ABC Of Chess

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" The ABC of Chess ©

- The ABC of Chess __

Raduga Publishers

Moscow

Contents

Foreword for Parents 3
A War of Wood . : 7
A Revealing Story . ped
The Battlefield 23
Only Straightforward! , 29
Who Has Been Placed in the Gorrie 1 95
Leaping Horses : 41
“Lightweight” Bishops . . 1 ests 47
The Most Powerful Piece . a 4 ine 3)
Watch Out, Your Majesty! ee i S7
Touch—Move ... . 63
Who’s Won? It’s a Stalemate! ; 69
Not Numbers but Know-How . : » 75
The King Goes on the March , 1 4 79
All Children Should Learn . 83
Appendix : 86
Answer These Questions Without Your Parents’

Help ... 1 » 87

Translated from the Russian by VIVIENNE BURDON

B. Ppuwun, E. Abnn
LIAXMATHAS A3SBYKA

Ha axn2nuuckom xv3b1Ke

© WUsgzatesbctbo «Du3ky.bTypa u cnopt», 1972
English translation (©) Raduga Publishers 1986

Printed in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

420200000-036
= —— ()55-86
031-05 -86

ISBN 5-05-006687-2

Foreword for Parents

Chess is one of the oldest games to
have come down to us through the cen-
turies. At the same time it is a very mod-
ern game attracting an ever-growing
number of enthusiasts through the
world. The inexhaustible possibilities of
chess, its depth of content, the combi-
nation of strict logic and unlimited sco-
pe for the display of initiative and ima-
gination have made the game a part of
our cultural heritage. ‘The yame of
wise men’, “mental gymnastics” —
these and other descriptions reflect the
seriousness and respect with which manv
people approach this remarkable game.

In the Soviet Union there are many
chess clubs in Pioneer Palaces, Palaces
of Culture and schools, but they all cater
for children in the older age group.
There are, however, a lot of children
between the ages of 5—7 who are in-
terested in chess and want to learn to
play. We have written this book to help
younger children take their first steps
on the chessboard.

As a rule the first books a child comes
to know are read aloud to him by
his parents and this one need be no
exception. The authors hope that all
you parents will cooperate with them
in their attempt to foster the interest
of young children of preschool age in
this fascinating game. If you yoursel-
ves play chess, you can vary and diver-
sify the examples given. If, on the other
hand, you have never had occasion to
sit down at a chessboard, this book
will be a guide in the land of chess for
you too, and, who knows, your child’s
enthusiasm may affect you as well.

Don’t hurry when you read “The
ABC of Chess” to your child, don’t
cover more than one chapter a week.
In your instruction pay more attention
to the principle of play. Follow the diag-
rams in the sequence indicated by the
symbols.

If your child can already read and
wants to be independent, allow him to
tackle ““The ABC of Chess” but in sen-

sible doses. The material is not easy and
large “portions” will only tire him and
make it more difficult for him to learn.

The authors decided to omit some of
the more difficult rules of the game such
as capturing en passant and castling

in the path of a hostile man. In the
early stages these rules can be ignored.
If necessary, parents can settle an ar-
gument when they have studied these
rules which are explained in the appen-
dix.

A War of Wood

eee

Sasha had been given a chess set.
The small smooth figures still smelling
of varnish lay in a checkered wooden
box. There were horses, turrets and
strange little dolls which resembled mi-
niature men. Sasha liked these funny
little figures but had no idea what to do
with them. And his father and mother
couldn’t help because they didn’t know
how to play chess themselves.

Soon the large wooden box began to
get in Sasha’s way and he pushed it
under the sofa. There it stayed and he
forgot about the box with the horses,
the turrets and the dolls like miniature
men lying inside it.

One day Sasha’s best friend Boris
came round. The boys started to play
hockey, hitting a ball around the floor
with coloured plastic sticks. Time and
again the quick-moving ball rolled un-
der the table or the cupboard and the
boys took it in turn to push their sticks
under the furniture, trying to coax the
ball back into the middle of the “pitch”.

Once the ball rolled under the sofa
and Boris crawled after it. But instead
of the ball he pulled out the wooden
box covered in dust.

“It’s a chess set!” Boris exclaimed in
delight, forgetting about the ball that
had disappeared under the sofa. ‘“Let’s
have a game of chess!”

“T can’t play...” Sasha stammered,
blushing with embarrassment.

“There’s nothing to it! We'll play
being at war.”

Boris opened the box and emptied
the light and dark-coloured figures onto
the table.

“Tll have the yellow soldiers and
you can have the black ones. Line up

your troops,” Boris ordered, picking
out the light-coloured figures. He stood
them one beside the other at the end of
the table and soon there was a long row
of light-coloured men drawn up like an
entire army. Boris helped Sasha to line
up the black men at the other end of
the table and then went to get a red
plastic cube from the toy-box.

“We'll take it in turns to shoot. Like
this — see?” Boris placed the cube in
front of his troops and sent it forward
with a powerful flick of the finger.
The plastic missile flew across the table
and knocked down two black fighting
men. Sasha wanted to stand his sol-
diers up again, but Boris said they were
dead and couldn’t get up. Then Sasha
placed the cube on the table and care-
fully crooking his middle finger, flick-
ed it forward with all his might. But
not a single enemy soldier fell—he had
aimed the cube too high.

The next shot was better and a white
cavalryman fell to the floor. But Sa-
sha’s army suffered greater losses be-
cause Boris was a better marksman.

“Don’t worry, you'll learn,” Boris
encouraged his friend. But Sasha’s pro-
gress gave him no pleasure—he felt
sorry for the neat little fighting men
gleaming in the sun and flying in all
directions after every successful shot.

The war of wood was in full swing
when Sasha’s next-door neighbour
Peter came in. Peter was two years ol-
der than Sasha and Boris. He had al-
ready turned seven and everyone knew
that he was starting school in the
autumn.

“What are you doing?” Peter ask-
ed, looking at the light and dark-co-

9

scattered over the

figures

loured
floor.

‘“Can’t you see, we’re playing chess...”
Boris answered.

“Yes, we’re playing chess, can’t you
see?”’ Sasha confirmed, echoing Boris’s
words.

“You don’t play chess like that!” Pe-
ter said indignantly. ““You’re knocking
down the men any old how, it’s all the
same to you whether it’s a Pawn or a
Queen!"

10

Sasha looked at Boris anxiously. Bo-
ris had thought up this game and it
was for him to prove to Peter that they
were playing properly.

‘We'll play as we want,” Boris said
sulkily. ‘‘We’re at war. This is my army
and that’s Sasha’s; whoever kills more
enemy soldiers wins.”

“Some army!” Peter laughed. “They
stand on the spot and wait until they’re
knocked down! In a chess army there
is an infantry, a cavalry and guns and
commanding officers — and they all
move in different ways.”

“Where do they move to?”
asked in surprise.

Sasha

“They just move — over the board
and not over the table. And anyway
they move according to rules — there’s
a different rule for each piece.”

Peter took the chess box = and
opened it out on the table so that it be-
came a large square board made up of
small black and white squares. He
picked out two of the light-coloured figu-
res that looked like turrets and put them
on the corner squares at one end of the
board.

“These are Castles, although Dad
says they are really called Rooks, and
they must stand tn the corners. And
these are Knights, they go next to the
Rooks.”

Then Peter took two pieces that ta-
pered to a point and said they were
called Bishops.

“They look more like Bishops’ mit-
res,”’ Boris observed.

“I thought so too at first,’’ Peter
agreed.

Sasha kept silent. He was really keen
now to discover how chess 1s played
and learn as quickly as possible.

Peter put the Bishops next to the
Knights leaving two empty squares in
the middle of the row. Then he picked
up the two. biggest of the light-
coloured pieces from the chessmen lying
in disarray on the floor. He called the
one with a small black knob in the
middle of his crown a King and this
made sense—in fairy stories kings
were always bigger and more impor-
tant than anyone else. Peter said the
other piece was called a Queen which
was not so easy to understand.

“Why should a Queen go to war?”
Sasha asked.

“Well, you see, she’s there to pro-
tect the King who ts her husband, and
she is very powerful. Anyway, in the
chess army this piece is called a Queen.”

“All right,” Sasha agreed rather re-
luctantly.

‘So, here is the King and here 1s
the Queen,” Peter continued.

He put the King on the black square
and the Queen on the white square.

Now the whole of the first row of the
board was occupied. Only the smallest

L-

of the light-coloured men which were
all identical remained on one side.

‘These are Pawns,” Peter explained,
placing the small figures on the second
row of the board in front of the larger
pieces. “That's how the chess army
should stand! Now you line up the Black
troops in the same way.”

Sasha and Boris set up the Black
pieces as Peter had arranged the White
ones—the Rooks in the corners, the
Knights next to them and then the
Bishops. It was only the most impor-
tant pieces that they were not sure where
to put—should the King go on the
right and the Queen on the left or the
other way round? Peter came to their
assistance.

“The White Queen,” he said, “must
stand on a white square and the Black
Queen on a black square.”

“It’s not a White Queen, it’s a Yellow
Queen,” Boris corrected him. He loved
to argue and the light-coloured pieces
really were yellow.

‘No, it’s White,” said Peter shaking
his head emphatically. “*That’s because
the whole chess army is called Black
and White—doesn’t matter what colour
they’re painted!”

When the boys had set up all the
pieces and all the Pawns, Boris asked:

‘What are we going to knock them
down with?”

‘All you want to do 1s knock down!”
Peter said in annoyance. “ They’ll knock
each other down, just as in a real bat-
thee”

Sasha said he could hardly wait to
begin a game, but Peter only laughed.

“How can you play when you don’t
know the rules?”

At that moment Peter’s mother ar-
rived to take him home for supper.
Sasha and Boris sat looking at the chess-
men all lined up, not knowing what
to do with them.

Man to man, man to man—the small
warriors were drawn up in some strange

and wonderful order, their varnish
gleaming like ancient armour. The little
figures which only a few minutes ago
had been flying all over the room, now
seemed prepared for serious business.
They stood, not in random fashion, but
in a precise and rather mysterious for-
mation. Any moment the command
would be given and the serried ranks
would be broken. How would it
happen? What would the small war-
riors do on the checkered battle-
field?

That night Sasha tossed and turned
in bed for a long time, and when at
last he fell asleep, a real chess battle
took place before him. But however
hard he tried to make out who was
fighting whom, he was none the wis-

er. There was confusion on the _ bat-
tlefield and Sasha couldn’t understand
what was going on for he did not yet
know how the chessmen were meant to
behave.

Boris too thought about the beauti-
ful chess armies standing motionless
before the start of battle and he no
longer had the desire to knock them
down with a plastic missile.

