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Bulletin No. 21. Agros. 6i.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.
[(Iran and Forage Plant Investigations.]
Library, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.
STUDIES
ON
AMEKICAN GKASSES.
THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES
OF CHJITOCHLOA.
BY
F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER and ELMER D. MERRILL.
ISSUED MARCH S, 10OO.
I
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT FEINTING
1900.
OFFICE.
Bulletin No. 21. Agros. 61.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.
[Ct>au and Forage Plant Investigation!.]
STUDIES
ON
AMERICAN GRASSES.
THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES
OP CHJITOCHLOA.
BY
F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER and ELMER D. MERRILL.
ISSUED MAECH S, X900.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
1900.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Division of Agrostology,
Washington, D. C. , January 15, 1900.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith and recommend for pub-
lication as Bulletin No. 21 of this Division, and under the general title
of "Studies on American Grasses," a revision of the North American
species of Chwtochloa.
In our manuals of the plants of the northern United States four spe-
cies of Cheetochloa are described, all introduced, three being common
weeds, the fourth an occasional escape from cultivation. In Chap-
man's Southern Flora two additional and presumably native species
are enumerated. In the paper here presented 28 North American spe-
cies are described, 23 of which are natives of this continent. Six
of the species enumerated are published here for the first time.
Acknowledgments are due Dr. B. L. Eobinson, curator of the Gray
Herbarium, for the loan of specimens and assistance in looking up
authorities, etc. , and to J. H. Burchell, of the Kew Herbarium, for
assistance in the determinations by making comparisons with type
material.
Respectfully, F. Lamson-Scribner,
Agrostologist.
Hon. James Wilson,
Secretary of Agriculture.
2
351102
CONTENTS.
Page.
Introduction 5
Analytical key to the species '. 7
North American grasses which have been wrongly referred to the genus
Chaetochloa (Setaria) 40
Doubtful and unknown species credited to North America 40
3
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
Fig. 1. Chsetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn 9
2. Chsetochloa imberbis penicillata (Nees) Scribn. & Merrill 12
3. Chsetochloa purpurascens (H. B. K.) Scribn. & Merrill 13
4. Chsetochloa gracilis (H. B. K.) Scribn. & Merrill 14
5. Chsetochloa brevispica Scribn. & Merrill 15
6. Chsetochloa verticillata (L.) Scribn 16
7. Chsetochloa ambigua (Guss.) Scribn. & Merrill 18
8. Chsetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn , 19
9. Chsetochloa italica (L.) Scribn 20
10. Chsetochloa magna (Griseb.) Scribn 21
11. Chsetochloa corrugata (Ell.) Scribn...,. 23
12. Chsetochloa corrugata parviflora (Poir.) Scribn. & Merrill 24
13. Chsetochloa hispida Scribn. & Merrill 25
14. Chastochloa leucopila Scribn. & Merrill 26
15. Chsetochloa composita (H. B. K.) Scribn 28
16. Chsetochloa macrostachya (H. B. K.) Scribn. & Merrill 29
17. Chsetochloa latifolia Scribn 32
18. Chsetochloa macrosperma Scribn. & Merrill 33
19. Chsetochloa villosissima Scribn. & Merrill 34
20. Chsetochloa grisebachii (Fourn.) Scribn 35
21. Chsetochloa grisebachii ampla Scribn. & Merrill 36
22. Chsetochloa polystachya (Scheele) Scribn. & Merrill 37
23. Chsetochloa caudata (Lam.) Scribn 38
24. Chsetochloa setosa (Swartz) Scribn 39
4
THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OP CHtETOCHLOA.
INTBODTTCTIOK.
The North American species of ChcetocMoa have long been unsatis-
factorily identified, and the present revision is offered in the hope of
clearing up much of the existing confusion in this genus. It was at
first proposed to consider only those species native of or introduced
into the United States, but as the Mexican and West Indian species
were found to be in an even more unsatisfactory condition than those
of the United States, it seemed advisable to include such of these
species as were represented in the material at hand.
In North America there are 28 species of ChwtocMoa, 6 of which
are here published for the first time. Of these 28 species, 23 are
native of North America, the remaining 5 having been introduced from
Europe, of which 3 are cosmopolitan weeds found in the temperate
regions of both hemispheres.
From an economic standpoint the genus takes high rank through the
extensive cultivation of C. italica, various forms of which, under the
names of millet, Hungarian grass, etc. , are widely cultivated in this
country as soiling or forage crops, and are among the oldest cultivated
crops of the world, record having been found of its cultivation in China
as early as 2700 B. C. In Europe its cultivation dates from prehistoric
times, as the grain is found in abundance in the de"bris of the Lake
Dwellings of the Stone Age in Switzerland.
The species are for the most part readily distinguished, except in
the group represented by O. imberbis, which is extremely variable and
is found in the warmer regions in both hemispheres. In general the
details of the spikelets in this group are very similar, the variation
being chiefly in the length and color of the panicles and setae and in
the vegetative characters. C, gracilis and O. jpurjcmrascens are here
recognized as valid species, as they have certain constant characters by
which they can be readily distinguished from related species. C.
macrostachya, originally described from Mexican material and since
credited to Asia and Australia, is confined to America, the Asiatic
forms referred to this species are now referred to Ch^tochloa for-
besiana (Nees) n. comb. {Pcmicum forbesianwm Nees) and the Aus-
tralian form, which is very distinct from C. macrostachya, is here
proposed as. a new species. O. composite, a common southwestern
6
6
grass, has long been referred by botanists to C. caudata and G. setosa,
from both of which it is very distinct.
"The name Setaria, which has been taken up by many botanists for
a number of well-known weedy grasses with dense, spike-like, bristly
panicles, was first applied by Beauvois (Flora Oware et Benin.) to a spe-
cies of Peimisetum. At an earlier date the name was employed by
Acharius to designate a genus of lichens. According to all rules of
botanical nomenclature, this last fact renders the name untenable for
designating a genus of flowering plants; and were this not the case,
its first application to a species of Pennisetvm placed it at once among
the synonyms, which, according to recent rulings, would debar its
further use. Some botanists have referred the grasses in question to
the genus Panicum, fr»m the species of which they differ only in the
presence of setae issuing from the pedicels of the spikelets below their
articulation. It is this character, combined with their inflorescence,
which led them to be separated from Panicum, in which genus the
earlier described species were first placed. The taking up of the
name Chamwrajahis, a genus established by R. Brown upon certain
Australian and south Asiatic grasses having spikelets like those of
Panicum, but with the partial rachis of the inflorescence produced
into long awn-like points beyond the insertion of the upper or only
spikelet, appears to have been ill advised, and the more recent adop-
tion of Ixophorus for Setaria is equally so. The latter genus, Ixo-
phorus, 1 possesses well-marked characters of generic value, and the
same is true of Ckamwrapkis. Neither of these names can be taken
up for Setaria, unless they are used in a very broad sense to include
all the species of Panicum thrown by Steudel into the section Setaria/
that is, those species, as Schlechtendal states it, having " spiculce m
axibus imflorescentiae varice evohitis pedicellataz sessilesve, axvum ster-
iliaim, setas rnnulant-mm majore mmoreve cqpia cum spiculis nascente."
This would bring together a heterogeneous assemblage of species, the
natural result of the adoption of characters too artificial, which, with
our present ideas of genera, would be much more easily and more
systematically treated if divided into genera upon more natural and
genetic characters. While our Setarias, so called, might, under a
broad conception of the genus Panicum, be referred to it, they seem
to form a well-marked group, as indicated by the characters noted
above, which it seems best to maintain as a genus, under the new name
Chcetockloa."*
CaffiTOCHLOA Scribn. TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 4: 38 (1897). Setaria
Beauv. Agrost. 113 (1812), in part, not Fl. Oware et Benin. 2 : 80 (1807),
nor Acharius (1798) . Chamseraphis Kuntze in part, not K. Br. Ixophorus Nash
(1895) , not Schlecht. (1861-62) .
1 Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 4: 1. (1897.)
2 Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 4: 38. (1897.)
7
Spikeleta hermaphrodite, usually 1 -flowered. Glumes 4, the outer 3 membranous,
the third often subtending a hyaline palea and rarely a staminate flower, the
fourth or flowering glume chartaceous, smooth or transversely rugose, inclosing
a palea of similar texture. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated; setse persist-
ent, single or in clusters below the articulation of the rachilla; stigmas plumose.
Grain free, inclosed within the glumes and palea.
Annual or perennial grasses with erect culms, flat leaves, and dense, cylindrical, or
somewhat open bristly panicles.
Species about 40 in the tropical and more temperate regions of both hemispheres.
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Setse 5 to 16 at the base of each spikelet, involucrate 2
1. Setse 1 to 3 at the base of each spikelet, not involucrate 5
2. Annual; setee short, tawny-yellow 1 C. glauca.
2. Perennial, from short creeping rootstocks 3
3. Setse short, once or twice as long as the spikelets; panicles slender 4
3. Setse generally elongated, spreading; panicles thick 2 C. imberbis.
(a) Setae very long, yellow or purple var. penicillata.
(5) Plants not csespitose; culms naked and wiry at the base; spikelets purplish
var. perennis.
(c) Plants robust, glaucous; culms erect; leaves long, rigid, erect; panicles pale
green, elongated var. streptobotrys.
(d) Plants robust; culms geniculate; panicles 6 to 12 cm. long, yellowish
var. geniculata.
4. Leaves narrow, linear, elongated; panicle very slender, pale 4 0. gracilis.
4. Leaves linear-lanceolate, short; panicle thicker, usually purplish
3 C. purpurascens.
5. Second glume equaling the flowering glume in length 6
5. Second glume shorter than the flowering glume 15
6. Setse antrorsely scabrous - 7
6. Setse retrorsely scabrous, wholly or in part 13
7. Flowering glume strongly transversely undulate-rugose 12 C. longipila.
7. Flowering, glume smooth, or at least only punctate or striate, not rugose 8
8. Panicle dense, cylindrical; branches short, approximate, densely floweted 9
8. Panicle lax; branches remote, generally elongated, few-flowered 12
9. Flowering glume very smooth, glossy; plants robust, 18 to 36 dm. high
11 C. magna.
9. Flowering glume more or less roughened, not glossy; plants less than 18 dm.
high 10
10. Axis of the inflorescence scabrous; branches subverticillate 8 C. ambigua.
10. Axis of the inflorescence pilose; branches alternate 11
11. Panicles 2 to 8 cm. long, 1 cm. or less thick; spikelets 2 mm. long, much exceeded
by the usually green setse 9 C. viridis.
11. Panicles 5 to 20 cm. long, 1 to 3 cm. thick; spikelete about 2.3 mm. long,
equaled or exceeded by the usually purple setse; cultivated 10 C. italiea.
(a) Culms 3 to 9 dm. high; panicle 1 cm. in diameter; setse long, purple, rarely
green var. germanica.
12. Spikelete 3 mm. long 24 C. villosiesima.
12. Spikelete 2 mm. long 25 C. grisebachii.
13. Setse retrorsely scabrous above, antrorsely scabrous at the base; leaves pubes-
cent 7 C. scandens.
13. Setse retrorsely scabrous throughout; leaves scabrous 14
14. Panicles 1.5 to 3 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, purplish 5 C. brevispica.
8
14. Panicles 5 to 18 cm. long, tapering to the obtuse apex, green, rarely pur-
plish 6 C. verticillata.
15. Spikelets 3 mm. long 16
15. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long 18
16. Leaves smooth or scabrous 17
16. Leaves pilose-pubescent 24 0. villosissima.
17. Leaves lanceolate, 10 to 20 mm. wide; panicle loose; branches elongated, few-
flowered 23 0. macrosperma.
17. Leaves linear, glaucous, 2 to 5 mm. wide; panicle subspiciform; branches densely
flowered 18 C. composita.
18. Inflorescence spike-like, dense; branches very short, approximate 19
18. Inflorescence lax, interrupted; branches more or less elongated 24
19. Flowering glume strongly transversely undulate-rugose 20
19. Flowering glume smooth or only finely transversely wrinkled 23
20. Leaves smooth or scabrous...- 13 C. corrugata.
(a) Spikes 5 to 7 cm. long; setse usually purplish, spreading., var. parviflora.
20. Leaves pubescent or pilose 21
21. Leaves lanceolate, acute, 12 to 15 mm. wide; setse long 21 C. latifolia.
(a) Leaves 10 mm. wide or less; setseshort var. breviseta.
21. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, about 5 mm. wide 22
22. Culms pilose with scattered hairs ; fertile palea nearly plane 15 C. hispida.
22. Culms smooth ; fertile palea strongly convex 14 C. gibbosa.
23. Leaves pilose ; plants 2 to 3 dm. high 16 C. leucopila.
23. Leaves smooth or scabrous, glaucous ; plants robust, 4 to 9 dm. high
18 C. composita.
24. Setse antrorsely and more sparingly retrorsely scabrous 17 C. onurus.
24. Setae antrorsely scabrous only 25
25. Flowering glume very strongly transversely undulate-rugose 26
25. Flowering glume smooth or only finely transversely wrinkled 27
26. Leaves and rachis pilose ' 21 C. latifolia.
26. Leaves and rachis scabrous 22 C. liebmanni.
(a) Branches of the panicle very short ; leaves 1 dm. long or less, 8 to 10
mm. wide var. pauciflora.
27. Leaves linear '. 28
27. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate 29
28. Leaves glaucous; panicle pale, obtuse at the apex 18 C. composita.
28. Leaves pubescent; panicle long-attenuate at the apex 27 C. caudata.
29. Panicle subcylindrical; branches densely flowered 30
29. Panicle more lax; branches loosely few-flowered 31
30. Margins of the sheaths smooth; setse short 20 C. rigida.
30. Margins of the sheaths ciliate-fringed; setse long, spreading
19 C. macrostachya.
31. Flowering glume manifestly transversely wrinkled 32
31. Flowering glume smooth or only pitted or striate 25 C. grisebachii.
(a) Plants densely csespitose, less than 1 dm. high var. mexicana.
(b) Plants robust, 5 to 8 dm. high; branches of the panicle elongated, spreading,
the lower ones 2 to 3.5 cm. long var. ampla.
32. Panicle long-attenuate at the apex; branches strict, erect; leaves pubescent
28 C. setosa.
32. Panicle obtuse at the apex; branches spreading; leaves smooth or pilose
26 C. polystachya.
9
A. Setee 5 to 16, involucrate.
* Annual.
1. Chsetochloa glauca 1 (L.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui 4: 39 (1897).
Panicum glaucum L. Sp. PI. 56 (1753) . Setaria glauca Beauv. Agrost. 51 (1812) .
