Solar thermal propulsion (STP) has over 50 years of developmental history and offers a compromise between thrust and efficiency. No solar thermal spacecraft have been flown due to complicated architecure, system scale and adverse mission impact. It is proposed here that a bi modal solar thermal microsatellite has the potential to greatly increase the operating envelope of the platform. The development of high temperature latent heat thermal energy storage is currently an enabling technology.
Topics: DTIC Archive, AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA ROCKET PROPULSION DIV, *LATENT HEAT, *SPACE...
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May 26, 2011
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McKechnie, Timothy N.; ODell, Scott J
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The limitations of traditional alloys and the desire for improved performance for components is driving the increased utilization of refractory metals in tile space industry. From advanced propulsion systems to high temperature furnace components for microgravity processing, refractory metals are being used for their high melting temperatures and inherent chemical stability. Techniques have been developed to produce near net shape refractory metal components utilizing vacuum plasma spraying....
Topics: DESIGN ANALYSIS, CAVITIES, CYLINDRICAL BODIES, PARABOLIC BODIES, OPTICAL EQUIPMENT, SOLAR...
This report covers analyses; experimentation; equipment design and fabrication; instrumentation design, selection, fabrication, and tests; and recording equipment selection in preparation for high thermal flux experiments on soil surfaces. The reported effort is preparatory to a continuing program to obtain empirical data and examine parametric relationships on the response of different surfaces and the formation of an overlying thermal and dust layer resulting from the thermal pulse of a...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Knasel,M, SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INC MCLEAN VA, *NUCLEAR EXPLOSION SIMULATION, *SOILS,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Muster, Joze, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY DIV, *SOLAR...
A model of the flux distribution at the focus of a multi-faceted concentrator is presented and compared with the observed performance of a real research furnance. Originator-supplied keywords include: Solar furnances, Solar concentrators, and Solar flux distribution.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Carlson,D E E, MINNESOTA UNIV MINNEAPOLIS DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, *SOLAR...
Progress is reported during the apparatus design, fabrication, and assembly phases of a program to grow wide, thin silicon dendritic web. The growth facility was essentially completed with any significant problems arising. A complete set of detailed fabrication drawings is included as an appendix.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), RIBBONS, SILICON, SOLAR CELLS, SOLAR FURNACES, DESIGN...
The results of the initial phase of a study on the electromagnetic scattering properties of dust particles generated in simulated nuclear explosions are presented. A technique was developed for suspending single small particulates in an electric field in a laser beam. Complex refractive indices for trail materials (latex particles and liquid droplets) and for dust particles obtained from solar furnace experiments are reported as well as the chemical (EDAX) analysis of the particles.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Davis,E J, NEW MEXICO UNIV ALBUQUERQUE, *Light scattering, *Optical Properties,...
The construction of a solar furnace was completed and it was tested after a preliminary alignment of the heliostat mirrors. After final alignment, the solar furnace is used for directional solidification experiments designed to simulate space conditions.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), COLD CATHODES, ELECTRON EMISSION, EUTECTICS, THERMIONIC...
Fabric materials were tested under simulated nuclear thermal pulses from the solar furnace located at Odeillo, France. Various nuclear yields were used in the testing and a statistical analysis was done to compare the performance of the materials against the different yields and for different pulse shapes. The fabric performance was compared for each of the test conditions, and no significant difference was noted among the various fabrics when irradiated by different yields and pulse shapes....
Topics: DTIC Archive, Roach, Joseph F., ARMY NATICK RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER MA,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, FOLWEILER, ROBERT C, LEXINGTON LABS INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *INFRARED IMAGES, *SOLAR...
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Mehta, Satish K.; Grimm, Elizabeth A.; Smid, Christine; Kaur, Indreshpal; Feeback, Daniel L.; Pierson, Duane L
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Cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells and cell surface marker expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from 11 U.S. astronauts on two different missions were determined before and after 9 or 10 days of spaceflight aboard the space shuttle. Blood samples were collected 10 and 3 days before launch, within 3 hours after landing, and 3 days after landing. All PBMC preparations were cryopreserved and analyzed simultaneously in a 4-hour cytotoxicity ''Cr-release...
Topics: CONCENTRATORS, SOLAR GENERATORS, SOLAR PROPULSION, SOLAR FURNACES, COATING, ENERGY CONVERSION...
