JPRS 84352
19 September 1983
USSR Report
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
No. 16
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JPRS 84352
19 September 1983
USSR REPORT
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
No. 16
CONTENTS
New Food Industry Developments Outlined
(EKONOMICHESKAYA GAZETA, No 28, Jul 83) eeeeseeeveeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneee l
Soviet Science Coordination Council Holds 39th Session
(Raymo Pullat; IZVESTIYA AKADFMII NAUK ESTONSKOY SSR:
OBSHCHESTVENNYYE NAUKI, No 2, 1983) *e*eeoeeeeeneeneeeeneaeneneeeneneeneneneeeee’. 6
Marchuk on Tasks Facing Inventors, Innovators
(GC. Marchuk; TRUD, 25 May 83) eeeeveeeveeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeewveeaeeeaeeeee ll
Analysis of Published Work Essential for Planning of Scientific Research
(Ss, Kara-Mur7za; PRAVDA, 6 May 83) *eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenee 16
Scientific, Technical Progress Must Be Accelerated
(Editorial; PRAVDA, 28 May 83) *eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeaeeaeeee 20
New System of Incentives for Scientific Personnel Analyzed
(A. Osipenko; PROMYSHLENNOST' BELORUSSII, No 3, Mar 83) ....... 23
Needed Improvements in VUZ Research Discussed
(S, Vermeyenko, A. Golovachev; PROMYSHLENNOST' BELORUSSI,
No 3, Mar 83) eevee eeewveeeeeaeeeev eee eee e eevee ee ee eee eee eee eeaeeaneeee 28
Scientific-Technical Information Used To Coordinate S&T Programs
(M, Muminov, GC. Vaynshteyn; EKONOMIKA I ZHIZN', No 2, Feb 83) . 32
Ways To Speed Up Practical Application of Research Results Discussed
(I. Sigov; EKONOMICHESKIYE NAUKI, No 5, May 83) ...ceceeeseeees 36
Improvements in Dissemination of Production Experience Proposed
(A. Gorelykh; EKONOMICHESKIYE NAUKI, No 5, May 83) ....-eeeeees 42
Cost Accounting and Organizational Structure of Production
Units Discussed
(V. Tarasov; EKONOMICHESKIYE NAUKI, No 5, May 83) ...ceeeeseees 48
, -a- [III - USSR - 2lo S&T]
Unified Scientific-Technical Policy Discussed
(Yu. Simonov; EKONOMICHESKIYE NAUKI, No 5, May 83) ..sseeeeeees
Azerbaijan People's Control Conference on Academy of Sciences Work
(A. Eberlin; BAKINSKIY RABOCHIY, 24 Apr 83) ...ccccccccccvevcees
Economic, Technical Development and Future of Special
Electrometallurgy Reviewed
(B. Paton, B,. Medovar; IZVESTIYA, 27 May 83) ..ccccceecseeeeces
Principles, Ideas, Goals of Novosibirsk Institute of Nuclear
Physics Examined
(B. Konovalov; IZVESTIYA, various dates) ...cccscccccscsvvceees
Belorussian Physicists Honored for Dynamic Holography Work
(A. Afanas'yev, A. Ubranovich; PROMYSHLENNOST’ BELORUSSII,
No 3, Mar 83) eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeveeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeaeeeee
Rebane Discusses Work of Estonian Academy of Sciences
(K. Rebane Interview; SOVETSKAYA ESTONIYA, 17 Apr 83) ......6..-
55
61
64
69
78
81
NEW FOOD INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS OUTLINED
Moscow EKONOMICHESKAYA GAZETA in Russian No 28, Jul 83 p 2
(Survey prepared by the Board of the Agroindustrial Complex of the State Committee
for Science and Technology of the USSR: "New Developments in the Food Industry” ]
\Text] The 26th party congress set for the food industry branches--an important
part of the agroindustrial complex--the task of improving the quality and the
assortment and increasing the output of food products enriched with protein, vi-
tamins and other wholesome ingredients. Outstripping development is planned for
the production of baby foods and dietetic products. We need to considerably in-
crease the thoroughness of the processing, improve the use of agricultural raw
materials and extensively introduce the aseptic method of canning fruits and veg-
etables and the use of chilling facilities for the processing and storage of
agricultural products.
All of these matters are reflected in the special, comprehensive scientific and
technical program: "Development of the Production of Biologically High-Grade Food
Products Through Complete Utilization and Reduced Losses of Raw Materials.”
implementation of the measures outlined in the program will bring about an in-
crease in the production of high-quality food products, better utilization of the
traditional raw materials and the obtainment of additional sources of food pro-
tein. This will contribute to the establishment of a wholesome diet, which will
help to prevent many ailments, first and foremost, obesity. It is planned to
conserve the work of 350,000 people by increasing labor productivity in the main
branches of the food industry by 1985, and to increase food commodity stocks by
a total of around 3 billion rubles worth in 1985 and as much as 4.5 billion rub-
les worth in 1990,
Reneficial to Health
(he measures specified in the program focus on the total utilization of raw ma-
terials for the production of biologically high-grade food products. At the pre-
sent time only 40 percent of the skimmed milk and buttermilk and approximately
one fourth of the whey are being used in food products. This is significantly
less than in many other countries.
The program calls for the continuation of projects underway and for the creation
of new types of food products, new technological processes and equipment for the
production and utilization of vegetable and animal proteins, including cross-
linked proteins. This will make it possible to increase supplies of meat pro-
ducts by 1 million tons between 1981 and 1985 and to increase the industrial
processing of skimmed milk, buttermilk and whey to 36 million tons in 1985,
Work is now being performed in this area by the Special Problems Laboratory
ot the Moscow Technological Institute of the Meat and Dairy Industry and by the
Elementoorganic Compounds Institute,
The stress is on replacing the missing amino acids tryptophan, lysine and meth-
ionine. This is being done by adding soy flour, milk and curds, as well as to-
mato paste, carrot juice and other fruit and vegetable additives, to the food
products.
More and more attention has been devoted in the world in recent years to research
and practical work in the area of deriving proteins from nontraditional vegetable
matter as a functional additive to impart certain desirable qualities to food
products.
Work is being performed on this problem by organizations of the USSR Ministry of
Public Health, the USSR Ministry of the Food Industry, the USSR Ministry of the
Meat and Dairy Industry and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences under a special-
purpose, comprehensive program, in cooperation with the other CEMA nations. The
first batch of plant protein has been obtained for the enrichment of food pro-
luct Se
[he baked goods industry has developed varieties of bread with deodorized soy
flour and lecithin. Bread and flour products are being created with milk-protein
concentrates for children. The Nutrition Institute of the USSR Academy of Medi-
cal Sciences has worked out the technology and the recipes for new macarori pro-
ducts enriched with powdered eggs in combination with powered milk, as well as
products including powdered eggs and low-fat curds. Work has been started on the
development of protein-free vermicelli from cornstarch with the addition of the
calcium and phosphorous salts required by children.
Technologies and recipes containing milk and soy protein, developed through re-
search conducted under the program, are being introduced in the confectionery
iudusiry. This will make it possible to balance their amino acid content within
specific ranges and to enhance their nutritional value. New types of confection-
ery items contain an average of 4 to 18.5 percent of protein additives for en-
richment, which increases the protein content by the same percentage and reduces
the amount of carbohydrates correspondingly.
More than 4,000 tons of whey concentrates and 1.3 million tons of natural whey
were used in those branches in 1982. This made it possible to turn out an addi-
tional 14 million tons of bread and other baked goods and 80,000 tons of confec-
tionery items. The use of these materials made it possible to replace part of
the sugar, the wheat flour and the powdered and condensed milk, and simultaneously
to enhance the nutritional value of the products by enriching them with proteins,
minerals, lactose and glucose.
The program calls for expanding the research and for mastering the industrial
production of nutritionally balanced products for healthy and ill children, which
will make it possible to improve their nutrition, whether they are being fed at
home or at child-care facilities, It is planned by 1985 to increase the output
of powdered milk mixtures--motier's milk replacements--to 9,500 tons and the pro-
duction of liquid and paste products with a milk base to 100,000 tons, the pro-
duction of canned homogenized meat products to 50 million standard cans and the
output of canned fruits and vegetables to 900 million standard cans,
Preserving Without Losses
Freezing is considered to be one of the most progressive means in use for the
prolonged storage of all types of foodstuffs, and with complete justification.
This process retains to the greatest degree the basic quality indices--both or-
ganoleptic (appearance, taste, odor, color and consistency) and nutritional (con-
tent of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and biologically active sub-
stances).
[he output of quick-frozen pioducts is to be increased to 540,000 tons by 1985,
A total of 55 sets of equipment will be developed for these purposes, their
series production will be mastered and they w‘!l be delivered to industry.
Scientific research institutes of the USSR Mi.istry of the Meat and Dairy Indus-
try, the USSR Ministry of the Fruit and Vegetable Industry, the USSR Ministry of
the Fish Industry and the USSR Ministry of Trade have prepared standard techni-
cal documentation for more than 230 types of quick-frozen, ready-to-eat dishes
and semi-prepared products of fruits and vegetables, meats, dairy products, fish
and combinations of ingredients. This assortment is fully adequate to meet the
demands of industry and the general consumer.
the general use of quick-frozen, semi-prepared and ready-to-eat dishes will make
it possible to reduce losses of agricultural products by 10-20 percent and to
cut water and energy consumption by 20-40 percent, compared with the present sys-
tem for storing products and preparing food in public catering and in the home.
It is advisable to consume fruits, vegetables and berries evenly throughout the
vear. It should be noted that the canning process using modern, scientifically
based technology and corresponding equipment makes it possible to retain the in-
itial nutritional and biologically active substance of fruits and vegetables to
a greater degree and significantly longer than when they are stored fresh for
long periods of time. This is especially true of the aseptic canning method with
its brief exposure of the product to heat and good storage conditions, which keep
out light aud oxygen. This method is considerably more economical than the
others.
[In 1985-1986, with the participation of the CEMA nations, we will master the
series production of complete sets of equipment for the aseptic canning and pre-
serving of liquid and pureed food products in tanks with capacities of 100 and
300 cubic meters, in special railcar and truck tanks, and complete sets of equip-
ment for transporting, receiving and storing these at the sites of their consump-
tion, as well as automatic equipment for packaging these products in small quan-
tities for the consumer. Under the program an experimental shop for the aseptic
canning of liquid and pureed semi-prepared products with a capacity of 18,000
tons ts to be created in the Moldavian SSR in 1985, and an experimental shop is
to be built in Murmansk for the receiving, continued storage and processing of
quick-frozen and aseptically canned semi-prepared food products and their pack-
aging in small quantities for the consumer, with a capacity of up to 30,000 tons
per year,
[he Raw Materials Must be Completely Processed
lhe program devotes a great deal of attention to the complete utilization of the
agricultural products. A number of assignments focus on this. Among other
things, the Grigoriopol Agroindustrial Association and the Slavyansk Canning
Plant have been given the assignment of setting up and mastering an experimental
industrial facility for the complete processing of apples for juice and sauce,
which will make it possible to reduce the portion of by-products used for indus-
trial and feed purposes to 8-10 percent. Experimental production lines are to be
placed into operation there by the end of this year.
fhe Tiraspol Agroindustrial Association of the Moldavian SSR's Ministry of the
Fruit and Vegetable Industry, VNIIKOP[All-Union Scientific Research Institute of
the Canning and Dehydrated Vegetables Industry], "Giproplodoovoshchprom" and
"Penzkhimmash" are to set up an experimental industrial facility for the total
processing of apples for juice and pressed residue for the production of pectin,
using continuous-action equipment with an output of 7 tons per hour.
We are continuing to actively introduce progressive technological processes for
preparing items for public catering with industrial methods. The Ministry of
Machine Building for the Light and Food Industry and Household Appliances is mas-
tering the production of sets of equipment for producing, packaging, storing,
transporting and selling these products, using various types of standardized con-
tainers.
The restructuring of public catering for operating with this technology will pro-
duce a significant social and economic effect, which will be reflected in improve-
ment of the quality and the assortment of the dishes end a reduction in the amount
of time spent on meals.
In accordance with assignments specified in the program, automated systems are
being adopted more and more extensively for controlling the technological pro-
cesses in the sugar and the meat and dairy industries, in trade and public cater-
ing. A number of the assignments focus on the development, the creation and in-
troduction of technological processes and equipment, instruments and means of
automation and mechanization for the food industry branches.
A further increase in the production of sugar and other sweet substances depends
upon the improvement of the technology for storing the sugar beets. New biolog-
ically active compounds and technical means are being used for this purpose.
They make it possible to increase the amount of time the beets can be stored and
cut sugar losses in the beets.
r Maximum Effect
The total cost estimate for the program for the period 1981-1985 is 56.3 million
rubles, including 27,2 million rubles for scienti‘ic research. Around 86 million
rubl s will have to be invested in the development of production capacities des-
ignated tor working out the new technologies and pertecting the new equipment.
\ll of these expenses should be returned 100-fold, The annual economic effect
from the planned application ct measures covered by the program will be around
630 million rubles in 1985 und more than a billion rubles in 1990,
fhe maximum effect should be achieved in all the areas of application. Unfor-
tunately, there are still bottlenecks along with the successes achieved in the
program's fulfillment.
[he work of obtaining and utilizing protein from oil-bearing crops is advancing
very slowly. In order to accelerate this work the USSR Ministry of the Food In-
dustry (deputy minister V. Chebyshev is presently in charge of these matters)
must step up the search for methods of obtaining insulated proteins and preserv-
ing their qualities in the purification process, and find additional methods us-
ing little energy and involving no drainage for purifying and concentrating the
food proteins from oil-seed meal, We need to accelerate the development of the
range of aromatization means,
(fhe USSR Ministry of Machine Building for the Light and Food Industry and House-
hold Appliances (V. Kopylov, deputy minister) and the USSR Ministry of the Meat
ind Dairy Industry (Yu. Sokolov, deputy minister) have dragged out the develop-
ment, the manufacture and testing of a set of equipment for producing sterilized
liquid and paste products with a milk base, with a capacity of 15 tons per shift.
The expanded production of quick-frozen, ready-to-eat meat dishes, semi-prepared
milk products, fruits, vegetables, berries and mixed vegetables is being held up
considerably by the lack of specialized production equipment, especially quick-
freezing equipment,
the State Committee of the USSR for Science and Technology supported a request
the USSR Ministry of the Fruit and Vegetable Industry and allocated it the
funds to conduct additional scientific research in the area of making total use
of fruits and vegetables. The ministry's plans, however, did not specify limits
for the planning work, the provision of the lines being created with technologi-
cal and general plant equipment, cable items and materials for creating the ex-
perimental production facility and for turning out products with the new techno-
The Zhdanovtyazhmash Production Association (I. Nagayevakiy, general director)
ind the Ministry of Heavy and Transport Machine Building (Ye. Matveyev, deputy
inister) arbitrarily altered the assignment for the creation of tank cars for
hauling aseptically canned semi-prepared food items, failing to make it possible
to haul pureed and paste products in them. As a result, it will be necessary to
develop and master the production of two types of tanks instead of one.
All of these failings should be subjected to principled criticism in the minis-
tries mentioned. The assignments contained in the program should be finished on
time to produce the maximum national economic effect.
11499
CSO: 1827/264
SOVIET SCIENCE COORDINATION COUNCIL HOLDS 39TH SESSION
Tallinn IZVESTIYA AKADEMII "AUK ESTONSKOY SSR: OBSHCHESTVENNYYE NAUKI in
Russian Vol 3, No 2, 1983 pp 165-167
[Article by Raymo Pullats "The 39th Session of the Council to Coordinate the
Scientific Activities of the Union Republics’ Academies of Science s"/
[Text/ The 39th session of the Council to Coordinate the Scientific Activities
of the Union Republics’ Academies of Sciences was held in Tallinn on June 8-10
1982. Our country's leading scientists, headed by the president of the
USSR Academy of Sciences, A.P. Aleksandrov, who has been named Hero of
Socialist Labor three times, gathered to participate in the session. In
addition to A.P. Aleksandrov, those arriving for the session included:
Academicians V.A. Kotel'nikov and P.N. Fedoseyev, who are vice presidents
of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and Academicians V.A. Ambartsumyan,
S.V. Vonsovskiy, I.A. Glebov, N.M. Zhavoronkov, B.E. Paton, M.A. Styrikovich,
B.S. Sokolov, N.P. Fedorenko and N.M. Emanuel’, who are members of the
Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. I.A. Rozanov, CPSU Central
Committee sectorchief, took part in the work of the 39th session of
the Coordinating Council, as did presidents, vice presidents and
chief scientific secretaries from the presidiums of the union republics’
academies of sciences, and from the scientific centers and branches of the
USSR Academy of Sciences.
On 7 June K.G. Vayno, member of the CPSU Central Committee and first secretary
of the Estonian Communist Party Central Committee, received the president
of the USSR Academy of Sciences, A.P. Aleksandrov, and the distinguished
scientists from the USSR and ESSR Academies of Sciences who accompanied him.
Participating in the conversation were Comrades I.G. Kebin, V.I. Klauson,
A.I. Kudryavtsev, V.A. Kyao,R.E. Ristlaan, A.F. Ryuytel', A.B. I. Upsi,
M.A. Pedak, Estonian Communist Party Central Committee department chief A.J.Aben,
ESR Academy of Sciences president K.K. Rebane and others. On this same
day our guests became acquainted with an exhibition of books which was opened
at the ESSR Academy of Sciences’ Scientific Library. At a reception held
that evening at the ESSR Academy of Sciences Presidium K.K. Rebane,
president of the ESSR Academy of Sciences and corresponding member of
the USSR Academy of Sciences, presented ESSR Academy of Sciences commemorative
medals to the prominent figures of Soviet science,
[ne session opened on & June. The presidium included well-known scientific,
party and state figures. The opening remarks were made by Academician
A.P. Aleksandrov, president of the USSR Academy of Sciences and chairman of
tne Coordinating Council. He noted that at the present time problems of
power engineering must be the focus of basic research and that Estonian
clentists are making a large contribution to the resolution of these problems.
K.G. Vayno, first secretary of the Estonian Communist Party (CPE) Central
Committee, welcomed the guests on behalf of the CPE Central Committee,
the presidium of tne republic's Supreme Soviet and its Council of Ministers
and said tnat the meeting of scientific leaders from all the fraternal republic
in the capital of Soviet Estonia in the 60th anniversary year of the multi-
national Homeland was a vivid example of the practical implementation of
the Leninist national policy. The science of Soviet Estonia is developing
within the context of numerous fruitful contacts, especially contacts with
tne USSR Academy of Sciences. K.G. Vayno went on to emphasized that the
May Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee presented science with urgent tasks.
ence of the question is how to link science and production more closely.
;oal-orlented program research provides the way for science to develop. ine
proframs established at the ESSR Academy of Sciences are concentrating success-
fully the forces of scientists to introduce effective methods for extracting
ind processing shale in order to supply the country's Northwest with electric
power, liquid fuel and chemical products; to utilize rationally Estonian
phosphorites, which are a source of fertility and one of the means for
the fulfillment of the Food Program; to develop new biologically active
compounds for use in medicine, agriculture, etc. and to establish up-to-date
rapid-functioning automatic equipment and microprocessor systems for the
1utomation of production processes. K.G. Vayno took particular note in his
speech of the generous and fruitful assistance which the USSR Academy of
Sclences and the Council to Coordinate the Scientific Activities of the
Union Republics has given to the ESSR Academy of Sciences over a period of
many years. Having noted the general successes of our scientific institutions,
K.G. Vayno went on to talk about several concrete problems as well. He
expressed the hope that the scientists will take measures to resolve these
problems, and he wished the 39th session success in its work.
The ess
Academician M.A. Styrikovich presented a paper "On the Tasks of the Republic
Academies of Sciences, the Scientific Centers and the Branches of the USSR
Academy of Sciences on the Development of Research in the Area of USSR Fuel and
Energy Complexes and on Energy-Saving Technology." He took note of
significant changes in the development of worldwide power engineering and
economics in general, which are characterized by a sharp increase in oil
prices, the growing economic benefit to be derived from replacing
liquid fuel with various energy resources and the implementation of an
energy conservation policy. The speaker reacted positively to the work
of scientists from tne ESSR Academy-of Sciences and certain other scientific
icademies to optimize the fuel and energy complex. However, the coordination
of research in the area of the fuel and energy complex and energy-saving
technologies has a number of inadequacies and requires further improvements
in its forms and methods.
The Coordinating Council made a decision to recommend the following to the
union republics' academies of sciencess 1) implement scientific-research
and exper’ mental-design work in the area of the fuel and energy complex and
energy-saving technologies; 2) develop republic and regional comprehensive pro-
grams and methods for long-range prognostication in the development of the
fuel and energy complex with consideration for regional features and the
availability of mineral raw materials and energy resources.
K.K. Redane, president of the ESSR Academy of Sciences, presented a report
which he nad written in collaboration with I.P. Epik entitled "The Prceblem
of the Comprehensive Utilization of Oil Shales (Using the Estonian SSR as
an Example)." He noted that it is essential to have scientific and
technical preparation for the establishment of a major new branch of the
economy--the production of liquid fuels made from oil shales, bituminous
sand and coal.
Academician P.N. Fedosyev, vice president of the USSR Acadeny of Sciences
reported to those assembled on preparations being made by institutions of
the USSR Academy of Scientes and the scientific academies in the union republics
for the implementation of measures devoted to the 60th anniversary of the
formation of the USSR.
Academician N.P. Fedorenko, secretary of the Economics Division of the USSR
Academy of Sciences, talked about the achievements and inadequacies in
the coordination of the country's economic research. It was noted that
the ESSR Academy of Sciences has increused its work on the utilization of the
republic’s scientific potential in resolving economic problems. N.S. Pshirkov,
deputy chairman of the Coordinating Council, presented a report on the ful-
fillment of the decisions made by the Council's 38th session.
