JPRS 81745
10 September 1982
Worldwide Report
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
No. 368
[FBIS| FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
JPRS 81745
10 September 1982
WORLDWIDE REPORT
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
No. 368
CONTENTS
ASIA
AUSTRALIA
Proposed Staff Cuts in NSW Environmental Body Assessed
(Joseph Glascott; THE SYDNEY MORNING HERALD, 17 Jul 82) ..... l
Federal Government To Retain Control of Air Pollution Station
(Jane Ford; THE AUSTRALIAN, 19 Jul 82) ....... cece cece eccees 3
WA Environmental Impact Study Program Costs Millions
(THE WEST AUSTRALIAN, 12 Jul 82) .....ccccccccccccccesesceses 4
Growth of New Industry, by Janet Wainwright
Power of EPA
State Pays Growers for Destroying Apple Trees
(Michael Zekulich; THE WEST AUSTRALIAN, 17 Jul 82)........... 6
Du Pont Ammonium Nitrate Plant Meets Resistance
(Ian Bushnell; THE COURIER-MAIL, 13 Jul 82) ... ccc ccc eceeeee 7
NSW Antipollution Laws Raise 0il Company Objections
(THE AUSTRALIAN, 5 Jul 82) ... cc cccccscccccscsccccseseseceses 4
Briefs
Environmental Watchdog Group 10
Alp Dam Position 10
Volcanic Ash Dispersal 11
EPA Shift in Victoria 1]
Reforestation Program 11
-~a- (III - WW - 139]
LATIN AMERICA
CUBA
Improvements in Lobster Harvest Since 1978 Noted
CHAR FT PESCA, Amr 62) .cccowctcceevsscccccccccseesecese. 12
NEAR EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Briefs
Afforestation Project Progressing 14
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
BOTSWANA
Shashe Dam To Supply Water to Francistown
(Solomon Lotshe; DAILY NEWS, 15 Jul 82) ........c cee eeees 15
Drought Relief Projects Approved
(Tarcisius Modongo; DAILY NEWS, 15 Jul 82) ............05. 16
Briefs
Ditlharapeng Water Shortage 17
Makaleng Hit by Thirst 17
Bobirwa Drought Relief 18
ETHIOPIA
Forest Development Gains Momentum in Tigrai
(THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD, 19 Aug 82) .......cccceccceveccenrs 19
Lriefs
Seven Million Tree Seedlings 20
NAMIBIA
Briefs
Clouds ‘Milked' 21
NICERIA
Briefs
Desert Encroachment Causes Migration 22
SOUTH AFRICA
Northern Transvaal Ravaged by Drought
(Pamela Kleinot; THE STAR, 4 Aug 82) ......ceeeeeeeceeceees 23
- b-=-
Fears of Ruin as Drought Grips Natal Reported
(Tim Clarke; THE CITIZEN, 17 Aug 82) ............cccceees 25
SWAZILAND
Water Imported From Neighboring Countries
(Donny Nxumalo; THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND, 10 Aug 82)....... 26
WFP Aid To Drought-Striken Families Reported
(James Dlamini; THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND, 9 Aug 82)........ 27
SYRIA
Pollution Study in Homs
(Rasim al-Wa'ri; AL-THAWRAH, 17 Jul 82)...........eeee00- 29
ZIMBABWE
Minister Reassures People on Drought
CTE SUNDAY MAIL, 22 Ang G2) 2. cocccvevcccsccvcccssccess 32
Government To Establish Village Water Supply Centers
(THE MERALD, 4 Aug 82) 20 ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccces 34
Squatters Flock to Chinamhora Water Project
CTHE WERALD, 7 Ang 82) nccccccccccccccccccccccccccccscces 35
Pakistani Aid for Drought-Stricken Communal Lands Reported
CT WRRALD, 16 Bite G2) 666506006 06006505066504060000080 36 2
Shumba Irrigation Scheme, Power Systems Reported
(THE WPRALD, 7 Aug G2) 2 cosccccccccccccccccssccccccccese 37
Briefs
Drought Disaster Averted iB
Drought Aid 38
WEST EUROPF
FINLAND
Find of Illegally-Dumped Chemicals Off Turku Causes Concern
(HELSINGIN SANOMAT, 25 Jul 82) 2. ccccccccccccccccesceeees 39
Search for More Barrels, by Harri Nykanen
Hazardous Waste Disposal Problem in Many Areas,
by Sauli Korpimo
EDF To Study Power Plant Impact on Environment
CLE BATIN, © Am 2) ccccccccccsccescvessccccosscescecss 49
GREECE
Scientists Charge Pollution Data Altered
CRLEVIMEROTVPIA., Z Jal G2) ccccscevccccesesccssccedewses 51
Commentary on Pollution Causes
(Editorial; ELEVTHEROS KOSMOS, 24 Jun 82)........seee0e. 53
PROPOSED STAFF CUTS IN NSW ENVIRONMENTAL BODY ASSESSED
Sydney THE SYDNEY MORNING HERALD in English 17 Jul 82 p 3
[Article by Joseph Glascott ]
- ,.
l ,@xct }
Cuts in staff in the envir-
onment protection division
of the Environment and
Pianning Mepartment could
delay assessment of envir-
onmenta! impact statements
for major coal and industrial
projects, conservation groups
claimed yesterday.
The groups fear that the cuts
will weaken the effectiveness of
the division a5 a protection agency.
The cats were announced by the
director of the department, Mr R.
B. Smyth, m souce to all salf oo
Thursday.
He said the Government task
force committee (the Stevens com-
mittee) recently had imposed a staff
limit of 495 for the department.
As far as be could learn, all
these cnts would be made. The en-
vironment protection division and
the research and services division
would be the man areas affected
Both would be subject to review
with their functions and workloads
being rationalised.
The rewrew was likcly to lead to
e spill of most, of mot all, of the
positions in those two divisions.
As far as possible the staff re-
@uction would be achieved by
natural wastage and adjustment to
the structures of the divisons
Bat not all the reduction could
be achieved by thi means and
gaff occupying surplus positions
would be redeployed througn we
processes set up by the Public Ser-
vce Board.
The senior vice-president of the
National Trust. Mr Clive Lucas,
said the proposed chamres a the
division Was an outrageous deci-
2
“If the Minister, Mr Bedford,
has aporoved of this he is not
@cting on good advice. The Wraa
Government has so far been seen
by many «as an enlightened
Governamem on conservation.”
The deputy director of the Total
Environment Centre. Mr Jeff
Angel, sad: “We object to any
dmminution of staff and resources
whrrh could lead to a reduction in
env ‘onment impact assessment,
and publx review of pocennialty
damaging proyects.
“The environment protection di-
veion has been one of the most
effective protection agencies in the
Peter Prineas, said he was “mast
concerned by this proposal.”
“The environment protection di-
vision was not earmarked for cost
cutting by the task force com-
mittee, yet the director has taken a
upon hanself to extend the exercie
to a vital area af Government
administrauon
Mr Sowth sad yesterday the
functions and effecurveness of the
divimon would not be reduced by
the rationalisation. All areas im the
department would have prorata
stafl reductions.
AUSTRALIA
CSso:
59000 /7561
He said the environment pro
tecDon division was one of the big-
gest divimons wo the department,
and assessment work was “rather
The division also services the
Hert Council and the NSW
Council.
rN
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO RETAIN CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION STATION
Canberra THE AUSTRALIAN in English
[Article by Jane Ford]
[Text ]
THE Federal Government
will disregard a Razor Gang
recommendation affecting
Australia’s international sci-
entific standing — a plan to
contract out the work of
an important air pollution
rnonitoring station.
This follows months of lob-
bying by scientists as well as
strong criticism from a Senate
inquiry. All maintained it was
inappropriate for the work of
the station, at Cape Grim,
Tasmania, to be handed over
to private enterprise.
Now only basic operating
work will be contracted out,
leaving research and develop-
ment, or about 70 per cent of
the station's work, in the
hands of the CSIRO and the
Department of Science and
Technology.
The $1 million station,
officially opened in December,
is part of a global network of
stations monitoring air poilu-
tion, set up with the support of
the United States.
The aim is to keep a long-
term watch on rising levels of
pollutants such as fluorocarb-
uns, carbon dioxide and oxides
of nitrogen and sulphur
At present there are five
Stations — at the South Pole.
Samoa. Hawaii. Alaska and
Cape Gnm — all controlled by
government agencies.
Two more are being devel-
oped in Japan and Ascension
Island and three others are
planned in the US, Canada
and West Germany. These will
also be under government
control.
Opposition
Scientists from the CSTRO's
CSO: 5000/7561
19 Jul 82 p 2
Division of Atmospheric Phys-
ics. who have been closely in-
volved in the development of
the Cape Grim station, were
concerned that if it passed to
private enterprise the exten-
sive monitoring would be
Gowngraded to check only
carbon dioxide, the research
work dropped and the facility
turned into a mere Gata gath-
ering point.
Expressions of interest in
operating the station were cal-
led for at the end of last year.
However, the Government
agreed to reverse the decision
after pressure from the
CSIRO, the Department of
Science and Technology.
ment.
The Senate committee's in-
quiry revealed that no money
would be saved by the move.
there were no technical
advantages and the number
of departmental staff would
be cut by only four.
Last financial year the oper-
ational cost of the station was
ernment will have to pay the
contractor enough to allow for
some profit.
Dr Graeme Pearman. of the
CSIRO, said he believed the
continue at Cape Grim.
The station had already
shown significant results, in-
cluding evidence that the
levels of methane and methy!
cloroform, an industrial clean-
ing agent, were rising.
AUSTRALIA
WA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY PROGRAM COSTS MILLIONS
Growth of New Industry
Perth THE WEST AUSTRALIAN in English 12 Jul 82 p 23
[Article by Janet Wainwright]
(Text ]
INCREASING €@nviron--
mental awareness tk.
WA has wned a
major growth indus
worth millions of
lars.
En vironmental review
and management pro
grammes for relatively
small subdivisions to
major developments,
each costing hundreds
of thousands of dol-
lars, are being com-
plied by town planners.
There seems to be an
obvious need to
streamline the system,
which is costly and fre
quently duplicates in,
formation.
The acting Minister
for Conservation and
the Environment Mr
Masters, says that it is
still a relatively new.
area but -the rt.
and the Environment
is collating informa.
and putting this
into a computer sys
tem.
He said he belleved
that the proliferation
of consultants would
also sort itself out as
the “fly-dy-nights” in
the new Industry
dropped out.
He could see no alter.
native to the develo
ers appointing their
own contultants and
Producing their own
reports, though these
could be suspect.
The . department did
&
not hav¢é the resources
to do the environmenr-
tal planning studies
and he could mot envis-
age a system where
the Government § ap-
pointed consultants
and charged the devel-
One consultant com
ny alone, Scott and
urphy, has grown
from one person to a
staff of 3 in.12 years. ,
In common with
other consultants, a
also draw from a
of specialists in other
scientific aeas.
the impact of mining
and industry on WA's
environment, it is now
quite common for de.
velopers to be called
on to do environmental
studies.
The ultimate cost of
these studies, whether
they be for housing,
roads or rubbish sites,
is’ borne by the public,
either through in-
creased land costs or
rates and taxes.
Many of the reports
are treated with suspi-
cion by the conserva.
tionists they se in-
tended to placate be
cause they are paid for
by the developers.
Preferuble
Both the Department
of Conservation and
the Environment and
the consulMants agree
AUSTRALIA
Perth THE WEST AUSTRALIAN in English 12 Jul 82
[Text }
CSO:
that the system is far
from perfect, but say
that it ts the best avail
able and is preferable
to the planning that
existed befare environ.
Mental awareness.
Thi: environmental
process is so powerful
that kh cuts across al!
town planning laws.
The Mandurah area is
a prime example of du
plication.
recently for
three different canal
projects, two in Man-
Qurah and another in
the neighbouring shire
of Murray.
A study for the Par.
rvs Esnlanede Halis
Head proposal is esti-
mated to have cost
$300,000 so far. with no
guarantee that the
land will even be re
zoned.
