A series of measures are developed which may be applied to transmission loss curves to quantitatively describe them and afford a quantitative means of comparison. (Author)
Topics: DTIC Archive, Barnes,A E, PLANNING SYSTEMS INC MCLEAN VA, *TRANSMISSION LOSS, *MATHEMATICAL...
Topics: DTIC Archive, NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE NSTL STATION MS, *UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS, *ACOUSTIC DATA,...
The cooperative Frontal Air-Sea Interaction Experiment (FASINEX) was conducted in the subtropical convergence zone southwest of Bermuda from January to June 1986. The overall objective of the program was to investigate air-sea coupling in the vicinity of horizontal gradients associated with ocean fronts. The FASINEX field experiment was very successful and resulted in a rich and unique data set. The first goal of the analysis phase that followed the field work was a synthesis of results from...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Weller, Robert A, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION MA, *AIR WATER INTERACTIONS,...
This research focused on the relationship between the fair weather electric field and the sea breeze convergence zone at the KSC/CCAFS. Wind sensor and electric field mill data from the CaPE project were analyzed. This study did not reveal any clear indication of a higher electric field during sea breeze convergence. The two phenomena exist, but their interactions would appear to be weak. The expected interaction might be found in bigger data sets or through other types of analysis.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Taijeron, Sabrina, AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH, *ATMOSPHERIC...
As the only low-latitude connection between ocean basins, the Indonesian Throughflow allows the direct transmission of heat and salinity between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The Mg/Ca and differential 18O of calcite of Globigerinoides ruber (G. ruber) were used to estimate the sea surface temperature (SST) and differential 18O of water, an indicator of hydrologic conditions, over the past 20,000 years. I also attempted to estimate thermocline structure using Pulleniatina obliquiloculata, but...
Topics: DTIC Archive, MASSACHUSETTS INST OF TECH CAMBRIDGE, *OCEAN BASINS, CALCITE, CONVERGENCE ZONES,...
Over multiple convergence zone propagation ranges the relative spreading loss per zone, although initially high, decreases with range. The other major component of propagation loss, attenuation, remains unchanged and eventually becomes greater than the rate of spreading loss. The range at which this crossover occurs is highly frequency dependent. At low frequencies the curtain effect occurs at long ranges; this allows sources or scatterers in the second convergence zone or beyond to impact the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Browning, David G, NAVAL UNDERWATER SYSTEMS CENTER NEW LONDON CT, *ACOUSTIC...
The horizontal ranges to convergence zones are determined for waters around Australia, using historical sound speed profile data and a computer model. A good correlation is found between sound speed at the surface and the convergence zone range, but with a different relationship between these parameters than observed in various Northern Hemisphere waters. The relationship between critical depth and surface sound speed for Australian waters is found to be similar to, although not identical with,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Lawrence,M W, ROYAL AUSTRALIAN NAVY RESEARCH LAB EDGECLIFF, *SOUND TRANSMISSION,...
We have the long term goals of understanding several aspects of passive and active sonar performance in the Philippine Sea when there is a robust environmental characterization of the sea floor and water column plus accurate source/receiver positions. The particular objectives for this year was to examine the characteristics of the convergence zone (CZ) at the experiment. 1) We found very abrupt transitions into the CZ. Not all CZ s focus , i.e. sharp edges as we observed in the Philippine Sea....
Topics: DTIC Archive, MASSACHUSETTS INST OF TECH CAMBRIDGE DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, *PHILIPPINE SEA,...
Convergence zone (CZ) prediction models are developed based on acoustic ray tracing theory as applied to linearly segmented sound velocity profiles (SVP). The models were developed into three calculator programs, two for CZ range predictions under different source and receiver depth conditions and one for CZ gain and transmission loss (TL) predictions. The performance of the models as programmed on Hewlitt-Packard HP-67 or HP-97 programmable calculators was compared to the Fast Asymptotic...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Badger,Richard L, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *CALCULATORS, MODELS,...