The following took part in discussions: Academiciars of the USSR Academy
of Sciences B.Ye. Paton, I.A. Glebov, N.M. Emanuel’ and S.V. Vonsovskiy; '
corresponding members of the USSR Academy of Sciences G.I. Gorbunov and
A.A. Zhuchenko, Academician of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences
I.I. Lukinov, Academician of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences E.Yu. Yusupov,
Academician of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences K.A. Meshkauskas,
corresponding member of the Estonian SSR Academy of Sciences M.L. Bronshteyn,
Professor A.A. Ots of Tallin Polytechnical Institute and V.P. Leyin, general
director of the Slantsekhim Production Association.
In summing up the results of the session, the Council adopted a decision
aimed at further development in the coordination of Soviet science and
at increases in its creative potential. On 9 June the conference participants
visited Tartu. They were received by I.Kh. Toome, first secretary of the
Tartu Gorkom of the CPE Central Committee, and N.A. Preyman, chairman of
the gorispolkom. The guests viewed the town hall.
President of the USSR Academy of Sciences A.P. Aleksandrov, Vice President
V.A. Kotel'nikov and other guests visited the ESSR Academy of Sciences’
Institute of Physics. They learned about the work of the sectors devoted
to laser spectroscopy, instrument building, the physics of semiconductors,
ind the physics of tonic crystals, as well as the group on laser equipment.
Officials of the USSR Academy of Sciences have rated the work of the
physicists highly.
Some of the conference participants, including the eminent astrophysicists
Academician V.A. Ambartsumyan and corresponding member of tine USSR Academy
of Sclences Ye.K. Kharadze, took great interest in learning about the
Institute of Astrophysics and Atmospheric Physics of the ESSR Academy of Sciences.
The guests visited the sectors on physics of the atmosphere and space
studies, and they viewed the 1.5-meter telescope. A working meeting with
their Estonian colleagues was held.
Academician A.P. Aleksandrov, president of the USSK Academy of Sciences,
Academician P.N. Fedoseyev, vice president, R.E. Ristlaan, secretary of
the CPE Central Committee, and I.Kh. Toome, first secretary of the Tartu
yorkom of the CPE, met with the collective of Tartu Sate University.
Academician A.P. Aleksandrov and Academician P.N. Fedoseyev presented
papers. The guests familiarized themselves with the collections of the
Tartu State University Scientific Library.
On 10 June the eminent scientists from the USSR Academy of Sciences met
with working people from Tallinn enterprises and employees of its scientific
institutions. At the Insvitute of Geology Academician B.S. Sokolov presented
a report "On Certain Tasks of Science in the Area of Stratigraphy." Academician
M.A. Styrikovich held a meeting with the collective of Estonian Naval Steamship
Company; the subject of his report was "Problems of World Energy and
the World Puel Market.” Academician N.P. Fedorenko, held a conversation
with the collective of the ESSR Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Economics.
Academician I.A. Glebov spoke at the Vol'ta Plant, and Academician
V.A. Kotel’nikov spoke at the Punane RET [not further identified/.
Academician A.P. Aleksandrov, chairman of the Council and president of the
USSR Academy of SGclences, and K.G. Vayno, first secretary of the CPE Central
Committee, and others visited the exhibition "From Science to the Economy”
which was opened in the main pavilion of the ESSR Exhibition of Economic
Achievements. On the same day a visit was made to the Research-Demonstration
Fishing Kolkhoz imeni S.M. Kirov was made by Academician A.P. Aleksandrov,
president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academicians V.A. Kotel ‘nikov
ind P.N. Fedoseyev, who are vice presidents of the USSR Academy of Sciences,
[.A. Rozanov, CPSU Central Committee sector head, and other guests accompanied
by K.u. Vayno, first secretary of the CPE Central Committee, V.A. Kyao,
secretary of the CPE Central Committee, and K.xt. Rebane, president of the
ESSR Academy of Sciences.
On the evening of 10 June the participants in the 39th session of the
Coordinating Council visited the town hall and heard a concert of ancient
music. They were received by Kh.V. Lumi, first deputy chairman of the
Tallinn Gorispolkom.
The work of the 39th session of the Council to Coordinate the Scientific
Activities of the Union Republics’ Academies of Sciences was completed suc-
successfully. The results were summarized, and in accordance with the
decisions of the 26th CPSU Congress, future directions were outlined
for the development of Soviet science, and especially for research
in the area of the USSR fuel and energy complex and energy-saving
technologies. The session acquires particular meaning as a result of
being held in the 60th anniversary year of the formation of the USSR, when
our entire country is looking back at the road which has been traveled
and is setting out new tasks which must be completed in the near as well
as the distant future.
COPYRIGHT: Kirjastus "Perioodika", ENSV TA Toimetised. Uhiskonnateadused,
1983
Sey
CSOs 1814/131
MARCHUK ON TASKS FACING INVENTORS, INNOVATORS
Moscow TRUD in Russian 25 May 83 p 2
[Article by G. Marchuk, deputy cha‘rman of the USSR Council of Ministers and
chairman of the State Committee for Science and Technology [GKNT]: "Created,
Tested, Introduced"]
[Text] There is one firm rule: equipping with leading technology ensures a
high level in the development of the national economy, and consequently in
raising the rate of growth of the national income. There is a more capacious
definition for leading technology, for everything new and possessing the
essential difference of solving a task technically. This definition consists
of one word--invention, and we refer to creators of inventions as inventors.
Today, when the Sixth All-Union Congress of the All-Union Society of Inventors
and Innovators [VOIR] opens in Moscow, it is appropriate as never before to
mention the great contribution being made by our inventors and rationalizers
so that ail sectors of the national economy would move faster to advanced positions
of science and technology, so that the use of manual labor would be reduced,
that all resources would be used rationally and that quality of production would
rise.
During the 10th Five-Year Plan, 378,000 inventions and nearly 23 million
rationalization proposals were worked out. The economic effect from their
introduction amounted to more than R29 million--this is 1.5-fold more than in
the preceding five-year plan. During the first 2 years of the current five-year
plan, 7,000 new kinds of industrial products were mastered and their production
was undertaken.
At the same time, and this of course will be described by delegates to the
congress, the contribution by inventors and rationalizers to the de.elopment of
scientific and technical progress could have been much greater. Suffice it
to cite, for example, such a figure. So far only about 30 percent of all
inventions made in a year are introduced into national economy. In this
connection it would be expedient to dwell on some key problems in solving which
our innovators could participate more actively.
Retooling of the national economy and converting it to an intensive path of
development, place new responsible tasks before machine building. It is no
mere chance that I am talking precisely about machine building. It must ensure
conditions for rapid renewing of industrial equipment in all sectors of production
ll
and for substantial economizing of metal, fuel and energy, sharply reducing the
use of manual and hard labor and improving the quality and expanding the variety
of consumer goods.
These problems are not new. They were already discussed more than once. Much
has been done to change the situation. At the same time, much more has to be
done to accelerate scientific and technical progress. It is very important that
inventors and rationalizers actively participate in this work. Skilled direction
of the creative forces of innovators toward solving key problem may yield a great
effect. Shops, sectors and introduction brigades operating on a voluntary service
basis and creative laboratories are called upon to make a substantial additional
contribution to solving the tasks in renewing our technical park and in intesi-
fying production.
What specific priority tasks are facing innovators? We must raise efficiency
in creation, production and utilization of machine building production. The
entire chain is mean by this--from scientific research and developments to
ensuring normal exploitation of machines and equipment.
Let us note certain negative tendencies here, which are of an objective charac-
ter and are connected with the transition from extensive to intensive method of
housekeeping. Specifically, the proportions in renewing the fixed production
capital of the national economy and, above all, of the indust’v have been
somewhat violated. At many machine building enterprises, especially of the
Ministry of Heavy and Transport Machine Building [Mintyazhmash] and the Ministry
of Power Machine Building [Minenergomash], a considerable quantity of heavy
and special-design metalworking equipment has been in use for more than 30 years.
At the same time, the basic part of amortization deductions is used not for
renewing the fixed production capital but for capital repairs. As a result,
several million people are currently engaged in capital repairs in industry
alone.
Moreover, it must be stressed that the system of decentralized repairs which
has formed in the country is conducted with serious deviations from the plant
processing methods and already does not meet contemporary demands for the
quality of repairs and expenditure of materials, diverts extensive labor resources
and is not profitable for the national economy. It has been calculated that
during the service life of an equipment unit, the expenditures for its capital
repairs exceed its initial cost more than 1.5-fold, and the safe life of
repaired equipment does not exceed one half of the safe life of new equipment.
For example, after capital repairs of an internal combustion engine, the
expenditure of oil increases 1.5-2 fold and the expenditure of fuel by 5-10
percent. At the same time, more than 40 percent of rolled stock, which is
planned for the production of new products, is used annually in repairs of
motor vehicles and tractors.
Hence follows the conclusion that the line outlined by by 26th CPSU Congress
toward modernization of industrial enterprises and renewing fixed capital is
a key direction in the development of scientific and technical progress today.
12
Thus, first of all, the question is about speediest reequipping of our technical
park and reducing the periods for developing and introducing new technology.
Unfortunately, {it must be noted, that there are still many unsolved problems
here,
Here are only two specific examples. A discovery--a nondeterioration effect
during fricion, a so-called selective transfer--was registered more than 15
years ago. The question is about principally new kinds of lubricants. On the
basis of this discovery more than 100 technical solutions were developed which
were recognized as inventions. The new lubricants make it possible to increase
the service life of machine friction units fivefold, lessen their weight and size
and reduce the expenditure of lubricants twofold. However, the Ministry of the
Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industry [Minneftekhimprom] did not adopt
energetic measures aimed at mass introduction of the new method, which held out
a billion ruble saving.
Another extremely valuable work--a gamut of new highly productive automatic
continuous operation broaching machine tools for machining components of
intricate shape. The development is protected by 26 patents. The inventions
are patented in leading capitalist countries. One such machine tool replaces
an automatic line of several milling and broaching machines. Its compactness
and hizh degree of automation make multimachine servicing possible. The first
experimental and industrial batch of these machine tools was produced as early
is 1976. In operation they made it possible to increase labor productivity
5-9 fold. However, despite corresponding directive decisions, the Ministry of
the Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry (Minstankoprom] has been unable to
master their mass series production.
At the same time, the equipment which is in series production has suffered
mumerous shortcomings in some instances. In basic indexes: specific metal
and energy content, productivity, reliability and durability--many of our
machines are still lagging behind foreign analogs. This leads to considerable
Losses of material, fuel, energy and labor resources in the national economy.
"This ts why it is so important today," stresses CPSU Central Committee General
Secretary Yu. V. Andropov in an article carried in the journal KOMMUNIST, "to
accelerate in every possible way the rate of scientific and technical progress
and to use its achievements more actively, first of all, at those sectors where
labor expenditures are especially great."
The USSR State Committee for Science and Techiology together with the USSR
Gosplan, the USSR Gossnab and the USSR State Committee for Standards [Gosstandard]
and with participation of interested ministries and departments conducted an
appraisal of the technical level of machines and equipment during the 1979-80
period. As a result of inspecting nearly 20,000 denominations of machine
building production, it was established that nearly one-third of it must be
modernized or removed from production and replaced with more improved output.
The basic causes reducing the technical level of machine building production
are usually unsatisfactory provision of production with modern industrial equip-
ment and long periods in designing and mastering new goods in production as well
as limited use in designs of progressive kinds of metal products and high-strenth
materials.
Many types of machines, such as road-building machines, have lower unit power
compared with the best foreign analogs, and consequently lower productivity and
lesser engine life. An important problem is the output of equipment especially
adapted to the north and for southern regions of the country.
Agricultural machine building requires special attention. A special resolution
of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers was recently
adopt J on this question. It is necessary to devote maxinum attention to this
most important sector. Here is a simple example. Let us take a tractor for
instance. A good machine increases our national] wealth, and the other way round,
a poor machine reduces our economy's efficiency. Hundreds of thousands if not
millions of such machines are produced. Therefore, poor technical solutions
in mass produced agricultural machines is one of the most lagging positions in
the field of struggle for efficiency of new equipment.
Many types of domestically produced instruments yield to the best foreign models
in precision, automation of measuring processes and processing their results
and in equipping with additional servicing devices.
At the same time, our country's scientists and engineers have developed a large
number of first-rate instruments and equipment, which are based on original
ideas. But these instruments are available in single specimens, and their
series production has not been organized. Here the decision is left to the
Ministry of Instruments Making, Automation Equipment and Control System [Minpribor].
Far from all problems have been listed here in whose solution the country's
inventors and rationalizers could actively participate. Of course, the basic
work must be conducted by technical services of sectors and enterprises. But
much can also be done by innovators. Leading technical solutions, directed
search in eliminating the weakest spots and participation in eliminating unpro-
ductive manual labor. This work, by this I do not mean ideas by the process
of introducing innovations itself, is not simple. Therefore, industrial
_xecutives, trade union committees and councils of the All-Union Society of
Inventors and Innovators are called upon to render concrete, businesslike
assistance to innovators. There is no doubt that members of the All-Union
Society of Inventors and Innovators will continue making a worthy contribution
to further development of scientific and technical progress, to solving tasks
advanced by the 26th CPSU Congress.
Figures and Facts
One hundred three thousand primary organizations of the All-Union Society of
Inventors and Innovators unite nearly 13 million people in their ranks.
Sixty percent of rationalizers and inventors are workers.
Twenty-five thousand public design bureaus, nearly 10,000 public patent bureaus
and 11,500 councils of innovators are operating in the country under the
supervision of organizations of the All-Union Society of Inventors and Innovators.
14
Nine hundred thousand innovators studied in 1982 itn various schools of young
rationalizer and universities of technical creativity.
Fifty-four thousand rubles in savings were given on an average to the country
by every invention that was introduced and nearly R2,000 by every rationalization
proposal.
9817
C90:1814/151
| end
wr
ANALYSIS OF PUBLISHED WORK ESSENTIAL FOR PLANNING OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Moscow PRAVDA in Russian 6 May 83 p 3
[Article by S. Kara-Murza, senior scientific associate at the USSR Academy
of Sciences Institute of History of Natural Sciences and Engin ering: "What
Will Be Topical Tomorrow? The Scientific Potential Must Be Used Effectively"]
[Text] Insuring the development of a solid front of scientific research in
the country does not at all mean the simple, even distribution of efforts
in all directions. Of course, the first thing is to concentrate them on the
most important sectors but at the same time maintain at least small cells
of research in other directions. Science is dynamic, and tomorrow, problems
that yesterday still seemed to hold little promise can move to the fore. By
having the germ of scientific potential it is possible to develop it rapidly
to a productive state. Here is a textbook example of this. In 1936 the
Leningrad Physicotechnical Institute was criticized because it was conducting
work on nuc.ear physics that "held no practical promise." The atomic problem
had for several years been growing both for foreign and for Soviet science.
It would not be possible to solve it quickly if the country did not have at
its disposal highly qualified scientists of the appropriate disciplines.
But how is it possible to catch that moment when what yesterday seemed
unimportant becomes urgent? Given the present scales of the scientific quest
and the ra°es at which "priorities" change, the intuition and experience of
specialists are no longer adequate for clarifying today's position at the
leading edge of science and its comparison with research being conducted here
in the country. A constant inflow of information useful for planning is
essential. The foundation for this is being laid by the work of Soviet
philosophers and epistemologists. In principle, the necessary technical
facilities have also been developed for analyzing the enormous amounts of
scientific information published by researchers worldwide.
Soviet and U.S. information specialists have developed methods for detecting
within the mass of pub]. hed work in the world the "clusters" of most important
work that give direction to and define the nature of research in specific
fields of knowledge. Machine analysis of the worldwide mass of published
work (about 4 million articles each year) makes it possible to compile a "map"
of the fields and directions in present-day science. It reflects not the
subjective opinion of experts (who for many reasons do not always notice new
directions just being born) but the actual status of reseurch efforts.
16
[f today we analyze these maps for previous decades it must with regret be
stated that at that time some of the ripe and major directions were not noticed
in good time or assessed by some of our experts. Thus, the radioimmunoassay
method served as the basis for a whole range of research fields being rapidly
developed during the Seventies. It opened up extensive opportunities f +
the diagnosis (including before the appearance of symptoms) of many di cases
and endocrine disorders.
Radioimmunoassay was developed 20 years ago but it is only in recent years,
after its developer received a Nobel Prize, that the method began to be used
extensively in research and practical work in our country. And it is scarcely
possible to make reference to objective conditions, namely the lack of instruments
and reagents. The main components for assimilating the method here were
available: the "Radiopreparat” test production facility at the Uzbek SSR
Academy of Sciences Institute of Nuclear Physics organized in just one year
the procuction of a standard set of materials for determination of the insulin
level in the diagnosis of diabetes. Evidently the main reason was that the
scientific establishments failed to evaluate in good time the promising nature
of the method and the scientific directions built on its basis and were not
the "stormy petrels" for the planning organs and the corresponding production
tacilities.
New methods like this often become the "embryos" of entire scientific directions.
Lack of attention to their assimilation is not only a lagging at a given time
on a given sector of research and the lowering of scientists’ labor productivity.
[t is also a brake on the development of a progressive direction in the production
cell of scientific potential.
The need has repeatedly been noted for the accelerated development of the
technical base of our science. There is no doubt that the lack of up-to-
date instruments lowers research efficiency everywhere. But is it merely
a matter of shortages? For even if there are major delays, sometimes methods
are still developed that do not require complicate< equipment. Sharp differences
in the utilization of new equipment are observed between individual detachments
of researchers that have about the same opportunities for acquiring instruments.
Finally, the intensity with which up-to-date instruments are used is frequently
not great.
Thus, for all their importance, shortages of instruments cannot hide the fact
that the introduction of new "research techn>dlogy" is determined by a whole
set of factors that remain unaltered even when the provision of material-
technical backup is generous. Technological advances that take the scientific
and technical revolution into the sphere of research set qualitatively new
problems for the management of science. The variety of methods used grows
and their interdisciplinary "transfer" accelerates.
Under these conditions the habit of traditional methods of observing the
progress of "scientific techniwues" hampers foresight about the scales of
their use and the value of new methods. The losses from this are especially
obvious when a scientific method not only engenders a whole range of directions
in research and alters the appearance of whole fields of science, but is also
17
transferred without further development into practice (as occurred with the
radioimmunoassay technique). It is not easy to notice in good time and
correctly assess a method that has only just appeared. As with recognizing
the growing direction of research, the complexity stems from the very nature
of the way in which new concepts in science are perceived. What is needed
is an “early warning" service, a special kind of patrol. Without this it
is difficult to use the advantages of the planned system in the important
matter of renewing the methodological and technical equipment for research.
The methods for analyzing scientific information developed by scientific
epistemology are helping in tracing the dynamics in the spread of new methods
in world science even in their earliest stages, and to detect which of them
possess the greatest potential. Who should conduct this kind of analysis?
The scientific establishments, of course, primarily the academic establishments.
But in my opinion these duties cannot be fully decentralized because the system
of institutes is built according to fields of knowledge, while methods often
"fall" somewhere between them. Within the system of science management it
is necessary to have a subdivision responsible for the analysis and prediction
of the methodological facilities for science and an interdisciplinary base
for coordinating this work.
[t seems that the time has definitely come to discuss the question of setting
up, say, within the USSR Academy of Sciences or the State Committee for Science
and Technology, a cell to coordinate the preparation of analytical information.
[If it is combined with the methods used to compile the "maps of science” we
shall obtain an instrument for "taking inventory" of the research being
conducted in the country and comparing it with the status of world science.
By altering the scale of the map and increasing the resolution of information
analysis we shall see the actual picture of the state of affairs in the
individual fields of knowledge in graphic form, namely the clusters of key
work. Having then compared this with work published in Soviet publications
of the appropriate discipline, it will be possible to judge in which fields
our scientists are the leaders and in which, perhaps, they are lagging. Both
kinds of collectives exist in science in any country; the picture is dynamic.
For rational planning it is useful to know the actual position of all our
laboratories and not only the acknowledged leaders.
If it 1s applied to individual laboratories or to entire scientific research
institutes, this kind of analysis would be an efficient "diagnostic" tool.
It will show that in given fields of knowledge we not only have cases of
lagging behind world science, but also in general that research is not being
conducted in important directions. Thus, criticism of the work of the
Scientific Research Institute of Potato Growing has already appeared in the
press: it has developed varieties that are not as good as varieties that have
been around for a long time. In fact, developing a new variety of a plant
which has already been cultivated for hundreds of years is possible only by
relying on the achievements of plant physiology, botany, virology, genetics
and a number of other disciplines. But if we take the block of work published
by the staff of the Scientific Research Institute of Potato Growing, then
it can be seen that they have not been making use of the information from
18
these disciplines and have lost their cognitive links with many sectors not
only in world but also in Soviet fundamental science.
Use of the "map of sctence" and regular assessment of the leading research
in the country requires from those working in science management a certain
osychological readjustment and the assimilation of unusual concepts and skills.
Obviously the use of results from empirical scientific epistemology as an
element in the management process will also be new. In essence it is a matter
t introducing new methods in the practice of 1esearch management practice.
In any sphere the assimilation of something new is a complicated process.
In this regard, the sphere of science is no exception. But difficulties can
be overcome. Delay in resolving these problems will be much more costly.
