JPRS 74432
23 October 1979
USSR Report
RESOURCES
No. 898
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JPRS 74432
23 October 1979
USSR REPORT
RESOURCES
No. 898
CONTENTS PAGE
ELECTRIC POWER AND POWER EQUIPMENT
Merits of Charvakskaya GES Enumerated
(A. Sadykov, V. Skrebnev; PRAVDA, 1 Sep 79) eeeeeeeeveeee 1
Alternate Energy Sources Reviewed
(M. Bakirov; VYSHKA, 12 Sep 79) eeeeeeoeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 3
Progress on Nichnekamskaya GES
(A. Kirillov; KRASNAYA ZVEZDA, 20 Aug 79) eeeeeeeveaeeeaeee 6
Work on Rovenskaya AES Proceeds Smoothly
(I. Pashchuk; RABOCHAYA GAZETA, 28 Aug 79) ceccccoccceces 9
Electrical Equipment Minister on Next Five-Year Plan
(A. Antonov; SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA, 24 Aug 79) . 12
antonov on Electric Equipment Industry
(A. Antonov; IZVESTIYA, 20 Sep 79) eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 17
Benefits and Problems of Dmestr River GES
(Ss. a TRUD, 15 Sep 79) eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaee 23
Antonov on llth Five-Year Plan
(A. K. Antonov; EKONOMICHESKAYA GAZETA, Sep 79) eeeeeeeee 25
CEMA Cooperation in the Field of nergy
(V. Begishev; PRAVDA UKRAINY, 15 Aug 79) eeeeeeeeseeeeeee 27
Briefs
Tuvinskaya ASSR Electrification
Transmission-Line Tower Construction
Nizhnekamskaya GES
Power Lines in Dagestan
Ssss
-a- [III - USSR - 37]
CONTENTS (Continued)
Surgutskaya GRES
Maryyskaya GRES
Installation of Raovenskaya Reactor
FUELS AND RELATED EQUIPMENT
Gas Regions, Producing and Predicted, Rated by Network
Scheduling
(Yu. I. Maksimov; IZVESTIYA SIBIRSKOGO OTDELENIYA
AKADEMII NAUK SSSR. SERIYA OBSHCHESTVENNYKH NAUK,
May 79) SECC EEE HEHEHE ETE HEE E EE
Advanced Extraction Equipment Lacking at Uzen' Oilfield
(V. Timonin; PRAVDA, 18 Sep 79) eeeeeeeeveeev ee ee ee eee
Page
31
31
31
ELECTRIC POWER AND POWER EQUIPMENT
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Moscow PRAVDA in Russian 1 Sep 79 p 3
{Article by Academician A. Sadykov, president of the Uzbek SSR
Acacemy of Sciences and V. Skrebnev, chairman - the Uzbek SSR
Gosetroy: “In the Mountain Spurs of Tien Shan”
.Text. The Charvakskaya GES, conceived and built as a unique
hydrotechnical installation, is playing a great role in the
solution of a number of our entire republic's important economic
protlems. The commissioning of this highly efficient hydrotech-
nical installation opens the means for improving the supply of
water to 460,000 hectares of irrigated land and for bringing
150,000 hectares of new land under irrigation. The seasonal
reculation of the river Chirchik's flow and the creation of a
two-billion cubic meter reservoir as part of a hydraulic develop-
ment for improving irrigation conditions has provided, particu-
larly during the previous run of low-water years, a surplus of
more than 230,000 tons of cotton wool during those years and has
increased the productivity of other crops in Tashkentskaya Oblast.
At its refulated output of 600,000 kilowatts, the GES in one year
senerates two billion kilowatt-hours of electric power, the
cost of which is five to six times less than the cost
such large-scale thermal electric stations as the Tashkent
and Syrdar’ in stations, which operate on fuel oil.
Operational practice has proven the high efficiency of the Char-
vakskaya complex. 6y 1978 all capital investments in the con-
struction of the GES had been completely recouped.
The Charvakskaya G&S reflects the latest achievements of the
scientific-technical thought of Soviet hydroelectric power spe-
cialists. This hydraulic development in the Tien Shan mountain
spurs is one of the examples of construction art.
The hydraulic development's dam, 168 meters high wit!l a crest
approximately a kilometer long, is in an area of geologically
complex mountain formations having force-eight seismic activity.
In world-wide hydroenergetics it is the first dam to be built
uSing local materials. The derarture from classical concrete
construction has made possible the total elimination of expendi-
tures for an entire complex of concrete plants and sifting ma-
chines, and has permitted the acquisition of the corresponding
equipment. The dam turned out to be 35 to 40 percent less expen-
Sive and its construction time was cut by three years. A complex
of desig, scientific and experimental operations (ircluding
those done on a specially constructed test range) has made pos-
sible the selection of the optimal methods of preparation and
tampins of loamy soil and rocky material, ensuring the dam's
solidity and water-tightmess.
The e“rectiveness of capital investments rose significantly thanks
to “ne early engagement of the GES‘s urits at reducec pressures
while the dam was still under construction. The SZS output was
subsequently stepped up to its desigmed power.
The hydraulic development’s structures were outfitted with a
great many pieces of specially designed equipment, the creation
of which is of greet scientific and technical value.
The results of complex experiments carried out in the summer of
197% when the reservoir was filled and all of tne GES's struc-
tures anc equipment were brought up to design pressures, regula-
tions and parameters have once again affirmed the hizh quality
of construction and installation work and the reliability of the
scientific-technical decisions adopted.
n efficiency and complexity, reliability and durability, and
the modern level of technical progress and aestheticc--that’'s
wnat characterizes this hydraulic development.
In November of 1977 Comrade L.I. Brezhnev, general secretary of
i
the CPSU Central Committee and chairman of the Presidium of the
'SSR Supreme Soviet, warmly congratulated all the participants
in the development’s construction, noting their selfless labor.
The creation and assimilation of the Charvakskiy hydraulic
ievelopment hus on its merits been nominated to competition for
tne USSR State Prize.
c+
Jie
730: 1622
ELECTRIC POWER AND POWER EQUIPMENT
ERNATE ENERGY SOURCES REVIEWED
Baku VYSHKA in Russian 12 Sep 79 p 2
Article by M. Bakirov, manager of the radiation research sec-
tor of the Azerbaijan SSR Academy of Sciences and doctor of
physical and mathematical sciences: “The Treasures of Radiant
Enerry™ |
[Text] The goal that’s been set before our specialists is the
extraction and utilization of so-called natural ener:;y in the
economy. The situation taking shape in world energetics affirms
the importance of the course that has been taken. I'm sure that
solar and wind energy have a great future. What's been said here
pertains especially to our republic, where the nighest possible
number of sumny and windy days are recorded in the course of the
year. One of the advantages of these types of energy is that
they don’t pollute the environment. You will agree that this is
a factor of no little importance. Thus, experiments in our sec-
tor have already been conducted on several makes of automobiles
that run on a new hydrogen fuel, obtained throuch the use of ener-
ey from the sun and wind. Hydrogen gives away nothing to raso-
line, and instead of the harmful exhaust gases, ordinary water
is released. True, the cost of the new fuel is high for the time
beinrs, but it will, without a doubt, fall in the future. Ina
word, the prospects are enticing. Today in our sector, wind-
powered electric and photoelectric hydrogen installations have
already been developed which allow the extraction of hydroren
by the electrolysis of water. We've also constructed a solar
electrotechnical installation for implementing a thermochemical
process of obtaining acetylene; its main subassemblies have been
manufactured and installed.
jle’ve completed’ the installation <f an applied solar ener
plant for obtaining a fuel mixture through the eel ariel
decomposition of water. The plant's principle of operation is
also based on the use of solar rays. Under the influence of
heat from the latter, ordinary water, at the moment it passes
through a special transformer, is broken down and converted into
a fuel mixture.
We scientis:s have beer. highly excited about a recen~ resolution
of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers
"On the Improvement of Planning and the Strenrthenine of the Eco-
nomic Machinery’s Influence on the Rise in Production Efficiency
and the Quality of Work”. In it, once again, the role of the
achievements of science and technology in increasing the efficien-
cy of the entire economic system is emphasized, and attention is
devoted to the accelerated realization of scientific-technical
discoveries and developments that are directed at increasing the
rate of growth of efficient public labor and the quality of pro-
duction. The successful realization of these tasks to no small
degree depends also upon the efficiency of our labor.
On the other hand, the resolution makes it incumbent upon the
ministries, departmente and businesses to render more active
assistance to science. You know how it goes sometimes. You con-
fer with the productior workers, you convince them o* the advan-
tages of this same solar energy installation or, let's say, of
hydrogen fuel. You get the feeling that the person you're talk-
ing to interprets what you've said as fantasy: he becomes wary,
Dlays it safe, indicates some higher authority. Hell say that
permissic mn will have to come from above. The new resolution of
the CFSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers
aims to make the executives arm themselves more boldly with the
achievements of scientific-technical progress, and to see the
prospects for developing our sector and direct their efforts to-
wari attaining the ultimate results.
At this present stage, not only the individual scientist but even
a scientific colllective is unable to effectively solve more or
less large-scale scientific problems acting alone. Our sector
of radiation research maintains close ties with many scientific
in titutions within the republic and in the country. Thus, under
the Academy of Sciences’ system our sector coordinates the work
sroblems of semiconductor physics and hydrogen energetics with
institutes of physics, chemical processes and sp.ce research into
natural resources.
“orether with the Institute of Chemical Physics of the USSR Acad-
emy of Sclences we are conducting research into the radiation de-
composition of water with the aim of obtaining hydroven. The
laboratory of ferroelectric materials maintains communications
witn a number of scientific research establishments in foreign
suitries concerning the study of problems of the structure of
tielectric and electric properties of ferroelectric materials
wid their practical utilization.
