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AIS— 57
Washington, D. C, December 1946
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH ADMINISTRATION
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY
^ REVISED FEED FORMULAS FOR CHICKENS'
By Harry W. Titns, senior biological chemist, John C. Hammond, associate biologist,
and Donald Whitson, assistant in -poxdtry nutrition. Animal Husbandry Division,
Bureau of Animal Industry ^
POULTRYMEN FACE NEW FEED PROBLEMS as a result of
changes in the availability of certain feedstiiffs.
Many feeds formerly used are now scarce, unavailable, or too costly
to feed to chickens. This publication deals with new knowledge of
old materials that are still abundant and with new materials to replace
the scarce feeds.
Profits on poultry operations depend in no smaU measure on how
well the feeding problem is solved. How and what to feed are ques-
tions that must be answered largely on the basis of the local situation.
due to restricted supplies of some feedstuffs.
Under present conditions it is sometimes impossible or impracticable
to use the feed formulas recommended by the Department of Agricul-
ture in Farmers' Bulletin 1841, The Feeding of Chickens, and in other
publications of the Department. The formulas in the tables in this
leaflet are therefore suggested.
In general, the starting and breeding mashes containing fish meal,
dried skim roilk, or buttermilk are superior to those not containing
these ingredients, but there are exceptions to this statement depending
on variations in quality of individual ingredients. Less variation
would be expected in the results obtained with the different growing
and laying mashes.
Formulas of suggested substitutes for fish meal, meat scrap, dried
skim milk or dried buttermilk, and alfalfa meal are also given. The
substitutes can be used in all-mash starting or starting-and-growing
diets containing at least 21 percent of total protein and in all-mash
laying diets containing at least 16 percent of total protein.
• This publication is a revision of and supersedes AWl-48.
2 Authors have resigned. Revision by H. R. Bird
LIBRARY
CURRENT SERIAL RECORD
ix JAN 3 11947 ^
U, 5. OEPMTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SOME POINTS TO REMEMBER
In using the new formulas points to be remembered are:
Only properly cooked or heat-treated soybean meal should be used
in mixtures containing large quantities of this feedstuff.
Alfalfa meal containing not less than 90,000 International units of
vitamin A activity per pound is preferable. An alfalfa meal of lower
potency may be used, however, if other ingredients in the mixture
supply enough additional vitamin A activity.
Other fermentation products and byproducts may be used in place
of the dried distillers' solubles as a source of riboflavin and of the other
vitamins of the B-G complex. The riboflavin content of these other
products ranges from 5,500 to 112,000 micrograms per pound. In
calculating the amount of substitute product to use the riboflavin
content of the dried distillers' solubles may be estimated at 9,000
micrograms per pound. In mashes containing alfalfa meal and fish
meal, synthetic riboflavin may be used instead of riboflavin from a
natm'al source.
The suggested feed mixtures in tables 1 to 7 contain all the calciiun
chickens req^uire. Additional calcium in the form of oystershell or
limestone grit is therefore imnecessary and undesirable.
Use of insoluble grit with these mixtures is not objectionable. It
is worth while to pro%dde a small quantity of such material at regular
intervals where chickens are confined or, for some other reason, are
unable to pick up small stones and pebbles from their range.
MINERALS AND VITAMINS
The feed formulas recommended call for mangani'zed salt. This
will aid in preventing perosis. It may be prepared by mixing 100
pounds of fine, free-flowing dairy or table salt and 2.5 pounds of
finely puverized technical anhydrous manganous sulfate, available
at feed supply stores and some drug stores.
The vitamin A and D feeding oil should contain 400 A. O. A. C.
chick units ^ of vitamin D and 2,000 International units of vitamin A
per gram, or about 181,500 of the chick units of vitamin D and 907,500
units of vitamiQ A per pound. The vitamin A content is not so
important if high-grade alfalfa meal is included in the feed mixture.
If vitamin A and D feeding oil is not available, a quantity of D-
activated animal sterol that supplies the same quantity of vitamin D
may be used, provided the other ingredients of the diet supply sufficient
vitamin A.
