The baculum of the gorilla

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OF ILLINOIS

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NATURAL
HISTORY SURVEY

NATURAL

HISTORY SURV

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ET Jy iELDIANA ZOOLOGY

Published by
CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM

Volume 31 October 12, 1951 No. 54

THE BACULUM OF THE GORILLA

D. Dwight Davis

Curator, Division of Vertebrate Anatomy

The bacula of both the lowland gorilla and the mountain gorilla
were recently described by Hill and Matthews (1949), illustrated
with X-ray photographs. Bacula of both these species in the
collections of Chicago Natural History Museum, from individuals
that are unquestionably adult, differ widely from those described
by Hill and Matthews. They are also strikingly different from the
corresponding bones of the chimpanzee and orang.

Gorilla gorilla. Lowland Gorilla.

The baculum of "Bushman," the lowland gorilla that died recently
in the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago at 22 years of age, is shown in
figure 138.

The bone is a small plate-like structure measuring 5 mm. in length
by 3 mm. in greatest width. It is thus considerably shorter than the
subadult bone described by Hill and Matthews (7.9 mm.), which
appeared "incompletely ossified at its extremities." The anterior
tip is attenuated, almost cylindrical in cross section, and curved
sharply downward almost at a right angle. The bone widens
posteriorly. Slightly behind the middle there is a small wing-like
lateral expansion on each side. These processes are curved a little
ventrad. They are asymmetrically situated, the one on the right
side being farther forward than the one on the left. The posterior
border of the bone is rounded. The dorsal surface is convex from
side to side, the ventral surface slightly concave.

In side view the baculum is thin, less than a millimeter in dorso-
ventral diameter. The profile is straight except for the sharp
downward curvature of the anterior tip.

The entire surface of the bone is rugose. This may be patho-
logical, as the texture of all other anthropoid bacula examined is
smooth. There is a nutrient foramen on the ventral surface about
1.5 mm. behind the tip.

No. 679 645

THE LIBRARY OF THE

Natural History Survey APR 1 3 195?

646 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 31

#

Gorilla beringei. Mountain Gorilla.

The baculum of an old male mountain gorilla collected by
Edmund Heller on the Volcano Sabinio, Uganda, is shown in figure
138.

The bone is a lanceolate plate, 11.7 mm. long by 3.5 mm. in
greatest width. It is shorter than the bone described by Hill and
Matthews (12.7 mm.). There is no way of determining positively
which end is anterior and which posterior, but the orientation shown

G. beringei G. gorilla

Fig. 138. Camera lucida drawings of bacula of mountain gorilla {Gorilla
beringei) and lowland gorilla {Gorilla gorilla): a, dorsal view; b, lateral view. X4.

in the figure is probably correct and will be used in describing the
bone.

The baculum is symmetrical. The anterior end is somewhat
truncated and is circular in cross section. From the anterior tip
the bone expands gradually to a point behind the middle, where
the margin forms an obtuse angle. The margins of the posterior
part of the bone converge to an acuminate posterior tip. The dorsal
surface of the expanded part is convex from side to side, the ventral
surface slightly concave. A nutrient foramen, directed anteriorly,
is situated on the dorsal surface just behind the anterior tip.

In side view the baculum is thin, about a millimeter in dorso-
ventral thickness. The anterior end is bent slightly ventrad, and
the lateral wing-like expansions curve very slightly ventrad. The
long axis of the bone forms a slight S-curve.

Both of these bones differ considerably from the corresponding
bones described and figured by Hill and Matthews, indicating either
that their material was not fully mature or that there is considerable

X

3I S *

DAVIS: BACULUM OF GORILLA 647

p. 3

individual variation. Hill and Matthews refer to their most mature
Gorilla gorilla as "subadult," but regarded their G. beringei as fully
adult.

The most conspicuous difference in the present specimens, aside
from their smaller size, is the wing-like lateral expansions seen in
both species. These were not present in the specimens examined
by Hill and Matthews, and are wanting in the chimpanzee and
orang-utan. Hill and Matthews, in fact, describe their G. beringei
bone as laterally compressed, whereas our specimen of this species
would have to be described as dorso-ventrally depressed.

"Bushman" was in captivity from babyhood and the possibility
of pathological changes in the baculum cannot be ruled out. The
specimen of Gorilla beringei was wild-killed, however, and there is
no reason for assuming that the bone is not normal.

REFERENCES

Hill, W. C. O. and Harrison-Matthews, L.

1949 t The male external genitalia of the gorilla, with remarks on the os penis
of other Hominoidea. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 119: 363-378, 6 figs., 4 pis.