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LECTRIC POWER AND POWER EQUIPKENT
mrs
ROGRESS ON NIZHNEFAMSKAYA GES
h.oscow KRASNAYA ZVEZDA in Russian 20 Aug 79 p 2
Article by A. Kirillov, doctor of technical sciences: “The
Pourth in Cascade”
Text. It was recently reported in our paper thei the first of
the hizhnekamskaya GES's generating units | been brought into
service. Adopting prorressive methods cf cc tion, hydro-
_
electric technicians ‘installed it tn four monthe.
“hy has this fact attracted attention? First of all, it is be-
cause the construction of the Nizhnexamskaya GES completes the
reation of a hydroelectric complex on the Kama. The first node
in th ascade is located near Perm’, the second rises close to
ity of Chaykovskiy, and the third is alonsside the city of
tkinesk. Alonrside the new center of automobile construction
n tr ‘ity of Naberezhnyye Chelny the fourth step of the cascade,
th izhnekamexaya SES, has begun supplying current. One more
ter Ass been taken toward completinsc the tasks of the 10th PFive-
Year ilan, the prorrams of which envisioned brincine the produc-
Of fF electrical power up to 1.34 to 1.3% billion kilowatt-hours
immy of two million soviet electrical workers steadfastly re-
ives the tasks set before the rarty and the ,overnnment. n
fccember of last year, for example, the unique hydroa;r;regate
at ti sayaro-Shushernsxaya GES, which has a power output of
9,000 ¥ilowatt-nours, was the first to provide industrial cur-
inead of schedule. A160 put into service were the larre-
rle hydroelectric a ‘ervates at the Nurekskaya, Irticurskaya and
ya .*3Ses. The production of electrical ererry in our coun-
in the last year reached 1.20 billion kilowatt-hours, which,
th 1975, constitutes a 15.7 percent increase. In
mparison wi
irst half of the present year 621 billion kilowatt-hours of
trical enerry have been produced.
,
The technical level of electrical power engineering has iilso been
raised and the economic indicators of the economic activity of
energy systems and electrical power stations have been improved.
Thus, the unit expenditure of fuel per kilowatt-hour has decreas-
ed by more than eight grams, which will ensure a savings of 15
million tons of conventional fuel within the limits of our sec-
tor. The efficiency of fuel utilizaion achieved is in keeping
with the goals of the Five-Year Plan.
The Nizhnekamskaya GES will also make its contribution in the
struggle for economy and for improving the production of elec-
trical energy. The combined output of its 16 power units will
total 1.25 million kilowatts. The GES will produce 2.7 billion
kilowatt-hours of electrical energy per year, which will permit
a yearly savings of 1.2 million tons of conventional fuel and
will free the 5,200 persons whose labor would be required to pro-
duce the same amount of electrical energy at a thermal station.
In 1979 power engineers and power station builders have been as-
Signed strenuous goals concerning the rates of growth of effi-
cient labor, decreases in the unit costs for the production of
electrical energy, industrial goods, construction and installa-
tion works and other planning indicators. Along with the machine
builders, they are also confronted with achieving an improvement
in the technical-economic characteristics of the equipment. How-
ever, there is a good example of such work in the field already.
This was the reconstruction not long ago of the hydrogenerators
at the Bratskaya GES, as a result of which the output of the elec-
tric station increased by 400,000 kilowatts.
In the course of building projects and operating and maintaining
equipment, any possible reduction in that portion of work ac-
complished by low-productive manual labor is also of great sig-
nificance. Incidentally, this requirement was considered in a
practical manner during the construction of the Nizhnekamskaya
GES. In its units new technical solutions were employed which
Significantly accelerated the speed of construction, allowed a
reduction of labor expenditures and permitted an increase in the
work quality.
For example, during the installation of the GES building, such
designs were used for the floodgate slots as would make possible
the achievement of higher precision and exclude the labor-consum-
ing concrete-mold work which was unavoidable with the previous
method. Exhaust tubes of complex geometric form are cast in con-
crete, uSing standard prefabricated elements, which sharply re-
duce* labor consumption and the time needed for this work. The
installation of the equipment make wide use of reinforced ele-
ments, etc.
The acceleraticn of scientific-technical progress in electric
power production and an increase in the qualitative indicatcrs
of economic activity are inseparably linked with the further im-
provement of the work of scientific-research and desig organi-
zations. In our sector special significance is attached to the
strengthening of close ties between these organizations and pro-
duction, and the concentration of attention on the main trends in
technical progress. Today the collectives of the electric power
stations, businesses, construction, installation and maintenance
organizations, and the scientific-research and desig institutes
of the USSR Minergo direct their efforts to the solution of these
and other tasks.
ELECTRIC POWER AND POWER EQUIPMENT
WORK ON ROVENSKAYA AES PROCEEDS SMOOTHLY
Kiev RABOCHAYA GAZETA in Russian 28 Aug 79 p 1
LArticle by RABOCHAYA GAZETA correspondent I. Pashchuk: “The
Closer to the Finish..." ]
[Text] In the office of V.B. Sukhonosenko, party committee sec-
retary for a key republic Komsomol construction project, is a
network schedule of the construction and installation work at
the Rovenskaya AES.
“In one year,” he ran the pointer along a rising line, “the face
of the construction platform has changed so much as to be un-
recognizable: new parts of the building complex have sprung up
which now are already fitted out with equipment. The construc-
tion and installation plan, according to the chief general con-
tractor, is committed to completion by Power Specialists’ Day.
In addition, we will bring it in at 400,000 rubles under bud-
get.”
At the construction site they speak highly of "“Yuzhteploenergo-
montazh", a harmonious collective in the installation sector.
It completed 130 percent of the plan for the second quarter, and
108 percent of the plan for the first half of the year. The
thermal equipment fitters installed more than one hundred pieces
of equipment, erected re gr taco systems and a deaerator for
the first turbine, laid 640 tons of piping, completely enclosed
the high and low-pressure cylinders, and installed the generator
stator. Now they are successfully carrying out work on the num-
ber-two turbine: ahead of schedule they are installing the tech-
nical equipment, the pipelines and the junctions on the main
circular contour in the reactor compartment.
"It's easy to work with such people," says E.T. Shevchenko, chief
engineer at the Kharkov turbine plant, who is supervising the
installation of the turbines. “We'll manage it within the speci-
fied time."
Such an attitude is commendable. However, ever. the related en-
terprises end suppliers must maintain the rapid pace. You know
thet delays in providing equipment still occur, and that it hap-
pens at building sites still under construction, which slows
down the installation. The Pecherskoe administration, for ex-
ample, held up the delivery of oil-pipeline flanges, equipment
needed for oil coolers.
In order to install the turbine pipelines it's necessary to
nut together multileveled horizontal and vertical systems of
scaffolding, but not out of just anything. The construction ad-
ministration of an atomic power plant can't get by without sup-
Dlies of wood materials, and the lack of wood has already begun
to slow up the installation crews.
dater cooling tower number one is being built alons the draft
fan pipe. This unit is not ordinary in purpose or in dimen-
Sions. The water cooling tower rises 150 meters overhead--almost
twice as high as those in operation today. The unit will cool
100,000 cubic meters of water per hour, water necessary for the
operation of the first power unit.
"We're sticking to the set pace," says Z.G. Gamrixeli, chief en-
Sineer for construction management. “Every two days we raise
the collar one and a half meters, and we've gone up a total of
104 meters."
The work of the “Energovysotspetsstroy” high-steel men is re-
sponsible. They work essentially on wooden boards alone, along
both sides of which is empty space. The thickness of the cool-
ing tower is only 210 mm, which means that it's necessary to
fasten the metal casing with absolute precision so that sagging
doesn't occur. Examples of this selfless labor are provided by
fitters V. Leventsev and 0. Sukhonov, crane operators L. Ryabov
and A. Pagoda and cement truck drivers 0. Zhuvak, S. Leus and
others.
The fitters busy in the reactor compartment do not lag behind
their neighbors. The work is organized into three shifts. The
ace is brisk.
"We're installing the internal structural frames for the cover-
ing," says }..T. Tkachenko, team leader for the "“Yuzhenergomon-
tazh" section. "They deliver materials in accordance with the
orders without delays. There's almost no loss of work time."
But things aren't like this at all the construction sites. The
pace has slackened on the construction of the unified auxiliary
framework.
“We're 50 or 60 workers short of the number we'd need to stay
on schedule,” said V.G. Paseka, head of construction manage-
ment sector number three. “Deliveries of necessary equipment,
sucn as oxygen cylinders, is frequently hampered...”
Those in arrears to the atomic power plant builders are: the
Svetlovodskiy, Dneprodzerzhinskiy and Pridneprovskiy reinforced
concrete products plants, the Kiev plant for experimental con-
struction, the Kukharovskiy boiler equipment plant aid the Bag-
leyskiy auxiliary doiler equipment and pipeline plant. For the
first half of the year they are in arrears 1,929 cubic meters of
reinforced concrete and 1,786 tons of metal structural material.
In spite of the temporary difficulties, the builders are working
at full output. This guarantees that by the end of the year the
Plant will put out its first kilowatt-hours of electric power.
ELECTRIC POWER AND POWER EQUIPMENT
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT MINISTER ON NEXT FIVE-YEAR PLAN
Woscow SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA in Russian 24 Aug 79 p 2
(Article by A. Antonov, minister of the USSR Electrical Equipment In-
dustry: “New Technology - The Way to Economy” |
Text] For a number of years now a distinctly elaborated system
of economizing material resources has been in effect in the elec-
trotechnical industry. It has absorbed several trends. These
are: the mastery and dissemination of new forms of production
with reduced material consumption, the introduction of progres-
sive technological processes, the perfection of methcds of estab-
lishing norms and the storage and stock-taking of everything
which must go into production. The final goal is that all growth
in the volume of production output is ensured without drawings
substantially upon basic materials - rolled metal, to begin with.