Make the maximum use of sunshine and good grass range. Sun-
shine is the cheapest source of vitamin D, and fresh green feed,
especially short young grass, is an excellent source of all the other
known vitamins.
3 This is the official unit of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.
Table 1. — Suggested all-mash chick-starting diets
Diet No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Percent
20.0
32.0
Percent
Percent
42.0
Percent
32.0
10.0
Percent
Percent
42.0
10.0
42.0
52.0
10.0
24.0
10.0
2.0
10.0
23.0
10.0
10.0
21.0
10.0
21.0
10.0
21.0
10.0
23.0
Cottonseed inonl, peanut meal, com
Rluten meal, hempsced meal, sesame
meal, or soybean meal
10.0
2.0
2.5
3.0
Juried skim milk or dried buttermilk
5.0
4.0
4.7
Dried whey
5.0
6.0
5.0
Alfalfa meal
7.7
8.0
2.6
1.0
1.3
1.0
.1
5.7
Dried distillers' solubles
2.7
2.0
1.2
1.0
2.0
2.0
1.2
1.0
.1
3.0
2.0
1.2
1.0
.1
1.1
1.3
1.0
2.0
1.2
1.0
Vitamin A and D feeding oil
. 1
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Table 2. — Svggested all-mash chick-growing diets
Ingredient
Diet No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ground yellow corn
Percent
34,0
30.0
Percent
Percent
54.0
Percent
44.0
10.0
Percent
10.0
54.0
Percent
54
10.0
54.0
Ground barley, mile, or hepiari
10.0
19.0
5.0
LO
io.o
19.0
6.0
10.0
15.0
5.0
15.0
6.0
15.0
5.0
15.0
Cottonseed meal, peanut meal, corn
gluten meal, hempseed meal, sesame
5.0
Fish meal
1 7
Meat scrap
LO
2.0
Dried skim milk or dried buttermilk
3.0
L8
4.1
6.0
6.0
4.0
Alfalfa meal.
8.0
2.0
1.0
LO
1.0
0)
8.0
3.0
LO
LO
LO
0)
8.0
Dried distillers' solubles
3.9
LO
1.0
LO
.1
-. 3.0
• LO
LO
LO
.1
3.3
LO
LO
LO
(0
1.0
Ground limestone or oystershell
M'angani/efi .salt
LO
1
Vitamin A and T) feeding oil
(1)
Total —
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
If the chickens do not have access to direct sunlight, add 0.1 percent of vitamin A and D feeding oil.
Table 3. — Suggested chick growing mashes with which an equal weight of grain is
to he fed
Ingredient
Diet No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ground yellow com
Percent
20.0
25.0
Percent
Percent
35.0
Percent
. 25.0
10.0
Percent
45:5'
Percent
35
Ground wheat
10.0
35.0
10.0
20.0
14.0
2.0
10.0
20.0
15.0
Soybean meal
20.0
13.0
20.0
13.0
20.0
12.0
20
Cottonseed meal, peanut meal, com glu-
ten meal, hempseed meal, sesame meal,
or soybean meal
13
Fish mea!
2
Meat scrap
3.0
4.0
"Dripri skim miHr nr rlriprl hnttprmilV
6.5
4.0
5.3
X)ried whey
6.5
7.0
6.5
Alfalfa meal
10.0
8.0
6.5
1.0
2.0
1.5
(1)
8
Dried distillers' solubles
7.8
1.0
2.0
1.5
.2
5.0
2.0
2.0
1.5
.2
6 5
2.0
2.0
1.5
0)
2.0
2.0
1.5
(0
(1)
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
If the chickens do not have access to direct sunlight, add 0.2 percent of vitamin A and D feeding oil.