Although initially very high, the rate of spreading loss decreased rapidly with range, while the rate of attenuation remains constant for a given frequency. At increasing ranges the two loss curves cross, with attenuation becoming the dominant mechanism. This results in a 'curtain effect' due to rapidly increasing propagation loss. Examples are given of convergence zones obtainable as a function of frequency for various oceans and of the transition between near range and distant ambient noise....
Topics: DTIC Archive, Browning, David G, NAVAL UNDERWATER SYSTEMS CENTER NEW LONDON CT, *ACOUSTIC...
In connection with a report on underwater sound propagation, several studies were made of the relative travel-time required for refracted rays of sound from a 50-foot source to reach a given point receiver. These follow at least four possible paths. The phase differences of such arrivals were studied over the range of the first zone for a 50-foot source and a 100-foot receiver. This led to a further study, the results of which are presented here in a technical memorandum as being perhaps timely...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Joy-Keith,Alice, NAVY ELECTRONICS LAB SAN DIEGO CA, *SONAR SOUND ANALYZERS,...
This document contains the slide presentation entitled 'Effects of Convergence Zone Multipath' given at the 110th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America 4-8 November 1985, in Nashville, Tennessee. Recent work by Hauck indicates autocorrelation processing may be adversely affected by the large number of acoustic rays from a source within a convergence zone. The object of the current study is to examine the effect of CZ multipath on cross-correlation of frequency hopped pulses. The...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Hauck,Walter S , III, NAVAL UNDERWATER SYSTEMS CENTER NEW LONDON CT NEW LONDON LAB,...
This study consists of two basic parts: (1) An analysis of task force screening by hydrofoil vehicles, using intermittent search with convergence zone sonar propagation; and (2) An analysis of the interaction between enemy submarines and hydrofoil vehicles escorting a task force. The objective of this study is to provide parametric information to permit the evaluation of the effectiveness of potential hydrofoil craft operating as an anti-submarine screen for a naval task force or a convoy, with...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Kinsella,W T, GENERAL ELECTRIC CO SANTA BARBARA CALIF TEMPO, *SEARCH SONAR, TASK...
The bistatic scattering characteristics of two geologically distinct abyssal hills located on the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, known as B' and C', are experimentally compared using data acquired with low-frequency towed-array systems at 1/2 convergence zone (33 km) stand-off. The comparison is significant because the abyssal hills span the two classes of elevated seafloor crust that cover the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The highly lineated B' feature is representative of abyssal hills...
Topics: DTIC Archive, MASSACHUSETTS INST OF TECH CAMBRIDGE, *ABYSSAL ZONES, *BATHYMETRY, *OCEAN BOTTOM,...
This note presents some ray computations to demonstrate how restricting the vertical angle at which rays are emitted at the source diminishes the width of the convergence zone. This is not a complete study and the note is not to be considered as a formal report. These computations were done to aide in evaluating a proposed sonar system. Since they shed some light on the relation between vertical beam width and zone width, the results are summarized here. The sound velocity profile is from the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Gordon,D F, NAVAL UNDERSEA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER SAN DIEGO CALIF, *SIGNAL...
The work done on SQS-26 Analysis during the first half of June was primarily devoted to the preparation and organization of material to be presented at the U. S. Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory on June 17 and 18, 1965. In general, the work on reverberation analysis and modeling, studies of larger bandwidth pulses, receiver and beam forming design concepts, display studies and redundancy effects on beam patterns is complete and the results are being organized into a summary report. The work on...
Topics: DTIC Archive, TRACOR INC AUSTIN TEX, *SIGNAL PROCESSING, *SONAR SOUND ANALYZERS, *SONAR PULSES,...
A coupled ocean mixed layer-acoustic model is evaluated in two dimensions at a line of stations in the northeast Pacific Ocean. The Oceanic Boundary Layer Model (OBL) is initialized using bathythermograph data acquired during the 1980 Storm Transfer and Response Experiment (STREX). The OBL model was used to predict a new thermal profile after integrating in time for 20 days. This was then compared with actual bathythermograph data taken 20 days later. Three cases were examined: initial, model,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, McManus,John J, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *MIXED LAYER(MARINE), *OCEAN...