LIBRARf

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***

INDEX

New names in bold-faced type

Accipiter bicolor guttifer, 39

bicolor pileatus, 39

collaris, 42

gentilis apache, 377

gundlachi, 41

striatus velox, 378, 399
Acrocephalus arundinaceus meyeri, 36
Adelopoma (Adelopoma) stolli, 4
Aethopyga flagrans guimarasensis, 588
Agkistrodon bilineatus, 84
Aimophila humeralis humeralis, 392
Akodon (Chroeomys) jelskii, 134

jelskii bacchante, 141

jelskii cruceri, 140

jelskii inambarii, 139

jelskii inornatus, 138

jelskii jelskii, 137

jelskii ochrotis, 140

jelskii pyrrhotis, 137

jelskii pulcherrimus, 139

jelskii sodalis, 142
Akodon jelskii, 133
Albinaria (Filumna) elonensis, 486,

figs. 91, 96, B
Allemerobius flaveolus, 98
Amaurolimnas concolor castaneus, 399
Amaurornis phoenicurus javanica, 579
Amazilia Candida Candida, 271, 403

tzactl tzactl, 403

violiceps violiceps, 382

yucatanensis cerviniventris, 271
Amazona farinosa chapmani, 195
Amblema (Megalonaia) gigantea, 185
Amblycercus holosericeus holosericeus,

414
Ameiva ameiva ameiva, 453

undulata undulata, 74
Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus,

392
Amphidromus (Amphidromus) inter-
ruptus, 626

martensi, 626
Amphisbaena alba, 454

brachyura, 454

fuliginosa, 454

heathi, 455

slevini, 455

spixi, 455

subocularis, 454
Ampullarius (Ampullarius) aulanieri,
174

erroneus, 504

guayanensis, 504

haustrum immersum, 174

nubilus, 8

pulcher, 504

semitectus, 504

superbus, 504
Ampullarius (Limnopomus) columel-
laris, 174, 249

interruptus, 504
Anaimos plateni culionensis, 205
Anas poecilorhyncha luzonica, 576
Anhinga anhinga minima, 376
Annularia barkeri, 505, fig. 97
Anodonta cygnea Linnaeus (as cariosa
Kuster), 23

(as diminuata Clessin), 23

(as rostrata Rossmaessler), 23
Anodonta (Lastena) couperiana coup-

eriana, 183, figs. 35, 36
Anodontites (Anodontites) carinatus
carinatus, 504

crispatus crispatus, 249
Anodontites (Lamproscapha) ensiform-

is, 15, fig. 3
Anolis nebulosus, 70
Anopheles lindesayi benguetensis, 124
Aperostoma (Aperostoma) depressum,
249

fultoni, 8
Aphelocoma unicolor guerrerensis, 385
Aphlonis brunneicapillus, 31

cantoroides cantoroides, 33

metallica nitida, 33
Aramides cajanea mexicana, 399
Aratinga acuticaudata, 163

acuticaudata acuticaudata, 164

acuticaudata haemorrhous, 165

acuticaudata neumanni, 166
Archilochus colubris, 382
Arctopsyche difformis, 106, fig. 13
Arremon aurantiirostris saturatus, 417
Arremonops rufivirgatus crassirostris,

417
Artibeus cinereus phaeotis, 556

jamaicensis jamaicensis, 556

jamaicensis yucatanicus, 556

literatus palmarum, 556
Aselliscus tricuspidatus novehebri-

densis, 331
Asturina nitida plagiata, 379

649

650

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 31

Atlapetes brunnei-nucha brunnei-nucha,

391
Atractus badius, 461
Aulacorhynchus derbianus nigrirostris,

614
prasinus wagleri, 383
Austroselenites (?) variegatus, 247,

fig. 59
weyrauchi, 535, fig. 119
Automolus ochrolaemus cervinigularis,

406

Bacula of fruit bats, 125

Baculum of gorilla, 645

Basileuterus culicivorus culicivorus, 414

rufifrons rufifrons, 414
Basiliscus vittatus, 70
Bassariscus sumichrasti variabilis, 561
Bears, shoulder architecture of, 285,

figs. 70-74, 77
Bombycilla cedrorum, 387
Boriomys sinica, 97
Bostryx (Vermetellus), 520

metagyra, 519, fig. 107
Botaurus lentiginosus, 377
Bradybaena similaris, 13
Brazieria coarctata, 12

velata brazieri, 13, fig. 2
Bubo virginianus mayensis, 380

granulosus, 444

marinus, 66, 443

marmoreus, 66

monksiae, 66

paracnemis, 443
Bulimulus (Ataxiellus) spiculatus, 7
Bulimulus (Ataxus) perforatus, 518,