Cham&raphw glauca Kuntze Kev. Gen. PI. 2 : 767 (1891) . Ixophcrus glaucus Nash
Bui. Torr. Bot. Club 22: 423 (1895). (Fig. 1.)
An erect or ascending somewhat esespitose, glaucous annual 3 to 12 dm. high, with
flat, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate leaves, and dense, bristly, cylindrical, spike-
like, yellowish panicles 2 to 10 cm. long. Culms branching at the base, genicu-
late, compressed, glabrous;
nodes brown, smooth ; sheaths
glabrous, loose, compressed,
margins hyaline, smooth;
ligule short, ciliate ; leaf blades
0.5 to 1.5 dm. long, 4 to 8 mm.
wide, long-acuminate, glau-
cous, nearly glabrous, or sca-
brous on the upper surface
and margins, generally pilose,
with scattered long white
hairs at the base. Panicles
dense, linear-ovate, obtuse,
about 1 cm. in diameter;
rachis angular, pubescent;
setee involucrate, 5 to 12 at
each spikelet, straight, or
subflexuous, unequal, an-
trorsely scabrous, yellow, 3
to 8 mm. long. Spikelets
broadly ovate, 3 mm. long, 2
mm. broad, acute or obtuse;
first glume one-third to one-
half as long as the spikelet,
acute, 3-nerved ; second glume
one-half to two-thirds as long
as the spikelet, broadly ovate,
acute,5-nerved, the mid-nerve
excurrent, the lateral ones
anastomosing with it; third
glume 5-nerved, equaling the
flowering glume, subtending
a broadly-lanceolate, hyaline
palea nearly its own length;
flowering glume broad-ovate,
acute, 2.5 mm. long, striate, transversely undulate-rugose, the inclosed palea
broad, convex at the base, concave above, transversely striate.
In waste places and cultivated grounds widely distributed in North America. Natu-
ralized from Europe. July-September.
1 Ch^ttochloa apiculata sp. nov.
An erect, esespitose, perennial (?), 2 to 4 dm. high, with rather rigid leaves, large
spikelets, and long, erect setae. Culms slender, slightly geniculate and generally
much branched at the base, glabrous or slightly scabrous; nodes smooth; sheaths
Fig. 1. — Chcetochloa glauca: o, view of the spikelet showing
the seUe ; 6, spikelet showing the first and third glomes.
10
Specimens examined. — Ottawa: Macoun 1884. Maine: Rumford, Parlin 1889;
Auburn, Merrill 1898. New Hampshire: Jaffrey, 284 Robinson 1897. Massachu-
setts: Great Barrington, Pollard 1894; South Hadley, Clark 1887. Connecticut:
South Glastonbury, 25 Wilson 1892. New York: Oxford, Coville 1884; New
York, Kenyon 1889. New Jersey: Weehawken, Van Sickle 1895. Pennsylvania:
Conewago, Small; Philadelphia, Smith; Easton, Porter 1896. Delaware: 146
Commons 1897. District of Columbia: Vasey 1885. Ohio: Ricksecker 1894.
Michigan: Keweenaw Co., 537 Farwell 1886. Tennessee: Knoxville, Scribner.
Iowa: Fayette Co., Fink 1894; Ames, 180 Ball 1896. Kansas: Manhattan, Bass-
ler, 1883; Riley Co., 575 Norton 1895. Missouri: 266 Eggert 1886. Wisconsin:
Oshkosh, Random 1896. South Dakota: Bellefourche, 366 Griffiths 1897; Red-
field, 221 Grifliths 1897; Frankfort, 54 Grifiiths 1897. North Carolina: Magnetic
City, Wetherby 1895. Alabama: McCarthy 1888. Louisiana: Ascension, 1409
Combs 1898; Rayville, 23a Ball 1898; Calhoun, 44 Ball 1898; Shreveport, 97 Ball
1898.
**Perennial.
2. Cheetochloa imberbis (Poir.) Scribn.; U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 4: 37
(1897) . Panicum imberbe Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 272 (1817) . Panicum Isevigatum
Muhl. in Elliott Sk. Bot. S. Car. & Ga. 1: 112 (1817). Chsetochloa laevigata
Scribn. Chsetochloa perennis (Curtiss) Bicknell Bui. Torr. Bot. Club 25 : 107 (1898) .
An erect or ascending, more or less caespitose, glabrous perennial, 3 to 7 dm. high,
from short, creeping rootstocks, with linear-lanceolate leaves and dense,
exserted, cylindrical panicles. Culms slender, compressed, generally somewhat
geniculate at the base, scabrous below the panicle, otherwise very smooth;
nodes glabrous; sheaths glabrous, compressed, the lower much longer than the
internodes, imbricate, distichous, smooth on the hyaline margins; ligule ciliate,
with very short hairs; leaf-blades 1 to 3 dm. long, 3 to 7 mm. wide, scarcely
narrowed at the base, long-tapering to the apex, slightly scabrous on the upper
surface and margins, glabrous below, sometimes with a few long white hairs at the
throat. Panicles dense, spike-like, 2 to 5 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. in diameter,
exclusive of the setse; rachis angular, pubescent; branches short, contiguous,
1 or rarely 2-flowered; setse 8 to 12, involucrate, spreading, 5 to 10 mm. long,
unequal, slender, pale, yellowish or sometimes purplish, finely antrorsely sca-
brous. Spikelets ovate, acute, 2 to 2.5 mm. long; first glume about one-third
as long as the spikelet, ovate, acute or obtuse, 3-nerved; second glume one-half
to two-thirds as long as the spikelet, ovate, acute, 5 to 7 nerved, the mid-nerve
excurrent, the lateral ones anastomosing or abruptly vanishing in the hyaline
margin; third glume equaling the flowering glume and slightly inclosing it by
about equaling the nodes, striate, glabrous, margins hyaline, smooth; ligule very
short, ciliate-rringed; leaf -blades plane or becoming involute in drying, 1 to 3
dm. long, 3 to 6 mm. wide, long, slender, acuminate, scabrous, usually bearded
with few long white hairs at the throat and sparingly pilose. Panicles pale,
dense, cylindrical, spiciform, 2 to 5 cm. long, 5 to 6 mm. in diameter; rachis
pubescent; branches very short, generally 1-flowered; setse 6 to 10, involu-
crate, spreading-erect, 1 to 1.5 cm. long, antrorsely scabrous, pale. Spikelets 3 to
3.5 mm. long, broadly ovate, acute, apiculate; first glume one-half as long as the
spikelet, narrowly cordate, acuminate, 5-nerved; second glume about as long as
the spikelet, 7-nerved, acute, apiculate; third glume equaling the spikelet, sul-
cata, 7-nerved, subtending a lanceolate, hyaline palea nearly its own length;
flowering glume broadly ovate or rotund-ovate, acute, apiculate, strongly trans-
versely undulate-rugose, the inclosed palea nearly smooth, plane.
Australia.
Type specimen collected by F. von Mueller, Victoria River, Queensland. Distributed
under the name Setaria glauca Beauv., but at once distinguished by its narrower
leaves, long setse, larger spikelets, longer first and second glumes, and more
strongly rugose flowering glume, all the glumes being prominently apiculate.
11
its infolded margins, acute, apiculate, 5-nerved, sulcate, subtending a broad,
hyaline palea of its own length; flowering glume elliptical-ovate, acute, striate,
finely transversely rugose for its whole length, the inclosed palea slightly convex
at the base, plane or concave above.
In moist soil, New Jersey to Florida and Texas, north to Kansas and Missouri;
Mexico, West Indies, South America. May-October.
Specimens examined. — New Jersey: Holmes 1890. North Carolina: Biltmore, 6026a
Biltmore Herb. 1898; no locality, McCarthy 1889. South Carolina: Santee Canal,
Ravenel. Georgia: Augusta, 200 Kearney 1895. Florida: Duval Co., 3614 Cur-
tiss 1883; Jacksonville, 4745 Curtiss 1894, 5411Curtiss 1895, 19 Combs 1898; Bay
Head, 659 Combs 1898; Cedar Key, 775 Combs 1898; Eustis, 566 Nash 1894.
Alabama: Mobile, 42, 58 Kearney 1895. Mississippi: Chandeleur Island, Tracy
1897; Agricultural College, 34 Kearney 1896; Starkville, 22 Kearney 1896; Loui-
siana: New Orleans, 343 Kearney 1896; Oberlin, 218 Ball 1898; Pointe-a-la-Hache,
54 Langlois 1883. Indian Territory: Verdigris, 744 Bush 1894. Texas: Hamp-
stead, 840 Hall 1872; Bexar Co.', 207 Jermy; Pinto Creek, Kinney Co., 82 Hill 1895;
Kerrville, 1889 Heller 1894; Home Canyon, 423 Carleton 1891 ; Houston, 15 Engel-
mann 1842; Ennis, Smith 1897; Dallas, Reverchon 1875; without locality, C.
Wright 1849; Nealley 1884; Reverchon 1879, 1883. New Mexico: Drummond, 984
Fendler 1847. West Indies: St. Thomas, 185 Eggers 1880. Cuba: 3888 Wright
1865. Puerto Rico: 208 Sintenis 1884. Mexico: 536 Gregg 1848-49; Cuicatlan,
1652 Nelson 1894; Guadalajara, 246 Palmer 1886. Lower California: San Jose del
Cabo, 15 Brandegee 1890.
Very readily distinguished from C. glauca (L.) Scribn., to which it has been referred
as a variety and with which it is confused, by its perennial roots, longer, glabrous
leaves, longer setae and smaller spikelets.
This variable species has long passed under the name Setaria laevigata, but from care-
ful consideration it would seem that imberbis is the proper name. Trinius (Icon,
t. 196, Fig. A) says in his description of the plate that Fig. A is Setaria gracilis
Kunth, which can hardly be a synonym of Panicum imberbe Poir., 1 but below in
referring to the plate he calls Fig. A Setaria imherbis; hence the confusion regard-
ing this species. Poiret in his original description says that the specimens on
which he based this species were from Carolina, Puerto Rico, and Brazil, and
that they differed from Panicum glaucum of Europe not only in having the bris-
tles of the involucre longer, but also by the leaves being destitute of hairs at the
apex of the sheaths.
Chsetochloa gracilis, the slender form of Trinius t. 196, does not grow naturally north
of Texas, and, moreover, it can not be Poiret' s Panicum imberbe, lis is seen from
the original description.
CHiETOCHIiOA IMHERBIS PENICILLATA (Nees) n. comb. Panicum pen-
icillaium Nees. Agrost. Bras. 242 (1829) . (Fig. 2.)
An erect or ascending perennial, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, with panicles
3 to 12 cm. long, and long, widely spreading yellow, brown, or purplish setee,
otherwise as in the type.
In fields and pine woods Georgia to Texas, Mexico, and- South America.
Specimens examined. — Georgia: Augusta, 227 Kearney 1895; Savannah, 186 Kear-
ney 1895. Florida: Waldo, 702 Combs 1898; Lake City, 83, 179 Combs & Rolfs
1899; Monticello, 346 Combs 1898; Old Town, 877 Combs 1898; Quincy, 396
Combs 1898; Apalachicola, 116 Kearney 1895. Louisiana: Pointe-a-la-Hache,
55 Langlois 1880; Calhoun, 41 Ball 1§98. Mississippi: Ocean Springs, 1105. Pol-
lard 1896; Biloxi, 217 Kearney 1896. Texas: Ennis, J. G. Smith 1897, without
locality; Hall 1872; Nealley 1887.
1 Cujus syn. vix erit P. imberbe Poir.
12
CBLffiTOCHLOA IMBERBIS PERENNIS (Hall) n. comb. Setaria perennis
Hall, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 13: 102 (1893). Ouetochloa versicolor Bick. Bui
Torr. Bot. Club. 25: 105, pi. 328 (1898).
A slender, scarcely tufted, loose form, 6 to 12 dm. high, with very slender wiry
culms, which are naked below, long, narrow leaves, and rather slender, long-
exserted panicles, 2.5 to 7 cm.
long. Spikelete generally pur-
plish. Setse very slender, 6 to
10 mm. long, yellowish-green
or purple.
In brackish marshes, along the
coast from Connecticut to
Florida and Mississippi, and
in alkaline and saline bot-
toms, Kansas and Indian Ter-
ritory. June-September.
Specimens examined. — Maryland:
Bay Ridge, Scribner 1897; Ta-
koma Park, Williams 1899.
Florida: Barstow, 1 232 Combs
1898; Homosassa, 924, 969
Combs 1898; Jacksonville, 13
Combs 1898; Lake City, 79
Combs 1898; Madison, 237
Combs 1898; Cedar Key, 794
Combs 1898; Ellzey, 826
Combs 1898. Louisiana: Al-
exandria, 185 Ball 1898. Mm-
is»ipFi.'Biloxi,Tracyl898. In-
dian Territory: Bigelow 1853-
54. Kansas: Comanche Co.
1544 Hitchcock 1896; Hutch-
inson, 2 Smyth 1890.
3 This form is not worthy of specific
rank, as all gradations are
found between it and the
typical O. imberbis. The char-
acters used by Bicknell in
separating his species, such
as the longer and fewer nerved
glumes, absence of hairs at
the base of the leaves, pur-
plish flowering glume, etc., are not constant, but are found to be extremely
variable.
CHiETOCHXOA IMBERBIS GENICXTLATA (Lam.) n. comb. Panicum genicu-
latum Lam. Encycl. 4 : 727 (err. typ. 737) (1797). Setaria genicidata Beauv.
Agrost. 51 (1812). Chamseraphis glauca geniculate, Beal, Grasses of N. Am. 2:
156 (1896).
A stout, glaucous form, 5 to 10 dm. high, with geniculate culms, broader leaves, and
elongated panicles 6 to 12 cm. in length; leaf-blades 1 to 3 dm. in length, 5 to 8
mm. wide. Panicles erect, yellowish, 5 to 8 mm. in diameter. Spikelets as in
the type.
Fig. 2. — Ghcetochloa imberbis penidUata: a, spikelet showing
thesetss; &, c, views of the spikelet; d, flowering glome,
dorsal view.
13
West Indies, Mexico, South America.
Specimens examined. — Mexico: Durango, 378, 471, 539 Palmer 1896; Rio Hondo, 3156
Holway 1898; Jalisco, Guadalajara, 293 Palmer 1886; Oaxaca, 5723 Galeotti
1840; 342 Conzatti & Gonzalez 1897; 710 Nelson 1894; Coahuila, 431 Pringle
1885; Guanajuato, Duges 1893; Orizaba, 631 Botteri, 2639 Bourgeau, 1865-66; 115
Seaton 1891; San Luis Potosi, 1041 Schaffner 1876; without locality, Ghiesbreght
1842. Oubcu 3472 Wright 1860-64.
St. Croix: 243 Bicksecker 1896.