Alternative approaches to solar heating and hot water system configurations were studied, parametrizing the number and location of the dampers, the number and location of the fans, the interface locations with the furnace, the size and type of subsystems, and operating modes. A two-pass air-heating collector was selected based on efficiency and ease of installation. Also, an energy transport module was designed to compactly contain all the mechanical and electrical control components. System...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ENERGY STORAGE, ENERGY TECHNOLOGY, SOLAR FURNACES, SOLAR...
Abstract-The electrolytic decomposition potential of Zioic Oxide has been studied in a solar furnace in the temperature range 1200-1675K. The electrolyte consisted of various mixtures of calcium fluoride and sodium aluminum fluoride. The measured potentials were close to the thermodynamically predicted values for the reaction. The zero current overvoltages, surprisingly, increased with increasing temperature and the concurrent change in composition. The specific conductances of the electrolytes...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Palumbo, R D, MINNESOTA UNIV MINNEAPOLIS DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, *ELECTRODES,...
The purpose of this document is to provide persons working in the area of nuclear thermal radiation with a reference document which characterizes thermal simulation facilities having direct or potential application to studies and experiments involving simulated nuclear thermal pulses. The material is arranged to provide the interested experimenter with sufficient facility information to reach a decision in the planning stage for conduct of thermal tests.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Miller,R H, DOD NUCLEAR INFORMATION AND ANALYSIS CENTER SANTA BARBARA CA, *Nuclear...
The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has been developing a space deployable, lightweight membrane concentrator to focus solar energy into a solar furnace while remaining aligned to the sun. For an inner surface, this furnace has a cylindrical heat exchanger cavity coaligned to the optical axis; the furnace warms gas to propel the spacecraft. The membrane concentrator is a 1727 mm (68.00 in.) diameter, F/1.7 Fresnel lens. This large membrane is made from polyimide and is 0.076 mm (0.0030 in.)...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DESIGN ANALYSIS, SOLAR COLLECTORS, CONCENTRATORS,...
Currently there is considerable interest in developing in-situ materials processing plants for both the Moon and Mars. Two of the most important aspects of developing such a materials processing plant is the overall system design and the integration of the different technologies into a reliable, lightweight, and cost-effective unit. The concept of an autonomous materials processing plant that is capable of producing useful substances from lunar regolith was developed. In order for such a...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), CONTROL SYSTEMS DESIGN, LUNAR SOIL, NUMERICAL CONTROL, OXYGEN...
In 1979, the Agency for International Development (AID) initiated a renewable energy project with the Government of Tunisia to develop an institutional capability to plan and institute renewable energy technologies in a rural area. The specific objective of the district energy applications subproject was to demonstrate solar and wind energy systems in a rural village setting. The NASA Lewis Research Center was asked by the AID Near East Bureau to manage and implement this subproject. This...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ENERGY CONVERSION, PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERSION, SOLAR THERMAL...
An ellipsoidal cavity-receiver with specularly reflecting inner walls, in which the reactor component is positioned at one focal point and the aperture at the other, may be useful in solar applications. Most of the incident radiation from a solar concentrator should reach the reactor directly or after one reflection from the cavity walls. Because the source (aperture) and sink (reactor) have finite areas, the ellipsoidal reflector no longer conveys all of the entering radiation into the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Steinfeld, A, MINNESOTA UNIV MINNEAPOLIS DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, *SOLAR...
Numerical integration of a set of rate equations applicable to the hydrogen-oxygen system suggests that it should be possible to recover H2 and O2 by rapid cooling of low-pressure equilibrium mixtures from a solar furnace. Using the University of Minnesota 4.2 m solar furnace, we were able to recover explosive mixtures of H2 and O2 from water which had been heated to about 2100K. The numerical calculations and the experiment are described.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Diver,Richard B, MINNESOTA UNIV MINNEAPOLIS DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, *CHEMICAL...
Experiments on the photolysis of nitrosyl chloride in CCl4 solution with unconcentrated sunlight showed that quantum yields and amount of energy stored with unconcentrated light were only 1/10 of that stored with concentrated light. Therefore, it has been shown that concentrated light considerably increases the output of a photochemical reaction. The results obtained with unconcentrated sunlight may be expressed in terms of the photodissociation of nitrosyl chloride and of the recombination of...
Topics: DTIC Archive, MARCUS, RUDOLPH J, STANFORD RESEARCH INST MENLO PARK CA, *OXYCHLORIDES, *SOLAR CELLS,...
The total report describes three experimental activities in thermal layer experimental development. Volume III contains descriptions of design and experimental work directed toward the use of a flux redirector for a large solar furnace. Successful completion of this design allows testing of soils at above 300 cal/sq cm sec. An investigation was made of the feasibility of extending the solar furnace source soil blow-off tests (reported in Volume I) to higher flux levels. Previous work had...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Houghton,A, SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INC MCLEAN VA, *NUCLEAR EXPLOSION SIMULATION,...