The principal consul.
tants are Feilman
Planning Consultants,
who are also the pro
Maine, of the Univer.
sity of WA, with Pro
fessor Des O'Connor,
5000 / 7560
Power of
EPA
ject planners
Reports for the John
Holland project, on the
opposite side of the
coast road to the Par-
rys development, and
4 further report for a
canal development at
Yunderup were both
made by Russel] Tay-
lor and William Bur-
rell
These reports are es-
timated to have cost
$200,000 each.
Pooled
Mr Burrell says that
if information had
been pooled when en-
vironmenta] studies
first began there
would now be a consid-
erable amount of infor-
mation to draw on.
The department has a
list of 2 consultants
which it will give to a
developer.
The consultants are
those willing to go on
to a list or who have
done studies for the de-
partment.
mendations of a re
and virtually re
lien on a gentiemans
agreement with the
develcper or a vigh
lant local authority.
STATE PAYS GROWERS FOR DESTROYING APPLE TREES
Perth
Artic!
[Text }
THE WEST AUSTRALIAN in English 17 Jul 82 p 7?
.e
b v
Michael Zekxulich]
MORE than 63.559 ap
trees have been
The fruit rs
were paid $416419
the Commonwealt
and State Govern
ments to pull out the
trees
About #09 more
tes are expected to
come out— with a
£20000 payout-— this
financial year
Some of the tres are
old, but many are in
prime producing condi
tion
The pulling out of the
trees is part of an in-
adustry rationalising
scheme aimed at cut
ting back profuction to
vce experts to un
econormc markets—
like Britain and Eur
ope.
Se far, @ growers
have pulled out trees
which represent about
©. per cent of the
State's orchard.
The oreduction§ in
volved would be more
than 2WA000 boxes of
appes.
Some frultgrowers
have received as much
as 3.00 with pe
ments varying trom
ee Oe
— ! trees
were in the Manjimup,
Donnybrook and
Bridgetown areas
and
a. oe at first,”
; © ho Dell Agostino
. 7 -
He said some good or
chards were now being
pulled out.
“The onl
markets t were
economic last season
were in South East
Asian.
“I believe we have
seen the end of the tra
ditional European area
exports
for WA apples.”
The Minister for Pri
Industry, Mr
AUSTRALIA
DU PONT AMMONIUM NITRATE PLANT MEETS RESISTANCE
Brisbane THE COURIER-MAIL in English 13 Jul 82 p 23
[Article by Ian Bushnell]
[Excerpts]
~ Du Pont or not Du
Pont — that is the ques-
tion for Toowoomba.
= Last Dece suber, Toowoomba was
ehosen by Du Pont (Australia) Ltd
—,a part of the giant US based Du
Pont Corporation — as the site of a
$@ million ammonium nitrate plant
which would supply industrial! explo-
sives to the central Queensland coal-
- "When the company applied to the
City Council to have its 33 ha site in
the-city’s expanding r orth-west sub-
urts rezoned from rural to 10xious
madustry, only six objections were
lodged.
~ It was a slow fuse.
-Jeowoomba these days is covered
ip-ati-Du Pont graffiti, motor v-hi-
ctes bumper stickers declaring
“Don't Du Pont Toowoomba,” and
the daily news columns are ful) of
cdgims and counter-ciaims about the
salety of the proposed plant in what
hes. become a classic debate of the
epvigonment versus progress.
-Cantral to this debate has been the
wert of the Citizens for Clean Air
organisation which has proved itself
t6+de a highly efficient and well
fetided campaigner against Du Pont.
~ Dw Pont says no more than it has
ta, preferring to maintain re-assur-
line, emphasising its “proud”
record and the benefits it will
bring to the 70,000 strong communi-
ty, while it and the City Council
await the findings of the envirou-
meatal] impact study.
to Du Pont project co-
ordinator Albert E. Dunklee, the
plant will employ 90 people, pay an
aanua) wages bill of $2 million and
spend $1 million a year on goods and
services.
The plant would begin production
in 1985 and manufacture 200 tonnes
of ammonium nitrate a day to truck
west through Dalby to central
Queensland.
The ammonium nitrate prills or
granules would need further treat-
ment there before being explosive.
In May, ICI Australie Ltd and
Consolidated Fertilizers Ltd an-
nounced plans to build a $100 mil-
lion explosives plant at Gibson Is-
land in Brisbane to meet the demand
in eastern Australia to 1990 and be-
yond.
Toowoomba meets all the require-
ments for such a plant.
It has natural the raw materi-
al of the manufacturing process,
from the Roma-Brisbane pipeline
which is in the immediate vicinity of
the site, an adequate water and pow-
er supply, a road and rail network, a
well developed infrastructure and
proximity to the market place.
However, it is the location of the
Du Pont site which worries
Toowoomba residents and environ-
mentalists.
In a letter to the Toowoomba
Tourism and Development board,
Du Pont project manager R.E.
Brakewell listed what gaseous emis-
sions there would be from the plant
— water vapour, hydrogea, carbon
dioxide, and small quantities of ni-
trogen oxides, as well as a small
amount of fallout dust from the prill-
ing tower.
The site, although adjacent to a
tannery and the Wetalla sewage
works, is only six kilometres from
AUSTRALIA
CSO:
the city centre and close to new resi-
dential areas and Baillie Henderson
Hospital.
The Citizens for Ciean Air fear
that gas emissions, some of them
they claim to be cancer causing, and
dust fallout will foul Toowoomba's
air and turn the Garden City — it
holds a Carnival of Flowers every
year — into the “Noxious City.”
Spokesman Arne Pedersen says
70 to 80 percent of all Toowoomba
residents would be living within a ra-
dius of the plant's chimneys.
Du Pont has promised to comply
with all the requirements of the
Clean Air Act but, according to the
Citizens for Clean Air, it offers no
CCA president Don Graham told
a City Council meeting that in the 19
years since the Act was passed there
had been only four prosecutions and
a total of only $200 in fines imposed
after appeals.
The Du Pont issuc cuts across par-
ty political lines.
One Liberal Party branch, after
lengthy debate, sent a protest motion
agzinst any re-zoning of land close to
residential area; for noxious indus-
5000/7560
try to the City Council, the Premier,
Deputy Premier and the Local Gov-
ernment Minister.
The local National Party has
— that the plant not be allowed
in proposed area inside the cit
boundaries. .
ALP candidate for Toowoomba
North, Alderman Peter Wood, like
all Council members, is officially
waiting to see the EIS before passing
judgement, but it would be electorai
The site is also in a mountain val-
ley which runs through the middle of
the city and is prone to fogs.
_Mr Graham says fog, mixed with
The CCA critised the environ-
mental impact study guidelines pre-
pared by the Department of Com-
mercial and Industrial Development
for omitting reference to fog, the risk
of explosion and the hazards posed
to human health.
At a cost of $3000, it has ordered
its own EIS to be carried out by the
School of Environmental! Studies at
Griffith University.
It should be ready by the end of
the month.
NSW ANTIPOLLUTION LAWS RAISE OIL COMPANY
Canberra
[Text ]
THE
USTRALIAN in English 5 Jul
OIL companies claim that
new clean-air laws in NSW
will cost the industry up to $20
mullion in increased operating
expemses and could have 4
substantial effect on the its
future in the State.
NSW refiners have been
fighting the State Govern-
ment over the low petra@>pric-
ing leveis and strict regulatory
standards imposed on che
industry.
One of the main operators in
NSW, Total, reveaied this year
that it lost money on petrol i%
sold in the State.
The company's expansion
plans Jor NSW have been
shelved indefinitely, while Ca!-
tex has protested against the
Government's pricing policies
and Ampoi has described the
dehavior of the NSW Govern-
ment as “outrageous inter-
ference with the democratic
process”.
The cost of compliance with
the new regulations. which are
expected to reduce the hvydro-
carbon fumes that form 7 to 8
per cent of the air pollution
above Sydney, has been caicu-
lated at between $18 and $20
milion.
The
increase in operaiung
costs is expected to be passed
to the public in the price of
petroieum products
The laws, to be introduced
over the next three years. re-
Guire petrol storage and hand-
ling
facilities within three
OBJECTIONS
82 p 2
——
zones covering Sydney, New-
castle and Wollongong to be
modified to prevent vapor
ieaking into the atmosphere
Similar laws are now being
considered for Victoria.
The NSW regulations call
for all new road tanker filling
terminalis and main storage
tanks to be fitted with vapor
emission control equipment.
and for existing storage tanks
to be fitted with similar facil-
ities by 1984.
Smaller storage tanks in
Sydney will also be covered by
the new laws from 1985 on-
wards, while emission control
systems will be required at all
main Stages in the transport-
ation of fuel from refineries to
individual service stations.
The requirement that all ser-
vice stations should have new
petrol pump nozzles with an
automatic cut-off valve — or
face a penaity of up to $5000 —
is likely to raise an outcry
among service station owners.
Many of the oi companies
have already begun the
switch-over to the new Stan-
dards. with Caitex embarking
on @ $3 million conversion pro-
gram.
The most sophisticated
vapor recovery system yet ins-
talled, at a cost of $300.000. isa
unit at the Silverwater ter-
minal in Sydnev's western
suburbs that prevents ail leak-
age of fumes.
AUSTRALIA
AUSTRALIA
BRIEFS
ENVIRONMENTAL WATCHDOG GROUP--Queensland lawyers have formed a new environmental
watchdog group, the Queensland Environmental Law Association. It is the third
such association of lawyers to be formed in Australia in the last three years.
The other groups are in New South Wales and Victoria. Chairman of the Queens-
land group, which has formed a committee to draw up a constitution and articles
of association, is Brisbane solicitor Mr Stephen Keim. The Queensland Conserva-
tion Council chairman, Mr Jason Reynolds, of Brisbane, said yesterday that the
new association would assist conservation groups to protect areas of Queensland,
such as Moreton and Fraser Islands. (Brisbane THE COURIER-MAIL in English 7 Jul
82 p 12]
ALP DAM POSITION--Conservationist groups yesterday praised the Labor confer-
ence's decision to oppose the flooding of the Franklin River in south-west
Tasmania. Against the strong opposition of its Tasmanian delegates, the con-
ference voted to oppose the construction of any dam on the Franklin or Gordon
rivers. The result was described as magnificent by the director of the Tasman-
ian Wilderness Society, Dr Bob Brown. it was a challenge to the Fraser Govern-
ment to intervene in Tasmauia to stop bulldozers being sent into the wilderness
this spring, he said. The Australian Conservation Foundation said it was heart-
ening that a political party accepted the need for the Federal Government to
save an area of world heritage importance which was listed on the National
Estate Register. The successful motion, moved by the Opposition Leader, in the
Senate, Senator Button, also committed a Labor Government to help the Tasmanian
Government expand its tourist potential. Tasmania would also be helped to find
ways to diversify its electricity generation. Senator Button's predecessor as
Senate Labor Leader, Mr Ken Wriedt, failed in his attempt to have the conference
approve the dam scheme. Mr Wriedt, now Leader of the Opposition in the Tasmani-
an Parliament, urged the conference to recognise that Tasmanians had approved
the scheme in a referendum. Labor's spokesman on the environment, Mr West,
failed by one vote to have the conference support a public inquiry into the
scheme. [Melbourne THE AGE in English 9 Jul 82 p 17]
10
VOLCANIC ASH DISPERSAL--ANOTHER cloud of volcanic ash is dispersing off the
sorth-west coast of WA after an eruption of Mount Galunggung, south of Jakarta,
on Thursday night. The Bureau of Metrorology said that the eruption at about
8pm was followed by a smaller one at about midnight. The volcanic activity
was shown on satellite photographs. The ash cloud from an earlier eruption
that disabled a Singapore Airlines jumbo jet could not longer be seen on the
photographs a bureau spokesman said. Staff were puzzled about the origin of
the present cloud, which appeared to come from a point a few kilometres east
of Mount Galunggung. "We are not too sure, but it could be a different volcano
--or maybe it has a double crater," the spokesman said. The regional director
of the Aviation Department, Mr E Keil, said that aircraft were being diverted
around the ash clouds. “We think we have the matter under control,” he said.