Just what is the result? This is what the analysis shows: in the
2° Five-Year Plan specific quotas for the expenditure of rol-
led ferrous metals in the sector were reduced by 21.6 percent; in
the current Plan, they will decrease by another 16.2 percent, but
even with this, for each single percent in growth of the consump-
tion of rolled metal there will be an increase in production 1.3
times greater than that in the 9th Five-Year Plan. From 1975
to 1979 the output volume of electrotechnical products has grown
by more than a quarter, while the consumption of rolled ferrous
metals has grown only by nine percent, copper by three percent
and lead by five. As early as the beginning of the 10th Five-
Year Plan workers in the sector saved 252,000 tons of steel and
20,009 tons of copper, lead, etc. A great deal of other mater-
ials, fuel and electrical energy was saved.
In the next, the iith Five-Year Plan, conserved metal will
acquire even greater significance in the fulfilment of State
plans. In comparison with the 10th Five-Year Plan, our sec-
tor will almost have to double the production output for each
percent increase in the consumption of rolled ferrous metals in
le
the years 1981-1985. Their unit cost is planned to decrease
another 26.5 percent. This is one of our basic, knotty prob-
lems, toward the solution of which efforts are being directed
all aiong the line of “science-technology-production".
The major portion of the savings can be achieved thanks to the
creation and mastery of new products that demand less material.
For this a system of measures has been worked out: there has been
introduced, for example, an ecoromic stimulation of scientific
research and experimental design work, organized according to
its real effectiveness; the procedure for conducting the exami-
nation of material consumption indicators has been reculated in
all technical jobs, without exception; a system of dynamic cost
analysis is being introduced which allows the most economical
desim and technological solutions, etc., to be brought to light.
Let us consider another thing: in many cases a reduction in the
weight of power machinery doesn't result in an ultimate eco-
nomic effect. Everything has a scientifically founded limit.
dhern we've reached it, we cause an unavoidabie reduction in its
characteristics, the coefficient of useful power and other para-
meters of the product. On the other hand, for example, such
products as switching equipment for high-voeltare electrical power
lines, which are material-consumptive for industry, present the
consumer with great savings in material and maintenance expendi-
tures. Consequently, scientific, planning and design organiza-
tions are enterprises which, in their activities, are obligated
to orient themselves toward the ultimate economic result, which
goes beyond the limits of the sector. This is why under the
heading of “economy” we include the increased reliability and du-
rability of the product, as well as the creation of specialized
desims adapted to specific conditions of operation. Asynchro-
nous motors in special agricultural equipment will serve as an
example, for they endure extremely severe conditions of operation
under the high moisture and dustiness of the environment.
One of our important trends is the incorporation (in desigms and
technology) of essentially new solutions. ‘io such work can be
attributed the research that's connected with the use of elec-
tronic methods in self-contained electrotechnical installations,
the creation of equipment for plasma and electron beam tech-
nolorsry, etc. Significant results can be expected from measures
taken to introduce low-waste technology into production.
Particularly efficient have been standardized articles of mass
Nnroduction. For example, the creation of a standardized series
of asynchronous motors has made it possible not only to sig-
nificantly raise their technical level but also to improve the
product list: the number of rarely-used modifications has been
13
sharply curtailed and universal desigms with increased range
of application have been mastered. As a result, the introduc-
tion of a technically advanced series has brougsht a simificant
Savines of metal and other materials: at practically the same
level of rolled metal consumption the output of motors in the
past 4-5 years has been increased 1.4 times.
Such work is now being conducted today on all types of massive
electrical equipmert.
The savings of material (to a significant degree) depends upon
our customers. Thus, questions about the correct use of electri-
cal equipment also come to the fore. Violations of established
norms and the incorrect selection of products for some conditions
or others unavoidably leads to the premature wear of tne equip-
ment, incomplete utilization of its problemsolving cepacity and,
consequently, to the appearance of artificially overestimated de-
MAN .
Towerad the goal of a more stringent system of material savings
our Ministry consicers it expedient to establish a procedure in
which the consumer of electrical equipment must coordinate the
Selection with the developers or other competent representatives
and organizations of the electrotechnical industry. The time has
come also for a review of a number of GOSTs (State standards) on
requirements for the operation of electrical equipmer.t. The
euarantee of concord between State interests in the area of mate-
rial savings and the interests of each of the consumers of our
products is being borne in mind. Such concord can only be achiev-
ed on the basis of a painstaking analysis of the conditions under
which our equipment will be used. This work is already being con-
ducted, and its scope will be broadened. What we're talking about
sere, in the final analysis, is the creation of an integral and
*le» ible system of direct two-way communication between producers
and consumers of electrotechnical equipment.
Today, approaching the end of the i0th Five-Year Plan, we are
ever. now drafting plans for the next period. In addition, we
irre devoting great attention to the formation of a work program
linked with the careful use of materials. Because of it we are
oeing suided by the index of economy as if it was one of the basic
indicators that determine the efficiency of our sector of indus-
try. The leading organizations have already expressed their con-
siderations, and they are now being brought together into a com-
nosite from which the tasks for all subunits in the years 1981-85
vill be determined.
In order to accelerate the introduction of new products which
“uarantee a sigificant reduction in the expenditure of material
in ovr sector itself and for the consumer, economic methods will
be employed wnich have been defined in the resolutior of the CPSU
Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers “On the Im-
provement of Planning and the Strengthening of the Economic Ma-
chinery’s Influence on the Rise of Production Efficiency and the
Quality of Work". However, in our opinion, the maximal effect
(meaning the savines of material) car be ensured only when the
methods of computing the evaluating indicators which character. e
the savines of materials acl ieved in the sector are clarified and
revised in a corresponding tanner. The working instructions of
the Ceatral Statistical Directorate do not take into account
those savings from the iniroduction of new technolory with re-
duced unit material consumption, increased period of service, im-
proved working conditions, etc.
The min'st ry has many times addressed the USSR Central Statistical Administra-
tion and the USSR Gosplan with proposals to improve them, however’, the question
is vet to be decided, and an important part of a practicably
attainable effect (thanks to the introduction of new technolory)
remains “beyond the bounds of accountability”.
Approximately one-half of the total volume of savinzs is sup-
posed to be attained thanks to the application of new materials,
the substitution of those raw materials in short supply, and
also because of the transition to progressive techno Logical pro-
cesses. Here it must be said that the problem of deiivering suca
materials for the electrotechnical industry has yet to be decid-
ed. Jt is for these materials that we have an acute requirement.
Until now the sectors were alloted limited funds for substitutes
and cast plastic, the application of which would allow fora
sharp reduction in the expenditure of rolled ferrous metals. We
also receive an insufficient volume of electrotechnical-grade
steel of high quality. Why, the lack of proper materials holds
up even the introduction of prosressive technological processes.
Because the ferrous and nonferrous enterprises do not deliver
high-precision perforated shaped stock or powdered iron or cop-
per, we are unable to save tens of thousands of tons of rolled
ferrous and nonferrous metals. Rolled metal of dimensions which
differ ereatly from those which were ordered still find their
way into the sector's enterprises. This leads to sreat losses.
In 1978 these losses made up about 15,000 tons. This is only
that portion of the loss that can be expressed in numbers with
sufficient certainty.
Isn‘t it true that we have the accumulated experience of an ef-
ficient collaboration of specialists in various sectors? This
is, however, only one example. A new class of electr« technical-
vrade steel and the new technology to produce co) d-rclled unal-
loyed isctropic steel with high magnetic properties have been de-
veloped ty engineers of the ferrous metallurgy and electrotech-
nical industry. Its application instead of that of hot-rolled
sheet steel in the manufacture of mass-produced foods in only
three years of the Five-Year Plan permitted a savings of about
70 tons of rolled steel. At the same time, heavy manual labor
was eliminated. In accordance with the provisions of the rece;.i
resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of
Ministers our ministry will actively participate in collaboration
with sector affiliates in complex prorrams for th< creation of
essentially new materials and replacement products for the elec-
trotechnical industry. The system of combined intersector over-
all programs has already proven its effectiveness. Aimed at
Saving materials, it will undoubtedly produce even weightier re-
Sults.
ELECTRICAL POWER ATD POWER WUIPRENT
AiTONOCV ON ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY
)oscow IZVESTIYA in Russian 20 Sep 79 p 2
Article by A. Antonov, minister of the USSR electric equip-
ment industry: “The ‘Small-Scale’ Electric Equipment Industry” |]
\Text] I wish to begin with a fact that relates to the history
of our erergsy productions along with the GOELRC
plan, the de legates to the 8th All-Russia Congress of
Soviets were handed a list on which were schematically arranred
the major directions for electrification. One of the arrows
pointed to Living quarters.
The creation and assimilation of home appliances is an integral
part of the party's multifaceted social program, directed at
imrrovineg the individual's way of life and standard of livin:.
\ substantial contribution to the solution to this tas is pro-
vided by the electrical equipment industry. Our appliances,
which have solidly entered people’s day-to-day lives--washins;s
machines, vaccuum cleaners, fans, irons, lamnos and many other
items--have been called upon to make housewor* easier and to
bates the level of comfort in the home. Today the selection of
items from the so-called small-scale electrical equipment in-
ductry exceeds 15C0 items. Approximately one-third of the nation-
al outnut of domestic equipment goes to enterprises within the
sector.