A Revealing Story

=e

a ae

The next day Sasha and Boris went
out to play. Together with the other
boys they slid down slopes and threw
snowballs. On the hard-packed slippery
snow they could play real ice hockey
which was very different from knocking
a ball around a room full of furniture.
And someone had brought a real puck
made of rubber although not all the
boys had hockey sticks. Nor did speed
skates flash under their feet. All in all,
they were far from looking like the
grown-up players seen on_ television.
Still, it was great fun playing hockey!
Sasha and Boris were the smallest and
they were made goalkeepers. At first
Boris objected—he wanted to hit the
puck around himself. But you can’t
really argue with older boys and Boris
had to take up his position between
two bricks. Sasha stood at the other end
of the pitch, a brick likewise on either
side. They shifted from one foot to the
other, constantly turning their heads so
as not to lose sight of the puck flying
across the pitch. Several times the puck
soared so high over Sasha’s head that
he was unable to reach it even though
he leapt up in the air. Then he said
that the puck had gone over the posts
and it wasn’t a goal. And the boys didn’t
argue—not even when the rubber mis-
sile flew quite low over the posts; they
knew their goalie was only small. But
if he let the puck through below, it
counted as a goal. [t was particularly
irritating when the black puck slipped
through his legs—the boys looked at
Sasha reproachfully and tears of annoy-
ance welled up in his eyes.

But when Sasha managed to fend
off the puck or hold it down on the ice,

the older boys clapped him approvingly
with their sticks just as real hockey
players applaud their goalkeeper.

After the game was over all the child-
ren started making a snowman. Boris
gave Sasha a gentle nudge and sug-
gested tn a low voice:

“Let's make snow chessmen...”

Sasha and Boris went td one side
and deliberated which of the chessmen
to make.

“Which man do you like best of all?”
Boris asked.

“Which do you?”

“T like the Knight best—he’s the
most beautiful.”

“And {I like the Pawn,” Sasha said
hesitantly. “‘He’s the smallest.”

The friends set about their task. Bo-
ris quickly made a base on which he
fashioned the neck of a chess horse.
The head, though, turned out to be too
short. Boris tried to make it longer, but
the snow wouldn’t hold and crumbled.

Sasha, meanwhile, built a fine Pawn
with a strong round head.

Boris looked at Sasha’s Pawn, then
at his own Knight and said suddenly:

“All the same, a Knight is stronger
than a Pawn!..”

Sasha thought that his Pawn was no
worse than Boris’s Knight and he re-
plied tentatively:

“We don’t know that yet...”

“We'll soon find out!” said Boris
frowning. He stood beside Sasha rol-
ling a snowball in his hands. ‘We'll
soon find out!” Boris repeated and
threw the snowball at the Pawn, hitting
it on the head where it remained stuck
like a protruding bump. This made Bo-
ris even more aggressive and he rolled

17

another snowball. The second “shot”
displaced the Pawn’s round head which,
miraculously, did not part company
with the thick snowy neck.

Sasha felt sorry for his little snow
chessman and he too rolled a snow-
ball. Wham—and the short head of
Boris’s horse became even shorter.

“So that’s your game?” said Boris,
advancing towards Sasha.

“What about your game?”
countered, not giving way.

The two boys grappled in earnest
and started pushing and shoving each
other.

‘Now then boys, that’s against the
rules!” they heard a stern grown-up
voice saying. Looking round, Sasha
and Boris saw Peter with his father—
their “Uncle Max”.

“What's all this then? You begin by
making chessmen and finish up fight-
ing?” Uncle Max sounded really an-
noyed. “In chess you fight with your
head, not your hands.”’

“And not with snowballs..."" Peter
added. He was a very sensible boy and
did not miss a chance of letting
everyone know it. “At home they
were knocking down chessmen with
a plastic cube,” Peter told his fath-
er

“Don’t you go telling on the boys,”
Uncle Max said smiling. “Otherwise
they'll turn even redder...”

And indeed, even though Boris and
Sasha had stopped pushing each other
about, their faces were still red and
their eyes sparkled. Peter announced
pretentiously:

‘Never mind, Ill teach them to play
chess properly...”

Sasha

18

“You?” said his father in surprise.
“But you still don’t know how to play
properly yourself...”

“Yes, I do!’ Peter insisted, now on
the defensive. He didn’t want to lose
his authority as a chess expert.

“tT know how you play,” said his
father with a faint smile. “It would be
better if we all learned to play chess
together. Come round, boys, when
you’ve finished outside.”

..And the boys soon had enough of
running around. Flushed and dishevel-
led they appeared at the door of Pe-
ter’s flat. He had his own corner for
toys and books and the chess-board
stood there on a small table. But Uncle
Max invited Sasha and Boris to sit at
the big table; to his son he said:

“Bring your soldiers over here.”

Peter lifted the board with the pieces
arranged on it and went over to the
big table. The board tn Peter’s hand
tilted to one side and the chessmen
fell on the floor.

“Now that’s clumsy,” Peter’s father
sounded impatient, but he added quick-
ly, “well, never mind, let the boys
set up the pieces themselves—we’ll see
what you've taught them.”

The boys quickly began to place the
pieces on the board, just as Peter had
shown them the previous day, but Uncle
Max stopped them.

“Hold on! That’s not right! You’ve
put the board the wrong way round.
Remember: there must always be a
white corner square on the right of each
player. Yes, that’s right now...”’ He be-
came thoughtful for a moment and
then asked: “Boys, would you like me
to tell you a story about chess?”

9

The boys, of course, were delighted.
Who would not want to listen to a
story about chess! The wooden pieces
stood stiffly on the board as if they too
were waiting to listen to a story.

..Long, long ago, in a far-off dis-
tant land there once lived a King who
was neither good, nor just, nor wise.
No doubt this was why he often waged
war against his neighbours, trying to
seize their fields, their gardens and their
cities. One day the King planned a new
campaign to conquer foreign riches,
but uncertain of success, he decided
to ask the advice of the oldest and wis-
est man in his kingdom and find out
the truth. The white-bearded old man
was brought to the palace and the King
asked him:

‘Listen, old man: | plan to go to war
against my neighbours. Tell me, will my
campaign be successful? Will I prove
that I am stronger and wiser than other
rulers? Will I destroy enemy armies
and conquer new territories?”

The sage thought for a while and
answered in these words:

“Do not hurry, oh Sovereign! Be-
fore you embark on a big war, win a
little one. Before you throw countless
regiments into the thick of battle, learn
how to command a toy army. Before
you attempt to conquer large countries,
master a tiny kingdom...”

“What are you babbling on about,
old man?” demanded the King angrily.
“What litth war? What toy army?
Where its this tiny kingdom?”

“It is here, oh mighty King,” the
old man answered calmly, taking a squa-
re checkered wooden board out of a
bag and placing it in front of the throne.

“What sort of kingdom 1s_ that?”
exclaimed the King, barely containing
his rage. “You can’t even take a step
on it!”

‘Forgive me, Sire, but you are wrong.
See how many roads and paths there
are here—you can travel in a straight
line, obliquely, forwards, and_ back-
wards! And by commanding this army
you can prove yourself to be a great
general!”

The wise man emptied from the bag
a large number of strange figures.

“Look closely at these small wooden
figures, Sire! They are constantly at
war, attacking, retreating, launching
ambushes and having amazing adven-
tures. But they are made of wood and
therefore no blood ts ever spilled here,
no homes are destroyed and no or-
phans weep. This is where successful
wars are fought! Learn to win this
bloodless war and the fame of your
wisdom will reach the furthermost cor-
ners of the land.”

The King very much wanted to be-
come renowned throughout the whole

19

world and he started learning to play
chess—as the old man called this re-
markable game.

‘It is indeed a royal game,” said the
King pompously when he succeeded in
winning. But when he lost he became
angry and swept the chessmen onto the
floor.

Such rough treatment offended the
small wooden warriors and they began
to revenge themselves on their capri-
clous master: at the crucial moment of
the battle first one then another piece
would cease to obey their commander
and move wherever they pleased, en-
tirely disregarding the interests of the
whole army. Then the King would be
defeated and lose his temper, sweeping
his army off the wooden battlefield.
And the more he became angry and
swept the pieces off the board, the more
he lost. Neither in distant lands nor
in his own kingdom was the King spo-
ken of as a good, just and wise ruler.
For what good, just and wise man will
hurl his chessmen onto the floor and
rage against those with whom he is

playing?

The King grew tired of the toy
battles which he so frequently lost and
decided once again to test his strength
in a real war. He dreamed of seizing
great riches and annexing foreign lands
to his kingdom. The King quickly mus-
tered his infantry and cavalry regi-
ments and at the head of his entire
army marched against a neighbouring
country. But the people of that country
did not wish to become the slaves of a
wicked and capricious ruler. As one
man they rose to the defence of their

20

homeland and defeated the King’s hor-
de. Only one small detachment was left
out of his huge army. Hanging their
heads in shame the troops who had sur-
vived the war returned home. More
sombre than the’ blackest storm-
cloud was the arrogant and cruel King
who had suffered such a_ crushing
defeat.

On his humiliating retreat the King
met the wise man who had taught him
how to wage chess warfare. Steering
his horse towards the old man, the
King said:

“You see, old man, how my cam-
paign has ended?”

9

“T see, Your Majesty, I see,” replied
the old man. Did I not tell you it was
better to wage a_ bloodless’ chess
war?”

“You lie, you wretch!” said the King
in anger. “But I shall gather a new army
and prove to the whole world that
there is nO commander more expert
than I!”

“Do not excite yourself, Sire’, the
Sage answered calmly. “How can you
command a large army when you have
not even learned to master the small
chess pieces?”

When the King heard these words
he almost exploded in fury.

“Throw the old fool into the dun-
geon,” he cried, ‘ban and burn his foul
wooden game throughout the entire
kingdom!”

Messengers galloped to the far cor-
ners of the kingdom proclaiming the
terrible royal decree. The King’s ser-
vants seized chess sets from people and
made huge bonfires of them on public

squares. But however much they tried,
they did not succeed in collecting all
the chess sets:
their

peasants and artisans
concealed checker boards and
their small chessmen although they were
threatened with dire punishment if they

were discovered. Simple people came
to love this clever game. Meeting sec-
retly, they set up the wooden pieces
and led them into battle, saying to each
other:

‘Let's play the game which our King

21

could not master. We would certainly a great and dreaded commander, peo-
have beaten him!..” ple would smile and advise him:

And whenever some small boy an- “First learn to command wooden
nounced that he was going to become _ soldiers before you tackle bigger things.”