The bureau would continue to monitor the clouds and advise the department of
their position and density. [Text] [Perth THE WEST AUSTRALIAN in English
17 Jul 82 p 7]
EPA SHIFT IN VICTORIA--Control of the Environment Protection Authority may
be transferred from the Ministry of Conservation to the Department of Planning.
Dr Gerard Vaughan, a member of the Caucus Conservation Committee, said yester-
day the move was one of the options being considered by the Ministry of Con-
servation review team. Speaking a a meeting of the Clean Air Society, Dr
Vaughan said the review team had queried whether the EPA rightly belonged with
a Ministry whose main function was "the control of Crown lands." He said the
Department of Planning seemed more appropriate, given the EPA's responsibility
tor environmental management and planning. The Minister for Conservation and
Planning, Evan Walker, was unavailable for comment, but his senior adviser,
Dr Michael Henry, denied there were definite plans to shift control of the
EPA to the Department of Planning. "We are simply looking at a general review
of the Ministry," he said. [Melbourne THE AGE in Eng!ish 14 Jul 82 p 22]
REFORESTATION PROGRAM--MORE than 11,000 trees wil be planted on $*’ate Energy
Commission properties in the next year. About 10,000 of the trees will be
plavted on a former grazing property near Collie, one of three properties ac-
qui ed by the SEC as part of a reforestation prcegramme in the Wellington Dam
cat. hment area. About /0,000 trees have been planted on the properties to
help stabilise soil and reduce the salinity of run-off water into the dam.
Other major plantings proposed by the SEC include 500 trees and shrubs at the
Muja power station, 350 trees at Kwinana power station and 100 trees at the
Bunbury station. |Perth THE WEST AUSTRALIAN in English 15 Jul 82 p 14]
CSO: 5000/7560
11
CUBA
IMPROVEMENTS IN LOBSTER HARVEST SINCE 1978 NOTED
Havana MAR Y PESCA in Spanish Apr 82 p 25
[Text] Lobster is harvested in Cuba on the four large insular shelfs which
surround the island. The importance of each of these is shown in the map be-
low. Most of the lobster production is located to the south (almest 80 percent),
especially in Batabano Gulf.
Ihe development of the lobster harvest from 1959 to 1980, which has varied, is
shown in the graph. Since 1965, when over 9,000 metric tons per year were
caught, the harvest of this specie has fluctuated often, with sudden drops
every third or fourth year and showing levels of less than 8,800 metric tons
in 1967, 1970, 1973 and 1977, and especially following years with high harvests,
as in 1969 and 1976.
Beginning in 1978 this situation has changed completely and the harvests have
been kept at stable levels and above 10,000 metric tons per year. This of
course was determined from the application of a fishing administration policy,
particularly with regard to a more strict compliance with the minimum legal
size and an increase in the closed season as well as the complete watch over
this period. All of this has contributed in making the yearly weight increase
of the harvestable population be estimated at around 700 metric tons.
[Photos on following page |
12
lemportan srelatwa fen por ental de las Adtereont j mnpresas langostrras
(‘datos de 1976 1980)
ss a Cc |
— ao
ee ee ee = 7
.
~ » .
7 . |
~ /\
/\
j }
/ |
| |
}
‘
Comportanvento de las capturas de langosta en «i periodo 1959-1980
Captions:
|. Map--Relative importance (percent) of the various zones and lobster enter-
prises. (information from 1976-1980)
»
Graph--Behavior of the lobster harvest over the 1959-1980 period.
T™ = metric tons
Media = average
Especiec = specie
CSO: 3010/2244
13
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
BRIEFS
AFFORESTATION PROJECT PROGRESSING--ABU DHABI (EN)--The country's largest af-
forestation project is well underway with 5,500 hectares planted including
forests and grass farms, said Mohammed Rida Soorouri, head of the municipali-
ty's agriculture section. This, the Balnona project, was started in 1961 and
will encompass some 23,000 hectares when finished. The project's grass farms
which were featured in a television program here this week, produce needed
hay for animal fodder, while conserving the soil. Another large project the
section is involved with, is planting forests and grasslands in and around
the new airport. In the airport's runway area alone, 48 hectares of grass
are being planted. This area, like many others in the city, is fed dy auto-
matic computerised sprinklers. Research is also being carried out by the sec-
tion, said Soorouri. Finding suitable varieties of fruits and vegetables in-
cluding oranges, bananas and coconuts for area farms is the aim of the present
research. Last year, mini-farms of one and a half of two hectares each were
distrbitued to local farmers in Beda Zayed, Zatra, Sela and Al Khatam. Each
of these includes palm trees and irrigation facilities at present. The next
phase in the scheme is to plant and cultivate vegetables between the trees
for maximum utilisation of water and land. [Text] [Abu Dhabi EMIRATES NEWS
in English 4 Aug 82 p 3]
CSO: 5000/4716
14
SHASHE DAM TO SUPPLY WATER TO FRANCISTOWN
Gaborone DAILY NEWS in English 15 Jul 82 p 1
[Article by Solomon Lotshe]
[Text ]
CS:
WATER FROM the Shashe Dam
may start flowing to Francrstown
next month to assure the people
of the town of a constant water
supply A ew water supply
system from the dam is expectec
to be complete in August
The new system includes 2
water pipeline from the dam to
Francistown and a big new
reservoir burlt on one of the wills
nthe town The water supply
system of the town has also
been rehabilitated
The news were told to the
Francistown residents by the
Minister of Mineral Resources
and Water Affairs. Or Gaositwe
Chiepe this week She was
addressing ‘meetings in the town
at Tati-Siding and Matsiloje
recently
She told the people that the
government took over water
supply trom the town council
because it was running al a loss
very inadequate and unreliable
Dr Crepe explained that her
Ministry tookover water supply
through the Water Utilitres
Corporation
The Minister also pornted out
5000 / 5800
that the water tariffs on the town
were raised because a tot of
rehabilitation on the water supply
system was necessary
The cap tal cost was very high
and the government had to
borrow money from the World
Bank to finance the project, Or
Crepe said
She explanned that people were
paying more for water in
Francistown than in Gaborone
because peopte in Gaborone
were near to thew water source
in Francistown people pey 60
thebe per kilo-litre and in
Gaborone 46 thebe per kilo-litre
According to the Minister, the
rehabilitation, water pipeline from
Shashe Dam and new water
works capital expenditure was
very twgh
Dr Crepe said that government
had Dull water supply in
Francistown to a capacity of
12 000 kilo-ltres while the current
demand was 4 000 kilo-litres
She explained that the capacity
of the rehabilitated and
reinforced supply was 12 000
kilo-litres to meet with the
demand of the future develop
ment programmes of the town
BOTSWANA
he railway headquarters
abatiow. indusines and many
others that might come to the
town
Dr Crepe pointed out that the
government did not want to limit
the water supply to the present
Gemand of 4 000 kilo litres and
then im two years time raise
another loan
She added that unless some-
thing went wrong the 12 000 kilo
wires would carry the people to
1995 but before that there must
be work on the future require-
ments beyond 1995
The Minister also briefed the
people on the future development
of Francistown. She said that the
development consists of two big
projects - the abattoir and the
railway headquarters which she
$a:d would bring some change
mn the town
Dr Chiepe also hoped that in
the near future the government
might at long last do something
about the Sua Pan project. She
said the development of the
project, though not in
Francistown, would have an
impact inthe development of the
town
DROUGHT RELIEF PROJECTS APPROVED
Gaborone DAILY NEWS in English 15 Jul 82 p 2
[Article by Tarcisius Modongo]
[Text ]
CSO:
5000 / 5800
THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT Development Committee has approved
Labour intensive drought relief projects submitted to it by the
Drought Retief committee of the Southern District
A total of P20 000 has been set aside for the drougnt relief projects
Accorfing to the Kanye-based Development Officer, Mr PG
Tumedi, the Village Development Committee had in turn submitted
proposals for the projects to the interministerial committee
Both the drought relief
committee and the Village
Development Committee have
identified thew projects which
vary trom dam construction to
road Durlding
In Kanye, there are plans to
move the air strip from its present
place because it is a hazard to
villagers since the village has
grown on all sides
Two sites have already been
identified for the new a “irip
and the VOC is now awaiiing
approval from the Department
of Civ Aviation
Another project to be
undertaken in Kanye is the
fencing of the Kanye dam
At Kutuku, @ remote area
settlement between Mabutsane
and Khakhea in Western
Ngwaketse, the remote area
Gweliers are clearing and
debushing an arable plot to be
used communally
This project will help two ways.
by aiding the villagers towards
diversification and also serve as
a temporary source of income in
this drought which has resulted
16
in the scarcity of wild fruits and
the migration of wild animals
Mr Tumedi mentioned that
although western Ngwaketse is
generally regarded as arably
Suitable the probability of
narzards although minimal were
about the same at Kutuku as in
other places in the area whose
residents have been practising
arable farming
In other areas residents of
Molopo have decided to clear
the veld for the Phitshane-
Molopo-Mabule road and at
Leporung in the same area the
cammunity has proposed to dig
and buildadan The dam willbe
of a great importance to livestock
The source of water has been
Molopo river but due to the
construction of Disaneng Dam
in South Africa it has become
unreliable because the fiow is no
longer perrenial
At Tshidilamolomo a vegetable
garden has started while Mabule
residents are planning to erect a
shelter at the kgotia, build «
kitchen and a cre. :e in the
village
BOTSWANA
BOTSWANA
BRIEFS
DITLHARAPENG WATER SHORTAGE--A SERIOUS water shortage has aborted plans to
build a community centre at Ditlharapeng village in the Southern District.
Other development projects have also been halted. The Headteacher of the
area's Tawana Primary School, Mr Mmolawa, told BOPA that the drilling machine
had broken down and the owner had returned to South Africa after making very
little progress. He said, it as doubtful that he would ever come back but
the local Village Development Committee had paid P500 as deposit. However
Mr Mmolawa said there was hope that help would come from the USA. Already
he said, the American Embassy in Gaborone had donated a water engine and the
new borehole equipment. The Headteacher also said the American Emoassy had
contributed to the construction of a health centre at Ditlharapeng. The South-
ern District Council had planned to erect a reservoir at the cost of P4 000.
When BOPA reporters visited Ditlharapeng recently, about 2 000 residents were
drawing and drinking water from the small drying dam. Domestic animals were
also sharing the water. Mr Mmolawa also spoke about the feeding scheme at
Tawana, where the store-rooms were stacked with bags of sorghum. But the ser-
ious water shortage in the village was causing problems. He also said parents
had been prepared to pound the sorghum for the school children as was requested
by the government. [Text] [Gaborone DAILY NEWS in English 4 Aug 82 p 2]
MAKALENG HIT BY THIRST--A WATER problem has hit Makaleng residents in the North
East District, following the drying up of a water well point in the Shashe
River which is the main source of water. They drying up of the wel in the
river is due to lack of rainfall this year. Makaleng people are reported to
be almost a month without water. The North East District Council is in the
meantime providing residents with water through water-bowzers three to four
times a day. The water is being drawn from a borehole at Botalaote village
about 12 kilometres away. Each family is rationed to two buckets per day.
The clinic and the school are supplied with 2000 gallons each per day. The
Council Secretary, Mrs N. Thothe has said in the meantime, the council was
intending to re-equip the old borehole within the village, although the water
was salty. She said the water from that borehole would mainly be used for
cooking, washing and building while tranported water would be for drinking
purposes. Mrs Thothe further said more villagers in the North-East were likely
to face similar problems. She further said the Council started supplying to
schools at Matenge, Malabagwena, Masakwane, Gare and Letsholathebe villages.
She said each school was being provided with three drums of water once a week
per school. The Council Secretary further said the counci! has appealed to
17
the Ministry of Mineral Resourcs to assist. She is also appealing to all
North-East Villagers to be patient because the council was working hard to put
the situation under control. Mrs Thothe further said the Ministry of Agricul-
ture has ailocated F15 000 to the council to purchase water bags. [Text]
[Gaborone DAILY NEWS in English 3 Aug 82 p 1}
BOBIRWA DROUGHT RELIEF--THE DROUGHT-RELIEF programme is reported to be imple-
mented well in the worst drought-hit Bobirwa area, according to the Drought
Relief Co-ordinator in the area, Mr Howard Chilume. Already, 100 tonnes of
sorghum has been sent to six schools and another 100 tonnes has been dist ribu-
ted to remote dwellers in the district, he said. Addressing the drought relief
sub-committee in the council offices in Bobonong last week, Mr Chilume said
there was another 100 tonnes waiting to be distributed to the various schools
in the area. He explained that the sorghum was sent to only six schools because
in other schools there was still stocks of some food (analiti). Mr Chilume
said more cooking pots had been ordered but that they had not yet arrived.