A method for computing acoustic intensities has been completed. Preliminary computation were made for three northern areas in which sea tests are to be conducted in July and August 1960. These computations were made in order to test our current ability to predict acoustic intensities and also for use in designing the forthcoming sea tests.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Pedersen, M A, NAVY ELECTRONICS LAB SAN DIEGO CA, *UNDERWATER SOUND, *TRANSMISSION...
This report considers the cancellation of surface reverberation from the convergence zone (CZ) using an LMS multiple canceller structure. In CZ operations, this surface reverberation is often the limiting factor in the detection of low doppler targets. The multiple reference canceller approach is bistatic in that hydrophones spatially separated from the active sonar transmit/receive array are used as references to cancel the CZ surface reverberation. When the target is submerged below the CZ,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Feintuch,P L, HUGHES AIRCRAFT CO FULLERTON CA GROUND SYSTEMS GROUP, *Bistatic sonar,...
Marshall Islands data for May 1956 are used to evaluate the balance of forces in the equatorial tropics. Flow is balanced north of the ITC, while south to the equator various inertial and Reynolds stress terms are important. Friction is important in the first 2km at all latitudes. Composite profiles of wind, humidity and temperature in the boundary layer near the ITC are derived from the Line Islands Experiment and BOMEX Fourth Phase as well as the Marshalls data. On the average, an Ekman layer...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Janota,Paul, AIR FORCE ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS CENTER SCOTT AFB ILL,...
Our objective was to integrate target and environmental models to produce a new model capable of predicting echoes from an object in a medium using realistic transmitted waveforms
Topics: DTIC Archive, Baus, Theresa, NAVAL UNDERSEA WARFARE CENTER DIV NEWPORT RI, *ACOUSTIC WAVES, *SONAR...
Below 30 Hz the convergence zone energy can be smaller than the bottom reflected energy. Matched field simulations using a normal mode program give narrow, irregular correlation peaks for target vectors taken from the complete field. Target vectors computed using only modes representing convergence zone energy are then processed against the complete acoustic field. A much broader, smoother correlation function is obtained. Target vectors are then constructed that are equivalent to delay and sum...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Gordon, David F, NAVAL OCEAN SYSTEMS CENTER SAN DIEGO CA, *CONVERGENCE ZONES, *BEAM...
This plan is for the conduct of marine geophysical surveys in support of the AN/SQS-26 sonars. Such surveys are needed immediately so that AN/SQS-26 sonars now programmed into new ship construction can be employed effectively in strategic ocean areas. The performance of a long range sonar system using surface duct, bottom bounce, and convergence zone propagation is critically dependent upon the oceanic properties that influence the detection path. The survey described in this plan primarily...
Topics: DTIC Archive, NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE NSTL STATION MS, *OCEAN SURVEILLANCE, *SONAR EQUIPMENT,...
A dynamical theory is presented for two classes of hurricane spiral bands - inner and outer. Inner bands, which typically form within 500 km of the vortex center, can result from both potential vorticity (PV) wave breaking and vortex merger. PV wave breaking is found to occur when the PV field is asymmetric. This process ejects relatively high PV air down gradient into regions of relatively low PV air in the form of spiral bands. Vortex merger occurs when a vortex moves sufficiently dose to a...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Guinn, Thomas A, AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH, *STATISTICAL...
This memorandum describes a ray tracing program which has been written for the Datatron 205 to permit the computation of corrected spreading loss for convergence zone rays in a layered ocean. This program, called Ray Tracing Program VI, differs from Program II in two major respects: first, it includes a computation of the diffraction loss correction factor, alpha/f, needed in the vicinity of each caustic to give a finite value of spreading loss; and second, it limits printouts to those ranges...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Einstein,L T, NAVY UNDERWATER SOUND LAB NEW LONDON CONN, *SONAR SOUND ANALYZERS, *RAY...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Caldwell, Douglas R, OREGON STATE UNIV CORVALLIS COLL OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *UNDERWATER...