The Battlefield

The next time Sasha and Boris went
round to see Peter, Uncle Max asked
them:

“Did you understand, boys, why the
chessboard seemed to the King no more
than a small square although the wise
man said it was a whole country?”

Sasha looked questioningly at Boris.
Boris gazed thoughtfully at the ceiling.
Peter came to his friends’ assistance.
Appearing from behind his _ father’s
back he said in a stage whisper:

“Because there are a lot of little
Squares on It...”

“Well, well, you haven’t even star-
ted school yet, but you’ve already
learned to come up with the answers”,
his father said. “I wanted Sasha and
Boris to think for themselves.”’ He took a
sheet of paper and drew a square on it.
“Look,” he said, “it’s Just a square,
there’s not much room to spread your-
self. But see what can happen.” Uncle
Max drew several lines from top to bot-
tom and from left to right. “See how
many squares there are now? However,
they are all the same and that’s rather
boring...”

He quickly shaded in a corner square
with a black pencil and leaving the one
beside it blank, filled in the one next
to it. Then once again he left a blank
square and filled in the one beside that.

“It looks like a chess box,” Boris
said when Peter’s father had filled in
the last corner square.

“That’s right. Only not a chess box
but a chessboard. Look carefully, boys,
and you will see how many rows of
squares there are. Like roads they lead
from top to bottom and from left to
right, they can be straight or diagonal.

The square was rather cramped but see
how much space there is now!”

‘There are whole streets for the chess-
men,” Boris observed.

“Yes, streets and lanes,” Uncle Max
agreed. “Only they’re not called that.
The rows of alternating black and white
squares going from left to right are
called ranks and those going from top
to bottom are known as files. The chain
of squares of the same colour—from
corner to corner, see—is called a dia-
gonal. Of course, that’s a rather diffi-
cult word for you, but try to remember
it all the same—you will find it very
helpful later on.”

“There’s nothing special about the
word ‘diagonal’,”” Peter said quickly, an-
xious to show his superiority.

‘‘Di-ag-on-al,” Sasha and Boris re-
peated the word syllable by syllable.
‘‘Di-ag-on-al.”

‘“Now count how many squares there
are in a Straight line”.

Together the boys counted the num-
ber of squares.

“Eight,” Boris atinounced,

“IT make it eight too,” Sasha said
when he had finished counting.

“Correct. There are eight squares in
each rank and file. And how many
Squares are there in a diagonal line?”

“They’re all different...” Sasha and
Boris said in one voice.

“Right again. Now, how many
Squares are there in the longest diag-
onal?”

“Eight.”

‘And in the shortest?”

“Two.”

The boys were delighted that they
could already find their way along the

25

meowhieaegdna

26

Streets and lanes of the chessboard.
But their acquaintance with this black
and white country was only just beginn-
ing. In place of the ruled sheet of pa-
per Peter's father opened out a real
wooden board on the table. Next to it
lay the light and dark-coloured chess-
men which had been emptied out of
the box. He took a Knight and placed
it on the board.

“Imagine, Sasha, that this Knight
has fallen from the board and I| have
picked it up,”” Uncle Max removed the
Knight and pressed it in his palm. “* Now,
tell me, where was the Knight stand-
ing?”

Sasha looked at Uncle Max in dis-
may, Boris and Peter didn’t know
either how to explain where the Knight
had stood.

“There you are, you see,—you can’t
explain the position of just one single
Knight, although it’s very easy for chess-
players to do. They can even recon-
Struct a whole battle and show all the
movements and adventures of the little
wooden men. The fact is that each
square has its own symbol, that 1s, its
own name.”

Uncle Max set up the White chess-
men. The first rank was occupied by
Rooks, Knights, Bishops, the King and
the Queen while the Pawns were lined
up in front of them.

“You know already that there are
eight ranks on the board. They are
called first rank, second rank, third,
fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth.
They are counted from the near end
of the board where the White army is
positioned—the white pieces occupy the
first rank and the White Pawns stand

In the second rank. In which ranks Is
the Black army lined up?”

Boris counted the ranks. He said that
the Black Pawns should stand in the
seventh rank and the Black pieces in
the eighth.

“You certainly know how to count!”

“Of course, we do!” the boys an-
swered in chorus.

“That makes everything a lot easier,
but the ABC of chess consists of more
than just numbers. To begin with, all
the White Pawns stand in the second
rank. But how can you tell them apart?
Do you say—the one fourth from the
left or second from the right? That’s
too long and complicated. Chess-players
have made it a lot easier: the horizon-
tal lines—the ranks—are numbered
from one to eight, while the vertical
lines—the files—are lettered from A
to H. Do you know all the letters of the
alphabet, boys?’

“The whole
confirmed, feeling offended
father had even asked.

“Again, you're jumping in before the
others. Sasha and Boris are younger
than you, you know. What about
you, lads, do you know the _ alpha-
bet?”

The boys nodded their heads. But
then Sasha admitted that some of the
letters confused him.

“Well, that’s nothing to worry about—
you'll get used to them!”

Peter's father explained that the first
file from the bottom black corner square
to the top white corner square was
designated by the letter ‘‘a” and the
second file by the letter ‘“b”. The third
file of squares had the letter “c”’, the

lot, of course!” Peter
that his

Ce)
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ty

a be

the fifth the
letter ‘‘e’’ and the sixth—the letter “f”.

fourth—the letter “d”",
That left two more files which had
the letters “g” and “h”.

The children looked bored—the !an-
guage of chess seemed to them diffi-
cult and uninteresting. Uncle Max no-
ticed that their attention was wander-
Ing.

“What's the matter, boys, are you fed
up? It’s not all as complicated as it seems.
You see, now we can give each square
an exact name. Let's take the bottom

27

square in the left corner as an example.
It is located tn file ‘a’ and rank ‘P’.
Therefore the square will be called
square ‘al’. Do you see? At the beginn-
ing of the game square ‘al’ will be occu-
pied by one of the White Rooks. On
which square does the other White
Rook stand?”

“On square ‘h first.”

‘No, you don’t say ‘h first’ but ‘h

9

one’,” Peter’s father corrected them.
“You see, if Sasha knew the language
of chess he could easily tell me where
to put the Knight. The Knight which
I removed was standing on square e5.
But I see that you’re tired and besides
it’s quite late.”

“When will we start playing?” Sasha
asked timidly.

‘Soon, Sasha, very soon!”

eeeEeEeEeEeEGEeEeeeee

Only Straightforward!

EP

The next morning Sasha couldn't
remember the name of the last chess
letter. He thought so hard about it that
he even stopped munching his big red
apple. Suddenly the last chess letter
came to him: “H”! Sasha pronounced
triumphantly. His mother looked at him
anxiously and put her hand on his fore-
head—perhaps he had a temperature?
Unperturbed, Sasha went on munching
his apple. ‘“‘H’—is the last chess letter,”
he explained. “I just couldn’t remem-
ber it.”” His mother didn’t ask any ques-
tions, otherwise Sasha would certainly
have been late for nursery school. At
nursery school Sasha and Boris used
letters in a different wav. Together
with the other children they formed
words with lettered bricks.

..The chess lessons had suddenly
come to a stop. Sasha and Boris found
out that Peter’s father had gone away
on business. Peter consoled the disap-
pointed boys:

“Tt doesn’t matter that Dad isn’t here.
Pll show you how the Pawn moves.
It’s really very easy.”

Peter set up the chessmen in the
Starting position. The wooden army
stood in serried ranks and seemed only
to be waiting for the command to com-
mence battle. Peter took a White Pawn
and moved it forward two squares.

“Pawns march forward one square
at a time,” he explained, trying not to
sound too self-important.

“You say they move one square at
a time, but you’ve just moved that Pawn
two squares forward,” Boris hastened
to “expose” his teacher. Peter looked
at Boris in annoyance, but restrained
himself.

“Only once in the game, on its first
move, can a Pawn advance two squares.
After that, just one square at a time.
And it always moves forward in a
Straight line—forward and_ straight.”

Peter took the same Pawn and moved
it forward another square, then another.
When the Pawn advanced one step for-
ward it moved from a white square to
a black and then back to a white square.

After three moves the White Pawn
came up against a Black Pawn stand-
ing On its own square. Peter then
whisked all the Black chessmen from
the board so that they did not inter-
fere with his demonstration of how
Pawns move.

“The Pawn always marches straight-
forward and if it comes up against anoth-
er Pawn or piece, it can’t move any
further.”

“Why not let 1t knock down the Black
Pawn?” Boris suggested.

“No, that’s against the rules. I can
only capture diagonally—to either side

of the square it occupies.” Peter
placed the Black ‘Pawn diagonally in
front of the White Pawn. “If i Is

White to move, the White Pawn can
capture the Black, but if its Black’s
turn, then the Black Pawn can capture
the White. Do you see?”

He first removed the Black Pawn
and put the White one on its square.
Then he put both Pawns back, removed
the White one and put the Black
One in its place. It turned out that either
Pawn can capture the other, depend-
ing On whether it is Black or White
to move first. Once again Peter put the
White Pawn in the middle of the board
and diagonally in front of it he placed

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on one side a Black Pawn and on the
other a Black Knight.
“And now the Pawn can capture

either to the left or to the right. Which
would you rather capture, Sasha, the
Pawn or the Knight?”

“The Knight,” Sasha answered hesi-
tantly.

“That’s right, it’s better to take a
Knight because he’s more important
than a Pawn,” the “teacher” said ap-
provingly.

Then Boris took another Black Pawn
and placed it on a square diagonal to
the White Pawn, only this time behind
the White Pawn rather than in front
of it.

“Can White capture the Black Pawn
in that position?”

‘“No, a Pawn always moves forward
and can never capture a man Standing
behind it. Now look,” Peter placed the
White Pawn on square a2 and the Black
On square b7, “which Pawn do you
think will win here?”

“White will win,”’ Sasha said, because
Peter had spent the whole time show-

ing them how the White Pawn cap- 7

tures Black pieces.

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‘Well, let's see then,” Peter suggest- sha once again moved his Pawn tt land-

ed. “White to move!” ed on a square , diagonally opposite [J
Sasha cautiously advanced his Pawn _ the Black and Peter captured it.
One square while Peter moved his Black “Can we try once more?” Sasha ask-

Pawn two squares forward. When Sa-_ ed. ‘‘Now I know how I have to move. *

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And he resolutely marched the Pawn
two squares forward. But in re-
sponse Peter moved his Pawn only one
square and again it turned out that
with the next move Sasha had to place
his Pawn under attack. Peter smiled:

“Do you see how it is? In this posi-
tion whoever makes the first move,
loses. You know, boys,” Peter went on,
“T still haven’t told you about one very
important rule. You think that the Pawn
is the smallest and weakest man on the
board? Well, it’s not true. It is only
small and weak until it reaches the
other end of the board. But as soon

as it reaches the last rank, it can be-
come another piece.”