Puerto Rico: 6861 Sintenis 1887.
Fournier 1 makes a variety laiifolia of
this species {Setaria geniculata),
based on 2639 Bourgeau and 5723
Galeotti, both of which are repre-
sented in the Gray Herbarium.
In these specimens none of the
leaves exceed 8 mm. (4 lines) in
width. In the original descrip-
tion the leaves are described as
" tongues, larges du trois A quartre
lignes, planes, glabres," etc. In
other specimens cited by Fournier
as representing the type 350 Lieb-
mannand Ghiesbreght 1842, rep-
resented in the United States
National Herbarium, the plants
are depauperate, with narrow
leaves, not exceeding 6 mm. wide,
and shorter, narrower spikes. In
Jaquin 2 the description and plate
represent the type as having
broad leaves and thick, elongated
spikes; hence it would seem that
Fournier had a wrong idea of the
type, which is best represented
by his variety latifolia.
CBLffiJTOCHLOA IMBEBBIS
STBEPTOBOTBYS (Fourn.)
n. comb. Setaria streptobotrys
Fourn. Mex. PI. Enam. Gram. 47
(1886).
A pale, glaucous form, 4 to 6 dm.
high, with stout, erect culms,
linear-lanceolate, glaucous, and
nearly glabrous leaves and pale-green panicles, 6 to 10 cm. long, about 6 mm. in
diameter; setae pale-green, spreading. Closely related to var. geniculata.
Mexico.
Specimens examined. — Mexico: Oaxaca, 342 Conzatti & Gonzalez 1897; Coahuila, 431
Pringle 1885; Durango, 378, 381,471 Palmer 1896.
3. 0H2ETOCHLOA PUBPUBASCEN8 (H. B. K.) n. comb. Setaria purpurascens
H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. PI. 1 : 110 (1815) . (Fig. 3.)
An erect or ascending, caespitose perennial, 1 to 6 dm. high, from short, creeping root-
stocks, with short, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate leaves, short setae, and dense,
Fig. 3. — Chcetochloa purpurascens: a, spikelet showing
the setae; b, spikelet showing the first and third
glumes; c, flowering glume, dorsal view.
1 Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 46. 2 Eclogae Gram. t. 27, Pennisetum geniculatum.
14
cylindrical, usually purplish, spiciform panicles, 1 to 5 cm. in length. Culms
slender, branching, and geniculate at the base, glabrous; nodes smooth; sheaths
loose, striate, glabrous, shorter than the internodes, margins smooth; ligule very
short, ciliate; leaf-blades 5 to 10 cm. long, 4 to 6 mm. wide, scabrous on both
sides and on the cartilaginous margins, sometimes nearly smooth beneath, not
narrowed at the cordate base, acute or acuminate. Panicles about 5 mm. in
diameter, somewhat exserted; racbis angular, pubescent; branches very short,
1 or 2 flowered, approxi-
mate; sete 5 to 10, short,
unequal, involucrate, 3 to 8
mm. long, flexuous, green
or purplish, often barely
exceeding the spikelets, an-
trorsely scabrous. Spike-
lets ovate, acute, 2 mm.
long; first glume ovate,
acute, 3-nerved, one-third
as long as thespikelet; sec-
ond glume ovate, acute or
obtuse, about one-half as
long as the spikelet, 5-
nerved, mid-nerve excur-
rent, the lateral ones anas-
tomosing or vanishing in
the hyaline margins; third
glume equaling the flower-
ing glume, 5-nerved, sul-
cata, subtending a broadly
ovate, hyaline palea of its
own length; flowering
glume ovate, acute, trans-
versely undulate-striate
for its whole length, the
inclosed palea equahngitin
length, striate, plane.
Texas to Mexico, West Indies,
Central and South America.
Specimens examined. — Texas:
San Diego, Smith 1897;
Bexar Co. , 207 Jermy ; Dal-
las, Reverchon 1876. Cuba:
3472 Wrightl865. Mexico:
Chiapas, 3023a, 3336 Nel-
son 1895; City of Mexico,
7 Holway 1896; 3126 Holway 1898; Orizaba, 114, 247 Seaton 1891; 33 Nelson
1894; Plunia, 2482 Nelson 1895; Puebla, Nelson 1893; Chinantha, 350 Liebmann
1841, cited by Fournier 1 under Setaria geniculata ; valley of Mexico, 231 Bour-
geau 1865-66; Colipa, 360 Liebmann 1841, cited by Fournier under Setaria
flava.
An extremely variable species, at once distinguished from the closely related C. gracilis
by its shorter, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate leaves and thicker, usually purplish
spikes. The form which Fournier referred to Setaria flava Kunth, differs from
Fig. 4.— Ohcetochloa graeiUs: a, spikelet showing the sete and
second glume ; b, spikelet showingthe first and third glumes ;
c, flowering glume, dorsal view.
J Mex. PL Enum. Gram. 45.
15
the typical material only in having the panicle pale instead of purple, or at
least only the spikelets being tipped with purple.
4. CH^TOCHLOA GRACILIS (H. B. K.) n. comb. Setaria gracilis H. B. K.
Nov. Gen. & Sp. PI. 1 : 109 (1815) . Setaria imberbis R. & S. of authors. (Fig. 4.)
A slender, erect, glabrous, csespitose perennial, 3 to 7 dm. high, from short, creeping
rootstocks, with linear-setaceous leaves, very slender, spike-like panicles 2 to 6
cm. in length, and short setse, often barely exceeding the spikelets. Culms very
slender, erect, glabrous, cylindrical, simple or somewhat branched at the base;
nodes glabrous; sheaths loose,
glabrous, shorter than the inter-
nodes, not ciliate on the hyaline
margins; ligule very short, cili-
ate; leaf-blades involute-seta-
ceous, 0.5 to 2 dm. long, 1 to 3 mm.
wide, smooth or slightly scabrous
above, long-acuminate. Panicles
cylindrical, dense, 3 to 5 mm. in
diameter, branches contiguous,
very short, 1-flowered; rachis
setose or pubescent; setae 5 to 8,
involucrate, unequal, very short,
flexuous, equaling or twice ex-
ceeding the spikelet, yellowish,
antrorsely scabrous. Spikelets
2 mm. long, ovate, acute; first
glume triangular-ovate, acute, 3-
nerved, one-third the spikelet in
length ; second glume one-half as
long as the spikelet, ovate, acute,
5-nerved; third glume equaling
the flowering glume, 5-nerved,
sulcate, subtending a broad-
ovate, hyaline palea its own
length; flowering glume ovate,
acute, abruptly apiculate, trans-
versely undulate-rugose. Palea
plane, striate.
Alabama, Florida, Texas, Mexico to
South America.
Specimens examined. — Alabama:
Mobile, on "ballast" and about
wharves, 14 Mohr 1891; 19
Kearney 1895. Florida: Apala-
chicola, on "ballast," Chapman, Fra. 5 — Ohcetoehloa brevispica; a, branch showing
no date. Texas: No locality, spikelets and setie ; b, spikelet showing the first and
Buckley 1888; Nealley 1887, 1888; thM glmne8 ; flowerin g ? lnm <> seen from the back;
Corpus Christi, Nealley 1891. ° f the flowering glume ' 8howiDg
Cuba: 3473 Wright 1860-64; Reed, ' .
no date. Mexico: Cordova, 5 Fink 1889-1891; Chihuahua, Palmer 1885; Oaxaca
1907, Nelson 1894.
B. Setx 1-S, not involucrate.
* Panicle dense cylindrical; branches short, approximate.
■fSetse retrorsely scabrous, wholly or in part.
5. CH£2TOCHIjOA BREVISPICA nom. nov. Panicum verlicillatum parmflorum
Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2 2 : 172. (1877), not Cenchrus parviflorus- Poir. in Lam.
Encycl. 6: 52(1804.). (Fig. 5.)
16
A low, spreading, much-branched annual, 1 to 3 dm. high, with short, cylindrical
spikes and lanceolate leaves 3 to 6 cm. long. Culms compressed, geniculate,
decumbent, very glabrous; nodes smooth; sheaths very loose, striate, compressed,
glabrous, margins smooth, shorter than their internodes; ligule short, densely
ciliate-fringed with white hairs; leaf-blades 3 to 6 cm. long, 4 to 8 mm. wide, cor-
date at the base, long-acuminate at the apex, scabrous and sparingly papillate cili-
ate on both sides, especially below, margins cartilaginous, serrulate-scabrous. Inflo-
rescence dense, cylindrical, 1 to 3 cm. long, about 1 cm. in diameter, purplish; com-
mon axis angular, scabrous; branches very short, subverticillate, densely flowered;
setee 1 or 2, purple, stout,
flexuous, retrorserly scab-
ous, 3 to 8 mm. long. Spike-
lets 1.5 to 2 mm. long, nearly
sessile, elliptical-ovate; first
glume triangular - ovate,
acute or obtuse, 3-nerved,
about one-third the length of
the spikelet ; second glume
ovate, obtuse, 5 to 7-nerved,
nearly equaling the 5 to 7-
nerved, acute third glume,
which bears a short paleain
its axil; flowering glume
about 1. 5 mm. long, elliptical-
ovate, acute, striate, nearly
smooth or very finely trans-
versely wrinkled below.
Palea similar in texture and
markings, about as long as
the glume.
Alabama, Louisiana, Mexico,
South America, Europe.
Specimens examined. — Louisi-
ana: Port Eads, Langlois
1885, on "ballast." Ala-
bama: Mobiie, on "ballast,"
Mohr 1888. Mexico: Gua-
dalajara, 484 Palmer 1886.
Very readily distinguished
from C. verticillata by its
smaller size, more spreading
habit, short cylindrical
spikes, and smaller spikelete.
6. Cheetochloa verticillata
(L.) Scribn. TJ. S. Dept.
Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 1 : 39
(1897) . Panieum verticUlatum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 82 (1762) . Setaria veriiciUata
Beauv. Agrost. 51 (1812) . Chamzeraphis vertieittata Porter Bui. Torr. Bot. Club.
20: 196 (1893). Ixophorus verticiUalus Nash Bui. Torr. Bot. Club. 22: 422
(1895). (Fig. 6.)
An erect or ascending, glabrous, somewhat csespitose annual, 3 to 6 dm. high, with
linear-lanceolate leaves and interrupted subspiciform panicles 5 to 10 cm. long.
Culms geniculate, glabrous, compressed; nodes brown or black, smooth; sheaths
loose, shorter than their internodes, smooth, striate, margins glabrous below,
Fig. 6.— Ohcetoehloa vertimUata: a, 6, views of the spikelet,
showing the seto.
17
ciliate above; ligule short, hispid-ciliate; leaf-blades flat, soft, 7 to 18 cm. long, 6
to 12 mm. wide, acuminate, abruptly narrowed at the rounded base, scabrous on
both sides, serrulate-scabrous on the cartilaginous margins. Panicles spike-like;
rachis striate, angular, scabro-hispid; branches subverticillate, short, densely
flowered; setae 1 to 3, stout, flexuous, retrorsely scabrous to the very base, 3 to
6 mm. long. Spikelets nearly sessile, narrowly elliptical-ovate, acute, 2 to 2.5
mm. long; first glume triangular-ovate, acute, 3-nerved, one-third as long as the
spikelet; second glume elliptical-ovate, 5 to 7 nerved, mucronate, nearly equal-
ing the 5 to 7 nerved acute third glume and slightly exceeding the flowering
glume; third glume subtending a lanceolate, hyaline palea two-thirds its own
length; flowering glume about 2 mm. long, narrowly elliptical, rounded at the
apex and very shortly apiculate, smooth or with very fine transverse wrinkles
below the middle? Palea similar in markings, equaling the glume.
A cosmopolitan weed widely distributed in the eastern United States. Introduced
from Europe. July-October.
Specimens examined. — Massachusetts: Salem, Oonant 1879. Connecticut: New Haven,
Allen 1879. Pennsylvania: Philadelphia, Parker 1877; Stickers, Smith; Easton,
Porter 1895. Delaware: Wilmington, 145 Commons 1897. District of Columbia:
Vaseyl886. Alabama: Mobile, 14 Mohr 1891. Kentucky: Lexington, Short 1835.
Iowa: Mt. Cyr, 929 Beard 1897; Mt. Pleasant, 773 Mills 1897. Missouri: St. Louis,
267 Eggert 1886. Wisconsin: Oshkosh', Random 1896.
7. CBLffiTOCHLOA SCANDENS (Jacq.) n. comb. Pennisetum scandens Jacq.
Hort. Vindb. (1801). Setaria scandens Schrad. in E. & S. Mant. 2 : 279 (1824).
Panicum scandens Trin. Gram. Pan. 166 (1826) .
An erect or ascending caespitose annual, 4 to 7 dm. high, with geniculate, subcom-
pressed culms, linear-lanceolate leaves, and loose, bristly subspiciform panicles
4 to 12 dm. long. Culms slender, branching at the base, scabrous below the
panicle, otherwise glabrous; nodes brown or black, smooth; sheaths loose, striate,
compressed, glabrous or slightly scabrous above, about equaling the internodes,
margins ciliate above; ligule very short, bearded; leaf-blades linear to linear-
lanceolate, spreading, plane, 5 to 16 cm. long, 2 to 5 mm. wide, long-acuminate,
abruptly narrowed at the rounded base, scabrous and short strigose-pubescent on
both sides, serrulate-scabrous on the cartilaginous margins. Panicle cylindrical,
1 to 1.5 cm. in diameter; rachis striate, densely short-pubescent or pilose;
branches short, few-flowered, contiguous, spirally arranged; setae 1 to 3, gener-
ally purplish, flexuous, 1 to 2 cm. long, retrorsely scabrous above, antrorsely
scabrous at the base, spreading. Spikelets 1 to 1.5 mm. long, ovate, acute, green
or purplish; first glume broadly ovate, acute, 3-nerved, one-half as long as the
spikelet and inclosing its base; second and third glumes equaling the flowering
glume, 5-nerved, acute, apiculate, the third somewhat sulcate; flowering glume
ovate, acute, 1 to 1.5 mm. long, striate, transversely undulate-rugose below,
nearly smooth above, the inclosed palea ovate, striate, concave.
West Indies, Central and South America.
Specimens examined. — Puerto Rico: 6498 Sintenis 1887, distributed as Setaria verticUlata
Beauv. Honduras: 5583 bis J. DOnnell Smith 1888. Guatemala: Buena Vista,
4295 J. Donnell Smith 1892. Venezuela: 1144 Fendler 1854-55; 1644, 1856-57.
Brazil: 4356, 4510 Burchell; 174 Riedl.