Recently, the electrical equipment industry has mastered the
production of and introduced into the market such modern products
necessary for the home as automatic washing machines, home air
conditioners, portable vaccuum cleaners, various items for person-
al hysiene and self-service appliances. These are products of
very complex technology. Their creation and assimilation re-
quires the same arsenal of resources that larre-scale electro-
technology demands. Qualified cadres of researchers and develop-
ers are needed, and it is necessary to fit enterprises with
77
-~
the latest technological equinment and to introduce noderm
methods of organizing production. t is precisely for this
creation of technology for the home that leadirg scientific
research and experimental desig orzcanizations in the sector
and 300 enterprises have been enlisted.
Much more remains to be done in order to make the outward
appearance, ease of operation and durable consumer cualities
of electric appliances answer the demands of the Soviet people.
In the Orancn much attention is being devoted to perfecting an
over-all system of quality control. All products of home tech-
nology are subject to certification. The dissemination of the
system of certification and quality control for home appliances
has served as a stimulus for raising their level of technolovy:
only three years aso the mark of quality was registered on 2
percent of the total production output of such items and today
this indicator has reached 42 percent, which corresponds to the
level set for the end of the fiveeyear plan.
In no way detracting from the significance of certification as
an imvortant stimulus in raising the quality of our products, it
is necessary tc note along with this that it only fixes their
technolorical level achieved at some particular stage. As we
are frequently convinced, however, a well-conceived design cannot
oe realized for quite a number of reasons: either we don’t have
some secessary materials, or the corresponding technology has not
been mastered, or production has not been prepared, etc. More-
over, *he quality of the article can be lost if it is not used
nder the conditions for which it was desiged. We have put be-
fore ourselves this task: to create such a system of measures
2s will ensure cne high quality of the product put in by the
lanner or the desimer, both in the production nvrocess and at
sta-es of the product's “life”, right up to the time it be-
comes obsolete.
4 special role in the development of such a system belongs to
»ver-all standardization, which will determine the mutually
linked demands of desig, production technolocy, materials,
methods of sellin, ready-made goods, furms of technical service;
in other words, overall star.dardization will establish the task
not only for developers of equipment for the home but also for
the oroducers, suppliers of raw materials, and also for trade
Sr anizations and consumers. Over-all standards in the sector
‘eveloped for products of lighting engineering, light sources,
electric heating elements, fruit juice makers and other forms of
‘ome technolosy as a matter of fact are long-term programs for
ievelonpin; the production of these fcrouns of wares. At the same
time, the quality standards of the products themselves, as well
as that cf the wiring, parts and materials used in them will be
ensured.
lonz with the increase ir the prosperity of the Soviet people,
he demand grows for electrical engineerinz products in the home.
f we say, for example, that ten years ago the annua’ unit ;ro-
uction of incandescent lamps and galvanic cells numbered in the
millions, then today the yearly demand for them exceeds one bil-
lion units, which, naturally, requires a powerful, hichly indus-
trialized production base. It is precisely for this reason that
the technical refitti-s of the shops, the moderniz-tion and re-
habilitation and the creation of modern, specializec plants have
seen established as the basis for executing the urrent plans and
social oblizations chosen by the sector for the 10th Five-Year
1a.
Amon, the hichly industrialized plants which produce small-scale
2lectrical equipment one could name the 3akinsxiy hone air con-
ditionins plant; snecialized shops for the production of wash-
in- machines at the Riza electrical machine constriction nlant;
shoos for the production of fans at the Yaroslavsiy electric
machine construction plant; and a number of lishtinre equintment
iInions--"Svetotekhnika” in Saransk, “Vatra” in Tirasool and
4 broad proscram for the introduction of new preduction capaci-
ties has beer worked out.
Qurin, the course of the present Five-Year Plan, reconstruction
nas besun on electric light plants in Saransz, Ufa, Tomsk and
ol tava. In L’vov, a large-scale electric light plant is being
cuilt, desismed to produce 320 million lamps per year. fProduc-
tior at the Tletskiy battery and “Prozhextornye '!;1i" plants,
at the “Akkumulyator” plant in Kursk and the “Sirius” plant in
laypedsk is expanding. With the engarement of these and other
production capacities, the norulation's demand for incandescent
lamps and salvanic batteries will be satisfied.
The broadest strata of the po»mlation employs home appliances.
For examole, a lathe unit with preset control is operated by a
specialist who's vone throuch the correspondin> trainin, but
often a man who hasn't the necessary skill to operate equipment
mie t deal with a washine machine. At the same tire, a modern
washines machine, such as the “Zvrika-Avtomat”, is a complicated
desim in which electrical rower equipment interacte with an
electronic mechanism. Nevertheless, its oneration is easily
nmeerstood by anyone, since it’s started with only the nush of
2 button. On the whole, one of the vceneral trends in the in-
“rovement of si! mall-scale electrical equipment is the introduc-
tion of automated mechanisms.
The operating conditior.s for modern home appliances are also
highly specific. Nore and more ofte.: they dictate their de-
mands to the enineeri:nc and technical facilities of livin;
quacters, the floor plans and the electrical outlets. That
sam automatic washing machine, for example, must be stationary
when connected to drains and water pipes; the use of an air con-
ditioner is provided for with changes in the window openiny: s.
One may continue with a number of such examples in which the
feasibility anc efficier.cy of utilizing home appliances gfocs be-
yond the Limits of the producer’s competency. de are convinced
that the inodern scone of the application of technolo, y in the
home vresents us with the problem of over-all plannins for the
home of t)« future. In this work the opinions of architects,
puildcers, icttrical enrineers and the creators of home applian-
ces should oe strictly coordinated and arrued out. Cnly then
will it be pnossible to achieve truly comfortable conditions for
aman in his house.
New demands for home appliances are now cropping up with respect
to the product's outward appearance. That which is intended for
man’s everyday life should be beautiful and comfortable. Attach-
ing “reat simmificance to the artistic form of of domestic pro-
ducts, we are » Degenneme to develop, aloir with cpecialists of
he L@'in{g tific Research Institute ry Teshnical
e 3. an over-all artistic desig program. whicn has as its
eoal | a aetermination of the principles of artistic design in home
appl lances and their embodiment in base-line models. de hope
that tre realizati-n of the program will also permi: us to in-
fluence to a certain derree the forming of consumer tuste.
And, finally, a very it.portant distinruishine feature of small-
seale electrical engineering ic the difficulty in identifyins
the true needs of the population for this product or that. Cne
may detesmine with this or that degree of accuracy the extent
of the demand for items such as washing machines, vaccuum clean-
ers, irons, ete., but it is very difficult to do this with brand-
new ~roducts. No one today can determine for sure what the de-
mand for dishwashers or clothes dryers will be in the coming
years. Such cuestions are cropping up more and more before the
producers of ‘ome appliances, and the answers to these greatly
letermine the rationality of selection policies.
r this manner, summing up all the specific problems in small-
seale electrical essineerine, we gee that, in order for electri-
ali home appliances to be durable, comfortable, reliable and
eafe in opersntion and in order for them to be really efficient
“lners of man, tho efforts of one sector are not crnoush. The
corresponding materials, technical equipment for the rooms and
w. objective and accurate evaluation of the neople's demand for
appliances in the home are needed. In other words, shat's re-
quired is a coordination of plans and more practice in the de-
velopment of production of goods for the population.
The resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Coun-
cil of Ministers, "On the Imvrovement of Plannig and the
Strenzthening of the Economic Machinery's Influence on the In-
crease of the Efficiency of Production and the Quality of ‘Jork,"
is also oriented toward an over-all interlinked solution to the
technical, economic and social tasks and toward overcoming a
narrow, bureaucratic approach to this matter. Only a coordi-
nation of efforts, agreements and mutual aid in the actions of
various ministeries can help in solving the broad circle of
problems. that are connected with the creation and assimilation of
hichly efficient equipment for the home.
Here is one such problem. In recent years there has been a sharn
rise in the demand for table and standard lamps. The production
of these lamps is increasing rather rapidly but it still hasn‘t
manased to satisfy the population's demand. This is, first of
all, due to a shortfall in the production of plastic-film and
Lishtinz-engineerins materials at enterprises in the chemical,
lishntins and paper industries. No small contribution to in-
creasing the output of lamps for the home could have been made by
local industry. At the enterprises of local industry they can
exrediently orpanize the production of parts from ceramics,
norcelain, wood and other decorative materials and sup»nly them
to the electrical engineering industry by way of cooperatives.
Our cooneration with commerce requires improvement, also. In-
dustry, in fact, is oriented toward satisfyins the demands of
commerce but, unfortunately, they do not always reflect the true
dimensions of the demand. This, incidentally, serves as one of
the reasons for interruptions in the lamp trade. As it turned
out, a reat many lamps intended for the retail market went to
Satisfy the needs of industry, communal domestic households and
transportation. It is thought that the work bersun by the USS
wintorgs (Ministry of Trade) along with the industrial ministries
on the creation of an over-all system of studying and predicting
the demand for domestic-use soods will help to eliminate the mis-
calculations that have been made. The snecialized comnany stores
of Minelektrotekhprom (Ministry of the Electrical Equipment In-
dustry) in various cities in the country should become a freat
heln in the practical study of the demand for home appliances.
It seems necessary to master the economic mechanism that closely
links the material incentives of the workers in commerce with
that of the producers of goods for the home.
Now a few words on component parts. Many industrial ministries
which produce complex domestic equinment run up against great
difficulties when obtaining products from cooperatives which
often determine both the operational reliability and the func-
tional potential of this or that device. There's a certain re-
Sistance shown not only by plants in cooneratirs sectors but
also by enterprises within the jurisdiction of the Minelektro-
tekhprom, since component parts are not counted by it as consum-
er ;oods.
