:01:56.200> a<01:01:56.380> health 01:01:56.609 --> 01:01:56.619 align:start position:0% health impact so they do have a health 01:01:56.619 --> 01:01:58.230 align:start position:0% health impact so they do have a health impact<01:01:56.799> but<01:01:57.160> it's<01:01:57.309> about<01:01:57.490> a<01:01:57.549> thousand<01:01:58.059> times 01:01:58.230 --> 01:01:58.240 align:start position:0% impact but it's about a thousand times 01:01:58.240 --> 01:02:00.059 align:start position:0% impact but it's about a thousand times smaller<01:01:58.480> than<01:01:58.630> the<01:01:58.839> aerosols<01:01:59.769> in<01:01:59.890> the<01:01:59.920> lower 01:02:00.059 --> 01:02:00.069 align:start position:0% smaller than the aerosols in the lower 01:02:00.069 --> 01:02:02.999 align:start position:0% smaller than the aerosols in the lower atmosphere<01:02:00.250> and<01:02:00.789> I<01:02:01.779> think<01:02:02.470> the<01:02:02.559> point<01:02:02.769> is<01:02:02.859> we 01:02:02.999 --> 01:02:03.009 align:start position:0% atmosphere and I think the point is we 01:02:03.009 --> 01:02:04.589 align:start position:0% atmosphere and I think the point is we need<01:02:03.160> a<01:02:03.190> low-carbon<01:02:03.819> energy<01:02:03.880> system<01:02:04.390> and<01:02:04.539> we 01:02:04.589 --> 01:02:04.599 align:start position:0% need a low-carbon energy system and we 01:02:04.599 --> 01:02:05.579 align:start position:0% need a low-carbon energy system and we need<01:02:04.750> to<01:02:04.809> figure<01:02:04.900> out<01:02:05.079> how<01:02:05.170> to<01:02:05.200> have<01:02:05.349> planes 01:02:05.579 --> 01:02:05.589 align:start position:0% need to figure out how to have planes 01:02:05.589 --> 01:02:07.109 align:start position:0% need to figure out how to have planes without<01:02:05.799> energy<01:02:06.039> I<01:02:06.250> think<01:02:06.519> with<01:02:06.910> it<01:02:07.000> without 01:02:07.109 --> 01:02:07.119 align:start position:0% without energy I think with it without 01:02:07.119 --> 01:02:08.640 align:start position:0% without energy I think with it without carbon<01:02:07.809> I'm<01:02:07.990> gonna<01:02:08.140> have<01:02:08.289> something<01:02:08.470> I 01:02:08.640 --> 01:02:08.650 align:start position:0% carbon I'm gonna have something I 01:02:08.650 --> 01:02:11.039 align:start position:0% carbon I'm gonna have something I actually<01:02:09.039> you<01:02:09.609> covered<01:02:09.910> a<01:02:09.940> lot<01:02:10.119> of<01:02:10.150> a<01:02:10.599> lot<01:02:11.019> of 01:02:11.039 --> 01:02:11.049 align:start position:0% actually you covered a lot of a lot of 01:02:11.049 --> 01:02:12.779 align:start position:0% actually you covered a lot of a lot of material<01:02:11.589> in<01:02:11.710> your<01:02:11.740> opening<01:02:12.220> but<01:02:12.279> I<01:02:12.339> think<01:02:12.700> I 01:02:12.779 --> 01:02:12.789 align:start position:0% material in your opening but I think I 01:02:12.789 --> 01:02:14.519 align:start position:0% material in your opening but I think I heard<01:02:13.000> you<01:02:13.029> say<01:02:13.210> that<01:02:13.809> putting<01:02:14.079> the<01:02:14.349> stuff 01:02:14.519 --> 01:02:14.529 align:start position:0% heard you say that putting the stuff 01:02:14.529 --> 01:02:16.859 align:start position:0% heard you say that putting the stuff into<01:02:14.740> the<01:02:14.829> atmosphere<01:02:14.950> could<01:02:15.910> compromise<01:02:16.390> the 01:02:16.859 --> 01:02:16.869 align:start position:0% into the atmosphere could compromise the 01:02:16.869 --> 01:02:19.650 align:start position:0% into the atmosphere could compromise the effectiveness<01:02:17.319> of<01:02:17.769> solar<01:02:18.160> power<01:02:18.490> devices<01:02:19.420> you 01:02:19.650 --> 01:02:19.660 align:start position:0% effectiveness of solar power devices you 01:02:19.660 --> 01:02:21.900 align:start position:0% effectiveness of solar power devices you know<01:02:19.779> gathering<01:02:20.410> on<01:02:21.130> the<01:02:21.190> ground<01:02:21.549> and<01:02:21.700> did<01:02:21.849> I 01:02:21.900 --> 01:02:21.910 align:start position:0% know gathering on the ground and did I 01:02:21.910 --> 01:02:24.240 align:start position:0% know gathering on the ground and did I hear<01:02:22.089> you<01:02:22.150> correctly<01:02:22.240> yes<01:02:22.799> in<01:02:23.799> other<01:02:23.920> words<01:02:24.069> if 01:02:24.240 --> 01:02:24.250 align:start position:0% hear you correctly yes in other words if 01:02:24.250 --> 01:02:26.279 align:start position:0% hear you correctly yes in other words if these<01:02:24.400> solar<01:02:25.180> energy<01:02:25.509> needs<01:02:25.720> the<01:02:25.869> Sun<01:02:26.049> and 01:02:26.279 --> 01:02:26.289 align:start position:0% these solar energy needs the Sun and 01:02:26.289 --> 01:02:27.359 align:start position:0% these solar energy needs the Sun and you're<01:02:26.380> putting<01:02:26.650> something<01:02:26.890> to<01:02:27.039> block<01:02:27.220> the 01:02:27.359 --> 01:02:27.369 align:start position:0% you're putting something to block the 01:02:27.369 --> 01:02:29.430 align:start position:0% you're putting something to block the Sun<01:02:27.579> you're<01:02:27.880> cutting<01:02:28.690> off<01:02:28.779> its<01:02:28.930> power<01:02:29.140> source 01:02:29.430 --> 01:02:29.440 align:start position:0% Sun you're cutting off its power source 01:02:29.440 --> 01:02:32.700 align:start position:0% Sun you're cutting off its power source did<01:02:29.680> what<01:02:29.799> I<01:02:29.829> understand<01:02:30.369> yes<01:02:30.869> and<01:02:31.869> and<01:02:32.319> so 01:02:32.700 --> 01:02:32.710 align:start position:0% did what I understand yes and and so 01:02:32.710 --> 01:02:34.499 align:start position:0% did what I understand yes and and so basically<01:02:32.980> to<01:02:33.099> have<01:02:33.309> a<01:02:33.339> coherent<01:02:33.700> strategy<01:02:34.059> on 01:02:34.499 --> 01:02:34.509 align:start position:0% basically to have a coherent strategy on 01:02:34.509 --> 01:02:36.420 align:start position:0% basically to have a coherent strategy on climate<01:02:35.109> change<01:02:35.140> and<01:02:35.470> we<01:02:35.710> are<01:02:35.799> all<01:02:35.980> working 01:02:36.420 --> 01:02:36.430 align:start position:0% climate change and we are all working 01:02:36.430 --> 01:02:38.549 align:start position:0% climate change and we are all working towards<01:02:36.819> building<01:02:37.420> renewable<01:02:38.079> energy 01:02:38.549 --> 01:02:38.559 align:start position:0% towards building renewable energy 01:02:38.559 --> 01:02:40.620 align:start position:0% towards building renewable energy sources<01:02:38.859> into<01:02:39.279> a<01:02:39.309> whole<01:02:39.640> energy<01:02:40.180> generation 01:02:40.620 --> 01:02:40.630 align:start position:0% sources into a whole energy generation 01:02:40.630 --> 01:02:42.630 align:start position:0% sources into a whole energy generation system<01:02:41.200> and<01:02:41.410> then<01:02:41.529> we<01:02:42.009> come<01:02:42.190> up<01:02:42.220> with<01:02:42.460> the 01:02:42.630 --> 01:02:42.640 align:start position:0% system and then we come up with the 01:02:42.640 --> 01:02:44.400 align:start position:0% system and then we come up with the solution<01:02:43.119> which<01:02:43.299> is<01:02:43.450> only<01:02:43.660> going<01:02:43.930> to<01:02:44.109> reduce 01:02:44.400 --> 01:02:44.410 align:start position:0% solution which is only going to reduce 01:02:44.410 --> 01:02:47.009 align:start position:0% solution which is only going to reduce though<01:02:44.950> the<01:02:45.549> feasibility<01:02:46.029> of<01:02:46.240> this<01:02:46.779> one 01:02:47.009 --> 01:02:47.019 align:start position:0% though the feasibility of this one 01:02:47.019 --> 01:02:48.839 align:start position:0% though the feasibility of this one scenario<01:02:47.349> where<01:02:47.680> we're<01:02:47.829> using<01:02:47.859> solar<01:02:48.460> energy 01:02:48.839 --> 01:02:48.849 align:start position:0% scenario where we're using solar energy 01:02:48.849 --> 01:02:51.299 align:start position:0% scenario where we're using solar energy to<01:02:48.970> power<01:02:49.000> our<01:02:49.390> systems<01:02:49.750> and<01:02:49.960> that<01:02:50.319> is<01:02:50.529> what<01:02:50.740> so 01:02:51.299 --> 01:02:51.309 align:start position:0% to power our systems and that is what so 01:02:51.309 --> 01:02:53.220 align:start position:0% to power our systems and that is what so yeah<01:02:51.819> it<01:02:51.970> sounds<01:02:52.150> like<01:02:52.240> a<01:02:52.329> kinda<01:02:52.569> catch-22<01:02:53.200> I 01:02:53.220 --> 01:02:53.230 align:start position:0% yeah it sounds like a kinda catch-22 I 01:02:53.230 --> 01:02:57.660 align:start position:0% yeah it sounds like a kinda catch-22 I wonder<01:02:54.359> numbers<01:02:55.359> matter<01:02:55.690> so<01:02:56.440> the<01:02:57.250> the<01:02:57.490> things 01:02:57.660 --> 01:02:57.670 align:start position:0% wonder numbers matter so the the things 01:02:57.670 --> 01:02:58.589 align:start position:0% wonder numbers matter so the the things we're<01:02:57.789> talking<01:02:57.880> about<01:02:58.029> would<01:02:58.269> reduce 01:02:58.589 --> 01:02:58.599 align:start position:0% we're talking about would reduce 01:02:58.599 --> 01:03:01.109 align:start position:0% we're talking about would reduce sunlight<01:02:59.049> by<01:02:59.230> of<01:02:59.349> order<01:02:59.619> one<01:02:59.890> percent<01:03:00.339> but<01:03:01.000> it 01:03:01.109 --> 01:03:01.119 align:start position:0% sunlight by of order one percent but it 01:03:01.119 --> 01:03:02.670 align:start position:0% sunlight by of order one percent but it turns<01:03:01.329> out<01:03:01.420> that<01:03:01.480> solar<01:03:01.839> panels<01:03:02.230> work<01:03:02.440> less 01:03:02.670 --> 01:03:02.680 align:start position:0% turns out that solar panels work less 01:03:02.680 --> 01:03:04.499 align:start position:0% turns out that solar panels work less well<01:03:02.890> than<01:03:02.920> they're<01:03:03.190> hot<01:03:03.430> so<01:03:04.089> it<01:03:04.210> doesn't 01:03:04.499 --> 01:03:04.509 align:start position:0% well than they're hot so it doesn't 01:03:04.509 --> 01:03:06.059 align:start position:0% well than they're hot so it doesn't actually<01:03:04.599> reduce<01:03:05.019> the<01:03:05.170> solar<01:03:05.380> output<01:03:05.619> by<01:03:05.920> one 01:03:06.059 --> 01:03:06.069 align:start position:0% actually reduce the solar output by one 01:03:06.069 --> 01:03:07.170 align:start position:0% actually reduce the solar output by one percent<01:03:06.400> it's<01:03:06.519> less<01:03:06.789> than<01:03:06.970> one<01:03:07.150> percent 01:03:07.170 --> 01:03:07.180 align:start position:0% percent it's less than one percent 01:03:07.180 --> 01:03:08.819 align:start position:0% percent it's less than one percent because<01:03:07.569> the<01:03:07.779> PALS<01:03:07.990> become<01:03:08.319> more<01:03:08.500> efficient 01:03:08.819 --> 01:03:08.829 align:start position:0% because the PALS become more efficient 01:03:08.829 --> 01:03:11.190 align:start position:0% because the PALS become more efficient when<01:03:08.950> they're<01:03:09.130> cooler<01:03:09.400> and<01:03:10.079> what<01:03:11.079> this 01:03:11.190 --> 01:03:11.200 align:start position:0% when they're cooler and what this 01:03:11.200 --> 01:03:12.870 align:start position:0% when they're cooler and what this effectively<01:03:11.710> does<01:03:11.799> is<01:03:11.950> it<01:03:12.250> raises<01:03:12.369> the<01:03:12.640> cost 01:03:12.870 --> 01:03:12.880 align:start position:0% effectively does is it raises the cost 01:03:12.880 --> 01:03:15.329 align:start position:0% effectively does is it raises the cost of<01:03:13.210> solar<01:03:13.329> panels<01:03:13.779> by<01:03:13.930> something<01:03:14.170> under<01:03:14.619> 1%<01:03:14.829> in 01:03:15.329 --> 01:03:15.339 align:start position:0% of solar panels by something under 1% in 01:03:15.339 --> 01:03:19.019 align:start position:0% of solar panels by something under 1% in the<01:03:15.880> last<01:03:16.500> four<01:03:17.500> years<01:03:17.529> or<01:03:17.980> so<01:03:18.130> the<01:03:18.609> cost<01:03:18.849> of 01:03:19.019 --> 01:03:19.029 align:start position:0% the last four years or so the cost of 01:03:19.029 --> 01:03:20.640 align:start position:0% the last four years or so the cost of solar<01:03:19.119> panels<01:03:19.539> fell<01:03:19.720> by<01:03:19.839> a<01:03:19.869> factor<01:03:20.200> of<01:03:20.230> three 01:03:20.640 --> 01:03:20.650 align:start position:0% solar panels fell by a factor of three 01:03:20.650 --> 01:03:22.980 align:start position:0% solar panels fell by a factor of three so<01:03:21.549> while<01:03:21.819> there<01:03:21.970> are<01:03:22.029> a<01:03:22.119> lot<01:03:22.329> of<01:03:22.480> things<01:03:22.720> wrong 01:03:22.980 --> 01:03:22.990 align:start position:0% so while there are a lot of things wrong 01:03:22.990 --> 01:03:24.509 align:start position:0% so while there are a lot of things wrong with<01:03:23.170> solar<01:03:23.349> geoengineering<01:03:23.890> I<01:03:24.099> think<01:03:24.369> that 01:03:24.509 --> 01:03:24.519 align:start position:0% with solar geoengineering I think that 01:03:24.519 --> 01:03:27.089 align:start position:0% with solar geoengineering I think that kind<01:03:24.700> of<01:03:24.759> less<01:03:25.390> than<01:03:25.420> 1%<01:03:25.869> change<01:03:26.529> over<01:03:27.069> a 01:03:27.089 --> 01:03:27.099 align:start position:0% kind of less than 1% change over a 01:03:27.099 --> 01:03:29.549 align:start position:0% kind of less than 1% change over a century<01:03:27.759> in<01:03:28.029> the<01:03:28.359> cost<01:03:28.660> of<01:03:28.809> solar<01:03:28.960> panels<01:03:29.410> is 01:03:29.549 --> 01:03:29.559 align:start position:0% century in the cost of solar panels is 01:03:29.559 --> 01:03:29.970 align:start position:0% century in the cost of solar panels is not 01:03:29.970 --> 01:03:29.980 align:start position:0% not 01:03:29.980 --> 01:03:31.560 align:start position:0% not one<01:03:30.400> of<01:03:30.490> them<01:03:30.640> I<01:03:30.850> think<01:03:31.090> it's<01:03:31.420> really 01:03:31.560 --> 01:03:31.570 align:start position:0% one of them I think it's really 01:03:31.570 --> 01:03:33.720 align:start position:0% one of them I think it's really important<01:03:32.140> to<01:03:32.170> bring<01:03:32.380> this<01:03:32.740> aspect<01:03:33.280> back<01:03:33.460> that 01:03:33.720 --> 01:03:33.730 align:start position:0% important to bring this aspect back that 01:03:33.730 --> 01:03:36.300 align:start position:0% important to bring this aspect back that this<01:03:33.880> is<01:03:34.060> an<01:03:34.240> imaginary<01:03:34.950> technology<01:03:35.950> as<01:03:36.130> of 01:03:36.300 --> 01:03:36.310 align:start position:0% this is an imaginary technology as of 01:03:36.310 --> 01:03:38.580 align:start position:0% this is an imaginary technology as of now<01:03:36.460> and<01:03:36.790> once<01:03:37.119> it's<01:03:37.420> implemented<01:03:37.900> it<01:03:38.290> could 01:03:38.580 --> 01:03:38.590 align:start position:0% now and once it's implemented it could 01:03:38.590 --> 01:03:40.859 align:start position:0% now and once it's implemented it could it<01:03:38.859> could<01:03:38.920> take<01:03:39.250> the<01:03:39.369> fancy<01:03:39.760> of<01:03:39.940> of<01:03:40.150> any<01:03:40.660> number 01:03:40.859 --> 01:03:40.869 align:start position:0% it could take the fancy of of any number 01:03:40.869 --> 01:03:42.660 align:start position:0% it could take the fancy of of any number of<01:03:41.140> Nations<01:03:41.500> that<01:03:41.560> it<01:03:41.800> is<01:03:41.950> impacting<01:03:42.369> the 01:03:42.660 --> 01:03:42.670 align:start position:0% of Nations that it is impacting the 01:03:42.670 --> 01:03:44.609 align:start position:0% of Nations that it is impacting the climate<01:03:43.090> for<01:03:43.210> the<01:03:43.330> better<01:03:43.510> and<01:03:43.810> they<01:03:44.140> may<01:03:44.320> want 01:03:44.609 --> 01:03:44.619 align:start position:0% climate for the better and they may want 01:03:44.619 --> 01:03:47.609 align:start position:0% climate for the better and they may want to<01:03:44.680> increase<01:03:45.070> the<01:03:45.880> amount<01:03:46.840> of<01:03:46.990> solar<01:03:47.230> of 01:03:47.609 --> 01:03:47.619 align:start position:0% to increase the amount of solar of 01:03:47.619 --> 01:03:49.770 align:start position:0% to increase the amount of solar of sulfur<01:03:48.310> aerosols<01:03:48.850> in<01:03:49.090> the<01:03:49.119> atmosphere<01:03:49.300> and 01:03:49.770 --> 01:03:49.780 align:start position:0% sulfur aerosols in the atmosphere and 01:03:49.780 --> 01:03:51.660 align:start position:0% sulfur aerosols in the atmosphere and this<01:03:49.930> could<01:03:50.080> have<01:03:50.260> a<01:03:50.530> worse<01:03:50.920> impact<01:03:51.310> than<01:03:51.490> what 01:03:51.660 --> 01:03:51.670 align:start position:0% this could have a worse impact than what 01:03:51.670 --> 01:03:54.630 align:start position:0% this could have a worse impact than what is<01:03:51.820> initially<01:03:52.240> contemplated<01:03:53.220> so<01:03:54.220> again<01:03:54.460> it<01:03:54.609> is 01:03:54.630 --> 01:03:54.640 align:start position:0% is initially contemplated so again it is 01:03:54.640 --> 01:03:56.790 align:start position:0% is initially contemplated so again it is it<01:03:54.940> is<01:03:55.060> a<01:03:55.090> matter<01:03:55.359> of<01:03:55.450> control<01:03:55.930> and<01:03:56.230> and<01:03:56.410> how 01:03:56.790 --> 01:03:56.800 align:start position:0% it is a matter of control and and how 01:03:56.800 --> 01:03:58.680 align:start position:0% it is a matter of control and and how much<01:03:57.010> and<01:03:57.250> who's<01:03:57.430> doing<01:03:57.580> what<01:03:57.940> another 01:03:58.680 --> 01:03:58.690 align:start position:0% much and who's doing what another 01:03:58.690 --> 01:04:00.660 align:start position:0% much and who's doing what another question<01:03:59.080> right<01:03:59.170> on<01:03:59.320> the<01:03:59.380> aisle<01:03:59.560> please<01:03:59.740> my 01:04:00.660 --> 01:04:00.670 align:start position:0% question right on the aisle please my 01:04:00.670 --> 01:04:03.570 align:start position:0% question right on the aisle please my name<01:04:00.700> is<01:04:00.880> Ahmad<01:04:01.290> the<01:04:02.290> question<01:04:02.740> for<01:04:03.310> the<01:04:03.400> team 01:04:03.570 --> 01:04:03.580 align:start position:0% name is Ahmad the question for the team 01:04:03.580 --> 01:04:07.890 align:start position:0% name is Ahmad the question for the team for<01:04:03.910> the<01:04:03.970> motion<01:04:04.450> is<01:04:04.890> why<01:04:05.890> not<01:04:06.730> we<01:04:07.359> start<01:04:07.660> now 01:04:07.890 --> 01:04:07.900 align:start position:0% for the motion is why not we start now 01:04:07.900 --> 01:04:12.750 align:start position:0% for the motion is why not we start now as<01:04:08.200> David<01:04:08.890> said<01:04:10.590> David<01:04:11.590> said<01:04:11.740> we<01:04:12.340> should<01:04:12.580> not 01:04:12.750 --> 01:04:12.760 align:start position:0% as David said David said we should not 01:04:12.760 --> 01:04:13.320 align:start position:0% as David said David said we should not start<01:04:13.090> now 01:04:13.320 --> 01:04:13.330 align:start position:0% start now 01:04:13.330 --> 01:04:16.260 align:start position:0% start now why<01:04:13.990> oh<01:04:14.230> okay<01:04:14.710> that's<01:04:15.700> a<01:04:15.760> great<01:04:15.940> question 01:04:16.260 --> 01:04:16.270 align:start position:0% why oh okay that's a great question 01:04:16.270 --> 01:04:18.210 align:start position:0% why oh okay that's a great question David<01:04:16.390> yeah<01:04:16.570> I<01:04:16.780> think<01:04:17.080> that's<01:04:17.410> easy<01:04:17.680> at<01:04:18.010> this 01:04:18.210 --> 01:04:18.220 align:start position:0% David yeah I think that's easy at this 01:04:18.220 --> 01:04:19.740 align:start position:0% David yeah I think that's easy at this point<01:04:18.490> there's<01:04:18.670> a<01:04:18.730> pretty<01:04:19.090> small<01:04:19.420> group<01:04:19.630> of 01:04:19.740 --> 01:04:19.750 align:start position:0% point there's a pretty small group of 01:04:19.750 --> 01:04:22.140 align:start position:0% point there's a pretty small group of people<01:04:19.869> who<01:04:20.200> working<01:04:20.440> on<01:04:20.710> this<01:04:21.150> they're 01:04:22.140 --> 01:04:22.150 align:start position:0% people who working on this they're 01:04:22.150 --> 01:04:24.750 align:start position:0% people who working on this they're mostly<01:04:22.600> Western<01:04:23.290> mostly<01:04:24.160> Western<01:04:24.550> white 01:04:24.750 --> 01:04:24.760 align:start position:0% mostly Western mostly Western white 01:04:24.760 --> 01:04:26.849 align:start position:0% mostly Western mostly Western white males<01:04:25.000> they're<01:04:25.630> actually<01:04:26.080> global<01:04:26.619> there<01:04:26.770> are 01:04:26.849 --> 01:04:26.859 align:start position:0% males they're actually global there are 01:04:26.859 --> 01:04:28.620 align:start position:0% males they're actually global there are people<01:04:27.130> in<01:04:27.280> China<01:04:27.550> and<01:04:27.670> India<01:04:28.000> as<01:04:28.090> I<01:04:28.210> said<01:04:28.420> in 01:04:28.620 --> 01:04:28.630 align:start position:0% people in China and India as I said in 01:04:28.630 --> 01:04:30.780 align:start position:0% people in China and India as I said in South<01:04:28.840> America<01:04:29.260> but<01:04:29.770> it's<01:04:29.920> a<01:04:30.010> small<01:04:30.310> group<01:04:30.580> and 01:04:30.780 --> 01:04:30.790 align:start position:0% South America but it's a small group and 01:04:30.790 --> 01:04:33.000 align:start position:0% South America but it's a small group and there's<01:04:31.450> a<01:04:31.510> danger<01:04:31.660> of<01:04:31.930> groupthink<01:04:32.170> so<01:04:32.890> the 01:04:33.000 --> 01:04:33.010 align:start position:0% there's a danger of groupthink so the 01:04:33.010 --> 01:04:34.920 align:start position:0% there's a danger of groupthink so the simple<01:04:33.280> answer<01:04:33.580> is<01:04:33.609> we<01:04:33.790> might<01:04:33.970> be<01:04:34.090> wrong<01:04:34.330> so 01:04:34.920 --> 01:04:34.930 align:start position:0% simple answer is we might be wrong so 01:04:34.930 --> 01:04:37.200 align:start position:0% simple answer is we might be wrong so we've<01:04:35.410> these<01:04:35.950> climate<01:04:36.280> models<01:04:36.550> all<01:04:36.730> say<01:04:37.000> this 01:04:37.200 --> 01:04:37.210 align:start position:0% we've these climate models all say this 01:04:37.210 --> 01:04:38.550 align:start position:0% we've these climate models all say this could<01:04:37.390> reduce<01:04:37.510> risk<01:04:37.840> a<01:04:37.960> lot<01:04:38.080> but<01:04:38.350> maybe 01:04:38.550 --> 01:04:38.560 align:start position:0% could reduce risk a lot but maybe 01:04:38.560 --> 01:04:39.870 align:start position:0% could reduce risk a lot but maybe there's<01:04:38.830> some<01:04:38.890> big<01:04:39.160> thing<01:04:39.340> we're<01:04:39.520> missing<01:04:39.550> I 01:04:39.870 --> 01:04:39.880 align:start position:0% there's some big thing we're missing I 01:04:39.880 --> 01:04:41.220 align:start position:0% there's some big thing we're missing I spend<01:04:40.150> a<01:04:40.180> lot<01:04:40.210> of<01:04:40.390> my<01:04:40.480> time<01:04:40.630> wondering<01:04:41.140> if 01:04:41.220 --> 01:04:41.230 align:start position:0% spend a lot of my time wondering if 01:04:41.230 --> 01:04:42.840 align:start position:0% spend a lot of my time wondering if there's<01:04:41.380> some<01:04:41.530> systematic<01:04:42.310> way<01:04:42.460> the<01:04:42.670> climate 01:04:42.840 --> 01:04:42.850 align:start position:0% there's some systematic way the climate 01:04:42.850 --> 01:04:45.390 align:start position:0% there's some systematic way the climate models<01:04:43.210> make<01:04:43.390> this<01:04:43.540> book<01:04:43.750> too<01:04:43.930> good<01:04:44.140> so<01:04:45.010> at 01:04:45.390 --> 01:04:45.400 align:start position:0% models make this book too good so at 01:04:45.400 --> 01:04:47.870 align:start position:0% models make this book too good so at least<01:04:45.580> for<01:04:45.850> me<01:04:46.000> I<01:04:46.270> would<01:04:46.960> not<01:04:47.140> consider 01:04:47.870 --> 01:04:47.880 align:start position:0% least for me I would not consider 01:04:47.880 --> 01:04:50.130 align:start position:0% least for me I would not consider implementation<01:04:48.880> until<01:04:49.150> a<01:04:49.180> much<01:04:49.600> larger<01:04:50.020> group 01:04:50.130 --> 01:04:50.140 align:start position:0% implementation until a much larger group 01:04:50.140 --> 01:04:52.890 align:start position:0% implementation until a much larger group had<01:04:50.320> looked<01:04:50.470> at<01:04:50.590> it<01:04:50.710> until<01:04:51.369> we<01:04:51.490> had<01:04:51.780> groups<01:04:52.780> of 01:04:52.890 --> 01:04:52.900 align:start position:0% had looked at it until we had groups of 01:04:52.900 --> 01:04:54.750 align:start position:0% had looked at it until we had groups of people<01:04:53.050> whose<01:04:53.290> specific<01:04:53.530> job<01:04:54.130> was<01:04:54.400> to<01:04:54.550> think 01:04:54.750 --> 01:04:54.760 align:start position:0% people whose specific job was to think 01:04:54.760 --> 01:04:56.400 align:start position:0% people whose specific job was to think technically<01:04:55.359> about<01:04:55.630> all<01:04:55.869> the<01:04:56.080> ways<01:04:56.230> that 01:04:56.400 --> 01:04:56.410 align:start position:0% technically about all the ways that 01:04:56.410 --> 01:04:57.960 align:start position:0% technically about all the ways that could<01:04:56.500> go<01:04:56.650> wrong<01:04:56.830> looking<01:04:57.280> very<01:04:57.670> very 01:04:57.960 --> 01:04:57.970 align:start position:0% could go wrong looking very very 01:04:57.970 --> 01:05:00.030 align:start position:0% could go wrong looking very very carefully<01:04:58.660> at<01:04:58.810> what<01:04:58.960> we'd<01:04:59.109> suggested<01:04:59.560> I<01:04:59.740> want 01:05:00.030 --> 01:05:00.040 align:start position:0% carefully at what we'd suggested I want 01:05:00.040 --> 01:05:01.349 align:start position:0% carefully at what we'd suggested I want to<01:05:00.100> see<01:05:00.190> if<01:05:00.250> that<01:05:00.340> reassures<01:05:00.760> your<01:05:00.940> opponents 01:05:01.349 --> 01:05:01.359 align:start position:0% to see if that reassures your opponents 01:05:01.359 --> 01:05:03.240 align:start position:0% to see if that reassures your opponents that<01:05:01.600> that<01:05:01.990> point<01:05:02.230> of<01:05:02.350> view<01:05:02.380> well<01:05:02.770> I<01:05:02.800> mean<01:05:03.130> I 01:05:03.240 --> 01:05:03.250 align:start position:0% that that point of view well I mean I 01:05:03.250 --> 01:05:06.109 align:start position:0% that that point of view well I mean I just<01:05:03.280> take<01:05:04.210> up<01:05:04.359> the<01:05:04.450> point<01:05:04.690> again<01:05:04.810> of<01:05:05.140> of 01:05:06.109 --> 01:05:06.119 align:start position:0% just take up the point again of of 01:05:06.119 --> 01:05:09.270 align:start position:0% just take up the point again of of governance<01:05:07.119> before<01:05:07.750> research<01:05:08.280> because 01:05:09.270 --> 01:05:09.280 align:start position:0% governance before research because 01:05:09.280 --> 01:05:13.560 align:start position:0% governance before research because research<01:05:10.500> doesn't<01:05:11.500> take<01:05:11.800> place<01:05:11.830> in<01:05:12.550> a<01:05:13.359> vacuum 01:05:13.560 --> 01:05:13.570 align:start position:0% research doesn't take place in a vacuum 01:05:13.570 --> 01:05:15.870 align:start position:0% research doesn't take place in a vacuum and<01:05:14.080> we<01:05:14.530> think<01:05:14.770> the<01:05:14.830> vacuum<01:05:15.220> should 01:05:15.870 --> 01:05:15.880 align:start position:0% and we think the vacuum should 01:05:15.880 --> 01:05:18.210 align:start position:0% and we think the vacuum should explicitly<01:05:16.450> be<01:05:16.900> filled<01:05:17.260> because<01:05:17.530> we<01:05:17.890> want<01:05:18.100> to 01:05:18.210 --> 01:05:18.220 align:start position:0% explicitly be filled because we want to 01:05:18.220 --> 01:05:21.030 align:start position:0% explicitly be filled because we want to know<01:05:18.600> who<01:05:19.600> should<01:05:19.900> carry<01:05:20.230> it<01:05:20.350> out 01:05:21.030 --> 01:05:21.040 align:start