9642
CSO: 1814/152
19
SCLENTIFIC, TECHNICAL PROGRESS MUST BE ACCELERATED
Moscow PRAVDA in Russian 28 May 83 p l
[Editorial: "Scientists for the Five-Year Plan"]
[Text] The intensification of social production is the main source for the
economy's dynamic growth. At the CPSU Central Committee November (1982)
Plenum comrade Yu.V. Andropov noted that "... reserves must be sought in the
acceleration of scientific and technical progress and the extensive and rapid
introduction of the achievements of science and technology and leading
experience in production." Our party is orienting the collectives of
scientists on doing everything necessary, in cooperation with the producers,
to organically combine the achievements of the scientific and technical
revolution with the advantages of the socialist economic system.
Soviet science possesses great creative potential. Its basis is the fundamental
research that defines the propsects and basically new pathways of scientific
and technical progress and opens up broad horizons in the study of nature
and society. The possibilities for such research are growing. The "Astron"
astrophysics observatory has been added to the "Salyut-7" orbital laboratory.
The sector scientific research and design organizations are making a substantial
contribution to the development of progressive technological processes and
materials, and models of machines and instruments. Powerful scientific-
production associations and technological centers are appearing that are
capable of handling the entire cycle from the birth of a scientific idea to
its practical embodiment.
Our scientists are increasing their contribution to accelerating the rates
of scientific ard technical progress. Last year alone, 3,500 models of new
types of machines, equipment, apparatus and instruments and means of automation
were developed. In the first 2 years of the current five-year plan the use
in the national economy of proposals from inventors and rationalizers netted
R13.9 billion cf savings. And in the third, core year of the present five-
year plan the scientists have set themselves high targets. They are participating
actively in the implementation of the USSR Food Program and helping to make
our economy more economic. For example, the scientific collectives of Moscow
have pledged themselves to obtain R2.7 billion from the marketing of research
results. Together with the producers, scientists in Leningrad have taken
it upon themselves to developed and start up the production ahead of schedule
20
of 500 new articles; in the Ukraine they have pledged to save the labor of
£00,000 people in the national economy,
One of the most cructal sectors of the quest is implementation of the state
sctentific and technical programs for the five-year plan. To cope with them
in good time and in full measure means to insure by 1985 about R16 billion
of savings together with millions of tons of ferrous metals and tens of
millions of tons of fuel in conventional units, and to make about 3 million
people redundant for other work. The course of the realization of the programs
is constantly held in view by the party and soviet organs, the minstries and
administrations, and the leaders of the scientific and design establishments
and enterprises and their party organizations. It is important to strive
for a situation in which they are fulfilled at a high level, in accordance
with precise schedules. It is this kind of approach that culminated in success
during the construction of the 750-kilovolt power transmission line connecting
the Chernobyl nuclear power station with Vinnitsa; it was commissioned one
year ahead of schedule. During the first quarter of this year the enterprises
and organizations of 21 ministries and administrations have coped with their
program tasks.
However, the implementation of tasks is not going as it should everywhere.
During the first 2 years of the five-year plan only 82 of the 127 programs
providing for test installations and major industrial projects were handed
over for exploitation, and in the USSR Ministry of Agriculture and the USSR
Gossnab, not one of the 10 projects was ready on time. This year, the Ministry
of the Petroleum Industry has failed to fulfill 6 out of 15, and the USSR
Ministry of the Fish Industry and the USSR Ministry of Chemical and Petroleum
Machine Building have each failed to fulfill five. The quarterly plan for
the introduction of new equipment has been substantially underfulfilled by
the USSR Ministry of Power and Electrification, the USSR Ministry of Petroleum
Refining and Petrochemical Industry and a number of other sectors.
What is the reason for these failures? According to figures from the USSR
State Committee for Science and Technology, in more than 40 percent of cases
they are the result of untimely and inadequate supplies of material and
financial resources and production capacities and limits on capital investments
and contract work. One disruption in five is explained by delays in the
formulation by ministries and administrations of the tasks for the executor
organizations or by the fact that tasks have not even been included in the
plan.
During the llth Five-Year Plan, in accordance with the programs about 1,000
projects have to be commissioned. The ministries and administrations
participating in the realization of these tasks must without delay outline
and implement effective measures to insure their fulfillment in full measure
and exactly on schedule.
Acceleration in the rates of scientific and technical progress depends primarily
on the successes of scientific research and planning and design establishments
and their well-organized joint work with the enterprises. Day after day the
sclentific collectives and the communist scientists must concern themselves
21
with the maximum possible utilization of each person's potential. Up to now,
far from everything needed is being done for this. Trivial work is often
included in thematic plans. A considerable proportion of the sector institutes
ire enyaved primarily in insignificant improvementsin equipment already being
produced, and insufficient attention is being given to the development 271f
ideas promising radical changes in a given technical field. According to
iclentists' figures, the proportion of research themes in the machine building
institutes has dropped to one-third over the past 10 years. The institutes
are not always able to withstand the "storm of economic contracts" and so
a numbe. of them are overwhelmed by a flow of insignificant orders. The
ministries and administrations and the party committees must strengthen
leadership in the scientific research and planning and design organizations
and enhance the responsibility of their leaders for the topicality of themes,
the scientific-economic level of work and the fulfillment of plans and tasks.
Soctalist competition is a reliable lever of party influence over the
acceleration of technical progress. It should be organized in such a way
that scientific potential is used to the full and the creative initiative
of sclentific personnel stimulated, Fulfilling the decisions of the 26th
CPSU Congress, scientists are reinforcing their ties with production and they
are filled with a resolve to achieve new accomplishments for the honor of
Soviet science and the good of the motherland.
9642
CSO: 1814/149
NEW SYSTEM OF INCENTIVES FOR SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL ANALYZED
Minsk PROMYSHLENNOST’ BELORUSSII in Russian No 3, Mar 83 pp 30-32
[Article by A. Osipenko, chief of the Planning-Production Department of the
Head Technological Bureau for Specialized Planning and Design of the
Soyuzfermmash All-Union Production Association: "They Have Earned But
Not Received"/
[Text] The decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR
Council of Ministers concerning improvements in the economic
mechanism stipulated a number of measures to further accelerate
scientific and technical progress and to expand the output of
nighly effective production. These measures included trans-
ferring scientific-research, design, planning-design and
technological organizations to a new system for stimulating
the development, production and application of new equipment.
The goal of the new system is to establish a direct relation
between the size of the economic incentive fund created at
scientific-technical organizations or at enterprises and the
amount of economic benefit obtained by the economy from the
utilization of the scientific and technical innovations.
Machine building for animal husbandry and fodder production was one of the
first sectors to shift to the new system of incentives. During this process
the following task was set: substantially reduce the "research, development,
initial production" cycle and increase the output of highly effective
equipment by increasing the material interest of employees at scientific-
technical organizations and enterprises in the end results of their labor.
What has the first experiment in the use of this system shown? It turns out
that, contrary to expectations, the ecmomic incentive funds at scientific-
technical organizations have grown insignificantly, and at certain scientific-
research institutes and design bureais which operate on an independent
balance, they have even shrunk.
The allotments which organizations receive from profits formed at enterprises
is a result of actual reductions in production costs following the introduction
of new equipment have amounted to only 8.6 percent of the total amount of the
funds, while allotments from supplementary profits, actually obtained by
enterprises through incentive increases in wholesale prises for new, highly-
effective output and for products with the State Quality Seal amounted
to 23.2 percent. And, after all, it was stipulated that these would be
the main sources of fund formation. At the same time allotments arising
from means included in the estimated cost of scientific-research and
experimental-design work which were intended to be supplementary sources
amounted to the followings 12.2 percent from guaranteed economic effect,
23.8 percent from work without economic effect, 12 percent as a form of an
idvance on results from work on the formulation of items for production,
4.6 percent from orders placed by enterprises and organizations of other
ministries, 9.4 percent from the centralized bonus fund of the ministry and
6.2 percent from other sources.
Thus, the proportion of basic sources amounts to a total of 31.8 percent.
But why did it come out this way? In order to answer this question it is
essential to examine the entire process by which the economic incentive
funds are formed.
Let us begin with the fact that as of today the sector uses the new system
for planning the scientific-research, experimental-design and technological
work (using customer orders) at only the two first links in the chain
"research, development, initial production.” This means that the
introduction of the new equipment into mass production is taking place
essentially in the old way, that is slowly. And this is why
allotments of the necessary size are not being made to the economic incentive
funds of the scientific-research organizations.
[ will cite one such example. In 1979 the Head Technological Bureau for Spe-
clalized Planning and Design of the Soyuzfermmash All-Union Production Associa-
tion (HTBSPD) developed a design and followed the established procedure in ma-
King a decision regarding the production arrangement for an attachment
to carry pulverized fodder (PIM-40) on the base of the mass-produced
organic fertilizer spreader (PRT-10). The rural workers have particular need
for this attachement when the fodder is being harvested. Utilization of this
ittacnment was expected to yield quite a high economic effect. According
to calculations, this was supposed to amount to #8 rubles per unit.
However, in 1979 the necessary capacities to produce the attachments did
not exist. For this reason production of the first 100 PIM-40 units was
entrusted to the HTBSPD, which has its own experimental production unit, and
to the Bobruysksel'mash Plant. The wholesale price was set at 970 rubles.
An incentive increase in the amount of 45 rubles was established for
effectiveness; it was to be in effect for one year. In accordance with
the established protocol, 20 rubles of this increase went into the HTBSFD
economic incentive fund. A simple calculation shows that the above-plan
profits which the manufacturing plant received from the sale of the PIM-40
resulted in an allotment to the design-technological bureau of a total
of 2,000 rubles (mass production of the attachment began only last year when
the + ioe during which the incentive increase was in effect had already
ended).
2k
One mare typical example. The sector has developed this procedures after new
equipment is developed, it is included in the plan for the assimilation of
new industrial products, the so-called first industrial series which (depending
on the complexity of the product's design and its tecnnological effectiveness)
does not exceed 10-20 units. They are manufactured at an experimental production
unit of the organizations which developed them or at the experimental shops
of mass-production plants. Experience shows that mass production of these
{tems begins a year or two and sometimes even longer after the production
of the first industrial batch. As a result, this note appears in the
reports: "production of the new machine has been started," although in fact
it 1s being produced in inconsequential numbers.
At the same time the existing system for the determination of prices stipulates
that if the appropriate organs approve a decision regarding the formulation of
an item for production, then a permanent wholesale price must be approved
as well, regardless of the number of the pieces of equipment which are being
produced. However, an increase for effectiveness may be established for a
period of one year, or for two years if the item is particularly complex.
It is not difficult to guess that a majority of enterprise and association
officials are reluctant to shift their production capacities to the manufacture
of new products, especially when there is demand for the mass-production.
And this 1s not surprisings after all, the output of new equipment does not
become firmly established with a position on the products list. In this
way the large-scale production of the equipment is, as a rule, delayed. And
the economic incentive funds to stimulate researchers and developers are set
up so that they are directly dependent on the quantity d equipment produced.
Nor should it be forgotten in this regard that at the present time the main
indicator for judging the work of institutes and design bureaus of industrial
ministries is the economic benefit derived from the introduction of the new equip-
ment, and it it practically impossible to obtain this benefit in the necessary
amounts. And even in those cases where the enterprise has already introduced
a new design, it is not interested in sharing the amount put into the bonus
fund with the design organizations, or in determining their share of the
benefit derived from the measure which has been introduced. And it is for
precisely this reason that arguments arise between the manufacturer and the
designer; these disputes frequently go to departmental arbitration for
resolution.
The regulation regarding the procedure for the formation of economic incentive
funds at scientific and technical organizations also stipulates the issuing
of an advance, which is determined by taking into account the size of the
expected effect for new or up-dated machines which, it has been decided, will
be put into production. In accordance with industry instructions, the
amount of the advance is included in the estimated cost of the final stage
of the design process. The proportion of these allotments in the designers’
‘neentive funds usually varies from 10 to 17 percent, and sometimes it is even
more significant.
For example, in 1982 the total for the advances which our bureau received
for projects being completed amounted to about 70,000 rubles of the total
amount of planned incomings for the material incentive funds. This total must
25
be taken into account during the final calculation of the size of the
payments made into the bureau's economic incentive fund from the above-
plan profits, which are obtained by enterprises when they produce items with
the incentive increase for effectiveness. As a result, the designers find
themselves in an extremely difficult position because the output of a small
number of new items in tne form of first industrial series does not always
provide for sufficient payments to make up for the advance. However, in this
case the enterprise does not bear the economic costs; the targets for
fund-formation indicators were fulfilled.
A similar picture is also observed with the formation of incentive funds
on the basis of payments from profits, which are obtained from reductions in
production costs as a result of the introdution of new equipment and technology.
Again, it is only the enterprises which prove to be in the winner's position.
As 1s well known, projects which provide for a reduction in production costs
and the corresponding payments to the fund of the scientific and technical
organization are aimed mainly at improvements in technological processes
and at the reduction of material- or labor-intensity. Usually these projects
are fulfilled on the basis of economic contracts, which are concluded
according to a planned procedure or at the initiative of enterprises. In
this regard, the financing of expenditures to fulfill them is, in a majority
of cases, provided from a single fund for the development of science and
technology of the industrial ministry. This is why enterprises,
when they conclude agreements, try to impose upon the party carrying out
the work (a scientific or technical organization) the stipulation that
the source of payments to the incentive funds should be means which are
included in the estimated cost for carrying out the project instead of
profits which will be obtained by this enterprise from the introduction
of designs into production. This approach is not in the interests of the
scientific and technical organizations because the amount of the payments is
limited in this case.
It should also be said that when economic contracts are concluded between
enterprises and scientific-technical organizations, the technical and economic
documentation for designs is provided at an extremely low level, and in
some cases it is not provided at all. This means that it is impossible
to determine in advance the expected effectiveness of work of a given
type and, consequently, the size of the payments for one of the main sources.
Nor is it possible to determine in advance the proportions of the payments
for the incentive funds for the enterprise and the organization. And it is
precisely these amounts and introduction deadlines for innovations which must
be stipulated in the contract between the body placing the order (the enter-
prise) and the body carrying it out (the scientific-technical organization).
In practice, calculating the effectiveness derived from designs which have
been introduced is done only on the basis of actual data. And the payments
are also determined using the size of the obtained effect as the basis, but
only for the payments which go into the enterprises’ fund. Even in those
cases where the size of the payments for the first source are calculated
in advance and written into contracts, the producers frequently do not inform
26
tne scientific-tecnnical organization about the time periods for the actual
introduction of the designs and their effectiveness; they refuse to
transfer to the organization its share of these means.
All of the above speaks to the need for improvements in the system to
stimulate work on new equipment. What specifically should be done first?
In the first place, if a decision has been made to put into production
up-dated or new models of equipment, which are more effective than those
1lready being mass produced, and an enterprise delays in producing then,
it is essential to strengthen the economic sanctions for the output of
the old products. In this case it is advisable to establish a strictly
fixed percentage discount to be taken not from the obtained profit but from
tne wholesale price of the obsolete item regardless of its actual
profitability.
[In the second place, those enterprises which determine the acceleration of
scientific and technical progress in the national economy, should include
as one of the basic fund-formation indicators (along with the growth of
labor productivity, the proportion of output in the highest quality category,
reduction of production costs, etc.) a target for the introduction of new
equipment with an indicatior of time periods, volumes and planned effect
to be derived from their introduction.
In the third place, it is essential to define by either a legislative or direc-
tive procedure the responsibility of enterprises for the correctness of
their accounts with scientific and technical organizations in terms of the
sources and amounts of the payments going into their economic incentive
funds, as well as responsibility for scientific-research or planning and
design work which has been fulfilled and applied. In this way the system
for the formation of economic incentives to promote the creation, assimilation
and introduction of new equipment will receive legal norms.
COPYRIGHT: "“Promyshlennost' Belorussii”, 1983
3H 3
CSOs 1814/121
e7
NEEDED IMPROVEMENTS IN VUZ RESEARCH DISCUSSED
Minsk PROMYSHLENNOST' BELORUSSII in Russian No 3, Mar 83 pp 60-61
[article by S. Vermeyenko, junior scientific associate and A. Golovachev,
chief of the Scientific-Research Problem Laboratory for the Scientific
Organization of Labor of the Belorussian State Economic Institute imeni
V.V. Kuybyshevs: "A Squeaky Mechanism"/
[text/ During the Tenth Five-Year Plan the effectiveness
of scientific research in the BSSR Ministry of Higher Edu-
cation grew more than 1.6-fold, but the absolute magnitude
of the effect obtained continues to remain small. The
completion periods for scientific research are frequently
extended (sometimes without good reason), and the results
often do not reach the stage of practical implementation.
Today we continue the conversation about raising the effec-
tiveness of VUZ science.
Here is a curious fact: hardly a single project carried out on the basis
of an economic contract (of the many thousands carried out in the republic's
VUZ's) has been completed ahead of schedule. The explanation is quite simple:
the existing system of incentives cannot compensate for the losses of
wages which the researchers incur if contract work is completed ahead of
schedule. And so they do not hurry.
The bonus for “contract subjects” has become virtually a guaranteed wage
supplement. For example, nearly all the people who carried out projects
at the Belorussian Polytechnical Institute (BPI) in 1980 received bonuses.
And what were the results of their work? This, as they say, is a secondary
matter. Frequently there is a period of 5-6 years between the start
of an investigation on a contract subject and the application of the results.
It is not surprising that during this time the "scientific product” becomes
obsolete.
Here is another example. The staff members in a number of departments at
the same BPI have quite a few patents for various technical solutions in
the area of machine tool manufacturing. However, these solutions have not yet
found practical application.
28
Thus, the planning of contract research carried out at VUZ's, while it
touches on only the actual research process, leaves aside the main problem
of obtaining the final result, which should, according to the logic of things,
determine the size of the remuneration.
Contracts regarding scientific-technical cooperation (CSTC) are the most
common form of a link with production within the BSSR Ministry of Higher
Education. In accordance with the CSTC's, the labor of the people working
on the projects is not rewarded during the research process. In addition,
both sides have the right to abrogate the contract at any moment, without
risking material sanctions. The lack of material interest on the part of the
people carrying out the work (and sometimes on the part of the people placing
the order for the work) results from the poor material-technical provision
for the research and the lack of effective monitaring of its progress. The
contracts do not always stipulate measures for the introduction of the research
results: out of thelarge number of CSTC's, one can count with ease the number of
results which have actually been applied.
Nonetheless, within just the five-year period the number of contracts concluded
by certain VUZ's in the republic has increased 2- or 3-fold. What is happening
is that in many case a CSTC is functioning as a stage in the research, a stage
which precedes the conclusion of an economic contract. Within the BSSR
Ministry of Higher Education system it is the economic contract which has
become the most common. For example, during the last 10 years the volume
of economic contract scientific-research work in the republic's VUZ's grew by
more than 4.7-fold and by the end of the five-year period it had reached
37.4% percent of the ministry's total scientific research. The volume of
resources which have been used is growing as a result of an increase
in the number of contracts which have been concluded (40 percent) as well as
a result of an increase in the volme of financing for individual projects
(60 percent).
The mechanism for eting research on contract subjects needs further improve-
ment. This concerns first of all the methods for selecting subject matter,
facilities, optimal amounts of work and time periods for the conduct of
the research. Despite the fact that during the 10th Five-Year Plan the
number of economic contract projects carried out on the most important
subjects, increased nearly 3.5-fold, the proportion of these projects
amounts to less than half of the total number. In short, the majority of
investigations resolve only specific, individual problems. As a rule,
these projects are short-term, characterized by small volumes, and their
results do not find application beyond the enterprises ordering the work.
The results are much greater when the research is carried out within the
framework of an academic-scientific-production association (ASPA).
The Belorussian Technological Institute imeni S.M. Kirov, for example,
has accumulated substantial experience in this kind of work. Here the
effectiveness of expenditures for research carried out within the framework
of an ASPA were 4-fold higher at the end of the last five-year plan than
the ministry average. Let us compare another indicator. For the BSSR
29
Ministry of Higher Education as a whole inventions are utilized only from every
second economic agreement, any topic investigated within the framework of
in ASPA gives rise to one or two patent applications.
[In recent years a comparatively new form of interaction between VUZ science
ind production has grown more and more common: the agreement to transfer
sclentific-technical achievements to other enterprises and organizations.
This agreement usually stipulates that assistance will be given in making use
of the borrowed experience. The economic effectiveness of one ruble spent
in this case is higher than with a traditional economic contract. Unfortunately,
at present the agreements to transfer scientific-technical achievements are
"not wnat count” in research by VUZ scientists--their effect does not
reach even three percent of the total volume of scientific-research work.
In short, the mechanism which guides the interaction between VUZ science
and production is squeaky and need further improvements. Here three
basic directions can be seen: an increased role for the republic's Ministry
of Higher Education to play in directing science; an increased role for
the scilentific-resarch sectors of VUZ's and improvements in the methods for
stimulating scientific research and the application of the results.
The first way presumes the establishment of a self-financing scientific
issoclation (probably on the basis of the administration of science and the
idministration of cost-accounting enterprises and organizations of the BSSK
Ministry of Higher Education), endowed with the right to conclude contracts
to conduct scientific research. For experience one does not need to go
far--the USSR Ministry of Higher Education has already established this kind
of association. What can this give to the republic's VUZ scientists?
[In the first place, they will receive the opportunity to choose as their
"customers" (and consequently, the objects of investigation) major enterprises,
organizations and sectors of the industry, which, in turn, will make it possible
to work on timely subject matter which has significance for a given sector
is well as related sectors. There will also be opportunities to carry out
comprehensive investigations planned for 5-10 years. Under these conditions wider
ise can be made of goal-oriented program methods of planning. In addition,
basic research carried out by the VUZ will be related to the essential needs
of production collectives.
