Evaluation Of Microbial Contamination Via Wastewater Collected From Different Oil Industries And Its Treatment Using Various Coagulants

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International Journal of Innovations in Science & Technology

Evaluation of Microbial Contamination via
Wastewater Collected from Different Oil Industries

& ©
IJiIST SS

P ISSN : 2618-1630
EISSN : 2909-6130

Original
Article

Recognized Journal

and its Treatment Using Various Coagulants

Saman Basharat', Sumaita Mazhar"’, Roheela Yasmeen '', Wajeeha Hamid '
"Department of Biology, Lahore Garrison University, Sector C, DHA Phase VI, Lahore,

Pakistan.
*Correspondence:

sumairamazhar(@l

edu.

k, toheelayasmeen

lou.edu.pk

Citation | Basharat. S, Mazhar. S, Yasmeen. R, Hamid. W. “Evaluation of Microbial
Contamination via Wastewater Collected from Different Oil Industries and its Treatment
Using Various Coagulants”. International Journal of Innovations in Science and Technology.

Vol 4, Issue 2, 2022, pp: 392-403

Received | March 25, 2022; Revised | April 20, 2022; Accepted | April 23, 2022;

Published | April 25, 2022.

to human health as well as the environment. The oil and ghee industries are also the

\ | Taste water from industrial discharged into other water bodies that pose serious risks

main contributors to water pollution along with various other industries. The
present study aimed to evaluate microbial load in waste water of oil industries in Lahore and
its treatment using chemical and natural coagulants. Water samples were collected from three
selected oil and ghee industries in Lahore. Physicochemical properties (Chemical oxygen
demand (COD), Biological oxygen demand (BOD), and turbidity) and microbial
contamination of water samples were analyzed before and after treatment. It was observed
that samples treated with natural coagulants such as orange and banana peel, and date seeds
showed a mild reduction in physicochemical parameters. Orange and banana peel coagulants
caused a 30% reduction, while date seeds coagulants caused a 60% reduction in
physicochemical parameters. A significant decrease in microbial load was noticed by using
natural coagulants. However, for the chemical coagulants, it was observed that ferric chloride
with alum and Ca™ cation with bleaching powder caused an extreme reduction in
physicochemical indicators and microbial load. While no significant decrease was observed in
physicochemical indicators and microbial load when waste water samples were treated with
Poly Aluminum chloride (PAC) and alum. It was concluded that chemical coagulants have a
better ability to treat waste water as compared to natural coagulants.
Keywords: Wastewater treatment, natural coagulants, chemical coagulants, microbial

contamination

Acknowledgment. The authors
acknowledged the HOD and Lab
staff, Biology Department Lahore
Garrison University for their help
and cooperation in the smooth
conduct of the study.

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INTRODUCTION

Water is essential for human life and the maintenance of the ecosystem. Water scarcity
and poor water quality are two main issues raised by improper water use. Water pollution is
an alarming condition and may cause many communicable and non-communicable diseases.
Industrial waste water is the main cause of water pollution as water is discarded in the
environment without being treated [1]. These industries include the oil industry [2], paper
industry [3], brewery industry [4], cosmetic industry [5], and paint industry [6].