Experiments and measurements which can be performed successfully in image furnaces are listed together with the necessary special instrumentation. The restrictions imposed by basic principles of image furnaces upon their operation are discussed, and methods to overcome these restrictions are proposed. Sample holders were designed and built which permit operation in controlled atmospheres with rotation of the sample on, or perpendicular to the optical axis, and which are suitable for the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Laszlo, Tiber S, AVCO CORP WILMINGTON MA RESEARCH AND ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT DIV,...
Two processing techniques considered suitable for producing bricks from lunar regolith are examined: direct solar heating and microwave heating. An analysis was performed to compare the two processes in terms of the amount of power and time required to fabricate bricks of various sizes. Microwave heating was shown to be significantly faster than solar heating for rapid production of realistic-size bricks. However, the relative simplicity of the solar collector(s) used for the solar furnace...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BRICKS, FABRICATION, LUNAR ROCKS, MICROWAVES, SOLAR FURNACES,...
Chemical transformation at a given temperature and pressure requires a total energy input, Delta H of the chemical reaction. The minimum amount of energy which must be supplied as (electrical) work is Delta G of the reaction. The rest may be supplied as process heat or as work. Since Delta H of most chemical reactions is relatively independent of temperature, and Delta G decreases with temperature, there is an energy advantage in conducting electrolytic separations at high temperatures. At...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Fletcher, Edward A, MINNESOTA UNIV MINNEAPOLIS DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,...
This bibliography is a selection of unclassified and unlimited distribution references on Solar Energy. These citations of reports present information on performance characteristics, fabrication, development of power levels and energy conversion. Four computer-generated indexes are provided. (Author)
Topics: DTIC Archive, DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER ALEXANDRIA VA, *BIBLIOGRAPHIES, *ENERGY...
The high temperature catalytic dissociation of SO3 and the CO2-CH4 reforming-methanation cycle are important chemical processes being considered in the development and application of solar-thermal energy conversion, transport, and storage systems. Separate facilities for evaluating chemical converter-heat exchangers at temperatures to 1000 C with high flow rates of SO3 and of mixtures of CO2 and CH4 feedstocks have been assembled and operated on the NMSU campus. A number of receiver elements...
Topics: DTIC Archive, McCrary,J H, NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV LAS CRUCES PHYSICAL SCIENCE LAB, *SOLAR CELLS,...
Energy collected at high temperatures in a set of scattered solar furnaces can be delivered to a central facility at intermediate temperature by using a polyatomic gas in a closed cycle circulation system. For example, gaseous SO3 dissociates at 800 to 1000 deg C to form SO2 + O2 with absorption of heat; the products recombine in the presence of a catalyst at 500 to 600 deg C liberating the heat of recombination. A system using SO3 for energy transfer and scaled for production of a continuous...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chubb, T A, NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC, *ENERGY CONVERSION, *SOLAR FURNACES,...
This volume contains the proceedings of the symposium 'Science and Technology of fullerene Materials,' held at the 1994 MRS Fall Meeting in Boston from November 28 to December 2. This symposium was international in character, and was planned to provide a multidisciplinary discussion of all levels of fullerene-based materials science, with a special focus on new technological advances in the development and application of fullerenes and related materials. The symposium comprised 21 invited talks...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Bernier, Patrick, MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PITTSBURGH PA, *COMPOSITE MATERIALS,...
This report contains the papers presented at the Proceedings of the Nuclear Blast and Shock Simulation Symposium held 28-30 November 1978 at the Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego, California, under the sponsorship of the Shock Physics Strategic Structures Division (SPSS) of the Defense Nuclear Agency. The Symposium provided a forum for the exchange of information on technical approaches and recent accomplishments in the development of nuclear blast and shock simulators. Volume I contains...
Topics: DTIC Archive, GENERAL ELECTRIC CO SANTA BARBARA CA TEMPO, *BLAST, *NUCLEAR EXPLOSION SIMULATION,...
A new kind of receiver-reactor for high temperature solar furnaces is proposed. The main body of the receiver component is an ellipsoid of revolution with specularly reflecting inner walls. The reactor component, a crucible, is placed at one focal point and the aperture at the other. With this arrangement, substantially all of the incident radiation from the concentrator should reach the reactor directly or after one reflection from the cavity walls. An analysis of the radiative exchange among...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Steinfeld, A, MINNESOTA UNIV MINNEAPOLIS DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, *SOLAR...