‘How can it become another piece?”
Sasha and Boris asked at the same
time.

“Very easily: you remove the Pawn
from the board and replace it in the
eighth rank with any piece you like:
a Queen, a Rook, a Knight or a Bishop.
You can’t replace it with a King though,
because there are never two Kings in
one army. And you can’t replace the
Pawn with another Pawn either because
a Pawn doesn’t move backwards and
it can’t move any further forward.”

Who Has Been Placed
in the Corner?

2G ——$—

Step bv stem Sasha moved forware
resoiutely Tine further he went, the
more enemies there were. They threa-
tened to knock Sasha off his teet. to
wipe him off the face of the earth. Bui
he didn’t retreat a single step—forward,
only straightforward! The Black enemy
cavalrv charged past, menacing castles
approached, the enemy infantry ai-
lacked. One of his opponents was ver«
close to Sasha, almost diagonally oppo-
site. Sasha contrived to capture the
enemy and occupy his place. And once
again he moved forward, step by step.
Sasha forced his way through the thick
of battle to the enemy’s rear. And the
comman@er said to him:

“Well done, Sasha! You are the brav-
est and the fastest soldier. But you
don’t have to move on foot and force
your way forward any more. Now you
can become a cavalryman, a member
of a tank crew or a gunner. You can
even become a_ great commander.
Choose which you want to be!”

Sasha’s heart was bursting with
pride and joy. How good it was to fee}
oneself intrepid, to know that one has
done one’s duty well! But what should
he become? It was tempting to be a
dashing cavairyman, but at the same
time he wanted to be a great generai.
‘Am ] capable though?” Sasha thoughi...
and woke up. He woke up realis-
ing that he had dreamed of a chess game
in which he, Sasha, was a Pawn—a
daring litthe Pawn who had forced his
way through to the last rank and then
not known which piece to turn into.

That evening Peter called to say that
his father had asked Sasha to come
round,

“Your father is back then?” Sasha
was overjoye..
“Yes, ne arrived vesterday" Peter

confirmed. “Let’s ge.”

Uncle Max himself onened the door
and seeing Sasha, he saic.

“So you're alone are you, mv lad”
Better to command a full force though.
Go and fetch Boris.’

Boris too was delighted that he haa
peen summoned and in a few minutes
the boys were sitting at the table with
the chessboard in front of them.

“Peter told us how the Pawn moves.”
Boris sai:

Peter looked down at the floor as
though he had committed some offence.

“But —£ didn’t explain which piece
the Pawn should become when il
reaches the last rani.”

‘What is there to explain?” his fath-
er said in surprise. “A Queen, 0!
course!”

“But the rules sav that it can be pro-
moted into any piece, don’t they?”

“That’s right. But i Is rare to re-
place the Pawn with a Knight, a Rook o;
a Bishop. Think of a Pawn becoming
a Queen! But I believe you already
know how that happens,” he put a
White Pawn on square c2 and a Black
Pawn one/7. “Now, chess-players, which
Pawn will turn into a Queen first? As
always, White begins.”

“White will be first,” Sasha and Bo-
ris calculated rapidly.

“And now?” Uncle Max moved the
Black Pawn to d7.
Sasha wanted to say that it would

again be the White Pawn, for it had
been the first to move off, but he felt
there was some sort of catch. This time

37

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abcdefogoh

Boris wasn’t in a hurry to answer
either—Uncle Max must have moved
the Pawn for a good reason.

Sasha leaned over the board. He
tried to imagine these two Pawns mov-
ing towards each other. Boris glanced
at Peter and saw that he was looking
at them impatiently. By way of encour-
agement Peter said: ‘Well, come on
then!”

Suddenly Boris remembered that last
time Peter had shown them this very
position and he announced gleefully:

“The Black Pawn will become a
Queen!”

“Why? After all, White ts first to
move...”

“Because the Black Pawn will cap-
ture the White Pawn! Shall I show you?”

38

Sasha too saw what would happen
and he smiled with relief.

“IT see that Peter has taught you some-
thing after all. Only don’t you get
swollen-headed, my lad. And now, let’s
get to know the other pieces. Which
pieces occupy all the coorner squares on
our board?”

“The Rooks! The Rooks!”
the boys in high spirits.

Uncle Max took a Black Rook and
placed him on the empty board.

“The Rook has a straight character:
he moves only tn straight lines—for-
ward, backward, left and right—and
he can move any distance. If a hostile
man stands in the path of a Rook, the
Rook can capture him and occupy his
square. But 1f a friendly man blocks
his path, the Rook cannot move.

“The Rook ts not happy when he ts
hemmed in. Now look. The Black Pawn
is threatening the Rook who, even
though he ts in the centre of the board,
has nowhere to go because all his ave-
nues of escape are obstructed by friend-
ly Pawns.”

“But the Rook himself can capture
the Black Pawn,” Sasha observed, lean-
ing over the board to show which
Pawn could be taken by the Rook.

“What are you doing—have you
forgotten the rule ‘head and not hands’?
Which square is this Pawn _ standing
on?”

“On e6,” Sasha worked out quickly.

“Then the other Black Pawn _ will
capture the Rook,” Boris said.

“Well, so what? There will still be an
equal number of pieces!”

‘‘No, Sasha, it’s not advantageous to
sacrifice a Rook for a Pawn because

shouted

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a Rook is much more powerful. A Rook
is worth approximately five Pawns. Yes,
It’s true, don’t look so surprised. A Rook
can Sweep across the whole board and
inflict severe losses on the enemy.”

‘But a Pawn can become a Queen!”
Sasha tried to stick up for the small-
est of the fighting men.

“These wonderful transformations
don’t happen all that often and then
only at the end of a game. At the Start
and in the middle the Pawn is still much
weaker than the other pieces. And very
many Pawns are lost in a chess battle.
But don’t be upset, Sasha, it’s only a
game after all.”

With bold sweeping strokes Peter’s
father moved the Rook from place to
place, showing how he could dominate

the board. Then he put Black Pawns
on a7, b7 and c7 and a White Rook
on the corner square h8&.

‘‘Now, how are you going to attack
the Pawns?”

Boris suggested moving the Rook to
a8, but Uncle Max moved the Pawn
forward one square where it was pro-
tected by the other Pawn.

Boris then attacked the adjacent
Pawn, but Peter’s father again moved
forward one square so that Pawn ‘b”™
was now protected by its neighbour
Pawn ‘“‘c”"

Boris stubbornly continued to attack
the Pawns from behind and moved the
Rook to c8, but this Pawn too moved
forward not one but two squares, and
Boris saw that it could not be taken
because the Pawn on b6 would then
capture the Rook.

“It will take a long time before you
manage to capture any of the Pawns
because you’re not attacking them in
the right way. When Pawns stand in
the same rank it 1s better to attack them
from the side. Like this.”

Uncle Max placed the Rook on h/7.

Now both Sasha and Boris saw clear-

ly that however the Black Pawns
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39

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moved one of them would be lost in the
next move, and then it would be a bad
lookout for the other two.

“The Rook is a powerful piece,”
Peter’s father observed. ‘“‘But he needs
space —open ranks and files.”

‘How do you meéan—open?” Boris
asked in surprise.

“Open ranks and files are those in
which there are neither friendly nor
hostile men. But we still don’t know
everything about the Rook.

‘It 1s said that at one time the Rooks
were placed in the centre, in front of
the Pawns. The militant Rooks imme-
diately rushed into battle, but they could
not go very far—they were surround-
ed by friendly and hostile men, they
were hemmed tn! The Rooks lumber-

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“ .

ed around in the midst of this throng
and got in the way of their own army.
Then it was decided to hide them in the
corners—not as a punishment, but so
that they should not come out too soon
and wait until there was space for them
to move freely. Maybe it wasn’t all
quite like that, but it is certainly true
that Rooks should not rush into battle.”

Sasha pictured the Rook moving
importantly and majestically along the
deserted streets of the chessboard—
he was such a Straightforward, easy-
to-understand piece. He moved only in
Straight lines and would never dream
of cutting a corner.

When the two boys left Peter’s flat,
Sasha set off for home in a straight
line —just like a Rook.

Leaping Horses

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Sasha and Boris wanted to find out
about the Knight as soon as _ possible.
He seemed to them the most attractive
of the pieces. What about the Rook
though? It’s easy to understand how he
moves, but who is he exactly, what
can he be compared with? A tank? A
connon? Yes and no. He’s a vague sort
of piece really. The Knight is quite
another matter! You see him immediate-
ly as a dashing cavalryman, the horse
under him rearing up, prancing and
shying to one side. And when the time
comes he charges into battle, leaping
over obstacles. But how does the Knight
behave on the chessboard? Once, when
they were playing outside, Peter told
them that the Knight moves in the shape
of the letter “L”, which didn’t really
make it any clearer. So the boys wait-
ed impatiently until the next time Pe-
ter’s father talked to them about chess.
They hoped it would be the Knight’s
turn—after all, he stood beside the Rook.
Just in case it was, Sasha repeated to
himself “b one”, “g one”, “b eight”,
‘‘g eight’—the symbols for the squares
occupied by the Knights at the beginn-
ing of the game. Where would they
gallop off to?

On the table lay the board with the
chessmen already set up for play. A
solid row of Pawns protected the
pieces.

‘No piece can move until the Pawns
open up a path for him,” Uncle Max
said. ““No piece, that is, except the
Knight. The Knight is not a long-dis-
tance fighter, but he is very adroit and
can leap over the other men. The Knight’s
move is the most difficult of all to re-
member, but unless you do, you won’t

be able to play chess. Watch carefully:
the Knight moves like this: two squares
Out and one over. Forward and _ to
the side, forward and to the side—
in any direction. And if a piece is stand-
ing in front of him, the Knight leaps
Over it.”

Peter’s father put the Knight which
was Standing on square bl! onto square
c3 and then played for Black, moving
the Knight from b8 to c6. The other
White Knight jumped from gl to f3
and the Black horse opposite responded
with a similar leap—from g8 Ww f6.

“You see, the Pawns remain in po-
sition but the Knights have already en-

tered the game. The Knight’s move is
like the letter ‘L"’

“If an enemy piece 1s standing in
front of the Knight, can the Knight
take it?” Sasha and Boris wanted to
know there and then

“No, the Knight captures only on
the squares to which he jumps. Look
at the board. The Knight can capture
any of these pieces. He can choose any
One he pleases... Where must you put
the Knight now if he is to capture any
of the Black Pawns?”