Readily distinguished from C. verticillata by its smaller spikelets, strigose-pubescent
leaves, and longer, irregularly spreading setae, which are retrorsely scabrous
above and antrorsely scabrous at the base.
13788— No. 21— -2
18
tt Seise, antrorsely scabrous.
X Flowering glume smooth or nearly so.
§ Bachis scabrous.
8. CHiETOCHLOA AMBIGUA (Guss.) n. comb. Setaria verticUlata var. ambigua
Guss. Prodr. 1: 80 (1827). Setaria ambigua Guss. Fl. Sic. Syn. 1: 114 (1842).
Not Setaria ambigua Schrad. Linneea 12 : 430 (1838). (Pig. 7.)
A csespitose, erect, much branched annual, 2 to 5 dm. high, with compressed culms,
lanceolate leaves, and rather loose spicate panicles 4 to 10 cm. long. Culms
geniculate at the base, glab-
rous, leafy, the nodes brown,
glabrous; sheaths striate,
compressed, loose, about
equaling the internodes, thin,
glabrous, the margin ciliate
above; ligule about 1 mm.
long, densely ciliate-fringed
with white hfiirs, which are
1 mm. long or less. Leaf-
blades lanceolate, cordate at
the base, long-acuminate at
the apex, 5 to 15 cm. long,
6 to 15 mm. wide, scabrous
on both sides and on the
cartilaginous margins. Axis
of the inflorescence chan-
neled, scabrous, but not pi-
lose; branches short, sub-
verticillate, densely flowered,
the lower rather remote;
setee solitary, stout, some-
what flexuous, antrorsely
scabrous, 4 to 8 mm. long.
Spikelets elliptical, 2 to 2.5
mm. long; first glume tri-
angular-cordate, 3-nerved,
clasping the base of the
spikelet and about one-third
its length; second and third
glumes equaling the flower-
ing glume in length, obtuse,
5 to 7 nerved, the third with
a palea; flowering glume 2
mm. long, elliptical, rounded
at the apex, striate, very finely transversely wrinkled, not rugose. Palea similar
in texture and markings.
Collected on "ballast," Camden, N. J., by F. Lamson-Scribner, 1884, and at Mobile,
Ala., by Cbas. Mohr, 1884.
An adventitious European annual with the habit and inflorescence of C. verticU-
lata (L.) Scribner, but readily distinguished from that species by its having
the setae antrorsely instead of retrorsely scabrous. Distinguished from C.
viridis (L.) Scribner, by its loose, subverticillate panicles and scabrous, not
pilose, rachis.
Fig. 7 Ohcetochloa ambigua: a, spikelet showing seta ; &, c,
views of the spikelet ; d, flowering glnme, dorsal view.
19
§ § Rachis pilose.
9. Chsetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn. IT. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 4: 39 (1897).
Panieum viride L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 83 (1762) . Setaria viridis Beauv. Agrost. 51 (1812) .
Chamxraphis viridis Porter Bui. Torr. Bot. Club. 20 : 196 (1893) . Ixophorus
viridis Nash Bui. Torr. Bot. Club. 22 : 423 (1895). (Fig. 8.)
An erect, glabrous, csespitose annual, 2 to 9 dm. high, with short, lanceolate leaves
and dense, cylindrical, spike-like green panicles 2 to 10 cm. long. Culms usually
much branched at the base, glabrous, compressed; nodes smooth; sheaths corn-
loose, longer than the in-
ternodes, ciliate on the margins;
ligule short, ciliate with long, white
hairs; leaf -blades 0.5 to 2.5 dm.
long, 4 to 10 mm. wide, scarcely
narrowed at the cordate base, long-
acuminate, slightly scabrous on
both sides or sometimes nearly
glabrous, serrulate-scabrous on the
cartilaginous margins. Panicles
linear-ovate in outline, tapering to
the obtuse apex; rachis striate, vil-
lous, generally about 1 cm. in
diameter, exclusive of the bristles;
setse slender, strict, spreading,
antrorsely scabrous, 1 to 1.5 cm.
long, green or rarely purplish.
Spikelete about 2 mm. long, ellip-
tical; first glume triangular-ovate,
3-nerved, about one-third the
spikelet in length; second and
third glumes elliptical, obtuse, 5-
nerved, equaling the spikelet, the
third glume subtending a lanceo-
.late, hyaline palea one-third its
own length; flowering glume el-
liptical, rounded at the apex, finely
and faintly transversely wrinkled
below, or only striate and pitted,
the inclosed palea equaling it in
length, similar in texture and
markings.
In waste places and cultivated grounds
throughout North America. Natu-
ralized from Europe. July-Sep-
tember.
Specimens examined. — Newfoundland:
Fig. 8 — Chcetochloaviridis : a, branch showing spikelet
and setse; 6, o, views of the spikelet; d, flowering
glume, dorsal view.
Waghorne 1892. Ottawa: Macoun 1894,
Fleteher 1891. Maine: Auburn, Merrill 1897. New Hampshire: Peterboro, 236
Robinson 1897. Connecticut: 26 Wilson 1892. New York: Union Springs, 37
Dudley; Oxford, Coville 1884. Pennsylvania: Easton, Porter 1887; Harrisburg,
Small 1888; Philadelphia, Smith. Delaware : Stanton, 147 Commons 1897. District
of Columbia : Blanchard 1891, 532 Pollard 1895, Topping 1895. Ohio : Ricksecker
1894. Michigan : Clifton, 629 Farwell. Tennessee : Knoxville, Scribner. Iowa:
Battle Creek, 956 Preston 1897; Fayette Co., 273 Fink 1894; Carnarvon, 291
Pammel 1896; Clinton, 268 Ball 1895; Des Moines, 28 Ball 1898; Manchester,
20
1007 Ball 1897. Kansas : Eiley, 576 Norton 1895; Syracuse, 129 Thompson 1893;
Hooker Co., 1568 Eydberg 1893; Wiegand, 2684 Clements 1893; Central City,
262 Shear 1895, 2009 Eydberg 1895; Kearney, Holmes 1889. Wisconsin: Osh-
kosh, Eandom 1896; Newbold, 1701 Cheney 1893. South Dakota: Aberdeen, 123
Griffiths 1896; Eedfield, 208 Griffiths 1897. Missouri: St. Louis, 268 Eggert.
Colorado : Thomas 1869, 510 Jones 1878; Colorado Springs, 2158 Williams 1896;
Glenwood Springs, 1304 Shear & Bessey 1898. Utah: 6034 Jones 1894; Caine-
ville, 56966 Jones 1894. Oregon : Milton, 33 Brown 1896. North Carolina : Mag-
netic City, 9 Wetherby 1895. Alabama: Tuskegee, 15 Carver 1897. Mississippi:
Ocean Springs, 1 Forkert 1898.
Texas: Kerrville, Nealley
1899, Heller 1894. New
Mexico: Mesilla, 89 Wooton
1897. Arizona: Verde Valley,
532 McDougal 1891. Mexico:
349 Liebmann 1841-1843.
10. Chsetochloa italics (L.)
Scribn. IT. S. Dept. Agr., Div.
Agros. Bill. 4 : 39 (1897).
Panicurn italicum L. Sp., PI.
56 (1753). Setaria italica
Beauv. Agrost. 51 (1812)
Chamxraphis italica Kuntze
Eev. Gen. PI. 2 : 768 (1891).
Ixophorus italims Nash Bui.
Torr. Bot. Club 22: 423
(1895). (Fig. 9.)
A stout, erect, somewhat glaucous
annual, with broad leavesand
large, dense, compound, spici-
f orm panicles 8 to 20 cm. in
length. Culms simple or
branching at the base, 3 to 8
mm. in diameter below, gla-
brous or slightly scabrous
below the nodes and panicle;
nodes bearded with short
appressed hairs; sheaths
loose, striate, glabrous or
somewhat scabrous, subcom-
pressed, generally exceeding
the internodes, ciliate on the
margins; ligule short, densely
ciliate-fringed with white
hairs 2 to 3 mm. long; leaf-
blades lanceolate, narrowed at the base, long-acuminate, 2 to 4 dm. long, 1.5 to
3 cm. wide, scabrous on both sides, serrulate-scabrous on the cartilaginous margins.
Panicles dense, cylindrical, green, becoming yellow at maturity, 2 to 3 cm. in
diameter, obtuse or truncate at both ends, sometimes interrupted below; rachis
densely villous, branches 1 to 2 cm. long, contiguous, densely flowered; setee lto
3, green or purplish, 3 to 10 mm. long, often shorter than the spikelets or nearly
obsolete, antrorsely scabrous. ' Spikelets elliptical, strongly convex, 2.5 to 3 mm.
long, obtuse; first glume one-fourth to one-half as long as the spikelet, acute, 1
to 3 nerved; second and third glumes about equaling the flowering glume, 5 to
Fig. Q.—Chcetochloa italica: a, 6, views of the spikelets, show'
ing the setie ; c, flowering glume, dorsal view.
21
7 nerved; flowering glume glossy, nearly smooth or finely and faintly transverse-
rugose or pitted, striate; the inclosed palea similar in markings, slightly convex.
Widely cultivated and often an escape in fields and waste places; very variable.
Quebec to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Native of Europe and Asia.
July-September.
Cheetochloa italica germanica (Mill.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 6:
32 (1897). Panicum germanicum
Mill. Gard. Diet., ed. 8, 1 (1768).
Setaria germanica Beauv. Agrost. 51
(1812) .
A smaller form, 2 to 6 dm. high, with
slender culms, usually branching
at the base; leaves 0.5 to 2 dm.
long, 5 to 10 mm. wide, scabrous.
Panicles dense, cylindrical, obtuse
at the apex, usually tapering at the
base, green or purplish, 5 to 10 cm.
long, about 1 cm. in diameter; setae
purple, rarely green, 5 to 15 mm.
long, much exceeding the spikelets.
Flowering glume green or purplish,
when green, usually more or less
blotched with purple.
Like C. italica, this variety is widely
cultivated in this country under
the name of Hungarian grass or
millet, with about the same range
as the type; often escaped from cul-
tivation in fields and waste places.
Some forms of this grass can scarce-
ly be distinguished from C. viridis
(L.) Scribn., and it is probably only
a form of that species changed by
cultivation and intermediate be-
tween C. viridis and C. italica.
11. Cheetochloa magna (Griseb.)
Scribn. TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Div.
Agros. Bui. 4: 39 (1897). Setaria
magna Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 554
(1864) . Chamseraphis magna Beal.
Grasses of N. Am. 2: 152 (1896).
(Fig. 10.)
A coarse, stout, erect perennial (?) 10 to
36 dm. high, with cylindrical culms
0.5 to 2 cm. thick at the base, linear-lanceolate leaves and dense, cylindrical panicles
1.5 to 3 dm. long. Culms branching at the base, glabrous or slightly scabrous
below the smooth nodes; sheaths loose, spreading, striate, compressed, glabrous,
scabrous on the keel, margins smooth and hyaline below, densely ciliate-fringed
above; ligule very short, ciliate-fringed with white hairs; leaf-blades 3 to 6 dm.
long, 1 to 3 cm. wide, long attenuate-pointed, gradually narrowed to the base,
scabrous on both sides, serrulate-scabrous on the cartilaginous margins. Panicles
green, virgate, generally interrupted below, 2 to 5 cm. in diameter; rachis stri-
ate, densely pilose, branches 1 to 5 cm. long, strict, densely flowered, contiguous,
much exceeding their internodes, or the lower rather remote; setae 1 to 3, green,
FlQ. 10. — Chtetochloa magna: a, branch showing-
spikelet and setse j b, view of the spikelet ; c, flow-
ering glume; d, anterior view of the flowering
glume, showing palea.
22
slender, antrorsely scabrous, 8 to 11 mm. long. Spikelets elliptical, acute, 2 mm.
long; first glume broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, 3 to 5-nerved, inclosing the
base of the spikelet; second glume equaling the spikelet, short-apiculate, 5 to
9-nerved; third glume 5-nerved, slightly sulcate, subtending an ovate, hyaline
palea nearly its own length; flowering glumes elliptical-ovate, acute, short-
apiculate, nearly 2 mm. long, very smooth, glossy, not striate or rugose, the
inclosed palea equaling the glume, very smooth.
Low grounds and marshes, often in shallow water, Delaware to Florida, Louisiana,
and western Texas, Bermuda, West Indies, Central America.
Specimens examined. — Delaware: Collins Beach, 148 Commons 1892; Woodland
Beach, 148a Commons 1892; District of Columbia: Cultivated, Vasey 1889; Vir-
ginia: Smiths Island, Palmer 1897; Florida: Curtiss 1885; Merrits Island, Indian
Biver, 3618 Curtiss 1879; Apopka, 21 Baker 1897; Fort Ogden, Lowe 1892;
Deland Co., Hill 1899; Grasmere, 1054 Combs & Baker, 1898; Barstow, 1219
Combs 1898; Homosassa, 464 Combs 1898; Eustis 1279 Nash 1894; Louisiana:
Pointe-a-la-Hache, 56 Langlois 1879; Texas: 801 Wright 1849; Bermuda: Munro
1864; Costa Rica: 6825 Pittier 1892.
Xt Flowering glume transversely undulate-rugose.
t Rachis very densely pilose.
12. CH-ZETOCHLOA LONGIPILA (Fourn.) n. comb. Setaria Umgipila Fourn.
Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 47 (1886).
An erect, somewhat ceespitose, glabrous annual, 3 to 5 dm. high, with slender culms,
short, lanceolate leaves and somewhat exserted, green, subspiciform panicles 2 to
7 cm. in length. Culms glabrous, except below the panicle, branching at the base;
nodes brown, bearded with appressed hairs; sheaths slightly compressed, striate,
glabrous, much shorter than the internodes, ciliate on the margins, slightly
bearded at the apex; ligule short, ciliate-fringed with long white hairs; leaf-
blades 5 to 10 cm. long, 5 to 10 mm. wide, tapering to the base and to the acute or
acuminate apex, scabrous on the upper side and on the cartilaginous margins,
nearly smooth beneath. Panicles about 6 mm. in diameter, interrupted, the
branches short, few-flowered; rachis densely pilose-pubescent, with long, erect,
white hairs extending a short distance below the panicle; setse 1 to 3, green,
stout, antrorsely scabrous, flexuous, 3 to 5 mm. long. Spikelets ovate-globose,
acute, about 1.7 mm. long; first glume about one-half as long as the spikelet,
triangular-ovate, acute, 3-nerved, slightly inclosing the base of the spikelet; second
glume equaling the flowering glume, strongly convex, 5-nerved ; third glume slightly
exceeding the flowering glume and somewhat inclosing it, 5-nerved, apiculate,
subtending a broadly-ovate, hyaline palea of nearly its own length; nerves in all
the glumes green, prominent; flowering glume strongly convex, broadly ovate,
acute, strongly transversely undulate-rugose, the inclosed palea striate, strongly
convex at the base, concave above, equaling the glume in length.