fig. 106
Bulimulus (Bulimulus) erectus, 504

inconspicuus, 236, fig. 50

nivalis, 6
Bulimulus (Lissoacme) coagulatus, 171

modestus, 7

reconditus, 511

scalariformis, 171, fig. 30

virgultorum, 7
Bulimulus (Peronaeus) anomphalus, 7

chacoensis, 506

claviformis, 505, fig. 103

hamiltoni, 175

pupiformis, 510

subelatus, 189, fig. 38

virgula, 514, fig. 102

webbi, 513, fig. 101
Bulimulus prosopidis, 506
Bulimulus (Protoglyptus) rhabdotus,
512, fig. 100

subcostatus, 190, fig. 39

vestalis, 507, fig. 98

virgultorum, 508
Bulimulus (Scutalus) alauda, 175

culmineus, 6

proteus, 6

punctilineatus, 517, fig. 105

quechuarum, 176, fig. 32

revinctus altorum, 516, fig. 104

sanborni, 176, fig. 33

striatus, 7

versicolor, 7

versicolor callaoensis, 171
Bulimulus viatorum, 506
Buteo albicaudatus hypospodius, 378

jamaicensis calurus, 378

platypterus platypterus, 379
Butorides striatus amurensis, 575

Cacomantis, 580

variolosus sepulcralis, 580
Caelaenomys, 2
Caiman latirostris, 450
Callotillus intricatus, 144, figs. 22, 24
Caluromys derbianus fervidus, 552
Caluromysiops, 473

irrupta, 473, figs. 87, 88
Camptostoma imberbe, 385
Campylopterus curvipennis curvipennis,
402

hemileucurus, 402

rufus, 402
Caprimulgus carolinensis, 270

indicus jotaka, 582

maculicaudus, 207, 401

ridgwayi ridgwayi, 381

vociferus oaxaca, 381
Caranx lugubris, 631
Carnivores, shoulder architecture of,

285, figs. 70, 71, 75-77
Carollia perspicillata azteca, 555

subrufa, 555
Carpodacus mexicanus griscomi, 391
Caryothraustes poliogaster poliogaster,

416
Cassidix mexicanus obscurus, 388
Catharus melpomene clarus, 386

mexicanus mexicanus, 273
Centronycteris maximiliani centralis,

553
Centropyge argi, 636, fig. 135
Centurus chrysogenys flavinuchus, 383
Chaetura gigantea dubia, 582

picina, 583
Chamaethlypis poliocephalus palpe-
bral, 413
Chanomphalus pilsbryi, 4
Charadrius vociferus vociferus, 379
Chilina minuta, 542, fig. 125
Chilonycteris rubiginosa fusca, 553
Chloroceryle aenea stictoptera, 404

americana septentrionalis, 404
Chondestes grammacus strigatus, 392
Chroeomys, 136
Chromis insolatus, 638
Chrysopa kiansuensis, 98
Chrysopidia fuscata, 98

INDEX

651

Chrysoptilus melanochloros, 426
melanochloros cristatus, 427
melanochloros flavilumbis, 429
melanochloros mariae, 430
melanochloros melanochloros, 427
melanochloros nattered, 428
melanolaimus, 430
melanolaimus leucofrenatus, 432
melanolaimus melanolaimus, 431
melanolaimus nigroviridis, 432
melanolaimus patagonicus, 433
melanolaimus perplexus, 433
Circe subtrigona, 4
Circus approximans gouldi, 35
Clea (Clea) bangueyensis, 627
Cnemidophorus deppii lineatissimus, 75
gularis, 75
ocellifer, 453
Coarctatio coarctata, 10, fig. 1
Coccyzus americanus, 400

erythropthalmus, 400
Coereba flaveola mexicana, 412
Colaptes cafer mexicanus, 383
Colinus virginianus thayeri, 399
Columba flavirostris flavirostris, 400
Columbigallina passerina pallescens, 380
Conepatus semistriatus conepatl, 562
Conopsis nasus, 80
Constrictor constrictor imperator, 76
Contopus cinereus brachytarsus, 408
Corbicula (Corbicula) pullata, 627
Coryphaena equisetis, 632
Crax rubra rubra, 399
Cristataria (Strangulata) davidiana,
494, figs. 94, 96, E
genezarethana, 491, figs. 93, 96, D
petrboki, 489, figs. 92, 96, C
prophetarum, 496, figs. 95, 96, E
Crotalus basiliscus, 84

triseriatus triseriatus, 84
Crotophaga sulcirostris sulcirostris, 380
Cryptotis mayensis, 552
Crypturellus boucardi boucardi, 398

soui meserythrus, 398
Ctenomys (Chacomys) conoveri, 47,

fig. 4
Ctenosaura pectinata, 71
Cuculus fugax pectoralis, 579
Cyanerpes cyaneus carneipes, 412
Cyanocitta stelleri coronata, 385
Cyanocompsa cyanoides concreta, 417
Cyclas incurva, 186

Cyclotus (Opisthoporus) schmidti, 627
Cynanthus latirostris doubledayi, 381
sordidus, 381