He appealed to residents of the area to loan pots to PTAs until their orders
had come. According to Mr Chilume, stamping in schools where sorghum had been
sent had already started. He said people were coming forward to register for
Stamping. The drought relief co-ordinator reported that at Tsetsejwe the res-
idents had already started to mould bricks for the construction of teachers
quarters under the drought relief scheme. In Moletemane they had started road
clearing. In both villages, however, residents have been advised to stop their
projects until the ;rojects were approved by the Ministry of Local Government
and Lands. Mr Chilume also said although the drought relief programme was
progressing well in Bobirwa they had transport problems. He said they had
no vehicles to distribute food to various villages in the area. [Text] [Gaborone
DALLY NEWS in English 6 Jul 82 p 2]
CSO: 5000/5800
18
ETHIOPIA
FOREST DEVELOPMENT GAINS MOMENTUM IN TIGRAI
Addis Ababa THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD in English 19 Aug 82 p 1
[Text] MAKELE (ENA)--Over 17 million tree-seedlings have been planted in Ti-
grai region in the current Ethiopian year starting last September through the
area office of the Forest and Wildlife Conservation and Development Authority.
and the regional peasants’ association.
Disclosing this, Comrade Gebre-Medhin Adera, the regional forest developr..nt
expert, said that the seedlings were produced in 23 government and four peas-
ants’ association forest nurseries. Some 12 million of the seedlings were
produced in plastic bags.
Comrade Gebre-Medhin pointed out that the area office of the Authoriy is cur-
renly engaged in setting up model forest nurseries in suitable peasants’ asso-
ciation localities and is rendering material and technical assistance to help
peasants of the region to cover their areas with greenery. More efforts will
be made in this line in future, he said.
Educationla briefings ts help the peasants comprehend the importance of forest,
and take active participation in forest conservaion and development are given
by the area office of the Authority, Comrade Gebre-Medhin stated. He pointed
out that a total of 500 peasants in the region have beentrained in the current
Ethiopian year alone to serve as forest conservation and development agents.
The regional forestry expert further stated that terraces have been built over
3,302 hectares by the government and peasant associations and noted that owing
to the combined work of afforestation and terracing, a number of localities
in the region have been covered with forests. This, he said, has immensely
saved the soil in the area from heing eroded by wind and rain besides creating
conditions for salubrious climate.
As a result of the over 84 million forest seedlings planted in the region since
the Revolution through the concerted effort of the government and the masses,
an encouraging influx of wlidlife to their original habitat is also being wit-
nessed, Comrade Gebre-Medhin pointed out.
cso: 9000/5810
19
ETHIOPIA
BRIEFS
SEVEN MILLION TREE SEEDLINGS--Nearly 7.5 million tree seedlings were planted
in the seven provinces of Gojjam region as part of the overall national en-
deavour to reclaim the once rich forest resources of the country. The local
offices of the Forestry and Wildlife Conservacion and Development Authority
had organized an afforestation campaign in which people over 14 years old plan-
ted five tree seealings each. A meeting was held recently between extension
farm workers and other pertinent authorities to discuss the post-plantation
programme and the care to be given to sprouting trees. Ina similar venture,
over 72,000 hectares of land in Charcher-Adal-Gara-Guracha province, Hararghe
region, were covered with tree seedlings during a recent afforestation campaign
organized by the afforestatioa development office. Sueprvisors were assigned
to Awash, Miesso, Mille and Hirna towns to guard the young trees planted both
in high and lowlands, according to the local office. Feeder roads were also
constructed to get easy access to the demarcated areas while the regional of-
fice of the Authority was given specific information regarding the protection
of incense trees in a locality called Kassie Heja. The Muktar hilis in Cher-
cher-Adal-Gara-Guracha province are reputed for rare wildlife. [Text] [Addis
Abuba THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD in English 20 Aug 82 p 6]
CSO: 5000/5810
20
NAMIB IA
BRIEFS
CLOUDS ‘MILKED'--Windhoek--Clouds scudding above the parched South West
African land my soon be "milked" on a regular basis. The SWA Minister's
Council has accepted recommendations that a weather specialist be appointed
to examine the feasibility of instituting a permanent cloud-seeding programme,
A test project carried out in March and April this year showed the milking
of clouds seemed possible in the territory, the council was told. Large
areas of the territory, regularly plagued by drought, are experiencing one
of the worst drought cycles in history. The report before the council said
the chances of successful rainfall modification were small during drought
periods, but would reach maximum effectiveness in years of normal and high
rainfall. "“Cloud-sceding is not an answer to a drought situation during
the drought but should rather be undertaken on a continuous basis if under-
taken at all," the report said, The technology should not be viewed as a
water supply scheme in itself. "At best it can be regarded as a supplement
to existing sources of supply." The annual cost of a rainfall modification
programme to be conducted yearly over a period of four to five months was
estimated at R330 000 at current values. An initial capital outlay of
R225 000 would be required, The report recommended a consultant be contracted
to establish how much additional water the technology could produce and
whether the benefit warranted the cost.--Sapa [Text [Johannesburg THE
CITIZEN in English 20 Aug 82 p 10]
cSO: 5000/5802
NIGERIA
BRIEFS
DESZRT ENCROACHMENT CAUSES MIGRATION--IT has been disclosed that desert en-
croachment in parts of Borno State has forced thousands of people in the state
to migrate to neighbouring states of the federation. This was disclosed in
the House of Representatives by a member representing Matchina Constituency
of the state, Alhaji Bukar Mele. Alhaji Bukar, who was moving a motion to
this effect, stated that the situation had also forced schools in the state
to close down indefinitely. According to him, the desert encroachment coupled
with the sand dunes had overtaken the area, making farming very difficult.
He said that the encroachment was hampering food transportation from other
states, adding that the access roads were now inaccessible. The House, there-
fore, directs its committee on agriculture and natural resources to investigate
the situation and recommend remedies within four weeks after the motion had
received overwhelming support from members. [Text] [Kaduan NEW NIGERIAN in
Enlgish 8 Jul 82 p 16]
CSO: 5000/5795
SOUTH AFRICA
NORTHERN TRANSVAAL RAVAGED BY DROUGHT
Johannesburg THE STAR in English 4 Aug 82 p l
[Article by Pamela Kleinot: "Dry Veld Spells Death"]
[Text] Drought has ravaged huge areas of the Northem Transvaal, aggravating
the huager problem and foreshadowing death through disease for thousands of
children,
Every year an estimated 50 000 children in South Africa's rural areas die
from malnutrition and malnutrition-related diseases, But this year it is
likely the death rate will rise,
The devastation of drought--empty rivers, no harvest--adds to the toll
taken by diseases bred of poverty, overcrowding and malnutrition.
During a week-long survey of drought-stricken areas The Star found:
--There is an acute shortage of water, even for drinking in some areas as
rivers and streams have dried up.
--Crops have failed, including maize which is the staple dict of millions,
--There is little grazing left,
"There's an undeclared famine in Gazankulu," a senior health official told
The Star,
Lebowa's Secretary for Health, Dr Machupe Mphahlele said the extent of
malnutrition in his area was frightening. He estimated 100 000 children in
Lebowa were ma lnourished,
Lebowa and Gazankulu are fragmented homelands which share borders and straddle
most of the Northern Transvaal, Both are mostly thorny, rocky wastelands
but each has a corner of the wilderness area of Tzaneen with its lush, green
meadows e
23
the cecent polio cpidemic which has killed at least 28 children and paralysed
253 others to date, has focused attention on the northeastern Transvaal,
The Star has established:
--Polio is a mere drop in the ocean of disease that ravages children daily
in these rural areas, Gastro-enteritis is the biggest killer of black
children--followed by respiratory infections, malnutrition and measles, At
a hospital in Gazankulu 50 patients were being treated for typhoid. Doctors
said this number was not unusual, Tuberculosis and whooping cough are also
rife,
--People live in overcrowded and unhygienic conditions, For most the bush
is their toilet and contaminated rivers their water source,
--People are poor because there are simply too few job opportunities. A
family of six often has to live on R40 a month--or less--and depend on
migrant workers for this cash, There are few men left at home,
--Local food production is low because of land shortage, There is also
insufficient water to grow crops. People are forced to buy food at local
stores at considerably higher prices than in urban areas,
--Health services are inadequately funded, poorly equipped and understaffed,
They are inaccesible to many people who lack transport facilities. Sick
people may have to walk 15 km to a clinic. Hospitals are overcrowded with
patients sharing beds and sleeping on the floor,
Lebowa has requested drought relief from the South African Government,
reports The Star's Farming Correspondent,
A spokesman from the Department of Co-operation and Development yesterday
confirmed it had been asked for financial aid for drilling boreholes, He
added the matter was receiving priority attention but no decision had yet
been taken,
cso: 500/5808
24
FEARS OF RUIN AS DROUGHT GRIPS
Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 17 Aug 82 p 12
[Article by Tim Clarke]
drought in northern.
Natal and the Mid
lands of the provin-
ce is reaching criti-
cal proportions.
Farmers in both
areas claim they ar«
facing ruin.
Cattle and maize
farmers in northern
Nata) have been badly
hit by the prolonged
drought as have maize
and vegetable farmers
in the Midlands belt.
The chairman of the
Dundee Farmers’ Asso-
Cation, Mr Glynne Bur-
rant, said yesterday the
situation for both dairy
and maize farmers in
northern Natal was
reaching a “critical
stage”. Most dairy
farmers had culled the-
ir herds in autumn this
year in expectation of
the bed period.
He said that despite
this culling, there was
hardly any winter fod-
der left. Farmers faced
disaster unless heavy
rains fell soon.
The situation of
maize farmers in the
area was equally bad.
Because of poor re
turns from the present
maize crop it was esti-
mated that only 20 per-
§009/5798
cent of the farmers in
the area would be able
to repay their loans
from the Land Bank
used to finance their
present crops.
According to farmers
interviewed, the situa-
tion is extremely se
rious. One told The Citi-
zen yesterday that the
maize crop would only
be about 30000 tons
this year because of the
lack of rain. This was
half last year’s crop.
Many vegetable
farmers interviewed by
The Citizen said their
crops were a total
write-off. A farmer in
the Howick district said
many of his neighbours
had quit and had moved
to Durban or Pieter-
maritzburg to find
work. He said the crip-
pling heat had been
devastating and thou-
sands of hectares of
vegetabies were ruined.
He made the gloomy
forecast that even if
rains fell now it would
be too late to save the
crops.
NATAL REPORTED
SOUTH AFRICA
WATER IMPORTED FROM NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES
SWAZILAND
Mbabane THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND in English 10 Aug 82 pp l, 15
[Article by Donny Nxumalo]
(Text ]
SWAZILAND
will continue to
buy water from
neighbouring cou-
ntries if the pre-
sent water short-
age in border
areas continues.
This was stated by
the Minister of Works
Power and Comm--
unications, Dr. Victor
Leibrandt, yesterday.
Lomahasha still imports
water from Mozambique
and Lavumisa imports
water from South Africa.
Swaziland has an agreement |
with the two neighbouring ,
states to supply these areas +
with clean water
In a separate wterview,
the director of the Water
and Sewerage Board, Mr.
Christopher Mavuso, said
borcholes thal wen
installed in the two towns
did not generate enough
water to supply the
community
The water shortages in
these areas have been in
existence for a number of
years. Water from the two
countries are supplied by
tankers. The government of
the two countries send bills
to the Swaziland Water
Board who pay for the
water.
The communities in the
two towns pay the water
board in normal rates. The
board distributes water to
the communities by trucks.