It's necessary for the State planning bodies to establish a sys-
tem under which the organization of the production of component
parts for domestic trade would be profitable for the enterprises,
which would then be stimulated themselves in a corresponding
manner. In our opinion, in some cases the assignment to produce
component parts could be basic and even natural for those enter-
prises. For example, for a plant such as “Miasselektroapparat”
(expansion unkrowr), which provides the vaccuum motors for prac-
tically every manufacturer of vaccuum cleaners in the country,
this production could be considered as primary in resard to the
output of consumer ,oods. In similar situations the potential
broadens for solvins questions of integrating component units
and individual parts, obtaining the maximal effect from the or-
-anizvation of specialized production, and lowerin:s the unit cost
of the product.
The resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Coun-
cil of Yinisters ruts at our disposal new controls for imoroving
the entire economic mechanism of the socialist economy and for
betterin~ the efficiency of social production in the name of in-
creased »%rosperity for Soviet people. It's important to use
tnese potentials sensibdly with maximum efficiency.
9512
‘3C: 1522
ELECTRIC POWER AND POWER EQUIPMENT
BENEFITS AND PROBLEMS OF DNESTR RIVER GES
Moscow TRUD in Russian 15 Sep 79 p 4
(Commentary by S. Frokopchuk: “Water and Energy” ]
(\Text] On the Dnestr, construction has begun of a unique complete
hydraulic development which differs from other similar designs in
that it allows for the immediate solution of four economic tasks.
The beast, you'll have to admit, was somewhat sinister. The
crirding of the huge ice floes, as they rose up on their legs and
were driven by heavy spring floods, seemed to carry for hundreds
of versts. The bluish-grey blocks, resting one upon the other,
clambered up on the sently sloping banks. The Dnestr seemed to
get mad.
Is it this way often?
Add it up, every five years...
There was worry and alarm written on the face of V.A. Yaremchuk,
secretary of the Kamenets-Podol‘skiy party raykom: there's trouble
ahead if extraordinary measures are not undertaken. Why, it's
here, and not only here, that they know the power anc the insid-
iousness of this river's spring floods. The damage that it in-
flicts is estimated in the millions of rubles. That's the way it
was.
And here I am azair on the Dnestr. It's autumn. The weather's
warm. The Dnestr's now gentle and quiet beyond recognition.
Prom a height, the panorama of the Dnestrovskiy complete hydraulic
development is literally spread before your eyes.
The construction project is unique. Its unusualness is concealed
in its very name-a complete hydraulic development. In the first
place, the electric energy produced at the hydroelectric station
will be indispensible for the Ukraine's southern electrosystem
e3
during peak hours. In the second place, the three-b.llion cubic
met2r reservoir will supply water to a number of oblasts and
wil! irrigate 470,900 hectares of presently poor soi in the
Ukraine and Moldavia. Finally, the hydraulic system will bring
to a minimum the damages to hundreds of villages and cities
caused by the wayward river. Mogilev-Podol'skiy, by the way,
was flooded this springs by waters of the Dnestr. During high
water, the flow will be “doled out” by the SES‘s dam. It will
rusn throuzh six tunnels to the turbines and also through twelve
special apertures in the body of the dam.
However, this isn*t the only unique thing about the hydraulic
development. Twenty kilometers downstream from the G&S, the
builders are confronted with building a so-called “little sea"-
a buffer reservoir. There one more electric power station will
rise-a hydraulic accumulator. At nicht, on holidays and on off-
days, when there's not a requirement for a great amount of elec-
trical enerzy, the station's turbines, working like »umps, will
traisfer water from the lower level to the higher level, as if
aceumulatins it for future work. During peak load hours when
electrical enersy is needed, the water will rush in the usual
direction-down with the river's flow, where it will bezin to turn
the turbines.
™ut this is in the future. Now, the first unit of the GES‘s hy-
draslic development should begin producing current as early as
the end of 1980.
Unfortunately, the fulfillment of these tasks is under a threat
of work stoppage. Tne rate of laying concrete is being held up
by tne deliveries of cement and rolled metal. These materials,
so necessary for the construction, are being delivered in quan-
tities smaller than are required. There's a constant arrhythmia
moth in the livins quarters and in social services construction.
‘he project requires more appreciable aid on the part of oblast
yrcanizations and the USSR Ministry of Imergetics and Electrifi-
‘ation.
ZLECTRIC POWER AND POWER EQUIPMENT
ANTONOV ON 11TH FIVE-YEAR PLAN
Moscow EKONOMICHESKAYA GAZETA in Russian No 38, Sep 79 p 2
‘Article by A.K. Antonov, minister of the electrical equipment
industry: "The Electrical Equipment Industry" ]
Text] In the review "The Electrical Equipment Industry” (weekly No.
31) an objective economic analysis was given of the work in the
sector on the further improvement of the efficiency of production,
and the execution of the annual and Five-Year Plans. As was only
fair, the shortcomings were noted along with the positive results.
The Board of the Minelectrotekhprom has committed leaders of man-
agement and unions to mobilize with scientific research institutes
and conduct an over-all inquiry into those enterprises which have
systematically not carried out their tasks and to draft a system
of measures to undo the “bottlenecks” and to eliminate the causes
of interference in stable and efficient work. In connection with
the lag in fulfilling the plan for deliveries of electrical equip-
ment for diesel locomotives, and also the breakdown of individual
turtbosenerators manufactured by the “Zletrotyazhmash” plant in
Kharkov, measures for rendering aid to the plant have been review-
ed and approved by the board. Control over the execution of these
measures has been established
The ministry has analyzed the causes of the inefficient utiliza-
tion existing in the power sector. The further increase in the
work shift coefficient of equipment and the mechanization of in-
dustrial processes is being held up by shortfalls in a number of
specialized techrological processes. A program for the creation
of an industrial production base for the manufacture of special-
ized technological equipment is now being realized for the suc-
cessful solution to this question. Its output will te earmarked
for an independent subsector which will be given the responsibil-
ity for the technical refitting of the corresponding processes in
all enterprises. An intensive development of the production of
such equipment is foreseen. For the 11th Five-Year-Plan, its
25
production will increase two-fold. This will soon make possible
a sharp reduction in the amount of manual labor as well as free
labor resources to increase the work shift coefficient of the
equipment and accelerate the mastery of new projects.
Additional measures have been adopted for acceleratins the mas-
tery of new technolosy for the production of lisht bulbs at the
L*vov electric light plant, which will make possible an increase
in the assembly-line load. At the Lurinets agricultural electric
motor plant, additional foundry capacity will be brought about
this year. This will guarantee a balance in the technolosical
redistribution in the production of electric motors.
"or 1980-1985 full plans for the economy of resources have been
developed and approved. They include measures for the creation
of products of simplified design, the introduction of low-waste
technolosical processes, a broadening in the applicavzion of ad-
vanced rolled metal and substitute profiles and the improvement
of organization in storage, transport, and standardization of
materials. An important position is set aside for measures to
step up the output of products with increased work capacity,
which will decrease the demand for such types of equinvment by
consumers in the sector. This will make it possible to substan-
tiatly raise the utilization coefficient of rolled ferrous and
nonferrous metals.
In the review, the shortcomings connected with the delay in set-
tin., up an installation for economical cutting of electrotechni-
-al-srade steel at the Yaroslav electrical machine construction
Dlant have been imposed upon the guilty parties. At the present
time, a network schedule has been drawn up and approved for com-
missioning the installation in October of 1979.
hi drafting the plan for 1980, the remarks made in the review
were taken into consideration and the necessary resolutions were
adopted, which permit increasing the level of economic activity
and acceleratine the irtroduction and assimilation of new cana-
eities. The realization of measures that demand a greater period
of time for execution will be put into the draft of the plan for
iy de
ELECTRIC POWER AND POWER EQUIPMENT
CEMA COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF ENERGY
Kiev PRAVDA UKRAINY 15 Aug 79 p 3
{Article by V. Begishev, political observer for the APN: “nergy
Resources of Vember-Nations of the CEMA")
_Text] The well-known tension in the fuel-enerzy balance that
has arisen in recent years in a number of European member-na-
tions of the CEMA is no secret, but this doesn't »rovide any
reason for discussing the development of some sort of “crisis”
Situation. There's no doubt that energy is becoming more expen-
Sive, and to a simificant degree this has brought about recent
measures adopted by the majority of countries in the region to
resulate retail prices. However, there is every reason to sup-
pose that it is a question of steps that are temporary in nature,
and that in the not too distant future the problem will be solved
and solved fundamentally.
we note, first of all, that lately in the West (especially in the
reports of the CIA, then later picked up by mass media) there is
a propagandistic version of how the energy resources of the so-
cialist world are beinz depleted. This is disprove. by the
facts. Not only is the output of energy-producings raw materials
‘rowing (for example, the output of oil and refined products
rose by three percent in our country for the first six months of
this year, and natural gas output rose by nine percent more than
it did for the same period last year) but the geological base of
the fuel-extractive industry is constantly expanding. In the
same way, 147 oil and gas deposits were discovered in the Euro-
pean member-nations of the CEMA in only 1966-1975. These are
not large-scale denosits but as a whole they create an appre-
ciable reserve. In the Soviet Union in only the last year, 44
such deposits were discovered. This came about even though some
of the prosnective territories and wetlands (Western Siberia, for
example, or the northern and eastern continental shelves) have as
yet been little studied. Geologists also have (to their credit)
accounted for such relatively recent “gifts” as the coal basins
27
of Lyublin (40 billion tons) in Poland; Slani in Czechoslovakia;
Tataban'i in Hungary and many others. However, of course one
can’t count on this “picsry bank” being etermally refilled. In
addition, the extraction of traditional energy resources is
rettings more and more expensive. How is the problem to be
solved?
The first solution lies in the broad developmer.t of atomic ener-
zy. In combination with a number of other scientifically found-
ed trends, it comprises the essence of a lons-term special pvro-
gram of collaboration among member-nations of the CEMA in the
area of energy, fuels and raw materials. The plan was approved
at last year’s 32nd session of the CEMA.