Acoustic backscatter returns measured with a vertical source and horizontal receiving array are beamformed and charted to respective scattering sites on the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). Well-defined patterns of high-level backscatter resembling bottom morphology occur within the direct path and at convergence zone ranges. Measured backscatter is compared with modeled two-way transmission loss using the wide-angle parabolic equation (PE) and high-resolution supporting...
Topics: DTIC Archive, NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC, *ACOUSTIC SCATTERING, *BACKSCATTERING, *OCEAN...
A Lorad echo-ranging test was made at a range of 88 miles, using a frequency of 700 cps. The target submarine recorded the transmissions from the echo-ranging submarine to aid in the analysis. Object of the test was to determine the characteristics of echo-ranging in the third convergence zone. Echoes were obtained over the 4000-yard range interval from 173.7 to 177.7 kiloyards for about 80 per cent of the transmissions. Unsuccessful transmissions could be attributed in general to high...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Pedersen,M A, NAVY ELECTRONICS LAB SAN DIEGO CALIF, *ECHO RANGING, ACOUSTIC...
Precipitation regimes over South America involving variations of one to two weeks are documented using 15 years of gridded data, 20 years of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) measurements obtained from satellites and 6 years of cloud data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). The gridded data were produced by an assimilation system from the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Comparisons of assimilated OLR fields with those obtained from...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Byerle, Lee A., UTAH UNIV SALT LAKE CITY DEPT OF METEOROLOGY, *CLOUDS, *RAINFALL,...
Volume reverberation caused by biological scatterers often limits the effectiveness of active sonar systems. For sonar system modes that utilize the refractive properties of the ocean, not only volume scattering strength but also propagation loss to the scatterers varies significantly because of the nonuniform and changing vertical distributions of scatterers. Because the scatterers migrate and concentrate close to the ocean surface at night, the effect of these variations is particularly...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Roderick,William I, NAVAL UNDERWATER SYSTEMS CENTER NEW LONDON CONN NEW LONDON LAB,...
The research work under this contract studied turbulence structures in the atmospheric boundary layer by focussing on microfronts. Microfronts are zones of sharp gradients which occur at the leading edge of wind gusts and upstream edges of thermals. The present work indicates that microfronts also result from convergence zones induced by horseshoe vortices and longitudinal roll vortices. The microfronts and their parent eddy structures account for the majority of the flux in the boundary layer,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Mahrt, Larry, OREGON STATE UNIV CORVALLIS, *ATMOSPHERIC MOTION, *TURBULENT BOUNDARY...
This report investigates the effect of the Gulf Stream frontal system on acoustic propagation relative to tactical sonar systems (.1-20 HKZ). An oceanographic description of the Gulf Stream frontal system is included. Two ray models (MPP and GRASS) and one wave model (PE) were compared against measured acoustic data. The appendix contains ray plots and transmission loss estimated for many source/receiver geometries across the Gulf Stream. (Author)
Topics: DTIC Archive, D'Amico,Angela, SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INC MCLEAN VA, *SOUND TRANSMISSION, *UNDERWATER...
For the past year, the General Electric Company Heavy Military Electronic Systems has had a contract with Naval Ship Systems Command to obtain a statistical model of the reverberation at the beamformer output of the AN/SQS-26 Sonar System. The program presented in this proposal is a continuation of that work. A theoretical and experimental investigation is proposed to extend, simplify, and further test the reverberation model. (Author)
Topics: DTIC Archive, GENERAL ELECTRIC CO SYRACUSE N Y HEAVY MILITARY ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS, *SIGNAL...