Dasypterus intermedius, 558
Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus, 568
Dendrobates baccatus, 448

trivittatus, 448
Dendrocincla anabatina anabatina, 405

Dendrocolaptes certhia sancti-thomae,

405
Dendroica aestiva, 387

aestiva sonorana, 412

auduboni auduboni, 413

fusca, 413

magnolia, 413

pensylvanica, 413
Dendrortyx macroura striatus, 379
Deroceras laeve andecola, 6, 507

reticulatum, 6, 507
Desmodus rotundus murinus, 557
Didelphis marsupialis californica, 548
Diploglossus lessonae, 452
Donacobius atricapillus nigrodorsalis,

196
Doratonotus megalepis, 639
Drymaeus chacoensis, 506
Drymaeus (Drymaeus) basitorus, 522,
fig. 109

expansus, 238

gibber, 238, figs. 50, 51

inca, 238

pseudelatus, 520, fig. 108

schunkei, 237, fig. 50
Drymaeus nigroumbilicatus, 506
Drymarchon corais corais, 458

corais rubidus, 79
Drymobius bifossatus, 457

dendrophis, 458

margaritiferus fistulosus, 78
Dryobates scalaris azelus, 383
Dryptus pardalis, 504
Dumetella carolinensis, 410
Dyakia duumvirorum, 624, figs. 132,
133

Eira barbara senex, 561
Elachistocleis ovale, 448
Elaenia flavogaster subpagana, 409

placens jaliscensis, 385

viridicata placens, 409
Emballonura semicaudata palauensis,
59, fig. 7

semicaudata semicaudata, 61
Empidonax difficilis difficilis, 408

fulvipectus pulverius, 385

minimus, 385
Epiphragmophora (Epiphragmophora)
claromphalos, 7

hemiomphalos, 526, fig. 112

leucobasis, 524, fig. Ill
Epiphragmophora (Pilsbrya) clausom-

phalos, 7
Eptesicus fuscus hispaniolae, 558
Erythrolamprus aesculapii, 463
Eudromia elegans, 364

elegans albida, 371

elegans devia, 369

elegans elegans, 365

652

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 31

elegans formosa, 371

elegans intermedia, 372

elegans multiguttata, 367

elegans patagonica, 364

mira, 373
Eudynamys scolopacea mindanensis,

581
Eugenes fulgens fulgens, 382
Euglandina (Euglandina), 240

cylindrus angusta, 539, fig. 122
Euleptorhamphus velox, 630
Eumeces copei, 75

dogesii, 76
Evanophanes insignis, 101

Falco sparverius phalaena, 379

sparverius sparverius, 379
Felis concolor mayensis, 564

onca goldmani, 564

pardalis pardalis, 563
Florisuga mellivora mellivora, 403
Formicarius analis moniliger, 406

Galbula melanogenia, 404
Gastrocopta (Gastrocopta) pellucida

pellucida, 4
Genitalia, external, of female spotted

hyena, 277, figs. 68, 69
Geococcyx velox melanchima, 380
Geoemyda punctularia, 449

rubida, 69
Gerrhonotus imbricatus, 74
Gerygone sulphurea, 585
Glaucidium brasilianum cactorum, 381

brasilianum ridgwayi, 401

minutissimum gnoma, 270
Glossophaga soricina leachii, 555
Glossosoma aequalis, 103

minutum, 102, fig. 11
Glyphonycteris, 216, 231
Gonatodes humeralis, 450
Gorilla beringei, 646, fig. 138

gorilla, 118, fig. 17; baculum of, 645,
fig. 138
Granatellus sallaei sallaei, 413
Guiraca caerulea eurhyncha, 390

caerulea interfusa, 390
Gymnodactylus geckoides, 450
Gymnophthalmus quadrilineatus, 453
Gymnorhina tibicen, 36
Gymnostinops montezuma, 414
Gyraulus (Gyraulus) helophilus, 173

Habia gutturalis salvini, 416

rubica rubicoides, 416
Halcyon lindsayi moseleyi, 584
Halesinus tenuicornis, 100
Haliaeetus sanfordi, 35
Happia (Drepanostomella) ammoni-

formis, 245
Happia (Happia) cuzcana planior, 537,

fig. 120

Hedymeles ludovicianus, 417

melanocephalus maculatus, 390
Helicina (Helicina) bourguignatiana,
248

munda, 543, fig. 126

weyrauchi, 192, fig. 40
Helicina (Oxyrhombus) laus ucayalen-

sis, 248
Helicops angulatus, 457

leopardinus, 457

polylepis, 457
Heliornis fulica, 399
Helisoma (Taphius) andecola mon-

tanum, 6
Helix (Cryptomphalus) aspersa, 8
Helmitheros vermivorus, 412
Heloderma horridum, 74
Hemerobius vaillanti, 97
Hemidactylus mabouia, 450
Hemiplecta (Hemiplecta) densa, 626
Hemiprocne comata major, 584
Henicorhina leucosticta prostheleuca,