position:0% know who should carry it out 01:05:21.040 --> 01:05:23.910 align:start position:0% know who should carry it out should<01:05:21.580> it<01:05:21.670> be<01:05:21.700> David<01:05:22.210> with<01:05:23.080> his<01:05:23.109> planner 01:05:23.910 --> 01:05:23.920 align:start position:0% should it be David with his planner 01:05:23.920 --> 01:05:26.400 align:start position:0% should it be David with his planner forgive<01:05:24.640> me<01:05:24.730> David<01:05:25.060> if<01:05:25.180> this<01:05:25.780> has<01:05:25.930> changed<01:05:25.960> in 01:05:26.400 --> 01:05:26.410 align:start position:0% forgive me David if this has changed in 01:05:26.410 --> 01:05:28.370 align:start position:0% forgive me David if this has changed in recent<01:05:26.440> times<01:05:27.040> which<01:05:27.310> is<01:05:27.490> to<01:05:27.670> carry<01:05:27.940> out<01:05:28.150> an 01:05:28.370 --> 01:05:28.380 align:start position:0% recent times which is to carry out an 01:05:28.380 --> 01:05:31.710 align:start position:0% recent times which is to carry out an experiment<01:05:29.380> on<01:05:29.530> in<01:05:30.180> using<01:05:31.180> a<01:05:31.270> balloon<01:05:31.540> in 01:05:31.710 --> 01:05:31.720 align:start position:0% experiment on in using a balloon in 01:05:31.720 --> 01:05:35.940 align:start position:0% experiment on in using a balloon in Arizona<01:05:32.200> to<01:05:33.150> inject<01:05:34.260> sulfate<01:05:35.260> aerosols<01:05:35.710> into 01:05:35.940 --> 01:05:35.950 align:start position:0% Arizona to inject sulfate aerosols into 01:05:35.950 --> 01:05:38.520 align:start position:0% Arizona to inject sulfate aerosols into the<01:05:36.190> lower<01:05:36.430> atmosphere<01:05:36.730> because<01:05:37.570> we<01:05:38.350> don't 01:05:38.520 --> 01:05:38.530 align:start position:0% the lower atmosphere because we don't 01:05:38.530 --> 01:05:39.990 align:start position:0% the lower atmosphere because we don't have<01:05:38.560> the<01:05:38.710> technology<01:05:39.280> yet<01:05:39.490> to<01:05:39.609> put<01:05:39.760> balloons 01:05:39.990 --> 01:05:40.000 align:start position:0% have the technology yet to put balloons 01:05:40.000 --> 01:05:43.109 align:start position:0% have the technology yet to put balloons into<01:05:40.240> the<01:05:40.300> upper<01:05:40.630> atmosphere<01:05:41.640> who<01:05:42.640> sets<01:05:42.970> the 01:05:43.109 --> 01:05:43.119 align:start position:0% into the upper atmosphere who sets the 01:05:43.119 --> 01:05:43.740 align:start position:0% into the upper atmosphere who sets the earthing 01:05:43.740 --> 01:05:43.750 align:start position:0% earthing 01:05:43.750 --> 01:05:45.780 align:start position:0% earthing stretch<01:05:43.990> who<01:05:44.410> will<01:05:44.650> own<01:05:44.890> the<01:05:45.220> results 01:05:45.780 --> 01:05:45.790 align:start position:0% stretch who will own the results 01:05:45.790 --> 01:05:49.500 align:start position:0% stretch who will own the results knowledge<01:05:46.540> gives<01:05:47.350> power<01:05:48.190> to<01:05:48.700> those<01:05:48.910> who<01:05:48.970> own 01:05:49.500 --> 01:05:49.510 align:start position:0% knowledge gives power to those who own 01:05:49.510 --> 01:05:52.530 align:start position:0% knowledge gives power to those who own it<01:05:49.750> and<01:05:49.930> as<01:05:50.740> I<01:05:50.860> said<01:05:51.100> already<01:05:51.430> people<01:05:52.390> are 01:05:52.530 --> 01:05:52.540 align:start position:0% it and as I said already people are 01:05:52.540 --> 01:05:54.600 align:start position:0% it and as I said already people are trying<01:05:52.900> to<01:05:52.960> cash<01:05:53.260> in<01:05:53.590> on<01:05:53.830> this<01:05:54.040> idea<01:05:54.280> of 01:05:54.600 --> 01:05:54.610 align:start position:0% trying to cash in on this idea of 01:05:54.610 --> 01:05:57.420 align:start position:0% trying to cash in on this idea of geoengineering<01:05:55.510> by<01:05:55.770> taking<01:05:56.770> out<01:05:56.890> patents 01:05:57.420 --> 01:05:57.430 align:start position:0% geoengineering by taking out patents 01:05:57.430 --> 01:06:02.160 align:start position:0% geoengineering by taking out patents both<01:05:59.730> solar<01:06:00.730> radiation<01:06:01.360> management<01:06:01.570> and<01:06:02.080> a 01:06:02.160 --> 01:06:02.170 align:start position:0% both solar radiation management and a 01:06:02.170 --> 01:06:04.310 align:start position:0% both solar radiation management and a whole<01:06:02.350> range<01:06:02.620> of<01:06:02.830> carbon<01:06:03.520> dioxide<01:06:03.910> removal 01:06:04.310 --> 01:06:04.320 align:start position:0% whole range of carbon dioxide removal 01:06:04.320 --> 01:06:06.270 align:start position:0% whole range of carbon dioxide removal technology<01:06:05.320> so<01:06:05.410> she's<01:06:05.590> actually<01:06:05.740> point<01:06:06.100> out 01:06:06.270 --> 01:06:06.280 align:start position:0% technology so she's actually point out 01:06:06.280 --> 01:06:08.940 align:start position:0% technology so she's actually point out that<01:06:06.970> we<01:06:07.150> on<01:06:07.330> this<01:06:07.480> side<01:06:07.540> aren't<01:06:08.290> opposed<01:06:08.620> to 01:06:08.940 --> 01:06:08.950 align:start position:0% that we on this side aren't opposed to 01:06:08.950 --> 01:06:12.020 align:start position:0% that we on this side aren't opposed to carbon<01:06:09.670> dioxide<01:06:09.790> removing<01:06:10.600> technologies<01:06:11.350> as 01:06:12.020 --> 01:06:12.030 align:start position:0% carbon dioxide removing technologies as 01:06:12.030 --> 01:06:15.450 align:start position:0% carbon dioxide removing technologies as as<01:06:13.030> a<01:06:13.150> way<01:06:13.450> of<01:06:13.660> removing<01:06:14.530> co2<01:06:15.010> from<01:06:15.400> the 01:06:15.450 --> 01:06:15.460 align:start position:0% as a way of removing co2 from the 01:06:15.460 --> 01:06:19.860 align:start position:0% as a way of removing co2 from the atmosphere<01:06:16.350> after<01:06:17.820> we've<01:06:18.820> reached<01:06:19.060> Net<01:06:19.840> Zero 01:06:19.860 --> 01:06:19.870 align:start position:0% atmosphere after we've reached Net Zero 01:06:19.870 --> 01:06:22.650 align:start position:0% atmosphere after we've reached Net Zero because<01:06:20.500> we<01:06:21.040> will<01:06:21.250> have<01:06:21.280> to<01:06:21.580> take<01:06:21.790> it<01:06:22.450> out<01:06:22.630> of 01:06:22.650 --> 01:06:22.660 align:start position:0% because we will have to take it out of 01:06:22.660 --> 01:06:25.500 align:start position:0% because we will have to take it out of the<01:06:22.900> atmosphere<01:06:22.990> so<01:06:23.920> we're<01:06:24.160> worried<01:06:24.670> that<01:06:24.850> a 01:06:25.500 --> 01:06:25.510 align:start position:0% the atmosphere so we're worried that a 01:06:25.510 --> 01:06:28.640 align:start position:0% the atmosphere so we're worried that a research<01:06:26.440> program<01:06:27.300> will<01:06:28.300> create 01:06:28.640 --> 01:06:28.650 align:start position:0% research program will create 01:06:28.650 --> 01:06:31.290 align:start position:0% research program will create constituency's<01:06:29.650> it'll<01:06:30.010> give<01:06:30.190> momentum<01:06:30.850> that 01:06:31.290 --> 01:06:31.300 align:start position:0% constituency's it'll give momentum that 01:06:31.300 --> 01:06:34.770 align:start position:0% constituency's it'll give momentum that the<01:06:31.450> idea<01:06:31.840> of<01:06:31.900> deploying<01:06:32.500> it<01:06:32.800> is<01:06:33.550> enhanced<01:06:34.330> by 01:06:34.770 --> 01:06:34.780 align:start position:0% the idea of deploying it is enhanced by 01:06:34.780 --> 01:06:38.070 align:start position:0% the idea of deploying it is enhanced by a<01:06:35.140> group<01:06:36.010> and<01:06:36.280> a<01:06:36.340> constituency<01:06:37.030> that<01:06:37.750> backs 01:06:38.070 --> 01:06:38.080 align:start position:0% a group and a constituency that backs 01:06:38.080 --> 01:06:41.150 align:start position:0% a group and a constituency that backs the<01:06:38.530> research<01:06:39.180> person<01:06:40.180> that's<01:06:40.360> our<01:06:40.510> anxiety 01:06:41.150 --> 01:06:41.160 align:start position:0% the research person that's our anxiety 01:06:41.160 --> 01:06:44.070 align:start position:0% the research person that's our anxiety so<01:06:42.160> when<01:06:42.640> you<01:06:42.730> have<01:06:42.940> a<01:06:42.970> when<01:06:43.810> you<01:06:43.900> have<01:06:44.050> a 01:06:44.070 --> 01:06:44.080 align:start position:0% so when you have a when you have a 01:06:44.080 --> 01:06:46.260 align:start position:0% so when you have a when you have a controversial<01:06:44.860> set<01:06:45.070> of<01:06:45.190> technologies<01:06:45.880> it's 01:06:46.260 --> 01:06:46.270 align:start position:0% controversial set of technologies it's 01:06:46.270 --> 01:06:48.390 align:start position:0% controversial set of technologies it's always<01:06:46.810> attractive<01:06:47.350> to<01:06:47.500> say<01:06:47.710> well<01:06:47.980> we<01:06:48.130> need<01:06:48.310> to 01:06:48.390 --> 01:06:48.400 align:start position:0% always attractive to say well we need to 01:06:48.400 --> 01:06:49.800 align:start position:0% always attractive to say well we need to go<01:06:48.550> slowly<01:06:49.000> and<01:06:49.300> we<01:06:49.420> need<01:06:49.570> to<01:06:49.690> develop 01:06:49.800 --> 01:06:49.810 align:start position:0% go slowly and we need to develop 01:06:49.810 --> 01:06:53.250 align:start position:0% go slowly and we need to develop governance<01:06:50.560> in<01:06:50.770> advance<01:06:51.340> of<01:06:51.550> research<01:06:52.260> but 01:06:53.250 --> 01:06:53.260 align:start position:0% governance in advance of research but 01:06:53.260 --> 01:06:55.050 align:start position:0% governance in advance of research but that's<01:06:53.470> almost<01:06:53.710> never<01:06:54.160> how<01:06:54.430> the<01:06:54.490> development 01:06:55.050 --> 01:06:55.060 align:start position:0% that's almost never how the development 01:06:55.060 --> 01:06:57.990 align:start position:0% that's almost never how the development of<01:06:55.330> governance<01:06:56.230> for<01:06:56.320> anything<01:06:56.950> works<01:06:57.370> and<01:06:57.670> the 01:06:57.990 --> 01:06:58.000 align:start position:0% of governance for anything works and the 01:06:58.000 --> 01:06:59.970 align:start position:0% of governance for anything works and the reason<01:06:58.390> is<01:06:58.600> that<01:06:58.870> you<01:06:59.140> don't<01:06:59.170> know<01:06:59.710> what 01:06:59.970 --> 01:06:59.980 align:start position:0% reason is that you don't know what 01:06:59.980 --> 01:07:01.920 align:start position:0% reason is that you don't know what governance<01:07:00.520> you<01:07:00.730> need<01:07:01.060> until<01:07:01.510> you<01:07:01.690> need 01:07:01.920 --> 01:07:01.930 align:start position:0% governance you need until you need 01:07:01.930 --> 01:07:03.930 align:start position:0% governance you need until you need something<01:07:02.440> about<01:07:02.800> until<01:07:03.220> you<01:07:03.250> know<01:07:03.520> something 01:07:03.930 --> 01:07:03.940 align:start position:0% something about until you know something 01:07:03.940 --> 01:07:06.240 align:start position:0% something about until you know something about<01:07:04.030> the<01:07:04.300> thing<01:07:04.540> being<01:07:04.900> governed<01:07:05.560> so<01:07:06.220> a 01:07:06.240 --> 01:07:06.250 align:start position:0% about the thing being governed so a 01:07:06.250 --> 01:07:10.410 align:start position:0% about the thing being governed so a crucial<01:07:08.190> so<01:07:09.190> a<01:07:09.220> crucial<01:07:09.760> question<01:07:09.880> that's 01:07:10.410 --> 01:07:10.420 align:start position:0% crucial so a crucial question that's 01:07:10.420 --> 01:07:12.300 align:start position:0% crucial so a crucial question that's come<01:07:10.720> up<01:07:10.870> several<01:07:11.110> times<01:07:11.290> and<01:07:11.800> really<01:07:12.130> on 01:07:12.300 --> 01:07:12.310 align:start position:0% come up several times and really on 01:07:12.310 --> 01:07:15.960 align:start position:0% come up several times and really on which<01:07:12.520> nobody<01:07:12.790> knows<01:07:13.030> the<01:07:13.360> answer<01:07:13.660> is<01:07:13.900> if<01:07:14.970> such 01:07:15.960 --> 01:07:15.970 align:start position:0% which nobody knows the answer is if such 01:07:15.970 --> 01:07:18.630 align:start position:0% which nobody knows the answer is if such a<01:07:16.000> technology<01:07:16.420> was<01:07:16.810> ever<01:07:16.960> deployed<01:07:17.430> would<01:07:18.430> its 01:07:18.630 --> 01:07:18.640 align:start position:0% a technology was ever deployed would its 01:07:18.640 --> 01:07:21.750 align:start position:0% a technology was ever deployed would its effect<01:07:19.300> be<01:07:19.660> a<01:07:19.690> roughly<01:07:20.410> global<01:07:20.950> distribution 01:07:21.750 --> 01:07:21.760 align:start position:0% effect be a roughly global distribution 01:07:21.760 --> 01:07:24.300 align:start position:0% effect be a roughly global distribution of<01:07:21.880> benefits<01:07:22.030> kind<01:07:22.630> of<01:07:22.750> moving<01:07:23.080> every<01:07:23.860> part<01:07:24.190> of 01:07:24.300 --> 01:07:24.310 align:start position:0% of benefits kind of moving every part of 01:07:24.310 --> 01:07:26.730 align:start position:0% of benefits kind of moving every part of the<01:07:24.400> world<01:07:24.640> back<01:07:25.150> toward<01:07:25.810> a<01:07:26.080> less<01:07:26.290> perturbed 01:07:26.730 --> 01:07:26.740 align:start position:0% the world back toward a less perturbed 01:07:26.740 --> 01:07:29.070 align:start position:0% the world back toward a less perturbed climate<01:07:27.160> or<01:07:27.310> would<01:07:27.940> it<01:07:28.060> have<01:07:28.090> a<01:07:28.270> real<01:07:28.660> strong 01:07:29.070 --> 01:07:29.080 align:start position:0% climate or would it have a real strong 01:07:29.080 --> 01:07:31.320 align:start position:0% climate or would it have a real strong possibility<01:07:29.890> for<01:07:30.070> as<01:07:30.310> Angela<01:07:30.700> said<01:07:30.910> winners 01:07:31.320 --> 01:07:31.330 align:start position:0% possibility for as Angela said winners 01:07:31.330 --> 01:07:34.290 align:start position:0% possibility for as Angela said winners and<01:07:31.540> losers<01:07:31.930> losers<01:07:32.530> the<01:07:33.280> early<01:07:33.730> results 01:07:34.290 --> 01:07:34.300 align:start position:0% and losers losers the early results 01:07:34.300 --> 01:07:36.720 align:start position:0% and losers losers the early results suggest<01:07:34.870> much<01:07:35.230> closer<01:07:35.620> to<01:07:35.980> the<01:07:36.130> former<01:07:36.520> it's 01:07:36.720 --> 01:07:36.730 align:start position:0% suggest much closer to the former it's 01:07:36.730 --> 01:07:39.570 align:start position:0% suggest much closer to the former it's actually<01:07:37.210> very<01:07:37.690> hard<01:07:38.170> to<01:07:38.620> torque<01:07:38.920> this<01:07:39.160> in<01:07:39.400> a 01:07:39.570 --> 01:07:39.580 align:start position:0% actually very hard to torque this in a 01:07:39.580 --> 01:07:42.090 align:start position:0% actually very hard to torque this in a way<01:07:39.760> that<01:07:40.000> would<01:07:40.210> be<01:07:41.100> geopolitically 01:07:42.090 --> 01:07:42.100 align:start position:0% way that would be geopolitically 01:07:42.100 --> 01:07:44.340 align:start position:0% way that would be geopolitically destabilizing<01:07:42.910> or<01:07:43.060> militarily<01:07:43.690> attractive 01:07:44.340 --> 01:07:44.350 align:start position:0% destabilizing or militarily attractive 01:07:44.350 --> 01:07:46.380 align:start position:0% destabilizing or militarily attractive because<01:07:44.530> it's<01:07:44.920> really<01:07:45.190> hard<01:07:45.580> to<01:07:45.820> do<01:07:45.970> something 01:07:46.380 --> 01:07:46.390 align:start position:0% because it's really hard to do something 01:07:46.390 --> 01:07:47.640 align:start position:0% because it's really hard to do something here<01:07:46.660> and<01:07:46.780> control<01:07:47.110> it<01:07:47.260> different<01:07:47.530> from 01:07:47.640 --> 01:07:47.650 align:start position:0% here and control it different from 01:07:47.650 --> 01:07:49.800 align:start position:0% here and control it different from something<01:07:47.860> here<01:07:48.160> but<01:07:48.880> this<01:07:49.000> is<01:07:49.210> early<01:07:49.600> days 01:07:49.800 --> 01:07:49.810 align:start position:0% something here but this is early days 01:07:49.810 --> 01:07:51.870 align:start position:0% something here but this is early days you<01:07:50.140> don't<01:07:50.350> know<01:07:50.560> now<01:07:50.770> should<01:07:51.250> that<01:07:51.430> research 01:07:51.870 --> 01:07:51.880 align:start position:0% you don't know now should that research 01:07:51.880 --> 01:07:54.150 align:start position:0% you don't know now should that research proceed<01:07:52.390> and<01:07:52.660> should<01:07:52.930> that<01:07:53.050> research<01:07:53.410> proceed 01:07:54.150 --> 01:07:54.160 align:start position:0% proceed and should that research proceed 01:07:54.160 --> 01:07:57.150 align:start position:0% proceed and should that research proceed even<01:07:55.090> before<01:07:55.270> we've<01:07:55.840> developed<01:07:56.440> a<01:07:56.590> system<01:07:56.620> to 01:07:57.150 --> 01:07:57.160 align:start position:0% even before we've developed a system to 01:07:57.160 --> 01:07:59.490 align:start position:0% even before we've developed a system to effectively<01:07:57.670> govern<01:07:58.119> you<01:07:58.510> know<01:07:58.599> use<01:07:59.260> and 01:07:59.490 --> 01:07:59.500 align:start position:0% effectively govern you know use and 01:07:59.500 --> 01:08:02.220 align:start position:0% effectively govern you know use and deployment<01:07:59.799> I<01:08:00.130> think<01:08:01.030> it<01:08:01.089> has<01:08:01.210> to<01:08:01.240> another 01:08:02.220 --> 01:08:02.230 align:start position:0% deployment I think it has to another 01:08:02.230 --> 01:08:03.839 align:start position:0% deployment I think it has to another question<01:08:02.410> thank<01:08:03.130> you<01:08:03.190> very<01:08:03.339> much<01:08:03.490> my<01:08:03.609> name<01:08:03.640> is 01:08:03.839 --> 01:08:03.849 align:start position:0% question thank you very much my name is 01:08:03.849 --> 01:08:06.240 align:start position:0% question thank you very much my name is young<01:08:03.970> so<01:08:04.420> my<01:08:04.690> question<01:08:05.049> is<01:08:05.140> what<01:08:05.829> do<01:08:05.950> you<01:08:05.980> see 01:08:06.240 --> 01:08:06.250 align:start position:0% young so my question is what do you see 01:08:06.250 --> 01:08:09.660 align:start position:0% young so my question is what do you see as<01:08:06.520> the<01:08:07.289> urgence<01:08:08.289> ness<01:08:08.530> of<01:08:08.920> this<01:08:09.220> issue 01:08:09.660 --> 01:08:09.670 align:start position:0% as the urgence ness of this issue 01:08:09.670 --> 01:08:12.000 align:start position:0% as the urgence ness of this issue because<01:08:10.569> I<01:08:10.660> think<01:08:10.690> whether<01:08:11.170> we<01:08:11.319> call<01:08:11.619> it<01:08:11.680> crazy 01:08:12.000 --> 01:08:12.010 align:start position:0% because I think whether we call it crazy 01:08:12.010 --> 01:08:14.940 align:start position:0% because I think whether we call it crazy depends<01:08:12.549> on<01:08:12.640> what<01:08:13.240> actually<01:08:13.690> we<01:08:13.839> see<01:08:14.079> it<01:08:14.170> do<01:08:14.829> we 01:08:14.940 --> 01:08:14.950 align:start position:0% depends on what actually we see it do we 01:08:14.950 --> 01:08:17.130 align:start position:0% depends on what actually we see it do we say<01:08:15.130> that<01:08:15.309> as<01:08:15.430> our<01:08:15.609> last<01:08:15.940> resort<01:08:16.239> to<01:08:16.660> like<01:08:16.810> save 01:08:17.130 --> 01:08:17.140 align:start position:0% say that as our last resort to like save 01:08:17.140 --> 01:08:19.380 align:start position:0% say that as our last resort to like save the<01:08:17.170> humankind<01:08:17.920> or<01:08:18.130> do<01:08:18.520> we<01:08:18.609> say<01:08:18.790> just<01:08:19.029> one<01:08:19.239> of 01:08:19.380 --> 01:08:19.390 align:start position:0% the humankind or do we say just one of 01:08:19.390 --> 01:08:21.539 align:start position:0% the humankind or do we say just one of the<01:08:19.509> 20<01:08:20.080> options<01:08:20.500> that<01:08:20.589> we<01:08:20.710> can<01:08:20.859> have<01:08:21.100> which<01:08:21.370> we 01:08:21.539 --> 01:08:21.549 align:start position:0% the 20 options that we can have which we 01:08:21.549 --> 01:08:23.999 align:start position:0% the 20 options that we can have which we have<01:08:21.790> the<01:08:22.299> time<01:08:22.569> to<01:08:22.870> really<01:08:23.140> study<01:08:23.589> that's<01:08:23.859> a 01:08:23.999 --> 01:08:24.009 align:start position:0% have the time to really study that's a 01:08:24.009 --> 01:08:25.470 align:start position:0% have the time to really study that's a great<01:08:24.219> great<01:08:24.580> question<01:08:24.730> can<01:08:25.120> I<01:08:25.179> can<01:08:25.390> i 01:08:25.470 --> 01:08:25.480 align:start position:0% great great question can I can i 01:08:25.480 --> 01:08:27.059 align:start position:0% great great question can I can i rephrase<01:08:25.630> it<01:08:25.929> and<01:08:26.170> make<01:08:26.350> sure<01:08:26.380> you<01:08:26.529> agree<01:08:26.739> with 01:08:27.059 --> 01:08:27.069 align:start position:0% rephrase it and make sure you agree with 01:08:27.069 --> 01:08:28.919 align:start position:0% rephrase it and make sure you agree with this<01:08:27.250> and<01:08:27.460> put<01:08:27.489> it<01:08:27.699> to<01:08:27.790> David<01:08:27.969> Keith<01:08:28.239> are<01:08:28.509> are 01:08:28.919 --> 01:08:28.929 align:start position:0% this and put it to David Keith are are 01:08:28.929 --> 01:08:31.340 align:start position:0% this and put it to David Keith are are we<01:08:29.140> in<01:08:29.290> trouble<01:08:29.710> if<01:08:29.830> we<01:08:29.859> don't<01:08:30.009> do<01:08:30.429> this 01:08:31.340 --> 01:08:31.350 align:start position:0% we in trouble if we don't do this 01:08:31.350 --> 01:08:33.570 align:start position:0% we in trouble if we don't do this are<01:08:32.350> we<01:08:32.440> in<01:08:32.529> more<01:08:32.739> trouble<01:08:32.980> if<01:08:33.160> we<01:08:33.219> don't<01:08:33.310> do 01:08:33.570 --> 01:08:33.580 align:start position:0% are we in more trouble if we don't do 01:08:33.580 --> 01:08:34.729 align:start position:0% are we in more trouble if we don't do this<01:08:33.699> than<01:08:33.880> if<01:08:33.969> we<01:08:34.060> do<01:08:34.179> do<01:08:34.330> this 01:08:34.729 --> 01:08:34.739 align:start position:0% this than if we do do this 01:08:34.739 --> 01:08:36.720 align:start position:0% this than if we do do this are<01:08:35.739> you<01:08:35.830> good<01:08:35.949> with<01:08:36.040> now<01:08:36.160> rephrasing<01:08:36.699> the 01:08:36.720 --> 01:08:36.730 align:start position:0% are you good with now rephrasing the 01:08:36.730 --> 01:08:43.320 align:start position:0% are you good with now rephrasing the question<01:08:40.529> we're<01:08:41.529> receiving<01:08:42.100> information<01:08:42.880> on 01:08:43.320 --> 01:08:43.330 align:start position:0% question we're receiving information on 01:08:43.330 --> 01:08:45.959 align:start position:0% question we're receiving information on both<01:08:43.480> sides<01:08:43.750> oh<01:08:43.960> honey<01:08:44.650> I<01:08:44.770> think<01:08:44.799> the<01:08:45.549> debaters 01:08:45.959 --> 01:08:45.969 align:start position:0% both sides oh honey I think the debaters 01:08:45.969 --> 01:08:48.120 align:start position:0% both sides oh honey I think the debaters have<01:08:46.239> emphasized<01:08:46.839> that<01:08:47.080> actually<01:08:47.620> we<01:08:47.830> have<01:08:47.859> to 01:08:48.120 --> 01:08:48.130 align:start position:0% have emphasized that actually we have to 01:08:48.130 --> 01:08:49.740 align:start position:0% have emphasized that actually we have to do<01:08:48.219> something<01:08:48.580> now<01:08:48.699> and<01:08:48.730> hopefully<01:08:49.299> quick 01:08:49.740 --> 01:08:49.750 align:start position:0% do something now and hopefully quick 01:08:49.750 --> 01:08:54.390 align:start position:0% do something now and hopefully quick because<01:08:50.440> there<01:08:51.429> is<01:08:51.549> an<01:08:51.730> urgency<01:08:52.719> but<01:08:53.469> then<01:08:53.679> I 01:08:54.390 --> 01:08:54.400 align:start position:0% because there is an urgency but then I 01:08:54.400 --> 01:08:57.390 align:start position:0% because there is an urgency but then I also<01:08:55.359> heard<01:08:55.540> that<01:08:55.630> the<01:08:55.779> debater<01:08:56.469> says<01:08:56.799> we 01:08:57.390 --> 01:08:57.400 align:start position:0% also heard that the debater says we 01:08:57.400 --> 01:08:59.280 align:start position:0% also heard that the debater says we don't<01:08:57.759> want<01:08:57.940> to<01:08:58.000> be<01:08:58.120> called<01:08:58.330> crazy<01:08:58.420> because<01:08:58.989> we 01:08:59.280 --> 01:08:59.290 align:start position:0% don't want to be called crazy because we 01:08:59.290 --> 01:09:01.050 align:start position:0% don't want to be called crazy because we just<01:08:59.679> need<01:09:00.190> some<01:09:00.790> space 01:09:01.050 --> 01:09:01.060 align:start position:0% just need some space 01:09:01.060 --> 01:09:05.220 align:start position:0% just need some space to<01:09:01.299> actually<01:09:01.569> carry<01:09:02.199> on<01:09:02.500> to<01:09:03.190> carry<01:09:03.609> out<01:09:04.230> very 01:09:05.220 --> 01:09:05.230 align:start position:0% to actually carry on to carry out very 01:09:05.230 --> 01:09:09.269 align:start position:0% to actually carry on to carry out very detailed<01:09:05.739> and<01:09:06.600> specific<01:09:07.739> researches<01:09:08.739> which 01:09:09.269 --> 01:09:09.279 align:start position:0% detailed and specific researches which 01:09:09.279 --> 01:09:12.150 align:start position:0% detailed and specific researches which implies<01:09:09.779> we<01:09:10.779> actually<01:09:11.170> don't<01:09:11.350> want<01:09:11.710> to<01:09:11.890> start 01:09:12.150 --> 01:09:12.160 align:start position:0% implies we actually don't want to start 01:09:12.160 --> 01:09:14.640 align:start position:0% implies we actually don't want to start actually<01:09:12.880> doing<01:09:13.270> something<01:09:13.509> very<01:09:13.870> in<01:09:14.230> a<01:09:14.350> very 01:09:14.640 --> 01:09:14.650 align:start position:0% actually doing something very in a very 01:09:14.650 --> 01:09:17.880 align:start position:0% actually doing something very in a very near<01:09:15.339> future<01:09:15.750> so<01:09:16.750> I<01:09:17.049> think<01:09:17.140> the<01:09:17.560> question<01:09:17.650> is 01:09:17.880 --> 01:09:17.890 align:start position:0% near future so I think the question is 01:09:17.890 --> 01:09:20.550 align:start position:0% near future so I think the question is about<01:09:17.949> the<01:09:18.100> urgency<01:09:18.580> of<01:09:18.759> this<01:09:19.440> figuring<01:09:20.440> out 01:09:20.550 --> 01:09:20.560 align:start position:0% about the urgency of this figuring out 01:09:20.560 --> 01:09:22.620 align:start position:0% about the urgency of this figuring out if<01:09:20.739> this<01:09:20.830> is<01:09:20.890> the<01:09:21.100> right<01:09:21.190> solution<01:09:21.310> or<01:09:21.670> not<01:09:21.759> it 01:09:22.620 --> 01:09:22.630 align:start position:0% if this is the right solution or not it 01:09:22.630 --> 01:09:24.150 align:start position:0% if this is the right solution or not it certainly<01:09:22.839> isn't<01:09:23.140> the<01:09:23.290> right<01:09:23.560> solution<01:09:23.770> that 01:09:24.150 --> 01:09:24.160 align:start position:0% certainly isn't the right solution that 01:09:24.160 --> 01:09:25.709 align:start position:0% certainly isn't the right solution that it's<01:09:24.279> not<01:09:24.400> a<01:09:24.429> solution<01:09:24.910> but<01:09:25.120> the<01:09:25.239> question<01:09:25.569> is 01:09:25.709 --> 01:09:25.719 align:start position:0% it's not a solution but the question is 01:09:25.719 --> 01:09:28.650 align:start position:0% it's not a solution but the question is is<01:09:26.140> it<01:09:26.469> useful<01:09:26.739> to<01:09:27.370> reduce<01:09:27.730> risks<01:09:28.239> this 01:09:28.650 --> 01:09:28.660 align:start position:0% is it useful to reduce risks this 01:09:28.660 --> 01:09:30.090 align:start position:0% is it useful to reduce