The drafting of this plan was brought about by two basic factors:
the necessity for ensuring in the future a reliable energy base
for the developins socialist economic structure and by the de-
Sire to overcome the negative consequences of the unfavorable
Situation taking shape on the world fuels and raw materials mar-
ket. Tne latter is particularly important for those European
members of the “=A that have their own limited reserves of
fuel and raw materials.
The program envisions the construction of atomic electric power
stations of approximately 37 million kilowatts total output in
the member nations of the CMEA and also in Cube. Two more such
Stations will also be built in the USSR especially for the deliv-
ery of energy to its brother nations.
re
The fufilment of this segment of the program will be ensured
torouch lLaree-scale multifaceted cooperation in the production
of the equipment. A corresponding agreement which, in the fi-
nal analysis, would make possible the increase by more than a
4
vnird of the electrical energy potential of the CEMA member-
nations and Cuba was sigmed in Moscow at the erd of June.
Another important direction of the program is the increase in
syteaction and the improved utilization of solid fuels. There is
a hupe reserve for the socialist countries of Europe, and they
are maxing more and more of an effort to utilize it fully. Thus,
at the last session of the CEMA Willy Stof, head of the GDR‘s
fele-cation and chairman of the GDR Council of Ninisters, re-
orted on the intention of the GDR to apportion appreciable funds
for ar even broader utilization of brown coal. The economical
“xnenditure of fuel should aid measures directed at raisins the
effielency of equipment at the more wide-spread thernal electric
stations and, in particular, raising the output of the power
nits. In the USS, for example, units of 800-1,200 kilowatts
Lest Loe? wit] de installed.
26
At the same time it’s assumed that the application of oil as a
fuel will be limited. Oil and gas must be subjected to even
mor? intensive refining. This is done partly in the interests
of satisfying more completely the demands of the nations of the
socialist cooperative for engine fuels.
The program also provides a new impetus for the further develop-
ment of unified electroenerry systems of our brother States.
In the future this will allow the creation of the most powerful
internation power amalgamation in the world, extending from the
shores of the Pacific to the center of Europe.
The realization of the plans we've outlined will simify a fiant
stride forward in the matter of creating a material base for
socialism and communism. Now and in the future the socialist
countries can build the new society, fearing not the “enerry
famine”.
‘eel
‘
9512
SO:
dl
ELECTRIC POWER AND POWER EQUIPMENT
SRIEFS
TUVINSKAYA ASSR ELECTRIFICATION--The electrification of the large
‘illages of Tuvinskaya ASSR has been completed. Nov village
enercy production has arrived at the next stage of the work--the
electrification of field camps, cattle- breeding farms and shep-
herds’ outposts. Electrical power engineers of the “Sel‘electro-
stroy”, the Tuvinskoe construction and installation administra-
tion, are conducting work in all regions of the autonomous repub-
lic. This year they've installed dozens of transformer substa-
tions and laid more than 200 km of electrical transmission lines.
Text] (Moscow PRAVDA in Russian 30 Aug 79 p 2) 9512
TRAD SMISSION-LINE TOWER CONSTRUCTION--The very arduous 640-\ilo-
meter route of the Kolymskaya LEP (electrical transmission line)
is: the Arkagalinskaya GRES (State regional electric power sta-
tior.)-Yarodnoe-Sinesor' e-Orotukan-Strelka-Omsukchan... Even the
heaviest orime movers can't go everywhere throujsh the mountain
rid-es and swamps. In socialist competition on the line the
tears of transmission-line tower assemblers is led by V. Pono-
marenko; the fitters by A. Zaritovskovo; and the linemen by
A. Dudenko. Two sections of the LEP totaling 150 km remain to
be tuilt by the end of the year. Text] |Moscow STRCITEL'NAYA
‘AZETA in Russian @ Jul 79 p 2] 9512
)IZM.EKAYSEAYA GES--The first of the Nizhnekamskaya SES‘s power
anits has been put into operation. Preparations are under way
for the installation of a second hydroturbine which the builders
ire committed to put into operation by the end of this year. The
Nighnekamskaya GO.LS, with a power of more than 1.20 billion kilo-
watts, will be the third and largest station on the Volga tribu-
Lary. Text Woscow STROITEL’NAYA GAZETA in Russian 6 Jul 79
5" oc?
‘ -. =.
, 7 =
iCdce LINSS IN DAGESTAN--The first reinforced concrete trans-
mission ~line towers have risen along the shore of the Caspian
se2 in the Derbent-ihachmas sector. The more than 100-kilometer-
long electric power bridge connects the Northern Caucasas and
Transcaucasas systems. As early as next year the power of the
Chirkeyskaya GES will flow along the new LEP-330. low the ener-
gy of this large-scale hydroelectric plant in the Northern Cau-
casas (its power--one million kilowatts) is trausmitted to Ki-
zilyurt, Croznyy, Makhachkala and Derbent along four electric
lines. The additional flow of electric enerry was accelerated
by the growth of new settlements and industrial and arricultural
complexes. Besides this, the hydrotechnical structures of the
GES have become reliable regulators of the flow of the raring
rivers. This has permitted increasing the area under irrigation
and has led to crop rotation on massive new tracts of land.
‘Text ] (Woscow TRUD in Russian 5 Sep 79 pnp 1! 9512
SURSUTSKAYA GRES—At the Surgutskaya GRES the tenth power unit,
with an output of 210,000 kilowatts, has been put in*o indus-
trial service. The power output of the station has reached 2.12
billion kilowatts. The Surgutskaya GRES is the power-producing
heart of the entire Priob‘ye oil region. It provides electrical
power to the oil fields, refining plants, buildings and the oil
workers’, builders’ and geologists’ cities. This GRES is the on-
ly one in the country operating on incidental natural gas. Put-
tins it into operation has made it possibe to enploy a simifi-
cant portion of the fuel which had not been utilized previously.
Puilders of the station will put one more unit of the Surgutskaya
SRES into operation during the fourth quarter. (Text!) Woscow
SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA in Russian 23 Aus 79 p 1) 9512
MARYYSKAYA GRES -- The installation of the 210,000-kilowatt tur-
bogenerator of the fifth power unit at the Maryyskaya USSR 50th
Anniversary GRES was accomplished a month ahead of schedule.
witn the commissioning of this unit the output of the most power-
ful electric power station in Turkmeniya will reach 1.05 million
kilowatts at the end of the year. (Text) Moscow MOSKOVSKA‘TA
PRAYDA in Russian 29 Aug 79 p J 96512
INSTALLATION OF ROVENSLAYA REACTOR--The reactor casing for the
Roveonskaya atomic power plant has arrived on the construction
platform. The collective at the reknowned Zhdanov plant in
Izhorskiy worked for more than a year on its manufacture. Spe-
clalists from that enterprise, headed by chief engineer A. Koren-
skiy have begun lowering the casing into a concrete pit. Ina
little while the heart of this atomic plant, the reactor, will
becin beating within the casing. iText] (Kiev RAPOCHAYA GAZETA
in Russian 1 Aug 79 p 2 9512
ao epno*
jut ; > *.t.
31
PUFLS AND REIATED EQUIPMENT
ONS, PRODUCING AND PREDICTED, RATED BY NETWORK SCHEDULING
a
~.
~
"=
ray
wa
4
Y
Novosibirsk IZVESTIYA SIBIRSKOGO OTDELENIYA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR. SERIYA
OBSHCHESTVENNYKH NAUK in Russian No 6, May 79 pp 36-40
[Article by Yu. IT. Meksimov, Institute of Economics and Orranization of
Incustrial Production, Siberian Division, USSR Academy of Sciences: "Model-
ing: the Development of the Fuel-Energy Complex” )}
(Text) Problems of modeling geological exploration are examined in this
article as part of inter-industry complexes (on the example of the industry
System that embraces geological exploration, the gas industry and the oil
and gas construction industry).
About SO percent of eas consumption in the USSR is in the regions of the
Urals and the European part of the country and upwards of 50 percent of
predicted reserves of natural gas are in Siberia. And the prime reserves
f commercial-catecory eas are concentrated in a small number of unique
leporits in the northern rayons of Tyumenskaya Oblast. Meanwhile in the
Tenth Five-Year Plan the gas-yielding regions formerly supplying most rains
\G @as recovery now are among the regions with stabilizing or even declin-
; recovery. Shifting of the industry to unpopulated regions with challen-
ring natural-climatic conditions meant a worsening of the main technica) and
economic indicators of gas recovery and trunk pipeline transport.