Mexico. August.
Specimens examined. — 2017 Rose 1897, foothills 4 of the Sierra Madre Mountains, Ter-
ritorio de Tepic, between Agnacato and Dolores.
This species has much the same habit as C. liebmanni pauciflora, but is at once dis-
guished from that and other related forms by its small, ovate, globose spikelets
and remarkably dense pilose-pubescent rachis.
tt Rachis thinly pilose.
= Leaves scabrous.
13. Cheetochloa corrugata (Ell.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 4 : 39
(1897) . Panicum corrugatum Ell. Sk. Bot. S. Car. & Ga. 1 : 113 (1817) . Setaria
23
corrugata R. & S. Mant. 2 : 276 (1824) . Chamseraphis corrugaia Kuntze Rev. Gen.
PI. 2: 770 (1891). (Fig. 11.)
A rather stout, erect or ascending csespitose annual, 6 to 10 dm. high, with elongated,
spike-like panicles and linear-lanceolate, scabrous leaves. Cu lms compressed,
striate, scabrous below the nodes and panicle, otherwise smooth, much branched
at the base, often geniculate and rooting at the lower nodes; nodes brown,
bearded with short appressed hairs; sheaths very loose, compressed, keeled, the
lower ones usually much exceeding the internodes, scabrous or sometimes nearly
smooth, rarely pubescent, smooth or ciliate on the margin; ligule fringed with
rather rigid white hairs;
leaf-blades 1 to 3 dm. long,
' 3 to 6 mm. wide, scabrous on
both sides, serrulate-sca-
brous on the cartilaginous
margins, tapering to the
base, acuminate-pointed.
Panicles cylindrical, dense,
narrowed to the obtuse
apex, 6 to 16 cm. long, 6 to
15 Trim , in diameter below,
exclusive of the sete; rachis
angular, pilose; branches
short, contiguous, densely
5 to 15 flowered; setae 1
or rarely 2 at each spikelet,
green or purplish, erect-
spreading, flexuous, 5 to
15 mm. long, antrorsely
scabrous. Spikelets ovate,
acute, about 2 mm. long,
gibbous; first glume one-
third to one-half as long as
the spikelet, ovate-cordate,
acute, 3 to 5 nerved, inclos-
ing the base of the spike-
let; second glume broadly
ovate, acute or obtuse,
apiculate, about four-fifths
as long as the spikelet, 5 to
7 nerved, the mid-nerve
excurrent, the lateral ones
anastomosing or abruptly
vanishing in the hyaline
margin; third glume equal-
ing and slightly inclosing the
flowering glume, sulcate, 5-nerved, subtending a lanceolate, hyaline palea, nerves
in all the glumes green, prominent; flowering glume ovate, acute, convex, very
strongly transversely undulate-rugose for its whole length; the inclosed palea
transversely striate, slightly convex at the base, plane above.
In waste places, cultivated fields, etc., Georgia to Florida. July-October.
Specimens examined. — Florida: Jacksonville, 3616 Curtiss; no locality, Chapman,
Duval Co., 328 Fredhohn 1893; Apalachicola, 108 Kearney 1895; Anastasia Island,
175 Kearney 1895; Grasmere, 1047 Combs & Rolfs 1898; Cedar Key, 795 Combs
1898; Orange, Baker 1897; Homosassa, 944 Combs 1898.
Fig. 11 — Ohcetochloa corrugata: a, spikelet showing seta; £>,
views of the spikelet; d } flowering glume, dorsal view.
24
CHiETOCHLOA OOBBTJOA1A PARVTFLOBA (Poir.) n. comb. Cench.ru*
parviflorus Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 52 (1804). Setaria ventenatii Kunth Rev.
Gram. 1: 251. t. 37 (1829). Panieum glaucum purpurascens Ell. Sk. Bot. S. Car.
&Ga. 1: 113 (1817). (Fig. 12.)
A more slender form 2 to 7 dm. high, much branched from the base, leaves shorter,
panicles exserted, 2 to 7 cm. long, branches few-flowered, setse spreading, green
or purple; spikelets as in the type.
In fields and waste places, South Carolina to Florida, West Indies. April-October.
Specimens examined. — Specimen in Herb. Phil. Acad. Sci., collected by Elliot,
South Carolina or Georgia.
Florida: Indian River, Curtiss
1879; Jacksonville, 5124 Curtiss
1894; 4041 Curtiss 1893; without
locality, Curtiss 1885; Vesterand
1889; Duval Co., 187 Fredholm
1893, Eustis640, 1382 Nash 1894;
Lake City, 140 Combs & Rolfs
1898; Gainesville, 721, 723Combs
1898; Homosassa, 945 Combs
1898; Barstow, 1177 Combs 1898
Old Town, 865 Combs 1898
Dunnellon, 914a Combs 1898
Manatee Co., 1287, 1292 Combs
1898; Miami, 253 Pollard 1898.
= = Leaves pilose or pubescent.
14. GELfflTOCHLOA GIBBOSA
sp. nov.
An erect, densely esespitose, pubescent
perennial, 4 to 7 dm. high, with
rather loose, cylindrical, exserted
panicles, compressed sheaths, and
linear-lanceolate leaves, which
are strongly pilose on both sides
with long spreading white hairs.
Culms slender, smooth, cylin-
drical; nodes brown or black,
smooth; sheaths loose, striate,
smooth, the margin densely
ciliate with long erect white
hairs, bearded at the apex ; ligule
brown, aboutl mm. long, densely
ciliate-fringed with white hairs
3 or 4 mm. long; leaf-blades 1
to 2.5 dm. long, 5 to 7 Trim,
wide, abruptly rounded at the base, long-acuminate, scabrous on both sides
and on the cartilaginous margins. Panicle 5 to 7 cm. long, loose, branches
very short, few-flowered; setae 1 or 2 at each spikelet, spreading-erect, flexu-
ous, 8 to 15 mm. long, antrorsely scabrous. Spikelets ovate-globose, 2 mm.
long, acute; first glume nearly one-half as long as the spikelet, broadly ovate-
cordate, obtuse, apiculate., 5-nerved, inclosing the base of the spikelet; second
glume broadly ovate, obtuse, abruptly apiculate, 5 to 7 nerved, about four-fifths
as long as the spikelet; third glume equaling and slightly inclosing the flower-
ing glume, 5-nerved, plane, subtending a lanceolate, hyaline palea; flowering
Fig. 12.— Chcetoehloa corrugata purvijtora: a, branch
showing two spikelets and sette; b, spikelet; c, d,
Tiews of the flowering glume.
25
glume strongly gibbous, acute, short-apiculate, transversely undulate-rugose,
except at the nearly smooth base and apex, the inclosed palea broadly elliptical-
ovate, very strongly convex, transversely striate.
Type specimen in Gray Herbarium Cambridge, No. 528 (828?), "Herbarium Ber-
landierianum Texano-Mexicanum," no locality or date.
A very distinct species, readily recognized by its broad-linear, pilose leaves, densely
bearded sheath-margins and
ligule, long first glume, and
strongly convex palea.
15. CaffiTOCHIiOA HIS-
PID A sp. nov. (Fig. 13.)
A simple or sparingly branched,
erect, somewhat hirsute an-
nual, about 6 dm. high, with
linear-lanceolate leaves and
exserted, cylindrical, spike-
like panicles about 6 cm.
long. Culm slender, com-
pressed below, somewhat
geniculate, striate, scabrous
below the panicle, thinly
pilose for its whole length
with scattered white hairs;
nodes bearded with appressed
hairs; sheaths compressed,
striate, strigose with rather
long white hairs, especially
above and on the margins;
ligule short, ciliate; leaf-
blades 10 to 15 cm. long, 4 to"
6 mm. wide, tapering to the
base, acuminate, scabrous on
both sides and margins,
papillate-pilose on the nerves
on both sides, mid-nerve very
prominent on the lower side,
smooth. Panicle densely
flowered, about 7 mm. in
diameter exclusive of the
seta?; rachis angular, pilose; FlO. 13.— Ohcetochloa hispida: a, spikelet showing seta; 6, c,
branches short, contiguous, Ylews of the spikelet ; d, flowering glume, dorsal view.
1 to 3 flowered; setse 1 or 2,
green, spreading, 8 to 12 mm. long, antrorsely scabrous above, nearly smooth
at the base; first glume nearly one-half as long as the spikelet, broadly ovate-
cordate, acute, apiculate, 3-nerved, inclosing the base of the spikelet; second
glume broadly-ovate, obtuse, about four-fifths as long as the spikelet, short-
apiculate, 7-nerved, the mid-nerve excurrent, the lateral ones vanishing; third
glume equaling the flowering glume, sulcate, 5-nerved, subtending a lanceo-
late, hyaline palea; flowering glume elliptical-ovate, acute, strongly gibbous,
transversely undulate-rugose, the inclosed palea convex at the base, plane
above.
In sandy pine woods, Cuba. Type specimen in the Gray Herbarium, Cambridge,
collected by C. Wright in January, 1865; no number.
Belated to C. corrugata (Ell. ) Scribn. , but readily distinguished by its more simple habit,
26
hirsute sheaths, pubescent leaves, and strongly rugose flowering glumes. This
specimen is cited by Grisebach, Plant. Cub. 234 (1866), under Setaria glauca
imberbie.
16. CHiETOCHLOA LETJCOPILA sp. no v. (Fig. 14.)
A densely csespitose, erect perennial, 2.5 to 4 dm. high, with narrow, involute leaves
and rather loose, narrow panicles 3 to 6 cm. in length. Culms very slender,
much branched at base, striate, scabrous or scabro-pubescent below the nodes
and panicle, otherwise smooth; nodes brown, the lower ones densely bearded
with long white hairs, the
hairs on upper nodes shorter,
sheaths loose, compressed,
glabrous or usually slightly
scabrous on the keel, margins
nearly smooth below, densely
ciliate-fringed with long white
hairs above ; ligule brown, very
short, densely ciliate with
spreading white hairs 3 to 5
mm. long; basal leaves numer-
ous, those of the culms 1 or
2, linear, 5 to 10 cm. long, 2
to 4 mm. wide, rather soft,
becoming involute-setaceous,
densely bearded at the throat
with spreading white hairs,
which equal or exceed those
of the ligule, the upper sur-
face pilose with long white
hairs, the lower surface smooth
or only slightly scabrous.
Panicle somewhat exserted,
about6 mm. in diameter, pale,
few-flowered; axis undulate,
angular, scabro - pubescent,
branches 2 mm. long or less;
setse single or in pairs, green,
flexuous, antrorsely scabrous,
2 to 5 Trim , long. Spikelets
oblong-ovate, acute, 3-nerved,
barely 2 mm. long; flrstglume
triangular - ovate, acute, 3-
nerved, one-third as long as the
spikelet; second glume broad-
ly ovate, obtuse, apiculate, 5-
nerved, two-thirds to three-
fourths as long as the flowering glume; third glume equaling the flowering
glume, 5-nerved, subtending a hyaline, lanceolate palea two-thirds its own
length; flowering glume narrowly ovate, acute, apiculate, nearly smooth, striate
and pitted below, not rugose, nearly smooth, shining at the apex, the inclosed
palea broadly lanceolate, pitted, slightly convex for its whole length.
Mexico. Type specimen collected at Parras, State of Coahuila, Mexico, 1363 E.
Palmer, June, 1880.
At once distinguished by its densely csespitose habit, narrow leaves, densely bearded
ligule, and pilose sheath margin, and leaves.
Fig. 14. — Ohcetochloa leucopila: a, spikelet showing seta;
b, c, views of the spikelet; d t anterior view of the flower-
ing glume, showing the sterile and fertile palea ; e, flower-
ing glume, dorsal view.
27
* * Panicle loose, interrupted; branches more or less elongated.
t Branches densely flowered.
% Setse both antrorsely and relrorsely scabrous.
17. CHiETOCHLOA ONURUS (Griseb.) n. comb. Setaria onurus Griseb. Fl.
Brit. W. Ind. 555 (1864). Panicum onurum Willd. in Herb., ex Griseb.
A stout, erect, glabrous perennial, 2 to 10 dm. bigh, with virgate, interrupted panicles
and linear-lanceolate leaves, 1.5 to 4 dm. long. Culms glabrous, erect, simple or
sparingly branched at the base, cylindrical; nodes glabrous; sheaths compressed,
strigose-pubescent, sometimes slightly scabrous on the keel, the lower ones much
longer than the internodes, imbricate, ciliate on the margins, bearded at the
apex; ligule short, ciliate; leaf-blades 10 to 15 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides
and on the cartilaginous margins, long-acuminate at the apex, tapering at the
base, midvein prominent throughout. Panicle loose, cylindrical, 1 to 2 dm. long,
1.5 to 2 cm. in diameter; rachis striate, pilose; branches spreading-erect, the
lower 1.5 to 2 cm. in length, scabrous, equaling or exceeding their internodes;
setse mostly solitary, rarely 2 or 3 at each spikelet, slender, flexuous, 1.5 to 2 cm.
long, both antrorsely and retrorsely scabrous. Spikelets ovate-globose, acute, 2
mm. long; first glume one-third as long as the spikelet, triangular-cordate, acute,
abruptly apiculate, 5-nerved; second glume one-half to two-thirds as long as the
spikelet, broadly ovate, obtuse or truncate, apiculate, 9 to 11 nerved; third glume
equaling the flowering glume, thin, 9-nerved, subtending an ovate hyaline palea
nearly its own length; flowering glume ovate-globose, acute, generally abruptly
apiculate, transversely undulate-striate below, smooth near the apex. Palea
similar in markings, strongly convex.
West Indies, Mexico, South America.
Specimens examined. — Jamaica: March, spikelete from specimens cited by Grisebach
(Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 555) sent from Kew Herbarium, also specimen in the Gray
Herbarium. Cuba: 3474 Wright 1860, 1864, 3887 Wright 1865; Cienguita, 264
Combs 1895.
In habit very much resembling C. macrostachya, but readily distinguished from this
and other related forms by its 9 to 11 nerved second glume and both antrorsely
and retrorsely scabrous setae.
tt Setse antrorsely scabrous only.
§ Leaves linear, glaucous.
18. Chsetochloa composita (H. B. K.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui.
4: 39 (1897). Setaria composita H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. PI. 1: 111 (1815).
(Fig. 15.)