[In the second place, it will be easer to establish centralized funds for
scientific research, scientific and technical development, material incentives,
socio-cultural measures and housing construction in a cost-accounting scientific
association. This will make it possible to carry out goal-oriented financing
of comprehensive programs, to improve their material and technical basis
ind to sisnificantly increase the effectiveness of incentives.
[t would be logical to establish this relationship: if the results obtained
(parameters, characteristics) are worse than those defined by the plan
target, then the size of the incentive payment is reduced, and if they are
better, the bonus is increased. It would then be simpler to develop a
range of bonuses, which takes into account not only the effect obtained but also
the time period for the application of the research results.
30
Finally, the time has come to increase the effectiveness of the scientific
research sectors at VUZ's. At present this subdivision has become essentially
in office, which 1s concerned only with c'rrent questions, and at the best
combines the scientific plans of individual departments into a single list.
At the same time such questions as the study of scientific directions and the
potential of various departments remain on the aside, as do questions such as
the pre-planning development of subjects, goal-oriented program planning, the
scientifically grounded evaluation of research work and the development of
effective methods for applying results to the national economy.
COPYRIGHT: "Promyshlennost' Belorussii", 1983
8543
CSO; 1814/121
j1
SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL INFORMATION USED TO COORDINATE S&T PROGRAMS
Tashkent EKONOMIKA I ZHIZN' in Russian No 2, Feb 83 pp 29-31
[Article by M. Muminov, director of UzNIINTI (Uzbek SSR Gosplan Scientific-
Technical Information and Technical-Economic Research Institute), and G.
Vaynshteyn, laboratory chief: "The Accompaniment of Scientific-Technical Pro-
grams"
[Text] The progress of science and technology and introduction of their
achievements into the national economy is one of the important factors of our
country's economic and social development. As a rule, the chief tasks for
accelerating the rates of scientific-technical progress bear an intersectorial
and interregional character. A problem that can be cited as an example is the
creation and assimilation of highly productive engineering processes and
equipment for the production of metal powders, powder alloys of refractory
compounds and, on their basis, new materials, coatings and articles needed in
practically all sectors of the national economy. The very same can be said of
the creation and use of effective chemical and biological means for protecting
plants and animals against pests, diseases and weeds which are safe for man
and the environment. The creation and broad use in the national economy of
semiconductor power technology is an example of a solution to an intersecto-
rial problem.
fhe resolution of intersectorial and interregional problems required certain
transformations in existing forms of planning, management and organization
stemming from the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council of Ministers Decree
"On an Improvement in Planning and Reinforcement of the Action of the Economic
Mechanism on an Improvement of Production Effectiveness and Work Quality."
There was expanded application of the system program method, the result of
which was the development and inclusion in plans of the llth Five-Year Plan of
41 special-purpose comprehensive scientific-technical programs and 129 pro-
grams to resolve very important scientific-technical problems, with the basic
return from them envisaged in the following five-year plan. These programs
contain an entire set of measures needed for achieving the end goals: scien-
tific research, development and planning work, the manufacture and testing of
experimental models, and construction of experimental industrial units and
industrial installations with subsequent development of production and crea-
tion of additional capacities. Concrete assignments, dates and estimated cost
of the work were projected. Responsible ministries and coperforming minis-
tries were envisaged. The assignments indicated sources of financing and end
32
results expressed in a general indicator--annual economic effect based on
1985 or 1990. And so the backbone of a program of scientific-technical prog-
ress was created for the first time in our country and supported with all
material-technical resources in a state five-year plan.
ft 1s not without interest to note that scientific-technical programs envisage
the creation of over 4,000 models of new equipment and engineering processes,
of which some 60 percent is planned for output already in this five-year plan.
The annual economic effect from realization of the planned program in 1985
should comprise some 16.5 billion rubles.
These programs are very elaborate and of great scope. They tie together the
spheres of activity of many union ministries and departments, the USSR Academy
ot Sciences, republic academies, and unifon-republic and republic ministries
and departments.
For this reason the disruption of even one small assignment may lead to dis-
ruption of the program as a whole. To keep this from occurring there has to
be a mechanism for management and supervision over the organization of work
under the programs. The USSR TsSU [Central Statistical Administration]
periodically informs the USSR Council of Ministers, the USSR State Committee
for Science and Technology and USSR Gosplan about the status of fulfillment of
stages and assignments of scientific-technical programs. Councils under the
leading ministries, headed by the ministers, their deputies and very prominent
scientists, coordinate work under separate programs, ensure observation over
the technical level of innovations being created, and exercise coordination
among performing organizations. All this is the so-called mechanism of verti-
cal tracking of the fulfillment of program stages and assignments. But the
territorial separation of performing organizations requires creation of a
"horizontal"-regional tracking. To this end the USSR State Committee for
Science and Technology decided to use the far-flung system of scientific-
technical information.
The Uzbek SSR Gosplan Scientific-Technical Information and Technical-Economic
Research Institute (UzNIINTI) was given responsibility for accompanying--
tracking--realization of the comprehensive special-purpose programs and pro-
grams for resolving the most important scientific-technical problems by per-
forming organizations located on the territory of the Uzbek SSR. There are
over 100 such organizations. Program tracking, i.e., monitoring the fulfill-
ment of stages and assignments on time, is carried on in close coordination
with party, management and planning entities of the republic. This makes it
possible, where necessary, to include other organizations in program fulfill-
ment so as to make fuller use of the entire scientific-technical potential.
UzNITINTL began the tracking and priority information support to scientific-
technical programs last year. Responsible departments were determined, a card
file of performing organizations was developed and dates for checking the
realization of various programs were projected.
We checked over 50 organizations carrying out scientific-technical programs on
republic territory and identified those which had not begun fulfilling the
33
assignments of scientific-technical programs which had been made their respon-
sibility. Reasons for a lag were uncovered and measures were suggested for
remedying them. There basically were three reasons: Assignments were not pro-
vided to individual organizations of a ministry and department on time; some
pertorming organizations did not receive the entire programs, but only the
designation of a project, which gives no idea about the place of the assign-
ment in the overall plan of program fulfillment or ties with other projects;
a lack ot financing, cadres or material-technical resources. In the first two
instances UZNIINTIL specialists helped clarify all matters and in the third
instance, in conformity with recommendations of USSR Gosplan and the USSR GKNT
[State Committee for Science and Technology], the organizations which had not
begun realization of scientific-technical program assignments were told to
think about redistributing financing and scientific personnel and reorienting
them to study those problems at which the scientific-technical programs were
aiming.
One ot UZzNLINTI's most important tasks is the priority, primary, information
support to comprehensive special-purpose programs and programs for resolving
sctentific-technical programs being realized on the territory of the Uzbek
SSR.
To this end UzNIINTI departments began studying the information needs of
collectives executing the programs and compiling a special card file on this
basis. Based on the information needs identified, the institute's sectorial
departments drew up a comprehensive long-range plan for preparation and publi-
cation of survey information designed for the period 1981-1985. During the
tive-year plan it was planned to prepare over 150 analytical surveys on the
topics of scientific-technical programs. Some 30 such surveys were published
in 1982 and over 30 are to be published this year. They systematized and
scientifically generalized information about the status and development trends
ot appropriate fields of science and technology. In analyzing this informa-
tion the survey authors suggest their own forecasts for development of a given
field. This survey-analytical information is intended chiefly for the heads
of various management levels as well as leading engineering-technical workers
ot industrial enterprises and organizations.
The subject matter of scientific-technical programs is included in the list of
topics on which information service of republic party, management and planning
entities is carried on in the system of selective information distribution
(IRI), which is one of the most effective forms of information support. In
this mode UzNIINT1 specialists analyze, select and send subscribers of IRI the
title and brief abstract of materials coming to the institute's information
reference fund. Subscribers to the IRI system can if necessary request the
primary source after familiarizing themselves with the current awareness noti-
tication.
Our institute set up priority library services for topics of scientific-
technical programs. Exhibits are held of new arrivals connected with these
topics. The corresponding literature is presented first of all. A note "for
information support of scientific-technical programs" is made on the order
blanks for this purpose. If the requested materials are lacking in the
34
institute's information reference fund, UZNIINTI will request them from other
libraries of the unified republic information reference fund or in all-union
sector!al entities of scientific-technical information.
Prioritizing is provided in satisfying one-time requests for subject matter of
sctentific-technical programs. In the "question-answer" mode extracted infor-
mation is provided of a factographic future (technical characteristics of
articles, technical descriptions, technical-economic indicators and so on) and
an address nature (addresses of enterprises or organizations, location of
normative-technical documents and so on), as well as copies of primary and
secondary documents (catalogues, articles, information sheets, specifications
and so on).
We also can provide qualified assistance in obtaining patent information and
conducting patent research at the facility of the republic patent documenta-
tion fund. Organizations which are executing programs are provided with pri-
mary operational access to the current world flow of patent documentation on
the basis of data of the International Center for Patent Documentation. Each
week organizations which conclude an agreement with UZNIINTI are provided with
bibliographic information obtained from this center about published patent
documents (applications, inventor's certificates, patents) and then if neces-
sary, with copies of primary patent documents.
UzNIINTI takes an active part in arranging scientific-technical conferences,
seminars, interplant schools of foremost experience and thematic exhibits, and
in preparing radio and television broadcasts and announcements for publication
in the press.
The tracking and broad information support of scientific-technical programs
today is one of the leading directions in UzNIINTI's work. We hope that our
work will help those who take a direct part in realizing these programs
to cope successfully with the tasks assigned them.
COPYRIGHT: "Ekonomika i zhizn'", 1982
904
CSO: 1814/129
WAYS TO SPEED UP PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS DISCUSSED
Moscow EKONOMICHESKIYE NAUKI in Russian No 5, May 83 pp 25-29
[article by I. Sigov, professor and doctor of economic sciences, Leningrad:
"The Content of and Ways to Accelerate the Practical Application of Scientific
Achievements"
[Text/ As was noted at the 26th CPSU Congress, the conditions under which
the country's economy will develop in the 80's require ever more persistently
the acceleration of scientific and technical progress. In this regard, a
most acute and decisive issue today involves the practical applicatior. of
cclentific discoveries and inventions. In theoretical studies and in practical
work ever increasing amounts of attention are being devoted to the problem
of applying results. However it is still viewed mainly with regard to
implementation within the material production sphere of the achievements
of technical and natural sciences. At the same time the vask of
putting into practice the results obtained from research in the social
sciences, and especially in economics, is becoming no less important.
"Science," the CPSU Central Committee Report to the 26th party congress
emphasized, “must be a ‘disturber of the peace,’ by showing which sectors
have given in to stagnation and delays and where the present level of
knowledge makes it possible to move ahead faster and more successfully.
Consideration should be given to the question of how this work can be turned
into an integral part of the management mechanism."1 This situation has
a direct relation to the economic sciences, which are called upon to provide
the methodological basis for improvements in the economic mechanism of society.
At the same time the scientific-research institutes themselves, and especially
those which are part of the system of the USSR State Committees (Gosplan,
Gosstroy, Gossnab, Goskomtrud and others) act with ever greater frequency
as direct units in the system for the management of society's economic
and social development, unitswhich are engaged in the preparation of
initial materials for the adoption of management decisions.
The urgency of this problem requires in-depth theoretical treatment of
the questions concerning the essence, spheres, forms and evaluations of the
practical application of the achievements of economic sciences, as well
the determination of concrete ways to accelerate this process.
essence of practical application {in italics/. The concept of the practical
ipplication of sclentific achievements has not yet received comprehensive
treatment in our literature. Usually we understand the expression "introducing
t is meaning the practical realization of scientific results. In
is reward, however, 1t is not always clear what kind of practice and exactly
wnicn scientific results are the subject of discussion because science has
various functions in society. The function of science cannot be reduced to just
the effect on material production, to participation in the creation of new
equipment and technological processes. At the same time the importance of
this function under conditions of ever greater transformation of production
Into an area for the technological application of science must not be minimized.
>
.
In evaluating the role of science and its place in society at the present
tage 1t 1s essential to keep in mind at the very least three aspects: 1) the
production of material benefits and services; 2) the sphere of education, which
provides for the development of the individual as a person and as the main
producing force; 3) the sphere of management of various processes in the
functioning and development of society. Finally, we must not fail to see the
role of scientific knowledge in the development of science itself as one of
tne spheres in the production of spiritual benefits.
fescription of the place of science in society, and a delineation of its
‘tions into “external” (aimed at production, education, management) and
nternal" (aimed at the development of science itself) makes it possible to
‘larify the relations between the concepts of "science" and "practice," as
well as the role of practical application as the implementation of scientific
results in practice (beyond the boundaries of science) and in science itself.
‘he progress of society is characterized by the growing influence of science on
ill spheres of public life, including the development of material production.
The division of scientific labor itself is frequently viewed as a stage in
the strengthening of the links between science and production, as are the
relatively clear differentiation between "pure" (fundamental) and applied re-
search and the singling out from the latter of specific types of activities--
planning and experimental design work--and of new types of scientific organiza-
tions--planning and planning-technological institutes, design bureaus, experi-
ntal enterprises, etc. From this the conclusions is drawn that at the
present time we view with increasing clarity the outline of the processes,
dnicn can be characterized as the firther qualitative development and intensifi-
| of the scientific division of labor--the introduction of the results
f scientific research into social practice.“ With this formulation of the
luestion, application (or "introduction") is viewed essentially as a definite
tage in the division of labor--the development of a special "application"
"introductory") sphere. It is not difficult to note that in this case
f “application” (or “introduction") is limited only by utilization
iclentific achievements in the sphere of material production. In addition,
lose sight of the fact that application can take place and
loes take place at all stages of scientific research, and not only at
Staze, when there is the question of implementing results at
the production unit. The characterization of application (introduction)
niy a special sphere of scientific activity, which is
located at the junction between scientific-technical innovations and their
industrial assimilation, can lead to a restrictive interpretation of the
concept of application (introduction), especially with regard to the area of
tne soctal sclences.
[lo provide a more comprehensive description of the essence of the practical
introduction of scientific achievements it is fruitful to consider this
process as a definite area in the relations between the producers of scientific
output in all of its forms and its consumers in all spheres of human activity.
[In this regard there arise problems of the particular organization and
regulation of relations between producers and consumers of scientific
output, the establishment of their rights and obligations and the determination
of forms for the participation and interest of both sides in the practical
ipplication of scientific output.
With regard to scientific-research organizations of a technical type the
problem is already at the stage of practical resolution: at the present time
they are being shifted to a cost-accounting system for the organization of
work to create, develop and introduce new equipment on the basis of orders
(contracts). This system creates conditions for the bilateral accounting
ind monitoring of the application of projects which have been carried out.
With regard to scientific research in the area of the social sciences,
ind especially economics, the question of establishing a system for
the practical application of the results is acquiring ever greater timeliness.
The spheres and forms of application fin italics/ A more successful organiza-
tion of work to implement the achievements of economic sciences in practice
requires a clear demarcation of the spheres _and forms for their application.
Under the spheres of application /in italics/ it is possible to include:
1) selence itself as a sphere of spiritual activity whose development
presupposes more and more new data which expand people's ideas about
the world which surrounds them; b) the sphere of education and indoctrination
which requires systematic, continuous training and the updating of educational
surricula and programs, academic-methodological materials, which generalize
tne selentific knowledge and experience accumulated in various areas; c)
the sphere of management, in which ever greater use is made of the materials
nd recommendations which are prepared by scholars in the social sciences
ind which represent the results of scientific investigations; d) the production
phere, in which use may be found for the results not only of natural and
technical sciences, but also results from the social sciences (for example,
the formulation of a social order for the development of scientific-technnical
rosress in the direction of changes in the content as well as the conditions
f people's labor, daily life and leisure).
~~
Along with the spheres of application one should differentiate the forms for
the application of scientific research results in the area of the economic
sciences. It seems to us that these can include: a) scientific publications
wnich contain new theses and conclusions in the respective areas of the
-clences; 6) the publication of textbooks and other academic materials; c)
participation in the preparation of various types of management decisions
(decrees by directive organs, methodological recommendations for the
fevelopment of the country and the regions, as well as normative documents,
etc.); @) the implementation of specific projects in the area of production,
labor and management organization for various production nuclei of the
national economy.
Evaluation of application fin italics/. The evaluation of the practical
ipplication of achievements in the economic sciences has great theoretical
ind practical significance with regard to their various spheres and forms.
The question consists primarily of who can and should carry out this kind:
-
of evaluation. It is obvious that there cannot be just one single answer.
[he evaluation of newly published scientific results constitutesone of the
most current problems. The very fact that scientific research results have
been published by no means provides evidence that these results are new
ind significant. In this regard care in selecting those scientific works which
ire published becomes of ever greater significance. At the same time it is
essential to create a system to review them, a system which includes a
mandatory expert evaluation of the content and significance of new
sclentific results, and which is similar to the one currently used to
judge doctoral and candidate dissertations.
Textbooks and other educational aids, as well as the development of educati-nal
Curricula and programs,constitute a most important form for putting scientific
itput into practice. In our opinion, objectivity in the evaluation of this
form of application can be significantly increased by introducing a system
of competitions for all educational literature which is planned for publication.
The task of evaluating the practical application of the achievements of economic
cclences in the sphere of managing society's development is extremely complex.
In this sphere application is frequently evaluated on the basis of scientific
reports and notes about reports which are sent to party, soviet, trade union
ind economic organs; these reports and notes, as a rule, are for the purpose
of improving various aspects of the life of society. However, these materials
frquently are so general and at the same time so one-sided in nature that
they cannot be used directly as the specific content of any management decisivons.
Not the least cause of this situation is the lack of direct contacts between
the producers and consumers of scientific output, the poor participation by
the consumers in the placing of an order, or the preparation and discussion
f materials of this kind.
The evaluation of application in this sphere which is carried out on the basis
f the degree to which the proposals contained in the report notes are
implemented through various management decisions is more objective.
in this connection it is worth paying attention to the formulation
f the question concerning the quality of the management decisions themselves,
the final criteria for which are the practical results achieved on the
basis of those decisions.
Finally, careful study has not been given to the issue of evaluating the
results of secientific-economic investigations directly in the production
sphere. In this case the discussion concerns to a significant degree the
19
realization of the potential of the economic sciences with regard to
selentific and technical progress; it also concerns their role in the
letermination of the "order" placed by society for the development of
sclentific-tecnhnical progress and in the socio-economic appraisal of
the scilentific-technical innovations which are being developed, from
the viewpoint of their economic effectiveness, as well as from the viewpoint of
tneir influence on the content and conditions of labor, daily life, leisure,
the environment, etc.
Ways to accelerate the practical application of the achievements of the
economic sclences fin italics/. Acceleration of the application (introduction)
process depends on a number of factors, especially on the quality of the
research itself, and on the degree to which it is "ready" for introduction
into practice. And in turn, the quality of research depends largely on the
level of its organization.
At present it is becoming more and more obvious that the quality of research
which is being conducted and the opportunity of bringing it to practical
application in the sphere of management and production depends largely on
providing 4 comprehensive investigation of the object or phenomenon umer
Study. For example, an investigation of the socio-economic development of
the country's major cities, which is being conducted by the USSR Academy of
Sciences Institute of Social and Economic Problems, very quickly showed that
it was necessary to include specialists of the most diverse kinds: economists,
philosophers, demographers, geographers, historians, and others.
Tne All-Union Scientific Conference on "The Socialist City as an Object
of Research and Management," which was held in Leningrad in October 1981,
adopted recommendations which emphasized the importance of ensuring an
inter-disciplinary comprehensive approach to research on cities, as well as
increasing the practical orientation of these studies toward
improvements in the management of city development. And in turn, it is
difficult when working to ensure that studies are comprehensive in nature
to overestimate the significance of the following: coordinated plans,
attempts to improve the quality of the work involved in the studies,
a clear determination of the rights and obligations of the basic personnel
performing the work and their co-workers, and consolidatior of the role of
head organizations in evaluating the fulfillment of plan targets by
organizations which are working along with them.
For improving the quality of research there is no less significance in the
establishment of a system to supply these studies with all types of social-
economic information, including statistical, sociological, scientific-
bibliographic and documentary information. Moreover, in raising research
effectiveness decisive significance is to be found in the creation of a
statistical data base for carrying out problem-oriented investigations,
as well as in the establishment of a system for obtaining these data from central
and local statistical organs, as well as a procedure for storing and utilizing
this information.
The establishment of extended direct connections between the developers
of scientific output and its consumers has great significance for the
4O
’
.cceleration of the application process. An example of this can be seen in the
Joint work by the USSR Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Social-Economic
Problems and the Main Architectural Planning Administration of the Leningrad
Gorispolkom in the application of mathematical metnods and computers
to the practice of city planning for the development of Leningrad. The
work Nas been carried out over a period of many years, and its methods
ire being improved constantly on the basis of an analysis of actual
experience.
A definite inadequacy in the existing system for the application of results
from studies in the economic sciences lies in the fact that the application
work usually ends when one particular organization receives an appropriate
act or when there is an evaluation of the potential effect to be derived
from the possible application at all organizations of the same type. In
tnis regard it is advisable to develop an information system about projects
which have actually been carried out and about the organizations where the
project results have been applied in order to make wider use of results ob-
tained throughout the country.
Tne fundamental resolution of the problem of accelerating the practical
application of achievements in economic sciences may require a significant
restructuring of the existing system for planning scientific research and
the compilation of coordinated plans, as well as the early establishment
f the rights and obligations of the people responsible for carrying out the
work, as well as those working with them, and the organizations placing
tne orders for the work. In order to achieve a resolution of this kind it
is also essential to increase the material and moral incentives for those
participating in scientific activities for the purpose of increasing
their interest in the final results of those activities.