Water pollution is indicated by physical, chemical, and biological indicators that describe
the quality of water. Increased Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD), turbidity, and microbial load indicate the poor Water quality. Untreated water can
contaminate the downstream areas and cause several diseases by direct and indirect means [7].
Many physical, chemical and biological processes are being applied to treat waste water.
Chemical treatment is most common in this regard. Among all the chemical treatments,
coagulation is mostly used for water treatments in industrial plants as these are simple and
cost-effective options [8]. Chemical-based coagulants are being used to treat waste water.
Inorganic coagulants like alum, calcium hydroxide, ferric chloride, ferrous sulphate, Poly
aluminum chloride (PAC), etc., are commonly used coagulants for water treatment. These
coagulants are effective as they reduce the BOD, COD, turbidity, and microbial load in the
water. However, the high cost and toxic effects of chemical coagulants pose a risk to human
health. A large amount of sludge at the end of the process is another point of concern [9].
Natural coagulants have been considered for water treatment without any harmful effects for
ages. Natural coagulants are cost-effective, biodegradable, and non-toxic. Opuntia mucilage,
Psyllium husk, Trigonella foenum-graecus, Dolichos lablab, Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis, Banana
juice, and Roselle seeds are some well-known natural coagulants for water treatment [10].
Ghee and oil industries are the main cause of waste water pollution in Pakistan. Oil, grease,
toxic elements, BOD, COD, Total suspended solids (TSS), and Total dissolved solids (IDS)
are common pollutants released from oil and ghee industries. These pollutants are harmful to
human health and the environment [5]. A scarce data is reported on oil and ghee industries
waste water management. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical
parameters and microbial contamination in waste water of oil and ghee industries in Lahore.
Moreover, it compared the two treatment methods such as natural and chemical coagulants
that are used to treat waste water samples purposefully to find the best remedy that can be
adopted to reduce BOD, COD, turbidity, and microbial load.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample collection

A total of Three samples (n=3) were collected from the effluents of Khalis Group of
Industries (hGI), Hamza Vegetable Oil Refinery, Ghee Mills (HVO), and Momin Cooking
Oil and Ghee Mills (MCO) located in Lahore in January 2021. Samples were collected from
the discharging processing outlet of the industries in the pre-sterilized polythene bottles. The
samples were kept at a temperature of 25°C to maintain the growth of microbial
contamination. Sample codes allocated to each industrial sample were labeled as KGI, HVO,
and MCO.

Determination of physicochemical parameters

Physiochemical parameters (odor, temperature, pH, turbidity, COD, and BOD) of
collected waste water samples were recorded. The centigrade thermometer noted the
temperature of all the collected wastewater samples. A pH meter (HANNA PH210) was used
to measure the pH of the samples. The Nephelometric method was used to calculate the
turbidity of wastewater samples through a turbidity meter (HANNA HI93703). APHA
standard methods were used for the manual calculation of the COD for the present studied
samples through the closed reflux method and titrimetric method [11].

Microbial determination

The samples then proceeded for bacterial analysis. All three wastewater samples were
tested for Total Plate Count (TPC) by applying the pour plate method on Luria-Bertani (LB)
agar [12]. Violet red bile lactose agar was used to detect and enumerate lactose fermenting

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coliform microorganisms [13]. Eosin methylene blue agar was used for the identification of
EF. col {14}.
The CFU/mL was calculated using the formula:
CFU/mL= (no. of colonies x dilution factor) /volume of culture plate

Preparation of 2% orange peel and 2% banana peel coagulant

Organic banana and orange peels were air-dried and placed in a drying oven at 90°C for
a day. The dried fruit peels were separately crushed into powder with the help of a pulverizer.
Nearly 2.5 grams of orange and banana peels powder were weighted separately and mixed.
Sodium hydroxide solution was added to destabilize the colloidal substances. The solution was
stirred by a shaker for 5 min at medium speed. The solution was placed in the water bath at
60°C, and it was allowed to leach for 15 min. Different doses were prepared to use both banana
and orange peels powder in combination. 15 mg of orange and banana peels powder was
dissolved in 1000 mL water and agitated in a shaker at medium speed. 25mg, 35mg, and 45
me doses of orange and banana peels powder were prepared.
Preparation of 5% date seeds coagulant

Date seeds were washed and dried at 55°C for 10 h to remove the excess moisture and
then were burnt to convert them into activated carbon. The activated carbon seeds were
dipped in sulfuric acid overnight and washed thoroughly with distilled water. The seeds were
dried for a day at room temperature. The dried seeds were crushed and powdered by using a
grinder machine. The 5% stock solution of date seeds powder was prepared. The prepared
coagulant was placed in a shaker at medium speed for 5 min.
5% Alum used in combination with 1% PAC