Boris was the first to come up with
the answer. He said that the White
Knight should move to f5.

‘And where has the Knight the least
number of moves?”

‘In the corner!” Sasha and Boris

replied.

“That’s right. To put a Knight in a
corner is to punish him severely. From
a corner he has only two moves and
can easily be captured there.”

“But how can he be taken if he can
leap over pieces?” Peter asked unex-
pectedly. Usually, he tried not to ask
questions for he considered that he al-
ready knew practically everything.

“And you, the teacher. don’t know?”
Peter’s father narrowed his eyes crai-
tily. “If I attack your Knight what
will you do?”

‘Move him to another square.”

“And if enemy pieces can capture

44

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your Knight on whichever square he
jumps to?”

Peter shrugged his shoulders, look-
ing displeased.

“Then the Knight will be captured.
To capture a Knight you have to attack
him and at the same time cut off all
his escape routes. And this is easiest
to do when the Knight is in a corner.
See how the two Rooks have trapped
the Knight?

“A Rook and a Pawn can capture a
Knight like this.

“Even Pawns alone can capture a
cornered horse.”

“So that’s a horse for you!” Boris
said disappointedly. “‘Anyone can cap-
ture him... is he the weakest piece then?”

“Yes, the Knight is very unhappy in
a corner. But when he is at large he is
extremely adroit and can cause a lot of
unpleasantness. You’ve just seen that
in the centre of the board the Knight
threatens eight squares at the same time.
And what if these squares are occupied
by hostile men? [magine the alarm it
will cause! When a Knight attacks two
Or more pieces it 1s called a ‘Pin’.”

‘“See, it really is like a fork prong-
ing both Rooks at the same time. Black

fl

can Only move one Rook, the other
remains On the ‘Pin’ and is captured.”

‘A ‘Pin’ can also have another wid- A

er shape. These are ‘Pins’ with two

prongs; who can show me a ‘Pin’ with O

four prongs?”

— me woh 11D &

It occured to Sasha that if two “Pins”
were joined you would get a “Pin”
with four prongs.

He said what he thought and Peter’s
father was quick to praise him.

“But which piece is more power-
ful—the Knight or the Rook?” Sasha
wanted to know. He had now become
rather fond of the clever adroit horse
and wanted the Knight to be stronger
than the obstinate Rook who _ only
moved in straight lines.

But Uncle Max’s reply disappointed
Sasha.

“It can sometimes happen that the
Knight is stronger than the Rook, but
the Rook is nearly always the more
powerful. The Rook 1s very fast-mov-
ing, he can get to any square in two
moves. Now count, how many moves
must the Knight make to get from the
al corner to the h8 corner?”

The two boys started counting how
many times the Knight would have to
make his L-shaped move to complete
the journey. But it was difficult to en-

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visage all the Knight’s leaps and the
boys got in a muddle. Then Boris put
a White Knight in the corner and start-
ed moving him across the board. He
found that the quickest the Knight could
move from one corner to another was
In six leaps.

There was certainly no way he could
keep up with the Rook.

For some reason Sasha thought of
the little pony at the zoo on which the
children had rides. By comparison the
Rook seemed like a heavy lorry thun-
dering along the motorway.

When he was back at home Sasha
came to the conclusion that the Knight
was nonetheless a very interesting piece.
Who else could leap so jauntily over the
columns of friendly and hostile soldiers,
who else could so skilfully catch out
the enemy on a ‘Pin’? Sasha hopped
across the parquet floor that was
checkered like a chessboard. Each hop
was in the shape of the letter “L”—
forward and to the side, forward and
to the side.

“Lightweight” Bishops
=: = eS oe

>

if Sasha had been told that Bishops
were only “lightweight” pieces he would
never have believed it. But it turned
out that in chess Bishops, like Knights,
are called minor pieces while Queens
and Rooks are known as major pieces.
it was Peter who told him about the
lightweight Bishops because his father
had once again gone away on business.
He also said that a Bishop needs only
half the board. While they were play-
ing outside Peter told them so many
interesting things that Sasha and Boris
could hardly wait to sit down with him
at the chessboard. Peter explained to
the boys that Bishops can only move
diagonally, on those very diagonal
lines which they had learned about when
they became acquainted with the chess-
board. The Bishop who stands initially
on a black square, will move only on
black diagonal squares throughout the
game and is known as the black-squar-
ed Bishop. In each chess army there
is one black-squared Bishop and one
white-squared Bishop who, from the
very start, moves only on the white
diagonal squares of the chessboard.

“Why is it said,” Peter asked them,
“that each Bishop needs only half the
board?”

Sasha and Boris looked at each other
and shrugged their shoulders.

“Because”, Peter explained, ‘the
Bishop only moves on diagonal squares
of the same colour; the other squares,
the other half of the board are in-

‘ accessible to him. Do you understand?”

Peter’s explanation was not really
very clear to the boys: the board
couldn’t be cut up into black and white
squares for then there would be no bo-

ard at all—only separate diagonals lying
around! Peter sensed that once again
he was not proving to be a very good
chess teacher and he tried to put things
right.

“Td better tell you how the Bishop
fights. Where does the Bishop have
the greatest number of moves?”

“In the middle...” Boris was the first
to answer.

“That’s right, in the centre of the
board. And from which squares?”

“From d4 and eS,” Sasha said.

“No, from e4 and d5,”’ Boris objected.

The boys glared at each other,—
both were convinced they were right.
Peter burst out laughing:

“Yes, you’re both right! The black-
squared Bishops have the greatest num-
ber of moves from d4 and e5 and the
white-squared Bishops—from e4 and d5.
Look: all these squares are on the lon-
gest diagonals. How many long diago-
nals are there on the board?”

“Two!” Sasha and Boris came out
with the answer at the same time.

“Yes, one white'and one black. Bi-
shops are happiest on these two long
diagonals. Here they are like long-range
guns, they fire across the whole battle-
field.”

“You promised to tell us why Bi-
shops are called minor pieces,’ Sasha
reminded him.

“Bishops and Knights are called mi-
nor pieces because they are weaker
than Rooks and Queens which are
known as major pieces. And perhaps
also because Knights and Bishops en-
ter the battle earlier while the major
pieces are still only preparing for the
fight.”

49

—- so op an si o& — nwo wopraon na oc —-—nrwe oprudrd i &
WE WN WN WE We

—- mS oOhea Dna ©

“But why is the Bishop weaker than
the Rook?” Boris wanted to know.

“The Rook sweeps across the whole
board! But the Bishop...” Peter smiled,
“Well, you can see for yourselves: the
Bishop has only one half of the board
open to him. He cannot move onto a
square of a different colour and he is .
less useful than the Rook.”

‘‘Does it sometimes happen that the
Rook has nowhere to move on a Straight
line while the Bishop can move on
a diagonal?“ Sasha asked.

“Yes, it does. Then the Bishop is
Stronger than the Rook. But the Rook
is nearly always the more powerful,”
Peter added knowledgeably, trying to
sound like his father. “That is why it is
not advantageous to exchange a Rook
for a Bishop.”

“What about exchanging a Bishop
for a Knight?”

“That’s all right. The Bishop and the
Knight are equal in value.”

Peter became thoughtful. He tried to
remember what else his father had said
about the Bishop, but he couldn’t re-
call anything more.

“Td better tell you about the Queen.
Oh, what a powerful piece she is! Or
maybe it would be better if Dad told
you about the Queen?” Peter doubted
his own powers. Sasha and Boris also
thought it would be better if Uncle Max
talked to them about such a powerful
piece and they didn’t prevail on Peter.

While he was having supper Sasha
thought that Bishops probably found
it very boring moving all the time on
squares of the same colour and that
they must somehow feel restricted in
these diagonal cages.

The Most Powerful Piece

—— +e

©

“Now boys,” Peter’s father said when
Once again they had all gathered round
the big table on which the chessboard
was set up, “what did Professor Peter
tell you about the Bishops?”

Peter looked at Sasha and Boris as
if to say: “Well, go on then, tell him!”

Peter, Boris volunteered, hadn’t really
said all that much about the Bishops,
but what he told them they had under-
stood. Sasha nodded in agreement.

“What else is there to say about
them?” Peter asked defensively. “They
move on their own diagonals and that’s
all there is to it...”

“It’s not quite as simple as you think,”
Peter’s father commented. “Did you
tell the boys how the Bishops fight?”

Sasha and Boris remembered that
he had not.

“Bishops move and attack on their
own diagonals,” Uncle Max said. “The
longer the diagonal, the more danger-
ous the Bishop. Like the other pieces,
the Bishop occupies the square of the
hostile man he has captured. How can
you escape from a Bishop then?”

“Move off the diagonal,”
jumped in with the answer.

“That’s right, but it isn’t always so
easy to do. Look: the Bishop is threaten-
ing the Rook on d5, but if he moves
the other Black Rook will be taken.
Now let’s play with the Bishop against
two Pawns,” he arranged the pieces.
“How can the Bishop best attack the
Pawns?”

“From bl,” Sasna suggested.

in repiy Peter's father moved the
Pawn to 23. Sasha put the Bishop on
d3 to prevent the Pawn from moving
any further. But Uncle Max advanced

Boris

the other Pawn to f3. Now Sasha found
he couldn’t stop Pawn “e” from reach-
ing the last rank.

“You've lost, but you could have won
you know”, Peter’s father demonstrat-
ed that attack should have come not
from bl, but from behind, from d5.

If the Pawn had then moved to e3,
the Bishop would have taken up his
position on f3 and the Black Pawns
would have been captured one after
the other.

If Black had tried to force his way
through to the last rank with Pawn “f”,
the Bishop would have taken one Pawn
and succeeded in blocking the other.

“You see,” said Uncle Max, ‘you
have to be skilful when you fight with
Bishops. And now, lads, the time has
come to introduce you to the most po-
werful piece in the chess kingdom—
the Queen”.

“T thought the King was the most
powerful,” Sasha admitted.

“The King is certainly the most im-
portant, but he is not really so power-
ful. The most powerful of all is the
Queen. She can win against any other
plece and even against two or three
pleces together. Why? Because the

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Queen can move like the Rook and the Bishop—
on straight lines and diagonals. Imagine how
many squares are accessible to her at one and
the same time!”

He removed all the pieces from the board
and put the White Queen on e4. In his mind
each boy traced the paths which led up, down,
to the right, to the left and diagonally across
the white squares.

‘So, boys, you’ve seen that the Queen can
move like the Rook and like the Bishop.
She can attack a Rook on a diagonal ‘and a
Bishop on a Straight line, while she herself
remains safe.”