272, 410
Herpailurus yagouaroundi cacomitli,

564
Hieraaetus kieneri formosus, 576
Himalopsyche alticola, 101

hageni, 102

placida, 101, fig. 9
Hipposideros cervinus, 331
Homalocranium melanocephalum, 463
Hydropsyche rhomboana, 105

waltoni, 105
Hyla baudinii, 67

crepitans, 447

nana, 448

rubra, 448

smithii, 67

spegazzinii, 447

taurina, 447
Hylobates agilis, 115, fig. 15

concolor leucogenys, 116
Hylocichla mustelina, 411

ustulata swainsoni, 386, 411
Hylomanes momotula momotula, 404
Hylophilus ochraceiceps ochraceiceps,

412
Hypopachus incrassatus, 448
Hypsiglena torquata torquata
Icteria virens auricollis, 387, 413

virens virens, 413

Icterus bullockii bullockii, 388
cucullatus californicus, 388
galbula, 414

graduacauda graduacauda, 388
mesomelas mesomelas, 414
prosthemelas prosthemelas, 414
pustulatus pustulatus, 388
spurius, 414
spurius spurius, 388
wagleri wagleri, 388

INDEX

653

Iguana iguana iguana, 451

iguana rhinolopha, 70
Irena cyanogaster hoogstraali, 203
Iridoprocne albilinea albilinea, 409
Ixobrychus sinensis sinensis, 576

Joblingia, 149

schmidti, 152, figs. 25-27

Kaliella angulata, 626
Kamimuria fulvescens, 100

latior, 100
Kentropyx calcaratus, 453
Kinosternon cruentatum cruentatum,
69

dunni, 109, fig. 14

scorpioides, 449

Laciniaria (Elia) moesta, 482, figs. 90,

96, A
Lampornis amethystinus margaritae,

382
Lampronycteris, 216, 223
Lanio aurantius aurantius, 416
Lanius ludovicianus mexicanus, 387
Laterallus ruber tamaulipensis
Legatus leucophaius variegatus, 408
Lepidocolaptes affinis affinis, 383

souleyetii insignis, 405
Leposternon polystegoides, 455
Leptinaria (Lamellaxis) amomala, 173

eyerdami, 452, fig. 124
Leptinaria (Leptinaria) lamellata, 240
Leptodactylus caliginosus, 446

labialis, 68

melanonotus, 68

nanus, 447

ocellatus, 447

pantadactylus mattogrossensis, 444

typhonius, 446
Leptodeira smithi, 82
Leptomys ernstmayeri, 2
Leptopogon amaurocephalus pileatus,

409
Leptopoma (Trocholeptopoma) skertch-

lyi, 627
Leptotila plumbeiceps plumbeiceps, 400

verreauxi, 270

verreauxi fulviventris, 400
Leptotyphlops albifrons, 456
Leurognathus intermedia, 155

marmorata, 155
Liophis cobella taeniogaster, 459

genimaculata, 459

poecilogyrus xerophilus, 459

reginae, 460

viridis, 460
Liopropoma mowbrayi, 633, fig. 134
Lipaugus unirufus unirufus, 407
Loxocemus sumichrasti, 76
Lutra annectens latidens, 561

Lygophis lineatus, 460
Lysurus castaneiceps, 620

Mabuya, heathi, 455

mabouya mabouya, 455
Macrotus waterhousii waterhousii, 554
Malacoptila fusca, 613
Malleus, in dark-haired gibbon, in gray
gibbon, in Mueller's gibbon, in
hoolock, in Kloss's gibbon, 114
Manacus candei, 407
Marmosa alstoni nicaraguae, 550

canescens canescens, 551

mexicana mayensis, 551

mitis ruatanica, 551
Masticophis flagellum lineatus, 77
Mazama americana temama, 567
Megalaema haemacephala mindan en-
sis, 202
Megalurus palustris forbesi, 585
Melanotis caerulescens effuticus, 386
Melospiza lincolnii lincolnii, 392, 418
Melozone kieneri rubricatum, 391
Micrastur buckleyi, 199
Microcondylaea compressa, 23
Micronycteris, 216