A method for the rapid generation of raypaths and ionograms in model ionospheres is presented. The ionosphere is first cast into the form of a soluble potential well with range dependent parameters. An analytic calculation of raypaths may then be carried out in the paraxial approximation using the theory of Ermakov invariants. The correspondence of rays to full wave coherent states and the possibility of ionospheric convergence zones is discussed. Keywords: Raytracing, Ionosphere, Potential...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Yukon, Stanford P, ROME AIR DEVELOPMENT CENTER GRIFFISS AFB NY, *IONOSPHERIC...
Semi-operational testing of the LORAD system, conducted in the Hawaiian Area from 29 April to 17 June 1963, were designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of LORAD for ASW, with both conventional and high performance submarines as targets. The computer detection program used to perform the analysis reported here and which was also used as the on-line computer program during these tests is discussed. LORAD (an acronym for Long Range Active Detection) is a program to develop an active sonar...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Kuhlmann,V D, NAVY ELECTRONICS LAB SAN DIEGO CALIF, *SUBMARINE DETECTION, *SONAR...
A multi-component model of the acoustic signal is used to discuss the relationship between a well-defined convergence-zone structure in transmission-loss measurements and array performance. This particular model predicts that the presence of a convergence-zone structure indicates the random fluctuations in the ocean are not strong enough to significantly degrade array performance. (Author)
Topics: DTIC Archive, Palmer,D R, NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON D C, *UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS, *TRANSMISSION...
LORA is a model developed to predict the performance of long-range active sonar systems. The supporting computer program uses 3-8 cpu seconds per run on the UNIVAC 1110 computer and requires 38,000 words of core storage. The performance prediction model comprises models that estimate propagation loss, reverberation level, and probability of detection. The propagation loss models are (1) empirical equations (modified AMOS) for near-surface ducts and (2) ray theory (Pedersen and Gordon) for...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Hoffman,D W, NAVAL UNDERSEA CENTER SAN DIEGO CALIF, *COMPUTER PROGRAMS, *SOUND...
This study evaluates the intraseasonal variability associated with summer precipitation over South America in 14 coupled general circulation models (GCMs) participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Eight years of each model's twentieth-century climate simulation are analyzed. Two dominant intraseasonal bands associated with summer precipitation over South America are focused on: the 40- and the 22 day band. The results show that in the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, NAVAL RESEARCH LAB STENNIS SPACE CENTER MS OCEANOGRAPHY DIV, *SIMULATION, *SEASONAL...
Periodic structures which are slightly disordered undergo dramatic changes in mode shapes such that the responses go from being spatially extended to spatially localized. This phenomenon called mode localization, offers an excellent option for passive vibration isolation. In the first part of the thesis, we provide analytical prediction of modes exhibiting moderate localization using a newly developed Jordan Block Perturbation Method. We estimate and compare convergence zones of our newly...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Rajagopal, Gopalkrishna, MASSACHUSETTS INST OF TECH CAMBRIDGE, *PERTURBATIONS,...
This report is a brief survey of rocket nozzle damping which can provide a major source of damping in solid propellant motors. In a stability analysis it would be very advantageous to be able to assess nozzle damping. Unfortunately the state of the art precludes a reliable evaluation for many types of solid propellant motors. Nozzle damping theory was originally developed for liquid rockets. Typically, there is an injector at the head end of a cylindrical combustion chamber terminated by a...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Dehority, George L., NAVAL WEAPONS CENTER CHINA LAKE CA, *ROCKET NOZZLES, *SOLID...
The models for determining convergence zone Gain (G) were developed using a linearized Sound Speed Profile (SSP) and applying ray tracing theory. The SSP was divided into three cases; bilinear, bilinear with isospeed layer, and bilinear with mixed layer. Two analytical solutions were developed using Taylor series and binomial series expansions to determine G, one for the bilinear and bilinear with isospeed layer, and the other for the bilinear with a mixed layer. The solutions for G are...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Jenkins, Alan K, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *CONVERGENCE ZONES,...
The effect of target aspect on the performance of a linear correlator is being studied. Sea data tapes recorded under similar conditions except with the target in varying aspect are on hand. This data will be analyzed to yield several points on the signal processing gain curve for each target aspect. These curves will be compared to determine the effect of target aspect on target strength as seen by a linear correlator one hundred cps FM slide of one-half second duration. The properties of...