FOOTNOTES
1. "“Materialy XXVI s"yezda KPSS" [Materials of the 26th CPSU Congress/,
Moscow, 1981, p 43.
wo
2. See L.S. Glyazer, "Science and Production: Stages in the Formation of
of the System,” EKONOMIKA I ORGANIZATSIYA PROMYSHLENNOGO PROIZVODSTVA,
No l ] ° 1979, PP 24=-27 .
COPYRIGHT: Ilzdatel'stvo "Vysshaya shkola", "Ekonomicheskiye nauki", 1983
eer 4
[S03 1814/123
4
IMPROVEMENTS IN DISSEMINATION OF PRODUCTION EXPERIENCE PROPOSED
Moscow EKONOMICHESKIYE NAUKI in Russian No 5, May 83 pp 29-32
[article by A. Gorelykh, docent and candidate of economic sciences, Ternopol's:
"Advanced Production Experience and Scientific-Technical Information"/
[Text/ The opportunity for the practical repetition of the best experience
is one of the most important principles in the organization of socialist
competition put forward by V.I. Lenin. The discovery of the best
work methods represents an important stage in the achievement of the goal
of socialist competition--the general advancement of the economy and
the comprehensive development of the individual. According to V.I. Lenin's
ideas, when the results of socialist competition are summed up, the best
collectives and individual workers are determined, and as a rule, they are
the ones who have the most advanced experience of production. This experience
becomes aVillable to all those who compete, and it enables them toraise them-
selves to the level of the best within a period of time. Because this process
is continuous, it ensures constant progress in production. According to
some estimates, utilization of the best experience requires only one-fifth
to one-seventh of the expendi fure for labor in comparison with independent
development of the same work.” But there is not only the matter here of
the economic effect but also the social effect, which is obtained when
the newest achivements in the improvement of working conditions, in the
upgrading of skills and the development of employee initiatives are
disseminated.
The state system of scientific and technical information has a very important
role to play in disseminating the best experience. IN the Ukrainian SSR
alone the annual economic effect derived from the introduction of advanced
production experience is at the present time, according to available
calculations, approaching 1.3 billion rubles; this factor results in a
1.2-1.4 percent increase in labor productivity ina year, i.e., this factor ac-
counts for approximately 20 percent of the increase in labor productivity.¢
However, the existing situation with regard to the dissemination of
the best experience can by no means be considered satisfactory: there
are great unutilized reserves; the work is poorly set up at many enterprises
and associations. Asa result, socialist competition does not come to its
logical end: a significant portion of the best experience is not utilized.
2
Che USSR is the first country in the world to provide scientific and technical
ampoenaepe through a single state system (SSSTI), which has developed at
‘cclally rapid rate in the past decade. No capitalist country has a
tional system for scientific and technical information. The SSSTI includes
:ll-Union and 86 central sector organs of information, it has nearly 400
milonal organs, and 15,000 scientific-technical information organs at
‘rprises, organizations and other institutions. The establishment and
further development of this system has been advisable and essential. The
onstantly increasing flow of scientific and technical information results
in the growth of expenditures for this information throughout the world.
statistics confirm that the number of scientific publications in the world is
doubling every 5-8 years, and the number of scientific and technical journals
is doubling every 15 years; the amount of time whic) a specialist needs to
review information about all the new developments in his own field of knowledge
ls now approaching one-third to one-half of the working day. In the opinion
of Academician A.I. Berg, "in relation tothe national income, the volyme of
information must increase by a factor of two and even more rapidly."~ This
means that for a two percent increase in the national income it is essential
to ensure an initial increase in information amounting to a minimum of four
percent. It can be assumed that approximately the same ratio is maintained
if; ©
between the growth of economic effectiveness from the application of the
best experience and the scientific-technical information which provides for
hi rowth. Further, the information materials must meet the following
requirements: they must be reliable, brief, complete, new, clear, timely,
iseful, communicatively effective and purposeful.
“he SSSTI which has been created in the USSR has attained some well-known
ichlevements in the work to meet these requirements, as in all of its activities.
But there are also many inadequacies here. The main ones, which were discovered
an analysis of the work of the central sectorial, territorial and primary
; of scientific and technical information, are these: there are frequent
felays in getting information to the consumer, or the information is received in
incomplete form ar ti: excessively large amounts; there are frequent instances
of work duplication by various scientific-technical information organs which
io not fork in a well-coordinated manner; many scientific-technical information
reans are not good at discovering, studying or publicizing the experience
f{ the best. enterprises, outstanding workers or production innovators.
For example, at the production association of the Ternopol' Combine Plant
iment 26th CPSU Congress (TCP), where scientific-technical information
work is carried out on a relatively high level, the plant was successful
in selecting for its own needs only 73 units of information materials
(informational letters and lists, express information etc.) out of 5,074
inits which were received during 1981. Almost 93 percent of the information
turned out to be either not relevant to the association or not new or
merely a duplication of something else. In this case there is frequent work
luplication by the L'vov Scientific Technical Information Center and the
ctor center for scientific-technical information of the Central Scientific
Hesearch Institute of Information and Technical-Economic Research on
'ractor and Agricultural Machine Building (TsNIITEI traktorse'mash).
43
As for the discovery and dissemination of the best experience, let us take as
in example the Ukrgazprom All-Union Industrial Association, one of the
best associations of the USSR Gas Industry with regard to the utilization
level for the best production experience, scientific-technical informati on
projects, efficiency improvement and inventions. According to data from the
1W80 investigation which we conducted, the people here made use of 3,869
efficiency proposals and 90 inventions; however, the technical community
was informed of only 43 of these, about those which had been reported in
the industry's collection entitled "ThePetroleum and Gas Industry" and
in informational leaflets for the exchange of information throughout the
industry. In addition, 22 inventions were described in the annual collection
of the best efficiency proposals of the all-Union Production Associations
which are distributed mainly within a demrtment. Articles (113) published in
information publications and presented at exhibition displays (30) duplicate
to a sienificant degree the above mentioned best efficiency proposals and
inventions. Moreover, some structural subdivisions of the All-Union Production
Association did not send any information at all about outstanding experience
to selentific-technical information centers. Thus, in the final analysis it
turns out that according to our investigation, only about two-three percent
of the technical innovations which are the objects of outstanding experience
have information published about them. It is understandable that this leads
to a repetition of the work put into solving these problems.
Of course, it is necessary to take into account the fact that not all of the
technical innovations are objects of outstanding experience with broad
significance; some of them are effective only under the specific conditions
of a given enterprise or shop. Nonetheless, the proportion of objects of
the best experience is quite high. A selective analysis established that
they amount to 85-90 percent (in terms of annual economic effect) of the
efficiency suggestions, but only six percent of inventions. (As a rule,
the majority of inventions are utilized in scientific and planning work. )
There are several reasons for the emergence of the above-mentioned inadequacies
in the work of the scientific-technical information system.
Firstly, the number and skills of scientific-technical information employees
ire inadequate, especially in the primary units of the system (at enterprises
ui associations), and this makes it physically impossible to provide in
sufficient measure for the "ascending flow" of information, as well as to
refine according to requirements of purpose and time the information of
the "descending flow." At enterprises and associations the scientific-
information system operates mainly on a volunteer basis.
At the Ukrgazprom Association, for example, 0.06 percent of the industrial-
production personnel are concerned with scientific-technical information
is part of their duties, and fewer than 0.01 percent do not do other work as
well. Of course, under these conditions one cannot talk about any kind of
specializatim according to types of activity. In accordance with the recommen-
dations of the USSR State Committee on Science and Technclogy,~ the number of
information employees at industrial enterprises should comprise 1-2 percent
of the total number of engineering-technical workers, i.e., in the Ukrgazprom
Association they should number approximately four times more than at present.
hy
In addition, the existing staff of scientific-tecnnical information employees
does not possess specialized training to work in the area of information
science and the organization of information activities; consequently they
cannot carry out these activities in a qualified manner. Plans for training
and upgrading the qualifications of scientific-technical information personnel
through the Institute for Upgrading the Qualifications of Information Workers
(IPKIR) are not fulfilled as a rule. In the association under consideration
by us only one engineer was trained by the MIPKIR in the entire
Tenth Five-Year Plan. Attracting the technical community to work in the
area of scientific-technical information in place of staff employees does
not provide the necessary effect.
In addition to adequate staffing provisions, the scientific-technical informatim
service needs technical means, especially up-to-date duplicating equipment
and special materials. Scientific-technical libraries with staff employees
are also necessary; many enterprises and associations do not have these at —
present. At the present time opportunities for the scientific-technical information
service of enterprises are extremely limited, as a result of which outside
requests for technical documentation on advanced experience are far trom
satisfactorily fulfilled, and frequently they go unanswered.
Secondly, another reason for the imperfect operation of the information services
is to be found in the lack of generally accepted regulation or a legal
foundation for resolving questions concerning the collection and dissemination
of information about innovations,their production application (what kind of
information to collect, where to send it, in wnat form, by when and who has
the responsibility for it), the determination of economic effectiveness and
material incentives, 1.e., regulations or procedures similar to those which
exist in the efficiency and invention service. ‘It is thought that the time
has come for similar regulations in the area of scientific and technical
information: local systems for material incentives, which have been established
at certain enterprises and which have resulted in a significant upswing in
the work of searching for and applying innovative practices, confirm the
soundness of this judgement.
For example, the above mentioned TCP Production Association has had in operation
since 1975 re ny dagen whicn were developed by analogy wa Sh those operating
itiative in the utilization - the best experience, “borrowed from the
lentific-technical information materials. Bonuses are given for investizating
nd sontribu uting to the production application of innovations. The total amount
f tne reward depends on the annual economic effectiveness obtained from
-he introduction of the innovations and is calculated in the following amounts.
arly Savings, in rubles Reward
p to 100 10
From 100 to 500 2% +15
From 500 to 1,000 2 % +20
From 1,000 to 3,000 2% +25
From 3,000 to 5,000 2% +3
Adove 5,000 150
For tne introduction of measures which do not yield savings, but which provide
some other kind of positive effect (an improvement in working conditions,
afety equipment, etc.), a reward in the amount of 10 rubles has been established.
ln addition to the general scale, the regulations contain a scale for the
{istribution of a reward (in percentage terms) among the employees of various
ops or departments, 1f their work was joint. The reward is paid from the pro-
juction cost savings and from means stipulated by the estimate of expenditures
for sclentific-technical information. The introduction of the regulations
nas contributed in significant measure to the upswing in the work to utilize
the best experience. In 1981 a total of 1,252 rubles was paid out in rewards.
Mhdodly, (here Jo no guarantee that information which comes into the scientific
technical information system and which finds a consumer will, however, be
introduced into production. Many enterprises, even some machine building
enterprises, do not have an experimental base, specialized workshops or
sectors where models or prototypes based on efficiency suggestions taken
from the scientific-technical information could be made, and consequently it
is difficult for these enterprises to manufacture new products. Thus
the final stage in the utilization of the best experience sometimes becomes
the most complex. For example, at the Krivoy Rog Kommunist Mining Equipment
Plant 24 innovations selected by the scientific-technical information service
with regard to the plant's needs, were not included in the 1981 plan by
. single subdivision of the plant, because it has no experimental base, nor
ire there any incentives which would make other subdivisions undertake this
work.
All three of the above-named reasons for the inadequacies in the scientific-
technical information work have a common origin. The problems of disseminating
the best experience have much in common with the general problems of scientific-
technical progress and result, as Academician V. Trapeznikov notes, from an
inderestimation of the value of newtechnology and an incorrect determination
of its place in the general "scale of values."6
The structure and organization of theSSSTlareconstantly being improved. The
links between individual units of the system are being improved, and attempts
ire being made to overcome the departmental separation of sector organs of
‘lentific-technical information, which is the main cause of duplication in
informational work. Particular hopes are being placed on automated scientific-
technical information systems, which started to be established in the 70's and
wnich now number more than 50 in the USSR. The mechanization of information
search and processing on the basis of the computer is one of the main ways
to reduce the demand for information workers, and to speed up the dissemination
f information, as well as improve its quality. The volume of services and
tne number of subscribers for selective disseminatinn of information is
increasing, and this also increases significantly the quality of the
information services for collective and individual consumers.
lt should be emphasized that the problems touched upon in this article can be
fully resolved only with a comprehensive approach to the utilization of
tne best production experience. For example, it is hardly advisable to
increase the number of employees in the scientific-technical information
service, without taking measures to increase the capital-labor ratio of the
service. And in turn, improving and strengthening the scientific-technical
information service will yield only an insignificant effect, if the
technical innovations borrowed from scientific-technical inrormation are not
produced by anyone in any place. The ministries and agencies must show
concern for that problem in particular.
It ts essential to note as well that the problems of disseminating the best
production experience have arisen as a result of the structure and practice
of economic management which has developed, and as a result of the
developmental and economic features of the USSR. Hence many of these problems
are inter-sectorial, and they appear in one degree or another at every .
enterprise and at every organization.
FOOTNOTES
See, for example, V.N. Goncharov, “The Economic Effectiveness of the
Best Production Experience at Industrial Enterprises" in the collection
ti povyshenitya effecktivnosti vnedreniya peredovogo proizvodstvennogo
opyta v narodnom khozyaystve USSR v svete resheniy XXV s"yezda KPSS"
fiays to Increase the Effectiveness of the Application of the Best
Production Experience in the Ukrainian SSR in the Light of the 25th
CPSU Congress/, Voroshilovgrad, 1978, vyp 2, p 47.
Pu
2. See B.N. Serednenko, "Rasprostraneniye peredovogo opyta na predpriyatiyax
USSR" [Dissemination of the Best Experience at Ukrainian SSR Enterprises/
Kiev, 1977, pp 17-18.
3. Cited according to 0O.I. Bobkov and Ye.Ye. Sokolov, "Izucheniye i vnedreniye
peredovogo proizvodstvennogo opyta” [The Study and Application of the
Best Production Experience/, Moscow, 1975, p 48.
4, See B.N.Serednenko, "Ukaz. soch.” pp 11-12.
5. Sees "Tipovyye polozheniya ob organakh nachno-tekhnicheskoy informatsii”
"Standard Regulations Concerning the Organs of Scientific-Technical
Information,” Moscow, 1978.
6. See: V. Trapeznikov. "Incentives for Progress," PRAVDA, 20 March 1980.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Vysshaya shkola", "Ekonomicheskiye nauki", 1983
SE4
CSO: 1814/123
47
COST ACCOUNTING AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF PRODUCTION UNITS DISCUSSED
Moscow EKONOMICHESKIYE NAUKI in Russian No 5, May 83 pp 32-36
/article by V. Tarasov, deputy director of an auto-assembly plant for
economic questions, city of Zainsk, Tatar ASSR: "The Organizational Structure
and the Cost Accounting of the Primary Production Unit"/
[Text/ At the present time, when the country is being shifted to an intensive
path of development, it is especially important to determine the principles
for the construction of effective organizational forms for the management of
production. When working to achieve this task there are, in our view, two
basic elements in the economic mechanism of the primary production units which
must be used as a foundation: the organizational structure and the internal
system of cost accounting. The question of finding the best management
forms comes forward, in our viewpoint, as a question primarily of the
relation and interdependence of the two named elements in the process of
functioning by the economic mechanism.
And how does the problem under consideration look in practice? If, for example,
responsibility for the observance of planned expenditures for production output
is put upon the production unit, this requires the establishment of the
appropriate organizational conditions: services capable of exerting an
influence on the level of the respective elements of expenses must be
introduced into that unit. On the other hand, it is obvious that if all
functions for the management and servicing of production are carried out
in a centralized manner--at the level of the enterprise 's management
apparatus--the unit cannot be given complete responsibility for the
state of the cost-accounting economic indicators of its operation. In this
case, which is more correct--to "tune" the economic management to the
organizational forms or vice versa? This or a similar question arises
in one form or another at all evels of management in the national economy, and
it arise most acutely in the primary production unit. Hence we draw the
conclusion that the problem of the relations between the organizational
structure and the internal cost-accounting is the most important one for
the establishment of effective management. The resolution of this problem is
possible only on a firm, politico-economic basis, i.e., on the basis of
study devoted to the relations among people in the process of material production.
48
Where to begin? The answer is indisputable: with the interaction between
workers as participants in certain labor processes, i.e. with the very
lowest stratum of relations, | the stratum which develops in the process of
producing material goods. Here there are processes of direct, technological
interaction among people taking place; they manage the means of labor and
thus, specifically, form the processes of the concentration, specialization,
combination and cooperation in production. The relations which we are now
talking about can be called technical.2 Their influence on the organizational
structure of production units can be traced without difficulty. For example,
at enterprises which are being built today, the equipment being installed
ls; so complex that it can be repaired and serviced only at a centralized
repair shop. Its sectors must be specialized according to types of
equipment (specialized installation, aerial push conveyors) or by systems
(electronic, electric, hydraulic, and ahaa) | It is obvious that by themselves
technical relations in the primary production unit, if they are isolated
from the entire system of relations as a scientific abstraction, virtually
do not depend on relations of property in the — of production. This was
shown convincingly by N. Mal'tsev, in particular.
Let us continue. As an analysis of the existing structure for the management
apparatus of domestic and foreign enterprises shows, they are dependent on
i completely defined set ofactivities for the management of production,
1 set which must be carried out to ensure the production process, regardless
of the form of property. Here we are dealing with those types of management
ictivities, which can be included under the technology of management (technical
preparation of production, the operational management of production, material-
technical supply, the selection and training of personnel, etc.). It seems
to us that K. Marx was proceeding from the existence of this kind of function
when he wrote that "any directly public or joint labor, which is carried
out on a comparatively large scale, needs management to a greater or lesser
degree." And there is reason to cite in this connection the following,
more definite pronouncement by K. Marx: "As the labor of a capitalist
(the labor of management--V.T.) is determined by the process of production
not only because this process is capitalistic, consequently this labor
itself does not disappear with capital; inasmuch as it is not limited to
such a function as the exploitations of someone else's labor, consequently
it ls determined by a form of labor such as public labor, by the combination
ind the cooperation of many for the achievement of a common result;
this labor is as completely independent of capital as this form itself is
independent of it once it has thrown off the capitalist shell."5 There are
no grounds for thinking that this labor, which does not disappear with capital
ind is completely independent of it for some reason ceases to exist under
socialism. And if managerial labor is retained, then, it is natural that
those relations which develop within it also exist.
The forms of rule, as K. Marx noted, depend on the forms of production.©
To the degree that management relations which depend directly on the
legree of technical improvements in production and the opportunities
which follow from this for the cooperation and combination of labor are
Singled out from the entire system of relations existing in production
ind abstracted, it is correct to talk about a special group of relations which
irise among people in the process of material production. These relations
can be called organizational relations or relations of "pure" management.
49
As an analysis of the functioning of the primary production units snows, the
tecnnical and organizational relations are closely related; moreover, the
former serve as the basis for the latter; they determine their essence and
nature. In this regard we will cite one example. In the sphere of technical
relations, public labor expenditures are increasing significantly; they
take the form of fixed capital as a result of the fact that parts for
machines and equipment are becoming substantially more complex and much
nigher quality materials are used to manufacture them. These changes inevitably
are reflected in the relations of the production organization sphere; they
require the centralization of functions for scientific-technical development
work and the establishment of a single fund for the development of production.
The close interconnection of these two groups of relations between the partici-
pants of public production (including, of course, socialist production) make it
possible, as we understand it, to consider them in an overall manner under
the heading of organizational-technical relations. As a separate subsystem
they possess two distinguishing features. On the one hand, they are larger
than any others and depend on the technological interaction of the elements
of production forces, and on the other hand, they are comparatively few or do
not depend at all on relations of property in the means of production, i.e.,
on the socio-economic relations, which are a special subject of political-
economic study.
At the same time there is no doubt that the latter group of relations exerts
1 definite influence both on the technical structure of production and to
1 greater degree on its organization. In this regard we will point out that
the primary production unit is the site of management activities which are
common to both capitalism and socialism, but it is also the site of management
ictivities which are characteristic only of capitalist enterprises (for
example, efforts to maximize the intensification of labor and the organization
of advertising) or only of socialist enterprises (for example, the organization
of socialist competition). In this way, the singling out of the complex of
organizational-technical relations does not mean any downgrading of the role
of socio-economic relations; tne discussion conerns only intelligent considera-
tion for both.
it seems that a realistic, practical study by political economy of that
‘ircle of relations which is its subject requires continuous dependence
on the discovery of processes and trends in the development of organizational-
technical relations. Otherwise it is impossible to reflect that content of
wnich production relations are a form, i.e., the process of the forward
development and interaction of the elements of production forces.
In an analogous manner, it is clear that a division should be made within the
relations of economic management which, in the primary production unit, find
expression in the systems for the organization and remuneration of workers’
labor, as well as systems for the planning and monitoring of cost-accounting
indicators, material labor incentives, etc. Let us take note, for example,
of the brigade forms of labor organization and the development of the bonus-
time payment system for the remuneration of workers; at the present time
these are becoming more and more common. These are chanzes of a socio-economic
nature. But they do not take place of their own accord; they are produced
primarily by the increasing compleaity and "conveyorization” of the tools
f labor, and by the increasing specialization of production at enterprises
witch apply modern technology to the manufacturing of goods.
if we try to generalize what has been said above, there emerges the
following model for the inter-relations which develop in the primary
production unit among the elements of the production forces. The “lowest”
jtratum is the technological interaction of employees and the tools of
labor, and the next stratum lies in the processes of specialization, con=-
fentration, cooperation and the combination processes of production. Somewhat
"nigner" {s management, which in any case must exist to provide for the
production process.
it woes without saying that when constructing this model of the hierarchy
of relations we do not have in mind emphasizing only one-sided (from the
top down) influence of the respective strata on each other. Because they
interact in a manner similar to the relation between form and content,
the upper strata inevitably exert a reverse influence on the lower strata.