Micronycteris (Glyphonycteris) behni,
231

brachyotis, 233

sylvestris, 231, fig. 49
Micronycteris (Lampronycteris) platy-

ceps, 224, figs. 45, 46
Micronycteris megalotis mexicana, 554
Micronycteris (Micronycteris) mega-
lotis megalotis, 219, fig. 41

megalotis mexicana, 219

megalotis microtis, 219

minuta, 219, fig. 42

schmidtorum, 220, fig. 43
Micronycteris (Neonycteris) pusilla,

228, fig. 47
Micronycteris (Trinycteris) nicefori,

230, fig. 48
Micronycteris (Xenoctenes) hirsuta, 223,

fig. 44
Microrhopias quixensis boucardi, 406
Micrurus diastema michoacanensis, 83

lemniscatus, 464
Milax (Milax) gagates, 506
Mimon bennettii, 554
Mimus polyglottos leucopterus, 386
Miniopterus australis australis, 333

macrocneme, 333
Mniotilta varia, 412
Molossus major verrilli, 558

sinaloae, 559
Molothrus ater artemisiae, 388

bonariensis nigricans, 198
Momotus mexicanus mexicanus, 382

momota goldmani, 404

momota lessonii, 271
Muscivora forficata, 407

654

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 31

Mustela frenata perda, 561
Myadestes obscurus occidentalis, 386
Mycetopoda soleniformis, 249
Mycetopodella falcata, 249
Myiarchus cinerascens inquietus, 384

tuberculifer lawrenceii, 408

tyrannulus magister, 384

tyrannulus nelsoni, 408
Myiobius sulphureipygius sulphurei-

pygius, 408
Myiochanes pertinax pertinax, 384

richardsonii richardsonii, 384
Myiozetetes similis texensis, 408
Myotis nigricans nigricans, 557

Nannorchilus leucogaster leucogaster,
273

leucogaster musicus, 410
Nasua narica narica, 559
Natalus mexicanus, 557
Nectarinia jugularis aurora, 606

jugularis jugularis, 588, 600, fig. 128

jugularis obscurior, 605

jugularis woodi, 606
Nenia (Columbinia) obesa, 241, figs. 53,

54
Nenia (Incania) jelskii, 243

trigonostoma, 243
Neonycteris, 216, 226
Neotomys, 52

ebriosus ebriosus, 52, fig. 6

ebriosus vulturnus, 54
Nesonanina, 179
Neuronema sinensis, 98
New Caledonia, bats from, 313, fig. 79,

81
New Hebrides, bats from, 313
Nothura boraquira, 340

chacoensis, 361

darwinii, 343

darwinii agassizii, 348

darwinii boliviana, 347

darwinii darwinii, 344

darwinii peruviana, 349

darwinii salvadorii, 345

maculosa, 349

maculosa annectens, 353

maculosa cearensis, 360

maculosa maculosa, 354

maculosa major, 359

maculosa nigroguttata, 350

maculosa paludivaga, 357

maculosa submontana, 351

minor, 342
Notopteris macdonaldi neocaledonica,

329
Nyctidromus albicollus yucatanensis,
401

Obeliscus (Ischnocion) triptyx, 512
Obeliscus (Protobeliscus) teres, 240,
fig. 52
nanus, 541, fig. 123

Odocoileus virginianus yucatanensis,

567
Odontriorchis palliatus, 398
Oedipus bellii, 65

paraensis, 443
Onocostoma cinereigulare cinereigulare,

409
Onychorhynchus mexicanus mexicanus,

409
Oporornis formosus, 413
Oreopeleia montana montana, 400
Oriolus chinensis suluensis, 591
Ortalis vetula poliocephala, 379

vetula vetula, 399
Orthalicus (Orthalicus) gallina-subtana,

236
Osmylus posticatus, 99
Otophidium schmidti, 640, figs. 136,

137
Otus guatemalae guatemalae, 401
Oxybelis aeneus, 463

argenteus, 463
Oxyrhopus trigeminus, 461
Oxystyla maracaibensis, 504

Pachyramphus cinnamomeus fulvidior,

407
Paludomus (Paludomus) isseli, 627
Pan satyrus, 117, fig. 16
Paraleptomys rufilatus, 1

wilhelmina, 1
Parus sclateri, 272

sclateri sclateri, 385

wollweberi caliginosus, 89

wollweberi phillipsi, 89
Passer domesticus domesticus, 387
Passerculus sandwichensis anthinus, 391
Passerina ciris, 391, 417

cyanea, 390, 417

versicolor versicolor, 391
Pecari tajacu nelsoni, 566
Penelope purpurascens purpurascens,