Topics: DTIC Archive, TRACOR INC AUSTIN TEX, *SIGNAL PROCESSING, *SONAR SOUND ANALYZERS, EXPERIMENTAL DATA,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE NSTL STATION MS, *OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA, *ACOUSTIC DATA,...
Demonstrates the effects of a cold Gulf Stream eddy on convergence mode sound propagation. The eddy refracts sound rays into the deep sound channel and destroys cyclic convergence zones. (Author)
Topics: DTIC Archive, Gemmill,W, NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE WASHINGTON D C, *OCEAN CURRENTS, *TEMPERATURE...
This quarter the reflection and scattering models were further developed, and a review of the literature preliminary to the development of a convergence zone propagation model was completed. In Section II, expansion of the heuristic scattering model to include composite (both large and small scale roughness) surface statistics is given which sould improve backscattering predictive capabilities. This model does not include slope correction terms but has the advantage of simplicity. The more...
Topics: DTIC Archive, TEXAS UNIV AT AUSTIN APPLIED RESEARCH LABS, *ACOUSTIC SCATTERING, MATHEMATICAL...
Ocean fronts and eddies are defined, described and typical locations given. Their formation, surface and vertical characteristics, variability, and operational system display are discussed. How to analyze and map fronts is described. (Author)
Topics: DTIC Archive, James,R W, NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE WASHINGTON D C, *OCEAN CURRENTS, *TEMPERATURE...
This study evaluates the character and extent of the long range classification problem. It was decided to investigate first the BB mode of propagation, reserving the CZ mode for future work. An investigation has shown that schools of fish are probable sources of false contacts for sonars operating with a CW pulse in the BB mode.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Boyles,C A, TRACOR INC ROCKVILLE MD, *ACOUSTIC DETECTION, *TARGET CLASSIFICATION,...
In this final report we summarize research accomplished on the project titled, Location, Characterization and Quantification of Hydroacoustic Signals in the Indian Ocean. Our initial goals were to locate, characterize and quantify hydroacoustic signals recorded on the three available hydroacoustic stations in the Indian Ocean, and this was accomplished for available data through May 2003. However, shortly thereafter our contract was rescoped to focus on high frequency propagation through the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Tolstoy, M, LAMONT-DOHERTY EARTH OBSERVATORY PALISADES NY, *ACOUSTIC DETECTION,...
The efficient use of the Navy's increasingly complex sonar systems depends on a detailed knowledge of the behavior of the acoustic energy contained in the underwater acoustic paths which they employ. Once the behavior of the acoustic energy is understood then operational prediction in terms of equipment and environmental parameters becomes possible. In trying to obtain an objective understanding of the nature of the propagation of acoustic energy in the convergence zone and the surface channel...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Anderson,E R, NAVY ELECTRONICS LAB SAN DIEGO CALIF, *SOUND TRANSMISSION, *UNDERWATER...
PARTIAL CONTENTS: CHAPTER 1 - HISTORICAL REVIEW AND METHODS OF INVESTIGATION; CHAPTER - 2 SOME BASIC THEORY; CHAPTER - 3 VELOCITY OF SOUND IN THE SEA; CHAPTER 4 ATTENUATION AND ABSORPTION; CHAPTER 5 THE SURFACE DUCT; CHAPTER 6 THE DEEP SOUND CHANNEL; CHAPTER 7 CAUSTICS AND CONVERGENCE ZONES; CHAPTER 8 SHALLOW WATER DUCTS; CHAPTER 9 REFLECTION AND SCATTERING BY THE SEA SURFACE; CHAPTER 10 REFLECTION AND SCATTERING BY THE SEA BOTTOM; CHAPTER 11 TEMPORAL COHERENCE (FLUCTUATION); CHAPTER 12 SPATIAL...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Urick, R. J., CATHOLIC UNIV OF AMERICA WASHINGTON DC DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,...