risks this century<01:09:29.080> and<01:09:29.290> I<01:09:29.350> think<01:09:29.560> there's<01:09:29.710> a<01:09:29.799> lot<01:09:30.069> of 01:09:30.090 --> 01:09:30.100 align:start position:0% century and I think there's a lot of 01:09:30.100 --> 01:09:31.680 align:start position:0% century and I think there's a lot of evidence<01:09:30.370> that<01:09:30.699> it<01:09:30.880> could<01:09:31.270> be<01:09:31.420> very<01:09:31.630> useful 01:09:31.680 --> 01:09:31.690 align:start position:0% evidence that it could be very useful 01:09:31.690 --> 01:09:33.599 align:start position:0% evidence that it could be very useful enough<01:09:32.560> evidence<01:09:32.949> that<01:09:33.009> it<01:09:33.160> makes<01:09:33.310> sense<01:09:33.489> to 01:09:33.599 --> 01:09:33.609 align:start position:0% enough evidence that it makes sense to 01:09:33.609 --> 01:09:35.220 align:start position:0% enough evidence that it makes sense to understand<01:09:34.060> it<01:09:34.210> much<01:09:34.449> better<01:09:34.690> including 01:09:35.220 --> 01:09:35.230 align:start position:0% understand it much better including 01:09:35.230 --> 01:09:37.200 align:start position:0% understand it much better including think<01:09:35.500> about<01:09:35.710> how<01:09:35.890> it<01:09:35.980> would<01:09:36.040> be<01:09:36.100> governed<01:09:36.549> but 01:09:37.200 --> 01:09:37.210 align:start position:0% think about how it would be governed but 01:09:37.210 --> 01:09:39.570 align:start position:0% think about how it would be governed but I<01:09:37.420> I<01:09:37.509> think<01:09:38.049> your<01:09:38.650> answer<01:09:38.799> you<01:09:39.130> had<01:09:39.400> a<01:09:39.429> great 01:09:39.570 --> 01:09:39.580 align:start position:0% I I think your answer you had a great 01:09:39.580 --> 01:09:40.590 align:start position:0% I I think your answer you had a great question<01:09:39.699> about<01:09:39.850> whether<01:09:40.089> there<01:09:40.270> are<01:09:40.299> 20 01:09:40.590 --> 01:09:40.600 align:start position:0% question about whether there are 20 01:09:40.600 --> 01:09:42.360 align:start position:0% question about whether there are 20 different<01:09:40.690> things<01:09:40.929> I<01:09:41.319> think<01:09:41.710> they're<01:09:41.830> really 01:09:42.360 --> 01:09:42.370 align:start position:0% different things I think they're really 01:09:42.370 --> 01:09:44.430 align:start position:0% different things I think they're really kind<01:09:42.670> of<01:09:42.730> about<01:09:42.940> four<01:09:43.390> or<01:09:43.600> five<01:09:43.779> big<01:09:44.049> buckets 01:09:44.430 --> 01:09:44.440 align:start position:0% kind of about four or five big buckets 01:09:44.440 --> 01:09:45.959 align:start position:0% kind of about four or five big buckets the<01:09:44.770> most<01:09:44.980> important<01:09:45.370> is<01:09:45.460> cutting<01:09:45.880> emissions 01:09:45.959 --> 01:09:45.969 align:start position:0% the most important is cutting emissions 01:09:45.969 --> 01:09:47.880 align:start position:0% the most important is cutting emissions they're<01:09:46.810> sustained<01:09:47.140> carbon<01:09:47.440> removal<01:09:47.679> you've 01:09:47.880 --> 01:09:47.890 align:start position:0% they're sustained carbon removal you've 01:09:47.890 --> 01:09:48.689 align:start position:0% they're sustained carbon removal you've been<01:09:48.009> hearing<01:09:48.279> about 01:09:48.689 --> 01:09:48.699 align:start position:0% been hearing about 01:09:48.699 --> 01:09:50.820 align:start position:0% been hearing about there's<01:09:48.969> adaptation<01:09:49.779> reducing<01:09:50.259> local<01:09:50.560> risks 01:09:50.820 --> 01:09:50.830 align:start position:0% there's adaptation reducing local risks 01:09:50.830 --> 01:09:52.769 align:start position:0% there's adaptation reducing local risks and<01:09:50.980> there's<01:09:51.520> solar<01:09:51.910> jima<01:09:52.179> sharing<01:09:52.509> there<01:09:52.660> not 01:09:52.769 --> 01:09:52.779 align:start position:0% and there's solar jima sharing there not 01:09:52.779 --> 01:09:55.380 align:start position:0% and there's solar jima sharing there not a<01:09:53.020> whole<01:09:53.410> bunch<01:09:53.589> more<01:09:53.859> I<01:09:53.890> would<01:09:54.130> say<01:09:54.390> Anjali 01:09:55.380 --> 01:09:55.390 align:start position:0% a whole bunch more I would say Anjali 01:09:55.390 --> 01:09:58.169 align:start position:0% a whole bunch more I would say Anjali would<01:09:55.480> you<01:09:55.540> like<01:09:55.630> to<01:09:55.750> I<01:09:56.560> think<01:09:56.969> the<01:09:57.969> way<01:09:58.150> to 01:09:58.169 --> 01:09:58.179 align:start position:0% would you like to I think the way to 01:09:58.179 --> 01:09:59.970 align:start position:0% would you like to I think the way to really<01:09:58.540> think<01:09:58.900> about<01:09:58.989> this<01:09:59.410> is<01:09:59.679> that<01:09:59.860> the 01:09:59.970 --> 01:09:59.980 align:start position:0% really think about this is that the 01:09:59.980 --> 01:10:01.860 align:start position:0% really think about this is that the political<01:10:00.250> will<01:10:00.820> to<01:10:01.060> addressing<01:10:01.690> climate 01:10:01.860 --> 01:10:01.870 align:start position:0% political will to addressing climate 01:10:01.870 --> 01:10:04.260 align:start position:0% political will to addressing climate change<01:10:02.560> has<01:10:02.890> never<01:10:03.310> been<01:10:03.520> stronger<01:10:03.910> and 01:10:04.260 --> 01:10:04.270 align:start position:0% change has never been stronger and 01:10:04.270 --> 01:10:08.130 align:start position:0% change has never been stronger and perhaps<01:10:04.929> we<01:10:05.380> as<01:10:05.710> as<01:10:06.070> the<01:10:06.790> world<01:10:07.030> got<01:10:07.690> started 01:10:08.130 --> 01:10:08.140 align:start position:0% perhaps we as as the world got started 01:10:08.140 --> 01:10:10.990 align:start position:0% perhaps we as as the world got started on<01:10:08.260> this<01:10:08.469> very<01:10:09.130> late<01:10:09.370> but<01:10:10.150> I<01:10:10.360> feel 01:10:10.990 --> 01:10:11.000 align:start position:0% on this very late but I feel 01:10:11.000 --> 01:10:13.420 align:start position:0% on this very late but I feel that<01:10:11.270> we<01:10:11.420> finally<01:10:12.020> have<01:10:12.290> things<01:10:12.710> in<01:10:12.950> place<01:10:12.980> to 01:10:13.420 --> 01:10:13.430 align:start position:0% that we finally have things in place to 01:10:13.430 --> 01:10:16.360 align:start position:0% that we finally have things in place to start<01:10:13.730> work<01:10:14.510> on<01:10:14.780> fixing<01:10:15.620> this<01:10:15.800> problem<01:10:16.010> that 01:10:16.360 --> 01:10:16.370 align:start position:0% start work on fixing this problem that 01:10:16.370 --> 01:10:18.460 align:start position:0% start work on fixing this problem that we<01:10:16.520> have<01:10:16.730> and<01:10:17.030> by<01:10:17.480> talking<01:10:17.690> about<01:10:18.050> any<01:10:18.320> other 01:10:18.460 --> 01:10:18.470 align:start position:0% we have and by talking about any other 01:10:18.470 --> 01:10:20.320 align:start position:0% we have and by talking about any other technology<01:10:19.250> that<01:10:19.460> would<01:10:19.580> distract<01:10:20.060> our 01:10:20.320 --> 01:10:20.330 align:start position:0% technology that would distract our 01:10:20.330 --> 01:10:23.080 align:start position:0% technology that would distract our efforts<01:10:20.750> at<01:10:20.930> the<01:10:21.020> moment<01:10:21.380> would<01:10:22.100> just<01:10:22.400> would 01:10:23.080 --> 01:10:23.090 align:start position:0% efforts at the moment would just would 01:10:23.090 --> 01:10:25.090 align:start position:0% efforts at the moment would just would just<01:10:23.120> fizzle<01:10:23.630> our<01:10:23.750> efforts<01:10:24.110> towards<01:10:24.470> working 01:10:25.090 --> 01:10:25.100 align:start position:0% just fizzle our efforts towards working 01:10:25.100 --> 01:10:27.100 align:start position:0% just fizzle our efforts towards working on<01:10:25.220> mitigation<01:10:25.700> and<01:10:26.090> adaptation<01:10:26.210> and<01:10:26.810> all<01:10:26.990> the 01:10:27.100 --> 01:10:27.110 align:start position:0% on mitigation and adaptation and all the 01:10:27.110 --> 01:10:29.320 align:start position:0% on mitigation and adaptation and all the technologies<01:10:27.680> that<01:10:27.710> we<01:10:28.010> know<01:10:28.370> will<01:10:28.700> work<01:10:28.940> and 01:10:29.320 --> 01:10:29.330 align:start position:0% technologies that we know will work and 01:10:29.330 --> 01:10:31.390 align:start position:0% technologies that we know will work and the<01:10:30.290> thing<01:10:30.590> that<01:10:30.740> I<01:10:30.770> want<01:10:30.980> to<01:10:31.040> highlight<01:10:31.250> here 01:10:31.390 --> 01:10:31.400 align:start position:0% the thing that I want to highlight here 01:10:31.400 --> 01:10:32.860 align:start position:0% the thing that I want to highlight here is<01:10:31.610> that<01:10:31.790> the<01:10:32.000> technologies<01:10:32.570> that<01:10:32.600> we<01:10:32.840> are 01:10:32.860 --> 01:10:32.870 align:start position:0% is that the technologies that we are 01:10:32.870 --> 01:10:36.040 align:start position:0% is that the technologies that we are advocating<01:10:33.080> we<01:10:33.890> know<01:10:34.190> it<01:10:34.550> will<01:10:34.970> work<01:10:35.210> and<01:10:35.480> all 01:10:36.040 --> 01:10:36.050 align:start position:0% advocating we know it will work and all 01:10:36.050 --> 01:10:38.620 align:start position:0% advocating we know it will work and all of<01:10:36.200> and<01:10:36.440> all<01:10:36.680> of<01:10:36.830> the<01:10:37.490> all<01:10:38.000> of<01:10:38.090> the<01:10:38.330> risks 01:10:38.620 --> 01:10:38.630 align:start position:0% of and all of the all of the risks 01:10:38.630 --> 01:10:40.450 align:start position:0% of and all of the all of the risks associated<01:10:38.960> with<01:10:39.380> solar<01:10:39.740> geoengineering 01:10:40.450 --> 01:10:40.460 align:start position:0% associated with solar geoengineering 01:10:40.460 --> 01:10:43.030 align:start position:0% associated with solar geoengineering keeps<01:10:40.820> it<01:10:41.060> from<01:10:41.630> being<01:10:41.990> a<01:10:42.140> technology<01:10:42.440> that<01:10:42.860> we 01:10:43.030 --> 01:10:43.040 align:start position:0% keeps it from being a technology that we 01:10:43.040 --> 01:10:44.710 align:start position:0% keeps it from being a technology that we know<01:10:43.190> will<01:10:43.520> work<01:10:43.550> I<01:10:43.940> have<01:10:44.270> to<01:10:44.330> do<01:10:44.420> and<01:10:44.540> I<01:10:44.570> add<01:10:44.690> to 01:10:44.710 --> 01:10:44.720 align:start position:0% know will work I have to do and I add to 01:10:44.720 --> 01:10:47.700 align:start position:0% know will work I have to do and I add to that<01:10:44.890> well<01:10:45.890> I<01:10:45.920> just<01:10:46.010> want<01:10:46.370> to<01:10:46.460> add<01:10:46.580> this<01:10:46.820> that 01:10:47.700 --> 01:10:47.710 align:start position:0% that well I just want to add this that 01:10:47.710 --> 01:10:50.700 align:start position:0% that well I just want to add this that we<01:10:48.710> we<01:10:49.130> interpret<01:10:49.580> the<01:10:49.670> question<01:10:49.850> solar 01:10:50.700 --> 01:10:50.710 align:start position:0% we we interpret the question solar 01:10:50.710 --> 01:10:53.550 align:start position:0% we we interpret the question solar deploying<01:10:51.710> solar<01:10:52.160> geoengineering<01:10:53.060> is<01:10:53.210> a 01:10:53.550 --> 01:10:53.560 align:start position:0% deploying solar geoengineering is a 01:10:53.560 --> 01:10:56.410 align:start position:0% deploying solar geoengineering is a crazy<01:10:54.560> idea<01:10:54.740> and<01:10:55.250> one<01:10:55.580> of<01:10:55.700> the<01:10:55.790> reasons<01:10:56.120> fact<01:10:56.300> I 01:10:56.410 --> 01:10:56.420 align:start position:0% crazy idea and one of the reasons fact I 01:10:56.420 --> 01:10:58.120 align:start position:0% crazy idea and one of the reasons fact I think<01:10:56.690> the<01:10:56.810> killer<01:10:57.050> objection<01:10:57.710> to<01:10:57.920> it<01:10:57.980> which 01:10:58.120 --> 01:10:58.130 align:start position:0% think the killer objection to it which 01:10:58.130 --> 01:11:00.610 align:start position:0% think the killer objection to it which hasn't<01:10:58.460> been<01:10:58.580> mentioned<01:10:58.820> yet<01:10:59.120> is<01:10:59.510> that<01:11:00.440> it's 01:11:00.610 --> 01:11:00.620 align:start position:0% hasn't been mentioned yet is that it's 01:11:00.620 --> 01:11:03.310 align:start position:0% hasn't been mentioned yet is that it's been<01:11:00.860> estimated<01:11:01.070> that<01:11:01.700> if<01:11:02.180> we<01:11:02.690> did<01:11:02.900> send<01:11:03.170> the 01:11:03.310 --> 01:11:03.320 align:start position:0% been estimated that if we did send the 01:11:03.320 --> 01:11:05.920 align:start position:0% been estimated that if we did send the planes<01:11:03.590> up<01:11:03.920> it<01:11:04.790> would<01:11:05.000> take<01:11:05.240> at<01:11:05.390> least<01:11:05.420> 10 01:11:05.920 --> 01:11:05.930 align:start position:0% planes up it would take at least 10 01:11:05.930 --> 01:11:08.920 align:start position:0% planes up it would take at least 10 years<01:11:06.350> of<01:11:06.650> gathering<01:11:07.190> data<01:11:07.220> before<01:11:08.180> we<01:11:08.360> knew 01:11:08.920 --> 01:11:08.930 align:start position:0% years of gathering data before we knew 01:11:08.930 --> 01:11:10.600 align:start position:0% years of gathering data before we knew whether<01:11:09.140> it<01:11:09.230> worked<01:11:09.590> before<01:11:10.100> we<01:11:10.430> could 01:11:10.600 --> 01:11:10.610 align:start position:0% whether it worked before we could 01:11:10.610 --> 01:11:12.820 align:start position:0% whether it worked before we could separate<01:11:11.030> out<01:11:11.360> the<01:11:11.540> effects<01:11:12.020> of<01:11:12.050> sulfate 01:11:12.820 --> 01:11:12.830 align:start position:0% separate out the effects of sulfate 01:11:12.830 --> 01:11:15.880 align:start position:0% separate out the effects of sulfate aerosol<01:11:13.280> spraying<01:11:13.700> from<01:11:14.590> natural<01:11:15.590> climate 01:11:15.880 --> 01:11:15.890 align:start position:0% aerosol spraying from natural climate 01:11:15.890 --> 01:11:18.790 align:start position:0% aerosol spraying from natural climate variability<01:11:16.280> and<01:11:16.940> the<01:11:17.300> effects<01:11:17.600> of<01:11:17.810> global 01:11:18.790 --> 01:11:18.800 align:start position:0% variability and the effects of global 01:11:18.800 --> 01:11:21.730 align:start position:0% variability and the effects of global warming<01:11:19.000> itself<01:11:20.000> and<01:11:20.330> so<01:11:20.930> think<01:11:21.200> about<01:11:21.470> that 01:11:21.730 --> 01:11:21.740 align:start position:0% warming itself and so think about that 01:11:21.740 --> 01:11:25.030 align:start position:0% warming itself and so think about that let's<01:11:22.160> say<01:11:22.370> 10<01:11:22.700> or<01:11:22.850> so<01:11:23.090> years<01:11:23.120> and<01:11:23.780> the<01:11:24.740> the 01:11:25.030 --> 01:11:25.040 align:start position:0% let's say 10 or so years and the the 01:11:25.040 --> 01:11:28.120 align:start position:0% let's say 10 or so years and the the world's<01:11:25.760> climate<01:11:25.970> is<01:11:26.270> changing<01:11:26.800> but<01:11:27.800> we<01:11:27.890> don't 01:11:28.120 --> 01:11:28.130 align:start position:0% world's climate is changing but we don't 01:11:28.130 --> 01:11:31.450 align:start position:0% world's climate is changing but we don't know<01:11:28.370> whether<01:11:28.810> it's<01:11:29.810> due<01:11:30.230> to<01:11:30.470> the<01:11:31.040> sulfate 01:11:31.450 --> 01:11:31.460 align:start position:0% know whether it's due to the sulfate 01:11:31.460 --> 01:11:33.280 align:start position:0% know whether it's due to the sulfate aerosol<01:11:32.030> spraying<01:11:32.390> so<01:11:32.600> if<01:11:32.660> the<01:11:32.780> monsoon 01:11:33.280 --> 01:11:33.290 align:start position:0% aerosol spraying so if the monsoon 01:11:33.290 --> 01:11:36.220 align:start position:0% aerosol spraying so if the monsoon failed<01:11:33.680> in<01:11:33.920> Pakistan<01:11:34.670> or<01:11:35.450> the<01:11:35.690> drought<01:11:36.020> or 01:11:36.220 --> 01:11:36.230 align:start position:0% failed in Pakistan or the drought or 01:11:36.230 --> 01:11:38.670 align:start position:0% failed in Pakistan or the drought or there<01:11:36.440> was<01:11:36.530> a<01:11:36.560> long<01:11:36.800> drought<01:11:37.100> in<01:11:37.340> the<01:11:37.760> Sahel 01:11:38.670 --> 01:11:38.680 align:start position:0% there was a long drought in the Sahel 01:11:38.680 --> 01:11:41.500 align:start position:0% there was a long drought in the Sahel would<01:11:39.680> those<01:11:40.040> people<01:11:40.580> start<01:11:40.880> blaming<01:11:41.390> the 01:11:41.500 --> 01:11:41.510 align:start position:0% would those people start blaming the 01:11:41.510 --> 01:11:43.840 align:start position:0% would those people start blaming the scientists<01:11:42.170> at<01:11:42.290> the<01:11:42.320> climate<01:11:43.130> regulation 01:11:43.840 --> 01:11:43.850 align:start position:0% scientists at the climate regulation 01:11:43.850 --> 01:11:46.900 align:start position:0% scientists at the climate regulation authority<01:11:44.480> in<01:11:44.780> Arizona<01:11:45.710> or<01:11:45.920> Tashkent<01:11:46.700> or 01:11:46.900 --> 01:11:46.910 align:start position:0% authority in Arizona or Tashkent or 01:11:46.910 --> 01:11:49.240 align:start position:0% authority in Arizona or Tashkent or wherever<01:11:47.480> it<01:11:47.690> might<01:11:47.870> be<01:11:48.110> you<01:11:48.560> bet<01:11:48.800> they<01:11:48.980> would 01:11:49.240 --> 01:11:49.250 align:start position:0% wherever it might be you bet they would 01:11:49.250 --> 01:11:51.400 align:start position:0% wherever it might be you bet they would of<01:11:49.700> course<01:11:50.090> they'd<01:11:50.330> look<01:11:50.540> to<01:11:50.690> the<01:11:50.810> scientists 01:11:51.400 --> 01:11:51.410 align:start position:0% of course they'd look to the scientists 01:11:51.410 --> 01:11:52.780 align:start position:0% of course they'd look to the scientists and<01:11:51.470> the<01:11:51.590> scientists<01:11:52.010> because<01:11:52.190> only<01:11:52.310> say<01:11:52.580> well 01:11:52.780 --> 01:11:52.790 align:start position:0% and the scientists because only say well 01:11:52.790 --> 01:11:54.400 align:start position:0% and the scientists because only say well we<01:11:52.910> don't<01:11:53.030> really<01:11:53.360> know<01:11:53.540> whether<01:11:53.810> that 01:11:54.400 --> 01:11:54.410 align:start position:0% we don't really know whether that 01:11:54.410 --> 01:11:57.280 align:start position:0% we don't really know whether that drought<01:11:54.830> or<01:11:55.130> that<01:11:55.610> monsoon<01:11:56.390> failure<01:11:56.810> is<01:11:56.990> due 01:11:57.280 --> 01:11:57.290 align:start position:0% drought or that monsoon failure is due 01:11:57.290 --> 01:11:59.590 align:start position:0% drought or that monsoon failure is due to<01:11:57.470> it<01:11:57.680> what<01:11:58.100> we<01:11:58.250> do<01:11:58.430> think<01:11:58.640> that<01:11:58.730> to<01:11:58.880> David<01:11:59.360> or 01:11:59.590 --> 01:11:59.600 align:start position:0% to it what we do think that to David or 01:11:59.600 --> 01:12:01.030 align:start position:0% to it what we do think that to David or Ted<01:11:59.750> are<01:11:59.870> we<01:11:59.990> talking<01:12:00.350> about<01:12:00.440> actually 01:12:01.030 --> 01:12:01.040 align:start position:0% Ted are we talking about actually 01:12:01.040 --> 01:12:02.260 align:start position:0% Ted are we talking about actually needing<01:12:01.310> something<01:12:01.520> like<01:12:01.760> a<01:12:01.790> decade-long 01:12:02.260 --> 01:12:02.270 align:start position:0% needing something like a decade-long 01:12:02.270 --> 01:12:03.970 align:start position:0% needing something like a decade-long experiment<01:12:03.140> to<01:12:03.230> figure<01:12:03.380> out<01:12:03.590> if<01:12:03.710> it's<01:12:03.830> working 01:12:03.970 --> 01:12:03.980 align:start position:0% experiment to figure out if it's working 01:12:03.980 --> 01:12:06.460 align:start position:0% experiment to figure out if it's working or<01:12:04.190> not<01:12:04.420> 10<01:12:05.420> years<01:12:05.450> is<01:12:05.720> reasonable<01:12:05.960> there's<01:12:06.320> no 01:12:06.460 --> 01:12:06.470 align:start position:0% or not 10 years is reasonable there's no 01:12:06.470 --> 01:12:09.010 align:start position:0% or not 10 years is reasonable there's no no<01:12:06.950> simple<01:12:07.400> answer<01:12:07.760> but<01:12:07.790> I<01:12:08.270> want<01:12:08.630> to<01:12:08.750> push<01:12:08.900> back 01:12:09.010 --> 01:12:09.020 align:start position:0% no simple answer but I want to push back 01:12:09.020 --> 01:12:10.660 align:start position:0% no simple answer but I want to push back on<01:12:09.230> the<01:12:09.320> idea<01:12:09.350> that<01:12:09.560> we<01:12:09.830> know<01:12:10.100> that<01:12:10.340> emissions 01:12:10.660 --> 01:12:10.670 align:start position:0% on the idea that we know that emissions 01:12:10.670 --> 01:12:11.920 align:start position:0% on the idea that we know that emissions cuts<01:12:10.880> will<01:12:11.030> work<01:12:11.150> we<01:12:11.330> know<01:12:11.450> emissions<01:12:11.780> class 01:12:11.920 --> 01:12:11.930 align:start position:0% cuts will work we know emissions class 01:12:11.930 --> 01:12:14.200 align:start position:0% cuts will work we know emissions class will<01:12:12.110> work<01:12:12.260> to<01:12:12.680> cut<01:12:12.890> emissions<01:12:13.030> but<01:12:14.030> that 01:12:14.200 --> 01:12:14.210 align:start position:0% will work to cut emissions but that 01:12:14.210 --> 01:12:16.000 align:start position:0% will work to cut emissions but that doesn't<01:12:14.510> deal<01:12:14.720> with<01:12:15.260> the<01:12:15.380> climate<01:12:15.560> risk<01:12:15.860> of 01:12:16.000 --> 01:12:16.010 align:start position:0% doesn't deal with the climate risk of 01:12:16.010 --> 01:12:17.670 align:start position:0% doesn't deal with the climate risk of the<01:12:16.100> co2<01:12:16.460> that's<01:12:16.640> a<01:12:16.730> nice<01:12:16.910> David<01:12:17.270> you<01:12:17.390> give<01:12:17.570> a 01:12:17.670 --> 01:12:17.680 align:start position:0% the co2 that's a nice David you give a 01:12:17.680 --> 01:12:19.870 align:start position:0% the co2 that's a nice David you give a complicated<01:12:18.680> answer<01:12:18.860> if<01:12:19.190> there's<01:12:19.400> no<01:12:19.520> simple 01:12:19.870 --> 01:12:19.880 align:start position:0% complicated answer if there's no simple 01:12:19.880 --> 01:12:21.280 align:start position:0% complicated answer if there's no simple answer<01:12:20.210> to<01:12:20.240> the<01:12:20.420> question<01:12:20.750> of<01:12:20.810> ten<01:12:21.050> years 01:12:21.280 --> 01:12:21.290 align:start position:0% answer to the question of ten years 01:12:21.290 --> 01:12:23.190 align:start position:0% answer to the question of ten years because<01:12:21.380> I<01:12:21.530> think<01:12:21.590> it's<01:12:21.800> a<01:12:21.860> crucial<01:12:22.160> question 01:12:23.190 --> 01:12:23.200 align:start position:0% because I think it's a crucial question 01:12:23.200 --> 01:12:24.410 align:start position:0% because I think it's a crucial question so 01:12:24.410 --> 01:12:24.420 align:start position:0% so 01:12:24.420 --> 01:12:27.830 align:start position:0% so I<01:12:24.450> think<01:12:25.190> I<01:12:26.240> don't<01:12:27.240> think<01:12:27.510> it's<01:12:27.630> a<01:12:27.690> crucial 01:12:27.830 --> 01:12:27.840 align:start position:0% I think I don't think it's a crucial 01:12:27.840 --> 01:12:29.150 align:start position:0% I think I don't think it's a crucial question<01:12:27.990> I<01:12:28.200> guess<01:12:28.350> so 01:12:29.150 --> 01:12:29.160 align:start position:0% question I guess so 01:12:29.160 --> 01:12:31.730 align:start position:0% question I guess so the<01:12:29.700> always<01:12:29.940> question<01:12:30.270> is<01:12:30.450> why<01:12:31.080> don't<01:12:31.140> we<01:12:31.530> know 01:12:31.730 --> 01:12:31.740 align:start position:0% the always question is why don't we know 01:12:31.740 --> 01:12:34.520 align:start position:0% the always question is why don't we know now<01:12:32.100> what<01:12:32.910> the<01:12:32.970> climate<01:12:33.300> impact<01:12:33.780> of<01:12:33.900> co2<01:12:34.350> is 01:12:34.520 --> 01:12:34.530 align:start position:0% now what the climate impact of co2 is 01:12:34.530 --> 01:12:36.470 align:start position:0% now what the climate impact of co2 is and<01:12:34.770> we<01:12:35.460> don't<01:12:35.670> because<01:12:35.970> there's<01:12:36.120> all<01:12:36.330> this 01:12:36.470 --> 01:12:36.480 align:start position:0% and we don't because there's all this 01:12:36.480 --> 01:12:38.210 align:start position:0% and we don't because there's all this internal<01:12:36.990> variability<01:12:37.320> in<01:12:37.560> the<01:12:37.650> system<01:12:37.680> and 01:12:38.210 --> 01:12:38.220 align:start position:0% internal variability in the system and 01:12:38.220 --> 01:12:41.330 align:start position:0% internal variability in the system and precisely<01:12:39.030> because<01:12:39.440> solar<01:12:40.440> generation<01:12:40.710> is<01:12:41.160> in 01:12:41.330 --> 01:12:41.340 align:start position:0% precisely because solar generation is in 01:12:41.340 --> 01:12:42.620 align:start position:0% precisely because solar generation is in fact<01:12:41.550> though<01:12:41.760> it<01:12:41.880> seems<01:12:42.120> like<01:12:42.210> a<01:12:42.330> huge<01:12:42.510> thing 01:12:42.620 --> 01:12:42.630 align:start position:0% fact though it seems like a huge thing 01:12:42.630 --> 01:12:44.870 align:start position:0% fact though it seems like a huge thing to<01:12:42.780> cloud<01:12:42.990> it<01:12:43.350> is<01:12:43.530> in<01:12:43.980> some<01:12:44.130> ways<01:12:44.160> emotionally 01:12:44.870 --> 01:12:44.880 align:start position:0% to cloud it is in some ways emotionally 01:12:44.880 --> 01:12:46.880 align:start position:0% to cloud it is in some ways emotionally it's<01:12:45.330> a<01:12:45.510> small<01:12:45.930> change<01:12:46.380> of<01:12:46.590> the<01:12:46.680> Earth's 01:12:46.880 --> 01:12:46.890 align:start position:0% it's a small change of the Earth's 01:12:46.890 --> 01:12:48.350 align:start position:0% it's a small change of the Earth's system<01:12:47.220> so<01:12:47.670> what<01:12:47.760> we're<01:12:47.880> talking<01:12:47.970> about<01:12:48.210> is 01:12:48.350 --> 01:12:48.360 align:start position:0% system so what we're talking about is 01:12:48.360 --> 01:12:50.570 align:start position:0% system so what we're talking about is instead<01:12:48.510> of<01:12:48.840> having<01:12:49.020> your<01:12:49.230> system<01:12:49.650> pushed<01:12:50.280> by 01:12:50.570 --> 01:12:50.580 align:start position:0% instead of having your system pushed by 01:12:50.580 --> 01:12:52.310 align:start position:0% instead of having your system pushed by you<01:12:50.910> know<01:12:51.000> five<01:12:51.300> units<01:12:51.690> we'll<01:12:51.810> be<01:12:51.900> pushing<01:12:52.110> it 01:12:52.310 --> 01:12:52.320 align:start position:0% you know five units we'll be pushing it 01:12:52.320 --> 01:12:54.080 align:start position:0% you know five units we'll be pushing it by<01:12:52.470> three<01:12:52.890> units<01:12:53.280> and<01:12:53.430> that's<01:12:53.580> spread<01:12:53.970> out 01:12:54.080 --> 01:12:54.090 align:start position:0% by three units and that's spread out 01:12:54.090 --> 01:12:56.030 align:start position:0% by three units and that's spread out over<01:12:54.120> a<01:12:54.420> century<01:12:54.870> so<01:12:55.380> in<01:12:55.500> fact<01:12:55.650> the<01:12:55.770> answer<01:12:55.800> is 01:12:56.030 --> 01:12:56.040 align:start position:0% over a century so in fact the answer is 01:12:56.040 --> 01:12:59.270 align:start position:0% over a century so in fact the answer is it<01:12:56.190> takes<01:12:56.970> a<01:12:57.090> long<01:12:57.480> time<01:12:57.930> to<01:12:58.590> see<01:12:58.800> that<01:12:58.980> effect 01:12:59.270 --> 01:12:59.280 align:start position:0% it takes a long time to see that effect 01:12:59.280 --> 01:13:02.150 align:start position:0% it takes a long time to see that effect you<01:12:59.400> can<01:12:59.550> see<01:12:59.730> the<01:12:59.850> bad<01:13:00.510> effects<01:13:00.990> of<01:13:01.230> sulfates 