399
Peromyscus yucatanicus yucatanicus,

565
Peropteryx kappleri intermedius, 476

macrotis macrotis, 553
Phaethornis longuemareus adolphi, 402

superciliosus veraecrucis, 402
Pheucticus chrysopeplus chrysopeplus,

390
Philander opossum pallidus, 552
Philodryas nattereri, 462

olfersii, 462
Philopotamus sinensis, 105
Phlebiomus yunnanus, 97
Phlogothraupis sanguinolenta sanguino-

lenta, 415
Phrynosoma asio, 74
Phyllodactylus tuberculosus, 69
Phyllomedusa dacnicolor, 69

hypochondrialis, 448

INDEX

655

Phylloscopus borealis kennicotti, 585
Physa (Alampetis) squalida, 3
Piaya cayana mexicana, 380

cayana thermophila, 400
Picumnus castelnau, 616
Pionus senilis senilis, 400
Pipilo ocai X macronyx, 274

torquatus guerrerensis, 391
Pipra mentalis mentalis, 407
Pipromorpha oleaginea assimilis, 409
Piranga leucoptera leucoptera, 415

ludoviciana, 390, 415

rubra rubra, 390, 415
Pisidium forbesii, 8

wolfii, 8
Pitangus sulphuratus guatimalensis, 408
Pituophis deppei brevilineata, 79
Platynotus semitaeniatus, 451
Platypsaris aglaiae sumichrasti, 407
Platyrinchus mystaceus cancrominus,

409
Plecocheilus (Eurytus) lacrimosus, 7
Plectopylis coarctata, 10
Plectrocnemia tortosa, 105, fig. 12
Plethodon glutinosus, growth and re-
production of, 251, figs. 60-65
Pleurodonte (Isomeria) meobambensis,

511
Pleurodonte (Labyrinthus) baeri baeri,
235

baeri diminutus, 172

dacostiana, 236
Plica plica, 451
Podiceps ruficollis cotabato, 201

ruficollis philippensis, 574
Podocnemis unifilis, 449
Polioptila caerulea caerulea, 386, 412
Polychrus acutirostris, 451
Polyhyba dybasi, 180, fig. 34
Polymesoda (Polymesoda) arctata, 504
Pongo pygmaeus, 117, fig. 17
Potos flavus campechensis, 561
Procyon lotor shufeldti, 559
Pseudoboa guerini, 461
Pseudoficimia pulcherrima, 81
Pseudoleptodeira larifasciata, 81
Pseudostenophylax amplus, 101

brevis, 101

grahami, 101
Psocus gibbosus, 100
Psomocolax oryzivorus impacificus, 414
Pteroglossus torquatus torquatus, 405
Pteronotus davyi fulvus, 554
Pteropus anetianus aorensis, 327

eotinus, baculum of, 129, fig. 20

geddei, baculum of, 128, fig. 20

geddiei, 325

howensis, 329

macmillani, 328

medius, penis of, 126

ornatus, 314, figs. 79, 81 ; baculum of,
127, fig. 20

rayneri, 126, 329; baculum of, 130,
figs. 19, 20

solomonis, baculum of, 130, fig. 20
Ptilogonys cinereus pallescens, 387
Pucrasia macrolopha bethelae, 93, 95

macrolopha biddulphi, 95

macrolopha castanea, 96

macrolopha macrolopha, 95

macrolopha nipalensis, 95
Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus, 383

Radiodiscus (Radioconus) microhelix,

538, fig. 121
Ramphocaenus rufiventris rufiventris,

412
Ramphocelus nigrogularis, 619
Rana palmipes, 449

pipiens, 67
Rhabdornis inornatus alaris, 204
Rhadinaea laureata, 80

taeniata, 80
Rhinemys nasuta, 449
Rhogeessa tumida, 558
Rhyacophila marcida, 103, fig. 10

sinensis, 102
Rhynchiscus naso, 553
Rhynchocyclus brevirostris brevirostris,

409
Rhytipterna holerythra holerythra, 406

Saccopteryx bilineata, 553
Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus, 386
Saltator atriceps atriceps, 416

maximus gigantodes, 416
Salvadora bairdii, 78

mexicana, 78
Sarcops calvus, 589

calvus melanonotus, 591
Sayornis phoebe, 383
Scardafella squamata inca, 380
Sceloporus aeneus aeneus, 73

ferrariperezi ferrariperezi, 73

horridus oligoporus, 72

melanorhinus, 72

microlepidotus microlepidotus, 72

pyrocephalus, 73
Schiffornis turdinus verae-pacis, 407
Seiurus aurocapillus aurocapillus, 413

motacilla, 413
Setophaga ruticilla, 414
Shell sculpture in normally smooth

unionid shells, 183
Sibynomorphus mikanii fasciatus, 461
Sigmodon hispidus microdon, 565
Siphonops paulensis, 442
Sittasomus griseicapillus sylvioides, 405
Smaragdolanius pulchellus pulchellus,

412
Solaropsis (Psadara) calstelnaudii, 236

inornata, 527, fig. 113

monile peruviana, 528, fig. 114

656

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 31

Solomon Islands, bats from, 313
Sonora michoacanensis michoacanensis,

81
Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea, 381, 401
Sphaerium (Sphaerium) boliviense, 8
Spilornis cheela, 576

cheela panayensis, 579
Spilotes pullatus pullatus, 458
Spinus psaltria psaltria, 391
Spizaetus devilrei, 44

ornatus vicarius, 399
Spizella pallida, 392

passerina arizonae, 392
Sporophila torqueola morelleti, 417

torqueola torqueola, 391
Stachyris speciosa, 584
Staurois hongkongensis, 609, figs. 129,