However, continuing our analogy, top-priority attention should be directed
toward the fact that form always remains secondary to content, and with
regard to the process of public production the latter always form the
productive forces of society./
[n the licht of what has been set out above it seems possible to reveal
the general theoretical basis for the organizational structure and internal
‘t accounting, their relationship and interaction in the process by which
the economic mechanism of the primary production links functions.
[t ts obvious that from the positions of production management science the
ical relations in the primary production units find expression in
links and relations which determine the producti.n structure. “he latter
reflects the division of labor in the actual production process . in this
way tt characterizes the activities (labor) of the workers at ‘ enterprise.
for the organizational relations, they are manifested, in p. cicular,
in the structure of the management apparatus. Thus, the organizational
tructure of the primary production unit reflects objectively the resulting
inity of the complex of technical and organizational relations, which
ilways exists under conditions of dominance by any given relations of
property in the means of production and which depends on these relations.
ne organizational structure is an element of the economic mechanism which
be developed relatively independently.
ne situation {ts more complex with cost accounting. We shall look first
' the viewrocints wich exist today in the economic literature with regard
the essence of cost accounting, both as an economic category in general
ind as cost accounting within a production unitin particular. Given all
the diversity of views on this problem, it is possible, we think, to define
juite clearly three fundamental positions. According to the first of these,
ed relations constitute the essential basis of cost accounting as a
pecific category of the communist method of production. The essence of the
ond position is that sommodi ty-money relations lie at the basis of
er.
t accounting as a phenomena: specifically characteristics of socialism alone.
Adnerents of the third position think that planned relations and comnmodity-
money relations in their conflicting interdependence lie at the base of
‘ost ice yunting 7
ae consider the third of these position: ; to be the most well grounded.
Without going deeply into the essence of this special question (that is not
purpose of the present article) we shall limit outselves to the following.
in the first of these positions cost accounting relations are essentially
reduced to planned relations, and cost accounting is reduced to a method
bor comducting an oconomic untt in a planned manner. If we ome in terms of
form, then nere the same economic phenomenon is described by various
terms ( “planned” and “cost accounting"); as for content, it completely
negates tne objective nature of the existence--at a definite stage in the
levelopment of a socialist economy--of commodity-money relations. It
‘ \
eems that there is no need to prove the practical (as well as the theoretical)
rroundlessness of this negation. The ithors who adhere to the second of these
sitions relate cost accounting wie | to the cost categories. In the first
place, with this approach, a socialist economy is described essentially as
market economy; in the second place, it is accepted that tne effect of cost
iccounting as an economic method is limited only to a phase of socialism (but
tnis {dea seems far from axiomatic) in the third place, and this is the main
point, it is fundamentally incorrect to emphasize the dominant role of commo odity-
relations, and even more so if the discussion conerns the stage of
leveloped socialisn.
These weaknesses in the two viewpoints, we think, confirm even further the
rrectness in this question of those scholars who think that the
neept of cost accounting reflects the entire complex of economic r-lations
in a communist, public-economic structure the basis of which is provided by
planned relations given the existence of commodity-money relations over some
nistorical period. It is understood that at various dages in the development
if our economy the influence and significance of these two dialectically
pposite basic elements of production relations have been and will be different.
in the lignt of what has been said above, the following conclusion can be
irawns the internal cost accounting of the primary production uni
in economic method of management, which is based on a synthesis of the
teveloped relations of a planned nature and substantially weakened commodity-
ct
ee
OP)
ney relations, and as a system it possesses its own special features.
The weakress of commodity-money relations here jis determined objectively
oy the high — of collectivized production. Further, the higher the
level of specialization, concentration and cooperation in basic production,
he higher the degree of centralization in the management and auxiliary
functions and thus the stronger the influence of the planned relations
ind vice versa. An analysis shows that, in the first place, the intra-
production unit cost accounting ia-with regard to the organizational
structure--the dependent element of the economic mechanism, which must
be “tuned” to it in a definite manner. In the second place, it is possible
to utilize the experience of foreign enterprises when constructing it.
10
fn general, the internal organizational-economic mechanism of the primary
production units is developing according to the following extended system.
(ne increasing complexity of the tools and objects of labor and improvement
in their qualitative characteristics determine the development of the
processes of specialization, concentration and cooperation in production,
ind this, in turn, leads to changes in the organizational structure. And this
ls an objective process, which should be taken into account in theory and
in practice.
FOOTNOTES
|. K. Marx assumed the correctness of the structural articulation of this
‘ystem of relations. See K. Marx, F. Engels, "Soch." [dorks/, 2d edition,
Vol 46, Part 1, p 46.
2. In the literature these relations are also given other names; however,
this {ts not a matter of terminology. It is important that the very
existence of these relations is generally recognized. The debate centers
on whether they should be the object of the study of socialism's political
economy or note For this see, for example, N. Chormanov, "The Subject
£ Political Economy: the Gnos iological Aspect," EKONOMICHESKIYE NAUKI,
No 2, 1980.
j. See N. Mal'tsev, "An Analysis of the Collectivization of Labor and Production,”
VOPROSY EKONOMIKI, No 12, 1973.
4. K, Marx,and F. Engels, "Soch.,"” 2d edition, Vol 23, p #2.
Ss. K. Marx and F. Engels, "Soch.," 2d edition, Vol 25, Part 1, pp 425-426.
6, see K. Marx and F. Engels, "Soch.," 2d edition, Vol 46, Part 1, p 24.
7’. In the analysis of relations cited here the author has used to a
ignificant measures the ideas and concepts of the apparatus which
were developed by L.I. Abalkin. See, for example, L.I. Abalkin, "Dialektika
sotsialisticheskoy ekonomiki" [Pialectics of the Socialist Economy/, Moscow,
1951.
4. A persuasive example is to be found in the experience of the Volga Automo-
bile Plant. In the system of management, production and labor which
yperates effectively here the experience of the largest capitalist
‘ar-building firms is taken into account fully.
/, V.N. Tel’nov substantiated this viewpoint earlier and more accurately than
others. As long ago as 1966 he wrote: "Under socialism, planned and
‘ommodity-money relations represent a single (contradictory) whole.
While penetrating each other, they are modified into the category of
"cost accounting" (khozraschet), forming its substance" (V.N. Tel'nov,
"The Bases of Economic Theory and the Practice of Cost Accounting,”
Saratov, 1966, p 106. This position was confirmed by this author in
the article "A Systematic Approach to the Study of Cost Accounting,
7 | Ph OY EKONOMI KI 9 No 12 , 1 179 6
lO.See N.Ya. Petrakov, "Khozyastvennaya reforma: plan i ekonomicneskaya
toyatel'nost'" [Economic Reform: The Plan and Economic Independence/,
Moscow, 1971, pp 25-293 _D.V. Valovyy and G.Ye. Lapshina, "Sotsialism i
tovarnyye otnoshentya” [Socialism and Commodity Relations/, Mosocw, 1972,
329; A.M. Rumyantsev, "O kategoriyakh i zakonakh politicheskoy ekonomii
kommunisticheskoy formatsii” /Concerning the Categories and Laws of the
ae)
Political Economy of the Communis Structure/, Moscow, 1976, p 276.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Vysshaya shkola", "Ekonomicheskiye nauki", 1983
Og 1514/1123
Moscow EKONOMICHESKIYE NAUKI in Russian No 5, May 83 pp 88-90
[article by Yu. Simonov, docent and candidate of economic sciences, Rostov-na
Donus _"Concerning a Unified Scientific-Technical Policy for the Socialist
‘tate
[Text/ [In the process of the transition to a primarily intensive type of
socialist reproduction, there is put forward the urgent task of increasing
the effectiveness of management of scientific-technical progress, which
serves as the material basis for intensification. "We have at our disposal, "
noted Comrade Yu.V. Andropov, in a speech at the November (1982) plenum of the
CPSU Central Committee, "great reserves in the national economy... We
must look for these reserves in the acceleration of scientific-technical
progress, and in the broad and rapid production application of the achievements
ff sclence, technology and the best experience."1
The socialist state acts as a unified economic center, and in particular
4s a united scitentific-technical center, one of whose most important
functions is to develop and implement a unified scientific-technical
policy. In the developed socialist society this policy serves as an ever
more important component of economic policy, and at the same time it exerts a
srowing influence on all state policy. This is because the opportunities
for achieving a complex of economic, social and defense goals which face our
,oclety are determined to a significant degree by the state of science and
tecnnology.
The problems of a unified scientific-technical policy are attracting the
‘oncentrated attention of specialists. However, up to the present many of
these problems have not yet received a simple solution. The concept of a
"unified scientific-technical policy” at times is interpreted to mean that
everything can be reduced to the enumeration of the basic directions in the
jevelopment of science and technology. In a number of cases the discussion
‘oncerns only a unified technical policy.“ An orientation towards a single
technical policy rather than towards a scientific-technical policy
reduces the management of scientific-technical progress mainly to the
management of the development and introduction of new technology.
A unified scilentific-technical policy represents the concentrated expression
f the activities of the socialist state; its purpose is to provide for the
effective utilization of the material and personal factors of production which
ire concentrated in the sphere of science and technology in order to resolve
tne tasks facing society. A unified scientific-technical policy is closely
linked to other aspects afthe socialist state's economic policy (investment,
wrarilan, export policy, etc.). The USSR Food Program, which was approved
by the May (1982) plenum of the CPSU Central Committee for the period up
to 1990, in particular, aims at establishing a close link hetween agrarian
policy and a unified scientific-technical policy. The implementation of the
Food Program presupposes that agriculture will be re-equipped in the 50's
in comparison with the 70's. Sharp increases have been specified for the
production of all types of agricultural equipment, along with improvements in
its quality. There is evidence of the exceptional urgency of this task
in the fact that in 1950 only 1.5 percent of the new output of the Ministry
of Agricultural Machine Building had the Seal of Quality, at a time when
the figure was 25.8 percent for all the machine building ministries.
There is a close connection between a unified scientific-technical policy
ind the export policy of the socialist state. The export policy, as is
well known, is more successful when the goods put onto the external market
ire more able to compete, and this, in turn, depends on scientific-tecnnical
policy and its implementation. In connection with foreign economic
ictivities by the socialist state, a unified licensing policy is especially
worthy of attention; such a policy is designed to ensure constant patent se-
‘urity and the patentability of items which have been developed, as well
is timely patenting of inventions abroad and the sale of technical innovations.
The basis of a unified scientific-technical policy should lie with a scientifi-
‘ally grounded strategy, which presumes the development of a theoretical
‘oncept and doctrine, which would reflect the coordinated opinion of the
leading scientific organizations, as well as the organs responsible for
the management of scientific-technical progress with regard to the
basic directions in the development of science and technology and their
resource provisions for the coming 15-20 years. This model for development
must take into account the need to resolve the main future socio-economic
task--the establishment of the material-technical base of communism.
In the working out of the concepts of scientific-tecnnical development a
number of aspects should be taken consideration: the degree to whic
tne development of science and technology are in line with the aim of
forming the basic features for the material-technical foundation of communism;
,ow the work of realizing these directions is backed up with resources,
ind particularly with raw materials; the degree to which the development of
i mational science and technology makes it possible to utilize the advantages
f the international division and cooperation of labor; the degree to which
tne balanced development of science and technology in our country and in other
socialist countries creates the conditions for stable economic growth
throughout the worldwide socialist economy; and the possible socio-economic
ind ecological consequences of further development of the scientific-
technical revolution.
The goal ortentation of a unified scientific-technical policy reflects both
its main goal, which is the creation of a new production-technological
ipparatus, and the need to resolve more concrete tasks with reference
to their temporal, territorial and sectorial aspects. From this there
i_ises the need to establish a certain coordination among the goals
wnicn face all of science and technology, as well as their individual
branches in the current, middle- and long-range time frame.
[n ourview, when working out ideas for the development of science and
technology, the starting point should be the opportunities presented by
unforeseen situations (a worsening or improvement of the general international
situation, the unfavorable influence of natural disasters), which bring with
them tne need for changes in the volumes of planned investments and their
location. For this reasons ideas for the development of science and technology
must come with several alternative versions, which take into account various
combinations of conditions which influence their implementation. A particular
role in tne development of this conception should be given to an evaluation
of the resources, in particular to the raw material resources. This kind of
evaluatinn is possible on the basis of predictions with regard to individual
types of raw materials, taking into account those changes which will take
place in their production and utilization, as well as on the basis of the
formulation of a comprehensive prognosis, which reflects the possible state of
the raw material sources in our country and throughout the world. For
example, when solving fuel and energy problems under president-day conditions
the need for an orientation toward significantly broader utilization of
coal is revealed.
The elaboration of a profoundly substantiated conception for the development
of science and technology requires the joining together of the efforts of sci-
entists of various disciplines, especially of those specializing in the
area of economics and the science of knowledge. Success in this work depends
largely on how well informed the people are who are engaged in it. The
necessary information must include facts about the existing conceptions
for the development of science and technology, especially in the highly
ieveloped industrial countries of the world, as well as materials of
meetings, symposia and conferences at which the prospects for the develop-
ment of science and technology are discussed.
When working out a unified scientific-technical policy one should be guided by
‘ertain principles. An attempt to define these principles has been made in
‘ertain works. For example, V.V. Kosolapov includes among them: being common
to all the people, having a class nature and goal orientation, putting
. priority on socio-political goals and tasks, looking to the long-range
future, possessing a comprehensive, program oriented, optimal nature,
juality of being constant, predictable, possessing historical continuity,
in integrated natures an international outlook, humanity and combining
theory and practice. While agreeing with this author, we suggest that it is
essential to point out one more extremely important principle, the principle
of “sclentificness.” The implementation of this principle requires clarifi-
cation of the specific effects of the objective laws in the area of science
~
_—
57
ind technology. There are still many unresolved questions here. For example,
if we turn to the effect of the law of planned development, it cm be noted
that the specific features of planning in science and its individual branches
(academic, VUZ and sector science) have not been completely clarified; nor
nave the system of proportions in the development of science and technology
or tne methods to optimize it been defined. Although no-one doubts the
obvious fact that the law of steady growth in labor productivity operates
in the sphere of science and technology, there are no reliable metnods for
determining the productivity and intensity of scientists’ and engineers’
labor. There is much which is not clear in the effect of the law of distri-
bution according to labor; in particular, it is not clear whether the
current system for the remuneration of those who work in the area of
sclence and technology meets the objective requirements of this law.
The tmplementation of a unified scientific-technical policy is possible
ifa set of various methods (economic, social, organizational, technical
legal) are used by the socialist state and its organs to influence the labor
collectives, which develop and apply the new technology. Here mention
should be made first of the economic methods, which encompass a broad range
of effects in the area of planning, economic stimulation and the financing
of sclentific-technical progress. The 12 July 1979 decree of the CPSU
Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers sets out a number of
new measures to increase the role of the plan for scientific-technical
levelopment as an important component of the national economic plan,
ind to strengthen the connection between the results of scientific-technical
progress and the general results of the activities of enterprises and asso-
clations.
Further improvements in the system for planning scientific-technical progress
require the development of a number of methodological documents such as
those which set out methods for long-term prognostication in science and
technology and methods for the development of comprehensive scientific-
technical programs. It is essential that the achievements of scientific-
technical progress be used as the basis for continuous renewal of the system of
long-term norms in the area of production and the consumption of material,
labor and financial resources; it is also essential to take into account and
‘onstantly adapt data from prognoses, and to increase the coordination of
work in the area of predicting and determining scientific organizations,
which would answer for the compilation of intra-sector and inter-sector
prognoses. The p..n for science and technology (at all of its levels) must be
organizally linked to the material balances and the targets for production.
The implementation of the Comprehensive Program of Scientific-Technical Progress
for 20 years requires changes in the subject matter planning of research and de-
velopment. In the first place, it is advisable to define more precisely the
ubject matter plans of scientific organizations, taking into account
those tasks which are established in the Comprehensive Program of Scientific-
Technical Progress, as well as to stipulate the development of resource-saving
technology, which provides for ever greater savings of human labor and
increased effectiveness of fixed production capital. In the
econd place, it is essential to increase the significance of subjects
which are oriented toward the resolution of fundamentally important problems
tnat set the rate and quality of economic growth for an extended yp -riod of
time. In this regard, it 1s necessary to increase the responsibility of
the organs which formulate the plans of scientific-technical progress and
monitor thelr fulfillment. "If we want to truly advance the work of introducing
new equipment and new labor methods, it is necessary," emphasized Comrade
Yu.V¥. Andropov, “for the central economic organs, the Academy of Sciences, the
State Committee on Science and Technology, as well as the ministries not
simply to propagandize them but to dsicover and eliminate specific difficulties
which hinder scientific-technical progress. wt
Utilization of the complex of social methods for the implementation of a
inified scientific-technical policy should contribute to ensuring that
tne scientist's labor has high social status and that there is continuous
reproduction of the structure of the sclentific-technical intelligentsia
(on the basis of age characteristics, occupations and specialties), which
meets to the highest degree the requirements for the development of society.
Organizational methods include the determination of unified general principles
in the selection and distribution of personnel, in the organization of labor
ind sclentific institutions, and in the construction of organs for the manage-
ment of science and technology.
The policy of intensifying scientific research gives rise to the need to
implement a series of technical measures in the area of accelerated develop-
ment of scientific instrument building, the experimental design basis of
C4 ific-research institutes and planning and design organizations. It is
ial to increase the appropriations made by the ministries for the
establisnment of experimental design production units. The construction of
facilities should be included among the most important projects. A
‘ystem must be implemented for strict monitoring over the targeted utilization
of the output of experimental production units. In our opinion, a long-term
(15-20 year) program should be worked out for the development of the material-
technical base of the research and design sphere; The State Committee on
Science i Technology of the USSR Council of Ministers, USSR Gosstroy and
the USSR Academy of Scineces should be entrusted with the work of compiling
ich a program in conjunction with the machine building ministries, which must
participate on a mandatory basis. ]
mete
,en I
“
’ sent
The implementation of a unified scientific-technical policy gives rise to the
need to work out a system for the legal regulation of scientific-technical
progress, which must encompass the planning, material incentives and financing
for the development of science and technology, as well as measures to
protect nature from the harmful consequences of man‘s intrusion upon it.
in the implementation of scientific-technical policy depends largely
coordinating the activities of inter-sector management organs, and sector
ministries and agencies, which have at their disposal great opportunities
to use financial, material, and labor resources. With the shift to the
roal-oriented progran method in the management of research and design,
the State Committee on Science and Technology and the State Committee on
Ce
va
Inventions and Discoveries of the USSR Council of Minis stershavea growing
role to play. In our opinion, the State Committee on Discoveries and
[Inventions should be granted the right to impose upon guilty officials adminis-
trative warnings and fines for delaying the introduction of recommended
inventions: and on its part there must be stricter monitoring over the
statistical reporting by enterprises with regard to inventions and
efficiency improvement (Form 4-Science-Technology), to ensure that information
received from enterprises yields a fuller picture of the state of the
collectives’ creative technical work.
The development and implementation of a unified scientific-technical policy
should nelp to make our economic mechanism react more flexibly to everything
new which contributes to scientific-technical progress, and it must help
sclentific achievements to become embodied in public production more
quickly.
FOOTNOTES
1. "Materialy Plenuma Tsentral'nogo Komiteta KPSS" [Materials of the
Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee/, 22 November 1982, Moscow, 1982, p 10.
2. See G. Anisimov, "Unityof State Technical Policy,’ VOPROSY EKONOMIKI, No
3, p tii: S. Kheynman,"Technical Policy and the Development of the
Tools of Labor,” VOPROSY EKONOMIKI, No 6, 1975. It is true that in another
iurticle devoted to this problem S. Kheynman already talks about a unified
sclentific-technical policy (See S. Kheynman, "Economic Problems of
Seientific-Technical Policy,” PLANOVOYE KHOZYAYSTVO, No 9, 1979).
$s Sees V.V. Kosolapov, "Nauchno-tekhnicheskaya politika obshchestva razvitogo
sotsialisma” [The Scientific-Technical Policy of the Society of Developed
Soctalism/, Kiev, 1979, p 51.
+. "“Materialy Plenuma Tsentral'nogo Komiteta KPSS" 22 November 22 1982 p 10.
as
: Izdatel’stvo "Vysshaya shkola", "Ekono..icheskiye nauki", 1983
he 4
SO: 1814/123
AZERBALJAN PEOPLE'S CONTROL CONFERENCE ON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WORK
Baku BAKINSKIY RABOCHIY in Russtan 24 Apr 83 p 2
(Report by A. Eberlin: "In the Interests of Big Science"]
'Text} <A large detachment of people's controllers is working within the
system ot the Azerbaijan SSR Academy of Sciences. More than 1,400 patrol
members combined into 80 groups and 100 people's control posts are numbered
in its selentific establishments and design and production subdivisions.
Headed by the general academy head group of people's control, the patrol
members are making their contribution to the resolution of tasks set by the
party and government for the republic's main scientific center.
The patrol members have many useful matters to their credit, but there are
still serious shortcomings in their work. This was the subject of a principled
ind exacting discussion at a conference of representatives of academy collectives
it which an account was presented by the head group of people's control. The
report was delivered by its deputy chairman N. Samedov, a section chief at
the scientific-production association for space research.
[t was noted that the patrol members of the academy have been striving to
influence fulfillment of plans for scientific research and test and design
work and the accelerated introduction of the results of scientific developments
into the national economy, and have exercised control over observance of labor,
planning and financial discipline and the use of material resources, laboratory
ind technical equipment, and working time in the establishments and enterprises.
Systematic checks on these these matters have been conducted by the head group
and the local groups, and the results of these checks have been examined at
yroup meetings and been subjected to the judgement of the collectives. The
most important proposals of the people's controllers have been discussed by
the party committee and the academy presidium, and the necessary steps taken.