01:13:02.150 --> 01:13:02.160 align:start position:0% you can see the bad effects of sulfates 01:13:02.160 --> 01:13:03.500 align:start position:0% you can see the bad effects of sulfates in<01:13:02.280> the<01:13:02.370> stratosphere<01:13:02.700> very<01:13:03.030> quickly<01:13:03.240> you<01:13:03.480> can 01:13:03.500 --> 01:13:03.510 align:start position:0% in the stratosphere very quickly you can 01:13:03.510 --> 01:13:05.060 align:start position:0% in the stratosphere very quickly you can see<01:13:03.660> those<01:13:03.900> in<01:13:04.020> a<01:13:04.080> small<01:13:04.320> experiment<01:13:04.560> quickly 01:13:05.060 --> 01:13:05.070 align:start position:0% see those in a small experiment quickly 01:13:05.070 --> 01:13:07.190 align:start position:0% see those in a small experiment quickly but<01:13:05.640> to<01:13:05.790> see<01:13:05.970> the<01:13:06.120> long<01:13:06.330> term<01:13:06.600> climate<01:13:06.750> effects 01:13:07.190 --> 01:13:07.200 align:start position:0% but to see the long term climate effects 01:13:07.200 --> 01:13:09.410 align:start position:0% but to see the long term climate effects is<01:13:07.380> inherently<01:13:08.040> slow<01:13:08.340> just<01:13:09.120> as<01:13:09.270> it's 01:13:09.410 --> 01:13:09.420 align:start position:0% is inherently slow just as it's 01:13:09.420 --> 01:13:11.510 align:start position:0% is inherently slow just as it's inherently<01:13:09.750> slow<01:13:10.110> to<01:13:10.170> see<01:13:10.380> so<01:13:10.530> close<01:13:11.250> point 01:13:11.510 --> 01:13:11.520 align:start position:0% inherently slow to see so close point 01:13:11.520 --> 01:13:13.640 align:start position:0% inherently slow to see so close point that<01:13:11.640> it<01:13:11.730> could<01:13:11.820> be<01:13:12.000> 10<01:13:12.240> years<01:13:12.450> is<01:13:12.630> not<01:13:12.750> that's 01:13:13.640 --> 01:13:13.650 align:start position:0% that it could be 10 years is not that's 01:13:13.650 --> 01:13:15.770 align:start position:0% that it could be 10 years is not that's not<01:13:13.770> I'm<01:13:13.890> not<01:13:13.950> sure<01:13:14.040> what<01:13:14.310> the<01:13:14.400> it<01:13:14.610> is<01:13:14.820> to<01:13:15.600> see 01:13:15.770 --> 01:13:15.780 align:start position:0% not I'm not sure what the it is to see 01:13:15.780 --> 01:13:17.750 align:start position:0% not I'm not sure what the it is to see well<01:13:16.290> I<01:13:16.320> understood<01:13:16.830> it<01:13:16.950> to<01:13:16.980> mean<01:13:17.070> if<01:13:17.460> you<01:13:17.610> put 01:13:17.750 --> 01:13:17.760 align:start position:0% well I understood it to mean if you put 01:13:17.760 --> 01:13:19.280 align:start position:0% well I understood it to mean if you put planes<01:13:17.970> in<01:13:18.120> the<01:13:18.210> sky<01:13:18.390> to<01:13:18.450> see<01:13:18.780> what<01:13:18.900> the<01:13:18.990> impact 01:13:19.280 --> 01:13:19.290 align:start position:0% planes in the sky to see what the impact 01:13:19.290 --> 01:13:20.840 align:start position:0% planes in the sky to see what the impact would<01:13:19.410> be<01:13:19.470> of<01:13:19.680> doing<01:13:19.980> this<01:13:20.100> kind<01:13:20.340> of<01:13:20.430> aerosol 01:13:20.840 --> 01:13:20.850 align:start position:0% would be of doing this kind of aerosol 01:13:20.850 --> 01:13:22.280 align:start position:0% would be of doing this kind of aerosol injection<01:13:20.970> it<01:13:21.390> would<01:13:21.510> take<01:13:21.660> 10<01:13:21.810> years<01:13:21.840> to<01:13:22.020> find 01:13:22.280 --> 01:13:22.290 align:start position:0% injection it would take 10 years to find 01:13:22.290 --> 01:13:24.260 align:start position:0% injection it would take 10 years to find out<01:13:22.380> if<01:13:22.470> it<01:13:22.560> was<01:13:22.680> having<01:13:22.800> the<01:13:22.950> kind<01:13:23.100> of<01:13:23.150> it's<01:13:24.150> an 01:13:24.260 --> 01:13:24.270 align:start position:0% out if it was having the kind of it's an 01:13:24.270 --> 01:13:26.030 align:start position:0% out if it was having the kind of it's an engineering<01:13:24.750> question<01:13:24.990> I<01:13:25.470> mean<01:13:25.620> in 01:13:26.030 --> 01:13:26.040 align:start position:0% engineering question I mean in 01:13:26.040 --> 01:13:27.860 align:start position:0% engineering question I mean in engineering<01:13:26.670> you<01:13:27.060> make<01:13:27.270> a<01:13:27.300> change<01:13:27.660> to<01:13:27.840> a 01:13:27.860 --> 01:13:27.870 align:start position:0% engineering you make a change to a 01:13:27.870 --> 01:13:30.290 align:start position:0% engineering you make a change to a system<01:13:28.410> you<01:13:29.010> collect<01:13:29.370> data<01:13:29.580> on<01:13:29.850> what's 01:13:30.290 --> 01:13:30.300 align:start position:0% system you collect data on what's 01:13:30.300 --> 01:13:33.530 align:start position:0% system you collect data on what's happened<01:13:30.750> you<01:13:30.960> adjust<01:13:31.680> your<01:13:31.860> change<01:13:32.580> and<01:13:32.940> you 01:13:33.530 --> 01:13:33.540 align:start position:0% happened you adjust your change and you 01:13:33.540 --> 01:13:35.450 align:start position:0% happened you adjust your change and you get<01:13:33.720> a<01:13:33.750> new<01:13:34.020> optimizer<01:13:34.590> but<01:13:35.070> if<01:13:35.160> you<01:13:35.250> have<01:13:35.340> to 01:13:35.450 --> 01:13:35.460 align:start position:0% get a new optimizer but if you have to 01:13:35.460 --> 01:13:37.640 align:start position:0% get a new optimizer but if you have to wait<01:13:35.640> 10<01:13:35.970> years<01:13:36.000> but<01:13:36.540> before<01:13:37.140> we<01:13:37.230> have<01:13:37.380> enough 01:13:37.640 --> 01:13:37.650 align:start position:0% wait 10 years but before we have enough 01:13:37.650 --> 01:13:39.830 align:start position:0% wait 10 years but before we have enough data<01:13:37.970> before<01:13:38.970> you<01:13:39.150> know<01:13:39.390> whether<01:13:39.600> it's 01:13:39.830 --> 01:13:39.840 align:start position:0% data before you know whether it's 01:13:39.840 --> 01:13:42.050 align:start position:0% data before you know whether it's working<01:13:40.200> then<01:13:40.950> you've<01:13:41.160> got<01:13:41.370> a<01:13:41.400> problem<01:13:41.670> and 01:13:42.050 --> 01:13:42.060 align:start position:0% working then you've got a problem and 01:13:42.060 --> 01:13:43.760 align:start position:0% working then you've got a problem and the<01:13:42.180> thing<01:13:42.390> is<01:13:42.540> the<01:13:42.990> difference<01:13:43.290> with<01:13:43.440> co2 01:13:43.760 --> 01:13:43.770 align:start position:0% the thing is the difference with co2 01:13:43.770 --> 01:13:45.620 align:start position:0% the thing is the difference with co2 emissions<01:13:44.310> is<01:13:44.460> no<01:13:44.700> one's<01:13:44.910> putting<01:13:45.150> co2 01:13:45.620 --> 01:13:45.630 align:start position:0% emissions is no one's putting co2 01:13:45.630 --> 01:13:47.840 align:start position:0% emissions is no one's putting co2 emissions<01:13:46.170> into<01:13:46.440> the<01:13:46.470> atmosphere<01:13:46.560> in<01:13:47.430> order 01:13:47.840 --> 01:13:47.850 align:start position:0% emissions into the atmosphere in order 01:13:47.850 --> 01:13:51.200 align:start position:0% emissions into the atmosphere in order to<01:13:48.000> change<01:13:48.210> the<01:13:48.480> climate<01:13:48.690> it's<01:13:49.410> a<01:13:49.970> tragic<01:13:50.970> side 01:13:51.200 --> 01:13:51.210 align:start position:0% to change the climate it's a tragic side 01:13:51.210 --> 01:13:53.120 align:start position:0% to change the climate it's a tragic side effect<01:13:51.510> if<01:13:51.900> you're<01:13:52.080> putting<01:13:52.350> so2<01:13:52.680> into<01:13:53.010> the 01:13:53.120 --> 01:13:53.130 align:start position:0% effect if you're putting so2 into the 01:13:53.130 --> 01:13:55.280 align:start position:0% effect if you're putting so2 into the upper<01:13:53.790> atmosphere<01:13:53.880> you<01:13:54.510> are<01:13:54.660> deliberately 01:13:55.280 --> 01:13:55.290 align:start position:0% upper atmosphere you are deliberately 01:13:55.290 --> 01:13:57.740 align:start position:0% upper atmosphere you are deliberately trying<01:13:55.890> to<01:13:56.160> regulate<01:13:56.700> have<01:13:57.090> an<01:13:57.180> impact<01:13:57.510> on<01:13:57.630> the 01:13:57.740 --> 01:13:57.750 align:start position:0% trying to regulate have an impact on the 01:13:57.750 --> 01:13:59.990 align:start position:0% trying to regulate have an impact on the climate<01:13:58.170> and<01:13:58.320> that<01:13:58.740> changes<01:13:59.310> the<01:13:59.430> dynamics 01:13:59.990 --> 01:14:00.000 align:start position:0% climate and that changes the dynamics 01:14:00.000 --> 01:14:02.660 align:start position:0% climate and that changes the dynamics the<01:14:00.150> politics<01:14:00.660> the<01:14:00.840> blame<01:14:01.170> the<01:14:01.950> whole<01:14:02.070> ethical 01:14:02.660 --> 01:14:02.670 align:start position:0% the politics the blame the whole ethical 01:14:02.670 --> 01:14:05.300 align:start position:0% the politics the blame the whole ethical question<01:14:03.060> of<01:14:03.180> blame<01:14:03.540> is<01:14:04.080> a<01:14:04.140> very<01:14:04.530> profound<01:14:04.980> one 01:14:05.300 --> 01:14:05.310 align:start position:0% question of blame is a very profound one 01:14:05.310 --> 01:14:07.100 align:start position:0% question of blame is a very profound one that<01:14:05.550> I'm<01:14:05.730> suggesting<01:14:05.970> would<01:14:06.510> create<01:14:06.870> all 01:14:07.100 --> 01:14:07.110 align:start position:0% that I'm suggesting would create all 01:14:07.110 --> 01:14:08.300 align:start position:0% that I'm suggesting would create all kinds<01:14:07.140> of<01:14:07.710> G's 01:14:08.300 --> 01:14:08.310 align:start position:0% kinds of G's 01:14:08.310 --> 01:14:10.460 align:start position:0% kinds of G's I<01:14:08.970> just<01:14:09.240> want<01:14:09.420> to<01:14:09.480> come<01:14:09.570> back<01:14:09.600> to<01:14:09.960> would<01:14:10.320> either 01:14:10.460 --> 01:14:10.470 align:start position:0% I just want to come back to would either 01:14:10.470 --> 01:14:12.110 align:start position:0% I just want to come back to would either of<01:14:10.590> you<01:14:10.650> like<01:14:10.740> to<01:14:10.890> respond<01:14:11.190> to<01:14:11.220> to<01:14:11.910> where<01:14:12.030> we 01:14:12.110 --> 01:14:12.120 align:start position:0% of you like to respond to to where we 01:14:12.120 --> 01:14:14.150 align:start position:0% of you like to respond to to where we are<01:14:12.270> I<01:14:12.810> think<01:14:12.870> that<01:14:13.080> question<01:14:13.290> of<01:14:13.590> 10<01:14:13.800> years<01:14:13.980> is 01:14:14.150 --> 01:14:14.160 align:start position:0% are I think that question of 10 years is 01:14:14.160 --> 01:14:15.890 align:start position:0% are I think that question of 10 years is still<01:14:14.220> yeah<01:14:14.880> there's<01:14:15.090> still<01:14:15.360> two<01:14:15.510> things<01:14:15.750> that 01:14:15.890 --> 01:14:15.900 align:start position:0% still yeah there's still two things that 01:14:15.900 --> 01:14:17.930 align:start position:0% still yeah there's still two things that on<01:14:16.050> the<01:14:16.080> 10-year<01:14:16.560> question<01:14:17.100> I<01:14:17.280> think<01:14:17.790> you 01:14:17.930 --> 01:14:17.940 align:start position:0% on the 10-year question I think you 01:14:17.940 --> 01:14:20.660 align:start position:0% on the 10-year question I think you can't<01:14:18.210> have<01:14:18.390> it<01:14:18.540> both<01:14:18.840> ways<01:14:19.010> the<01:14:20.010> fact<01:14:20.340> that<01:14:20.460> it 01:14:20.660 --> 01:14:20.670 align:start position:0% can't have it both ways the fact that it 01:14:20.670 --> 01:14:23.720 align:start position:0% can't have it both ways the fact that it takes<01:14:20.850> would<01:14:21.510> we<01:14:22.080> think<01:14:22.380> now<01:14:22.620> take<01:14:23.310> a<01:14:23.340> long 01:14:23.720 --> 01:14:23.730 align:start position:0% takes would we think now take a long 01:14:23.730 --> 01:14:25.640 align:start position:0% takes would we think now take a long time<01:14:24.060> to<01:14:24.330> observe<01:14:24.690> the<01:14:24.870> climate<01:14:25.230> effects<01:14:25.500> of 01:14:25.640 --> 01:14:25.650 align:start position:0% time to observe the climate effects of 01:14:25.650 --> 01:14:28.190 align:start position:0% time to observe the climate effects of an<01:14:25.740> intervention<01:14:26.070> is<01:14:26.460> a<01:14:26.880> manifestation<01:14:27.510> of 01:14:28.190 --> 01:14:28.200 align:start position:0% an intervention is a manifestation of 01:14:28.200 --> 01:14:29.960 align:start position:0% an intervention is a manifestation of the<01:14:28.440> intervention<01:14:29.130> being<01:14:29.370> small<01:14:29.940> and 01:14:29.960 --> 01:14:29.970 align:start position:0% the intervention being small and 01:14:29.970 --> 01:14:33.710 align:start position:0% the intervention being small and incremental<01:14:30.810> you<01:14:31.770> could<01:14:32.100> see<01:14:32.670> effects<01:14:33.180> faster 01:14:33.710 --> 01:14:33.720 align:start position:0% incremental you could see effects faster 01:14:33.720 --> 01:14:36.710 align:start position:0% incremental you could see effects faster if<01:14:33.930> you<01:14:34.200> hammered<01:14:34.800> with<01:14:35.190> a<01:14:35.220> huge<01:14:35.720> intervention 01:14:36.710 --> 01:14:36.720 align:start position:0% if you hammered with a huge intervention 01:14:36.720 --> 01:14:38.330 align:start position:0% if you hammered with a huge intervention but<01:14:37.380> that<01:14:37.620> would<01:14:37.860> be<01:14:38.010> a 01:14:38.330 --> 01:14:38.340 align:start position:0% but that would be a 01:14:38.340 --> 01:14:39.620 align:start position:0% but that would be a dangerous<01:14:38.850> thing<01:14:38.880> to<01:14:39.090> do<01:14:39.360> it<01:14:39.510> would<01:14:39.600> be 01:14:39.620 --> 01:14:39.630 align:start position:0% dangerous thing to do it would be 01:14:39.630 --> 01:14:42.260 align:start position:0% dangerous thing to do it would be dangerous<01:14:40.290> thing<01:14:40.530> to<01:14:40.560> do<01:14:40.800> whether<01:14:41.490> it<01:14:41.850> was<01:14:42.060> for 01:14:42.260 --> 01:14:42.270 align:start position:0% dangerous thing to do whether it was for 01:14:42.270 --> 01:14:44.300 align:start position:0% dangerous thing to do whether it was for the<01:14:42.330> purpose<01:14:42.720> of<01:14:42.840> pushing<01:14:43.710> the<01:14:43.800> climate<01:14:44.160> that 01:14:44.300 --> 01:14:44.310 align:start position:0% the purpose of pushing the climate that 01:14:44.310 --> 01:14:45.800 align:start position:0% the purpose of pushing the climate that far<01:14:44.550> or<01:14:44.850> for<01:14:45.180> the<01:14:45.270> purpose<01:14:45.570> of<01:14:45.690> understanding 01:14:45.800 --> 01:14:45.810 align:start position:0% far or for the purpose of understanding 01:14:45.810 --> 01:14:50.720 align:start position:0% far or for the purpose of understanding the<01:14:46.380> effect<01:14:46.680> so<01:14:48.260> hard<01:14:49.260> signal-to-noise<01:14:49.890> is 01:14:50.720 --> 01:14:50.730 align:start position:0% the effect so hard signal-to-noise is 01:14:50.730 --> 01:14:53.570 align:start position:0% the effect so hard signal-to-noise is actually<01:14:51.510> a<01:14:51.540> manifestation<01:14:51.900> of<01:14:52.590> prudent 01:14:53.570 --> 01:14:53.580 align:start position:0% actually a manifestation of prudent 01:14:53.580 --> 01:14:56.210 align:start position:0% actually a manifestation of prudent incremental<01:14:54.360> interventions<01:14:55.350> within<01:14:55.950> the 01:14:56.210 --> 01:14:56.220 align:start position:0% incremental interventions within the 01:14:56.220 --> 01:14:59.510 align:start position:0% incremental interventions within the limits<01:14:56.520> of<01:14:56.580> what<01:14:56.760> we<01:14:56.790> now<01:14:57.330> know<01:14:58.080> can<01:14:58.740> I<01:14:59.370> also 01:14:59.510 --> 01:14:59.520 align:start position:0% limits of what we now know can I also 01:14:59.520 --> 01:15:01.550 align:start position:0% limits of what we now know can I also comment<01:15:00.060> on<01:15:00.150> intentionality<01:15:00.990> versus 01:15:01.550 --> 01:15:01.560 align:start position:0% comment on intentionality versus 01:15:01.560 --> 01:15:05.900 align:start position:0% comment on intentionality versus inadvertent<01:15:02.960> yes<01:15:03.960> or<01:15:04.200> yes<01:15:04.350> yep<01:15:04.890> no<01:15:05.490> you<01:15:05.550> may 01:15:05.900 --> 01:15:05.910 align:start position:0% inadvertent yes or yes yep no you may 01:15:05.910 --> 01:15:10.790 align:start position:0% inadvertent yes or yes yep no you may not<01:15:05.940> yes<01:15:06.270> yeah<01:15:08.450> it's<01:15:09.450> it's<01:15:10.050> an<01:15:10.230> important<01:15:10.680> it's 01:15:10.790 --> 01:15:10.800 align:start position:0% not yes yeah it's it's an important it's 01:15:10.800 --> 01:15:12.710 align:start position:0% not yes yeah it's it's an important it's an<01:15:10.950> important<01:15:11.400> distinction<01:15:11.790> philosophically 01:15:12.710 --> 01:15:12.720 align:start position:0% an important distinction philosophically 01:15:12.720 --> 01:15:14.930 align:start position:0% an important distinction philosophically but<01:15:12.900> I'm<01:15:13.680> not<01:15:13.860> convinced<01:15:14.460> that<01:15:14.520> it's<01:15:14.790> an 01:15:14.930 --> 01:15:14.940 align:start position:0% but I'm not convinced that it's an 01:15:14.940 --> 01:15:18.080 align:start position:0% but I'm not convinced that it's an important<01:15:15.450> top<01:15:15.840> level<01:15:16.260> issue<01:15:16.530> in<01:15:17.090> practical 01:15:18.080 --> 01:15:18.090 align:start position:0% important top level issue in practical 01:15:18.090 --> 01:15:20.750 align:start position:0% important top level issue in practical terms<01:15:18.120> I<01:15:18.690> mean<01:15:18.840> we<01:15:19.230> already<01:15:19.500> are<01:15:20.100> making<01:15:20.640> an 01:15:20.750 --> 01:15:20.760 align:start position:0% terms I mean we already are making an 01:15:20.760 --> 01:15:22.580 align:start position:0% terms I mean we already are making an enormous<01:15:20.910> and<01:15:21.540> clearly<01:15:22.020> destructive 01:15:22.580 --> 01:15:22.590 align:start position:0% enormous and clearly destructive 01:15:22.590 --> 01:15:25.190 align:start position:0% enormous and clearly destructive perturbation<01:15:23.250> to<01:15:23.460> the<01:15:23.490> atmosphere<01:15:24.420> and<01:15:24.630> the 01:15:25.190 --> 01:15:25.200 align:start position:0% perturbation to the atmosphere and the 01:15:25.200 --> 01:15:27.620 align:start position:0% perturbation to the atmosphere and the fact<01:15:25.470> that<01:15:25.680> is<01:15:25.830> the<01:15:26.070> inadvertent<01:15:26.940> side<01:15:27.240> effect 01:15:27.620 --> 01:15:27.630 align:start position:0% fact that is the inadvertent side effect 01:15:27.630 --> 01:15:29.990 align:start position:0% fact that is the inadvertent side effect of<01:15:27.810> things<01:15:28.380> that<01:15:28.740> people<01:15:29.220> have<01:15:29.550> done<01:15:29.760> for<01:15:29.790> a 01:15:29.990 --> 01:15:30.000 align:start position:0% of things that people have done for a 01:15:30.000 --> 01:15:32.240 align:start position:0% of things that people have done for a hundred<01:15:30.360> and<01:15:30.390> fifty<01:15:30.750> years<01:15:30.960> for<01:15:31.380> good<01:15:31.710> reasons 01:15:32.240 --> 01:15:32.250 align:start position:0% hundred and fifty years for good reasons 01:15:32.250 --> 01:15:34.520 align:start position:0% hundred and fifty years for good reasons of<01:15:32.550> advancing<01:15:33.300> prosperity<01:15:34.020> and<01:15:34.230> getting 01:15:34.520 --> 01:15:34.530 align:start position:0% of advancing prosperity and getting 01:15:34.530 --> 01:15:37.100 align:start position:0% of advancing prosperity and getting energy<01:15:34.830> and<01:15:34.980> so<01:15:35.130> on<01:15:35.160> doesn't<01:15:36.090> let<01:15:36.300> us<01:15:36.480> off<01:15:36.660> the 01:15:37.100 --> 01:15:37.110 align:start position:0% energy and so on doesn't let us off the 01:15:37.110 --> 01:15:37.340 align:start position:0% energy and so on doesn't let us off the hook 01:15:37.340 --> 01:15:37.350 align:start position:0% hook 01:15:37.350 --> 01:15:41.930 align:start position:0% hook the<01:15:38.210> blameworthiness<01:15:39.210> is<01:15:40.010> present<01:15:41.010> and<01:15:41.160> large 01:15:41.930 --> 01:15:41.940 align:start position:0% the blameworthiness is present and large 01:15:41.940 --> 01:15:44.720 align:start position:0% the blameworthiness is present and large and<01:15:42.360> the<01:15:43.140> differences<01:15:43.830> with<01:15:44.220> an<01:15:44.370> intervention 01:15:44.720 --> 01:15:44.730 align:start position:0% and the differences with an intervention 01:15:44.730 --> 01:15:46.850 align:start position:0% and the differences with an intervention being<01:15:45.150> intentional<01:15:45.960> I<01:15:46.110> think<01:15:46.440> line<01:15:46.650> the 01:15:46.850 --> 01:15:46.860 align:start position:0% being intentional I think line the 01:15:46.860 --> 01:15:48.850 align:start position:0% being intentional I think line the domain<01:15:47.160> of<01:15:47.420> practical<01:15:48.420> political 01:15:48.850 --> 01:15:48.860 align:start position:0% domain of practical political 01:15:48.860 --> 01:15:51.500 align:start position:0% domain of practical political calculations<01:15:49.860> those<01:15:50.850> that<01:15:51.090> are<01:15:51.180> raised<01:15:51.390> by 01:15:51.500 --> 01:15:51.510 align:start position:0% calculations those that are raised by 01:15:51.510 --> 01:15:53.870 align:start position:0% calculations those that are raised by Clive's<01:15:51.870> arguments<01:15:52.590> earlier<01:15:52.860> you<01:15:53.250> really<01:15:53.700> do 01:15:53.870 --> 01:15:53.880 align:start position:0% Clive's arguments earlier you really do 01:15:53.880 --> 01:15:56.120 align:start position:0% Clive's arguments earlier you really do want<01:15:54.150> to<01:15:54.210> worry<01:15:54.540> very<01:15:54.900> much<01:15:55.050> about<01:15:55.260> who's<01:15:55.920> in 01:15:56.120 --> 01:15:56.130 align:start position:0% want to worry very much about who's in 01:15:56.130 --> 01:15:59.330 align:start position:0% want to worry very much about who's in charge<01:15:56.160> and<01:15:57.020> that<01:15:58.020> depends<01:15:58.590> on<01:15:58.650> how<01:15:58.860> unequal 01:15:59.330 --> 01:15:59.340 align:start position:0% charge and that depends on how unequal 01:15:59.340 --> 01:16:01.490 align:start position:0% charge and that depends on how unequal the<01:15:59.430> effects<01:15:59.790> are<01:15:59.910> be<01:16:00.060> will<01:16:00.480> be<01:16:00.510> but<01:16:01.110> you<01:16:01.260> do 01:16:01.490 --> 01:16:01.500 align:start position:0% the effects are be will be but you do 01:16:01.500 --> 01:16:04.340 align:start position:0% the effects are be will be but you do want<01:16:01.740> to<01:16:01.800> worry<01:16:02.070> very<01:16:02.310> much<01:16:02.640> and<01:16:02.850> so<01:16:03.240> you<01:16:04.020> need 01:16:04.340 --> 01:16:04.350 align:start position:0% want to worry very much and so you need 01:16:04.350 --> 01:16:07.280 align:start position:0% want to worry very much and so you need governance<01:16:05.300> Clive<01:16:06.300> I<01:16:06.420> can<01:16:06.570> give<01:16:06.720> you<01:16:06.840> 25 01:16:07.280 --> 01:16:07.290 align:start position:0% governance Clive I can give you 25 01:16:07.290 --> 01:16:09.470 align:start position:0% governance Clive I can give you 25 seconds<01:16:07.680> but<01:16:08.100> on<01:16:08.220> say<01:16:08.580> you<01:16:08.910> know<01:16:08.970> think<01:16:09.240> of<01:16:09.360> it 01:16:09.470 --> 01:16:09.480 align:start position:0% seconds but on say you know think of it 01:16:09.480 --> 01:16:11.150 align:start position:0% seconds but on say you know think of it from<01:16:09.690> the<01:16:09.780> point<01:16:09.990> of<01:16:10.110> view<01:16:10.170> of<01:16:10.290> the<01:16:10.650> peasant 01:16:11.150 --> 01:16:11.160 align:start position:0% from the point of view of the peasant 01:16:11.160 --> 01:16:14.060 align:start position:0% from the point of view of the peasant farmer<01:16:11.670> in<01:16:11.880> Pakistan<01:16:12.600> and<01:16:12.870> the<01:16:13.560> the<01:16:13.800> rains 01:16:14.060 --> 01:16:14.070 align:start position:0% farmer in Pakistan and the the rains 01:16:14.070 --> 01:16:14.900 align:start position:0% farmer in Pakistan and the the rains have<01:16:14.340> failed 01:16:14.900 --> 01:16:14.910 align:start position:0% have failed 01:16:14.910 --> 01:16:17.600 align:start position:0% have failed there's<01:16:15.600> people<01:16:16.230> are<01:16:16.500> starting<01:16:17.010> to<01:16:17.070> go<01:16:17.310> hungry 01:16:17.600 --> 01:16:17.610 align:start position:0% there's people are starting to go hungry 01:16:17.610 --> 01:16:19.970 align:start position:0% there's people are starting to go hungry you<01:16:18.420> know<01:16:18.690> that<01:16:18.990> someone<01:16:19.440> somewhere<01:16:19.740> in<01:16:19.950> the 01:16:19.970 --> 01:16:19.980 align:start position:0% you know that someone somewhere in the 01:16:19.980 --> 01:16:21.890 align:start position:0% you know that someone somewhere in the world<01:16:20.070> is<01:16:20.460> messing<01:16:20.910> with<01:16:20.940> the<01:16:21.270> climate<01:16:21.720> system 01:16:21.890 --> 01:16:21.900 align:start position:0% world is messing with the climate system 01:16:21.900 --> 01:16:25.700 align:start position:0% world is messing with the climate system it's<01:16:22.710> not<01:16:22.920> it's<01:16:23.220> not<01:16:23.370> an<01:16:23.550> act<01:16:23.730> of<01:16:23.880> God<01:16:24.180> and<01:16:24.710> a 01:16:25.700 --> 01:16:25.710 align:start position:0% it's not it's not an act of God and a 01:16:25.710 --> 01:16:27.530 align:start position:0% it's not it's not an act of God and a political<01:16:26.310> stirrer<01:16:26.580> comes<01:16:26.940> along<01:16:27.180> and<01:16:27.300> tells 01:16:27.530 --> 01:16:27.540 align:start position:0% political stirrer comes along and tells 01:16:27.540 --> 01:16:30.980 align:start position:0% political stirrer comes along and tells you<01:16:27.750> America<01:16:28.590> the<01:16:28.830> Great<01:16:29.040> Satan<01:16:29.370> is<01:16:29.990> messing 01:16:30.980 --> 01:16:30.990 align:start position:0% you America the Great Satan is messing 01:16:30.990 --> 01:16:32.810 align:start position:0% you America the Great Satan is messing with<01:16:31.020> your<01:16:31.320> climate<01:16:31.800> you've<01:16:31.980> got<01:16:32.130> a<01:16:32.160> massive 01:16:32.810 --> 01:16:32.820 align:start position:0% with your climate you've got a massive 01:16:32.820 --> 01:16:34.430 align:start position:0% with your climate you've got a massive political<01:16:33.120> problem<01:16:33.750> and<01:16:33.870> that<01:16:34.020> concludes 01:16:34.430 --> 01:16:34.440 align:start position:0% political problem and that concludes 01:16:34.440 --> 01:16:36.260 align:start position:0% political problem and that concludes round<01:16:34.590> two<01:16:35.040> of<01:16:35.280> this<01:16:35.520> intelligence<01:16:36.090> squared 01:16:36.260 --> 01:16:36.270 align:start position:0% round two of this intelligence squared 01:16:36.270 --> 01:16:39.300 align:start position:0% round two of this intelligence squared us<01:16:36.630> debate<01:16:36.930> where<01:16:37.860> our<01:16:38.130> resolution<01:16:38.790> is 01:16:39.300 --> 01:16:39.310 align:start position:0% us debate where our resolution is 01:16:39.310 --> 01:16:45.150 align:start position:0% us debate where our resolution is solar<01:16:40.120> radiation<01:16:40.840> is<01:16:41.050> a<01:16:41.080> crazy<01:16:41.770> idea<01:16:42.280> and<01:16:44.160> now 01:16:45.150 --> 01:16:45.160 align:start position:0% solar radiation is a crazy idea and now 01:16:45.160 --> 01:16:46.290 align:start position:0% solar radiation is a crazy idea and now we<01:16:45.220> move<01:16:45.400> on<01:16:45.550> to<01:16:45.700> Round<01:16:45.880> three 01:16:46.290 --> 01:16:46.300 align:start position:0% we move on to Round three 01:16:46.300 --> 01:16:48.600 align:start position:0% we move on to Round three immediately<01:16:46.840> after<01:16:47.440> round<01:16:47.980> three<01:16:48.310> will<01:16:48.490> ask 