Different doses were prepared to use both alum and PAC in combination. 15 mg of
PAC and 5 mg of alum were dissolved in 1000 mL water and agitated in a shaker at medium
speed. After shaking, the samples were heated to get a homogenous consistency. A similar
protocol was followed for 25 mg PAC and 10 mg alum, 35 mg PAC and 15 mg alum, 45 mg
PAC, and 20 mg alum doses.
5% Cation solution used in combination with 1% bleaching powder

Different doses were prepared to use both cation and bleaching powder in combination.
15 mg of cation and 5 mg of bleaching powder were dissolved in 1000 mL water and agitated
on a shaker at medium speed. A similar protocol was followed for 25 mg cation and 10 mg
bleaching powder, 35 mg cation and 15 mg bleaching powder, 45 mg cation, and 20 mg
bleaching powder doses.
5% Ferric chloride solution used in combination with 5% alum

Different doses were prepared to use both ferric chloride solution and alum in
combination. 15 mg of ferric chloride solution and 5 mg of alum were dissolved in 1000 mL
water and agitated on a shaker at medium speed. A similar protocol was followed for 25 mg
ferric chloride and 10 mg alum, 35 mg ferric chloride, 15 mg alum, 45 mg ferric chloride, and
20 mg alum doses.
Waste water Treatment

After shaking, the samples were heated to get a homogenous consistency. The treated
samples were allowed to cool down and settle down. The solution was filtered and sludge was
discarded. The Filtrate was used to calculate the reduction percentages of different
physicochemical parameters and microbial load.
RESULTS
Physiochemical characterization of samples

Physiochemical characterizations (temperature, pH, COD, BOD, and turbidity) of
collected samples were analyzed. The temperature was recorded as 17-22°C in all three
samples. The observed pH of waste water collected from all three industries was 6. The
recorded COD value of sample KGI was 400 mg/L whereas the COD of the other two
samples i.e., HVO and MCO was 300 and 280 mg/L respectively.

The BOD value observed for sample KGI was 360 mg/L whereas the BOD of the
other two samples ie., HVO and MCO was 200 and 210 mg/L respectively. The turbidity of
all samples was determined by using a turbidity meter. The highest value ie., 101 NTU of

April 2022 | Vol 4] Issue 2 Page | 394

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turbidity was recorded for sample KGI, whereas the turbidity of the other two samples Le.,
HVO and MCO were 93 and 88 NTU respectively as indicated in Table 1.
Table 1: Physiochemical characteristics (pH, COD, BOD, and turbidity) of samples

International Journal of Innovations in Science & Technology

Sr. Sample Temperature COD Turbidit
No. ID (°C) pH BOD y
(mg/L (NTU)
) (mg/L
)
6 400 360 101
1 KGI 17-22
6 300 200 93
2 HVO 17-22
6 280 210 88
3 MCO 17-22

Microbial determination
Total plate count (TPC), total coliform, and E. coli
After 24-48 h of incubation, TPC/ml was calculated. KGI and HVO samples showed
the highest TPCs/ml. MCO water sample showed fewer’ TPCs/ml with the recorded value of
1.00 x 10° TPCs/ml as shown in Table 2. However, the highest coliform and E.coli count
was recorded for KGI followed by MCO and HVO (Table 2).
Table 2. TPC, TCC, and E. coli count of waste water samples

Sr. Samples Total Plate Total Coliforms E. coli
No. Count (CFU/mL)
(CFU/mL) (CFU/mL)
1 KGI TNTC 7.2% 10° 6.2% 10°
2 HVO TNTC 4.4.x 10° 3.4.x 10°
3 MCO 1.00 x 10° 5.0 x 10? 4.0 x 10°