Vatural eas is among the mineral resources hardest to trap, so costs in geo-
lorical exploration make up a good part of total outlays for exploratica,
recovery, preparation and pipeline transport of natural gas. Current cut-
‘ays for reological exploration roughly equal the capital investments for
bulldinge up the corresponding gas recovery regions and over the long run
“ill exceed them by 1.5=2 times. For sake of comparison ve note that the
te in eeologcical exploration for iron-ore and coal deposits are only
- pereent of the costs for constructing the corresponding mining enter-
erises*. Searching and exploring for ofl and natural gas deposits takes up
e than half of all allocations for geological exploration.
fu. A. Sokolovakiy, “Ekonomicheskiye problemy geologorazvedochnykh rabot”
Economic Problems in Geological Exploration], Novosibirsk, Izdatel'stvo
“Nauka,” 1974, 114 pages
meOlogical exploration is set aside in a separate sector of the national]
economy. But its effectiveness must be evaluated from the standpoint of
realizing national-economic end goals. Optimizing the country's fuel-
energy complex makes it possible to evaluate the rational proportion of
ble
natural gas in the country’s fuel-energy balance. Let us look at a two-
level system of models for optimizing the long-term plans for the develop-
ment of an inter-industry program complex, in which the network optimiza-
tion models sie used at different hierarchical levels: a) the lower level,
where gas-yielding regions (including geological exploration) are examined
a5 ‘the pianning objects and systems of trunk gas pipelines and enterprises
in the oll and gas construction industry and b) the upper level, where the
: >
- ~~ f . } “Wo . _ " 77 4 ‘ ?_ . . " re .
pianning object i ne system that embraces the Unified Ga upply System
Val. ” + he ‘ me wey 72 legit . 2 — ee = thea -~f 7 ™ ca ~ *? een
: Ae ‘ val Jt ->J eo POLOFICAL " re spec iti aAnG tne was huis . Si ons oie
+ion naustry .
| , o* * Parr ol 1 fw. tm . : - ° } A *
: “ LOOK AL nme NevWwork < ptims Zation model of the Apper i.eVvel. AS the
° . . ’ : > > 4 4 ~ : : . : . ’ 7 . ~ .
t 1 Tunmction we take the condition of minimizing the total prorated costs
’ . > " *% . : _- . j <> ve : — <Fres 4
"Onstructing and reconstructing the object: » the Tew, fas recovery
“~aF “~s + " : ’ * eae ~ + ° » @ * » } ef «zm 7 w ~~
Miia ies :* * Lt 4: Lm1S P ? - anc tr e car? yan ou c T reoi » sc a4 PAs ~ rat ion.
e
mn tne network model of the upper level, the optimization variables will
pe ne gas recovery volumes and the increment in gas reserves in the eas-
yielding regions, as well as the values of the inter-regional eas flow
tnroumh the functioning and the in-planning systems of fas trunk pipelines.
~ Bust be noted that the lack of gas reserve increments for any of the
"ase-yleilding regions will evidence (within the framework of the probler
‘hat carrying out geological prospecting in thir region from the
tanadpoint of getting the end product is not effective. Wwever, in local
estimates the actual costs in geological exploration in this region can
prove to be at a minignam.
Effective us r network optimization models in long-term planning is based
iw ‘undamental and fairly recently elaborated principles--working out of
atilevel system ' models and optimizing the development o*° industrial
ystems. As a model of the upper level, we can select in the multilevel
t ; Models the resource network schedule, whos: tudies will be char-
ceri 1 t arameters in four categories: estimate of the duration for
. then it and of the required resources corresponding to their
‘ : tes, as well as volume f produc’ itput*.
iderat a directed aph 3 on whose structure ! pecial con-
t t ar ry ). his form ui be adopted in describing the system o!
* Ler arac* er) i fi tne operatior;r 1.5 e€e ; ‘ arare ler of bas de
> , 1.8) a ’ i fied by the matri »_ w , wi ‘h ce ‘ri be the
Bee
re* ndet fr the prorated ts and the demand for resourc«
.7 ry ; ut : rye , ‘é re ft ; r Les .
’ : ; ; : _ i Ht imi) ry ; >)” ; | ane
Let there be n operating end in-planning gas-yielding regions. We will
call a gas-yielding rezior an operating region if a certain level of gas
recovery vill have been already attained in it by the becinning of the
period in question. We will define as an in-planning feis-yiel ding rerion
ome where the gas recovery is virtually absent by the beginning of the
period + question, but the region can begin operating during this period
of time.
It must be noted that under the proposed approach tc optimizing the deve-
lopment of the industrial system including the gas industry, geological
exploration and the oil and gas construction industry, no regions are
singled out for geological prospecting. This work can be carried out
either in the operating or the in-planning gas-yielding regions. And
for each of them to be able to bezin operating during the period of
time in question, the strategy of conducting geological prospecting in
the period must be spelled out so that most of the capital investments
are allocated for the increment in category c, reserves (with ascurance
of the minimum attainable proportion of the increment in category B re-
serves). Under this approach to modeling the industrial system we are
locking at there is the possibility of estimating the effectiveness of
the increment in eas reserves in each region of the country in terms of
the end product, that is, from the standpoint of gettine the maximum
national-economic benefit from natural gas use.
The subset of operating gas-yielding regions n, (n. <n) is connected to
1
the centers of gas consumption by the functioning system of cas trunk pipe-
lines. Let these systems of gas pipelines, as to configuration, be speci-
fied oy the augmented matrix of incidence A = Hla, II. During the planned
peclod of time there may be reconstruction of the functioning network of
fas trunk pipelines, without changing the matrix of incidence A. In addi-
tion, when the resource network schedule is used, we must specify as the
op imization model of the upper level also the augmented matrix of incidence
\= la, ll. corresponding to the possible development of the system of eas
trunk pipelines. This network can either link up the in-planning gas-
yielding regions with some gas consumption centers or form new gas flows
from individual eas-yielding regions.
1. T. Maksimov, “Network models in long-term planning of the development
f the gaz industry,” EXONOMIKA GAZOVOY PROMYSHLENNOSTI, No 11, 1975,
op 315; ibid, “Network models in long-term planning of the development and
the siting of eas industry objects,” in the book: “Optimizats‘ya planov raz-
vitiya | razmeshchenlya obrabatyuvayushchikh otrasley promyshiennosti” [Op-
timization of Plans for the Development and Siting of Processing Industries],
Novosibirsk, Institute of Economics and Organization of Industrial Produc-
tion, Siberian Division, USSR Academy of Sciences, 1977, pp 3-16.
To vind the characteristics of the network schedule operations, we assume
that we know the prorated costs as functions of the gas volumes in all the
operating gas-yielding regions, the costs for geological exploration (the
dependence of costs on the increment in reserves), the operating costs as
a Tunction of the productivity for each augmented section of the function-
ing system o. gas trunk pipelines and the prorated costs as functions of
the gas flows for the augmented sections of the in-planning network of fas
trunk pipelines.
The value of Qo Fas a function of the origin of the operations (a,B) in a
particular augmented object of the YeGS will stand for the volume of fas
recovery in any gas-yielding region, the productivity of the augmented
section of the functioning or projected system of gas trunk pipelines
and the increment in gas reserves by individual gas-yielding region.
Let us note the main constraints taken into account in the network model
of the upper level: a) on the minimum attainable annual gathering of fas
from the gas-yielding regions that are operating; b) on the total eas
recovery country-wide (by years of the planning period); and «) the recur-
rent balance ratios on the recovery volumes and the increment in gas re-
serves.
In addition, in accordance with the augmented matrix of incidence of the
functioning system of gas trunk pipelines A and the augmented matrix of
incidence of the in-planning network of gas pipelines A, balance constraints
of the equality of gas flows in each of the branch points and the endpoints
of the functioning or in-planning augmented systems of gas trunk pipelines
must be imposed on the variables sa being optimized.
The complex of constraints on the resources can be described as follows:
Sont’ py RU), OF te 7 4)
+>
where D(t) is the vector-diagram of the distribution of resources obtained
by optimizing the network model of the upper level; and R(t) is the con-
Straints on the resources specified from the allied industries.
And resources are understood, in the broad sense of the word, to refer to
both material and equipment, as well as labor resources. So constraints
on the shipments of pipe and gas pumping installations as weli as on the
capacity of enterprises and the construction base of the oil and gas con-
struction industry can be allowed for in the complex of constraints (1).
Let us note the need to allow for the following ratio:
” n
S Qin ~ Quer
Jo es 7 (2)
qs 4 . Gy .1
35
5%
te value of parameter & in Eq (2) must be specified on the basis of cuicu-
lations made at the national-economic level. As Eq (2) tells us, the ratio
of the total volumes of geological exploration and the total volumes of fas
recovery is regulated by €. When — = 1, the multiplicity factor of the
ar reserves at the end of the planning period is retained just as it was
at the berinning of this period. If &<1, the rate of increment in reserves
must outpace the recovery rate. The quantity — > 1 denotes the decrease in
the multiplicity factor of the gas reserves by the end of this planning
period under consideration.
Arreement between the different stages of development ur reconstruction of
rac-yielding regions and the corresponding systems of gas trunk pipelines
is brought about by introducing the necessary connections when constructed
directed craph®. Papers by Maksimov’ describe one of the possible itera-
vive procedures of interchanging information between the upper and lower
levels; as a result of this procedure agreement is obtained for the solu-
tions to these levels. Information about the functions of costs for dif-
‘
. ee
‘yor *
iCcTet I
reaS objects and for geological exploration comes to the upper level.
fut to the models of the lower level is transmitted information about the
listridution of the constrained resources by YeGS objects and geological
“xXpioration, as well as intrormation about the successive apprceximation of
‘heir optimal productivities.
note that applying the network approaches in multilevel systems of
s4cls of optimal long-term planning of the development of incustrial sys-
ters allows us to investigate the correlations and properties of the deve-
"' these systems whose study would be extremely difficult--with the
of other optimization models--or theoretically impossible. Among the
ivantares of the network models we must include: a) the possibility of
relatively cimple optimization of the long-term plan on a dynamic basis,
wich ie predetermined by the essentials of network models; b) establish-
ment of the necessary interconnections in time between different stares of
* installation or reconstruction of any object, as well as between tech-
Oiorieally coordinated stages of installing individual objects; c) addi-
‘ionul possibilities of allowing for the connections of the industrial sys-
tem in question with allied industries of the nationa] economy by usin;
the scheme of deliveries; and d) the virtual absence of rigorous require-
ments on the Kind of functions for the complex of constraints and the end
function assumed (for example, linearity, convexity and so on).