“Dad, tell them how many pieces the Queen
is worth,” Peter begged.

“Oh, the Queen is a very valuable piece!
She is roughly equal to two Rooks. How many
of the minor pieces do you think can be ex-
changed for a Queen?”

“Probably three...” Sasha suggested timidly.

“Yes, three minor pieces are approximately
equal in strength to a Queen. But only if they
are well protected. If the Knights and Bishops
are scattered over the board, anyone of them

©

can easily be captured by the Queen. In this ()

position for example: the White Queen moves
to e4 and threatens all the Black pieces at the
same time. As Black cannot save them all from
attack in one move, one of the pieces will be
captured.

“What move will the White Queen have to
make here to win one of the Black pieces?”

Sasha quickly moved the Queen, but Peter’s
father reminded him that hands should not be
used and put the Queen back in her former
place. Sasha turned red and said in a guilty
voice that the Queen should be moved to d8.

“And how can a piece be captured in this
position?”

“Move the Queen to d5!” Boris shouted A

immediately, afraid that Sasha would again

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“To b7,” Boris said.

“Or to c6,” Sasha added after he
had thought for a moment.

“Or a7 and b8!” Boris put in quickly.

“Correct. But the Queen can capture
the Knight on any square in the eighth
rank and not just in the corner. Here
for instance”, he put the Knight on e8.
‘“‘Now what move should the Queen
make?”

Again Boris answered quickly that
the Queen should move to d7. But Uncle
Max showed them that the Knight co-
uld then escape to f6. Then Sasha tho-
ught that the Queen should move to
e7. The ease with which the Queen
was able to capture the leaping Knight
took Sasha’s breath away. Peter’s fath-
er moved the Knight to h3 and Bo-
ris suggested putting the Queen on g3.
When the Knight skipped to a4, the
boys gave up trying to outdo each
other—they both saw that the Queen
must be placed next to the Knight. Not
obliquely to him, but right up beside
him. Then Boris asked whether the
Queen could attack two Rooks at the
Same time and capture one of them.
The boys learned that on an empty
board two Rooks have nothing to fear
from a Queen because they can imme-
diately take up their position in one
line and defend each other.

But if your own or enemy pieces
prevent the Rooks from joining for-
ces and coming to each other’s assis-
tance, one of them will fall when at-
tacked by the Queen.

The boys also understood that it is
not a good thing to bring out the Queen
at the beginning of a game as she wiil
be threatened by danger from all sides—

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for everyone wants to destroy his
Opponent’s most powerfui piece. On the
other hand, the Queen can inspire ter-
ror in the heat of the battle!

Now Sasha saw why a Pawn is pro-
moted into a Queen when it reaches
the last rank—with such an important
piece you won’t come unstuck!

And if Sasha were to have another
chess dream, he wouldn’t rack his brains
wondering which piece to turn into, of
course he wouid become a powerful
Qucen—the cnampion among chess-
men. There was only one thing Sasha
couidn’t understand—why had Uncle
Max said that the most important piece
on the board was the King when he
was weaker than the Queen?

Watch Out, Your Majesty! i"

——— SCti«dZ

That day Peter didn’t go out to play
and Sasha and Boris went round to
see him at home. No sooner had they
rung the bell than the door was flung
open and the startled children saw be-
fore them a King! A serrated crown
adorned his head and in his hand he
held a sceptre—the insignia of royal
power. Admittedly, the sceptre looked
more like a folded umbrella and the
royal crown had been cut out of paper,
but for all that here was a real chess
King! The boys guessed immediately
that he was a chess King because in
place of armour, a piece of checked
cardboard protected his breast.

“Welcome to my chess kingdom!”
announced the King in Peter’s voice.

“And I am the Queen!” Boris ex-
claimed seizing a ski stick in the hall
and assuming a fierce expression.

At that moment Uncle Max came out
of the room and said that one King
was enough for today, otherwise the
boys might hurt themselves brandishing
their ““weapons”. Turning to the King,
he added:

“And you, Your Majesty, sit still and
stop waving your umbrella around be-
cause the chess King is not supposed
to poke his nose into trouble. The chess
King is a timid creature, he likes peace
and quiet and only at the very end of
the battle will he occasionally show
that he is no-one’s fool.”

The King sat at the end of the sofa
looking bored while Sasha and Boris
~settled down beside Peter’s father. The
chessboard, of course, was already set
up on the table.

“Do you remember, boys, how the
Queen moves? In straight lines and dia-

———=
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gonals in any direction. The King also
moves in straight lines and diagonals
in any direction, but only one square
at a time—he has a short stride. His
mobility is superior only to that of the
Pawn, but there is no way he can keep
up with the other pieces. It would be
truer to say that he finds it rather diffi-
cult to run away from the other pieces,
because the King nearly always saves
himself by flight and does not pursue
the enemy. He is nevertheless the most
important piece in the game of chess
for the rules say you cannot play with-
out a King. A chess war is waged for
the sole purpose of placing the enemy
King in a position from which there 1s
no escape. When that happens—the
war has been won! You may be left
with any number of pieces and Pawns
at that moment, but if your King cannot
escape his downfall—you have lost.

“That is why the King is the most
important piece in the game.”

Sasha and Boris fell silent amazed
by the special status of this rather cow-
ardly and difficult to manoeuvre
plece. The chess King who was grow-
ing restless on the sofa, jumped up
and announced triumphantly:

59

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mm mS Oo Lh oS NC

‘As you see, the King is the most
important of all!”

The King, apparently, was feeling
hot for he started stripping off his royal
armour.

‘So, it’s not easy being a King then?”
Peter’s father asked him. ‘“‘ Yes, the chess
King is not to be envied. He has to
expect trouble all the time in the form
of attack by enemy pieces. To make it
easier for the slow-moving King to seek
Shelter in a place of safety, a move
called “Castling” was introduced into
the game. The rules allow a player to
Castle only once in the course of a game.
That’s another difficult chess word
for you—Castl-iiig. This is how it’s
done...”

60

Uncle Max took all the pieces from
the board, leaving only the White King
and the two White Rooks on. their
squares.

He moved one of the Rooks up next
to the King and then made the King
skip over him landing on the other
side of the Rook on the adjoining
square.

Both the Rook’s change of position
and the King’s skip over him count as
One move. Castling is only allowed if
neither the King nor the Rook has
moved before, and if, after Castling, the
squares on which the King and the
Rook stand are not under attack from
enemy pieces.

“On which side of the board can you
do this...”” Sasha stumbled over the diffi-
cult word. “This Castling?”

“Ah yes, boys, I forgot to tell you
that you can Castle on the left and on
the right. If you Castle on the Queen's
side there is further to go than if you

Castle on the King’s side. Do you
see?”
“Yes, I see,” Boris replied. “But

which is better—on the King’s side or
on the Queen’s side?”

“What on the King’s side or the
Queen’s side?” Peter’s father asked,
pretending not to understand, although
there was a twinkle in his eye. Boris
too was obliged to pronounce this awk-
ward word.

“Which is better—Castling on the
King’s side or the Queen’s side?”’

“Well, it depends... It’s better to Cas-
tle on the side where there is a solid
barrier of Pawns behind which the
King can hide in safety.”

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the King can be protected if the White

“How can the King be captured?”

Sasha asked.

Knight is moved from cl to e2. Ano-
ther way of saving the King is to cap-

“The King does not have the right to
move to a square on which he could

be captured. That is why, in the past,

ture the attacking piece. Now, if in this

position the White Knight were stand-
ing on c3, he could capture the Black

Rook and save his King. If the King

VA

when the King came under attack the

A

player had to call out loud the word

is in a position when he comes under
attack and can neither move to another
square, nor protect himself, nor capture

the attacking piece, it is called ‘Check-

‘King, beware!’

which means
Nowadays you don’t have to say ‘Check’,
but a direct attack by an enemy piece

on the King is still called ‘Check’. Then
the King must either move or protect

himself against

‘Check?’

mate’. The death of the King is the end

of the game. An attack on the King
which results in his downfall is Check

and Mate. There are a great many po-

the attacking piece.

Like this, for instance: the Black Rook
has put the White King in Check, but

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sitions in which the King can be Check-
mated. Let’s look at a few of them to
begin with.”

One after the other Uncle Max show-
ed the boys different positions from
which the King had no way of escape.

Sasha was delighted. Everything he .

had so far learned about this fascinat-
ing game now acquired a new meaning
for him. The King 1s Checkmated! The
King is Checkmated! Watch out, Your
Majesty!

At home Sasha spent a long time
thinking about the different Checkmate
positions Peter’s father had shown them
and he desperately wanted to create
such situations himself 1n which he could

Strike crippling blows at the enemy
King.

As he was falling asleep Sasha mur-
mured ‘Check and Mate, Check and
Mate...

Watch out, Your Mayjesty!..”

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Touch— Move

At nursery school Sasha and Boris
arranged to play their first real game
of chess that evening. Now that they
knew all the rules it was time to start
a war of wood. It would be interesting
to see who Checkmated whom!

Sasha had hardly finished supper
when there was a long impatient ring
on the doorbell and Boris stood there
all out of breath. He was in a tremen-
dous hurry and quickly wiped his feet
on the mat as though he were perform-
Ing some energetic dance.

Looking at his friend, Sasha too start-
ed to hurry. The chessmen were set
up in a flash and the battle commen-
ced! The Pawns moved forward, the
Knights leapt across the board and the
Bishops swept along their diagonals.
Boris even Castled. Sasha, however,
didn’t manage to: he was so carried
away capturing enemy Pawns that he
failed to notice Boris had taken first
his Rook and then his Queen. Soon
Sasha’s King was surrounded by Boris’s
pieces.

“Check!” Boris shouted in excite-
ment. “Check again! Watch out, King!
No, you can’t move there—you’ll come
under attack from my Rook! And you
can’t go there either, you’ll be in Check
from my Knight!”

Sasha held the Black King in his
hand, not knowing where to put him—
all the surrounding squares were bom-
barded by White pieces. Boris was
exultant.

“Checkmate! Your King is Check-
mated! You’ve lost! Let’s play again.”

Sasha tried to play the next game
more carefully. Before moving a piece
he first looked to see whether it would

come under attack, and before making
an exchange he stopped to think which
plece was more valuable and whether
it would be advantageous to swop. Af-
ter his first victory Boris, however, play-
ed too quickly and too confidently. He
couldn’t wait to Checkmate Sasha’s
King again. Sasha, of course, refrained
from saying to his friend “He who
laughs last, laughs best”, but one
after the other, Boris’s pieces came
under attack and disappeared from the
board.