Results of the second phase of baseline studies on the electromagnetic scattering properties of dust particles generated in simulated nuclear explosions are presented. Using techniques and equipment developed by the principal investigator, complex refractive indices, particle sizes, and albedos of thermal dust particulates were measured as a function of wavelength of the laser light source. The particulates were obtained from solar furnace experiments performed under a separate contract....
Topics: DTIC Archive, Davis,Earl J, INSTITUTE OF PAPER CHEMISTRY APPLETON WIS, *LIGHT SCATTERING, *DUST,...
The total report describes three experimental activities in thermal layer experimental development. Volume I is based on a series of over 300 irradiation tests of basic soil types performed under previous contracts. Thorough cross comparison of over twenty soil types revealed that these could be apportioned into several key categories of soil response behavior. It provides an empirical understanding of the phenomenon of thermal blow-off. Due to the coupling of blown off dust to non-ideal blast...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Knasel,T M, SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INC MCLEAN VA, *NUCLEAR EXPLOSION SIMULATION,...
Common to many of the space applications that utilize solar thermal energy such as electric power conversion, thermal propulsion, and furnaces, is a need for highly efficient, solar concentration systems. An effort is underway to develop the refractive secondary concentrator, which uses refraction and total internal reflection to efficiently concentrate and direct solar energy. When used in combination with advanced primary concentrators, the refractive secondary concentrator enables very high...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), CONCENTRATORS, SOLAR ENERGY, REFRACTIVITY, FABRICATION,...
A series of experiments was conducted at two nuclear thermal radiation simulators; the White Sands Missile Range Solar Furnace facility and the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Quartz Lamps facility. The purpose of these experiments are to study the effect of simulator radiation spectrum on the amount of thermal energy absorbed by painted surfaces. The results of the experiments show that the amount of thermal energy absorbed is highly dependent on the thermal radiation spectrum. Thirty-nine...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Quigley, Ennis F., ARMY BALLISTIC RESEARCH LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD,...
A combined analytical and experimental study was conducted to identify and evaluate materials for protecting Ballistic Missile Defense system ground radar components from nuclear thermal radiation damage. This program included thermal testing using the French Solar Furnace and the SAI Thermal Radiation Simulator; electrical property tests at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Engineering Experiment Station; and planning of mechanical property tests to be conducted in the BMD Materials Test...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Osofsky ,Irving, SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INC EL SEGUNDO CALIF, *MATERIALS, *RADAR,...
Solar thermal propulsion offers a unique combination of high thrust and high specific impulse that can provide competitive advantages relative to traditional satellite propulsion systems. Enhancing the functionality of this technology will require a robust thermal energy storage method that can be combined with thermophotovoltaic thermal-electric conversion. This combination creates a high performance dual mode power and propulsion system that can eliminate the traditional photovoltaic-battery...
Topics: DTIC Archive, AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA AEROSPACE SYSTEMS DIRECTORATE, *SOLAR ENERGY,...
Reactors are described and operating experience achieved with them in a 4.2 m solar furnace are reported. Water spitting, recovery of hydrogen and sulfur from hydrogen sulfide, electrolysis of zinc oxide in vapor and liquid phases, oil recovery from shale, and fixing atmospheric nitrogen, are discussed. Keywords: Solar; Electrolysis, Metallurgy, Zinc; Zinc oxide; Solar thermal; Solar thermoelectrochemical; Water splitting; Separation devices; Reactors.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Fletcher,Edward A, MINNESOTA UNIV MINNEAPOLIS DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,...
A bi-modal solar thermal system capable of providing propulsive and electric power to a spacecraft has been identified as a promising architecture for microsatellites requiring a substantial _V . The use of a high performance thermal energy storage medium is the enabling technology for such a configuration and previous solar thermal studies have suggested the use of high temperature phase change materials (PCMs) such as silicon and boron. To date, developmental constraints and a lack of...
Topics: DTIC Archive, AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA AEROSPACE SYSTEMS DIRECTORATE, *SOLAR ENERGY,...
A bi-modal solar thermal system capable of providing propulsive and electric power to a spacecraft has been identified as a promising architecture for microsatellites requiring a substantial _V . The use of a high performance thermal energy storage medium is the enabling technology for such a configuration and previous solar thermal studies have suggested the use of high temperature phase change materials (PCMs) such as silicon and boron. To date, developmental constraints and a lack of...
Topics: DTIC Archive, AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA AEROSPACE SYSTEMS DIRECTORATE, *ENERGY STORAGE,...