One of the most active people's control groups within the academy is the group
it the Institute of Physics, which has been awarded a testimonial of the USSR
Committee for People's Control. The group patrol members at the Institute
ot Petrochemical Processes, awarded a testimonial of the repulic committee
tor people's control, and the groups at the institutes of geology, geography,
botany and problems of deep oil and gas deposits are carrying out persistent
WOrkK.
61
However, a whole number of groups within the academy system are acting passively
and have a conciliatory attitude toward violations and carry out their public
dutles only formally. To some extent these shortcomings are inherent also
in the head people's control group, and for this reason its activity was
subjected to searching criticism at the conference
The basic error of the patrol members is that they are sometimes focusing
their efforts on petty, secondary matters and neglecting the main question.
The new makeup of the head group must radically reexamine the work and
restructure it in light of the tasks set for science by the CPSU Central
Committee November (1982) Plenum and the instructions contained in the
speeches of CPSU Central Committee general secretary comrade Yu.V. Andropov.
The recent Azerbaijan Communist Party Central Committee plenum also focused
people's controllers on this. The party requires from the scientific
establishments that they accelerate the rates of scientific and technical
progress, and it is the duty of the people's controllers to promote in every
possible way the resolution of the set task.
In recent years a series of serious violations and abuses have been uncovered
at some academy establishments. Instances of misappropriation of state funds
have been found at the Institute of Cybernetics, and of violations of financial
disciplines at the Institute of Chemistry of Additives. The republic committee
otf people's control recently uncovered the grossest violations of planning,
accounting and financial-management discipline at the special design bureau
tor biological instrument building. The director N. Mekhtiyev along with
his deputy T. Sadykhov and the chief engineer G. Yeremeyev, were dismissed
and materials on writeups in accounts and financial abuses were passed to
the procurator's office.
lt is necessary to deal with this case in more detail. The leaders of the
special design bureau, and in particular its director N. Mekhtiyev, created
an unhealthy atmosphere and set out on the road of eyewash, writeups, and
fraud against the state and science. The fulfillment of orders there from
organizations of the academy itself was chronically disrupted while work on
the side was being carried on extensively. Allegedly in the interests of
production, a paint and varnish section was set up in the special design
bureau where they engaged in the repair and respraying of private cars. And
this is only a small part of the violations and abuses uncovered in the special
design bureau. The special design bureau was checked regularly by the control
and auditing department of the republic academy of sciences, but the checks
were so formal and cursory that they made it possible for the smart dealers
from science to avoid responsibility. This kind of situation raises doubts
about the objectivity and principledness of the academy's control service.
It was rightly stated at the conference that as a rule cases of serious
violations and abuses in academy establishments are revealed by the higher
party organs and the people's control organs. But the local patrol members,
who should have been the first to raise the alarm, assume a passive and
conciliatory attitude. This kind of situation must be decisively dealt with.
At the conference, much attention was given to a question of paramount
significance for many academy organizations, namely, the optimal utilization
62
of equipment. It is known that the state spares no means to equip the
sclentific establishments with unique instruments and apparatus, expecting
that the return will be high. However, checks conducted by people's controllers
show that in many sclentific organizations the proper concern is not being
shown for this expensive equipment. Valuable equipment worth altogether
hundreds of thousands of rubles has not been set up for a long time, and
sometimes has simply been left standing in the open. True, of late, thanks
to the efforts made by the academy leadership, the party committee and the
people's controllers, the situation has changed somewhat and a significant
part of equipment not used earlier has been set up, but we cannot be satisfied
with that. People's control still has much to do to remove the question of
attitudes toward equipment from the agenda. For this it is necessary to make
a final end to the revelation of instances of similar mismanagement and to
make checks effective and to be more exacting toward workers answerable for
the storage and use of technical equipment.
The training of scientic personnel through the postgraduate system was discussed
with great concern at the conference. Checks conducted in particular by the
republic committee of people's control show that the level of personnel
training does not match the necessary requirements. The following figures
show thls. From 1980 to 1982, of the 465 people completing their work as
postgraduate students in various academy establishments, only 24 defended
their dissertations at the proper time and only 87 offered defense of their
own work. These indicators show the poor effectiveness of training for junior
personnel and indicate that there are many serious lacunae in this present
matter. In this connection, serious claims were laid against the head people's
control group, which has failed to penetrate deeply the questions of postgraduate
work and has not shown exactingness toward the postgraduates themselves and
thelr scientific leaders.
Those speaking at the conference, including T. Dzhafarov, deputy director
of the Institute of Physics, E. Kadyrova, chairmwoman of the people's control
yroup at the Institute of History, U. Alekperov, director of the Institute
of Botany, A. Namazov, deputy secretary of the academy Komsomol committee,
[. Mustafayev, chairman of an association local committee, E. Khalilov,
chairman of the people's control group at the Institute of Problems of Deep
Oil and Gas Deposits, and G, Abdullayev, academy president, analyzed the work
of the people's controllers and touched on a number of important matters that
require the constant attention of the new makeup of the head group of patrol
members. It was stressed that the academy collective expects from the people's
controllers an intensification of the struggle to strengthen discipline and
order and the strict observance of planning and financial discipline. The
patrol members must act decisively against manifestations of mismanagement
and waste and give more attention to questions of personnel selection and
placement.
Those at the conference elected a new makeup for the head group of people's
control tor the Azerbaijan SSR Academy of Sciences.
\zerbaijan Communist Party Central Committee secretary G.A. Gasanov spoke
at the conference.
9642
CSO: 1814/149
63
ECONOMIC, TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE OF SPECIAL ELECTROMETALLURGY REVIEWED
Moscow [IZVESTIYA in Russian 27 May 83 p 2
[Article by academician B. Paton, Twice Hero « ‘cialist Labor, and B.
Medovar, academician of the Ukrainian SSR Acadasu of Sciences: "Steel and
Slag" ]
[Text] In May 1958 the world's first electroslag smelting furnace was
introduced at the Zaparozh'ye "Dneprospetsstal'” electrometallurgical plant
imeni A.N. Kuz'min. It fabricated steel ingots weighing up to 0.7 tons.
Thus began the victorious march of a completely new metallurgical technology
that made it possible to create very rapidly here in the country an entire
subsector for the production of metal of particularly high quality, namely
special electrometallurgy.
A very interesting physical phenomenon, discovered 10 years before the event
described above at the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences Institute of Electric
Welding, forms the basis of electroslag smelting. Its essence is that when
an electric current is passed through melted slag is becomes an efficient
heat generator capable of melting any metal and many nonmetallic materials.
At first the discovery was used for welding purposes, and this same electroslag
welding had already received an award at EXPO-58 in Brussels in the same year
that electroslag smelting was born. The welders drew attention to the fact
that metal in an electroslag welded union is as good as the quality of a metal
that is rolled, forged or extruded. It turned out that this amazing feature
was the result of the refining action of the liquid slag on the melted metal
and the special conditions of its crystallization. Having recognized what
has now become a trivial truth, the welders suggested that the new process
be used to obtain steel ingots of particularly high quality.
Let us say straight off that in the sector institutes of ferrous metallurgy
the welders’ suggestion was greeted without any special enthusiasm. Moreover,
attempts were made to substantiate the indifference to the new process and
the new technology on a theoretical basis. We were shown that melting a metal
in slag necessarily leads to intolerable contamination by slag inclusions.
The workers at the plants had a different attitutde toward the new process:
they voted to construct new electroslag furnaces for it, and there was demand
msumers, who immediately accepted the outstanding quality of the new
luct. Here it must not be forgotten that in those days that were so
litt tcult tor the new technology, it was IZVESTIYA that came to its defense;
“eve w many people remember the article "The Electroslag Crucible.”
er the quarter of a century that has elapsed since then the country has
talned millions of tons of superior electroslag metal in the form of plate
iped ro'led metal, tubes, forged pieces and, during the last decade,
ivh quality castings. As a result it has been possible to substantially
increase the durability and reliability of aviation jet engines, various types
+ wer installations, heavy load-bearing mechanisms and roller bearings,
Lr ‘ine high temperature bearings.
it can be stated directly: many of the problems in the development of equipment
vould be simply tmpossible to resolve without electroslag technology. This
bjor achtlevement of Soviet science and technology has received world recognition.
lectroslag turnaces have been built under license in Japan, the United States,
France, Sweden, Austria and other countries. The Soviet Union is ftirmly
naintalning its leading positions in the theoretical and practical fields
it electroslag technology.
ike all terrous metallurgy, the further development of electroslag smelting
envisages production intensitication, that is, first and foremost not
iantitative growth but further improvement in the quaiity of the metal.
it is essential to emphasize that in rece..t years a general upswing in
‘cchnology and equipment for stee! smelting production and the appearance
i powerful arsenal o facilities for the so-called furnaceless pr cessing
teel are typical,
it we have in mind is the so-called hopper metallurgy: the steel smelting
it is used only to obtain a kind of semifinished product which is brought
to the required specification not in the furnace but in a hopper or special
ntainer with its own reaction vessel. Bringing the metal up to specification
lone with the aid of a vacuum, blowing gases across the melt, and with
wiers and gas-and-powder mixtures. As a result of this kind of processing
w possible to obtain any amount of high quality steel with a very
w sultur and oxygen content and small amounts of nonmetallic inclusions
{ harmtul impurities, which previously could be ootained only by electroslag
melting and t ther smelting processes that make up special electrometallurgy.
t would seem that with the development of furnaceless steel processing the
le and significance of smelting processes in special electrometallurgy,
| primarily electroslag smelting, would decrease. This is not so. And
is very simply explained: modern steel making really makes it possible
btain millions of tons of the so-called superior pure liquid steel. But
rder t btain high quality rolled products or castings it is still
essary to insure appropriate conditions for the solidification of the
juid teel into the torm ot ingots or castings.
eanwhile, the laws of crystallization for liquid metal (discovered a century
iso by the great compatriot D.K. Chernov) are such that in the air alone even
i hivh degree of purity in steel does not prevent the occurrence of chemical
uid structural inhomogeneity in the ingot. But homogeneity is precisely what
today's consumer must have, both chemical and physical. Without it it is
{mpossible to insure the specified characteristics of an article, whether
lt be a roller bearing or the hull of an oceangoing ship.
One detinite advance was at one time continuous steel casting; in contrast
to an ingot, which is poured in a cast ingot mold of large cress section,
: continuous-cast billet is considerably more homogeneous in terms both ot
chemical composition and structure. However, now this is not enough.
A quarter of a céntury ago, in the period when special electrometallurgy was
being established, it was still not possible to produce pure steel on industrial
wcales. Electroslag smelting attracted metallurgists and machine toolmakers,
ind later construction people using metal, and it still does today, primarily
t its homogeneity and the stability of its properties and its good
reproducibility melt after melt, ingot after ingot, with virtually complete
elimination of spotllage.
because
\ll these advantages of the electroslag metal are seen to an even greater
lewree it the pure steel is resmelted, that is, the metal is subjected to
‘urnaceless processing. This is the reason why in the foreseeable future
resmelt processes will remain acutely necessary for the national economy.
But no matter how good special electrometallurgy is, it is relatively expensive,
ecause any additional conversion requires additional expenditures. On the
wale of the national economy the saving from the replacement of metal obtained
by regular methods compared with that from electroslag methods is extremely
wreat. Depending on the brand and specificiation of the steel or alloy, it
ranges trom several hundred to several thousand rubles for each ton. However,
the total volume of output in special electrometallurgy cannot be more than
1 tew percent of the amount of steel smelted each year in the country. It
is thus even more important to learn how to use this truly precious metal
more economically.
[tc is well known that our country firmly occupies a leading place in the world
the smelting of cast iron and steel and the production of steel rolled
products. But it is impossible to increase unchecked the scales of metallurgical]
production, including output from special electrometallurgy, that is to go
ilong the road of extensive development in this very important sector of the
itional economy.
[he party has proclaimed a course toward the intensification of our entire
economy, and this means in the country's ferrous metallurgy. This also applies
ull to special electrometallurgy and hence to electroslag smelting. Now
the main attention should be tocused on the maximum utilization of existing
production capacities and the uncovering and extensive utilization of all
potential opportunities in progressive technology.
since we were the pioneers in the development and industrial assimilation
electroslag smelting, in contrast to those who started out later on the
road to develop electroslag technology we should be in at least as good a
position. The tact is that at many ot our plants, the electroslag turnaces
eration are ot an age that is quite serious for metallurgical units,
uamely 15, 20 years and more. The time has come to seriously tackle
reconstruction and renewal and the replacement of old and obsolete equipment
in electroslag shops and sections.
it has been calculated that even a relatively easy measure to implement such
is increasing the electrical capacity of electroslag installations (replacing
les wertul furnace transtormers with more powerful ones) can provide a
tangible addition in the production of electroslag metal. It is possible
uid essential to increase the output of suitable metal] through reducing losses
in the torm ot bottom and head shearings. No major capital investments are
required tor this. Given the desire and persistence of workers at metallurgical
plants and support from plants in the electrotechnical and machine toolmaking
plants, the saving derived from renewal can be quite large.
rtunately, it must be said that we have formed a unique kind of gap, let
i, state it frankly, a marked lack of accord, between the level of theoretical
levelopments in the tleld of electroslag technology and the actual technical
‘level at a number of enterprises in ferrous metallurgy and machine toolmaking.
ler actual conditions at some plants, the quality of electroslag metal leaves
nething to be desired. We must recall yet again the trival truth that the
iility of resmelted metal depends directly on the purity and homogeneity
the initial metal. Meanwhile, we often encounter cases where they see
e resmelting process as a means of correcting the spoiled metal from main
production.
ivings in the producticn of metal must not be confined only to the shops
! special metallurgy. It is possible and necessary to achieve reductions
in the prime costs of electroslag metal at the manufacturing plants. For
this, in particular, it is necessary to accelerate the assimilation of cheaper
| lags that do not contain components that are either in short supply
r expensive. Cast consumable electrodes (obtained from continuous casting
machines) must replace rolled and ductile electrodes more boldly. The repeat
Ise worked slags is essential.
is possible and essential to strive for the thrifty, economically
etficient use of metal at consumer plants. Unfortunately, as is known, for
i number of years now the coefficient of metal use in metalworking and machine
toolmaking has not increased; it remains at about 0.7.
\las, this also applies to special metal from which tailings are mixed with
ilings from regular metal. As a result, it loses its consumer qualities.
feanwhile the latest developments in the field of electroslag technology
itselt make it possible to utilize metalworking tailings--various kinds of
havings and even chips--simply and and quite reliably. We have in mind
rimaritiv efficient new processes such as electroslag chill casting and
entritugal electroslag casting.
Recently developed at the Institute of Electric Welding, with the support
of the Klev party gorkom they have already been disseminated at a number ot
machine toolmaking enterprises in the Ukrainian capital. It is hardly necessary
to describe these technologies; today they are accessible to a wide range
of speclalists; it remains tor us only to express the wish that the sector
institutes tollow the example of the VPKTIstroydormash [expansion unknown |
(located in Kiev) and seriously address the assimilation of the new processes.
At one time the newspaper IZVESTIYA wrote a great deal about electroslag
melting, which is now used extensively in virtually all the subsectors o!
machine toolmaking. Today we should recall the promising applications ot
the electroslag process such as surfacing, heating, and additional teeding
tor ingots and castings.
fhere is no doubt that electroslag technology will be faithfully serving the
cause of the scientific and technical revolution and the upsurge in our
metallurgy, macine toolmaking and industrial construction tor many years.
PRINCIPLES, LDEAS, GOALS OF NOVOSIBIRSK INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS EXAMINED
Moscow IZVESTIYA in Russian 22, 23 May 83
(Article by LZVESTLYA spectal correspondent B. Konovalov: "The Talent of a
’ Y
‘ rllective j
lext | Novostbirsk--They say that talent is like a giraffe: once you see
it you never confuse it again. There are few talented people. There are
even tewer talented collectives. And it is important to know how these
llectives come into being and how they live, and what helps them to remain
ilented over many vears.
' tirst visited the USSR Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch Institute of
juclear Physics, which is the subject of today’s discussion, 20 years ago
when | was preparing a reportage on a basically new direction in the development
installations for studying the microworld--colliding-beam accelerators.
At that time experiments « ~Idwide were conducted using the same scheme:
‘protectiles” accelerated the accelerators to enormous velocities and the
mbardment of fixed targets. And research on the consequences of these
‘catastrophes" gave the physicists information on the smallest "building
ks"' ot the physical world. But in Novosibirsk they were working on an
wccelerator in which the "target" rushed to meet the "projectiles." When
got to know about this accelerator, memories about the skeptical statements
st venerable scientists from other scientific centers kept surfacing. Yes,
they agreed, the idea was alluring. The higher the energy at collision the
reater the information that could be obtained. But here these collisions
would not take place because it is very difficult to make the moving "target"
lid. The opposing particles would go right past it, like neighboring
ilaxies, with virtually no contact with one another. And still they
eeded in making the colliding-beam accelerator work, and physics
periments are being conducted.
recall that I was puzzled that this accelerator, in contrast to all the
but vertical. I thought that this was also
the latest word in accelerator equipment and I tried to find out about it
‘rom the institute director, academician A.M. Budker: what are the advantages
the vertical accelerator?
thers, was set not horizontal!
Andrey Mixhavylovich looked at me searchingly for a moment, and then he answered
with a smile: "To be honest, none at all. It is simply that we began to develop
it when our collective was still a laboratory at the Institute of Atomic Energy
iment I.V. Kurchatov; it was very tight there and so we set the accelerator
‘on its bottom, '”
(his witty solution charmed me. Behind its simplicity there was a lack of
inhibition, an ability to reject the generally accepted, to overcome what
had been sanctified by tradition and authority. I sensed that this institute
would easily go up, sideways or anywhere it pleased, but would boldly face
il! dit ticulttes and not shrink from them but achieve the goals that it set.
Now this accelerator is shown to guests as a museum piece. Over the past
/» years tive colliding-beam accelerators have been developed in Novosibirsk.
Iwo of them, tirst-class, fully operational installations, have set records
in their "weight category," to use a sports term. At one time work on the
levelopment oft colliding-beam accelerators was marked by a Lenin Prize. Now
this direction has become the head echelon of physics as it storms the secrets
it the microworld. Two rings, set as a pair in the shape of a figure eight,
the tirst Novosibirsk accelerator had a total size of one meter. Now, the
weceleration rings tor the colliding-beam accelerators are little short of
tens ot kilometers. Experiments on colliding-beam accelerators are providing
Agniticant new information in elementary particle physics. And throughout
the world they honor the memory of Soviet academician Budker primarily as
i ploneer of this direction in accelerator technology.
search and survey research at the boundary of the unknown is often set up
on the principle of the start of a magic fairytale: off you go somewhere into
the unknown to bring back I don't know what.... For Budker, his principle
lay in this methodology: do not go where everyone else is going, go your own
way. He thought that it is essential to be the leader, the trailblazer. If
you stick in a rut you overtake no one. But if you work on your own original
idea, even if you do not possess great technical facilities, at some time
‘ry other you can move away from where the stronger competitors are and obtain
wood scientific results
He always had plenty of brilliant ideas. But most of them were fantastic
rr extraordinarily difficult to put into practice. And then a pure theoretician
lecided on a very bold step; ‘irst he headed a laboratory and then an entire
institute so as to give his ideas life. Igor Vasil'yevich Kurchatov became
the “holy father" of the Novosibirsk Institute of Nuclear Physics, making
the main principle of its existence the search for nonstandard ways of
leve lopment.
‘ur country, in thermonuclear research the Institute of Nuclear Physics
eads in the direction of the so-called "open trap." The first of these was
thoueghtup by Budker. Iu shape, its magnetic field resembled two bottles with
bases. The "stoppers" for che more powerful field plugged the hot plasma
the "throats" of this magnetic bottie. Thanks to their simplicity and
heapness compared with other installations, these kind. of traps appeared
laboratories throughout the world engaged in thermonuclear research and
iyed a major role in the development of plasma physics. Now they are
eveloping installations of more refined designs for the magnetic "stoppers"
’ tncreasing their number. If they can etfectively contain the hot plasma
the dense state required tor the thermonuclear reaction these installations
he preterred over other present claimants to the role of the reactors
the electric power stations of the tuture. They are simpler, o! better
rlowy, and cheaper. Three ditferent installations of this type are now
belug assembled and tested at the [Institute of Nuclear Physics. At the same
Lime work Ls voing ahead with all dispatch on the construction of a building
for them. Soon, the question "to be or not to be?" will be resolved in the
thermonuclear housing: will the open traps remain only installations for
phystes research or wlll they become the basis of thermonuclear energy on
ur planet?
is interesting that over the 25 years of its existence the range of subjects
fealt with at the Institute of Nuclear Physics has not changed. As before,
it vers the physics of elementary particles and the development of accelerators
r experiments in this tield, thermonuclear research and applied work. The
proportions of these mainline directions in the institute's total efforts
have remained the same at 50, 25 and 25 percent respectively. Although, of
uurse, the internal content of each of them has changed substantially.
\pplied research, for example, passed on from the cradle stage long ago and
| yringming the institute as least as much glory as its fundamental research.
(he Institute of Nuclear Physics was one of the first in the country to develop
lustrial charged particle accelerators for use in the national economy.
even types of accelerator have now been developed, operating even from normal
power supplies at 220 volts and generating powerful beams of electrons at
‘arious energies. These accelerators have become the basis for the development
an entire range of radiation technologies in chemistry and electrical
eneineering and are used for dealing with insects in grain, cutting metals
ipplying coatings to metals, and purifying sewage.