130
Stenopsyche navasi, 105
Storeria storerioides, 76
Streptaxis (Streptartemon) glaber, 504
Strobilops aenea, 14
Strophocheilus (Megalobulimus) maxi-

mus maximus, 236
Sturnella magna mexicana, 415
Subulina (Subulina) octona trochlea,
504

yatesi, 173, 240, fig. 31
Succinea andecola, 6, 173

patula, 178
Symphalangus syndactylus, 115, fig. 15
Synallaxis erythrothorax erythro thorax,

405
Systrophia (Systrophia) affinis, 243, fig.
55

altivaga, 246

angigyra, 246, fig. 58

cereonitens, 533, fig. 117

helicycloides, 246

impressa, 531, fig. 116

obvoluta, 244, fig. 56

platysma, 530, fig. 115

retinella, 245, fig. 57

stenogyra, 246
Systrophia (Systrophiella) gyrellina,
534, fig. 118

peruviana, 247

viridis, 504

Tachycineta thalassina lepida, 385
Tamandua tetradactyla mexicana, 568
Tanagra affinis affinis, 415

affinis godmani, 389

lauta lauta, 273, 415
Tangara nigro-cincta larvata, 415
Tangavius aeneus assimilis, 388
Tantilla calamarina, 83
Taraba major transandeanus, 406
Taxidea taxus berlandieri, 562
Temesa incarum, 174
Terenura callinota guianensis, 267

Tersiphone cinnamomea, 586

cinnamomea unirufa, 588
Testudo denticulata, 449
Thalerophis richardi richardi, 458
Thamnophilus doliatus intermedius, 406
Thamnophis eques eques, 77

eques postremus, 77

scalaris scaliger, 77
Thaumastus (Quechua) salteri, 510, fig.
99

tetricus, 523, fig. 110
Thecadactylus rapicaudus, 450
Thraupis abbas, 415

episcopus diaconus, 415
Thriocerodes, 143

corporaali, 144, fig. 22, 23
Thryothorus rutilus maculipectus, 410
Thyriodosmylus epiphanes, 99
Tinamus major robustus, 398

osgoodi, 263, figs. 66, 67
Tityra semifasciata personata, 407
Todirostrum sylvia schistaceiceps, 409
Tolmomyias sulphurescens cinereiceps,

409
Tomodactylus angustidigitorum, 68
Tornatellina (Laminella) cylindrica, 14
Tornatellina (Tornatellina) baldwini, 14
Trachops coffini, 555
Trimorphodon biscutatus biscutatus, 82

fasciolata, 83
Trinycteris, 216, 228
Tripteroides hoogstraali, 121, fig. 18
Troglodytes aedon parkmanii, 385

brunneicollis brunneicollis, 385
Trogon citreolus melanocephala, 403

collaris puella, 404

elegans ambiguus, 382

massena massena, 403

mexicanus mexicanus, 382

violaceus braccatus, 404
Tropicorbis (Lateorbis) canonicus, 173
Tropidurus hispidus, 451

spinulosus, 451
Tumeochrysa immaculata, 98
Tupinambis teguixin, 453
Turdus albicollis spodiolaemus, 616

assimilis leucauchen, 410

grayi grayi, 411

rufo-palliatus, 386
Turnix maculosa salomonis, 35
Turtur afer afer, 308

afer kilimensis, 309

afer liberiensis, 310

afer mearnsi, 309
Tyrannus crassirostris crassirostris, 384

melancholicus chloronotus, 408

melancholicus occidentalis, 384

tyrannus, 408

vociferans vociferans, 383

vociferans xenopterum, 384
Tyto capensis amauronota, 582

INDEX

657

Unio pictorum proechus, 23

Urocentron azureum, 452

Urocyon cinereoargenteus fraterculus,

563
Uta gadovi, 71

Varanus karlschmidti, 467, fig. 86
Veniliornis oleaginus sanguinolentus,

405
Vermivora ruficapilla ruficapilla, 387
Vireo gilvus gilvus, 412

gilvus swainsonii, 387

griseus griseus, 412

hypochryseus hypochryseus, 387

Wilsonia canadensis, 414
citrina, 413

pusilla pileolata, 414
pusilla pusilla, 414

Xanthornus atro-virens, 617

Xanthoura yncas vivida, 410

Xenoctenes, 216, 220

Xenodon merremii, 460

Xenops minutus mexicanus, 406

Xestina themis, 623

Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus omil-

temensis, 383
Xiphorhynchus flavigaster eburneiros-

tris, 405

Zenaida asiatica mearnsi, 380
Zenaidura macroura marginella, 380