Treatment with banana and orange peel coagulant

It was observed that banana and orange peels caused a significant reduction in BOD at
different pH with different concentrations. Maximum reduction was recorded with 45 mg at
pH 6 and minimum reduction was recorded with 15 mg at pH 5 and 8. Reduction in COD
was recorded at different pHs. With 45 mg coagulant, the maximum reduction was recorded
at pH 6 and minimum reduction was recorded with 15 mg at pH 5. The recorded values
showed that banana and orange peels caused a significant reduction in turbidity with different
concentrations at different pH. Maximum reduction in turbidity was recorded with 45 mg at
pH 6 and minimum reduction was recorded with 15 mg at pH 5 and 8. Significant reduction
in E. coh at different pH with different concentrations was observed with banana and orange
peels. Maximum reduction in F. coi was recorded with 45 mg at pH 6 and 8 and minimum
reduction was recorded with 45 mg at pH_ 5 as shown in Fig. 1.

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400 5 15 mg banana and orange peel

[25 mg banana and orange peel 45 ig banaha and orange peel

450 -
350 + E135 mg banana and orange peel &3 25 mg banana and orange peel
45 mg banana and orange peel 400 - 35 mg banana and orange peel
300 - 45 mg banana and orange peel
350 +
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ue) [35 mg banana and orange peel E135 mg banana and orange peel
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Fig. 1. Effect of different concentrations of banana and orange peel coagulant on BOD,
COD, turbidity, and EF. cof at different pH

Treatment with date seeds coagulant

It was observed that date seeds caused a significant reduction in BOD at different pH
with different concentrations. With an increase in concentration, a continuous decrease in
BOD was recorded. Maximum reduction was recorded with 45 mg at pH 6, and minimum
reduction was recorded with 15 mg at pH 5, 7, and 8. Similar results were recorded for COD,
turbidity, and E. cof as an increase in the concentration of coagulant results in a continuous
decrease. Moreover, a maximum reduction in COD, turbidity, and EF. cof was recorded at 45
mg at pH 6, and a minimum reduction was recorded at 15 mg at pH 5. The recorded values
showed that date seeds caused a significant reduction in COD, turbidity, and FE. cof with
different concentrations at different pH as indicated in Fig. 2.

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Fig. 2. Effect of different concentrations of date seeds coagulant on BOD

Treatment with PAC and alum

It was observed that PAC and alum caused a significant reduction in different

physicochemical parameters and E. co/ at different pH with different concentrations. With an

increase in the concentration of coagulants, a decrease in different parameters was recorded.
Maximum reduction was recorded with 45 mg at pH 6 and minimum reduction was recorded

with 15 mg at pH 7 as shown in Fig. 3.

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Fig. 3. Effect of different conc. of PAC and alum coagulant on BOD

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2

‘Treatment with Ca

cation and bleaching powder
It was observed that Ca** cation and bleaching powder caused a significant reduction in

all the observed parameters at different pH with different concentrations. With the increase

in concentration continuous decrease was recorded in all studied parameters. Maximum

reduction was recorded with 45 mg at pH 6 and minimum reduction was recorded with 15 mg

at pH 5 as shown in Fig. 4.

398

Pace

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6} International Journal of Innovations in Science & Technology

400: 450 5 15 mg cation and 5 mg bleaching
15 mg cation and 5 mg bleaching powder
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350 | pewaey : F (25 mg cation and 10 mg bleaching
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100 - £335 mg cation and 15 mg bleaching powder bleaching powder
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pH level

pH level

Fig. 4. Effect of different concentrations of Ca’ cations and bleaching powder coagulant on
BOD, COD, turbidity, and EF. cof at different pH

Treatment with ferric chloride and alum

The diverse and proficient results were observed with ferric chloride and alum
combination. Significant reduction in BOD, COD, and turbidity at different pH with different
concentrations was observed. Maximum reduction with all studied parameters such as BOD,
COD, turbidity, and FE. cof was recorded with 45 mg at pH 6 and minimum reduction was
recorded with 15 mg at pH 8, pH 5, pH 5, and pH 8 respectively. It was observed that ferric
chloride and alum cause significant reduction in E. co# at different pH with different
concentrations. With an increase in concentration, a continuous decrease was recorded.
Maximum reduction was recorded with 45 mg at pH 6 and little reduction was recorded with
45 mg at pH_ 5 as shown in Fig. 5.