Now it was Sasha’s turn to pursue
the enemy King. He attacked him from
this side and that, Checking him time
and again, but Boris’s King proved to
be very agile and Sasha simply couldn’t
trap him. Even his own pieces seemed
to be preventing him from making short
work of the enemy King. Only when
Sasha started to drive Boris’s King back
to the edge of the board, cutting off his
escape route to the centre squares did
it become clear that Boris could not
save himself. And indeed, after several
more moves his King was Checkmated.

Now every evening the boys took it
in turn to play chess at each other’s
home. They were well matched and
nearly always won a game apiece, which
meant that no-one was upset. True,
they would sometimes argue when one
of them made a move and then changed
his mind, putting the piece back on
the square and moving another. If
the new move wasn’t right either, it
would be a case of “Let’s go back to
how it was...”. Both Sasha and Boris
took back moves and the game became
so confused that they had to stop and
start all over again. However, they

65

didn’t argue with each other for long,
for then there would be no-one to play
with and that was unthinkable!

Sasha and Boris got used to playing
with each other and it seemed to both
of them that they were good players.
But one day Peter called itn and sat
down at the chessboard with thei.
First he beat Sasha and then Boris and
the same thing happened a second time!
And not once could either of the boys
put Peter’s King in Check. Peter no-
ticed that they were upset and consoled
them:

‘Never mind, don’t worry. It’s just
that you play with each other, and I
with Dad. Dad says it’s good to play
against someone better than yourself.
Anyway, why have You stopped coming
to see us?”

The next day the boys went round
to see Peter.

‘Ah, the champions!. Come in, come
in!’ Uncle Max greeted them. “So, now
you know how the pieces move, you
think there’s nothing more to learn?
No, boys, it is only now that the art of
playing chess begins! Let’s have a game!
Set up the armies!”

Boris played first. After making a few
hurried moves, he suddenly noticed that
he had put his Rook under attack. Quick-
ly Boris grabbed his Rook and put
him back in his former position. Peter’s
father frowned:

‘No, no! You can’t take a move back.
In chess there is a rule which says that
if a player touches one of his men he
must move it. You make the move and
you take the consequences. Even if
you see that you’ve made a mistake,
you can’t take back the move.”

66

Sasha remembered how often he and
Boris had taken back moves and got
into such a muddle that they could no
longer remember where the pieces were
supposed to be.

While Sasha was thinking the! never
again would he take back a move or
allow Boris to either, Boris’s King was
Checkmated. Boris wanted to start ano-
ther game there and then, but Sasha
protested—it was his turn to play af-
ter all.

For the first time Sasha sat at the
chessboard with a real grown-up player
and not another boy like himself. At
first Sasha felt timid but then he became
sO immersed in the game that he al-
most forgot against whom he was play-
ing. Perhaps he would even have felt
himself to be Uncle Max’s equal, had
not the position of his men deteriorat-
ed with every move. It seemed to Sa-
sha that there were so many more of
his opponent's forces and that each of
his pleces was much stronger than the
same pieces which belonged to him.
Soon Sasha’s King, was left without any
protection and Checkmated in the midd-
le of the board.

“Well, boys, you both play the sa-
me,” Uncle Max hesitated for a mo-
ment, “and you both play equally bad-
ly. You know how the pieces move,
but you have no idea where to move
them to. An army that remains in bar-
racks is not very dangerous. The
pieces must not be left standing on their
squares—they must be brought out into
good strategic positions and only then
can the attack begin. That’s why you
must first develop the game and move
Out as many pleces as possible rather

67

than shift the same pieces backwards
and forwards several times. It’s easier
to bring out the minor pieces first—
the Knights and the Bishops. What must
you do before you can bring out the
Bishops?”

“Open up a path for them,” Sasha
answered.

“That’s right. And it’s best to move
the Pawns which stand in the centre
files— Pawns ‘d’ and ‘e’. Why? Because
by advancing the centre Pawns you
open up a path for the Bishop and the
Queen at the same time and because
you can very easily manoeuvre the
pieces when they are protected by
the centre Pawns. Do you understand
how you should ,play at the beginn-
ing of a game? Sasha, you tell
us.”

‘One must bring out the Knights

and the Bishops and move forward the
centre Pawns.”’

“Thats right. Before attacking the
enemy you should have as many as pos-
sible of your own pieces in good strate-
gic positions and not move the same
plece several times. See how much I
have told you this evening and yet this
is only the beginning, only the rudi-
ments of the science of chess. We’ll
have another session in about two weeks.
In the meantime keep playing...”

Sasha and Boris went away feeling
serious and subdued. It was not prov-
ing at all easy to play chess and they
still had so much to learn. But then,
they were still only very small...

‘It’s a lot easier knocking down chess-
men with a cube, isn’t it?” Sasha
smiled at his friend.

“Oh don’t...” Boris muttered guiltily.

Who’s Won?
It’s a Stalemate!

agit SSE
tt inh”
= ait re

When they were at nursery school
or out of doors in the fresh air Sasha
and Boris played with the other child-
ren. They played hockey and threw
snowballs, played hide-and-seek and
being at war. But Sasha and Boris had
another game that the rest of the chil-
dren didn’t know about. This “other”
game was chess. Had there been even
One chess set in the school Sasha and
Boris would not have kept their newly-
found interest a secret, but happily have
told the other children about this fas-
cinating game. But there was no chess
set and most of the children probably
had no idea what one looked like. Sa-
sha wanted to take his board and chess-
men to school, but his mother wouldn’t
let him. So, Sasha and Boris only played
chess with each other or with Peter,
and very occasionally with Peter’s
father.

Sasha noticed that when he or Boris
captured a piece, their advantage in-
creased—they were in a stronger po-
sition—and the stronger they were, the
easier 1t became to pursue the deplet-
ed enemy. Once Sasha managed to cap-
ture Boris’s Queen. After the Queen
had gone, Boris still had a Bishop and
a Knight, but Sasha captured these mi-
nor pieces one after the other and was
left with his extra Queen.

Sasha captured the Black Pawn on
f7 with his Queen so as to Checkmate
Boris’s King in the next move. Boris
seized his King, intending to move him
out of danger. He was always very
quick to reach for his pieces but then
found it was not advantageous to move
them. Sometimes Boris even sat on
his hands, so that they “could

not act before his brain”, as_ he
put it.

But this time Boris did not sit on his
hands for there was no escaping de-
feat. Boris held the Black King in his
hand, but there was nowhere for him
to go—all the squares were under attack
from Sasha’s Queen. And the Black
Pawns were blocked—they could not
move.

“There’s nowhere to move...” Boris
said quietly, looking in dismay at the
board and then at Sasha.

“That means you’ve lost!” Sasha an-
nounced firmly. “Pll Checkmate you in
the next move.”

“But it’s my move,” Boris objected
hesitantly. “I have to make a mo-
VO ua

“You’re Checkmated and that’s that!”
Sasha waved his arm. But his friend
did not agree.

“It’s still not Checkmate. You don't
have the right to make two consecu-
tive moves.”

Neither boy would give in. But why
spend a whole evening arguing? The
boys decided to ask Peter’s father to
settle their dispute.

Still convinced he was right, Sasha
carefully carried the board with the
pleces arranged on it while Boris went
ahead and rang the bell. Uncle Max
looked surprised when he saw Sa-
sha standing with the board in his
hands.

“Why have you brought the chess
set? We have one here.”

“This is our game so far. Do you
see the position? I still have my
Queen...”

“And I have nowhere to move.”

71

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Sasha
father.

“Whose game Is it?”

“Its a Stalemate!” came the unex-
pected reply. “I haven’t told you about
this yet, I was afraid it would confuse

looked hopefully at Peter’s

you, but in chess warfare there are
draws as well as victories and defeats.
A game can end in a draw at any time,
if both sides agree.”

“I don’t agree!’ Sasha announced.

“Wait a second, don’t interrupt.
There can be draws when no agreement
is necessary. If any move my King
makes places him in Check and I have

72

no other pieces or they are all blocked
and my opponent has not called Check,
then my King Is considered to be Stale-
mated and the game ends in a draw.
This is your position now. Of course,
it’s very annoying to have to agree to a
draw when you’re left with your Queen,
but there’s nothing you can do about
it—that’s a rule of chess. A player of-
ten gets out of a difficult situation by
forcing his opponent to Stalemate him.
Look.”

Uncle Max set up the pieces.

“White has two extra Pawns and
with them you would think he ought to
win. But it is Black’s turn and he moves
his Queen to h4. You see, he places

her under attack and sacrifices her, but /

in so doing he has created a Stalemate
position and Black obtains a draw.
White has to take the Black Queen
because his King has nowhere to re-
treat.”

At that moment Peter came in from
the next room.

“You didn’t know about the Stale-
mate? Oh, it’s a very cunning trick!
When you pursue the enemy King to
the edge of the board, you have to watch
out that you don’t finish up with
a Stalemate instead of a Check-
mate!”

“It is also a draw when perpetual
Check occurs,” Peter’s father contin-
ued. “The player for whom things are
going badly will also aim for perpetual
Check. Now look. The White Pawns
are about to be promoted into Queens.
But Black has an unexpected oppor-
tunity to save himself.”

Uncle Max placed the Black Queen
on fl and showed them that after

LJ

White averts Check by moving his
Queen, Black again’ calls Check
on h3.

“White once more protects himself
by moving his Queen to h2 and Black
again puts him in Check from fl and
so on ad infinitum. That’s perpetual
Check for you! You may have extra
Pawns and even extra pieces, but you
won’t win. If, for example, you are left
with a King and a Bishop and your
opponent has only a King—it’s also a
draw. A King and a Bishop or a King
and a Knight—even two Knights—
cannot Checkmate the other King. In

cases should immediately

such
agree to a draw rather than torment

you

yourself and opponent. Do
you see?

“And now, boys, you’d better go out
and play otherwise you'll not get enough
fresh air and that won't do at all! If you
don’t have plenty of exercise and run
around after balls and pucks, your
brain won’t work for you. Then you
won't be able to get the better of all
these wily chessmen. Boys who can ski
and skate well don’t lose their way on
the chessboard. All the famous chess-

players—the Grandmasters as they’re

your

73

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to show Sasha and Boris Just how much

boys. See that next time you come with
rosy cheeks—like this,” he spread his
fingers and held them against his cheek
colour they should have.

all World Champions. So, there you are,

And

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called—do a lot of physical training.
You will often see Botvinnik and Pet-
rosyan on the ski slopes. Spassky is a
good swimmer and plays tennis.

they have all achieVed remarkable vic-
tories on the chessboard, they were

Not Numbers
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The King
Goes on the March

to

Sasha really enjoyed attacking enemy
Kings, putting them in Check, threaten-
ing them with Checkmate and driv-
ing the most important of the enemy
pieces into a hopeless position. But
when his own King was in danger, Sa-
sha’s morale suffered. He lost confidence
and derived less pleasure from the game.
So, Sasha always endeavoured to
hide his King away in a safe corner
and keep his peace of mind. But he
began to notice that at the end of a
game when only a few pieces were left
on the board, the King could not re-
main on the side—it was just not pos-
sible to do without him.