A pale, glaucous, csespitose perennial, 3 to 10 dm. high, much branched from the
base, with long, linear leaves and cylindrical, dense, or more or less interrupted
spike-like panicles 5 to 16 cm. long, 6 to 15 mm. in diameter, exclusive of the
setse. Culms geniculate at the base, subcompressed, scabrous and often pubes-
cent, especially below the nodes, rarely glabrous, the innovations usually short
and sterile; nodes bearded with a ring of silky, appressed hairs', sheaths striate,
compressed, slightly scabrous on the keel above, and pilose at the apex,
otherwise glabrous, the lower sometimes pubescent, mostly shorter than the
internodes, ciliate on the margins; ligule very short, densely ciliate-f ringed
with silky hairs 1.5 to 3 mm. long; leaf-blades linear, plane, 1 to 2.5 dm. long, 2
to 5 mm. wide, glaucous, long, narrow, acuminate at the apex, scabrous on both
sides or sometimes nearly glabrous, midvein prominent below, obscure above.
Panicle pale green; rachis angular, striate, pilose; branches short, densely
flowered, contiguous, crowded or sometimes rather remote, especially below;
setse single, rarely in pairs, green, flexuous, 5 to 15 mm. long, antrorsely scabrous.
28
Spikelets short-pedicellate, narrowly ovate, acute, 2 or rarely 3 mm. long; first
glume acute or acuminate, 3-nerved, one-half as long as the spikelet; second
glume broadly ovate, acute or apiculate, 5-nerved, nearly equaling the spikelet
in length; third glume similar to the second, 5-nerved, equaling the flowering
glume, subtending a lanceolate, hyaline palea; glumes pale, with prominent
green nerves; flowering glume narrowly ovate, acute, short-apiculate, striate,
nearly smooth, obscurely transversely wrinkled below, the inclosed palea simi-
lar in texture and markings, convex.
Colorado to Arizona, Texas, Mexico, and South America. June-October.
Specimens examined. — Colo-
rado: Canyon City, 780
Jones 1878, 4 Eastwood
1892, 979 Shear 1896.
Arizona: No locality,
Palmer 1869, Vasey 1889,
19, 21.Emersley 1890;
Bisbee, 858, 926 Mearns
1892; Tucson, Pringle
1884, 805 Tourney 1892, 77
Tourney 1894; Gila Val-
ley, 334 Rothrock 1874;
Fort Verde, 939 McDougal
1891; Fort Huachuca,
Wilcox 1894. New Mexico:
No locality, 2094 Wright
1851-52; Mesilla, 6OW00-
ton 1897; Rincon, 41, 44a,
63 Jones 1884; Albuquer-
que, 85 Tracy 1887; Las
Cruces, Vasey 1881; Man-
gos, Metcalfe 1897, Smith
1896. Texas: No locality,
Nealley 1877; Western
Texas, 799 Wright 1849;
Maranillas, Havard* 1883;
Mesquite Bay , Ravenel
1869; Pinto Creek, Kin-
ney Co., 83 Hall 1895;
San Diego, Smith 1897;
Painted Cave, Val Verde
Co., 115 (in part) Nealley
1892. Mexico: Guaymas,
340 Palmer 1887; San
Bernardino ranch, Mexi-
can boundary, 746, 771,
781 Mearns 1892; San Luis Mountains, 2101 Mearns 1893; White Water, 2313
Mearns 1893.
This common southwestern grass has been variously referred by American authors
and collectors to Setarkt caudata and Setaria setosa, but is at once distinguished
from these species by its pale aspect, cylindrical panicle, long glaucous leaves,
and long first and third glumes. Setaria caudata in Bui. No. 12, Div. Bot. U. S.
Dept. Agr., "Grasses of the Southwest," pi. 5 (1891), and in "Bot. of Western
Texas," Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2: 510 (1894), Chamseraphis caudata in Beal
Grasses of N. Am. 2:157 (1896) .
Fig. 15.— Ohcetochloa eomposiia : spikelet showing seta, two views
of the spikelet, and dorsal view of the flowering glume.
29
§§ Leaves linear-lanceolate, green.
19. CH^ITOCHLOA MACROST ACHYA 1 (H. B. K.) n. comb. Setaria macros-
tachya H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. PI. 1: 110 (1815). (Fig. 16.)
An erect or ascending perennial, 6 to 12 dm. high, with rather dense cylindrical
panicles and linear-lanceolate leaves 1.5 to 5 dm. in length. Culms rather stout,
compressed and more or less branched below, striate, scabrous below the nodes
and panicle, otherwise smooth; nodes glabrous, sheaths loose, striate, glabrous,
usually exceeding the inter-
nodes, scabrous on the keel,
bearded at the apex, margins
ciliate-fringed; ligule fringed
with straight white hairs, 3 to
4 mm. long; leaf-blades rigid,
linear-lanceolate, scarcely nar-
rowed at the base, gradually
tapering to the long acuminate
apex, 1 to 1.5 cm. wide, sca-
brous on both sides or rarely
nearly smooth, generally with
a few long white hairs toward
the base, midvein prominent
throughout. Panicle pale green,
strict, thyreoid, cylindrical,
usually tapering to the apex, 1
to 3 dm. long, 1 to 2 cm. in
diameter; commonaxis angular,
sparingly villous; branches
short, contiguous, densely
flowered, erect, exceeding their
internodes, the lower generally
slightly remote; setee solitary
or in pairs, slender, flexuous,
antroreely scabrous, 1 to 2 cm.
in length. Spikelets ovate-
globose, about 2 mm. long,
acute; first glume one-third to
one-half as long as the spikelet,
broadly ovate, acute, inflated,
and inclosing the base of the
spikelet, 3 to 5 nerved; second
glume two-thirds to three-
fourths as long as the spikelet,
broadly ovate, obtuse, apicu-
late, 5 to 7 nerved; thircLglume
equaling the spikelet, slightly inclosing it by its infolded margins, sulcate,
5-nerved, subtending a lanceolate, hyaline palea about its own length; flowering
glume strongly convex, apiculate, striate, and rather prominently transversely
undulate-rugose, especially below, the inclosed palea equaling it in length, striate,
nearly plane.
Texas to Mexico and South America.
Fig.16. — Ohcetochloa macrostachya: a, spikelet showing
the seta; b, e, views of the spikelet ; d, flowering glume,
dorsal view.
1 Chjstochloa Australiensis sp. nov.
A stout, erect, or ascending grass, with lanceolate leaves and rather dense panicles 1.5
to 2 dm. long. Culms glabrous, except below the nodes and panicles; ligule
30
Specimens examined. — Texas: Laredo, Havard 1884; no locality, Nealley 1887, 1888.
Mexico: Mirado, 362 Liebmann 1841, cited by Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 45;
Guaymas, 53 E. Palmer 1887; no locality, 378, 505, and 872 E. Palmer.
A distinct species, readily distinguished from C. composita (H. B. K.) Scribn. by its
gibbous spikelete and broader, lanceolate leaves; and from other related species
by its dense subcylindrical panicles.
20. CHJETOCHLOA BIGIDA sp. nov.
An erect, rigid perennial, 3 to 6 dm. high, with loose, narrow, interrupted panicles,
few short setee, and rigid, lanceolate leaves 1 to 2.5 dm. long. Culms cylindri-
cal, somewhat branching below, striate, smooth, scabro-pubescent below the
panicles and sometimes below the glabrous nodes; sheaths mostly close, equaling
or exceeding the nodes, glabrous, the lower ones imbricate and scarcely striate,
margins very smooth, not ciliate; ligule very short, sparingly ciliate, not exceed-
ing 1 mm. in length; leaf -blades rigid, 6 to 12 mm. wide, minutely scabrous on
both sides or nearly smooth, often minutely pubescent at the throat, serrulate-
scabrous on the margins, narrowed at the base, acuminate, sometimes somewhat
involute-setaceous above, midnerve very prominent on the lower side of the
leaf for two- thirds its length, glabrous. Panicle 0.5 to 2 dm. long, strict, often
scarcely exserted from the upper sheath, pale or straw-colored; rachis angular,
short pubescent or somewhat villous, undulate; branches very short or nearly
obsolete, the lower not exceeding 1 cm., erect; setee solitary, often nearly obso-
lete, stout, flexuous, 3 to 10 mm. long. Spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm. long, ovate, acute;
first glume about one-half as long as the spikelet, acute, 3-nerved, the midnerve
excurrent, the lateral ones anastomosing with it; second glume one-half to two-
thirds as long as the spikelet, 5 to 7 nerved, broadly ovate, acute, apiculate;
third glume equaling the flowering glume and slightly inclosing it with its
infolded margins, 5-nerved, sulcate, subtending a lanceolate, hyaline palea two-
thirds its own length; flowering glume ovate, acute, apiculate, obscurely keeled,
striate, transversely undulate-rugose below, nearly smooth and glossy at the
apex, the inclosed palea similar in markings and texture, nearly plane.
Lower California. September-February.
Specimens examined. — Lower California: La Paz, 125 E. Palmer 1890 (type) ; Carmen
Island, 857 Palmer 1890; San Jose del Cabo, 28 Brandegee 1890.
All these plants were distributed under the names of Setaria caudata and S. setosa,
from both of which this species is very distinct. Beadily distinguished by its
rigid culms, smooth sheaths, narrow, straw-colored panicles, and few, usually
very short, setse. Belated to C. macrostachya.
densely bearded with stiff hairs; leaves 2 to 3 dm. long, 1.5 to 2 cm. wide; nodes
smooth. Panicle about 2 cm. in diameter; rachis scabrous, sparingly villous;
setae solitary, erect-spreading, 1 to 1.5 cm. long. Spikelets 3 mm. long, narrowly
ovate, acute; first glume one-third to one-half as long as the spikelet, acute, 3 to
5-nerved; second glume four-fifths as long as the spikelet, acute, apiculate, 7-
nerved, nerves prominent; third glume equaling the spikelet, 5-nerved, subtend-
ing a broad-lanceolate, hyaline palea its own length; flowering glume acute,
apiculate, strongly transversely undulate-rugose below, nearly smooth at the
apex, the inclosed palea striate. In the specimen examined the flowering glume
has a prominent hippocrepiform scar at the base.
Australia.
A species previously referred to C. macrostachya (H. B. K.), but from which it is at
once distinguished by its thicker panicles, broader leaves, narrowly ovate, larger
spikelets, and more strongly rugose flowering glume.
31
tt Branches loosely flowered,
t Flowering glume strongly transversely undulate-rugose.
§ Leaves pilose.
21. Chastochloa latifolia Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 11: 44, pi.
3 (1898) . (Fig. 17.)
" A branching annual, 2 to 4 dm. high, with compressed sheaths, rather hroad, flat
leaves, and bristly panicles 4 to 8 cm. long. Culms compressed, slightly sca-
brous, and short bearded at the nodes; sheaths striate, scabrous, especially along
the keel, papillate-pilose, villous on the overlapping margin; ligule very short
and densely ciliate-fringed with stiff hairs; leaf-blades broadly lanceolate, cor-
date at the base, very acute, 5 to 6 cm. long, 1 to 2 cm. broad, scabrous on both
sides and especially along the narrow, cartilaginous margins, strongly pilose
above and below. Branches of the panicle very short, slightly crowded; setee
12 to 18 mm. long, strongly antrorsely scabrous. Spikelets obovate, about 2
mm. long; first glume less than 1 mm. in length, 3-nerved; second glume
shorter than the flowering glume, 5-nerved; outer glumes all obtuse, the third
one empty; flowering or fruiting glume about 2 mm. long, strongly convex and
deeply transversely rugose excepting near the slightly apiculate apex. Palea
transversely rugose and similar in texture to the flowering glume.
"Growing under bushes in deep ravines, Durango, Mexico, 879 E. Palmer 1896.
"This species is well marked by its comparatively short and broad leaves, which
are cordate at the base, and long, widely spreading bristles."
CHJETOCHLOA LATIFOLIA BBEVISETA var. nov.
A more slender form, with narrower, less pubescent leaves, which do not exceed 1
cm. in width, narrower, few-flowered panicles, and short appressed setee.
Mexico.
Specimens examined. — Mexico: Oaxaca, 347 Conzatti & Gonzalez 1897; no locality,
470 Palmer 1896.
§§ Leaves scabrous.
22. CHiETOCHXOA LIEBMANNI (Fourn.) n. comb. Setaria liebmanni Fourn.
Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 44 (1886) .
An erect, glabrous, yellowish-green annual, 3 to 9 dm. high, with broad, flat, soft
leaves and loose, lanceolate panicles 1 to 2.5 dm. in length, 2 to 4 cm. in diame-
ter. Culms erect, simple, or sometimes sparingly branched from the base, gla-
brous, straw colored; nodes glabrous or the lower ones with few appressed hairs;
sheaths striate, loose, very glabrous, equaling or slightly exceeding the inter-
nodes, the margins cartilaginous, ciliate-fringed with short hairs; ligule short,
densely ciliate-fringed with stiff white hairs about 1 mm. long. Leaf-blades
lanceolate, somewhat narrowed at the cordate base, long acuminate-pointed, 1
to 3 dm. long, 1.5 to 2 cm. wide, thin, pale, scabrous on both sides and especially
on the cartilaginous margins, midvein very prominent below, obscure above.
Panicle attenuate at both ends, the axis slender, channeled, scabrous; branches
approximate, erect-spreading, scabrous, slender, loosely few-flowered, 1.5 to 3
cm. long, much exceeding the internodes, not remote at the base; setae one at
the base of each spikelet, slender, flexuous, finely antrorsely scabrous, 10 to 15
mm. in length. Spikelets ovate, acute, 2 mm. long, pale, sometimes tinged with
purple; first glume cordate, inclosing the base of the spikelet, acute, 3-nerved,
one-third as long as the spikelet; second and third glumes broadly ovate, acute,
5 to 7 nerved, the second four-fifths as long as the spikelet, the third slightly
exceeding the flowering glume, nerves green, prominent; flowering glume about
2 mm. long, ovate, acute, short-apiculate, strongly convex, striate,.very strongly
transversely undulate-rugose except near the apex; palea similar in texture
and markings to the flowering glume.
Fra.17 Chcetochloa latifolia: a, spikelet showing the seta; 6, o, views of the spikelet; <J,flowering
glume, dorsal view.
33
In thickets, Mexico. July-October.
Specimens examined. — Mexico: Southwestern Chihuahua, 52 (in part) E. Palmer
1885; E. Palmer 1876; no locality, 233 Palmer 1897; Colima, 142 E. Palmer 1897;
Oaxaca, 2788 Nelson 1895; Batopilas, 52, 110a Palmer 1885.
Readily distinguished by its yellowish-green color, broad, lanceolate, thin leaves,
loose panicles, the branches not remote at the base, and its very strongly rugose
flowering glumes.