Mr. Mavuso _ stated,
however that when
Mozambique is struck by
droughts, it breaks the
‘agreement and fails to
supply water because it has
greater need at home. Mr.
Mavuso disclosed that at
one time, the water board
had to send water tanks by
trucks all the way from
Manzini to lLomahasha
because Mozambique had
halted supplies.
Mr. Mavuso said,
however that if was not
economically viable to build
a water system in
Lomahasha and Lavumisa.
“it is always a problem
when you don’t have your
own water supply, but it is
much cheaper to import
it,”’ he said. ““One has got
to consider the planning
and financing and whether
or not the funds are
availabie,"" Dr. Leibrandt
said.
Water shortages reached
crisis propotions in the
Siteki area in 1980, but Dr
Leibrandt said the repairing
of the Lugongoiweni dam
has alleviated the situation
**Ht a continuing problem,
and people should use jess
water «while we plan for a
more lasting solution We
should economise while we
Suild for the future. Sitek:
is certainly one of our
priorities,’ he said
Dr. Leibrandt said his
minisiry has completed a
number of water schemes
throughout the couniry
**At least 50 schemes have
been completed and half the
population is already
getting clean water
supplies,’ he said
He said seven boreholes
have already been
completed in the Shiselwen:
district supplying 10,000
people He said another
scheme run by UNICEF is
presently working on a El
million water supply project
in Nhiangano
He said rural water
projects are being
conducted by British and
Canadian aid
SWAZILAND
WFP AID TO DROUGHT-STRIKEN FAMILIES REPORTED
Mbabane THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND in English 9 Aug 82 p l
[Article by James Dlamini]
[Text] THE WORLD FOOD Programme is to send emergency food aid worth E1l.5
million to families in Swaziland's drought striken areas.
The food is expected to feed more than 83,500 persons for a period of three
mnoths.
The acting representative of the World Food Programme in Swaziland, Mr. Charles
Cohen said 3,000 tons of white maize will be purchased in Zimbabwe out of World
Food Programme funds to be delivered to Swaziland shortly, possibly in October.
“*This food aid grant
will also include 300
tons of pulses (dried
beans, peas for mak-
ing soup) and 150 tons
of edible oil,”’ a state-
ment said.
Swaziland’s request was
approved on August 5 by
the Director General of the
Food and Agriculture
Organisation, Mr. Edward
Saouma
Agreement
The pulses will come
from Holland and the edi-
ble oil is to bought from the
Unned States. Mr Cohen
and the Minister for
Agriculture, Mr. AK
Hiophe are scheduled to
meet sometime this week
for an exchange of letters 'o
formalise the agreement
“When the letter of
understanding has been
signed it will bx sent to FAO
headquariers in Rome,”
Mr. Cohen said in an inter.
view
The letters will briefly set
out the role the FAO and
the Government will be ex-
pected to play. The food
will be delivered to the
Ministry of Agriculture and
Co-operatives which will ve
responsible for distributing
it among the affected
farnilies.
An emergency food
distmbution committee will
be established jointly by the
FAO office in Swaziland
and the Minister of
Agriculture and Co.
operatives
‘“*We will plan the
logistics of moving the food
from warehouses in Mat-
sapa to the districts. We will
also determine where and
how much food as been
disinbuted.” “Mr Cohen
added
Food to the Rura!
Development Areas «ii! be
distributed by RDA's pro-
gramme managers. Outside
the RDAs, food will be
distributed through the
Distinct C * of-
fices and semor agricultural
extension officers, and co-
operative officers
Exploitation
Asked wha! measures
would be taken to ensure
that and food would act be
explosied of sold at the ex-
pense of the starving
farmbes as has happened
elsewhere in Africa, Mr
Cohen said
“| will bke to emphases
that once food reacties
Swaziland, « will be the
property of the Govern.
ment. it will be the Govern
ment’s duty to see that it is
distributed propery and to
the mght people. However,
we will have a very com
prehensive accounting
system. by which, af a
glance we wil! be able to tell
if food has gone astray and
at what pom.”
"The Ministry of
Agriculture and Co
operatives gave us accurate
details when submitting the
request, that uw the reason
why there was no time
wasted to have the request
approved,” Mr. Cohen ad-
ded
“We did not have to go
back to the ministry to seek
more information. We have
a tome lima, We are striving
to have the food here by
October, because the situa
pon © expected to be
critical from October to
March ext year.” Mr
Cohen said
The most highly affected
area by the drought is the
Shise! wen district
Here «6 the break down
of the drought areas and
people aflfecied
Shiselwens district
4) “#O people. Prggs Peak
wub-district 20 040 people
Manzim district i” oO
Lubombo 4 81D neon
SYRIA
POLLUTION STUDY IN HOMS
Damascus AL-THAWRAH in Arabic 1/7 Jul 82 pp 5, 10
[Article by Rasim al-Wa'ri: "Solutions and Proposals to Deal with Environ-
mental Pollution Danger in Homs"]
[Text] Students of the production camp in Homs recently carried out an
environmental pollution study, established by the Research Society, by con-
ducting a comprehensive survey and integrated study concerning the truth about
industrial establishments that contribute to environmental pollution, as well
as the al-‘Asi River basin.
Based on this, these efforts were aimed at the security and health of the
population of Homs Province. In support of those effort and their success,
we are publishing the following study about environmental pollution in the
Province and the future dangers. The study also raises some solutions and
proposals to ward off air pollution in Homs Province.
Homs Amidst the Gases of Factories and the Refinery
The city of Homs is located in the center of the country. It is considered a
connecting link between north, south, east and west. It has a population of
about 1 million. Homs is one of the largest provinces in the country. The
city of Homs is the third largest in population after the capital, Damascus,
and Aleppo. The al-‘Asi River runs through it and forms a large lake west
of the city, known as Lake Qantinah. Several important industries are concen-
trated around the city, including an oil refinery, cement and electrical works,
as well as other factories that emit large quantities of gases and poisonous
wastes. These substances pollute the atmosphere and rivers, which results
in damage to the population's life, especially in the new residential areas
on the roads to Damascus, Mafraq, and Tudmur and the western and southern
suburbs.
The relatively damp climate, along with wind direction and speed, plays an
important role in gaseous concentrations in the city's atmosphere, since the
concentrations are lowered when wind speed increases, and the concentrations
of pollutants increase when wind speed drops. This is especially true when
the wind speed drops over the city at 10 o'clock at night until morning,
throughout most of the year.
29
Basic Atmosphere Pollutants
The study enumerated pollution sources with the following elements:
Coal oxide and dioxide
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Hydrogen sulphate
Ammonia gas
wi & WN
> Fs * ® ©
Pollutants Emitted From the Nitrogen Fertilizer Plant
Three nitrogen fertilizer plants--al-Calnitro, the ammonia urea plant and the
Tarbil super phosphate--discharge large quantities of gases, resulting in air
pollution. The amount of sulphur dioxide gas emitted from the Babcock boilers
is estimated at 1476 square meters per hour, resulting from the burning of
fuels containing approximately 1.5 percent sulphur, in addition to discharging
nitrogen oxide and coal oxide and dioxide gases.
About 925 cubic meters per hour of sulphur oxide gases are discharged from
the ammonia urea boiler’s smokestacks, in addition to undetermined quantities
of gases derived from the burning of crude naptha. The treating of parts of
ammonia urea results in the amount of 180 cubic meters, while the al-Calnitro
factory discharges 2,000 cubic meters per day. The clouds of ammonia nitrates,
spewed forth from the towers of al-Calnitro are also considered a chief source
of pollution of the Qatinah area, which is close by the company, as well as
the industrial facilities neighboring the lake.
Pollutants Emitted by the Qatinah Electrical Works
The Homs air pollution study reported that the use of 500 tons of fuel per day,
containing 5 percent sulphur, whose burning gives off 12,250 cubic meters of
sulphur oxide gas per day, results in increased air pollution, in addition to
undetermined amounts of coal oxide, dioxide and nitrogen gases.
Pollutants from the Oil Refinery
The burning of 600 to 700 tons of fuel per day in the heating process results
in 12,250 cubic meters of sulphur oxide gases, in addition to hydrogen sulphide.
nitrogen oxide and petroleum gases, being discharged from the smokestacks of
the carbonization department.
The discharge of sulphuric gases increases to 24,500 cubic meters per day when
the work of the unit producing sulphur stops, due to its burning.
The production of 180 tons of butane gas, and its bottling, results in the
leakage of approximately 1 ton per day, noting that the surplus is put to
the torch.
Pollution Produced by the Oil Paints Company
As a result of burning 5 tons of fuel, 60 cubic meters of various sulphur oxide
gases are emitted into the atmosphere, in addition to combusion gases and
coal dust.
30
Solutions and Proposals to Ward Off Air Pollution in Homs
The s idy reached the following solutions and proposals to ward off the
danger of air pollution in Homs:
1. Fuel is the chief source of pollution in Homs, in view of its containing
a percentage of sulphur of up to 5.2 percent, which leads to the discharge of
sulphur oxide. This is a high percentage of sulphur, and large quantities of
it settles in fuel, despite the work of the unit producing sulphur in the
hydrogen separators and the Mirox units, as a result of the complete burning
of the hydrogen sulphide gas, from which is derived the free sulphur. The
study emphasizes that the percentage of sulphur in fuel must be reduced
through the use of Arabian crude oil, which is noted for the reduced concen-
trations in its composition, and the establishing of hydrogen units to
extract the sulphur in crude oil, so as to ensure the reduction of sulphur
to the minimum extent possible.
2. It is impossible to determine the percentage of air pollution through the
gases discharged from the sources of pollution, and to use measurements con-
ducted through a time period to determine the extent of pollution and the
extent of health damage to the population, in view of the changing weather
conditions during the day and during the months of the year, since concen-
trations of pollutants increase and decrease in accordance with those atmos-
pheric conditions. Therefore, not less than six fixed centers, with measuring
positions at differing distances, must be used to conduct measurements through-
out the year. Tables of internationally permitted levels of gases must be
used, and a specialized medical authority must be taske! with establishing
medical inspection and permanent supervision over the population, in order to
estimate the health damage that pollution causes, and its various effects
on mankind.
7005
CSO: 5000/4715
31
ZIMBABWE
MINISTER REASSURES PEOPLE ON DROUGHT
Harare THE SUNDAY MAIL in English 22 Aug 82 pp 1, 3
[Text] NOBODY will die to the Cold Storage Come
fronf the drought un- - ~4 2: on epen whee
lese there is a we Tr no anewer. We
could give people
breakdown in com- for their cattle, but we
munications, says the are not able to give them
areas nearly every Gay and
sources and Develop- wy —
ment, Cde Cephas state of affairs as (ar as
Masi cattle are concerned,
pe- “Ia Matabeleland at
my ainistsy ene Oe present they are surviv-
Ministry of Local Gov- ing oo tree leaves, but
ernment and Towns Pilan- how long can they do
selves to ensure that no Asked why people ware
one dies,” he said ip as hanging on to thelr ani-
eee are communycating nes Go sues on
they were worried about
with district administra- bow they would plough
tors. and provincial water when the rains eatne and
engineers are kept ia- whether the cost of cat-
a tle would imcrease so that
- they would be unable to
Of course, drought re afford to buy more if they
lief takes er over sold now
: “On my last trip I saw
The tig worry wes them using cattle to cart
about cattle curvi in water in some.areas where
the lives of nearly three 30 iam round trip to get
a < oe water in drums. 7 catue
“There is 0 in are still useful.
A few people were get
eth Fe ggg gt ting far less for their cat-
= —s wy tle than they would have
ek cattle 1 dont umow, just a month ago, because
r e t :
because they will definitely the animals wer) deterio-
die,” said Cade Msipa. rating yi.
Me on bem on ing what are normally
" Cde
of bis regular tours of considered rejects,
drought-stricken areas to Msipa said. ont Fu
oy hd A aaron bee ‘isited the
velopment show people y of
that — Government is a —
concern how
Cée Msipa said posete people were coping
agreed with him that their The ministry had in-
cattle would die, but they creased its supplies of
still insisted on not selling borehole drille 123
CSO:
hiwayo could protably %
installed @ two days
“Eventually this system
would be upgraded to
as it bas been Gltered by
th sand aoc more
hygienic than the old
method of simply digg o¢
$000 /5811
33
j eit.
ae
iy’
iis
bal?