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6} International Journal of Innovations in Science & Technology

ane 450 | 15 mg ferric chloride and 5 mg
15 mg ferric chloride and 5 alum
+B mg alum 400 -
350 g . 25 mg ferric chloride and 10 mg
g 25 mg ferric chloride and 10 350 | alum
300 - j mg alum
y 35 mg ferric chloride and 15 300 -
350 4 g mg alum =
ba _
= ba 45 mg ferric chloride and 20 Pe 7
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150 - g 150 -
y
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B Gs 50 4
50 - Ed Mi e ‘ a
Initial pHS pH6 pH7 ~~ pHs 0 ee ‘ie 4
pH level Initial =pH5 pH6 pH7 pH8
PH level
sal] . . a 15 mg ferric chloride and 5 mg
15 mg ferric chloride and 5 mg alum alum
‘60 25 mg ferric chloride and 10 mg alum Ww 25 mg ferric chloride and 10 mg
35 mg ferric chloride and 15 mg alum 60 alum
1 & 35 mg ferric chloride and 15 mg
45 mg ferric chloride and 20 mg alum alum
_80 7 50 + & 45 mg ferric chloride and 20 mg
_
3 = alum
= 5 40 4
£60 | =
= $30 -
5 wi
=
40 - 20 -
10 4
20 +
0 4
0-H ‘ : ; -10 -
Initial pH5 pH6 pH7 — pH8 Initial pHS pH6 pH7 pH8
pH level pH level

Fig. 5. Effect of different concentrations of ferric chloride and alum coagulant on BOD,
COD, turbidity, and EF. cof at different pH

DISCUSSION

Water resources are becoming inadequate in their clean state because of industrial

advancements in recent years. Water pollution harms human health and the environment [15].
Waste water of the food industry comprises numerous pollutants and contaminants that are
taking an equal role in raising ecological issues [16].
In developing countries, including Pakistan, waste water is not properly treated and is usually
discarded without treatment [17]. This untreated waste water discharge is the cause of many
diseases directly either by mixing in water bodies or indirectly by irrigating crops. For water
treatment, chemical coagulants are used. Harmful effects and sludge production in large
quantities by using chemical coagulants increase the need for alternatives. Natural coagulants
are being used to treat waste water and improve water quantity. The major aim of the present
work was to evaluate the microbial load in wastewater from oil industries and waste water
treatment using coagulants.

The waste water samples were collected from Khalis Group of Industries, Hamza
Vegetable Oil Refinery, Ghee Mills, and Momin Cooking Oil and Ghee Mills Lahore. All the
significant parameters like COD, BOD, turbidity, pH, and FE. co were measured.

The impact and influence of all these parameters differ in different samples of wastewater
because of a load of biological and non-biological content in polluted water. The present study
has been based on the effectiveness of some of the commonly used coagulating agents. These
coagulating agents were used to treat the polluted wastewater released from the edible oil

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industry. The unstable experimental situation evaluated the industrial effluents. Various
thickening agents conducted the practical work. However, some of them were discarded at the
initial stage because of less productivity and inefficiency.

The impact of the dose of coagulants, pH, and composition of the coagulating agents

was investigated to evaluate the experimental methodology's proficiency. Residual agricultural
waste especially seeds, fruit shells, and peels are significant to be used as adsorbents to treat
wastewater. The usage of agricultural residual to treat waste water not only enhances the value
of residual waste but also reduces the growing problem to treat this residual waste [18, 19].
It was observed that parameters like COD, BOD, turbidity, and pH describing the quality of
water have values significantly higher as compared to National Standards for Drinking Water
Quality commonly known NEQS standards [20]. COD, BOD, and turbidity were higher in
sample KGI. TVC, TCC, and E. coli were also higher in KGI as compared to HVO and MCO
which indicates that excessive presence of BOD in waste water has strongly influenced the
physicochemical properties of water given by the World Health Organization (WHO) and
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [21].