CHLffiTOCHXOA LIEBMANNI PAUCIIIiOBA (Vasey) n. comb. Chamsera-
phis caudata pauciflora Vasey in Beal Grasses of N. Am. 2 : 158 (1896) .
A very slender form, 1 to 4 dm. high, with much smaller, narrow panicles 1 cm. in
diameter, 5 to 10 cm. long, the
branches not exceeding 1 cm. in
length or obsolete, and smaller
leaves 5 to 10 cm. long, 3 to 10
mm. broad. Spikelets as in the
type.
Mexico and Lower California.
Specimens examined. — Mexico:
Southwestern Chihuahua, 52 (in
part) Palmer 1885; Guaymas,
191 Pahner 1887; Alamos, 686 Pal-
mer 1890. Lower California: San
Jose' del Cabo, 12 Brandegee 1890.
In habit very much resembling
Chsetochloa grisebachii (Fourn.),
but at once distinguished by its
very strongly rugose flowering
glumes. Chamseraphis caudata
(Lam.) Beal, Grasses of N. Am.
2: 157, to which this form was
wrongly referred as a variety, is
not true Panicum caudatum
Lam., but Chastochloa composita
(H. B. K.), to which the above
is not closely related.
XX Flowering glume smooth or finely
transversely wrinkled.
§ Spikelets S mm. long.
23. CHiETOCHLOA MACEOS-
PERMA sp. nov. Setaria com-
posita of Chapman's PI. So. U. S.
and of Bui. 7: 85. fig. 67, U.S. Fio. 18.— OhcetoMoa macrosperma: a, b, views of the
Dept. AgT., Div. Agros., not of spikelet; c, spikelet showing the sets.
H. B. K. (Fig. 18.)
A very smooth, stout perennial, 6 to 12 dm. high, with broad, flat leaves and branch-
ing, bristly panicles 10 to 25 cm. long. Culms cylindrical, robust, geniculate at
the base, glabrous; nodes smooth, sheaths compressed, striate, glabrous, the
lower exceeding, the upper shorter than, their internodes, margins ciliate; ligule
short, densely ciliate-fringed with long white hairs; leaf-blades linear-lanceolate,
1 to 3 dm. long, 10 to 20 mm. wide, somewhat narrowed at the base, and long
slender acuminate at the apex, scabrous on both sides or sometimes nearly gla-
brous; margins cartilaginous, serrate-scabrous, midvein prominent below.
Panicle linear-ovate in outline, 2 to 4 cm. in diameter exclusive of the awns;
13788— No. 21 3
34
rachis angular, striate, sparingly villous; branches erect-spreading, the lower
ones 1.5 to 3 cm. long, loosely flowered; setse solitary, 1.5 to 3 cm. long, green,
somewhat flexuous, antrorsely scabrous. Spikelets short pedicellate, narrowly
ovate, acute, 3 mm. long; first glume cordate, acute, inclosing the base of the
spikelet; second glume, oval, acute, short apiculate, 5 or rarely 7 nerved, three-
fourths the spikelet in length; third glume 5-nerved, equaling the spikelet,
slightly inclosing the flowering glume by its infolded edges, subtending a lanceo-
late, hyaline palea, flowering glume narrowly ovate, acute, striate, finely trans-
versely undulate wrinkled,
its palea similar in markings
and texture, slightly convex
at the base.
Shell islands and keys, some-
times in old fields. Florida,
Texas. July-October.
Specimens examined. — Florida :
Mouth of the St. Johns Eiver,
3617 Curtiss; Key Largo,
5502 Curtiss 1895; Caloosa
River, 41 Garber 1878;
Orange Co., 29 Baker 1897;
Weston Key, 263 Simpson
1891; Grasmere, 1150 Combs
and Rolfs 1898; Cedar Key,
969 Combs 1898; Homosassa,
977 Combs 1898 ; Crystal, 979*
Combs. 1898. Texas: Rio
Grande, "Wright 1848.
24. CTTfflTOCHXOA VILLO-
SISSIMA sp. nov. (Fig.
19.)
An erect, somewhat csespitose
1 more or less densely villous-
pubescent perennial, 4 to 10
dm. high, with broad-linear
or linear-lanceolate leaves
and loose, lanceolate pani-
cles about 2 dm. in length.
Culms branching and usually
somewhat geniculate at the
base, compressed, striate,
glabrous; nodes smooth or
sparingly bearded with ap-
pressed hairs; sheaths loose,
striate, compressed, equaling
or exceeding the internodes, scabrous above, especially on the keel, nearly smooth
below, more or less densely villous-pubescent above, bearded at the apex and
ciliate-pubescent on the margins; ligule brown, about 1 mm. long, densely ciliate-
fringed with long white hairs; leaf-blades broad-linear, 1.5 to 3 dm. long, 6 to 8
mm. wide, tapering toward the base, long-acuminate at the apex, more or less
densely villous-pubescent on both sides, with spreading white hairs, serrulate-
scabrous on the cartilaginous margins, midvein prominent on the lower surface
for its whole length. Panicle about 2 dm. long, 2 to 3 cm. in diameter below,
tapering to the apex, loose; rachis angular striate, scabrous, villous; branches
FlQ. 19.— OluBtoeKloa viUosisnma: a, spikelet showing the seta;
b, c, views of the spikelet ; d, flowering glome, dorsal view.
35
elender, spreading-erect, the lower 2 to 3 cm. long, few-flowered, much exceeding
their internodes; setae solitary, green, slender, somewhat flexuous, antrorsely
scabrous, 1.5 to 2.6 cm. in length. Spikelete lanceolate-oyate, acute, 2.5 to 3 mm.
long, pale green; first glume one-third as long as the spikelet, broadly ovate,
acute, 3-nerved, somewhat inclosing the base of the spikelet ; second glume nearly
equaling the flowering glume, ovate, acute, short apiculate, 5 to 7 nerved,
the midnerve excurrent, the lateral ones abruptly vanishing in the hyaline
margins or anastomosing; third glume equaling the flowering glume, 5-nerved,
apiculate, slightly sulcate and inclosing the flowering glume with its infolded
margins subtending a very
short lanceolate, hyaline
palea about one-fifth its own
length; flowering glume
lanceolate-ovate, acute, ab-
ruptly short-apiculate at the
incurved tip, rather finely
transversely undulate-ru-
gose below, striate and
punctate above, the inclosed
palea narrow, plane, simi-
lar in texture and markings.
Type specimen collected by J.
G. Smith at San Diego,
Tex., May, 1897. Limpia
Canyon, Presidio Co., 115
(in part) Nealley 1892, a
smaller undeveloped speci-
men, with much less pubes-
cent leaves, otherwise as in
the type.
A very distinct species, at once
distinguished from C. mo-
crostachya (H. B. K.) Scribn.
and C. composita (H7"B. K.)
Scribn. by its loose, open
panicle, larger spikelete,
and narrow pubescent
leaves, and from C. macro-
sperma by its more open
panicle and narrow pubes-
cent leaves.
§ § Spitelets less than S mm. long.
t Flowering glume pitted or striate.
25. Chaetochloa grisebachii
(Fourn.) Scribn. U. S. Dept.
Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 4: 39 (1897).
Gram. 45 (1886). (Fig. 20.)
A smooth, slender, ceespitose annual, 1.5 to 8 dm. high, with loose, compressed
sheaths, short, lanceolate leaves and loose, bristly, panicles 3 to 12 cm. long.
Culms branching at the base, very slender, glabrous, generally somewhat genic-
ulate below; nodes bearded with short appressed hairs; sheaths shorter than the
internodes, striate, open at the throat, scabrous, sparingly strigose-pubescent,
margins ciliate; ligule short, densely ciliate-fringed; leaf-blades lanceolate,
slightly narrowed at the cordate base, acuminate, 5 to 10 cm. long, 5 to 10 mm.
Fig. 20.-
■Ohcetochloa grisebachii: a, b, c, views of the spikelet;
d, flowering glnme, dorsal view.
Setaria grisebachii Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum.
36
wide, scabrous and sparingly short pubescent on both sides, mid vein prominent
below, becoming obsolete above. Axis of the inflorescence angular, pilose,
branches very short, appressed, few-flowered, the lower remote; setae single or
in pairs, somewhat flexuous, widely spreading, purple or sometimes green, 5 to
15 mm. long. Spikelets ovate, acute, 2 mm. long; first glume broadly cordate,
inclosing the base of the spikelet, acute, 3-nerved, one- third as long as the spike-
let; second glume obtuse, 5 to 7 nerved, nearly equaling the spikelet in length
and closely enveloping it; third glume obtuse, 5-nerved, slightly exceeding the
flowering glume in length, sulcate, subtending a short hyaline palea; nerves in
all the glumes green, promi-
nent; flowering glume nearly
2 mm. long, ovate,' acute,
nearly smooth, striate, and
very finely transversely wrin-
kled below.
Texas to Arizona. Mexico.
SPESIMENS - EXAMINED. — TeXOS:
Austin, Hall 1872; no locality,
Nealley 1888; Kerrville, Smith
1897; Heller 1894; Limpia Can-
yon, Presidio Co., 130 Nealley
1892; Smith 1897; Val Verde,
Nealley 1890. New Mexico:
2096 Wright 1851-52, and 800
Wright 1849, no locality;
Mangos, Smith 1897. Arizo-
na: Bowie, 4288 Jones 1884;
Camp Crittenden, Eothrock
1874; Beaver Creek, 606 Mc-
Dougal 1891; Clear Creek, 78
Tourney 1891. .Mmco.' City of
Mexico, 3040, 3153 Holway
1898; Bio Honda, Holway
1896; Chihuahua, 381 Pringle
1885; San Luis Potosi, 957
Parry & Palmer 1878; Oaxaca,
4937 Pringle 1894; no locality,
716 Palmer 1896, 1043 Schaff-
ner 1876, 441 Bourgeau 1863-
1866; Guanajuato, Duges
1894.
No. 441 Bourgeau, represented in
the Gray Herbarium, is cited
by Fournier in the original
description as one of theT;ype
specimens on which this
species is based.
CH-ffiTOCHLOA GRISEBACHII AMPLA var. nov. (Fig. 21.)
A very robust form, 5 to 8 dm. high, with thicker culms, longer leaves, and long
open panicles; leaves lanceolate, 1 to 2 dm. in length, 10 to 15 mm. wide; panicle
loose, 12 to 18 cm. long, 2 to 5 cm. in diameter, the branches spreading, much
longer than the internodes, the lower 2 to 3.5 cm. in length.
New Mexico; Mexico.
Specimens examined. — New Mexico: Organ Mountains, Vasey 1881; no locality, 994
Fendler 1847. Mexico : no locality, 4670 Pringle 1896; San Bernardino ranch,
Fig. 21 — Chattochloa gt isebachyi ampla
the seta; b, c, views of the spikelet;
dorsal view.
a, spikelet showing
d, flowering glome,
37
Mexican boundary, 2000 Mearns 1893; no locality, 728 Palmer 1896; Oaxaca, 344
Oonzatti & Gonzalez 1897.
Readily distinguished from the type by its larger size and elongated, spreading
branches of the panicle.
CHiETOCHIiOA GBISEBACHII MEXICAN A var. nov. Setaria mexicana
Schaffner in Herb.
A densely csespitose form, 6 to 10 cm. high, with interrupted panicles 1 to 3 cm.
long and short leaves 2 to 3
cm. in length. Spikelets as
in the type.
San Luis Potosi, 1044 Schaffner
1876; Schaffner, Sept., 1877.
t Flowering glume finely trans-
versely wrinkled.
=*= Panicle obtuse at the apex.
26. CH^ITOCHLOA POLT-
STACHYA (Scheele) n.
comb. Setaria polystachya
Scheele, Linnsea 22: 339
(1849). (Fig. 22.)
A stout, erect perennial, 6 to 12
dm. high,- with compressed
culms, lanceolate leaves, and
loose elongated panicles 1 to
2 dm. in length. Culms cylin-
drical or subcompressed,
branching at the base, genic-
ulate, glabrous or slightly
scabrous below the nodes
and panicle; nodes brown,
bearded with short appressed
hairs; sheaths striate, gla-
brous or slightly pubescent
above, bearded at the apex,
margins ciliate, the lower
ones subcompressed, more or
less scabrous on the keel;
ligule short, cihate-fringed;
leaf-blades 1.5 to 3 dm. long,
1.5 to 2 cm. wide, abruptly
narrowed at the base, acumi- 5*10, 22. — Oh&tochloa polystachya: a, spikelet showing the
nate, scabrous on both sides seta; 6, c, Tiews of the spikelet ; d, floweriug glume, dorsal
and especially so on the car- view. 4
tilaginous margins, the lower
ones often more or less strigose-pubescent, midvein prominent below, becoming
obsolete above. Panicle pale green, lanceolate, lax, 1.5 to 2.5 dm. long, 1.5 to 3
cm. in diameter; rachis angular, pilose, branches slender, 1.5 to 3 cm. long, erect-
spreading, much exceeding their internodes; setae solitary, 8 to 12 mm. long, green,
slender, flexuous, antrorsely scabrous. Spikelets narrowly ovate, acute, 2 mm.
long; first glume about one-third as long as the spikelet, slightly inflated, trian-
gular-cordate, acute, 3-nerved; second glume two-thirds as long as the spikelet,
acute, 5-nerved, the midnerve excurrent, the lateral ones anastomosing with it;
third glume equaling the flowering glume, slightly sulcate, acute, 5-rierved, sub-
38
tending a linear-lanceolate, hyaline palea; flowering glume narrowly ovate,
acute, Bhort-apiculate, striate, quite strongly transversely undulate-rugose below,
striate or pitted at the apex, the inclosed palea narrowly ovate, slightly convex
at the base, plane above, striate.
Dry soil, in thickets, etc., Texas. July-October.
Specimens examined. — Texas: Reverchon 1886; Nealley 1888;*164, 564 Lindheimer
1846; 357 Lindheimer 1845; Kerrville, Smith 1897; Gillespie Co., 783' Jenny;
Mouth of Pecos River,
34 Havard 1883.
= = Panicle long-attenuate at
the apex.
27. Chsetochloa caudata
(Lam.) Scribn. Kept. Mo.
Bot.Gard. 10: 52 (1899).
Panicum caudatum Lam.
Illus. 1:171(1791). Seta-
ria caudata R. & S. Syst.
2 : 495 (1817). (Fig. 23.)