5 ekhie
7
3
g2
At Dinyane, where work
om a village water supply
had to stup Geceuse of the
security situations. minsis-
try warkers were Grilling
horenoles and Stting them
with Pansd pumps
Another
could mot Gad « place to
4A for water.”
The chief engineer had
gone out with a water
a@ of who had ipdicat-
ed iwo places
“We will sow send «a
érili rig i.”
ZIMBABWE
GOVERNMENT TO ESTABLISH VILLAGE WATER SUPPLY CENTERS
Harare THE HERALD in English 4 Aug 82 p 11
[Text] THE Government will establish at least 50 village water supply centres
in the rural areas, the Deputy Minister of Water Resources and Development,
Cde Joseph Kaparadza, said yesterday.
One such centre has recently been established at Shumba village in the Chikwaka
communal land at a cost of about $40,000.
Another centre would be established in September at Makosa village in Mutoko
and would cost about $60 000, Cde Kaparadza said.
The deputy minister was speaking at a meeting of district council chairmen,
district administrators, councillors and senior Government officials from Ma-
shonaland East province, at Seke Hall, south of Purare.
"This is just the beginning of a long-term programme to supply clean water
to the people in the rural areas."
The centres would be established at points which would serve between 500 anc
2 000 villagers.
Water would be led to brick sheds. Washing basins would be installed in the
sheds so that people could do their washing.
"The places will be adequately protected from rainfall, wind and wild animals.
“In other areas, where there is not enough water in the rivers and streams,
a water trough will also be built beside the shed for cattle and other animals,’
Cde Kaparadza said.
He appealed to the people to help the Government by digging trenches where
the pipes would be laid. This would reduce the costs of the project, he said.
"Britain and Sweden have, through their Zimcord pledges, said that they will
give six drilling rigs each to Zimbabwe. We are therefore waiting for them
so as to drill more boreholes quickly.
"The demand for water, especially at rural day secondary schools an proposed
growth points, calls for the immediate attention of the Government,” the deputy
minister said.
cso: 5000/5792
ZIMBABWE
SQUATTERS FLOCK TO CHINAMHORA WATER PROJECT
Harare THE HERALD in English 7 Aug 82 p 6
THE establishment of a
village water supply cen-
tre in Chinamhora c-m-
muna! land has attrscted
many squatters, the Goro-
monzi district administra-
tor, Cde Dakadzai Sithoile,
was told this week.
At a meeting attended
by farmers and hea's of
Villages at Shumba village
on Thursday, Cde Sithole
was told that people had
started drifting from other
areas to Chinamhora, at-
tracted by the develop-
ment taking place there.
“There are now about
50 ‘foreign’ families in this
area now and if nothing is
done as soon as possibile
More people will come,”
the village heads said.
“This might cause very
serious over - crowding,
leaving ovr cattle without
enough grazing land.”
The district administra-
tor said he would report
the matter to the Ministry
of Lands, Resettlement
and Rural Development
for action.
The villagers demanded
that the squatters »5e
moved before the next
Traine so they could have
time to prepare for the
season.
Apother problem faced
“We hear that there are
many bus operators hold-
ing permits to serve the
area, but they don’t use
this route,” the
said Meanwhile, other
operators wishing to come
im are blocked by these
people who claim to be
&re just momopolising this
route yet they have failed
to serve it efficiently,
Ww
vw
PAKISTANI AID FOR DROUGHT-STRICKEN COMMUNAL LANDS REPORTED
Harare THE HERALD in English 16 Aug 82 p 3
[Text]
CSO:
5000/5809
PAKISTANI water engineers will soon arrive in
Zimbabwe to help ease the drought crisis,
Pakistan’s Charge d’Affaires in Harare, Mr
Sheira Khan, said yes-
terday.
In an interview Mr
Khan said his govern-
ment had decided to give
the issue “top priority”
because of the threat it
was posing in the com-
muna! lands.
Consultations between
the two governments
were now under way and
officials from the Zimba-
bwean Ministry of Water
Development were
ready in Pakistan to
select the engineers.
They would assist in
Grilling . boreholes in
drought - etricken areas
and supplying more water
in the communal lands.
“We will do everything
possible to ensure that
this problem is solved,”
Mr Khan said.
The charge daffairs
said another team from
the Ministry of Trans-
port was io Pakistan re-
cruiting technicians for
Air Zimbabwe
He described the rela-
tions between the two
countries as excellent.
adding “We have always -
Jeit that we should try
as much as possible to
assist Zimbabwe ere
we cas.”
His government would
e000 approach the Zi-
mb>abwean Government to
offer doctors to work in
rural health centres.
ZIANA
A trade agreement be-
tween the two countries
was also being drawn up
as a result of talks held
when the Prime Minister,
Cde Mugabe, visited Pak!i-
stan last year.
“We pe that as soon
as this trade agreement
is formed trade between
e two countries will be
strengthened and relations
cemented,” he said
On the international
scene, Mr Khan said Zi-
mbabwe and Pakistan held
simular views.
He condemned South
Africa for its continued
attacks on Angola and
its intransigence over Na-
miblia.
“It la our view that the
people of Namibia are en-
titled to their independ-
ence and that South Af-
rica must withdraw from
the territory immediately.
He hoped that the West-
ern Contact Group would
put pressure on South Af-
rica to speed independence
for the territory.
He condemned South
Africa for its racial pol-
ictes adding that sooner
or later the regime would
be crushed and replaced
by a majority government.
His country would con-
tinue to give material as-
sistance to Swapo and
ANC guerillas.
36
ZIMBABWE
SHUMBA IRRIGATION SCHEME, POWER SYSTEMS REPORTED
Harare THE HERALD in English 7 Aug 82 p 9
[Text ]
50900
SMALL Irrigation
achemes and simple power
systems will be started
soon at Shumba village.
Chinamorea communal
land, following the estab-
lishment of a water sup-
ply centre, the district ad-
ministrator, Cde Dakadzai
Sithole, has said.
If the projects succeed,
Shumba could be the
forerunner of thousands
of other village de-
velopment schemes in the
communal! lands.
Speaking in an inter-
view on Thursday, Cde
Sithole said his adminis-
tration planned to
mobilise the people to
spearhead rural _ de-
velopment by increasing
vegetable and crop pro-
duction through irrigatioo
achemes.
More __— biogas plants
would also be established
in the area to provide
cheap power to the
people's homes and thus
improve their living staa-
dards.
“The use of simpie tech-
nology wil) transform the
present structure of the
rural villages. It is easier
for the people to rup such
projects and therefore 5e-
come self-reliant in water
and electricity,” Cde
Sithole said.
The Shumba village
water supply centre
marked the beginning of «
long-term programme in-
itiated by the Government
to get niped water to the
communal! lands.
i
5798
Speaking at a meeting
of district administrators
and district council chair~-
men on Monday, the De-
uty Minister of Water
esources and De-
velopment, Cde Josenh
Kaparadza, said 53 such,
centres would be estab-
lished throughout the
country.
Work on another centre
at Makosa village.
Mutoko, would start w
September.
e urged district coun-
cils te pinpoint arees of
need and liaise with dis-
trict administrators so
that the programme suc-
ceeded
At Shumba village.
water is drawn from a
nearby river by a power-
driven pump into two big
tanks. It is then purified
and transferred into a
reservoir.
Water pipes had been
laid from the reservoir on
a hilltop to nine supply
points in the village.
“The trenches in which
the pipes are laid. were
dug Dy the people and this
shows how important
community spirit and self-
reliance are for de-
velopment,” Cde_ Sithole
said
The $40000 8 supply
centre marked the in-
troduction of cheap, but
very usefu’ technology in
the Chinamora com-
muna! land.
Clean water is supplied
to about 500 villagers. It
is led to brick and con-
crete sheds and about 5m
away from the water taps
ere washing basins where
peopie do their washing
Records at the nearby
Nyaure clinic, which serves
aout 20000 people in the
area, show that the num-
ber of people treated for
water-borne diseases
ped from about 800 to
nearly 450 during the last
aix months.
The Government has
stationed a water main-
teaance officer at the vil-
lage.
“The district adminis-
trator said two biogas
piant« and a solar energy
pump had already been in-
Stalled at various centres
in the district.
The biogas plants pro-
videc electricity and
power to Chinyika
primary and secondary
schools and to the Juru
district service centre, on
th: Mutoko road.
People in the area were
prepared to contribute
towards the maintenance
custs so as to catch up
With the development
trends im some areas in
Z.mbabwe.
ZIMBABWE
ZIMBABWE
BRIEFS
DROUGHT DISASTER AVERTED=--Chibi--The possible closure of two schools, Jenya
and Denga in Chibi District, Masvingo Province due to the drought has been
avoided by the construction of a $17 000 5 km trench to supply water to the
area, The District Administrator, Cde Steven Chikasha said the water situa-
tion had become so bad that the only option left had eppeared to be closing
down the schools, "It was not only the two schools which were affected but
the entire surrounding community was threatened," he said, But 16 villages
with about 300 people got together and approached the Ministry of Water
Development for help. “The community did not want to simply wait and be
given; they concertedly made contributions and raised $1 000 which was added
to the $16 000 provided by the ministry." He added that the money provided
by the ministry had gone towards the buying of pipes, cement and the
construction of two reservoirs at the schools which would also serve as
central collection points for the surrounding communal areas, The existing
Chombwe pipeline scheme built by the District Development Fund (DDF) to
supply water to Chibi District Offices was constantly disrupted by the local
people who, faced with water shortages, would cut the pipe to allow their
animals to drink, "The community effort exercised by the local people will
inevitably induce them into identifying with the new scheme since it is
their product," Cde Chikasha said, "They will respect their own efforts."
The latest extension would be connected to the existing Chombwe scheme which
draws its water from the Tokwe river dam.--Ziana [Text] [Harare THE HERALD
in English 14 Aug 82 p 5]
DROUGHT AID--Bulawayo--I[t was not possible at this stage to say how many
water engineers would come from Pakistan, the Minister of Water Resources
and Development said yesterday, The Minister, Cde Cephas Msipa said two
officials of his ministry, Cde Andrew Mpala and Cde Wonder Banda only left
on a recruiting trip to Pakistan on Tuesday last week, The minister said he
wished to repeat an earlier statement that the staff position in Matabeleland
was pretty well depleted and needed to be brought up to a functional level,
[fhe recruiting of Pakistani water engineers was announced at the weekend by
that country's Charge d‘Affaires in Harare, Mr Sheira Khan, who said this
would help ease the ravages of drought affecting nearly 3 000 000 Zimbabweans,
(rext] (Harare THE HERALD in English 17 Aug 82 p 3]
cso: 5000/5809
38
FINLAND
FIND OF ILLLEGALLY-DUMPED CHEMICALS OFF TURKU CAUSES CONCERN
Search For More Barrels
Helsinki HELSINGIN SANOMAT in Finnish 25 Jul 82 p 18
[Article by Harri Nykanen: "Search For Missing Poison" ]
[Text] The search for barrels containing poison given to the table drawer
manufacturer, Euro Industri, for disposal has been going on for 3 weeks.
More than 20,000 kilos of various kinds of poisons have already been found
and the search is still going on for 40 more barrels. During the search
three individuals were jailed and eight were detained. Two of the detained
have been let go. The search goes on for three other individuals in the same
manner as the search for barrels -- without knowing where.
The first three barrels of poison were found on Monday 28 June on the uninha-
bited outlying rocky islets of Krakbarskar. Two of the barrels were on shore
and the third was under water off the shore. Several holes were punctured
in the 200-liter barrels, apparently for the purpose of sinking them. How-
ever, according to another theory presented later the holes were made so that
the gases forming from the chemicals would be able to escape.
The barrels contained steel cannisters and glass bottles of various sizes.
Some of the bottles had washed up on the shore and were broken on the rocks.
There was a very strong odor in the vicinity and the firemen who transferred
the poisons to the shore wore protective clothing and oxygen equipment.