01:16:48.600 --> 01:16:48.610 align:start position:0% immediately after round three will ask 01:16:48.610 --> 01:16:50.580 align:start position:0% immediately after round three will ask you<01:16:48.760> to<01:16:48.850> vote<01:16:48.940> a<01:16:49.000> second<01:16:49.420> time<01:16:49.630> and<01:16:49.930> we<01:16:50.350> will 01:16:50.580 --> 01:16:50.590 align:start position:0% you to vote a second time and we will 01:16:50.590 --> 01:16:52.500 align:start position:0% you to vote a second time and we will then<01:16:50.860> announce<01:16:51.490> the<01:16:51.700> winner<01:16:51.850> of<01:16:51.970> the<01:16:52.300> debate 01:16:52.500 --> 01:16:52.510 align:start position:0% then announce the winner of the debate 01:16:52.510 --> 01:16:54.090 align:start position:0% then announce the winner of the debate by<01:16:52.660> comparing<01:16:53.080> the<01:16:53.170> first<01:16:53.320> and<01:16:53.680> the<01:16:53.740> second 01:16:54.090 --> 01:16:54.100 align:start position:0% by comparing the first and the second 01:16:54.100 --> 01:16:56.010 align:start position:0% by comparing the first and the second votes<01:16:54.310> round<01:16:54.970> three<01:16:55.240> our<01:16:55.420> closing<01:16:55.750> statements 01:16:56.010 --> 01:16:56.020 align:start position:0% votes round three our closing statements 01:16:56.020 --> 01:16:58.620 align:start position:0% votes round three our closing statements by<01:16:56.590> each<01:16:56.830> debater<01:16:57.250> in<01:16:57.340> turn<01:16:57.820> these<01:16:58.330> will<01:16:58.540> be 01:16:58.620 --> 01:16:58.630 align:start position:0% by each debater in turn these will be 01:16:58.630 --> 01:16:59.690 align:start position:0% by each debater in turn these will be two<01:16:58.810> minutes<01:16:59.080> each 01:16:59.690 --> 01:16:59.700 align:start position:0% two minutes each 01:16:59.700 --> 01:17:02.190 align:start position:0% two minutes each making<01:17:00.700> her<01:17:00.910> closing<01:17:01.300> statement<01:17:01.810> in<01:17:01.960> support 01:17:02.190 --> 01:17:02.200 align:start position:0% making her closing statement in support 01:17:02.200 --> 01:17:04.290 align:start position:0% making her closing statement in support of<01:17:02.650> the<01:17:02.770> motion<01:17:03.100> that<01:17:03.130> engineering<01:17:03.970> is<01:17:04.090> solar 01:17:04.290 --> 01:17:04.300 align:start position:0% of the motion that engineering is solar 01:17:04.300 --> 01:17:06.030 align:start position:0% of the motion that engineering is solar radiation<01:17:04.840> is<01:17:04.990> a<01:17:05.020> crazy<01:17:05.350> idea 01:17:06.030 --> 01:17:06.040 align:start position:0% radiation is a crazy idea 01:17:06.040 --> 01:17:07.770 align:start position:0% radiation is a crazy idea please<01:17:06.430> welcome<01:17:06.610> again<01:17:07.000> Oxford<01:17:07.510> scholar 01:17:07.770 --> 01:17:07.780 align:start position:0% please welcome again Oxford scholar 01:17:07.780 --> 01:17:17.430 align:start position:0% please welcome again Oxford scholar Anjali<01:17:08.320> Vishwa<01:17:08.770> Mohan<01:17:09.190> on<01:17:16.050> to<01:17:17.050> wind<01:17:17.260> up 01:17:17.430 --> 01:17:17.440 align:start position:0% Anjali Vishwa Mohan on to wind up 01:17:17.440 --> 01:17:19.620 align:start position:0% Anjali Vishwa Mohan on to wind up discussions<01:17:18.070> today<01:17:18.370> let<01:17:18.730> us<01:17:18.760> go<01:17:19.060> back<01:17:19.240> to<01:17:19.300> the 01:17:19.620 --> 01:17:19.630 align:start position:0% discussions today let us go back to the 01:17:19.630 --> 01:17:21.840 align:start position:0% discussions today let us go back to the proposition<01:17:20.040> which<01:17:21.040> is<01:17:21.250> that<01:17:21.580> solar 01:17:21.840 --> 01:17:21.850 align:start position:0% proposition which is that solar 01:17:21.850 --> 01:17:24.530 align:start position:0% proposition which is that solar geoengineering<01:17:22.630> is<01:17:22.900> a<01:17:22.960> crazy<01:17:23.440> idea 01:17:24.530 --> 01:17:24.540 align:start position:0% geoengineering is a crazy idea 01:17:24.540 --> 01:17:27.210 align:start position:0% geoengineering is a crazy idea it<01:17:25.540> is<01:17:25.720> important<01:17:26.290> to<01:17:26.380> recognize<01:17:26.860> that<01:17:26.890> at 01:17:27.210 --> 01:17:27.220 align:start position:0% it is important to recognize that at 01:17:27.220 --> 01:17:29.280 align:start position:0% it is important to recognize that at this<01:17:27.370> point<01:17:27.670> solar<01:17:28.360> geoengineering<01:17:29.050> is 01:17:29.280 --> 01:17:29.290 align:start position:0% this point solar geoengineering is 01:17:29.290 --> 01:17:32.820 align:start position:0% this point solar geoengineering is riddled<01:17:29.710> with<01:17:29.890> uncertainties<01:17:31.530> former<01:17:32.530> UN 01:17:32.820 --> 01:17:32.830 align:start position:0% riddled with uncertainties former UN 01:17:32.830 --> 01:17:35.570 align:start position:0% riddled with uncertainties former UN Secretary<01:17:32.860> General<01:17:33.670> Ban<01:17:33.820> ki-moon<01:17:34.180> wants<01:17:35.110> that 01:17:35.570 --> 01:17:35.580 align:start position:0% Secretary General Ban ki-moon wants that 01:17:35.580 --> 01:17:38.210 align:start position:0% Secretary General Ban ki-moon wants that engineering<01:17:36.580> solar<01:17:37.060> radiation<01:17:37.690> could<01:17:37.900> risk 01:17:38.210 --> 01:17:38.220 align:start position:0% engineering solar radiation could risk 01:17:38.220 --> 01:17:40.140 align:start position:0% engineering solar radiation could risk exacerbating<01:17:39.220> wider<01:17:39.490> threats<01:17:39.940> to 01:17:40.140 --> 01:17:40.150 align:start position:0% exacerbating wider threats to 01:17:40.150 --> 01:17:43.110 align:start position:0% exacerbating wider threats to international<01:17:40.300> peace<01:17:41.050> and<01:17:41.080> security<01:17:42.120> without 01:17:43.110 --> 01:17:43.120 align:start position:0% international peace and security without 01:17:43.120 --> 01:17:45.300 align:start position:0% international peace and security without complete<01:17:43.810> global<01:17:44.080> scientific<01:17:44.770> and<01:17:45.160> political 01:17:45.300 --> 01:17:45.310 align:start position:0% complete global scientific and political 01:17:45.310 --> 01:17:47.820 align:start position:0% complete global scientific and political cooperation<01:17:45.910> there<01:17:46.870> are<01:17:46.960> high<01:17:47.140> chances<01:17:47.170> of 01:17:47.820 --> 01:17:47.830 align:start position:0% cooperation there are high chances of 01:17:47.830 --> 01:17:50.460 align:start position:0% cooperation there are high chances of misuse<01:17:48.280> of<01:17:48.550> solar<01:17:48.790> geoengineering<01:17:49.510> the 01:17:50.460 --> 01:17:50.470 align:start position:0% misuse of solar geoengineering the 01:17:50.470 --> 01:17:51.770 align:start position:0% misuse of solar geoengineering the impacts<01:17:50.980> of<01:17:51.070> which<01:17:51.280> will<01:17:51.460> bear<01:17:51.700> down 01:17:51.770 --> 01:17:51.780 align:start position:0% impacts of which will bear down 01:17:51.780 --> 01:17:53.970 align:start position:0% impacts of which will bear down predominantly<01:17:52.780> on<01:17:52.930> the<01:17:53.020> global<01:17:53.380> south<01:17:53.590> than 01:17:53.970 --> 01:17:53.980 align:start position:0% predominantly on the global south than 01:17:53.980 --> 01:17:56.880 align:start position:0% predominantly on the global south than it<01:17:54.160> will<01:17:54.340> in<01:17:54.580> the<01:17:54.670> rest<01:17:54.850> of<01:17:54.970> the<01:17:55.060> world<01:17:55.890> the 01:17:56.880 --> 01:17:56.890 align:start position:0% it will in the rest of the world the 01:17:56.890 --> 01:17:59.280 align:start position:0% it will in the rest of the world the first<01:17:57.160> attempt<01:17:57.670> at<01:17:57.820> establishing<01:17:58.510> a<01:17:58.630> global 01:17:59.280 --> 01:17:59.290 align:start position:0% first attempt at establishing a global 01:17:59.290 --> 01:18:01.260 align:start position:0% first attempt at establishing a global governance<01:17:59.740> regime<01:18:00.310> was<01:18:00.520> initiated<01:18:01.060> at<01:18:01.210> the 01:18:01.260 --> 01:18:01.270 align:start position:0% governance regime was initiated at the 01:18:01.270 --> 01:18:03.990 align:start position:0% governance regime was initiated at the UN<01:18:01.840> Environment<01:18:02.200> assembly<01:18:02.890> held<01:18:03.310> in<01:18:03.520> Nairobi 01:18:03.990 --> 01:18:04.000 align:start position:0% UN Environment assembly held in Nairobi 01:18:04.000 --> 01:18:06.630 align:start position:0% UN Environment assembly held in Nairobi last<01:18:04.240> month<01:18:05.040> the<01:18:06.040> resolution<01:18:06.580> on 01:18:06.630 --> 01:18:06.640 align:start position:0% last month the resolution on 01:18:06.640 --> 01:18:09.630 align:start position:0% last month the resolution on geoengineering<01:18:07.300> failed<01:18:07.780> for<01:18:08.710> some<01:18:09.190> reasons 01:18:09.630 --> 01:18:09.640 align:start position:0% geoengineering failed for some reasons 01:18:09.640 --> 01:18:12.300 align:start position:0% geoengineering failed for some reasons which<01:18:09.820> included<01:18:10.360> the<01:18:10.750> forum<01:18:11.200> of<01:18:11.350> where<01:18:11.980> it<01:18:12.160> was 01:18:12.300 --> 01:18:12.310 align:start position:0% which included the forum of where it was 01:18:12.310 --> 01:18:14.670 align:start position:0% which included the forum of where it was raised<01:18:12.610> but<01:18:13.300> more<01:18:13.540> interestingly<01:18:13.810> regarding 01:18:14.670 --> 01:18:14.680 align:start position:0% raised but more interestingly regarding 01:18:14.680 --> 01:18:16.530 align:start position:0% raised but more interestingly regarding the<01:18:14.800> continuation<01:18:15.250> of<01:18:15.610> research<01:18:16.030> using<01:18:16.300> a 01:18:16.530 --> 01:18:16.540 align:start position:0% the continuation of research using a 01:18:16.540 --> 01:18:19.440 align:start position:0% the continuation of research using a precautionary<01:18:17.230> approach<01:18:17.880> the<01:18:18.880> precautionary 01:18:19.440 --> 01:18:19.450 align:start position:0% precautionary approach the precautionary 01:18:19.450 --> 01:18:21.840 align:start position:0% precautionary approach the precautionary approach<01:18:19.660> is<01:18:20.110> a<01:18:20.170> notion<01:18:20.800> that<01:18:20.830> an<01:18:21.160> action<01:18:21.610> must 01:18:21.840 --> 01:18:21.850 align:start position:0% approach is a notion that an action must 01:18:21.850 --> 01:18:25.170 align:start position:0% approach is a notion that an action must first<01:18:22.240> and<01:18:22.540> foremost<01:18:23.260> avoid<01:18:23.740> doing<01:18:24.610> any<01:18:24.850> harm 01:18:25.170 --> 01:18:25.180 align:start position:0% first and foremost avoid doing any harm 01:18:25.180 --> 01:18:27.540 align:start position:0% first and foremost avoid doing any harm and<01:18:25.480> the<01:18:25.990> proponents<01:18:26.380> of<01:18:26.740> an<01:18:26.890> action<01:18:27.280> must 01:18:27.540 --> 01:18:27.550 align:start position:0% and the proponents of an action must 01:18:27.550 --> 01:18:29.640 align:start position:0% and the proponents of an action must demonstrate<01:18:27.760> this<01:18:28.420> avoidance<01:18:29.050> before<01:18:29.410> any 01:18:29.640 --> 01:18:29.650 align:start position:0% demonstrate this avoidance before any 01:18:29.650 --> 01:18:34.080 align:start position:0% demonstrate this avoidance before any action<01:18:30.130> can<01:18:30.400> be<01:18:30.430> taken<01:18:30.580> and<01:18:31.350> for<01:18:32.350> me<01:18:32.880> here<01:18:33.880> is 01:18:34.080 --> 01:18:34.090 align:start position:0% action can be taken and for me here is 01:18:34.090 --> 01:18:37.170 align:start position:0% action can be taken and for me here is where<01:18:34.300> the<01:18:34.420> road<01:18:34.600> forks<01:18:35.020> tonight<01:18:35.760> today<01:18:36.760> each 01:18:37.170 --> 01:18:37.180 align:start position:0% where the road forks tonight today each 01:18:37.180 --> 01:18:39.090 align:start position:0% where the road forks tonight today each component<01:18:38.020> that<01:18:38.170> determines<01:18:38.620> the<01:18:38.800> fate<01:18:39.040> of 01:18:39.090 --> 01:18:39.100 align:start position:0% component that determines the fate of 01:18:39.100 --> 01:18:41.010 align:start position:0% component that determines the fate of this<01:18:39.370> planet<01:18:39.490> and<01:18:40.060> its<01:18:40.450> people<01:18:40.660> are 01:18:41.010 --> 01:18:41.020 align:start position:0% this planet and its people are 01:18:41.020 --> 01:18:44.250 align:start position:0% this planet and its people are precariously<01:18:41.410> poised<01:18:42.720> upsetting<01:18:43.720> one<01:18:43.990> piece 01:18:44.250 --> 01:18:44.260 align:start position:0% precariously poised upsetting one piece 01:18:44.260 --> 01:18:47.010 align:start position:0% precariously poised upsetting one piece will<01:18:44.590> have<01:18:44.740> disastrous<01:18:45.280> consequences<01:18:46.020> maybe 01:18:47.010 --> 01:18:47.020 align:start position:0% will have disastrous consequences maybe 01:18:47.020 --> 01:18:48.570 align:start position:0% will have disastrous consequences maybe more<01:18:47.380> for<01:18:47.560> one<01:18:47.800> segment<01:18:48.100> of<01:18:48.400> the<01:18:48.460> population 01:18:48.570 --> 01:18:48.580 align:start position:0% more for one segment of the population 01:18:48.580 --> 01:18:51.450 align:start position:0% more for one segment of the population more<01:18:49.510> than<01:18:49.540> the<01:18:49.780> other<01:18:49.930> but<01:18:50.800> disastrous 01:18:51.450 --> 01:18:51.460 align:start position:0% more than the other but disastrous 01:18:51.460 --> 01:18:53.220 align:start position:0% more than the other but disastrous nonetheless 01:18:53.220 --> 01:18:53.230 align:start position:0% nonetheless 01:18:53.230 --> 01:18:55.890 align:start position:0% nonetheless in<01:18:53.380> these<01:18:53.890> times<01:18:54.190> of<01:18:54.400> uncertainties<01:18:55.150> where 01:18:55.890 --> 01:18:55.900 align:start position:0% in these times of uncertainties where 01:18:55.900 --> 01:18:57.780 align:start position:0% in these times of uncertainties where global<01:18:56.320> leaders<01:18:56.680> can't<01:18:57.040> agree<01:18:57.340> to<01:18:57.580> proceed 01:18:57.780 --> 01:18:57.790 align:start position:0% global leaders can't agree to proceed 01:18:57.790 --> 01:19:00.390 align:start position:0% global leaders can't agree to proceed with<01:18:58.210> precaution<01:18:58.870> on<01:18:58.989> a<01:18:59.080> technology<01:18:59.800> that<01:19:00.250> we 01:19:00.390 --> 01:19:00.400 align:start position:0% with precaution on a technology that we 01:19:00.400 --> 01:19:02.250 align:start position:0% with precaution on a technology that we already<01:19:00.820> know<01:19:01.239> will<01:19:01.660> have<01:19:01.840> negative 01:19:02.250 --> 01:19:02.260 align:start position:0% already know will have negative 01:19:02.260 --> 01:19:03.060 align:start position:0% already know will have negative consequences 01:19:03.060 --> 01:19:03.070 align:start position:0% consequences 01:19:03.070 --> 01:19:06.270 align:start position:0% consequences that's<01:19:03.970> where<01:19:04.300> I'd<01:19:04.510> say<01:19:04.810> that<01:19:05.410> any<01:19:05.620> efforts<01:19:06.100> to 01:19:06.270 --> 01:19:06.280 align:start position:0% that's where I'd say that any efforts to 01:19:06.280 --> 01:19:09.330 align:start position:0% that's where I'd say that any efforts to propagate<01:19:06.790> this<01:19:07.000> technology<01:19:07.570> is<01:19:07.780> crazy<01:19:08.470> thank 01:19:09.330 --> 01:19:09.340 align:start position:0% propagate this technology is crazy thank 01:19:09.340 --> 01:19:14.520 align:start position:0% propagate this technology is crazy thank you<01:19:09.960> thank<01:19:10.960> you<01:19:11.020> mohan<01:19:11.950> on<01:19:13.080> resolution<01:19:14.080> again 01:19:14.520 --> 01:19:14.530 align:start position:0% you thank you mohan on resolution again 01:19:14.530 --> 01:19:16.410 align:start position:0% you thank you mohan on resolution again engineering<01:19:15.010> solar<01:19:15.250> radiation<01:19:15.790> is<01:19:15.940> a<01:19:16.090> crazy 01:19:16.410 --> 01:19:16.420 align:start position:0% engineering solar radiation is a crazy 01:19:16.420 --> 01:19:17.940 align:start position:0% engineering solar radiation is a crazy idea<01:19:16.660> here<01:19:17.230> to<01:19:17.320> make<01:19:17.440> his<01:19:17.590> closing<01:19:17.770> statement 01:19:17.940 --> 01:19:17.950 align:start position:0% idea here to make his closing statement 01:19:17.950 --> 01:19:21.150 align:start position:0% idea here to make his closing statement against<01:19:18.640> this<01:19:18.820> resolution<01:19:19.030> from<01:19:19.900> UCLA<01:19:20.500> Ted 01:19:21.150 --> 01:19:21.160 align:start position:0% against this resolution from UCLA Ted 01:19:21.160 --> 01:19:29.729 align:start position:0% against this resolution from UCLA Ted parson<01:19:26.670> time<01:19:27.670> is<01:19:28.000> everything<01:19:28.989> in<01:19:29.170> dealing 01:19:29.729 --> 01:19:29.739 align:start position:0% parson time is everything in dealing 01:19:29.739 --> 01:19:32.220 align:start position:0% parson time is everything in dealing with<01:19:29.860> climate<01:19:30.100> change<01:19:30.480> because<01:19:31.480> it<01:19:31.600> moves<01:19:31.870> so 01:19:32.220 --> 01:19:32.230 align:start position:0% with climate change because it moves so 01:19:32.230 --> 01:19:34.530 align:start position:0% with climate change because it moves so slowly<01:19:32.620> relative<01:19:33.250> to<01:19:33.370> human<01:19:33.700> perceptions<01:19:34.330> and 01:19:34.530 --> 01:19:34.540 align:start position:0% slowly relative to human perceptions and 01:19:34.540 --> 01:19:37.700 align:start position:0% slowly relative to human perceptions and plans<01:19:35.370> climate<01:19:36.370> change<01:19:36.670> is<01:19:36.970> a<01:19:37.150> trainwreck 01:19:37.700 --> 01:19:37.710 align:start position:0% plans climate change is a trainwreck 01:19:37.710 --> 01:19:40.950 align:start position:0% plans climate change is a trainwreck happening<01:19:38.710> in<01:19:38.860> slow<01:19:39.010> motion<01:19:39.750> visualize<01:19:40.750> that 01:19:40.950 --> 01:19:40.960 align:start position:0% happening in slow motion visualize that 01:19:40.960 --> 01:19:44.070 align:start position:0% happening in slow motion visualize that be<01:19:41.380> cinematic<01:19:41.950> if<01:19:42.850> we<01:19:43.570> were<01:19:43.690> having<01:19:43.900> this 01:19:44.070 --> 01:19:44.080 align:start position:0% be cinematic if we were having this 01:19:44.080 --> 01:19:46.790 align:start position:0% be cinematic if we were having this debate<01:19:44.410> in<01:19:44.590> 1990<01:19:45.370> I'd<01:19:45.850> be<01:19:46.060> on<01:19:46.180> the<01:19:46.270> other<01:19:46.390> side 01:19:46.790 --> 01:19:46.800 align:start position:0% debate in 1990 I'd be on the other side 01:19:46.800 --> 01:19:49.440 align:start position:0% debate in 1990 I'd be on the other side we<01:19:47.800> knew<01:19:47.980> enough<01:19:48.250> by<01:19:48.460> then<01:19:48.670> to<01:19:48.850> warrant<01:19:49.180> strong 01:19:49.440 --> 01:19:49.450 align:start position:0% we knew enough by then to warrant strong 01:19:49.450 --> 01:19:51.780 align:start position:0% we knew enough by then to warrant strong action<01:19:49.810> to<01:19:49.840> cut<01:19:50.080> emissions<01:19:50.200> and<01:19:50.770> if<01:19:51.610> we'd 01:19:51.780 --> 01:19:51.790 align:start position:0% action to cut emissions and if we'd 01:19:51.790 --> 01:19:53.729 align:start position:0% action to cut emissions and if we'd started<01:19:52.270> then<01:19:52.480> we<01:19:52.840> would<01:19:53.080> have<01:19:53.200> had<01:19:53.410> time<01:19:53.680> to 01:19:53.729 --> 01:19:53.739 align:start position:0% started then we would have had time to 01:19:53.739 --> 01:19:56.910 align:start position:0% started then we would have had time to stop<01:19:54.310> the<01:19:54.550> train<01:19:55.200> we<01:19:56.200> could<01:19:56.380> have<01:19:56.470> managed<01:19:56.830> to 01:19:56.910 --> 01:19:56.920 align:start position:0% stop the train we could have managed to 01:19:56.920 --> 01:19:59.100 align:start position:0% stop the train we could have managed to transition<01:19:57.520> to<01:19:57.550> a<01:19:57.700> post<01:19:58.030> fossil<01:19:58.540> climate<01:19:58.930> safe 01:19:59.100 --> 01:19:59.110 align:start position:0% transition to a post fossil climate safe 01:19:59.110 --> 01:20:01.470 align:start position:0% transition to a post fossil climate safe world<01:19:59.380> economy<01:19:59.920> and<01:20:00.210> confidently<01:20:01.210> held 01:20:01.470 --> 01:20:01.480 align:start position:0% world economy and confidently held 01:20:01.480 --> 01:20:03.360 align:start position:0% world economy and confidently held climate<01:20:02.020> change<01:20:02.290> and<01:20:02.530> it's<01:20:02.650> impacts<01:20:03.040> do<01:20:03.220> with 01:20:03.360 --> 01:20:03.370 align:start position:0% climate change and it's impacts do with 01:20:03.370 --> 01:20:06.810 align:start position:0% climate change and it's impacts do with in<01:20:03.489> manageable<01:20:03.910> limits<01:20:04.710> but<01:20:05.710> it's<01:20:05.860> 2019<01:20:06.310> and 01:20:06.810 --> 01:20:06.820 align:start position:0% in manageable limits but it's 2019 and 01:20:06.820 --> 01:20:12.210 align:start position:0% in manageable limits but it's 2019 and the<01:20:07.810> 30<01:20:08.080> years<01:20:08.500> of<01:20:10.350> delay<01:20:11.350> has<01:20:11.890> let<01:20:12.100> that 01:20:12.210 --> 01:20:12.220 align:start position:0% the 30 years of delay has let that 01:20:12.220 --> 01:20:14.820 align:start position:0% the 30 years of delay has let that opportunity<01:20:12.940> slip<01:20:13.090> out<01:20:13.330> of<01:20:13.480> reach<01:20:13.630> it<01:20:14.470> is 01:20:14.820 --> 01:20:14.830 align:start position:0% opportunity slip out of reach it is 01:20:14.830 --> 01:20:16.800 align:start position:0% opportunity slip out of reach it is still<01:20:15.160> possible<01:20:15.670> to<01:20:15.730> hold<01:20:15.940> climate<01:20:16.420> change<01:20:16.630> to 01:20:16.800 --> 01:20:16.810 align:start position:0% still possible to hold climate change to 01:20:16.810 --> 01:20:19.350 align:start position:0% still possible to hold climate change to manageable<01:20:17.200> limits<01:20:17.670> but<01:20:18.670> it's<01:20:18.850> no<01:20:19.060> longer 01:20:19.350 --> 01:20:19.360 align:start position:0% manageable limits but it's no longer 01:20:19.360 --> 01:20:22.140 align:start position:0% manageable limits but it's no longer possible<01:20:19.750> to<01:20:20.230> do<01:20:20.380> this<01:20:20.560> confidently<01:20:21.340> relying 01:20:22.140 --> 01:20:22.150 align:start position:0% possible to do this confidently relying 01:20:22.150 --> 01:20:24.570 align:start position:0% possible to do this confidently relying only<01:20:22.390> on<01:20:22.750> technologies<01:20:23.680> and<01:20:23.890> policies<01:20:24.370> that 01:20:24.570 --> 01:20:24.580 align:start position:0% only on technologies and policies that 01:20:24.580 --> 01:20:26.310 align:start position:0% only on technologies and policies that are<01:20:24.760> familiar<01:20:25.300> comfortable<01:20:26.020> and 01:20:26.310 --> 01:20:26.320 align:start position:0% are familiar comfortable and 01:20:26.320 --> 01:20:29.460 align:start position:0% are familiar comfortable and controversial<01:20:27.390> our<01:20:28.390> our<01:20:28.840> opponents<01:20:29.440> have 01:20:29.460 --> 01:20:29.470 align:start position:0% controversial our our opponents have 01:20:29.470 --> 01:20:30.810 align:start position:0% controversial our our opponents have highlighted<01:20:30.070> the<01:20:30.160> fact<01:20:30.190> that<01:20:30.580> climate 01:20:30.810 --> 01:20:30.820 align:start position:0% highlighted the fact that climate 01:20:30.820 --> 01:20:32.850 align:start position:0% highlighted the fact that climate engineering<01:20:31.300> is<01:20:31.870> a<01:20:31.900> technical<01:20:32.440> fix<01:20:32.650> and 01:20:32.850 --> 01:20:32.860 align:start position:0% engineering is a technical fix and 01:20:32.860 --> 01:20:34.590 align:start position:0% engineering is a technical fix and they've<01:20:33.220> highlighted<01:20:33.520> the<01:20:33.970> importance<01:20:34.450> of 01:20:34.590 --> 01:20:34.600 align:start position:0% they've highlighted the importance of 01:20:34.600 --> 01:20:40.350 align:start position:0% they've highlighted the importance of political<01:20:34.989> folly<01:20:35.620> and<01:20:35.920> shortsightedness<01:20:39.360> the 01:20:40.350 --> 01:20:40.360 align:start position:0% political folly and shortsightedness the 01:20:40.360 --> 01:20:42.479 align:start position:0% political folly and shortsightedness the category<01:20:40.930> of<01:20:41.020> technology<01:20:41.770> is<01:20:41.950> too<01:20:42.160> broad<01:20:42.430> to 01:20:42.479 --> 01:20:42.489 align:start position:0% category of technology is too broad to 01:20:42.489 --> 01:20:45.030 align:start position:0% category of technology is too broad to form<01:20:42.880> a<01:20:43.000> meaningful<01:20:43.330> opinion<01:20:43.900> everything<01:20:44.590> we 01:20:45.030 --> 01:20:45.040 align:start position:0% form a meaningful opinion everything we 01:20:45.040 --> 01:20:47.700 align:start position:0% form a meaningful opinion everything we do<01:20:45.280> as<01:20:45.550> a<01:20:45.580> human<01:20:46.000> society<01:20:46.540> has<01:20:46.570> technology<01:20:47.170> and 01:20:47.700 --> 01:20:47.710 align:start position:0% do as a human society has technology and 01:20:47.710 --> 01:20:50.340 align:start position:0% do as a human society has technology and it<01:20:47.830> has<01:20:47.980> behavior<01:20:48.580> and<01:20:48.820> every<01:20:49.720> environmental 01:20:50.340 --> 01:20:50.350 align:start position:0% it has behavior and every environmental 01:20:50.350 --> 01:20:52.950 align:start position:0% it has behavior and every environmental problem<01:20:51.010> that<01:20:51.220> has<01:20:51.430> been<01:20:51.460> adequately<01:20:52.420> managed 01:20:52.950 --> 01:20:52.960 align:start position:0% problem that has been adequately managed 01:20:52.960 --> 01:20:55.920 align:start position:0% problem that has been adequately managed so<01:20:53.290> far<01:20:53.590> has<01:20:54.370> been<01:20:54.400> managed<01:20:55.030> to<01:20:55.210> a<01:20:55.239> substantial 01:20:55.920 --> 01:20:55.930 align:start position:0% so far has been managed to a substantial 01:20:55.930 --> 01:20:58.229 align:start position:0% so far has been managed to a substantial degree<01:20:55.989> by<01:20:56.680> the<01:20:56.710> deployment<01:20:57.400> of<01:20:57.460> changed<01:20:58.000> and 01:20:58.229 --> 01:20:58.239 align:start position:0% degree by the deployment of changed and 01:20:58.239 --> 01:21:01.830 align:start position:0% degree by the deployment of changed and new<01:20:59.010> technology<01:21:00.010> why<01:21:00.730> is<01:21:00.790> the<01:21:01.090> air<01:21:01.270> in<01:21:01.480> my<01:21:01.630> home 01:21:01.830 --> 01:21:01.840 align:start position:0% new technology why is the air in my home 01:21:01.840 --> 01:21:04.110 align:start position:0% new technology why is the air in my home city<01:21:02.050> of<01:21:02.140> Los<01:21:02.380> Angeles<01:21:02.410> so<01:21:03.010> clean<01:21:03.340> now<01:21:03.370> when<01:21:03.969> in 01:21:04.110 --> 01:21:04.120 align:start position:0% city of Los Angeles so clean now when in 01:21:04.120 --> 01:21:06.310 align:start position:0% city of Los Angeles so clean now when in the<01:21:04.180> 1970s<01:21:05.020> it<01:21:05.110> was<01:21:05.140> so<01:21:05.469> dirty 01:21:06.310 --> 01:21:06.320 align:start position:0% the 1970s it was so dirty 01:21:06.320 --> 01:21:09.320 align:start position:0% the 1970s it was so dirty technological<01:21:07.320> changes<01:21:07.739> driven<01:21:08.310> by<01:21:08.489> rational 01:21:09.320 --> 01:21:09.330 align:start position:0% technological changes driven by rational 01:21:09.330 --> 01:21:12.080 align:start position:0% technological changes driven by rational public<01:21:09.690> policy<01:21:10.110> as<01:21:10.770> for<01:21:11.400> political<01:21:11.850> folly 01:21:12.080 --> 01:21:12.090 align:start