It was observed that 15mg banana and orange peel showed a high reduction in BOD at pH
8. One of the reasons for the higher reduction of BOD at such a low concentration of natural
coagulant is might be due to the presence of nitrogen, sulfur atoms, and carboxylic acids like
compounds in banana peel, and similarly orange peels are also rich in citric acid. A total of
45mg banana and orange peels coagulant showed maximum reduction in BOD and COD at
pH 8. Nearly 15 mg and 25 mg of banana and orange peels coagulant reduced maximum COD
at pH 5 respectively. Turbidity was decreased by 45 mg banana and orange peel coagulant at
pH 8, while a maximum reduction in E. cof (CFU) was observed at pH 5. The results were in
concordance with the work of Beatrice and co-researchers who reported that banana peels can
be used as a substitute for chemical coagulant as it reduces the BOD, COD, turbidity, and
many metals in waste water. However, it increases nitrites, iron, and manganese. Hence,
additional treatment is required [22]. In another study, an effective result was recorded at pH
4 with banana and orange peel against leather effluents [23]. However, in one mote study best
results with banana and orange peel were found at pH 6-8 [24] and similar findings were
noticed in our study.

Date seeds have greater potential to work as antioxidants, anti-viral and anti-bacterial
agents. It was observed that 45 mg date seed showed a high reduction in BOD and COD at
pH 7. Total 15 mg date seed coagulant reduced maximum COD at pH 5. Turbidity was
decreased by 45 mg date seed coagulant at pH 8. While a maximum reduction in F. cof (CFU)
was observed at pH 5. The possible reason that E. co number is found reduced with natural
coagulants at low pH such as 4 and 5 is due to acidic conditions of the media that restrict the
growth of E. cof, the normal survival of this species is good at pH 7 and 8. Another study
indicated that dates removed 75% turbidity, 78% COD, 85% BOD, and 88% total coliform
in wastewater. The removal efficiency of dates is slightly lower as compared to other
coagulants [25]. In various studies date seeds that were chemically modified as nano-particle
or simply treated with chemicals showed promising results against waste water [26, 27].

The experimental work with natural coagulants indicates that the removal rate of COD,
BOD, turbidity, and FE. coi has been increased with the increased dosage of coagulants and
produced eco-friendly effects. At lower rate efficiency is less however, efficiency improves by
surging the dose of coagulants. It is previously known that the removal efficiencies of different
natural coagulants are different. Therefore, the selection of coagulants is important for
efficient treatment [28].

It was observed that all the chemical coagulants (PAC with alum, Ca” cation with
bleaching powder, ferric chloride with Alum) reduced the physicochemical indicators and
microbial load when used in small concentrations at different pH.

It was observed that a little quantity of chemical coagulant is sufficient for water
treatment. While a large quantity or high dose of natural coagulant is required to treat
wastewater. Moreover, natural coagulants showed an irregular pattern of efficiency when used
to reduce BOD, COD, and turbidity. This study indicated that natural coagulants are less
effective to improve the quality of water. While chemical coagulants raised health and

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oven access International Journal of Innovations in Science & Technology

environmental issues so there is a need to go with environment-friendly strategies [29].
CONCLUSION

In developing countries like Pakistan, waste water is discarded without treatment which
increases the risk of diseases by many folds. For the waste water treatment, chemical and
natural coagulants were used. It was concluded that chemical coagulants were more efficient
to treat waste water than natural coagulants. However, a detailed study is required to select a
more appropriate and to find a natural coagulant. As natural coagulants are environment
friendly and better remedies to adopt.

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