Radiation imparts new properties to materials; it raises their strength and
resistance to cold and heat and their durability in impact load. There have
been occasions when the use of radiation technology has turned out to be much
re economically effective than all development costs, when the price of
i) accelerator has been recouped literally in only a few months. The institute
nas already supplied the national economy and foreign countries with dozens
iccelerators. In one industry alone--electrotechnics--14 flow lines
ive been set up on the basis of Novosibirsk accelerators for the production
power line and cable sheathings. The saving achieved through the startup
hivher quality output using them has totaled more than R100 million.
‘ven the colliding-beam accelerators on which fundamental research is done
ive wradually at the same time started to serve for secondary and applied
urposes. Beams of charged particles spiraled in a magnetic field generate
the so-called synchrotron radiation, which is truly invaluable for many
lirection in science and technology. Depending on the energy of the
wcelerator, this radiation can cover an enormous range of the spectrum of
electromagnetic waves, across the infrared, visible, ultraviolet and X-ray
’
fields. And the intensity of the emission tn all these tields is 10,000 to
100,000 times wreater than in the tradittonal sources used (except tor lasers).
The rlossal brivhtness of the synchrotron "Lamp" is making it p isible, tor
example, to make movies of supertast processes lasting insignificant tractions
! a second. Thanks to this it is possible to see all the stages in the
contraction of muscle, the fatlure of a metal under load, the tiniest details
t the processes of smelting and crystallization, the movement of blood in
the tiniest vessels, and much, much else. For movie tilm, synchrotron radiation
is a unique kind of "Aladdin's lamp" which at the desire of the researcher
nikes its possible to remove the veil trom the secrets of many phenomena.
And tor present-day electronics, which plays an enormous role in today's
world, it has opened up a way out of an apparent impasse. The tact is that
the main trend in the development of electronics is microminiaturization.
jut Lt turned out that light itself was acting as a brake on further progress
in the process ot microminiaturization. The moment comes when, during
illumination of the mask with which the pictures of the circuit are transferred
to the plate of the semiconductor, the lines begin, as it were, to merge.
their size is already comparable to the length of light waves and it rearranges
the beam and atfects its wave characteristics.
This means that radiation at a shorter wavelength must be used. But the X-
ray lamps, even the best, are too weak, and so exposure time must be increased
to several hours. The use of bright synchrotron radiation from which it is
easy to separate out just a single X-ray beam, reduces the time needed for
illumination to several seconds and opens up the way for X-ray lithography
which makes it possible to "pack" electronic circuits into crystals of submicron
ize and make instruments, radio equipment and computers much smaller.
[t {s remarkable that while in no way interfering with the main experiments,
it is possible to remove a whole sheaf of rays of synchrotron radiation from
the accumulation rings of the accelerators. More than 80 very different
scientific groups are now working on the Novosibirsk accelerators. Twelve
them are toreign. And tor each one of these 80 groups there is a new
irection in sctence and technology. And it is important here that not only
ire new paths in science and technology being laid, but that representatives
*§ the most varied fields are gaining access to the standards of the present-
luy physics experiment and learning to use computer technology to set up
research and process findings.
But no matter how important applied research may be, and no matter what
idvantages it may promise, the Institute of Nuclear Physics has not allowed
itsel! to exceed the optimal quota from the viewpoint of the institute, namely
ne-fourth of the total effort. The Institute of Nuclear Physics cooperates
willinwly, passes on its developments to the sector institutes and helps to
rvanize work on its own accelerators, but does not permit itself to be pulled
to strongly into the storm of applied research. Right from the start it was
ntended that with time it would become a "financial locomotive" for fundamental
research. This time has now come. In accordance with the budget for the
Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch, the Institute of Nuclear Physics receives
ly one=-seventh of the amount that it spends. The other sixth-sevenths are
ade up of cost-accounting work and special subsidtles for research important
for the country. Each year now for many years applied work has been giving
the institute tens of millions of rubles, and, I repeat, only one-fourth of
its efforts is tor this. The other three-fourths go on fundamental research
purely sclentific significance that is, as it were, work done ahead of
time tor tuture applied directions.
... Each accelerator or thermonuclear installation is a collective creation.
And | deliberately do not distinguish between the creator and the first
lirector of the institute, nor between any of the scientists, engineers and
workers whose inspiration and labor give birth to the brilliant achievements
ot the Novosibirsk collective. Each of them has his own name and tamily name,
but they also have a name for the entire collective, in which they rightly
tuke pride: the Institute of Nuclear Physics.
|'3 May 83 p 2]
‘fext) The collective is characterized not only by what it does, but how
it does it.
w Institute of Nuclear Physics designs and fabricates by its own efforts
i!!! its own industrial and experimental installations, including even the
largest accelerators. In essence and in structure, the Institute of Nuclear
ics is, to use a widely term, a scientific-production association. In
ijdition to the research laboratories, it also has design bureaus and
experimental production facilities.
\ll the Institute of Nuclear Physics organizers have considered that under
ur conditions a major physics institute with no production facilities is
like a man with one leg: it cannot move ahead confidently and quickly. But
the production that is needed must itself be subordinate to the interests
t sctlence and the sclentist. The academic institute is a creative organization
and the central figure, and it is there that the creative scientist must be;
ind the design bureaus, production facilities and technical services, and
the entire administrative apparatus, including the director himself, must
be subordinate to its interests.
The institute's design section is not large: barely more than 100 people.
But they are extremely well qualified and they design everything that the
institute needs, trom prosaic gates to the most complicated optical instruments.
[The section is split into ten thematic design bureaus and groups that are
linked directly with specific laboratories. When a physicist thinks about
instrument, he works on the design problem together with the designer.
ln the tormation of the design documentation, the number of signatures is
leliberatley kept to the minimum. As a rule, the shop receives only a general
idea of what the design bureau chief wants, and all the other blueprints are
lrawn by the author himself. But then his personal responsibility is sharply
enhanced. The designer himself participates in assembly, and together with
the physicist has an interest in making the article work immediately, without
turther work on it. The work of the designer has no formal criteria. At
the institute they think that if they are introduced a person automatically
‘tarts to work for an indicator and may thus neglect the interests of the
matter.
Much {s now said and written about the need of associations for research
institutes, desiyn bureaus and plants. Indisputably, this can bring enormous
idvantage to production. But here there is silence about the tact that what
«tence needs is not series production, but special design bureaus and plants
ready to handle nonstandard articles.
‘The special feature of our test plant," says N.A. Kuznetsov, chief of
experimental production at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, "is that we do
not have the right to say to the physicists 'we cannot do this or that.’ This
i, fine for the physicists but bad for us, but nothing can be done about it
because this is what the plant is for. Therefore, we have to be masters of
everything: making machine tools, radiotechnics, electronics, optics, in
hort, everything required for the most complex modern physics installations.
And we have only 2 or 3 weeks to reorganize from the production of one
installation to another."
it is expedient to have the plant production subordinate to the interests
‘t selenee. For example, the plan for June will be compiled in late May.
And this is how it always is: the plan for the following month is drawn up
it the end of the previous month! The flexibility is accomplished through
the production of industrial accelerators and the portfolio of orders, which
is always full. If the institute has a need to rapidly develop a new
‘entific’ accelerator or thermonuclear installation, then all the efforts
design bureaus and production facilities can immediately be mobilized
for the task. And if the scientific front is quiet for a while, then the
plant calmly produces industrial accelerators.
' ;
the test plant were not part of the institute but operated using the normal
‘ystem, then there is no doubt that it would soon start to produce only series-
produced industrial accelerators and rid itself of nonstandard scientific
orders using all kinds of truths and nontruths. But now it does do it.
Moreover, 10 percent of capacity in the experimental production facilities
is #iven over for express orders! It may seem fantastic to the staffs of
ther sclentific establishments, but it is a fact that express orders are
mpleted within 2 or 3 days. And if a part essential for development or
uiducting an experiment is not complicated, it can be made within a dav.
\ud it is done tor regular wages. The scientific council at the institute
is established that if anyone dares to "push" his own orders for a bonus
e will be dismissed from the institute.
’
, And everyone knows that the scientific
uncil means what it says. It plays a special role here.
‘he Institute of Nuclear Physics has two foundations, the regular concrete
toundation on which the walls of the institute stand, and a spiritual foundation
that determines everything that is done within those walls. It
‘the roundtable."
thi
is called
The meetings of the scientific council are held around
this large, black plastic table.
) iverave the scientific councils of institutes meet about once a month.
\t the Institute of Nuclear Physics it meets every day. Precisely at 12
‘clock each day the members of the scientitic council seat themselves at
he round table and with a cup of cotfee they discuss the cardinal problems
the inatitute’s life or current atfairs. Not only representatives of the
‘lLrector's otfice participate, but also the leaders of the party committees,
the trade union council and the laboratories, along with the leading associates.
n essence the "round table” ts a collective form of institute management.
Not a single important decision is made without the council, without discussion
in¢d debate. Sut when it its made, they carry it out from conviction, not as
[This does not contradict the official position of the academic institutions.
Ie i ,4id there that the scientific council meets at times established by
the director. Right at the start of the institute's life, academician Budker
decided that it should meet every day. He himself was the man who created
luring the process of these dealings the brilliant ideas that were often born
luring discussions using chalk on a blackboard. He naturally wanted this
‘tyle also in the management of the institute. On the other hand, he considered
that the institute was a family. And that here, all the boons and the
litticulties, all the resources, should be shared frankly. In a good family,
‘thine is ever done in secret. And no offense is taken if one person gets
Hew sult today while someone else has to wait for tomorrow. And everyone
in the tamily works to the best of his ability, but honestly.
.
-
vurse, they try to pick talented and capable people at the Institute of
Nuclear Research. Here they know quite well that one first-class scientist
is worth 10 second-class scientists. But they also understand that the sum
the talents of individuals still does not make up the collective talent.
» make this happen it is necessary to make the entire nucleus of the scientific
issoclate like-minded and try to get them to have common criteria and a unified
lerstanding ot what ts good for the institute and what bad.
Responsibility, trust and scope for creative work: this is approach to the
issoclates at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, most of whom were very young
when the institute was formed. And people grow up quickly in this kind of
here. The present director, A.N. Skrinskiy, came to the institute as
tudent on the fourth course. He became an academician at the age of 34.
e “round table" nurtured academician S.T. Belyayev, director of the department
yeneral and nuclear physics at the Institute of Atomic Energy imeni I1.V.
Kurchatov, academician R.Z. Sagdeyev, who is now the director of the USSR
idemy of Sciences Institute of Space Research, academician Yu.Ye. Nesterikhin,
who headed the USSR Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch Institute of Automation
Lectrometry, and many other brilliant scientists. And new talent’ has
ikKen their place at the rounc table."
1
e [ustitute ot Nuclear Physics is the largest in the Siberian Branch and
ne of the largest within the system of the USSR Academy of Sciences. And
here, on the one hand, the common strong features of the Institute of Atomic
Eneryvy imeni |.V. Kurchatov, which brought the Institute of Nuclear Physics
‘into the world,” and the Siberian Branch are most brilliantly distinguished:
educatiuy tirst-class scientists and organically combining tundamental
and
ipplied research. On the other
hand, the Institute of Nuclear Physics is
distinguished by the monolithic character ot
tor a sclentitic establishment.
vwerves as the cement for this.
its collective, such as is amazing
And it is precisely the "round table" that
Academician Budker was the generator of many brilliant ides that even today
still have a lony life ahead of them,
He left behind a very rich scientific
leva VY.
But when his students and colleagues began to think about what kind
tt a memortal they could raise on Budker's grave, one that would best express
the main thing that he had accomplished, they selcted the "round table." A
copy ot the round table at the institute was made in marble. One segment
ot it was removed; this is Budker's grave.
Within the institute you will not tind a single office that does not have
| portrait ot Budker. Usually this portrait is of the latter period of his
ite when, atter his heart attack, he grew a beard. The kind eyes of the
age look out trom every portrait. And his soft smile, as if saying: well,
ire you living all right without me. You should be.
For the institute's inner life the "round table" has become akin to the
iuvention ot the wheel. Of course, it was more difficult to live without
Budker. Lt was impossible to replace him. But thanks to the "round table"
t 8
he iustitute managed to hold out, find strength, regroup and maintain it
leading positions. What was formerly done in the external world by one Budker
is now done by three, academician A.N. Skrinskiy, who took up the baton of
lirectorship, and his two deputies for science, corresponding members of the
USSR Academy of Sciences V.A. Sidorov and D.D. Ryutov. They do things
ditterently, perhaps with greater expenditure of effort and energy, but they
aati The Institute of Nuclear Physics is moving confidently ahead in the
modern world thanks to the collective "captaincy."
together about 100 associates of the institute participate in the
table" meetings. But, of course, not all on the same day.
‘radually been broken down into thematic subsections.
in work with elementary particles meet.
with the accelerators. Wednesday
’
They have
On Mondays those engaged
Tuesday is the day for those working
is the regular general institute meeting
Thursday is the day fcr those working on thermonuclear
ohystes, and Friday is another general institute council meeting, but now
idministrative, with the leaders of all the technical services from the garage
to bookkeeping, and all the laboratory chiefs, so as to resolve the problems
that have cropped up during the week.
' the scientific council.
day has its own appearance at the "round table," its
juestions, its own atmosphere.
more sedate and restrained.
own range of
The thermonuclear people, for example, are
The accelerator people are younger, and the
ouncil is more cheerful, more unfettered. Although it must be admitted that
humor and a good joke are valued every day. And this, better than anything
else, generates a spirit of comradeship and brotherhood.
whatever day it may be, at the round table at the Institute of Nuclear Physics
you sense that you are present in a world scientific center.
Someone is just
’
ik trom a trip abroad, and reports must be presented on an international
mierence and there must be discussion of what rival colleagues are doing;
rod here, it is always noted that, no matter what the level of the institute,
there is always one concern invisibly present--not to fall behind. At the
‘titute ot Nuclear Physics they consider it important not only to work well
but to try to be the leader in their field. Here they rightly think that
whoever does not want to be tirst will not be; he will not even be tenth.
leadership and work at the limits of the possible insures the institute's
rapid development and respect in the scientific world.
At the [Institute of Nuclear Physics they think that the institute should move
thead like a comet, leaving beihind a trail of scientific and practical
results. And the "head" of the comet must necessarily be leading science.
therefore, in the institute's maturity, as in its youth, they try to travel
by unfrequented roads. For example, they are working here on a project for
1 colliding-beam linear accelerator using electron and positron beams. This
wcelerator has made it possible to make a strong new breakthrough into the
microcosm. It is a bold and daring project. Not everything in its accomplishment
depends on the institute. And it will be a pity if history repeats itself
with the idea of the accelerator operating with proton and antiproton beams
which was put forward and worked out in detail in Novosibirsk but realized
in Ceneva by CERN, where this accelerator has now provided a whole range of major
l COVETLeS.
\ll who have worked at the Institute of Nuclear Physics for 20 years are given
the gitt ot a clock by the institute. They are different from those being
old this year in the stores. But they all show the same thing--time. This
is both a memory and a tireless, pulsating reminder. Times measures off what
148 been done. And they say to everyone: hurry on to do even more.
BELORUSSIAN PHYSICISTS HONORED FOR DYNAMIC HOLOGRAPHY WORK
Minsk PROMYSHLENNOST' BELORUSSII in Russian No 3, Mar 83 pp 24-26
[article by A. Afanas'yev and A. Ubranovich, candidates of physico-mathematical
sciencess "New Discoveries"/
[Text] The Belorussian scientists B.Il. Stepanov, academician
of the BSSR Academy of Sciences and director of the Academy's
Institute of Physics, P, .A. Apanasevich, deputy director and
‘orresponding member of the BSSR Academy of Sciences, A.S. Ru-
banov, laboratory chief and doctor of physico-mathematical
sciences, and Ye.V.Ivakin, candidate of physico-mathamatical
sciences and senior scientific associate, were awarded the
high title of laureates of the 1982 USSR State Prizes in the
urea of science for the cycle of works entitled "The Physical
Bases of Dynamic Holography and New Methods for Transforming
the Spatial Structure of Light Beams." The success of the
Belorussian physicists is not accidental: they have partici-
pated actively in the formation of the new trends in laser
physics, present-day optics and spectroscopy.
Holography did not find immediate application in scientific research.
Three-dimensional representations of immobile objects arouse amazement
but they can be seen only in exhibition halls.
the late 70's a new scientific direction--dynamic holography--was formed
it the junction of the sciences of holography and nonlinear optics. This
new discipline made it possible to record objects moving and changing in
time, and it became a powerful instrument for investigating physical
processes taking place at a rapid rate. The experimental work carried out
at tne BSSR Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Physics contributed to
i. significant degree to the development of this direction.
ig whe basis of dynamic holography are nonlinear phenomena, which
se under the influence of light emission in the environment as a
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ngze ot research that
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,
wee well, the problems of the agrarian-industrial complex were bei
ec by Our Lentist ibout LO years ago: they were among the tirst to
wee, A vy with the practical people, qualitatively new way { improve wort
| ture and develory its links with industry. Lt shoul he iid that
é mists have been participating actively in the development ot the
ises and recommendations tor creating the ayrarian-industrial
aeior i i new torm ot management, tirst at the rayon level ind now
tC Cf rey ubl i level. In addition to the other problems, it 1 very import int
thi ew system to reintorce the principles of economic accounting. There
ine i extremely urgent and topical questions here tor the scientists to
Ye. Anod it must be said that these are not only honorable but also
he r t sclences is also working actively on problems such as the
‘ t ot up-to date, saie e.ills ror dealing with agri ultur ss pe Cs
res ing other technical and technological problems.
‘'ractice shows that in selence there should not be any table
AS. The research that today is considered secondary can become an
s
rtant bkinline in selence. Notwithstanding, which work being done by
lentists would you call key, the most important?
+, it is very ditticult to evaluate new scientitic results;
evaluation is otten made only atter some years. But in my opinion,
t hi lived achievements in science relate to, for example, the results
ieved by our astrophysicists on the large-scale structure of the
ers the concept that the universe has a cellular structure. This idea
a ‘ ! wel | cont irmed bv astronomical! observations. | would like to
et t thi cle of work is being done here in very good cooperation with
eoretical physicists of the USSR Academy of Sciences headed by academician
. lovich. On the other hand, an important part of the observatior
teria is been obtained in cooperation with astronomers in the United
west turope.
, levements in physics I would note the cycle of work to study the
, tt } ; , } Thi
rocesse tT energy converslo! in molecules and crystals. imi:
ected with yet another cycle ot work, namely work on spectr py and
; Bae I ne ' , on - 17 Ret i mala - A , i aawne
ysiecai processes Li tne chioropnvil olecuie and Lt iInaiovzues.
et ei used here by our physicists possess record accuracy and
ible to obtain a whole series of important new data. ne
' the brilliant application of the possibilities of modern equipment
et tuemselt in fundamental research is provided by the work of the
{ t rhe l i i i Blologi« il Phy sic ° They are being used to s ylve
rtant practical problems in today's very tine chemical and biochemica
tt signiticance also tor agriculture and the Food Program.
beve ent by geologists ot the bases tor the comprehensive openin
Lr era re uUrce in the Rakvere phosph rite-bearing region is urgent.
t i iluable in this present tormulation of the problem is not only the
er r pn phorite but also extraction taking int account the requirement
r the mprehensive utilization ot all the mineral riches and of environmental
New developments have been made at the Institute of Economics, in particular in
the tleld of the etficient operation of highway transportation in the republic
iid the optimization of mineral recovery taking into account the aggregate
ecohomic Consequences,
uestion ls sclence in the republic experiencing any shortage of personnel,
md is the level ot training tor researchers itistactory?
\nswer m the whole [ think that the personne! of our academy are our
vreatest asset, our greatest capital. I would like to emphasize that we have
lozel ' young people at the various institutes, even postgraduate students
ind mior sclentific associates, who are doing simply beautiful work and
nave tine published work in the central journals and in the foreign press.
! I ar mfiident that they will do even more for Soviet science.
luestion! It ts known that money is invested advantageously in science. How
we matertal base of the ESSR Academy of Sciences now being strengthened?
Answer | personally an not a supporter of direct deductions into science as
whole by caleulating how many rubles of return are gained from each ruble
invested. The emergence of science into practice and the return to society from
hence nstitute a very complex phenomenon and only part of this return can be
ited in rubles, and here, of course, it is absolutely essential. Perhaps,
vever, the most valuable part cannot be expressed in rubles. But I fully
itree that the materlal-technical base is one decisive condition for the
Je ment ot selenece. With regard to our academy, thanks to the great help
e republic and the USSR Academy of Sciences, and also from the State
ttee tor Selence and Technology, our base is now much stronger than 10
it imo, and the main thing is that the possibilities for experimentation
wh beyond recognition. I think that today work done only at the all-
level make sense, because this simultaneously means it is done at the
world lence. And where this does not happen and there is no hope o!
rrectir the situation, we do not have the moral right to continue to spend funds.
tuestion!| What contacts with the scientific establishments in the other
‘ternal republics and in foreign countries do you regard as especially fruitful?
wer lt you were to ask where such links are needed today I would have
in answering. In our country science is also strong because, say, the
icademtles Like ours are working together with the major and leading centers
lence and academies. Oo we say that our Institute of Physics together with
Rk Academy ot Sciences special design bureau and the special design bureau
ter equipment at our Institute of Cybernetics has developed a laser
trometer, but in tact several dozens organizations throughout the country
e actually participated, They include laboratories in Moscow, Novosibirsk,
eningrad and other centers. These links are especially important
ws te {ca lirect tion in tence such as molecular biology, lasers,
tect , and computer technology. There we sense particularly what
‘ ie \ } wi i nee lav-to-day inks with those labor it rie
producti rvanizations that have initiated these directions in our untry.
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