position:0% public policy as for political folly 01:21:12.090 --> 01:21:14.090 align:start position:0% public policy as for political folly it's<01:21:12.480> like<01:21:12.630> I<01:21:12.750> don't<01:21:12.900> want<01:21:13.320> to<01:21:13.410> yield<01:21:13.710> anything 01:21:14.090 --> 01:21:14.100 align:start position:0% it's like I don't want to yield anything 01:21:14.100 --> 01:21:16.700 align:start position:0% it's like I don't want to yield anything to<01:21:14.550> our<01:21:14.700> opponents<01:21:15.360> in<01:21:15.480> my<01:21:15.750> recognition<01:21:16.170> of 01:21:16.700 --> 01:21:16.710 align:start position:0% to our opponents in my recognition of 01:21:16.710 --> 01:21:20.180 align:start position:0% to our opponents in my recognition of political<01:21:17.190> folly<01:21:17.750> but<01:21:18.750> you<01:21:19.380> have<01:21:19.620> to<01:21:19.830> make<01:21:19.980> the 01:21:20.180 --> 01:21:20.190 align:start position:0% political folly but you have to make the 01:21:20.190 --> 01:21:22.190 align:start position:0% political folly but you have to make the case<01:21:20.430> that<01:21:20.730> it<01:21:21.150> that<01:21:21.570> political 01:21:22.190 --> 01:21:22.200 align:start position:0% case that it that political 01:21:22.200 --> 01:21:23.870 align:start position:0% case that it that political decision-making<01:21:22.800> would<01:21:23.130> be<01:21:23.280> either<01:21:23.520> more 01:21:23.870 --> 01:21:23.880 align:start position:0% decision-making would be either more 01:21:23.880 --> 01:21:26.450 align:start position:0% decision-making would be either more vicious<01:21:24.390> or<01:21:24.630> its<01:21:24.960> consequences<01:21:25.710> more<01:21:25.920> severe 01:21:26.450 --> 01:21:26.460 align:start position:0% vicious or its consequences more severe 01:21:26.460 --> 01:21:28.700 align:start position:0% vicious or its consequences more severe in<01:21:26.670> a<01:21:26.850> world<01:21:27.120> that<01:21:27.300> has<01:21:27.930> knowledge<01:21:28.410> about 01:21:28.700 --> 01:21:28.710 align:start position:0% in a world that has knowledge about 01:21:28.710 --> 01:21:30.680 align:start position:0% in a world that has knowledge about climate<01:21:29.040> engineering<01:21:29.850> or<01:21:30.000> geoengineering 01:21:30.680 --> 01:21:30.690 align:start position:0% climate engineering or geoengineering 01:21:30.690 --> 01:21:32.990 align:start position:0% climate engineering or geoengineering than<01:21:31.230> in<01:21:31.380> one<01:21:31.590> that<01:21:31.770> doesn't<01:21:32.010> and<01:21:32.370> I<01:21:32.940> don't 01:21:32.990 --> 01:21:33.000 align:start position:0% than in one that doesn't and I don't 01:21:33.000 --> 01:21:34.790 align:start position:0% than in one that doesn't and I don't think<01:21:33.210> that's<01:21:33.570> an<01:21:33.719> easy<01:21:33.840> case<01:21:34.170> to<01:21:34.200> make<01:21:34.530> and<01:21:34.739> I 01:21:34.790 --> 01:21:34.800 align:start position:0% think that's an easy case to make and I 01:21:34.800 --> 01:21:39.830 align:start position:0% think that's an easy case to make and I don't<01:21:34.890> think<01:21:35.070> they've<01:21:35.460> made<01:21:35.640> it<01:21:38.540> we're<01:21:39.540> in<01:21:39.570> a 01:21:39.830 --> 01:21:39.840 align:start position:0% don't think they've made it we're in a 01:21:39.840 --> 01:21:42.620 align:start position:0% don't think they've made it we're in a really<01:21:40.560> troubled<01:21:41.040> situation<01:21:41.489> we<01:21:41.640> need<01:21:41.880> we 01:21:42.620 --> 01:21:42.630 align:start position:0% really troubled situation we need we 01:21:42.630 --> 01:21:44.600 align:start position:0% really troubled situation we need we need<01:21:42.660> to<01:21:42.930> consider<01:21:43.260> research<01:21:43.950> and<01:21:44.219> study 01:21:44.600 --> 01:21:44.610 align:start position:0% need to consider research and study 01:21:44.610 --> 01:21:47.360 align:start position:0% need to consider research and study every<01:21:45.080> plausible<01:21:46.080> approach<01:21:46.440> to<01:21:46.860> emissions 01:21:47.360 --> 01:21:47.370 align:start position:0% every plausible approach to emissions 01:21:47.370 --> 01:21:49.820 align:start position:0% every plausible approach to emissions cutting<01:21:47.760> even<01:21:48.570> though<01:21:48.690> we're<01:21:48.870> late<01:21:49.050> to 01:21:49.820 --> 01:21:49.830 align:start position:0% cutting even though we're late to 01:21:49.830 --> 01:21:52.520 align:start position:0% cutting even though we're late to adaptation<01:21:50.550> to<01:21:50.850> carbon<01:21:51.210> removal<01:21:51.540> and<01:21:51.840> also<01:21:52.410> to 01:21:52.520 --> 01:21:52.530 align:start position:0% adaptation to carbon removal and also to 01:21:52.530 --> 01:21:55.220 align:start position:0% adaptation to carbon removal and also to geoengineering<01:21:53.900> geoengineering<01:21:54.900> needs 01:21:55.220 --> 01:21:55.230 align:start position:0% geoengineering geoengineering needs 01:21:55.230 --> 01:21:57.050 align:start position:0% geoengineering geoengineering needs scientific<01:21:55.890> research<01:21:56.280> to<01:21:56.310> inform<01:21:56.700> its 01:21:57.050 --> 01:21:57.060 align:start position:0% scientific research to inform its 01:21:57.060 --> 01:21:58.760 align:start position:0% scientific research to inform its capabilities<01:21:57.719> and<01:21:57.750> risks<01:21:58.200> and<01:21:58.380> it<01:21:58.500> needs 01:21:58.760 --> 01:21:58.770 align:start position:0% capabilities and risks and it needs 01:21:58.770 --> 01:22:00.979 align:start position:0% capabilities and risks and it needs serious<01:21:59.280> critical<01:21:59.700> investigation<01:22:00.150> of<01:22:00.660> how<01:22:00.930> to 01:22:00.979 --> 01:22:00.989 align:start position:0% serious critical investigation of how to 01:22:00.989 --> 01:22:04.600 align:start position:0% serious critical investigation of how to govern<01:22:01.290> it<01:22:01.940> competently<01:22:03.170> prudently 01:22:04.600 --> 01:22:04.610 align:start position:0% govern it competently prudently 01:22:04.610 --> 01:22:07.430 align:start position:0% govern it competently prudently legitimately<01:22:05.610> and<01:22:05.940> fairly<01:22:06.840> and<01:22:07.020> how<01:22:07.380> to 01:22:07.430 --> 01:22:07.440 align:start position:0% legitimately and fairly and how to 01:22:07.440 --> 01:22:09.530 align:start position:0% legitimately and fairly and how to integrate<01:22:07.800> it<01:22:08.010> into<01:22:08.219> a<01:22:08.430> coherent<01:22:08.940> effective 01:22:09.530 --> 01:22:09.540 align:start position:0% integrate it into a coherent effective 01:22:09.540 --> 01:22:11.900 align:start position:0% integrate it into a coherent effective climate<01:22:09.810> change<01:22:10.230> response<01:22:10.739> to<01:22:11.370> call<01:22:11.550> it<01:22:11.700> crazy 01:22:11.900 --> 01:22:11.910 align:start position:0% climate change response to call it crazy 01:22:11.910 --> 01:22:14.120 align:start position:0% climate change response to call it crazy is<01:22:12.239> to<01:22:12.480> block<01:22:12.719> this<01:22:13.020> needed<01:22:13.380> investigation 01:22:14.120 --> 01:22:14.130 align:start position:0% is to block this needed investigation 01:22:14.130 --> 01:22:16.640 align:start position:0% is to block this needed investigation and<01:22:14.340> to<01:22:15.000> court<01:22:15.270> severe<01:22:15.690> and<01:22:15.930> unnecessary 01:22:16.640 --> 01:22:16.650 align:start position:0% and to court severe and unnecessary 01:22:16.650 --> 01:22:19.430 align:start position:0% and to court severe and unnecessary risks<01:22:17.100> I<01:22:17.310> ask<01:22:17.670> you<01:22:17.820> to<01:22:17.910> vote<01:22:17.940> no<01:22:18.210> thank<01:22:19.170> you<01:22:19.260> ted 01:22:19.430 --> 01:22:19.440 align:start position:0% risks I ask you to vote no thank you ted 01:22:19.440 --> 01:22:21.560 align:start position:0% risks I ask you to vote no thank you ted carson<01:22:19.890> resolution<01:22:20.850> again<01:22:21.060> engineering 01:22:21.560 --> 01:22:21.570 align:start position:0% carson resolution again engineering 01:22:21.570 --> 01:22:23.720 align:start position:0% carson resolution again engineering solar<01:22:21.780> radiation<01:22:22.350> is<01:22:22.500> a<01:22:22.620> crazy<01:22:22.950> idea<01:22:23.130> here 01:22:23.720 --> 01:22:23.730 align:start position:0% solar radiation is a crazy idea here 01:22:23.730 --> 01:22:26.000 align:start position:0% solar radiation is a crazy idea here making<01:22:24.090> his<01:22:24.270> closing<01:22:25.020> statement<01:22:25.200> in<01:22:25.560> support 01:22:26.000 --> 01:22:26.010 align:start position:0% making his closing statement in support 01:22:26.010 --> 01:22:27.860 align:start position:0% making his closing statement in support of<01:22:26.130> the<01:22:26.340> resolution<01:22:26.489> clive<01:22:27.150> hamilton<01:22:27.630> author 01:22:27.860 --> 01:22:27.870 align:start position:0% of the resolution clive hamilton author 01:22:27.870 --> 01:22:30.110 align:start position:0% of the resolution clive hamilton author of<01:22:28.140> earth<01:22:28.320> masters<01:22:28.800> the<01:22:29.250> dawn<01:22:29.489> of<01:22:29.520> the<01:22:29.700> age<01:22:29.790> of 01:22:30.110 --> 01:22:30.120 align:start position:0% of earth masters the dawn of the age of 01:22:30.120 --> 01:22:35.750 align:start position:0% of earth masters the dawn of the age of climate<01:22:30.300> engineering<01:22:30.719> clive<01:22:31.590> hamilton 01:22:35.750 --> 01:22:35.760 align:start position:0% 01:22:35.760 --> 01:22:38.660 align:start position:0% I<01:22:36.320> think<01:22:37.320> this<01:22:37.470> debate<01:22:37.680> really<01:22:38.100> comes<01:22:38.430> down<01:22:38.520> to 01:22:38.660 --> 01:22:38.670 align:start position:0% I think this debate really comes down to 01:22:38.670 --> 01:22:42.080 align:start position:0% I think this debate really comes down to how<01:22:39.000> you<01:22:39.030> understand<01:22:40.020> power<01:22:40.890> and<01:22:41.280> the<01:22:41.910> way 01:22:42.080 --> 01:22:42.090 align:start position:0% how you understand power and the way 01:22:42.090 --> 01:22:45.320 align:start position:0% how you understand power and the way that<01:22:42.330> societies<01:22:42.960> work<01:22:43.880> technologies<01:22:44.880> aren't 01:22:45.320 --> 01:22:45.330 align:start position:0% that societies work technologies aren't 01:22:45.330 --> 01:22:49.100 align:start position:0% that societies work technologies aren't neutral<01:22:46.170> with<01:22:46.920> solar<01:22:47.550> geoengineering<01:22:48.510> it's 01:22:49.100 --> 01:22:49.110 align:start position:0% neutral with solar geoengineering it's 01:22:49.110 --> 01:22:51.910 align:start position:0% neutral with solar geoengineering it's highly<01:22:49.739> likely<01:22:49.770> that<01:22:50.400> the<01:22:50.730> climatic 01:22:51.910 --> 01:22:51.920 align:start position:0% highly likely that the climatic 01:22:51.920 --> 01:22:55.400 align:start position:0% highly likely that the climatic preferences<01:22:52.920> of<01:22:53.130> rich<01:22:53.820> white<01:22:54.390> people<01:22:54.900> will 01:22:55.400 --> 01:22:55.410 align:start position:0% preferences of rich white people will 01:22:55.410 --> 01:22:59.060 align:start position:0% preferences of rich white people will prevail<01:22:56.750> incidentally<01:22:57.750> the<01:22:58.170> same<01:22:58.440> people<01:22:58.890> who 01:22:59.060 --> 01:22:59.070 align:start position:0% prevail incidentally the same people who 01:22:59.070 --> 01:23:00.890 align:start position:0% prevail incidentally the same people who are<01:22:59.190> largely<01:22:59.520> responsible<01:22:59.640> for<01:23:00.330> bringing<01:23:00.660> on 01:23:00.890 --> 01:23:00.900 align:start position:0% are largely responsible for bringing on 01:23:00.900 --> 01:23:03.590 align:start position:0% are largely responsible for bringing on the<01:23:00.930> climate<01:23:01.470> crisis<01:23:01.980> I<01:23:02.190> take<01:23:03.030> this<01:23:03.180> story 01:23:03.590 --> 01:23:03.600 align:start position:0% the climate crisis I take this story 01:23:03.600 --> 01:23:07.640 align:start position:0% the climate crisis I take this story which<01:23:03.780> I<01:23:03.930> tore<01:23:04.200> out<01:23:04.230> of<01:23:04.440> the<01:23:05.360> USA<01:23:06.360> Today<01:23:06.650> just 01:23:07.640 --> 01:23:07.650 align:start position:0% which I tore out of the USA Today just 01:23:07.650 --> 01:23:12.380 align:start position:0% which I tore out of the USA Today just today<01:23:08.120> the<01:23:09.120> headline<01:23:10.080> is<01:23:10.340> facial<01:23:11.340> ID<01:23:11.610> tools 01:23:12.380 --> 01:23:12.390 align:start position:0% today the headline is facial ID tools 01:23:12.390 --> 01:23:17.000 align:start position:0% today the headline is facial ID tools show<01:23:12.989> bias<01:23:13.770> and<01:23:14.400> the<01:23:15.000> story<01:23:15.300> is<01:23:15.600> a<01:23:16.010> growing 01:23:17.000 --> 01:23:17.010 align:start position:0% show bias and the story is a growing 01:23:17.010 --> 01:23:19.430 align:start position:0% show bias and the story is a growing body<01:23:17.190> of<01:23:17.370> research<01:23:17.660> shows<01:23:18.660> that<01:23:18.690> artificial 01:23:19.430 --> 01:23:19.440 align:start position:0% body of research shows that artificial 01:23:19.440 --> 01:23:22.400 align:start position:0% body of research shows that artificial intelligence<01:23:20.000> technologies<01:23:21.000> are<01:23:21.270> rife<01:23:21.810> with 01:23:22.400 --> 01:23:22.410 align:start position:0% intelligence technologies are rife with 01:23:22.410 --> 01:23:25.760 align:start position:0% intelligence technologies are rife with biases<01:23:23.070> and<01:23:23.250> discrimination<01:23:24.170> it<01:23:25.170> shows<01:23:25.560> for 01:23:25.760 --> 01:23:25.770 align:start position:0% biases and discrimination it shows for 01:23:25.770 --> 01:23:27.979 align:start position:0% biases and discrimination it shows for example<01:23:25.860> lending<01:23:26.820> tools<01:23:27.180> charge<01:23:27.660> higher 01:23:27.979 --> 01:23:27.989 align:start position:0% example lending tools charge higher 01:23:27.989 --> 01:23:31.460 align:start position:0% example lending tools charge higher interest<01:23:28.260> rates<01:23:28.890> to<01:23:29.220> Hispanics<01:23:29.989> job<01:23:30.989> hunting 01:23:31.460 --> 01:23:31.470 align:start position:0% interest rates to Hispanics job hunting 01:23:31.470 --> 01:23:35.240 align:start position:0% interest rates to Hispanics job hunting tools<01:23:31.800> favor<01:23:32.250> men<01:23:33.500> negative<01:23:34.500> emotions<01:23:35.040> are 01:23:35.240 --> 01:23:35.250 align:start position:0% tools favor men negative emotions are 01:23:35.250 --> 01:23:37.250 align:start position:0% tools favor men negative emotions are more<01:23:35.370> likely<01:23:35.820> to<01:23:36.000> be<01:23:36.120> assigned<01:23:36.480> to<01:23:37.020> black 01:23:37.250 --> 01:23:37.260 align:start position:0% more likely to be assigned to black 01:23:37.260 --> 01:23:40.700 align:start position:0% more likely to be assigned to black men's<01:23:37.560> faces<01:23:37.920> and<01:23:38.930> the<01:23:39.930> people<01:23:40.230> who<01:23:40.320> studied 01:23:40.700 --> 01:23:40.710 align:start position:0% men's faces and the people who studied 01:23:40.710 --> 01:23:43.030 align:start position:0% men's faces and the people who studied did<01:23:40.950> this<01:23:41.130> study<01:23:41.400> at<01:23:41.610> New<01:23:41.790> York<01:23:42.090> University 01:23:43.030 --> 01:23:43.040 align:start position:0% did this study at New York University 01:23:43.040 --> 01:23:46.460 align:start position:0% did this study at New York University identify<01:23:44.040> the<01:23:44.100> key<01:23:44.460> reason<01:23:45.030> why<01:23:45.230> the<01:23:46.230> people 01:23:46.460 --> 01:23:46.470 align:start position:0% identify the key reason why the people 01:23:46.470 --> 01:23:48.490 align:start position:0% identify the key reason why the people building<01:23:47.100> these<01:23:47.310> technologies<01:23:48.060> are 01:23:48.490 --> 01:23:48.500 align:start position:0% building these technologies are 01:23:48.500 --> 01:23:53.330 align:start position:0% building these technologies are overwhelmingly<01:23:49.500> white<01:23:50.040> and<01:23:50.370> male<01:23:52.070> those<01:23:53.070> who 01:23:53.330 --> 01:23:53.340 align:start position:0% overwhelmingly white and male those who 01:23:53.340 --> 01:23:56.420 align:start position:0% overwhelmingly white and male those who control<01:23:53.820> powerful<01:23:54.540> technologies<01:23:55.260> use<01:23:56.040> it<01:23:56.250> to 01:23:56.420 --> 01:23:56.430 align:start position:0% control powerful technologies use it to 01:23:56.430 --> 01:23:59.840 align:start position:0% control powerful technologies use it to accumulate<01:23:57.120> more<01:23:57.750> power<01:23:58.140> that's<01:23:59.010> how<01:23:59.790> the 01:23:59.840 --> 01:23:59.850 align:start position:0% accumulate more power that's how the 01:23:59.850 --> 01:24:02.540 align:start position:0% accumulate more power that's how the world<01:24:00.210> works<01:24:00.380> even<01:24:01.380> if<01:24:01.500> we'd<01:24:01.680> love<01:24:01.890> that<01:24:02.130> it 01:24:02.540 --> 01:24:02.550 align:start position:0% world works even if we'd love that it 01:24:02.550 --> 01:24:03.290 align:start position:0% world works even if we'd love that it were<01:24:02.730> otherwise 01:24:03.290 --> 01:24:03.300 align:start position:0% were otherwise 01:24:03.300 --> 01:24:07.430 align:start position:0% were otherwise and<01:24:03.810> so<01:24:04.800> we<01:24:05.489> would<01:24:06.210> endorse<01:24:06.600> the<01:24:06.900> powerful 01:24:07.430 --> 01:24:07.440 align:start position:0% and so we would endorse the powerful 01:24:07.440 --> 01:24:10.070 align:start position:0% and so we would endorse the powerful words<01:24:07.680> of<01:24:08.100> one<01:24:08.640> of<01:24:08.760> the<01:24:08.880> United<01:24:09.239> States's<01:24:09.750> most 01:24:10.070 --> 01:24:10.080 align:start position:0% words of one of the United States's most 01:24:10.080 --> 01:24:13.070 align:start position:0% words of one of the United States's most eminent<01:24:11.010> climate<01:24:11.790> scientists<01:24:12.450> rapier 01:24:13.070 --> 01:24:13.080 align:start position:0% eminent climate scientists rapier 01:24:13.080 --> 01:24:15.830 align:start position:0% eminent climate scientists rapier Humbert<01:24:13.700> formerly<01:24:14.700> of<01:24:14.910> the<01:24:15.300> University<01:24:15.810> of 01:24:15.830 --> 01:24:15.840 align:start position:0% Humbert formerly of the University of 01:24:15.840 --> 01:24:18.110 align:start position:0% Humbert formerly of the University of Chicago<01:24:15.930> and<01:24:16.739> now<01:24:17.250> at<01:24:17.430> the<01:24:17.520> University<01:24:18.090> of 01:24:18.110 --> 01:24:18.120 align:start position:0% Chicago and now at the University of 01:24:18.120 --> 01:24:21.970 align:start position:0% Chicago and now at the University of Oxford<01:24:18.390> for<01:24:19.200> him<01:24:19.470> crazy<01:24:20.190> is<01:24:20.580> too<01:24:20.940> mild<01:24:21.270> a<01:24:21.480> word 01:24:21.970 --> 01:24:21.980 align:start position:0% Oxford for him crazy is too mild a word 01:24:21.980 --> 01:24:26.000 align:start position:0% Oxford for him crazy is too mild a word solar<01:24:22.980> geoengineering<01:24:23.940> he<01:24:24.239> said<01:24:24.510> is<01:24:25.140> wildly 01:24:26.000 --> 01:24:26.010 align:start position:0% solar geoengineering he said is wildly 01:24:26.010 --> 01:24:32.020 align:start position:0% solar geoengineering he said is wildly utterly<01:24:27.050> howling<01:24:28.050> lee<01:24:28.280> barking<01:24:29.280> mad<01:24:29.580> but<01:24:30.510> yes 01:24:32.020 --> 01:24:32.030 align:start position:0% utterly howling lee barking mad but yes 01:24:32.030 --> 01:24:34.970 align:start position:0% utterly howling lee barking mad but yes Thank<01:24:33.030> You<01:24:33.120> Clive<01:24:33.330> Hamilton<01:24:33.980> resolution 01:24:34.970 --> 01:24:34.980 align:start position:0% Thank You Clive Hamilton resolution 01:24:34.980 --> 01:24:36.770 align:start position:0% Thank You Clive Hamilton resolution again<01:24:35.220> engineering<01:24:35.700> solar<01:24:35.940> radiation<01:24:36.480> is<01:24:36.630> a 01:24:36.770 --> 01:24:36.780 align:start position:0% again engineering solar radiation is a 01:24:36.780 --> 01:24:38.750 align:start position:0% again engineering solar radiation is a crazy<01:24:37.110> idea<01:24:37.530> and<01:24:37.590> here<01:24:38.040> making<01:24:38.340> his<01:24:38.460> closing 01:24:38.750 --> 01:24:38.760 align:start position:0% crazy idea and here making his closing 01:24:38.760 --> 01:24:40.610 align:start position:0% crazy idea and here making his closing statement<01:24:38.940> against<01:24:39.570> the<01:24:39.690> resolution<01:24:39.810> David 01:24:40.610 --> 01:24:40.620 align:start position:0% statement against the resolution David 01:24:40.620 --> 01:24:42.440 align:start position:0% statement against the resolution David Keith<01:24:40.800> professor<01:24:41.550> at<01:24:41.640> Harvard<01:24:42.000> and<01:24:42.120> founder 01:24:42.440 --> 01:24:42.450 align:start position:0% Keith professor at Harvard and founder 01:24:42.450 --> 01:24:48.510 align:start position:0% Keith professor at Harvard and founder of<01:24:42.480> carbon<01:24:42.900> engineering<01:24:43.410> David<01:24:44.100> Keith 01:24:48.510 --> 01:24:48.520 align:start position:0% 01:24:48.520 --> 01:24:50.650 align:start position:0% some<01:24:49.520> of<01:24:49.670> you<01:24:49.790> may<01:24:49.970> think<01:24:50.240> that<01:24:50.420> this 01:24:50.650 --> 01:24:50.660 align:start position:0% some of you may think that this 01:24:50.660 --> 01:24:52.720 align:start position:0% some of you may think that this technology<01:24:51.260> should<01:24:51.440> never<01:24:51.920> be<01:24:52.160> used<01:24:52.430> under 01:24:52.720 --> 01:24:52.730 align:start position:0% technology should never be used under 01:24:52.730 --> 01:24:54.970 align:start position:0% technology should never be used under any<01:24:53.000> circumstance<01:24:53.570> some<01:24:54.290> may<01:24:54.470> think<01:24:54.500> we 01:24:54.970 --> 01:24:54.980 align:start position:0% any circumstance some may think we 01:24:54.980 --> 01:24:56.410 align:start position:0% any circumstance some may think we should<01:24:55.130> have<01:24:55.220> a<01:24:55.280> serious<01:24:55.580> for<01:24:55.910> search<01:24:56.090> effort 01:24:56.410 --> 01:24:56.420 align:start position:0% should have a serious for search effort 01:24:56.420 --> 01:24:58.360 align:start position:0% should have a serious for search effort some<01:24:57.230> of<01:24:57.350> you<01:24:57.470> might<01:24:57.650> think<01:24:57.680> we<01:24:57.980> should<01:24:58.160> do<01:24:58.250> it 01:24:58.360 --> 01:24:58.370 align:start position:0% some of you might think we should do it 01:24:58.370 --> 01:24:59.860 align:start position:0% some of you might think we should do it relatively<01:24:59.030> soon<01:24:59.240> in<01:24:59.360> order<01:24:59.540> to<01:24:59.690> keep 01:24:59.860 --> 01:24:59.870 align:start position:0% relatively soon in order to keep 01:24:59.870 --> 01:25:02.190 align:start position:0% relatively soon in order to keep temperatures<01:25:00.500> under<01:25:00.710> 1.5<01:25:01.550> degrees 01:25:02.190 --> 01:25:02.200 align:start position:0% temperatures under 1.5 degrees 01:25:02.200 --> 01:25:05.710 align:start position:0% temperatures under 1.5 degrees none<01:25:03.200> of<01:25:03.230> us<01:25:03.530> is<01:25:03.800> making<01:25:04.250> the<01:25:04.370> decision<01:25:04.790> this 01:25:05.710 --> 01:25:05.720 align:start position:0% none of us is making the decision this 01:25:05.720 --> 01:25:07.540 align:start position:0% none of us is making the decision this decision<01:25:06.170> will<01:25:06.290> get<01:25:06.440> made<01:25:06.680> decades<01:25:07.340> from<01:25:07.460> now 01:25:07.540 --> 01:25:07.550 align:start position:0% decision will get made decades from now 01:25:07.550 --> 01:25:11.200 align:start position:0% decision will get made decades from now by<01:25:08.120> the<01:25:08.180> next<01:25:08.570> generation<01:25:09.670> it<01:25:10.670> will<01:25:11.000> be 01:25:11.200 --> 01:25:11.210 align:start position:0% by the next generation it will be 01:25:11.210 --> 01:25:14.230 align:start position:0% by the next generation it will be considered<01:25:11.650> some<01:25:12.650> government<01:25:13.160> maybe<01:25:13.760> China 01:25:14.230 --> 01:25:14.240 align:start position:0% considered some government maybe China 01:25:14.240 --> 01:25:16.690 align:start position:0% considered some government maybe China after<01:25:14.870> a<01:25:15.110> monsoon<01:25:15.650> causes<01:25:16.070> the<01:25:16.190> crops<01:25:16.430> to<01:25:16.580> fail 01:25:16.690 --> 01:25:16.700 align:start position:0% after a monsoon causes the crops to fail 01:25:16.700 --> 01:25:17.620 align:start position:0% after a monsoon causes the crops to fail because<01:25:17.000> geometry 01:25:17.620 --> 01:25:17.630 align:start position:0% because geometry 01:25:17.630 --> 01:25:20.230 align:start position:0% because geometry actually<01:25:18.050> can<01:25:18.200> help<01:25:18.410> with<01:25:18.800> that<01:25:19.240> maybe 01:25:20.230 --> 01:25:20.240 align:start position:0% actually can help with that maybe 01:25:20.240 --> 01:25:22.990 align:start position:0% actually can help with that maybe Indonesia<01:25:20.930> after<01:25:21.560> a<01:25:22.160> heatwave<01:25:22.430> kills<01:25:22.880> a 01:25:22.990 --> 01:25:23.000 align:start position:0% Indonesia after a heatwave kills a 01:25:23.000 --> 01:25:25.330 align:start position:0% Indonesia after a heatwave kills a hundred<01:25:23.270> thousand<01:25:23.630> people<01:25:23.900> maybe<01:25:24.860> United 01:25:25.330 --> 01:25:25.340 align:start position:0% hundred thousand people maybe United 01:25:25.340 --> 01:25:27.400 align:start position:0% hundred thousand people maybe United States<01:25:25.640> after<01:25:25.880> a<01:25:26.390> category<01:25:27.050> five<01:25:27.380> hurricane 01:25:27.400 --> 01:25:27.410 align:start position:0% States after a category five hurricane 01:25:27.410 --> 01:25:31.510 align:start position:0% States after a category five hurricane hits<01:25:28.310> this<01:25:28.820> place<01:25:29.180> this<01:25:29.540> city<01:25:29.810> head-on<01:25:30.520> it 01:25:31.510 --> 01:25:31.520 align:start position:0% hits this place this city head-on it 01:25:31.520 --> 01:25:34.570 align:start position:0% hits this place this city head-on it will<01:25:31.790> be<01:25:31.940> considered<01:25:32.530> suppose<01:25:33.530> our<01:25:33.860> opponents 01:25:34.570 --> 01:25:34.580 align:start position:0% will be considered suppose our opponents 01:25:34.580 --> 01:25:37.030 align:start position:0% will be considered suppose our opponents keep<01:25:34.820> winning<01:25:35.290> suppose<01:25:36.290> solar<01:25:36.710> generation 01:25:37.030 --> 01:25:37.040 align:start position:0% keep winning suppose solar generation 01:25:37.040 --> 01:25:39.070 align:start position:0% keep winning suppose solar generation stays<01:25:37.610> in<01:25:37.910> its<01:25:38.090> crazy<01:25:38.480> corner 01:25:39.070 --> 01:25:39.080 align:start position:0% stays in its crazy corner 01:25:39.080 --> 01:25:42.460 align:start position:0% stays in its crazy corner we<01:25:40.070> can't<01:25:40.400> bind<01:25:40.700> our<01:25:40.940> children's<01:25:41.420> hands<01:25:41.690> the 01:25:42.460 --> 01:25:42.470 align:start position:0% we can't bind our children's hands the 01:25:42.470 --> 01:25:44.230 align:start position:0% we can't bind our children's hands the decisions<01:25:42.980> about<01:25:43.160> deployment<01:25:43.790> will<01:25:43.910> still<01:25:44.120> be 01:25:44.230 --> 01:25:44.240 align:start position:0% decisions about deployment will still be 01:25:44.240 --> 01:25:46.150 align:start position:0% decisions about deployment will still be made<01:25:44.450> but<01:25:45.080> they<01:25:45.200> will<01:25:45.350> be<01:25:45.470> made<01:25:45.680> without 01:25:46.150 --> 01:25:46.160 align:start position:0% made but they will be made without 01:25:46.160 --> 01:25:48.460 align:start position:0% made but they will be made without