The investigation of the poison find was conducted by the Turku Central Crin-
inal Police. It began to trace the source of the poisons by means of the
labels on the bottles, among other things. On some of the bottle one could
clearly read the word poison in Finnish and there were markings of labora-
tories on several bottles.
Un the third day the police requested information from the public about a
truck that was in the area of Kemio--Kasnas the week before Midsummer Day.
It was said the the first letter on the license pl ite of this stubby nosed
dark vehicle was A.
iit wurce ol th pOolsons and tte individual who sunk them were dis losed
Saturday 3 July or 5 days atter the poisons were found.
9
——__
m yrkk arasto a
pifton loytopaikka
~ age?
+. "wis
ch et
i dee
a aitetty, etty
onnet tton i) dF
The first barrels of poison were found on the outlying
rocky islets of Krakbarskar on 28 June.
Key:
. Location of found poisons
- Baltic Sea
Locaton of alleged accident
Ristna light! use
|. Warehouse for storing
poisons
2. Location of truck
3s. Loading site of trawler
ws OW &
Euro Industri Inc., which has operated for 10 years in Helsinki with zero
sales, was found to be behind the contract for sinking the barrels. In the
spring and fall by means of telexes the firm offered to dispose of poisons
from industrial plants which had become exasperated with several kinds of
harzardous waste.
40
The Keskuslaboratorio Company of Espoo turned out to be the first party to
accept the offer. The firm, which operates as a joint research institute
for the wood processing industry, gave Euro Industri approximately 2,000 li-
ters of various kinds of poisons for disposal. Keskuslaboratorio accepted
the offer without determining whether Euro Industri had a permit for or expe-
rience in the disposal of toxic substances. The poisons were delivered on
13 and 17 May.
In its enthusiasm to transport poisons Euro Industri went beyond its actual
area of operations. In the trade registry the firm has promised to purchase
manufacturing licenses and place orders from Finland and abroad.
Several individuals known to the police were found to be connected with this
firm. The managing director was Raimo Niemela, a junk dealer from Vantaa.
A Helsinki attorney, Matti Cederberg, who had power of attorney for the firn,
was responsible for making contacts with the producers of poisons.
Poisons Missing
Keskuslaboratorio stated that Euro Industri had been given approximately 2,000
liters of poison for destruction. It thus became clear that a full 1,000
liters are still missing. The police estimated that Euro Industri had acquired
poisons from other firms also.
Also the origin of the truck used for transporting the poisons became clear
on 3 July. The vehicle was owned -- indeed, not in his own name -- by a ship-
master born in Turku. The police suspected that he had used the vehicle to
transfer the poisons to the Normandie trawler owned by him. The boat was
freqently anchored in the harbor of Bormarv between Hanko and Kemio.
The shipmaster was well known to the police. He had several convictions a-
gainst him for smuggling alcohol and concealing stolen goods. Now he was
suspected of new crime -- a felony involving the illegal dumping of waste.
Jn Sunday 4 July the police disclosed another producer of poisons which had
turned over its products to Euro Industri.
The Nokia Corporation's Tampere condensation plant turned over 40 barrels
of PCB-poison, which becomes concentrated in nature, and nearly 20,000 kilos
of used condensers, which contained PCB as an insulating material.
Also the Fargo-make truck was found on Sunday from a wrecking yard. The truck
had been there for nearly a week. The owner of the wrecking yard declared
the vehicle only after he recognized it from a picture in the newspaper.
Poison Cache Is Found
On Monday 4 July it was reported that approximately 20,000 kilos of toxii
waste from Nokia had been found from the cache in the outskirts otf Turku.
lt is calculated that 7 tons of waste condensers and 246 barrels are missing.
4]
According to a more precise accounting of Nokia only 12 barrels contained
a diluted PCB-solution and the remaining barrels contained C4-waste as well
as engine oil.
Exactly a week after the barrels were found the first arrests were made and
the first public notices for individuals wanted by the police were issued.
In Helsinki, Euro Industri‘’s attorney came to the police, and an individual
suspected of involvement in the transporting of poisons did the same in Turku.
On Tuesday 6 July four barrels of poison were found off the coast of Kemio.
Un the same day the shipmaster, who has become a central figure in the poison
case, announced through his lawyer, Reino Lunden, that the barrels were not
sunk on purpose. According to him an explosion took place on the trawler
transporting the poisons and as a result six barrels were thrown overboard
from the damaged side of the vessel.
According to the shipmaster the explosion took place on the Danish trawler
on the western point of Hiidenmaa in the vicinity of the Ristna lighthouse.
Two men were injured in the explosion caused by the mixing of chemicals. They
were transferred to a hospital just below Stockholm.
Une of the injured, Viljo Lindroos, escaped from the hospital and returned
to Finland. According to the statement made by the shipmaster instructions
for treating the man were requested from Keskuslaboratorio, which urged them
to take the injured man to a hospital. The man did not get along well in
a Finnish hospital either and escaped again.
However, they succeeded in finding a private doctor for this runaway patient
ind he was treated with saltpeter bandages.
The shipmaster told attorney Reino Lunden that he sought evidence of the acci-
dent and walked to the nearest police station.
Shipmaster Un Wanted List
Un Wednesday 7 July it was reported that the individual known as the ship-
master is from Jarvenpaa, but his name is Jukka Ojaranta and was born in Turku.
A public notice for the arrest of Jukka Vajaranta of Turku was issued at the
me time. A businessman from Uusmaa was detained on the same day.
Un the following day the police and the Coast Guard began the search for the
approximately 40 missing barrels. The search was concentrated on the western
side of Dragsfjard where there are several depressions at the bottom of the
sa.
The navy loaned out its military secret, an American-made oblique echo depth
sounding device, for the purpose of the search. The device recorded suspic-
ious formations at the bottom of the sea. A more thorough inspection was
left to divers.
Un the first day of the search Interior Minister Matti Ahde (Social Democrat)
condemned the sinking of the poisons in strong language. Also he stated that
the poisons could not have been transported to the GDR according to a report
issued by the Embassy of the GDR in Helsinki. According to the embassy that
country’s law prohibit the importing of hazardous waste.
Un that same day Interior Minister Ahde made a personal visit to the site
where the poisons were sunk.
The first observations of Jukka Ojaranta were made in the vicinity of Seina-
joki and Kauhajoki on Thursday 8 July. He was driving a white Upel Record
with the license plate number TCU395. The vehicle had been borrowed from
a painter in Helsinki.
Ujaranta was seen eating in a Seinajoki restaurant. When a certain customer
recognized Ujaranta, he left immediately in the direction of Kauhajoki. En-
route he was followed by a police car, but he managed to shake it off just
before Kauhajoki. There was at least one other person with Ojaranta.
Un Friday the white Opel was seen in various parts of Pohjois-Satakunta, Kar-
via and Kankaanpaa, among other places. On Monday 12 July reports begin to
come in trom Southern Finland already. Un Monday, however, the police de-
tained an Uusmaa dispatcher suspected of arranging the poison shipment.
Additional high-technology equipment was obtained for making the search in
Dragsf jard more effective. A metal detector built by the Finnish Army was
brought to the site.
Un Wednesday 14 July the search for the barrels had to be halted without any
results. The depth sounder had found rocks and chunks of earth and the metal
detector found only abandoned anchors on the bottom of the sea. It was de-
cided to continue the search later if local residents came up with any new
information on search sites.
Un Wednesday the police detained two other people. One of them was Ojaranta's
wife. The only thing the police would say about the other individual is that
the detained person is a male.
In connection with the detainment of Ojaranta's wife a thorough search of
her home was conducted. The police found, among other things, a suitcase
containing clothes and books packed for Ojaranta. The police decided that
VUjaranta intended to give himself up in the near future. During the search
the police also found telexes sent from West Germany to Euro Industri as far
as is known.
Un Friday 17 July the police detained a mechanic from Helsinki.
Ujaranta Makes Phone Call
Shipmaster Jukka Ujaranta called HELSINGIN SANOMAT on Tuesday 20 July after
having been in hiding for 2 weeks. The ehipmaster described his own role
43
in the incident as "ridiculously small". According to him he had been made
the chief villain because of an old grudge on the part of the police.
Ujaranta stated that he was only involved in the transporting of the chemi-
cals, and even in this primarily as an assistant. He assured us that the
intent was to take care of the poisons “honestly” through a West German firm.
Ujaranta stated that he had saved the telexes sent to Euro Industri by the
German firm. As far as is known the police confiscated the telexes during
the search of his home.
According to his own words Ojaranta would have surrendered much sooner if
his “innocent™" wife had not been detained. He still promised to give himself
up if his wife is freed to take care of the children.
Ujaranta stated that he hid for a week in the woods outside of Kauhajoki,
very close to the spot where he and Lindroos slipped away from the police.
The procurement of food was taken care of by Ojaranta's fellow fugitive, Vil-
jo Lindroos. He went grocery shopping at a near-by market. According to
Ujaranta it was Lindroos who was injured in the explosion on the Danish traw-
ler and fled from a Swedish hespital. Lindroos suffered burns on his hands
in the accident.
Ujaranta also disclused the hiding place of the escape vehicle.
Un Wednesday 21 July the police put the first two men detained in connection
with this incident in jail. They are suspected of violating the waste treat-
ment law. Un the following day an Uusmaa businessman detained as the third
individual for this reason was put in jail.
Un Saturday Managing Director Raimo Niemela of Euro Industri was detained
and a public notice placing Viljo Lindroos on the wanted list was issued.
Hazardous Waste Disposal Problem in Many Areas
Helsinki HELSINGIN SANOMAT in Finnish 25 Jul 82 p 17
[Article by Sauli Korpimo: "A Problem Shoved Into Barrels" ]
[Text] Dangerous wastes, which cannot yet be treated in Finland, are lying
around in industrial warehouses. Poisons thrown into the water without per-
mission came to the surface in Dragsfjard. The environment is being pol-
luted a thousand times over with permission.
if the barrels containing poisons had come to the surface off the coast of
Dragsf jard several days earlier, the Suomen Ungelmajate (Finnish Waste Treat-
ment] Company could now be 50 million markkas richer. This, you see, is the
amount the state reduced from the assistance granted to the company as the
result of a proposal made by Interior Minister Matti Ahde. The decision on
state aid to the waste treatment company was made 5 days before the barrels
were found.
44
The waste treatment company cquld have used the money since it is currently
building a plant in Riihimaki for the disposal of toxic wastes. Currently
in Finland it is not possible to make hazardous wastes safe.
On the same day that the barrels of poison were found the board of directors
of the waste treatment company was deliberating an awkward situation -- it
was short 50 million markkas.
Tens of thousands of people in dozens of communities have protested the con-
struction of a waste treatment plant since they have feared pollution from
the plant.
The finding of poisons in Dragsfjard changed their attitude.
Ten days after the poisons were found, Minister Ahde flew in a helicopter
to the site where the poisons were dumped. There he observed that there is
still much work to be done in Finland with respect to problems of environ-
mental protection. He said there is a need for one new environmental pro-
tection official in each province.
The barrels of poison in Dragsfjard have more significane as a factor contri-
buting to a change in attitudes than as a pollutor of the sea. A thousand
times more poisons are dumped into the environment legally. This is the eas-
iest way to get rid of them.
But others have received permission from society to do this, not Ujaranta.
The legal pollution of waters is considerably greater than the illegal.
By the end of 1980 more than 300 industrial plants had permission to dump
waste into waterways on the basis of water rights decisions or inspection
statements made by officials. These wastes also included toxic substances,
for example, 26,000 tons of iron, nearly 6 tons of cyanide, more than 5 tons
of arsenic, more than 4 tons of lead, 600 kilos of cadmium, and 120 kilos
of mercury.
Industry has been allowed to dump 7,000 tons of nitrogen, 700 tons of phospho-
rus, and 144 tons of oil into the waterways.
In addition to this, the waters are further polluted by pollutants from 625
municipal sewage plants.
Approximately 100,000 tons of poisonous or difficult-to-dispose-of hazardous
wastes are created annually in Finland.