A very slender, somewhat
csespitose annual 3 to 6
dm. high, with elongated,
interrupted panicles and
narrow, linear leaves 1 to
2. 5 dm. in length. Culms
much branched from the
base, geniculate, glabrous,
cylindrical, very slender;
nodes smooth; sheaths
about equaling the inter-
nodes, pubescent, ciliate
on the margins; ligule
short, ciliate. Leaf-blades
linear, 1 to 2.5 dm. long,
3 to 5 mm. wide, pubes-
cent on both sides, slightly
scabrous on the midvein
and margins,long filiform-
attenuate at the apex, the
upper ones generally
equaling or exceeding the
. culms. Panicles 5 to 15
cm. long, attenuate, few-
flowered; rachis slender,
flexuous, angular, pilose; branches very short, not exceeding 5 mm., or obsolete;
setee solitary, flexuous, 4 to 10 mm. long, antrorsely scabrous, sometimes somewhat
pilose below. Spikelets ovate, acute, shorVpedicellate; first glume nearly one-
half as long as the spikelet, ovate, acute, 5-nerved; second glume two-thirds the
length of the spikelet, broadly ovate, acute, short apiculate, 5 to 7 nerved; third
glume equaling the spikelet, 5-nerved; flowering glume ovate, acute, short apicu-
late, striate, transversely undulate-rugose below, smooth at the apex.
New Jersey, Alabama, and Florida, West Indies, Mexico, South America.
Specimens examined. — New Jersey: Camden, Martindale 1879, on "ballast." Alabama:
Mobile, Mohr 1891, on "ballast." Florida: Key "West, Blodgett. West Indies:
St. Croix, 67 Ricksecker 1895.
Fig. 23. — OhcetoMoa caudata: a, branch showing spikelet and
setae ; b, view of the spikelet ; c, flowering glome, dorsal view.
39
The specimen from New Jersey is depauperate, being but slightly over 1 dm. high
and densely csespitose.
28. Chsetochloa setosa (Sw.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 4: 37
(1897) . Panicum setosum Swartz, Prod. Veg. Ind. Occ. 22 (1788) . Setaria setosa
Beauv. Agrost. 51 (1812) . Chamseraphis setosa Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 769 (1891) .
(Fig. 24.)
An erect branching perennial, 4 to 7 dm. high, with loose, slender, generally long-
attenuate panicles 1 to 2.5 dm. in length and linear-lanceolate, pubescent leaves
1 to 2 dm. long. Culms
rather slender, glabrous,
geniculate at the base,
cylindrical or subcom-
pressed, sometimes root-
ing at the lower nodes;
nodes glabrous; sheaths
generally equaling or longer
than the internodes, loose,
striate, nearly smooth at
the base, more or less pu-
bescent toward the apex,
ciliate on the margins ; ligule
very short, ciliate; leaf-
blades linear-lanceolate,
about 1 cm. broad, acumi-
nate, rounded at the base,
scabrous on the cartilagi-
nous margins. Panicle lax,
attenuate, 1 to 2 cm. in
diameter; axis angular,
pilose; branches slender,
few-flowered, 1 to 2.5 cm.
in length, equaling or ex-
ceeding the internodes;
setse 1 to 3 at each spike-
let, slender, flexuous, sca-
brous, 10 to 15 mm. long;
spikelets 2 mm. long,
elliptical-ovate, acute; first
glume about one-half the
length of the spikelet, acute
or acuminate, 3-nerved;
second glume nearly equal-
ing the spikelet, ovate,
acute, abruptly apiculate,
5-nerved; third glume
equaling the fourth, 5-nerved, subtending a hyaline palea which nearly equals
the flowering glume in length; flowering glume about 2 mm. long, narrowly
ovate, acute or acuminate, finely transversely rugose, especially below. Palea
similar in markings and texture, equaling the glume in length.
New Jersey, New Mexico, West Indies, Mexico, South America.
Specimens examined. — New Jersey: Camden, Parker 1879, on "ballast;" also collected
by Martindale, no date. New Mexico: Organ Mountains, 438 Wooton 1897. West
Indies: Kingston, Jamaica; Alexander 1853; March 1886, no locality; spikelets
from specimen in Kew Herbarium, cited by Grisebach Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 555; same
Flo. 24. — Ohcctochina setosa: a, spikelet showing seta; b, e, views
of the spikelet; d, flowering glome, dorsal view.
40
also in the Gray Herbarium, Cambridge; St. Croix, Eggers 1876; St. Thomas,
Eggers 1876 and 1890; Gordon Town, 829 Hart 1886. Mexico: Monterey, Nuevo
Leon, 1968 Pringle 1888.
The specimen from New Mexico, 438 Wooton 1897, is not typical and differs from
the other specimens cited in having the sheaths somewhat compressed, slightly
keeled, the setse longer, and the panicle obtuse at the apex, not long-attenuate.
In H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. PI. 1: 110 (1815) this species is cited as a synonym of
Setaria maerostachya, but from a careful comparison of the original descriptions,
authentic specimens, and the literature on the subject they appear to be very
distinct. Nees 1 says that Swartz's specimens, which he has seen in the Schreber
Herbarium, differ from 8. macrostachya H. B. K. in having the second glume
5-nerved, narrower, pubescent leaves, and lax, elongated; and attenuated panicles.
Trinius 2 says that the details of Pankum setosum 3 do not belong to this species,
but to P. onurum, which has been confounded with it; hence the confusion,
regarding this species.
NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES WHICH HAVE BEEN WRONGLY REFERRED TO THE
• GENUS CHffiTOCHLOA (SETARIA) .
Setaria auriculata Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 43 (1886) =Selarwpm auriculata
(Fourn.) Scribn.
Setaria cirrhosa Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 43 (1886)=Panicum cirrhosum
(Fourn.) n. comb.
Setaria effusa (Fourn.) Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 42 (1886)=Panicum mexicanum
nom. nov.
Setaria jurgensenii Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 42 (1886) =Panicum jurgen-
senii (Fourn.) n. comb.
Setaria latiglumis Vasey Bui. Torr. Bot. Club. 13 : 229 (1886) =Selariopm latiglunm
(Vasey) Scribn.
Setaria paniculifera (Steud.) Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 42 (1886) =Panicum-
paniculiferum Steud. Syn. Gram. 54. 1855.
Setaria pauciseta Vasey Bui. Torr. Bot. Club 13 : 230 (1886) =Setariopm auriculata
(Fourn.) Scribn.
Setaria schiedeana (Schlecht.) Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 43 (1886) =Ixophorus
schiedeana Schlecht. Linnsea31: 421 (1861).
Setaria sulcata Raddi Agrost. Bras. bO=Panicum sulcatum Aubl.
Setaria uniseta (Presl) Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 43 (1886) =Ixophorus unisetus
Schlecht. Linnsea 31:421 (1861).
Chameeraphis uniseta of Beal's Grasses of N. Am. 2: 158 (1896) is ChxtocMoa
grisebachii.
DOUBTFUL AND UNKNOWN SPECIES CREDITED TO NORTH AMERICA.
Setaria afflnis Schrad. in R. & S. Mant. 2: 276 (1824), Described by Muhlenberg
in Desc. Gram. 101 (1817) without name=(?) Chsetochloa corrugata parviflora.
Southern States.
Setaria ambigua Schrad. Linnaea. 12: 430 (1838). Type material collected in
Texas =(?) Chxtochloa irnberbis geniculata.
Setaria biconvexa Grisebach Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 555 (1864). Scarcely distinct
from C. onurus. Spikelets from Grisebach's type specimen sent from Kew
Herbarium agree almost perfectly with those of C. onurus. S. biconvexa is
described as having the second glume 7-nerved as a distmguishing character
from the 9 to 11 nerved second* glume of S. onurus, but the spikelets from
Grisebach's type have the second glume 9-nerved!
1 Agrost. Bras. 2: 246. 2 Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., ser. 6, 3: 138, 139.
a Trin.Icon.t.95.
41
Setaria californica Kellogg Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1: 26 (1873). Collected at
Shasta, on the Sacramento Eiver, and described as being about 12 feet high, with
erect, cylindrical spikes a foot long, with densely villous rachis, and smooth
flowering glume. From the description and the fact that this prominent form
has not been collected since, there can be little doubt that it was a form of
Chsetochloa italica, escaped from cultivation but not persisting.
Setaria falcifolia Fourn. Mex. PL Enum. Gram. 44 (1886) . Mexico.
Setaria flava Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1 : 46 (1829) . Described from South American
material and credited by Founder to Mexico. No specimens have been seen
which agree with Kunth's description, and the specimens cited by Founder (231
Bourgeau and 30 Liebmann) , which were examined, are referable to C. pur-
purascens.
Setaria 1 83 vis Fourn. Mex. PL Enum. Gram. 45 (1886) . Mexico.
Setaria pseudoverticillata Fourn. Mex. PL Enum., 45 (1886). Mexico.
Setaria rariflora Presl Eel. Hsenk. 1: 313 (1830). Mexico.
Setaria semirugosa Kunth Enum. PL 1: 152 (1833). Described from South
American material and credited by Fournier to Mexico. No specimens seen
from North America.
Setaria stipseculmis C. Mueller Bot. Zeit. 19 : 323 (1861) . This is certainly ( not a
Setaria, as is very evident from the original description. Texas.
Setaria vulpiseta E. & S. Syst. 2: 495 (1817) . Credited by Grisebach to the West
Indies. No specimens seen. Fournier (Mex. PL Enum. Gram. 45) says that the
specimens refened by Grisebach to S. vulpiseta are S. macrostachya H. B. K.
13788— No. 21 i
INDEX.
Page.
Cenchrut parvijlorus Poir 15,24
Ghamctraphis 6
caudata Beal 28, 33, 38
caudata paneiflora Vasey . . . 33
corrugata Kontze 23
glauca Kuntze 9
glauca geniculata Beal 12
italiea Kuntze 20
magna Beal 21
setosa Kuntze 39
uniseta Kuntze 40
verticillata Porter 16
viridit Porter 19
Chartochloa ., 5,6
ambigua (Guss.) Scribn. &
Merrill , 18
apiculata Scribn. & Merrill 9
australiensis Sorlbn . & Merrill . 29
brevispica Scribn. & MerriU... 15
caudata (Lam.) Scribn 6, 38
. composita (H.B.K.) Scribn 5,27,
30,33,35
corrugata (Ell.) Soribu 22,26
corrugata parviflora (Poir.)
Scribn. & Merrill 24,40
forbesiana (Nees) Scribn. &
Merrill 5
gibbosa Scribn. & Merrill 24
glauca (L.) Scribn 9, 10, 11
gracilis. (H. B. K.) Scribn. &
Merrill 5,11,14,15
grisebachii (Fourn.) Scribn. 33,35,40
grisebachii ampla Scribn. &
Merrill 36
grisebachii mexioana Scribn. &
Merrill 37
hlapida Scribn. & Merrill 25
imberbis (Poir.) Scribn 5, 10, 12
imberbis geniculata (Lam.)
Scribn. & Merrill 12, 40
imberbis penicillata (Nees)
Scribn. & Merrill.... . . 11
imberbis perennis(Hall) Scribn.
& Merrill 12
imberbis streptobotrys(Fourn.)
Scribn. & Merrill 13
italioa (L.) Scribn 5, 20, 21, 41
italics germanica (Mill.)
Scribn 21
losvigata (Muhl.) Scribn 10
latiiblia Soribn 31
Page.
Chaatochloa latifolia breviseta Scribn. &
Merrill 31
leucopila Soribn. & Merrill 26
liebmanni (Fourn.) Scribn. &
MerriU 31
liebmanni paneiflora (Vasey)
Scribn. & MerriU 22,33
longipUa (Fourn.) Scribn. &
MerriU 22
macrosperma Scribn. & Merrill 33, 35
macrostachya (H. B,K.) Scribn.
& MerriU 5,27,29,30,35
magna (Griseb.) Scribn 21
onurns (Griseb.) Scribn. &
MerriU 27,40
peretmis (Cartiss) Bicknell 10
polystachya (Scheele) Scribn.
& MerriU 37
purpnrascens (H. B. K.) Scribn.
& Merrill 5,13,41
rigida Scribn. & MerriU 30
scandens (Jaoq.) Scribn. &
MerriU 17
setosa (Swartz) Scribn 6,30,39
versicolor BickneU 12
vertioiUata (L.) Scribn 16,17,18
viUosissima Scribn. & MerriU. 34
Tiridis (L.) Scribn .'. 18, 19, 21
Ixophorus 6
glaums Nash 9
italicus Nash 20
schiedeana Schlecht 40
nnisetus Schlecht 40
vcrtieillatus Nash 16
viridis Nash 19
Pallidum - 6
caudatum Lam 33, 38
cirrhosum (Fourn.) Scribn. & Mer-
riU 40
corrugatum Ell 22
forbetianum Nees 5
geniculatum Lam 12
germanicum Mill 21
glaucumL 9,11
glaucum purpurascens EU 24
italieum L 20
imberbe Poir.. 10,11
jurgensenii (Fourn.) Scrib. & Mer-
rill 40
Uevigatum Muhl 10
mexicanum Scribn. & MerriU 40
43
44
Page.
Panicum onurum "WiUd 27, 40
paniculiferum Stud -. 40
penicillatum Nees 11
scandtnt Trin 17
setoeum Swart z 39,40
vertieillatum L 16
verticillatum parvifiorum Doell ... 15
viride L 19
Penniaetum , 6
geniculatum Jacq 13
scandens Jaeq 17
Setaria 6
aj?ini» Schrad 40
ambigua Gnss 18
ambigua Schrad 18, 40
auHculata Fourn... 40
biconvexa Griseb 40
calif ornica Kellogg 41
caudata E. & S 28, 30, 38
cirrhosa Fourn 40
composita H. B. K 27, 33
eorrugata R.&S 23
fdlcifolia Fonrn 41
efuta Fourn 40
flava Kunth .'. 14, 41
geniculate Beauv 12,13,14
germanica Mill 21
glauca Beauv 9
gracilit H. B. K 11,15
gritebaehii Fourn 35
italica Beany 20
imberbU (Polr.) R. & S 11, 15
Page.
Setaria jurgensenii Fourn 40
IobvU Fourn 41
latiglumis Vasey 40
liebmanni Fourn 31
longipila Fonrn 22
macrostachya H. B. K 29, 40
magna Griseb 21
memcana Schaflh 37
onurus Griseb... 27
paniculifera Fourn 40
paucUeta Vasey 40
perennie Hall 12
polyttachya Scheele 37
pseudoverticiUata Fourn 41
purpurascens H. B* K 13
rarijlora Preal 41
scandmt Schrad 17
gckiedeana Schlecht 40
temirugosa Kunth 41
setosa Beauv 28, 30, 39
stipceculmis Mueller. 41
tireptobotryi Fourn 13
sulcata Baddi 40
uniseta Fourn 40
ventenatii Kunth 24
verlicUlata Beauv 16
verticiUata ambigua Guss 18
viridis Beauv 18
vulpiteta K. & S 41
Setariopais auriculata (Fourn.) Soribn 40
latiglumis (Vasey) Scrlbn 40
o
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