adequate<01:25:47.090> understanding<01:25:47.390> of<01:25:47.810> what<01:25:47.990> the<01:25:48.110> risks 01:25:48.460 --> 01:25:48.470 align:start position:0% adequate understanding of what the risks 01:25:48.470 --> 01:25:51.310 align:start position:0% adequate understanding of what the risks are<01:25:48.740> without<01:25:49.640> exploration<01:25:50.540> of<01:25:50.690> technologies 01:25:51.310 --> 01:25:51.320 align:start position:0% are without exploration of technologies 01:25:51.320 --> 01:25:52.900 align:start position:0% are without exploration of technologies that<01:25:51.350> could<01:25:51.620> substantially<01:25:52.160> reduce<01:25:52.430> those 01:25:52.900 --> 01:25:52.910 align:start position:0% that could substantially reduce those 01:25:52.910 --> 01:25:55.450 align:start position:0% that could substantially reduce those risks<01:25:53.260> without<01:25:54.260> knowledge<01:25:54.620> about<01:25:55.130> how<01:25:55.430> to 01:25:55.450 --> 01:25:55.460 align:start position:0% risks without knowledge about how to 01:25:55.460 --> 01:25:57.940 align:start position:0% risks without knowledge about how to monitor<01:25:56.120> adequately<01:25:56.600> and<01:25:56.900> without<01:25:57.620> enough 01:25:57.940 --> 01:25:57.950 align:start position:0% monitor adequately and without enough 01:25:57.950 --> 01:26:00.460 align:start position:0% monitor adequately and without enough time<01:25:57.980> for<01:25:58.610> nations<01:25:59.000> to<01:25:59.180> discuss<01:25:59.690> how<01:26:00.230> they 01:26:00.460 --> 01:26:00.470 align:start position:0% time for nations to discuss how they 01:26:00.470 --> 01:26:03.190 align:start position:0% time for nations to discuss how they might<01:26:00.710> govern<01:26:00.920> this<01:26:01.250> technology<01:26:01.850> our<01:26:02.720> choice 01:26:03.190 --> 01:26:03.200 align:start position:0% might govern this technology our choice 01:26:03.200 --> 01:26:05.590 align:start position:0% might govern this technology our choice tonight<01:26:03.410> is<01:26:03.800> not<01:26:04.100> about<01:26:04.310> deployment<01:26:04.820> it's 01:26:05.590 --> 01:26:05.600 align:start position:0% tonight is not about deployment it's 01:26:05.600 --> 01:26:08.140 align:start position:0% tonight is not about deployment it's about<01:26:05.840> doing<01:26:06.140> as<01:26:06.470> Ban<01:26:06.800> ki-moon<01:26:07.070> advocated<01:26:07.940> not 01:26:08.140 --> 01:26:08.150 align:start position:0% about doing as Ban ki-moon advocated not 01:26:08.150 --> 01:26:10.180 align:start position:0% about doing as Ban ki-moon advocated not as<01:26:08.330> that<01:26:08.510> little<01:26:08.660> quote<01:26:08.960> said<01:26:09.260> which<01:26:09.740> was<01:26:09.980> to 01:26:10.180 --> 01:26:10.190 align:start position:0% as that little quote said which was to 01:26:10.190 --> 01:26:12.130 align:start position:0% as that little quote said which was to take<01:26:10.460> this<01:26:10.700> seriously<01:26:11.180> and<01:26:11.300> study<01:26:11.780> it<01:26:11.960> and 01:26:12.130 --> 01:26:12.140 align:start position:0% take this seriously and study it and 01:26:12.140 --> 01:26:14.950 align:start position:0% take this seriously and study it and have<01:26:12.290> open<01:26:12.650> debate<01:26:12.980> a<01:26:13.190> vote<01:26:14.180> for<01:26:14.690> the 01:26:14.950 --> 01:26:14.960 align:start position:0% have open debate a vote for the 01:26:14.960 --> 01:26:18.070 align:start position:0% have open debate a vote for the resolution<01:26:15.110> is<01:26:15.770> a<01:26:16.610> vote<01:26:17.030> that<01:26:17.270> says<01:26:17.300> you<01:26:17.960> are 01:26:18.070 --> 01:26:18.080 align:start position:0% resolution is a vote that says you are 01:26:18.080 --> 01:26:20.260 align:start position:0% resolution is a vote that says you are confident<01:26:18.680> that<01:26:18.890> this<01:26:19.070> should<01:26:19.310> never<01:26:19.550> be<01:26:19.730> used 01:26:20.260 --> 01:26:20.270 align:start position:0% confident that this should never be used 01:26:20.270 --> 01:26:23.230 align:start position:0% confident that this should never be used that's<01:26:20.690> what<01:26:20.930> crazy<01:26:21.170> means<01:26:21.560> but<01:26:22.520> I<01:26:22.670> don't<01:26:23.030> know 01:26:23.230 --> 01:26:23.240 align:start position:0% that's what crazy means but I don't know 01:26:23.240 --> 01:26:24.880 align:start position:0% that's what crazy means but I don't know where<01:26:23.420> that<01:26:23.540> confidence<01:26:24.080> could<01:26:24.260> come<01:26:24.470> from<01:26:24.620> I 01:26:24.880 --> 01:26:24.890 align:start position:0% where that confidence could come from I 01:26:24.890 --> 01:26:26.820 align:start position:0% where that confidence could come from I think<01:26:25.070> that<01:26:25.370> is<01:26:25.640> overconfidence 01:26:26.820 --> 01:26:26.830 align:start position:0% think that is overconfidence 01:26:26.830 --> 01:26:29.020 align:start position:0% think that is overconfidence overconfidence<01:26:27.830> to<01:26:27.950> the<01:26:28.070> point<01:26:28.280> of<01:26:28.370> hubris<01:26:28.730> I 01:26:29.020 --> 01:26:29.030 align:start position:0% overconfidence to the point of hubris I 01:26:29.030 --> 01:26:32.350 align:start position:0% overconfidence to the point of hubris I urge<01:26:29.690> you<01:26:29.870> to<01:26:29.960> vote<01:26:30.110> no<01:26:30.320> thank<01:26:31.060> you<01:26:32.060> David 01:26:32.350 --> 01:26:32.360 align:start position:0% urge you to vote no thank you David 01:26:32.360 --> 01:26:34.420 align:start position:0% urge you to vote no thank you David Keith<01:26:32.540> and<01:26:32.750> that<01:26:32.840> concludes<01:26:33.260> round<01:26:33.650> three<01:26:34.400> of 01:26:34.420 --> 01:26:34.430 align:start position:0% Keith and that concludes round three of 01:26:34.430 --> 01:26:36.190 align:start position:0% Keith and that concludes round three of this<01:26:34.640> intelligent<01:26:35.090> spared<01:26:35.360> us<01:26:35.630> debate<01:26:35.810> where 01:26:36.190 --> 01:26:36.200 align:start position:0% this intelligent spared us debate where 01:26:36.200 --> 01:26:38.380 align:start position:0% this intelligent spared us debate where the<01:26:36.230> resolution<01:26:36.860> is<01:26:36.980> engineering<01:26:37.760> solar 01:26:38.380 --> 01:26:38.390 align:start position:0% the resolution is engineering solar 01:26:38.390 --> 01:26:42.100 align:start position:0% the resolution is engineering solar radiation<01:26:39.320> is<01:26:39.590> a<01:26:39.890> crazy<01:26:40.430> idea<01:26:40.790> I<01:26:41.270> just<01:26:41.930> want<01:26:42.050> to 01:26:42.100 --> 01:26:42.110 align:start position:0% radiation is a crazy idea I just want to 01:26:42.110 --> 01:26:43.390 align:start position:0% radiation is a crazy idea I just want to say<01:26:42.200> something<01:26:42.380> about<01:26:42.530> your<01:26:42.770> closing 01:26:43.390 --> 01:26:43.400 align:start position:0% say something about your closing 01:26:43.400 --> 01:26:46.480 align:start position:0% say something about your closing statements<01:26:43.910> when<01:26:44.810> we<01:26:45.020> when<01:26:45.350> we<01:26:45.500> asked<01:26:46.100> to<01:26:46.340> bait 01:26:46.480 --> 01:26:46.490 align:start position:0% statements when we when we asked to bait 01:26:46.490 --> 01:26:47.470 align:start position:0% statements when we when we asked to bait errs<01:26:46.610> to<01:26:46.730> come<01:26:46.850> onto<01:26:46.970> the<01:26:47.150> program 01:26:47.470 --> 01:26:47.480 align:start position:0% errs to come onto the program 01:26:47.480 --> 01:26:48.850 align:start position:0% errs to come onto the program particularly<01:26:47.870> debaters<01:26:48.350> who<01:26:48.440> may<01:26:48.560> not<01:26:48.680> know 01:26:48.850 --> 01:26:48.860 align:start position:0% particularly debaters who may not know 01:26:48.860 --> 01:26:51.250 align:start position:0% particularly debaters who may not know the<01:26:48.980> program<01:26:49.370> they<01:26:49.940> ask<01:26:50.120> how<01:26:50.420> it<01:26:50.570> unfolds<01:26:51.110> and 01:26:51.250 --> 01:26:51.260 align:start position:0% the program they ask how it unfolds and 01:26:51.260 --> 01:26:53.680 align:start position:0% the program they ask how it unfolds and what<01:26:51.440> you<01:26:51.620> should<01:26:51.800> but<01:26:52.070> you<01:26:52.160> know<01:26:52.390> what<01:26:53.390> works 01:26:53.680 --> 01:26:53.690 align:start position:0% what you should but you know what works 01:26:53.690 --> 01:26:55.150 align:start position:0% what you should but you know what works and<01:26:53.900> what<01:26:54.050> are<01:26:54.170> the<01:26:54.230> closing<01:26:54.560> statements<01:26:55.010> like 01:26:55.150 --> 01:26:55.160 align:start position:0% and what are the closing statements like 01:26:55.160 --> 01:26:58.150 align:start position:0% and what are the closing statements like and<01:26:56.170> there<01:26:57.170> have<01:26:57.320> been<01:26:57.410> a<01:26:57.470> couple<01:26:57.530> of<01:26:57.860> debates 01:26:58.150 --> 01:26:58.160 align:start position:0% and there have been a couple of debates 01:26:58.160 --> 01:26:59.320 align:start position:0% and there have been a couple of debates over<01:26:58.340> the<01:26:58.550> years<01:26:58.730> that 01:26:59.320 --> 01:26:59.330 align:start position:0% over the years that 01:26:59.330 --> 01:27:01.720 align:start position:0% over the years that referre<01:26:59.870> new<01:27:00.680> debaters<01:27:01.100> -<01:27:01.310> I<01:27:01.340> say<01:27:01.580> why<01:27:01.670> don't 01:27:01.720 --> 01:27:01.730 align:start position:0% referre new debaters - I say why don't 01:27:01.730 --> 01:27:02.950 align:start position:0% referre new debaters - I say why don't you<01:27:01.850> watch<01:27:02.030> this<01:27:02.240> debate<01:27:02.420> they<01:27:02.660> had<01:27:02.750> really 01:27:02.950 --> 01:27:02.960 align:start position:0% you watch this debate they had really 01:27:02.960 --> 01:27:04.750 align:start position:0% you watch this debate they had really great<01:27:03.230> closing<01:27:03.650> statements<01:27:04.130> tonight's 01:27:04.750 --> 01:27:04.760 align:start position:0% great closing statements tonight's 01:27:04.760 --> 01:27:06.550 align:start position:0% great closing statements tonight's debate<01:27:05.060> became<01:27:05.450> the<01:27:05.810> one<01:27:05.960> I'm<01:27:06.110> gonna<01:27:06.290> start 01:27:06.550 --> 01:27:06.560 align:start position:0% debate became the one I'm gonna start 01:27:06.560 --> 01:27:08.290 align:start position:0% debate became the one I'm gonna start using<01:27:07.010> because<01:27:07.340> all<01:27:07.550> for<01:27:07.850> closing<01:27:08.120> statements 01:27:08.290 --> 01:27:08.300 align:start position:0% using because all for closing statements 01:27:08.300 --> 01:27:10.090 align:start position:0% using because all for closing statements were<01:27:08.900> just<01:27:09.230> knocked<01:27:09.440> it<01:27:09.620> out<01:27:09.710> of<01:27:09.740> the<01:27:09.860> ballpark 01:27:10.090 --> 01:27:10.100 align:start position:0% were just knocked it out of the ballpark 01:27:10.100 --> 01:27:12.490 align:start position:0% were just knocked it out of the ballpark it's<01:27:10.490> very<01:27:10.760> very<01:27:11.030> hard<01:27:11.330> in<01:27:11.510> two<01:27:12.050> minutes<01:27:12.260> to 01:27:12.490 --> 01:27:12.500 align:start position:0% it's very very hard in two minutes to 01:27:12.500 --> 01:27:14.110 align:start position:0% it's very very hard in two minutes to make<01:27:12.620> your<01:27:12.800> point<01:27:12.980> and<01:27:13.370> you<01:27:13.610> all<01:27:13.760> did<01:27:13.940> it 01:27:14.110 --> 01:27:14.120 align:start position:0% make your point and you all did it 01:27:14.120 --> 01:27:20.530 align:start position:0% make your point and you all did it really<01:27:18.610> and<01:27:19.610> the<01:27:19.700> other<01:27:19.850> thing<01:27:20.060> I<01:27:20.150> want<01:27:20.330> to<01:27:20.390> say 01:27:20.530 --> 01:27:20.540 align:start position:0% really and the other thing I want to say 01:27:20.540 --> 01:27:22.510 align:start position:0% really and the other thing I want to say it's<01:27:20.690> clear<01:27:20.960> that<01:27:20.990> there<01:27:21.290> was<01:27:21.380> passion<01:27:22.220> and 01:27:22.510 --> 01:27:22.520 align:start position:0% it's clear that there was passion and 01:27:22.520 --> 01:27:25.990 align:start position:0% it's clear that there was passion and and<01:27:23.030> and<01:27:23.560> you<01:27:24.560> know<01:27:24.680> deeply<01:27:24.980> held<01:27:25.460> feelings 01:27:25.990 --> 01:27:26.000 align:start position:0% and and you know deeply held feelings 01:27:26.000 --> 01:27:28.420 align:start position:0% and and you know deeply held feelings among<01:27:26.390> four<01:27:26.660> people<01:27:26.930> who<01:27:27.050> are<01:27:27.080> all<01:27:27.430> similarly 01:27:28.420 --> 01:27:28.430 align:start position:0% among four people who are all similarly 01:27:28.430 --> 01:27:30.700 align:start position:0% among four people who are all similarly concerned<01:27:28.910> about<01:27:29.180> the<01:27:29.330> climate<01:27:29.750> it<01:27:30.200> there<01:27:30.590> is 01:27:30.700 --> 01:27:30.710 align:start position:0% concerned about the climate it there is 01:27:30.710 --> 01:27:32.260 align:start position:0% concerned about the climate it there is almost<01:27:30.860> a<01:27:31.070> sort<01:27:31.280> of<01:27:31.370> rocky<01:27:31.610> and<01:27:31.730> Apollo<01:27:31.880> Creed 01:27:32.260 --> 01:27:32.270 align:start position:0% almost a sort of rocky and Apollo Creed 01:27:32.270 --> 01:27:35.020 align:start position:0% almost a sort of rocky and Apollo Creed kind<01:27:32.990> of<01:27:33.310> relationship<01:27:34.310> where<01:27:34.730> you've<01:27:34.910> been 01:27:35.020 --> 01:27:35.030 align:start position:0% kind of relationship where you've been 01:27:35.030 --> 01:27:36.550 align:start position:0% kind of relationship where you've been fighting<01:27:35.360> each<01:27:35.480> other<01:27:35.660> so<01:27:35.930> long<01:27:36.140> you<01:27:36.290> kind<01:27:36.440> of 01:27:36.550 --> 01:27:36.560 align:start position:0% fighting each other so long you kind of 01:27:36.560 --> 01:27:38.770 align:start position:0% fighting each other so long you kind of learn<01:27:36.740> to<01:27:36.770> respect<01:27:37.250> each<01:27:37.460> other<01:27:37.700> and<01:27:37.940> and<01:27:38.690> I 01:27:38.770 --> 01:27:38.780 align:start position:0% learn to respect each other and and I 01:27:38.780 --> 01:27:41.020 align:start position:0% learn to respect each other and and I felt<01:27:39.050> that<01:27:39.110> respect<01:27:39.560> on<01:27:39.710> the<01:27:39.830> stage<01:27:40.100> I<01:27:40.430> think 01:27:41.020 --> 01:27:41.030 align:start position:0% felt that respect on the stage I think 01:27:41.030 --> 01:27:43.030 align:start position:0% felt that respect on the stage I think it<01:27:41.210> typifies<01:27:41.990> the<01:27:42.320> thing<01:27:42.470> that<01:27:42.590> we<01:27:42.680> want<01:27:42.860> to<01:27:42.890> do 01:27:43.030 --> 01:27:43.040 align:start position:0% it typifies the thing that we want to do 01:27:43.040 --> 01:27:44.320 align:start position:0% it typifies the thing that we want to do it<01:27:43.160> intelligent<01:27:43.640> squared<01:27:43.850> which<01:27:44.000> is<01:27:44.120> to<01:27:44.210> have 01:27:44.320 --> 01:27:44.330 align:start position:0% it intelligent squared which is to have 01:27:44.330 --> 01:27:46.300 align:start position:0% it intelligent squared which is to have a<01:27:44.360> good<01:27:44.570> tough<01:27:44.810> conversation<01:27:45.500> but<01:27:45.920> be<01:27:46.070> able<01:27:46.160> to 01:27:46.300 --> 01:27:46.310 align:start position:0% a good tough conversation but be able to 01:27:46.310 --> 01:27:47.830 align:start position:0% a good tough conversation but be able to shake<01:27:46.580> hands<01:27:46.820> afterwards<01:27:47.330> so<01:27:47.390> I<01:27:47.450> congratulate 01:27:47.830 --> 01:27:47.840 align:start position:0% shake hands afterwards so I congratulate 01:27:47.840 --> 01:27:49.510 align:start position:0% shake hands afterwards so I congratulate all<01:27:48.170> four<01:27:48.440> of<01:27:48.470> you<01:27:48.650> for<01:27:48.860> what<01:27:49.010> you<01:27:49.130> did<01:27:49.280> here 01:27:49.510 --> 01:27:49.520 align:start position:0% all four of you for what you did here 01:27:49.520 --> 01:27:57.700 align:start position:0% all four of you for what you did here okay<01:27:54.130> and<01:27:55.130> and<01:27:56.000> and<01:27:56.240> Ted<01:27:56.540> Carson<01:27:56.990> maybe<01:27:57.200> maybe 01:27:57.700 --> 01:27:57.710 align:start position:0% okay and and and Ted Carson maybe maybe 01:27:57.710 --> 01:27:58.930 align:start position:0% okay and and and Ted Carson maybe maybe it's<01:27:57.920> the<01:27:58.070> fact<01:27:58.190> that<01:27:58.310> you're<01:27:58.460> Canadian<01:27:58.610> but<01:27:58.850> I 01:27:58.930 --> 01:27:58.940 align:start position:0% it's the fact that you're Canadian but I 01:27:58.940 --> 01:28:00.610 align:start position:0% it's the fact that you're Canadian but I loved<01:27:59.270> your<01:27:59.540> use<01:27:59.600> of<01:27:59.870> the<01:28:00.110> English<01:28:00.260> language 01:28:00.610 --> 01:28:00.620 align:start position:0% loved your use of the English language 01:28:00.620 --> 01:28:02.470 align:start position:0% loved your use of the English language and<01:28:01.130> I'm<01:28:01.310> gonna<01:28:01.490> come<01:28:01.790> oh<01:28:01.820> I<01:28:02.000> love<01:28:02.270> the 01:28:02.470 --> 01:28:02.480 align:start position:0% and I'm gonna come oh I love the 01:28:02.480 --> 01:28:04.990 align:start position:0% and I'm gonna come oh I love the description<01:28:03.140> of<01:28:03.350> the<01:28:03.500> goal<01:28:03.740> of<01:28:04.100> all<01:28:04.760> of<01:28:04.910> this 01:28:04.990 --> 01:28:05.000 align:start position:0% description of the goal of all of this 01:28:05.000 --> 01:28:07.510 align:start position:0% description of the goal of all of this work<01:28:05.240> is<01:28:05.570> to<01:28:05.630> create<01:28:05.930> a<01:28:06.080> quote<01:28:06.530> less<01:28:06.920> perturbed 01:28:07.510 --> 01:28:07.520 align:start position:0% work is to create a quote less perturbed 01:28:07.520 --> 01:28:11.950 align:start position:0% work is to create a quote less perturbed climate<01:28:09.280> start<01:28:10.280> using<01:28:10.570> while<01:28:11.570> we're<01:28:11.720> waiting 01:28:11.950 --> 01:28:11.960 align:start position:0% climate start using while we're waiting 01:28:11.960 --> 01:28:12.940 align:start position:0% climate start using while we're waiting for<01:28:11.990> the<01:28:12.140> vote<01:28:12.290> I<01:28:12.320> just<01:28:12.560> have<01:28:12.680> a<01:28:12.710> question 01:28:12.940 --> 01:28:12.950 align:start position:0% for the vote I just have a question 01:28:12.950 --> 01:28:14.530 align:start position:0% for the vote I just have a question something<01:28:13.400> that's<01:28:13.700> relatively<01:28:14.180> out<01:28:14.270> of<01:28:14.480> the 01:28:14.530 --> 01:28:14.540 align:start position:0% something that's relatively out of the 01:28:14.540 --> 01:28:16.240 align:start position:0% something that's relatively out of the news<01:28:14.750> -<01:28:15.050> the<01:28:15.140> topic<01:28:15.500> we're<01:28:15.650> on<01:28:15.770> tonight<01:28:16.040> just 01:28:16.240 --> 01:28:16.250 align:start position:0% news - the topic we're on tonight just 01:28:16.250 --> 01:28:17.680 align:start position:0% news - the topic we're on tonight just to<01:28:16.310> get<01:28:16.460> your<01:28:16.550> take<01:28:16.760> on<01:28:16.910> it<01:28:17.060> this<01:28:17.150> is<01:28:17.210> not<01:28:17.330> part 01:28:17.680 --> 01:28:17.690 align:start position:0% to get your take on it this is not part 01:28:17.690 --> 01:28:20.050 align:start position:0% to get your take on it this is not part of<01:28:17.720> the<01:28:17.840> competition<01:28:18.410> but<01:28:19.370> geoengineering 01:28:20.050 --> 01:28:20.060 align:start position:0% of the competition but geoengineering 01:28:20.060 --> 01:28:23.770 align:start position:0% of the competition but geoengineering came<01:28:20.330> up<01:28:20.510> at<01:28:21.500> a<01:28:21.530> UN<01:28:21.890> Environment<01:28:22.780> United 01:28:23.770 --> 01:28:23.780 align:start position:0% came up at a UN Environment United 01:28:23.780 --> 01:28:25.360 align:start position:0% came up at a UN Environment United Nations<01:28:24.020> Assembly<01:28:24.680> discussing<01:28:25.280> the 01:28:25.360 --> 01:28:25.370 align:start position:0% Nations Assembly discussing the 01:28:25.370 --> 01:28:28.840 align:start position:0% Nations Assembly discussing the environment<01:28:25.940> and<01:28:27.190> when<01:28:28.190> the<01:28:28.280> topic<01:28:28.490> came<01:28:28.790> up 01:28:28.840 --> 01:28:28.850 align:start position:0% environment and when the topic came up 01:28:28.850 --> 01:28:30.970 align:start position:0% environment and when the topic came up about<01:28:29.240> whether<01:28:29.480> to<01:28:29.810> to<01:28:30.530> continue<01:28:30.830> a 01:28:30.970 --> 01:28:30.980 align:start position:0% about whether to to continue a 01:28:30.980 --> 01:28:33.130 align:start position:0% about whether to to continue a conversation<01:28:31.220> on<01:28:31.970> the<01:28:32.120> issue<01:28:32.270> of<01:28:32.450> researching 01:28:33.130 --> 01:28:33.140 align:start position:0% conversation on the issue of researching 01:28:33.140 --> 01:28:34.720 align:start position:0% conversation on the issue of researching and<01:28:33.230> regulation<01:28:33.770> and<01:28:33.860> oversight<01:28:34.130> of<01:28:34.310> gene<01:28:34.550> you 01:28:34.720 --> 01:28:34.730 align:start position:0% and regulation and oversight of gene you 01:28:34.730 --> 01:28:36.250 align:start position:0% and regulation and oversight of gene you know<01:28:34.850> really<01:28:35.090> to<01:28:35.210> put<01:28:35.390> geoengineering<01:28:35.990> on<01:28:36.170> the 01:28:36.250 --> 01:28:36.260 align:start position:0% know really to put geoengineering on the 01:28:36.260 --> 01:28:38.740 align:start position:0% know really to put geoengineering on the table<01:28:36.590> the<01:28:37.220> two<01:28:37.430> strongest<01:28:37.940> leading<01:28:38.510> votes 01:28:38.740 --> 01:28:38.750 align:start position:0% table the two strongest leading votes 01:28:38.750 --> 01:28:41.440 align:start position:0% table the two strongest leading votes against<01:28:39.410> doing<01:28:39.830> that<01:28:39.980> kind<01:28:40.850> of<01:28:40.910> the<01:28:41.060> votes<01:28:41.240> for 01:28:41.440 --> 01:28:41.450 align:start position:0% against doing that kind of the votes for 01:28:41.450 --> 01:28:43.780 align:start position:0% against doing that kind of the votes for crazy<01:28:41.630> I<01:28:41.780> guess<01:28:42.050> were<01:28:42.350> the<01:28:42.920> United<01:28:43.250> States<01:28:43.520> and 01:28:43.780 --> 01:28:43.790 align:start position:0% crazy I guess were the United States and 01:28:43.790 --> 01:28:47.500 align:start position:0% crazy I guess were the United States and Saudi<01:28:44.510> Arabia<01:28:44.690> and<01:28:45.460> I'm<01:28:46.460> cure<01:28:46.880> you<01:28:47.090> know<01:28:47.210> sandy 01:28:47.500 --> 01:28:47.510 align:start position:0% Saudi Arabia and I'm cure you know sandy 01:28:47.510 --> 01:28:50.920 align:start position:0% Saudi Arabia and I'm cure you know sandy Arabia<01:28:47.930> that<01:28:47.990> they're<01:28:48.530> big<01:28:48.710> fossil<01:28:48.920> so<01:28:49.930> on 01:28:50.920 --> 01:28:50.930 align:start position:0% Arabia that they're big fossil so on 01:28:50.930 --> 01:28:52.960 align:start position:0% Arabia that they're big fossil so on your<01:28:51.710> your<01:28:51.950> point<01:28:52.160> would<01:28:52.370> be<01:28:52.520> big<01:28:52.760> fossil 01:28:52.960 --> 01:28:52.970 align:start position:0% your your point would be big fossil 01:28:52.970 --> 01:28:55.240 align:start position:0% your your point would be big fossil would<01:28:53.360> want<01:28:54.290> to<01:28:54.380> keep<01:28:54.500> this<01:28:54.650> going<01:28:54.830> so<01:28:55.040> I<01:28:55.070> would 01:28:55.240 --> 01:28:55.250 align:start position:0% would want to keep this going so I would 01:28:55.250 --> 01:28:56.470 align:start position:0% would want to keep this going so I would like<01:28:55.400> to<01:28:55.490> get<01:28:55.610> the<01:28:55.850> take<01:28:56.000> from<01:28:56.180> all<01:28:56.270> four<01:28:56.450> of 01:28:56.470 --> 01:28:56.480 align:start position:0% like to get the take from all four of 01:28:56.480 --> 01:28:57.460 align:start position:0% like to get the take from all four of you<01:28:56.630> what<01:28:56.780> do<01:28:56.840> you<01:28:56.870> think<01:28:56.930> is<01:28:57.110> going<01:28:57.260> on<01:28:57.410> there 01:28:57.460 --> 01:28:57.470 align:start position:0% you what do you think is going on there 01:28:57.470 --> 01:29:00.070 align:start position:0% you what do you think is going on there politically<01:28:58.300> I've<01:28:59.300> been<01:28:59.480> trying<01:28:59.720> to<01:28:59.780> get<01:28:59.930> the 01:29:00.070 --> 01:29:00.080 align:start position:0% politically I've been trying to get the 01:29:00.080 --> 01:29:01.720 align:start position:0% politically I've been trying to get the inside<01:29:00.200> scoop<01:29:00.500> on<01:29:00.740> this<01:29:00.950> ever<01:29:01.220> since<01:29:01.520> it 01:29:01.720 --> 01:29:01.730 align:start position:0% inside scoop on this ever since it 01:29:01.730 --> 01:29:02.710 align:start position:0% inside scoop on this ever since it happened<01:29:02.090> and<01:29:02.180> I've<01:29:02.300> heard<01:29:02.480> a<01:29:02.570> few 01:29:02.710 --> 01:29:02.720 align:start position:0% happened and I've heard a few 01:29:02.720 --> 01:29:06.010 align:start position:0% happened and I've heard a few contradictory<01:29:03.380> stories<01:29:03.700> so<01:29:04.700> we're<01:29:05.630> not<01:29:05.780> doing 01:29:06.010 --> 01:29:06.020 align:start position:0% contradictory stories so we're not doing 01:29:06.020 --> 01:29:07.570 align:start position:0% contradictory stories so we're not doing the<01:29:06.110> debate<01:29:06.350> anymore<01:29:06.770> but<01:29:06.980> we<01:29:07.190> were<01:29:07.340> still 01:29:07.570 --> 01:29:07.580 align:start position:0% the debate anymore but we were still 01:29:07.580 --> 01:29:10.180 align:start position:0% the debate anymore but we were still doing<01:29:07.730> the<01:29:07.940> debate<01:29:08.240> I'd<01:29:08.480> say<01:29:08.750> see<01:29:09.380> it's<01:29:09.890> the 01:29:10.180 --> 01:29:10.190 align:start position:0% doing the debate I'd say see it's the 01:29:10.190 --> 01:29:12.730 align:start position:0% doing the debate I'd say see it's the three<01:29:10.550> countries<01:29:10.910> that<01:29:11.210> are<01:29:11.600> most<01:29:11.900> vigorously 01:29:12.730 --> 01:29:12.740 align:start position:0% three countries that are most vigorously 01:29:12.740 --> 01:29:13.180 align:start position:0% three countries that are most vigorously opposed 01:29:13.180 --> 01:29:13.190 align:start position:0% opposed 01:29:13.190 --> 01:29:15.160 align:start position:0% opposed to<01:29:13.370> aggressive<01:29:13.880> emission<01:29:14.330> cuts<01:29:14.540> that<01:29:15.110> are 01:29:15.160 --> 01:29:15.170 align:start position:0% to aggressive emission cuts that are 01:29:15.170 --> 01:29:16.420 align:start position:0% to aggressive emission cuts that are trying<01:29:15.470> to<01:29:15.560> shut<01:29:15.770> down<01:29:15.830> debate<01:29:16.160> on 01:29:16.420 --> 01:29:16.430 align:start position:0% trying to shut down debate on 01:29:16.430 --> 01:29:19.210 align:start position:0% trying to shut down debate on geoengineering<01:29:17.830> someone<01:29:18.830> who<01:29:18.920> was<01:29:19.070> there 01:29:19.210 --> 01:29:19.220 align:start position:0% geoengineering someone who was there 01:29:19.220 --> 01:29:21.070 align:start position:0% geoengineering someone who was there suggested<01:29:19.790> to<01:29:19.940> me<01:29:20.090> that<01:29:20.120> the<01:29:20.480> United<01:29:20.810> States 01:29:21.070 --> 01:29:21.080 align:start position:0% suggested to me that the United States 01:29:21.080 --> 01:29:22.480 align:start position:0% suggested to me that the United States story<01:29:21.380> was<01:29:21.650> simpler<01:29:22.100> than<01:29:22.280> that 01:29:22.480 --> 01:29:22.490 