And generally speaking, there was
more than enough for the King to do
at the end of a game. He had to pro-
tect his Pawns and attack hostile men.
Sasha discovered that the nearer the
King to the decisive encounter, the
better. Towards the end of the game
the moment comes when you have to
say to the timid King: “Enough of hid-
ing, Your Majesty, it is time to come
out into the open.” Besides it is now
easier for the King to embark on his
long journey because there are so few
enemy pieces left on the board to attack
him.

Sasha now knew that at the end of a
game the situation often arises when
neither side has sufficient power to
make a successful attack on the enemy
King and Checkmate him. When that
happens, you must try to advance your
Pawn to the last rank and turn it into
a Queen. With an extra Queen it is not
difficult to seize the hostile King and
win the game. Only it’s no simple mat-
ter to push the Pawn through. Once

Sasha and Boris found themselves in fal

this position.

Sasha boldly moved his Pawn for-
ward and put Boris’s King in Check.
Boris’s King moved to e8 immediately
in front of the Pawn. Sasha moved his
King to e6 so as not to leave unpro-
tected his advancing Pawn which was
about to become a Queen! Then Boris
clapped his hands in delight and yelled:
‘‘Stalemate!” And indeed, there was
nowhere for the Black King to go.

Whenever Sasha or his opponent
reached the last rank, they always pro-
moted their Pawns into Queens. But
why should the rules say that the Pawn
can be promoted into any plece? It

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must mean that there are situations
when it is advantageous to choose a
Knight or a Rook instead of the power-
ful Queen? This question troubled Sa-
sha for a long time and once again he
had to turn to Peter’s father for the
explanation.

“Well, it’s quite clear, if there is a
rule, it’s there to be made use of,” Uncle

81

O
V

If you choose the
‘“Pin”—Checking the

Boris grabbed the White Queen from
His answer was the correct one. Sa-
sha too saw that if a Queen were cho-
sen there would be an equal number
of pieces, but if you took a Knight he
King and attacking the Queen—and
..At home Sasha thought about how
the Pawn had become a Knight and

the pieces lying on the table and was
‘Into a Rook!” Sasha answered quick-

ly, delighted that he had found the
“So, you see, it is not always advan-

tageous to promote the Pawn into a
“Into a Knight!” This time Boris fore-

“That’s right, Boris! He who laughs
stalled Sasha.

about to place her on the board when
he met the warning look from Peter’s
last, laughs best.

father. He put the Queen back.
piece should the Pawn be promoted

into?”
move before he is Checkmated by the

Rook.”
how this unexpected promotion had

rank and convert it into any one of
White would be left with an extra piece.
immediately changed the course of the

Queen, Black will be in Stalemate. What
solution. “Then the King will have one
Queen,” Uncle Max said. “And here’s
another example. It’s White to move.
He can advance the Pawn to the last
the pieces. But which one?”

would make a

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miracles which occur on the checker-

battle. He longed to show someone this
ed board.

unusual position and the many

is better to choose one of the weaker
[/] pieces are rare. Look at this first po-
sition. It’s White to move. How can you

Max said. “Only, positions in which it
Checkmate the Black King?”

All Children Should Learn

a a2

As though alive the participants of
the war of wood, the heroes of fasci-
nating chess adventures rose up in front
of Sasha.

Here come the fine round-headed
Pawns, stepping out with soldier-like
precision. They are the smallest on the
square battlefield. But the courageous
Pawns have no fear and make way for
no-one. It is as 1f these intrepid warri-
ors were Saying: not a single step back,
only forward! What does it matter that
the Pawns are smaller and weaker than
the other pieces? When they are to-
gether, marching shoulder to shoulder
into the attack, many of the stronger
chess pieces take refuge in flight. And
the Pawns maintain a stalwart defence,
protecting each other. Kings feel safe
behind their serried ranks. Long-distan-
se fighting Bishops take aim and spirited
agile Knights leap out from behind the
barriers of Pawns. Even. the powerful
Queen is prepared to take cover behind
the small courageous Pawns in mo-
ments of danger.

And here come the quick-moving
but rather clumsy Rooks sweeping
across the board at full speed. They
need space and open lines. They cannot
wield their power in a confined area
and it seems that all the time they are de-
manding—make way! Rooks are power-
ful pieces and they are especially pow-
erful when they reinforce each other.
If two Rooks join forces and command
an open line or if they penetrate the
enemy’s rear line then—watch out!
They will annihilate everything in their
path!

Then Sasha remembered that chess
Bishops cannot protect each other be-

84

cause from the start to the end of the
battle one of them moves on white
diagonal squares and the other on black
diagonal squares. Sasha even began to
feel sorry for these elegant warriors
who are forbidden by the rules of chess
to come to each other’s defence. On
the other hand though, Bishops can
join forces and bombard the enemy on
black and white diagonals at the same
time. It turns out that Bishops are good
friends!

Sasha thought of the Knights with
particular pleasure. Without these re-
markable horses chess would be alto-
gether too rectilinear, too regular. The
indomitable and reckless Knights can
turn everything upside down! And
then there are these unexpected at-
tacks—‘“Pins” from which there is no
escape and no cover. Yes, the Knight
is an agile piece and with him one has
to be on one’s guard...

And the Queen? Sasha thought about
this commander of the chessboard with
respect and a certain caution: the Queen
is exceedingly powerful and menacing
and it is terrible to lose her because of
some stupid blunder. When the Queen
dominates the board how weak and
vulnerable the other pieces seem!

The awkward slow-moving’ King
rose up in Sasha’s imagination as though
he were really alive. In appearance
he is tall and thin, yet he moves with
as much difficulty as a clumsy fat man.
And he will happily settle down in a
quiet place behind the Pawns, observing
how the others fight for him. Is that
really honourable? There’s nothing
you can do about it though—without
the King you can’t play chess and all

the pieces have to protect His Majesty.
Such are the rules. Then Sasha recalled
that after all the King is quite likeable,
particularly at the end of the game
when he comes out of hiding and boldly
hurries to the defence of his soldier-
Pawns. It is very agreeable to observe
the King when he has plucked up his
courage!

All these pieces, so different in char-
acter, march, leap and storm across
the chessboard! Each has his own hab-
its, his own style and very nearly his
own face, although it 1s really only the
Knight who has a face; you can’t see
any features in the other pieces. Yes,
these pieces are very different, but alto-
gether they make a fascinating game!

Then Sasha thought that he and Bo-
ris were behaving badly in hiding their
new pastime from the other children
at nursery school. The other children
too would certainly be interested. .

When they were at school the next
morning Sasha and Boris had a long
conversation in whispers. Then togeth-
er they went up to the teacher. Bo-
ris was bolder and began first:

“Miss, why don’t we have a chess set
In the school?”

“What do we need one for?” the
teacher asked in surprise.

“It’s such an interesting game!” Sa-
sha blurted out. He felt offended that
their teacher could be indifferent to
this best of games.

“But who will teach us to play?”
she objected. “None of the teachers
plays chess.”

“We'll teach the others!” Boris an-
nounced boldly.

“Yes, Boris and I will teach them,”
Sasha supported his friend.

The teacher was even more sur-
prised. She looked at Boris and then
at Sasha. Gradually her features
relaxed into a smile.

“So, you can play chess and you
want all the other’ children’ to
learn?”

“Yes, it will be interesting for every-
body,” Boris said confidently and Sa-
sha nodded in silent agreement.

“Well,” said their teacher after think-
ing for a moment, “perhaps we can
try... Not long ago I saw a set with
large chessmen—if we get that, all the
children could learn at the same time.
You, Boris, and you, Sasha, can be the
teachers and we'll find one of the grown-
ups to be your assistant,” she added
jokingly.

Sasha and Boris were very happy.
They had a clear picture of the chil-
dren gathering in the large playroom
when they had finished playing out-
side. And they, Sasha and Boris, would
tell them about the wonderful land of
chess where wooden figures wage a toy
war among themselves.

All children should know what an
interesting game chess is!

Appendix

The authors have deliberately omitt-
ed from the text two rules of the game
which, in their view, could cause diffi-
culties.. Although these rules are not
essential for beginners, there comes a
time when they will have to be learned.
The authors decided, therefore to ex-
plain these rules in the appendix—“‘just
in case”. The first rule affects
Pawns.

En Passant. If your opponent’s Pawn
takes advantage of its right to make two
steps on its first move, passing by a
square attacked by your Pawn, your
Pawn can capture it.

The capture takes place as if your
Opponent’s Pawn took one step forward
on its first move and came under at-
tack from your Pawn. You could then
capture your opponent’s Pawn in the
usual way, although it is not obligatory
to do so. Both sides should bear this
possibility in mind.

Finally, a Pawn must be captured
en passant straightaway, on the answer-
ing move, otherwise the right is for-
feited.

Castling in the Path of a Hostile
Man. The King is not permitted to
Castle if the square he skips lies in the
path of a hostile man.

Be quite clear: when Castling the
Rook can cross the path of a hostile

man. It is only the King who is for- &4

bidden to do so. In the position shown
in the last diagram White can Castle on
the Queen’s side, but not on the King’s
side.

mnNwmeohp o@® NI ©

-—_m= Mme © Ph OS N

Answer These Questions Without
Your Parents’ Help

l
Between which pieces do the Knights stand in their initial position?
2
Between which pieces do the Bishops stand at the beginning of the game?
3
What colour is the square in the corner on the right-hand side of the player?
4
Why did the King in the fairy story not learn to play chess well?
5
In how many moves can the Rook attack any square on an open board?
6

How many squares are there on the board from which the Knight
has only two moves?

7
Which Bishops never collide with each other?
8
How can a Pawn protect itself from a Bishop on an open board?
9

Which piece can make a sudden attack on a Queen and not be
threatened by her at the same time?

10

Why cannot a King move onto a square immediately adjacent
to another King?

87

11
Where can a King capture a Knight?
12
What is it called when the King and his Rook move at the same time?
13
From which piece is it impossible to take cover when it attacks?
14
When does the King become courageous?
15
Which pieces can be brought out when the Pawns are still in place?
16

Which piece can skip over another piece only once in the entire
game?

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