According to the Suomen Ongelmajate Company, owned by the state, municipali-
ties, and industry, 60--65 percent of the most difficult kinds of waste se-
cretly disappears into the ground, water systems, garbage dumps, and into
the air. Of the remaining only a portion can be treated in a relevant man-
ner, the rest is lying around in industrial warehouses awaiting the comple-
tion of the hazardous waste treantment plant.
45
Caches ‘
Local government officials who supervise the treatment of waste know full
well that things are not what they should be, but look the other way. It
is difficult for them to take on a large company when no one is able to tell
the company where its hazardous waste can be dumped.
But sometimes bad luck strikes and hiding places are disclosed. Ten years
ago 20 tons of cyanide waste from an affiliate of the Nokia Corporation, the
Sako Company in Riihimaki, were found in a garbage dump in Hanko.
The state-owned Neste Corporation was caught red handed in 1975 when it loaded
arsenic waste on the huge container ship Ensker. The intent was to dump this
waste into the Atlantic, but it was finally returned to Finland accompanied
by a heated international row.
Several reports have been made on the quality and amounts of hazardous wastes.
The most recent and apparently the most detailed report is now being comple-
ted in the Interior Ministry. It will reveal which plants are producing poi-
sons and where they go. The ministry is keeping the report confidential.
"Apparently, there are deficiencies in ind stry's waste treatment plans,"
stated Office Chief Matti Vehkalahti of the Interior Ministry in disclosing
an issue generally «nown within local governments.
Environmental Protection Professor Pekka Nuorteva knows where hazardous waste
not included in waste treatment plans has been taken:
"It has been taken to much smaller, unguarded dumps, for example, to locations
similar to Tenhola.
The “flea meter” developed at Helsinki University Environmental Protection
Institute has indicated that there may be poisons at the Tenhola dump.
The test conducted with water fleas is simple. At the laboratory filtered
water from the dump is added to a dish in which water fleas are living. They
die if poisons are introduced into the water.
The suitability of water fleas as a barometer of pollution was tested with
water from 20 dumps. In some they lived, in others they died. Fatal water
came from the dumps at Iso-Huopalahti and Tenhola, among other places.
"There is no industry producing poisons in Tenhola. The poisons were appa-
rently brought from somewhere else. We received a clue as to the whom the
party could be when the police stated that they observed on the roads of Ten-
hola and Bromarv a car driven by shipmaster Jukka Ujara ta, who is suspected
of smuggling waste," states Nuorteva.
The poisons and their origins could be determined with certainty if the dump
could be opened up.
46
Nuorteva doubts that anyone will become readily involved in such an expensive
venture. “Indeed, the police will need more than just dead water fleas as
evidence in this case.”
However, the water flea test can according to Nuorteva become an inexpensive
and quick procedure suitable for a preliminary report.
Professor Pekka Nuorteva, who has followed the treatment of hazardous waste
for many years, fears that there are others in Finland besides Ojaranta who
have disposed of hazardous waste. “General practice, however, has been that
an industrial plant has paid a member of its own staff to dispose of a load
of waste in a suitable place,” states Nuorteva.
A Business
Also Director Leo Virkkunen of the Capital City Area Cooperation Delegation
has been concerned about the treatment of waste for a long time. He is one
of the promoters of the waste treatment plant, an initiator of the project.
“It was a suprise to me that such a good business could be conducted in haz-
ardous waste," argues Virkkunen. In his opinion the waste treatment plant
is, indeed, an urgent issue since the barrels in industrial warehouses are
already beginning to rust -- something must be done with them soon.
In Pekka Nuorteva's opinion industry is in a hurry to dispose of the barrels
for another reason also: it knows that the cost of waste disposal at the
waste treatment plant will be high. The cost of dumping them into the sea
is much cheaper.
"In this lies the problem. If the plant is made well, it will become expen-
sive and treatment costs will have to be kept high. Then pressures will be
created to find cheaper alternatives,” states Nuorteva.
Appparently, the waste treatment plant will be made well. In any event it
will be expensive. It will cost 265.6 million markkas or three times more
than the estimate only a year and a half ago.
Technical Director Matti Vattulainen explains the increase in the cost by
an improvement in technology. "For example, the cost of the gas refinery
is now nearly half of the cost of the furnace while it originally was only
one-tenth. The whole combustion plant will cost 100 million markkas, of
which the mechanical portion 1 ‘\roximately 50 million.”
Professor Pekka Nuorteva has cized the fact that the waste treatment
plant will be located in the center of an agricultural area near a city. He
would consider the plant safe if it were built in a more suitable location.
"The sources and flow of ground waters in the vicinity of the construction
site were not sufficiently studied. This could have prevented its construc-
ticn. The Hame Provincial Government, which will issue a permit for the treat-
ment of hazardo s waste to the plant, will probably not be given the facts.”
4)
in Nuorteva‘'s opinion the hazardous waste treatment plant is necessary; these
wastes must be made safe somewhere.
In Nuorteva’s opinion there is also no reason to underestimate the poison
findings off the coast of Dragsfjard: “PCB is definitely detrimental to the
sea since there is already a sufficient amount of it in the Baltic Sea. Each
barrel is too auch.”
According to Nuorteva PCB is the main reason that the seal and sea eagle pop-
ulations are no long increasing.
“PCB has entered the sea from Nokia by means of the Kokemaki River. The con-
tent of PCB in the livers of burbot and codfish --— and no other fish -- cau-
ght in this vicinity is many times greater than the norms established by the
World Health Organization.”
In Nuorteva's opinion hypocrisy in environmental issues should be avoided
and issues should be looked at as total entities. “When it becomes disclosed
that a ship is dumping toxic substances into the Baltic Sea, the incident
is severely condemned. Un the other hand, the attitude toward a pipeline
pumping poisons into the sea from Vuorikemia is completely indifferent. Is
it more civilized to pump poisons into the sea along a pipeline than it is
to dump barrels of poison from the side of a ship?”
10576
CSU: 5000 / 2146
GR
FRANCE
EDF TO STUDY POWER PLANT IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT
Paris LE MATIN in French 4 Aug 82 p 23
[Article: EDF Has Promised To Change Its Conduct"]
[Text] An agreement has been signed with the Ministries
of Environment and Energy to improve landscape protection.
Did EDF (French Electric Company] decide to mend its ways? According to the
agreement signed Last June with the Ministries of Environment and Energy, EDF
is definitely committed to adopt "an exemplary behavior" and to contribute to
the protection of environment by attempting t»> improve the integration of all
of its structures in the natural environment, for which it did not always show
much consideration in the past. EDF agreed to put its cards on the table. By
organizing annual meetings with all organizations concerned to discuss its
surveys and research. By providing broader an! more complete information
under the new procedure of investigation as to public usefulness. Finally,
by publishing an annual assessment of the effects which the operation of its
production structures has on the environment.
As far as hydroelectric works are concerned, EDF must prepare an inventory
of potential sites before the end of the year. If a project is likely to af-
fect a national park, no study will be started without prior consultation with
the ministries which signed the agreement. Also, a specialized office will be
created to undertake new research on "fish passes" and, without waiting for
the result of this research, a priority action program will be drawn up before
the end of the year, providing for the improvement or multiplication of the
existing passes.
Will EDF abide by this good behavior code? Its intentions do challenge firm'~
rooted habits. Wiether for nuclear power plants, power lines or hydroelectric
work:, EDF has too often given the impression that it placed itself above the
law.
Barely one year ago, one of its oldest opponents, the National Association for
the Protection of Salmonids, requested Michel Crepeau minister of Environment
to open an investigation on the conditions under which EDF had undertaken the
realization of certain hydroelectric dams and plants.
49
[he association--which is fighting the Puylaurent dam project (Lozere depart-
ment) now being reconsidered--charged and offered proof that EDF had pressed
for the realization of the project in order to place the Ministry of Environ-
ment in front of a fait accompli. In the case of Puylaurent, work had start-
ed in December 1980, without an authorization and in spite of the unfavorable
Opinion given by the Ministry of Environment. The same thing happened at
Saint-Amandin (Cantal department) under the pretext of "surveys." And again
at Ferrieres-sur-Ariege, where work started late in 1980, six months before the
investigation was completed. Better still, in Brassac on the Tarn River,
work was completed while the investigation was still in progress-a very slow
progress, we must say--, while at Eygliers a structure on the Guil, a tributary
of the Durance River, was placed in service before it had even been declared of
public usefulness.
"It is to be wished that the Ministry of Environment would express its opposi-
tion to these practices (often covered up by the Ministry of Industry) which
call its credibility, and especially that of the public investigation procedure,
into question,” a ministry official estimated in a memorandum addressed to
Michel Crepeau. Rather than denouncing EDF, Michel Crepeau has chosen to
obtain from it a promise that it would not do it again...
9294
CSO: 5000/2157
30
GREECE
SCIENTISTS CHARGE POLLUTION DATA ALTERED
Athens ELEVTHEROTYPIA in Greek 2 Jul 82 p 14
[Text] Yesterday, ten scientists who recently left PAKOE [extension not available]
announced the formation of an idependent agency for the protection of the environment
"free of any party connections and without any dependence on the government.”
They once more accused the president of the center, Mr. P. Khristodoulakis that:
"He alters by inflating the smog data resulting from the measurings when he makes them
public."
At a press conference held yesterday noon, scientist, Mr. Thymios Dimoulas, Mrs.
Dimitra Elevtheratou, Mrs. Eirini Vasilaki, Mr. Nikiforos Tsaroukhos, Mrs. Eleni
Tzitzilaki, and Mr. Faidon Khatziandoniou, with proxies from Mr. V. Giannakopoulos,
[. Papadopoulos and N. Koskyras stated that:
PAKOE has become an opportunistic, profit-oriented, business which under the guise
of environmental protection would unhesitatingly cooperate with anyone in order to
profit financially.
[ts president, Mr. Khristodoulakis, PAKOE's only current member, manager and trea-
surer(!), alters the extent of pollution in order to create sensationalism in public
opinion.
The scientists said that the subject of the environment today interests every citizen
because it has become an inseparable element in his every day life.
They added that:
Their agency will be of public benefit and will be structured on similar model centers
abroad.
[he majority of those present at the press conference have studied at European and
American universities and are familiar with the operation of these centers abroad.
Democratic dialog will dominate in the agency in dealing with problems. The parti-
cipation of the scientists is free and, during the first phase, more than 100 scientists
of various specializations will coopearte in all of Greece.
They reported that they have asked the responsible officials to transfer the PAKOE
laboratories to a public service institution in order to be able to use them themselves.
"The property of PAKOE,"” they said, “was obtained with the work of many anonymous
individuals who were interested in the environment. It is no one's exclusive pro-
perty.”
9731
CSO: 5000/5335
52
GREECE
COMMENTARY ON POLLUTION CAUSES
Athens ELEVTHEROS KOSMOS in Greek 24 Jun 82 p 8
(Editorial: “The pollution of Saronikos”]
[Text] If all the reasons which caused in the past, and continue to cause today,
the pollution of the Saronikos Gulf were hopeless, the solution of the problem would
have been difficult in any case if not impossible. Because, however, as ascertained
by the sanitary control commission, the basic reasons for pollution of the coastal
regions of Attiki in general include the outlets of drainage conduits of wastee and
the laying up of ves:.els, the public is demanding to know the reasons that prevent
the elimination of these causes, certainly not hopeless, at least in the two cases
mentioned. It is possible to stop the drainage of polluted wastes into the sea. And
the coastal areas which are used for swimming by the inhabitants of the Athens basin
can very well be forbidden as ships’ anchorages. Instead, then, of the recent decision
of the authorities of the Attikis Nome to designate certain coastal areas, Varkiza,
Neon Faliron, Pakhi, Elevsina and parts of Vouliagmeni, Kavouri, and Lagonisi among
them, as polluted and unfit for swimming, it would make better sense if the ministries
responsible dealt with the source of the problem. We do not believe that it would be
very difficult for the Ministry of the Merchant Marine specifically, to prohibit
the laying up of ships in certain areas so that they will remain free for use by
bathers. The harried Athenians are in need of seashore swimming areas and not of
decisions by means of which they are notified that they are condemned to remain
in the smog-covered capital even during the summer.
9731]
CSO: 5000/5335 END
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