(u. 1. Maksimov, "Network models in long-term planning of the development
und sitine of gas industry objects"; ibid, “Agreement of network models of
lonv-term planning of the development of the industry and enterprise (on the
‘xruuple of the Unified Gas Supply System of the Country),"” in the book:
tcllrovaniye vnutrennykh i vneshnikh svyazey otraslevykh sistem" [Model-
ing Internal and External Connections of Industrial Systems!, Novosibirsk,
[zdatel'stvo “Nauka,” 1976, pp 219-228.
me
The approach described in this article was used in making multivariant cal-
‘ulations in predicting the development of the gas industry for the period
to the year O00. An examination was made of variants of ras industry dev-
elcpment characterized by maximum acceleration and intensification of tech-
nical progress both in the designing, construction and operation of extra-
capacity systems of trunk pipeline gas transport (especially for specific
Siberian conditions), as well as in the development of unique gas deposits:
transport of supercooled gas through large-diameter pipelines, use of fas
pumping installations with increased per-unit capacity and reliability and
-Oo on.
These calculations show that the optimal productivity of a 1420 mm diameter
gas trunk pipeline, at maximum allowable working pressure of 120 atm is
5-50 billion m>/year. But if the temperature of the gas transported is
cooled to -65° to -75° C, the productivity of this gas pipeline rises to
66-74 billion m>/year. As calculations show, metal consumption can be low-
‘red here by 28-35 percent. Gas pumping installations with a per-unit cap-
ucity of 25,000 and 50,000 kW would be optimal for the planned flows of
‘yumenskaya gas. Use of gas pumping installations with increased per-unit
capacity would permit lowering the capacity of the installed stock of as
pumping installations by 30-40 percent in the llth and 12th five-year plans.
As analysis of the experience in designing, installing and operating fas
industry objects shows, there are good reserves in the industry. We must
mention that special attention was given to analyzing sources of reserves
tnat help in reducing capital investments in the industry and in lowerins
material consumption and the capital-to-output ratio without displacing
heavy additional requirements on the allied industries in the national
economy (for example, installing line sections of gas trunk pipelines that
are telescoping by pressure, shortening the schedules for bringing gas
trunk pipelines up to design rating and so on).
etniled calculations were made in predicting gas recovery from the deposits
|
f the Western Siberian oil and gas-bearing province.
The bLoginning of the industrial exploitation of natural gas deposits in the
Western Siberian oil and gas-bearing province can be conditionally regarded
13 1965, but gas recovery in this year was slight. In 1970 it was 4.7 per-
‘ont of the union-wide recovery, and in 1975 it climbed to 11.5 percent of
the union-wide recovery. Siberian gas recovery in 1980 is planned at the
level of 32-37 percent of the union-wide recovery.
Over the long run, Siberian gas (even given the condition that the variant
is assumed in which the gas is relatively slowly brought into national-
economic turnover) will satisfy a considerable fraction of both the union-
wide gas demand, and export deliveries of natural gas. So the industrial
problems of the development and siting of the gas industry will become,
eacn year, increasingly Siberian problems.
1533-10123]
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Izvestiya Sibirskogo otdeleniya AN SSSR",
LOT9
10123 37
CSO: 1822
FUELS AND RELATED BQOULPMENT
ADVANCED EXTRACTION EQUIPMENT LACKING AT UZEN‘' OILFIELD
Moscow PRAVDA in Russian 18 Sep 79 p 2
[Article by V. Timonin, General Director of Mangyshlakneft' Production Asso-
ciation, Shevchenko: “Difficult Oi1"]
(Text]| Oil from Mangyshlak proceeds through pipelines to the central regions
o* the country in a continuous flow from the hot deserts. Currently new fields
on the Buzachi Peninsula are becoming operational. Their development is indic-
ative of the development of the Mangyshlak territorial production conplex. At
the same time, we oilfield operators are inclined to speak more of unsolved
problems than of our successes, And there are a number of difficulties on both
oid and new oilfields.
Mangyshiak oil contains high percentages of paraffin, tar and asphalt components.
Accordingly it hardens at a temperature of +32 degrees. This property leads to
complexities in its extraction, collection and transport. Accordingly, the oil
corkers are taced with a good number of problems. Let me discuss a few of them.
« development of the Uzen' field was planned by the All-Union Scientific Re-
Search Institute of Oil and Gas. To increase output, it was planned to pump
ot water into the reservoirs, This was logical. But the planners did not say
vocre 150,000 cubic meters of fresh water a year would be obtained and how it
would be heated. For we live and work in the desert, where there is not enough
witer tor either industrial or domestic needs. The Caspian Sea and underground
mineral waters are a realistic source. But we have been able to heat such a
quantity of sea and mineral water and have had no commercial facility to do so,
Tie specialists of the Mangyshlakneft' association, together with various plan-
ing and research institutes, have been trying to solve this problem for a num-
ot years--and without any particular success, it must be said. Various
ws of heating installations have been developed and tested, but the pilot
commercial stage has never been reached. There are now six types of installa-
tions in operation on the Uzen' field, but not one of them has been put into
weries production, since all of them suffer from inadequacies.
jie Uzen' field has natural hot waters: there is no need to heat them, and they
can be taken and pumped into the formations. And we are doing so, but we are
38
pumping a total of only two or three thousand cubic meters. The extensive
utilization of these waters is being delayed by the chronic shortage of under-
ground pumping units capable of working at high temperatures. Thus we have
nothing te heat cold water with and nothing to pump hot water with. For this
reason, two-thirds of the mineral water is fed into the reservoir without heat-
ing. As a result, we risk failing to reach the planned yields tor the reser-
vwoirs.
And this is not all. Several years after the beginning of operation of the
oilfield, when the mineral water that had been pumped into the reservoirs
appeared in the wells, there arose new difficulties: the precipitation of
undissolved salts. They precipitate in the bottom-hole region of the wells,
in the spaces in the underground equipment, and on the inner surfaces of oil-
tield piping. There are frequent stoppages for repair, preventive maintenance
and replacement of out-of-order equipment, leading to considerable losses of
time and resources, and these of course decrease the yield of oil.
In addicion to salt formation, hydrogen sulfide contamination of the reservoirs
has begun. The hydrogen sulfide has appeared in the casing-head gas. This has
made its utilization more difficult, since the gas refinery that has been built
is incapable of sulfur purification. Now we have had to build a facility in
a hurry.
There might be no point in dwelling is such detail on the problems of Uzen" if
they were by nature confined only to Mangyshlak. The problem is that salt de-
position and hydrogen sulfide contamination are typical of many of the country's
iields: the problems also afflict the oil workers of Perm', Orenburg and West
Siberia. They show up in different ways, but they inevitably bring losses.
When the general outline and the development plans for the oilfields are being
drawn up, our sectorial institutes do not take into account the chemistry of
the reservoir and the pumped-ir waters, and do not try to forecast the proces-
ses which might develop subsequently. And academic science is remote from this
problem. I do not wish to accuse the researchers and planners of shortsighted-
ness. Rather, they are simply striving to make their plans less expensive.
they do achieve economies, but during operation of the oilfields the state loses
much more than it saves, A certain share of the blame also lies with the sec -
torial staff: the Ministry of the Petroleum Industry. It is no secret that
in order to speed up oil extraction, scientific studies and detailed prepara-
tion of accompanying industries are frequently ignored.
let us turn to the decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of
Ministers "On Improving Planning and Strengthening the Influence of the Economic
Mechanism on the Improvement of Production Efficiency and Work Quality." This
document discusses the necessity of developing programs for solution of the most
important scientific and technical problems and making comprehensive use of
natural resources. The results of fundamental and applied research are to be
taken into account, and the ultimate aims, the technical and economic results,
the schedules and the stages of performance of the work are to be defined. But
the importance of the oil industry is now so great that our sectorial problems
must also be solved in the framework of such a program,
We are now preparing to develop that new oilfields of Kalamkas and Karazhanbas
on the Suzachi Peninsula. But the same story has been repeated there: there is
oil, there is the desire to extract it, but an optimal process for extraction
and the corresponding equipment are lacking.
The oil from the Karazhanbas field contains much tar andis highly viscous. With
existinz methods, not more than 10-15 percent of it can be extracted. In order
to increase the yield, thermal treatment of the reservoir will be necessary.
Neither this country nor foreign countries have any experience in che extensive
use of thermal methods. Karazhanbas is the first large oilfield where their
use is planned from the very beginning. To study thermohydrodynamic processes
and improve the method, pilot commercial work is planned for two experimental
fields. On one of them, the method of in-situ moist combustion will be tested.
vat this advanced method is slow in reaching commercial scale: the equipment
and centrol and measuring apparatus are lacking. It is true that the Ministry
o' Chemical and Petroleum Machine Building has begun to produce special units,
but they are of low capacity and can only fit out two or three injection wells.
Piings are no better with the development and production of equipment for steam
treatment of reservoirs. The main difficulty is that Mangyshlakskaya Oblast
lacks sources of fresh water for the steam generators. Desalination installa-
tions are required, but ro one has begun to produce them,
| -t me vention one progressive direction in the oil extraction industry: the
ise of chemical reagents. For example, to increase the output of reservoirs
the Kalamkas fieid, water thickened with polymers will be used. This will
wake it possible to raise the viscosity of the water close to that of the oil
under reservoir conditions, which will significantly increase yields.
should Like to stress that this is not the first time that the above-mentioned
problems have been discussed. Three years ago, four ministries, those of
Chemical Machinery, Power Machinery, Instrument Making, and the Chemical In-
dustry, were assigned the development and delivery to the o/1 workers wf equip-
ment «md apparatus for thermal treatment of reservoirs. The Ministry of the
Chemical Industry and the Ministry of the Petroleum Industry were to increase
their production of the necessary reagents. Since then there have been no
isportant changes. But it should be kept in mind that the supplies of oil are
net unlimited, and the way in which the national economy is supplied with oil
in the future will depend on how today's problems are sclved.
CSO: j8)? END
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