align:start position:0% story was simpler than that 01:29:22.490 --> 01:29:24.370 align:start position:0% story was simpler than that that<01:29:22.880> is<01:29:23.000> it's<01:29:23.270> just<01:29:23.390> the<01:29:23.600> United<01:29:24.110> States 01:29:24.370 --> 01:29:24.380 align:start position:0% that is it's just the United States 01:29:24.380 --> 01:29:26.500 align:start position:0% that is it's just the United States hates<01:29:24.740> the<01:29:24.980> UN<01:29:25.310> Environment<01:29:25.610> Program<01:29:25.910> and 01:29:26.500 --> 01:29:26.510 align:start position:0% hates the UN Environment Program and 01:29:26.510 --> 01:29:27.970 align:start position:0% hates the UN Environment Program and doesn't<01:29:26.900> ever<01:29:27.050> want<01:29:27.290> it<01:29:27.470> to<01:29:27.590> do<01:29:27.740> anything 01:29:27.970 --> 01:29:27.980 align:start position:0% doesn't ever want it to do anything 01:29:27.980 --> 01:29:32.320 align:start position:0% doesn't ever want it to do anything because<01:29:28.790> it's<01:29:29.120> UN<01:29:30.520> environment<01:29:31.520> and<01:29:32.180> I<01:29:32.270> don't 01:29:32.320 --> 01:29:32.330 align:start position:0% because it's UN environment and I don't 01:29:32.330 --> 01:29:34.090 align:start position:0% because it's UN environment and I don't know<01:29:32.570> if<01:29:32.690> you<01:29:32.900> all<01:29:33.020> know<01:29:33.170> the<01:29:33.380> UN<01:29:33.650> Environment 01:29:34.090 --> 01:29:34.100 align:start position:0% know if you all know the UN Environment 01:29:34.100 --> 01:29:36.460 align:start position:0% know if you all know the UN Environment Program<01:29:34.190> has<01:29:34.730> an<01:29:34.880> explicit<01:29:35.240> mandate<01:29:35.720> of<01:29:36.170> kind 01:29:36.460 --> 01:29:36.470 align:start position:0% Program has an explicit mandate of kind 01:29:36.470 --> 01:29:38.380 align:start position:0% Program has an explicit mandate of kind of<01:29:36.590> more<01:29:36.890> equal<01:29:37.430> representation<01:29:37.910> and 01:29:38.380 --> 01:29:38.390 align:start position:0% of more equal representation and 01:29:38.390 --> 01:29:40.000 align:start position:0% of more equal representation and participation<01:29:39.140> from<01:29:39.290> the<01:29:39.470> divet<01:29:39.710> from<01:29:39.920> the 01:29:40.000 --> 01:29:40.010 align:start position:0% participation from the divet from the 01:29:40.010 --> 01:29:42.910 align:start position:0% participation from the divet from the global<01:29:40.310> south<01:29:41.650> relative<01:29:42.650> to<01:29:42.770> other 01:29:42.910 --> 01:29:42.920 align:start position:0% global south relative to other 01:29:42.920 --> 01:29:46.060 align:start position:0% global south relative to other international<01:29:43.580> organizations<01:29:44.270> so<01:29:44.720> yeah<01:29:45.710> well 01:29:46.060 --> 01:29:46.070 align:start position:0% international organizations so yeah well 01:29:46.070 --> 01:29:48.270 align:start position:0% international organizations so yeah well I've<01:29:46.220> been<01:29:46.340> to<01:29:46.490> quite<01:29:47.030> a<01:29:47.090> number<01:29:47.300> of<01:29:47.540> the 01:29:48.270 --> 01:29:48.280 align:start position:0% I've been to quite a number of the 01:29:48.280 --> 01:29:53.230 align:start position:0% I've been to quite a number of the massive<01:29:49.280> UN<01:29:49.720> climate<01:29:51.400> conferences<01:29:52.400> and<01:29:52.670> you 01:29:53.230 --> 01:29:53.240 align:start position:0% massive UN climate conferences and you 01:29:53.240 --> 01:29:55.300 align:start position:0% massive UN climate conferences and you know<01:29:53.360> the<01:29:53.750> reasons<01:29:54.290> that<01:29:54.530> certain<01:29:54.920> nations 01:29:55.300 --> 01:29:55.310 align:start position:0% know the reasons that certain nations 01:29:55.310 --> 01:29:57.790 align:start position:0% know the reasons that certain nations take<01:29:55.580> certain<01:29:55.820> positions<01:29:56.060> can<01:29:56.600> be<01:29:56.800> Byzantine 01:29:57.790 --> 01:29:57.800 align:start position:0% take certain positions can be Byzantine 01:29:57.800 --> 01:30:01.060 align:start position:0% take certain positions can be Byzantine and<01:29:58.460> you<01:29:59.150> really<01:29:59.600> have<01:29:59.780> to<01:29:59.960> you<01:30:00.260> know<01:30:00.350> there 01:30:01.060 --> 01:30:01.070 align:start position:0% and you really have to you know there 01:30:01.070 --> 01:30:02.710 align:start position:0% and you really have to you know there was<01:30:01.160> no<01:30:01.280> obvious<01:30:01.490> answer<01:30:02.030> to<01:30:02.060> the<01:30:02.360> question 01:30:02.710 --> 01:30:02.720 align:start position:0% was no obvious answer to the question 01:30:02.720 --> 01:30:04.840 align:start position:0% was no obvious answer to the question you<01:30:02.750> really<01:30:03.140> had<01:30:03.290> to<01:30:03.320> go<01:30:03.530> into<01:30:03.890> it<01:30:04.010> people<01:30:04.580> will 01:30:04.840 --> 01:30:04.850 align:start position:0% you really had to go into it people will 01:30:04.850 --> 01:30:06.460 align:start position:0% you really had to go into it people will give<01:30:05.000> you<01:30:05.150> different<01:30:05.360> kinds<01:30:05.840> of<01:30:05.870> answers<01:30:06.290> it 01:30:06.460 --> 01:30:06.470 align:start position:0% give you different kinds of answers it 01:30:06.470 --> 01:30:08.140 align:start position:0% give you different kinds of answers it could<01:30:06.770> have<01:30:06.890> been<01:30:07.040> I<01:30:07.310> wasn't<01:30:07.670> there<01:30:07.790> I'm<01:30:07.910> just 01:30:08.140 --> 01:30:08.150 align:start position:0% could have been I wasn't there I'm just 01:30:08.150 --> 01:30:11.220 align:start position:0% could have been I wasn't there I'm just purely<01:30:08.720> speculating<01:30:09.080> that<01:30:09.500> they<01:30:09.800> that<01:30:10.580> the 01:30:11.220 --> 01:30:11.230 align:start position:0% purely speculating that they that the 01:30:11.230 --> 01:30:13.990 align:start position:0% purely speculating that they that the United<01:30:12.230> is<01:30:12.350> quite<01:30:12.770> plausible<01:30:13.310> you<01:30:13.550> and<01:30:13.760> hate 01:30:13.990 --> 01:30:14.000 align:start position:0% United is quite plausible you and hate 01:30:14.000 --> 01:30:15.130 align:start position:0% United is quite plausible you and hate you<01:30:14.180> and<01:30:14.360> we<01:30:14.570> don't<01:30:14.720> want<01:30:14.810> to<01:30:14.960> give<01:30:15.050> them 01:30:15.130 --> 01:30:15.140 align:start position:0% you and we don't want to give them 01:30:15.140 --> 01:30:17.830 align:start position:0% you and we don't want to give them powdered<01:30:15.560> or<01:30:15.680> anything<01:30:16.300> another<01:30:17.300> argument<01:30:17.570> I 01:30:17.830 --> 01:30:17.840 align:start position:0% powdered or anything another argument I 01:30:17.840 --> 01:30:19.900 align:start position:0% powdered or anything another argument I don't<01:30:17.870> think<01:30:18.200> this<01:30:18.320> is<01:30:18.350> true<01:30:18.770> but<01:30:18.920> one<01:30:19.100> might 01:30:19.900 --> 01:30:19.910 align:start position:0% don't think this is true but one might 01:30:19.910 --> 01:30:22.330 align:start position:0% don't think this is true but one might have<01:30:20.030> been<01:30:20.180> well<01:30:20.420> you<01:30:21.020> know<01:30:21.050> when<01:30:21.560> it<01:30:21.680> comes<01:30:21.950> to 01:30:22.330 --> 01:30:22.340 align:start position:0% have been well you know when it comes to 01:30:22.340 --> 01:30:24.970 align:start position:0% have been well you know when it comes to it<01:30:22.490> we're<01:30:23.330> not<01:30:23.450> wanting<01:30:23.750> to<01:30:23.780> get<01:30:23.900> this<01:30:24.230> kind<01:30:24.830> of 01:30:24.970 --> 01:30:24.980 align:start position:0% it we're not wanting to get this kind of 01:30:24.980 --> 01:30:27.310 align:start position:0% it we're not wanting to get this kind of pissy<01:30:25.280> UN<01:30:25.850> organization<01:30:26.630> having<01:30:26.870> any<01:30:27.020> say 01:30:27.310 --> 01:30:27.320 align:start position:0% pissy UN organization having any say 01:30:27.320 --> 01:30:29.500 align:start position:0% pissy UN organization having any say yeah<01:30:27.620> we<01:30:27.830> the<01:30:27.980> United<01:30:28.400> States<01:30:28.670> when<01:30:29.150> it<01:30:29.270> comes 01:30:29.500 --> 01:30:29.510 align:start position:0% yeah we the United States when it comes 01:30:29.510 --> 01:30:31.540 align:start position:0% yeah we the United States when it comes to<01:30:29.690> it<01:30:29.780> if<01:30:29.870> it<01:30:29.990> comes<01:30:30.230> to<01:30:30.410> it<01:30:30.470> we're<01:30:31.100> gonna<01:30:31.310> want 01:30:31.540 --> 01:30:31.550 align:start position:0% to it if it comes to it we're gonna want 01:30:31.550 --> 01:30:32.560 align:start position:0% to it if it comes to it we're gonna want to<01:30:31.640> have<01:30:31.730> it<01:30:31.850> we'll<01:30:31.970> take<01:30:32.120> charge 01:30:32.560 --> 01:30:32.570 align:start position:0% to have it we'll take charge 01:30:32.570 --> 01:30:34.480 align:start position:0% to have it we'll take charge Angele<01:30:33.110> your<01:30:33.260> expressions<01:30:33.980> used<01:30:34.190> to<01:30:34.280> think 01:30:34.480 --> 01:30:34.490 align:start position:0% Angele your expressions used to think 01:30:34.490 --> 01:30:36.130 align:start position:0% Angele your expressions used to think you<01:30:35.240> think<01:30:35.330> there's<01:30:35.540> more<01:30:35.720> to<01:30:35.840> it<01:30:35.870> than<01:30:36.080> that 01:30:36.130 --> 01:30:36.140 align:start position:0% you think there's more to it than that 01:30:36.140 --> 01:30:38.320 align:start position:0% you think there's more to it than that so<01:30:36.950> that's<01:30:37.160> what<01:30:37.370> I<01:30:37.400> was<01:30:37.580> talking<01:30:37.850> about<01:30:37.880> in<01:30:38.210> my 01:30:38.320 --> 01:30:38.330 align:start position:0% so that's what I was talking about in my 01:30:38.330 --> 01:30:40.900 align:start position:0% so that's what I was talking about in my closing<01:30:38.570> remarks<01:30:38.780> so<01:30:39.590> the<01:30:40.160> only<01:30:40.490> thing<01:30:40.760> I<01:30:40.850> know 01:30:40.900 --> 01:30:40.910 align:start position:0% closing remarks so the only thing I know 01:30:40.910 --> 01:30:43.120 align:start position:0% closing remarks so the only thing I know about<01:30:41.030> what<01:30:41.570> happened<01:30:41.600> at<01:30:41.930> the<01:30:42.020> UN<01:30:42.260> EA<01:30:42.440> from 01:30:43.120 --> 01:30:43.130 align:start position:0% about what happened at the UN EA from 01:30:43.130 --> 01:30:44.530 align:start position:0% about what happened at the UN EA from different<01:30:43.520> perspectives<01:30:44.030> that<01:30:44.090> people<01:30:44.210> have 01:30:44.530 --> 01:30:44.540 align:start position:0% different perspectives that people have 01:30:44.540 --> 01:30:47.140 align:start position:0% different perspectives that people have written<01:30:44.720> on<01:30:44.990> what<01:30:45.170> happened<01:30:45.590> from<01:30:46.190> it<01:30:46.430> and<01:30:46.820> I 01:30:47.140 --> 01:30:47.150 align:start position:0% written on what happened from it and I 01:30:47.150 --> 01:30:50.350 align:start position:0% written on what happened from it and I think<01:30:47.600> the<01:30:47.780> two<01:30:47.930> points<01:30:48.530> of<01:30:49.000> contention<01:30:50.000> was 01:30:50.350 --> 01:30:50.360 align:start position:0% think the two points of contention was 01:30:50.360 --> 01:30:52.180 align:start position:0% think the two points of contention was whether<01:30:50.600> the<01:30:50.900> forum<01:30:51.260> was<01:30:51.350> the<01:30:51.500> right<01:30:51.650> forum<01:30:52.070> to 01:30:52.180 --> 01:30:52.190 align:start position:0% whether the forum was the right forum to 01:30:52.190 --> 01:30:54.940 align:start position:0% whether the forum was the right forum to bring<01:30:52.370> up<01:30:52.490> geoengineering<01:30:53.180> at<01:30:53.800> and<01:30:54.800> the 01:30:54.940 --> 01:30:54.950 align:start position:0% bring up geoengineering at and the 01:30:54.950 --> 01:30:56.440 align:start position:0% bring up geoengineering at and the second<01:30:55.280> one<01:30:55.430> was<01:30:55.610> about<01:30:55.640> the<01:30:56.000> precautionary 01:30:56.440 --> 01:30:56.450 align:start position:0% second one was about the precautionary 01:30:56.450 --> 01:31:00.160 align:start position:0% second one was about the precautionary principle<01:30:56.600> so<01:30:57.550> the<01:30:58.550> UK<01:30:58.790> and<01:30:59.240> a<01:30:59.330> lot<01:30:59.960> of<01:31:00.080> the 01:31:00.160 --> 01:31:00.170 align:start position:0% principle so the UK and a lot of the 01:31:00.170 --> 01:31:02.380 align:start position:0% principle so the UK and a lot of the European<01:31:00.290> countries<01:31:00.680> were<01:31:01.430> unwilling<01:31:02.240> to 01:31:02.380 --> 01:31:02.390 align:start position:0% European countries were unwilling to 01:31:02.390 --> 01:31:04.090 align:start position:0% European countries were unwilling to pass<01:31:02.690> the<01:31:02.870> resolution<01:31:03.020> unless<01:31:03.770> the<01:31:03.920> term 01:31:04.090 --> 01:31:04.100 align:start position:0% pass the resolution unless the term 01:31:04.100 --> 01:31:06.100 align:start position:0% pass the resolution unless the term precautionary<01:31:04.790> approach<01:31:04.970> was<01:31:05.510> included<01:31:06.020> in 01:31:06.100 --> 01:31:06.110 align:start position:0% precautionary approach was included in 01:31:06.110 --> 01:31:09.040 align:start position:0% precautionary approach was included in the<01:31:06.200> resolution<01:31:06.440> which<01:31:07.190> the<01:31:07.550> US<01:31:08.060> and<01:31:08.360> Saudi 01:31:09.040 --> 01:31:09.050 align:start position:0% the resolution which the US and Saudi 01:31:09.050 --> 01:31:11.230 align:start position:0% the resolution which the US and Saudi Arabia<01:31:09.260> did<01:31:09.680> not<01:31:09.920> back<01:31:10.310> and<01:31:10.610> that<01:31:10.880> was<01:31:11.030> one<01:31:11.210> of 01:31:11.230 --> 01:31:11.240 align:start position:0% Arabia did not back and that was one of 01:31:11.240 --> 01:31:13.630 align:start position:0% Arabia did not back and that was one of the<01:31:11.420> reasons<01:31:11.750> that<01:31:11.870> the<01:31:12.350> UK<01:31:12.710> and<01:31:12.920> that<01:31:13.370> you 01:31:13.630 --> 01:31:13.640 align:start position:0% the reasons that the UK and that you 01:31:13.640 --> 01:31:15.430 align:start position:0% the reasons that the UK and that you also<01:31:14.120> pull<01:31:14.300> back<01:31:14.480> their<01:31:14.750> support<01:31:14.930> from 01:31:15.430 --> 01:31:15.440 align:start position:0% also pull back their support from 01:31:15.440 --> 01:31:18.430 align:start position:0% also pull back their support from passing<01:31:15.830> the<01:31:15.950> resolution<01:31:16.750> I<01:31:17.750> agree<01:31:18.200> with<01:31:18.350> that 01:31:18.430 --> 01:31:18.440 align:start position:0% passing the resolution I agree with that 01:31:18.440 --> 01:31:20.110 align:start position:0% passing the resolution I agree with that story<01:31:18.740> precisely<01:31:19.190> and<01:31:19.520> and<01:31:19.700> part<01:31:19.970> of<01:31:20.000> it 01:31:20.110 --> 01:31:20.120 align:start position:0% story precisely and and part of it 01:31:20.120 --> 01:31:22.120 align:start position:0% story precisely and and part of it evolved<01:31:20.600> is<01:31:20.690> the<01:31:20.810> preamble<01:31:21.470> language<01:31:21.500> if<01:31:22.040> it 01:31:22.120 --> 01:31:22.130 align:start position:0% evolved is the preamble language if it 01:31:22.130 --> 01:31:23.740 align:start position:0% evolved is the preamble language if it evolved<01:31:22.580> and<01:31:22.730> so<01:31:22.850> those<01:31:23.030> things<01:31:23.240> came<01:31:23.420> in<01:31:23.600> so 01:31:23.740 --> 01:31:23.750 align:start position:0% evolved and so those things came in so 01:31:23.750 --> 01:31:25.510 align:start position:0% evolved and so those things came in so the<01:31:23.870> countries<01:31:24.470> that<01:31:24.620> originally<01:31:25.040> pushed<01:31:25.280> it 01:31:25.510 --> 01:31:25.520 align:start position:0% the countries that originally pushed it 01:31:25.520 --> 01:31:25.880 align:start position:0% the countries that originally pushed it and 01:31:25.880 --> 01:31:25.890 align:start position:0% and 01:31:25.890 --> 01:31:27.920 align:start position:0% and that<01:31:26.190> opposed<01:31:26.460> it<01:31:26.670> changed<01:31:27.210> I<01:31:27.390> think<01:31:27.870> the 01:31:27.920 --> 01:31:27.930 align:start position:0% that opposed it changed I think the 01:31:27.930 --> 01:31:29.450 align:start position:0% that opposed it changed I think the other<01:31:28.020> part<01:31:28.170> is<01:31:28.320> a<01:31:28.380> straight<01:31:28.740> jurisdictional 01:31:29.450 --> 01:31:29.460 align:start position:0% other part is a straight jurisdictional 01:31:29.460 --> 01:31:31.910 align:start position:0% other part is a straight jurisdictional site<01:31:29.700> that<01:31:30.230> some<01:31:31.230> set<01:31:31.410> of<01:31:31.440> countries<01:31:31.650> think 01:31:31.910 --> 01:31:31.920 align:start position:0% site that some set of countries think 01:31:31.920 --> 01:31:33.200 align:start position:0% site that some set of countries think they<01:31:32.040> should<01:31:32.190> be<01:31:32.310> resolved<01:31:32.730> in<01:31:32.790> the<01:31:32.910> UN 01:31:33.200 --> 01:31:33.210 align:start position:0% they should be resolved in the UN 01:31:33.210 --> 01:31:34.520 align:start position:0% they should be resolved in the UN Framework<01:31:33.540> Convention<01:31:33.750> on<01:31:34.140> Climate<01:31:34.200> Change 01:31:34.520 --> 01:31:34.530 align:start position:0% Framework Convention on Climate Change 01:31:34.530 --> 01:31:36.860 align:start position:0% Framework Convention on Climate Change not<01:31:35.040> an<01:31:35.220> you<01:31:35.310> nap<01:31:35.490> they're<01:31:35.670> both<01:31:35.820> kind<01:31:36.420> of<01:31:36.450> UN 01:31:36.860 --> 01:31:36.870 align:start position:0% not an you nap they're both kind of UN 01:31:36.870 --> 01:31:38.150 align:start position:0% not an you nap they're both kind of UN umbrella<01:31:37.230> agencies<01:31:37.680> but<01:31:37.800> they're<01:31:37.920> different 01:31:38.150 --> 01:31:38.160 align:start position:0% umbrella agencies but they're different 01:31:38.160 --> 01:31:39.890 align:start position:0% umbrella agencies but they're different agencies<01:31:38.730> and<01:31:38.880> there's<01:31:39.000> a<01:31:39.060> battle<01:31:39.390> about<01:31:39.720> that 01:31:39.890 --> 01:31:39.900 align:start position:0% agencies and there's a battle about that 01:31:39.900 --> 01:31:41.240 align:start position:0% agencies and there's a battle about that all<01:31:40.140> right<01:31:40.290> interesting<01:31:40.530> thanks<01:31:40.980> for<01:31:41.100> sharing 01:31:41.240 --> 01:31:41.250 align:start position:0% all right interesting thanks for sharing 01:31:41.250 --> 01:31:43.100 align:start position:0% all right interesting thanks for sharing all<01:31:41.460> of<01:31:41.580> that<01:31:41.700> um<01:31:41.910> all<01:31:42.420> right<01:31:42.600> I<01:31:42.780> have<01:31:43.080> the 01:31:43.100 --> 01:31:43.110 align:start position:0% all of that um all right I have the 01:31:43.110 --> 01:31:46.040 align:start position:0% all of that um all right I have the final<01:31:43.530> results<01:31:43.920> now<01:31:44.100> again<01:31:44.520> we<01:31:45.180> give<01:31:45.480> victory 01:31:46.040 --> 01:31:46.050 align:start position:0% final results now again we give victory 01:31:46.050 --> 01:31:47.300 align:start position:0% final results now again we give victory to<01:31:46.080> the<01:31:46.320> team<01:31:46.500> whose<01:31:46.710> numbers<01:31:47.070> have<01:31:47.280> changed 01:31:47.300 --> 01:31:47.310 align:start position:0% to the team whose numbers have changed 01:31:47.310 --> 01:31:49.340 align:start position:0% to the team whose numbers have changed the<01:31:47.730> most<01:31:47.910> between<01:31:48.150> the<01:31:48.390> first<01:31:48.630> and<01:31:48.870> the 01:31:49.340 --> 01:31:49.350 align:start position:0% the most between the first and the 01:31:49.350 --> 01:31:51.130 align:start position:0% the most between the first and the second<01:31:49.800> vote<01:31:50.040> the<01:31:50.250> resolution<01:31:50.790> is<01:31:50.880> this 01:31:51.130 --> 01:31:51.140 align:start position:0% second vote the resolution is this 01:31:51.140 --> 01:31:53.630 align:start position:0% second vote the resolution is this engineering<01:31:52.140> solar<01:31:52.440> radiation<01:31:53.040> is<01:31:53.160> a<01:31:53.190> crazy 01:31:53.630 --> 01:31:53.640 align:start position:0% engineering solar radiation is a crazy 01:31:53.640 --> 01:31:57.050 align:start position:0% engineering solar radiation is a crazy idea<01:31:53.820> on<01:31:54.480> the<01:31:54.960> first<01:31:55.200> vote<01:31:55.550> 24%<01:31:56.550> of<01:31:56.640> you<01:31:56.730> agreed 01:31:57.050 --> 01:31:57.060 align:start position:0% idea on the first vote 24% of you agreed 01:31:57.060 --> 01:31:58.790 align:start position:0% idea on the first vote 24% of you agreed with<01:31:57.240> the<01:31:57.360> resolution<01:31:57.630> that<01:31:58.110> means<01:31:58.680> they 01:31:58.790 --> 01:31:58.800 align:start position:0% with the resolution that means they 01:31:58.800 --> 01:32:00.530 align:start position:0% with the resolution that means they think<01:31:59.100> that<01:31:59.280> Solar<01:31:59.580> geoengineering<01:32:00.300> is<01:32:00.480> a 01:32:00.530 --> 01:32:00.540 align:start position:0% think that Solar geoengineering is a 01:32:00.540 --> 01:32:01.670 align:start position:0% think that Solar geoengineering is a crazy<01:32:01.020> idea 01:32:01.670 --> 01:32:01.680 align:start position:0% crazy idea 01:32:01.680 --> 01:32:04.730 align:start position:0% crazy idea 37%<01:32:02.610> voted<01:32:03.180> against<01:32:03.720> the<01:32:03.900> resolution<01:32:03.990> that's 01:32:04.730 --> 01:32:04.740 align:start position:0% 37% voted against the resolution that's 01:32:04.740 --> 01:32:06.740 align:start position:0% 37% voted against the resolution that's the<01:32:04.890> side<01:32:05.070> that<01:32:05.190> David<01:32:05.490> and<01:32:05.610> Ted<01:32:06.240> were<01:32:06.360> arguing 01:32:06.740 --> 01:32:06.750 align:start position:0% the side that David and Ted were arguing 01:32:06.750 --> 01:32:07.370 align:start position:0% the side that David and Ted were arguing here<01:32:06.780> tonight 01:32:07.370 --> 01:32:07.380 align:start position:0% here tonight 01:32:07.380 --> 01:32:10.880 align:start position:0% here tonight 39%<01:32:08.130> were<01:32:08.850> undecided<01:32:09.690> again<01:32:10.530> it's<01:32:10.770> the 01:32:10.880 --> 01:32:10.890 align:start position:0% 39% were undecided again it's the 01:32:10.890 --> 01:32:12.440 align:start position:0% 39% were undecided again it's the difference<01:32:11.190> between<01:32:11.250> that<01:32:11.820> vote<01:32:12.090> and<01:32:12.120> the<01:32:12.330> one 01:32:12.440 --> 01:32:12.450 align:start position:0% difference between that vote and the one 01:32:12.450 --> 01:32:13.820 align:start position:0% difference between that vote and the one I'm<01:32:12.540> about<01:32:12.750> to<01:32:12.930> announce<01:32:13.140> that<01:32:13.320> determines 01:32:13.820 --> 01:32:13.830 align:start position:0% I'm about to announce that determines 01:32:13.830 --> 01:32:15.710 align:start position:0% I'm about to announce that determines our<01:32:13.950> winner<01:32:14.160> in<01:32:14.490> the<01:32:14.910> second<01:32:15.300> vote<01:32:15.420> the<01:32:15.570> team 01:32:15.710 --> 01:32:15.720 align:start position:0% our winner in the second vote the team 01:32:15.720 --> 01:32:17.720 align:start position:0% our winner in the second vote the team arguing<01:32:16.110> for<01:32:16.320> the<01:32:16.470> resolution<01:32:17.070> their<01:32:17.460> first 01:32:17.720 --> 01:32:17.730 align:start position:0% arguing for the resolution their first 01:32:17.730 --> 01:32:20.510 align:start position:0% arguing for the resolution their first vote<01:32:17.940> was<01:32:18.120> 24%<01:32:18.630> their<01:32:19.380> second<01:32:19.770> vote<01:32:19.890> was<01:32:20.010> 19% 01:32:20.510 --> 01:32:20.520 align:start position:0% vote was 24% their second vote was 19% 01:32:20.520 --> 01:32:23.990 align:start position:0% vote was 24% their second vote was 19% they<01:32:21.420> lost<01:32:21.960> five<01:32:22.410> percentage<01:32:23.070> points<01:32:23.100> the 01:32:23.990 --> 01:32:24.000 align:start position:0% they lost five percentage points the 01:32:24.000 --> 01:32:25.250 align:start position:0% they lost five percentage points the team<01:32:24.180> arguing<01:32:24.600> against<01:32:24.990> the<01:32:25.140> resolution 01:32:25.250 --> 01:32:25.260 align:start position:0% team arguing against the resolution 01:32:25.260 --> 01:32:27.770 align:start position:0% team arguing against the resolution David<01:32:26.010> and<01:32:26.130> Ted<01:32:26.310> their<01:32:26.520> first<01:32:26.730> vote<01:32:26.910> was<01:32:27.090> 37% 01:32:27.770 --> 01:32:27.780 align:start position:0% David and Ted their first vote was 37% 01:32:27.780 --> 01:32:30.950 align:start position:0% David and Ted their first vote was 37% their<01:32:28.440> second<01:32:28.770> vote<01:32:28.890> was<01:32:29.040> 75%<01:32:29.660> they<01:32:30.660> pulled<01:32:30.870> up 01:32:30.950 --> 01:32:30.960 align:start position:0% their second vote was 75% they pulled up 01:32:30.960 --> 01:32:33.140 align:start position:0% their second vote was 75% they pulled up 38<01:32:31.380> percentage<01:32:31.860> points<01:32:32.190> that<01:32:32.580> makes<01:32:32.850> them<01:32:33.120> the 01:32:33.140 --> 01:32:33.150 align:start position:0% 38 percentage points that makes them the 01:32:33.150 --> 01:32:35.180 align:start position:0% 38 percentage points that makes them the winner<01:32:33.540> the<01:32:33.750> team<01:32:33.900> arguing<01:32:34.350> against<01:32:35.130> the 01:32:35.180 --> 01:32:35.190 align:start position:0% winner the team arguing against the 01:32:35.190 --> 01:32:37.100 align:start position:0% winner the team arguing against the resolution<01:32:35.790> that<01:32:36.030> engineering<01:32:36.840> solar 01:32:37.100 --> 01:32:37.110 align:start position:0% resolution that engineering solar 01:32:37.110 --> 01:32:39.500 align:start position:0% resolution that engineering solar radiation<01:32:37.740> is<01:32:37.860> a<01:32:37.890> crazy<01:32:38.190> idea<01:32:38.340> our<01:32:38.730> winner<01:32:39.090> our 01:32:39.500 --> 01:32:39.510 align:start position:0% radiation is a crazy idea our winner our 01:32:39.510 --> 01:32:40.910 align:start position:0% radiation is a crazy idea our winner our congratulations<01:32:39.870> to<01:32:40.440> them<01:32:40.680> but<01:32:40.830> our 01:32:40.910 --> 01:32:40.920 align:start position:0% congratulations to them but our 01:32:40.920 --> 01:32:42.440 align:start position:0% congratulations to them but our congratulations<01:32:41.610> to<01:32:41.700> all<01:32:41.730> four<01:32:41.880> of<01:32:42.270> these 01:32:42.440 --> 01:32:42.450 align:start position:0% congratulations to all four of these 01:32:42.450 --> 01:32:44.240 align:start position:0% congratulations to all four of these debaters<01:32:42.930> thank<01:32:43.200> you<01:32:43.320> very<01:32:43.440> much<01:32:43.680> from<01:32:44.100> me 01:32:44.240 --> 01:32:44.250 align:start position:0% debaters thank you very much from me 01:32:44.250 --> 01:32:46.250 align:start position:0% debaters thank you very much from me John<01:32:44.550> Donvan<01:32:44.790> and<01:32:45.240> intelligence<01:32:45.720> squared<01:32:45.900> us 01:32:46.250 --> 01:32:46.260 align:start position:0% John Donvan and intelligence squared us 01:32:46.260 --> 01:32:47.550 align:start position:0% John Donvan and intelligence squared us we'll<01:32:46.950> see<01:32:47.130> you<01:32:47.220> next<01:32:47.370> time 01:32:47.550 --> 01:32:47.560 align:start position:0% we'll see you next time 01:32:47.560 --> 01:32:49.620 align:start position:0% we'll see you next time [Applause] 01:32:49.620 --> 01:32:49.630 align:start position:0% [Applause] 01:32:49.630 --> 01:32:54.590 align:start position:0% [Applause] [Music]