Table 4. — Suggested all-mash laying diets
Ingredient
Diet No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ground yellow com
Percent
42.5
Perceiit
20.0
27.5
10.0
Percent
43.5
Percent
Percent
Percent
Ground wheat
42.5
20.0
36.5
Ground oats
10.0
10.0
30.0
28.0
40.0
15.0
5.0
12.0
15.0
15.0
5.0
15.0
10.0
12.0
3.0
9.0
12.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
12.5
Peanut, sesame, hempseed or soybean
3.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
1.0
1.5
1.0
2.0
T)ripfi ckim millr
Dried whev
4.5
Alfalfa meal
..........
5.0
6.0
6.0
Dried distillers' solubles
2.0
3.5
2.5
.78
.22
3.6
2.5
.8
.2
3.0
2.5
.8
.2
3.5
2.5
.78
.22
2.5
3.0
.8
.2
2.5
Steamed bonemeal
3.0
Manganized «alt
.8
Vitamin \ and D feeding oil
.2
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
.0.0
100.0
Table 5. — Suggested laying mashes with which an equal weight of grain is to he fed
Ingredient
Diet No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Percent
25.0
Percent
Percent
30.0
Percent
Percent
Percent
25.0
10.0
23.6
20.0
12.0
10.0
10.0
Ground barley
30.0
13.0
30.0
10.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
26.0
24.0
27.5
6.0
20.0
7.5
4.0
3.5
22.5
Peanut, sesame, hempseed or soybean
nical
5.0
4.0
8.0
4.0
7.5
Meat scrap
2.0
3.0
2.0
4.0
Dried whey
9.0
2.0
10.0
\lfalfa meal
9.0
2.0
5.5
3.5
1.6
.4
10.0
2.0
6.0
3.0
1.6
.4
10.0
7.0
6.0
4.0
1.66
.44
2.0
Ground limestone
6.5
3.5
1.56
.44
5.5
3.5
1.6
.4
5.5
3.5
1.6
.4
Total
100.0
100.0
100.00
100.00
100.0
100.0
Table 6. — Suggested all-mash breeding
Ingredient
Diet No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ground yellow com
Percent
38.0
Percent
20.0
28.5
10.0
Percent
39.5
Percent
Percent
Percent
Ground wheat
39.5
20.0
37.6
10.0
10.0
30.0
27.5
40.0
^^heat middlings, standard
16.0
10.0
7.5
16.0
15.0
10.0
9.0
Wheat bran
12.0
9.0
3.0
6.0
12.0
3.0
12.0
Peanut, sesame, hempseed or soybean
2.5
4.0
1.5
3.0
Fishmeal
2.0
2.5
1.5
Dried skim milk
2.5
2.0
4.0
1.6
3.0
1.6
3.0
5.0
7.5
2.5
6.0
Alfalfa meal
4.0
2.0
3.0
2.5
.7
.3
6.0
Dried distillers' solubles
4.0
3.6
2.5
.67
.33
Ground limestone
3.6
2.5
.7
.3
3.5
2.5
.67
.33
2.5
3.0
.7
.3
2.5
Steamed bonemeal
3.5
.7
.3
Total
100.0
100.0
100. 00
100. 00
100.0
100
Table 7. — Suggested breeding mashes with which an equal weight of grain is to he fed
Ingredient
Diet No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ground yellow com
Percent
25.0
Percent
Percent
25.0
Percent
Percent
Percent
Ground wheat
25.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
7.5
Ground oats
10.0
10.0
Ground barley _ . .
30.0
12 5
Ground milo or hegari
30
Wheat middlings, standard
10.0
Wheat bran .1
10.
12.5
10.0
22.5
12.5
20.0
6.0
Soybean meal
20.0
20.0
7.5
25
Peanut, sesame, hempseed or soybean
9.0
3.0
3.0
Fish meal -.
4.0
5.0
2 5
Meat scrap...
5.0
5.0
3.0
8.0
Dried skim milk..
8
Dried whev...
6.0
10.0
15.0
8.0
10.0
9.0
4.5
5.5
4.0
1.4
.6
10.0
Dried distillers' solubles
9.0
6.5
4.0
1.33
.67
Ground limestone
6.0
3.5
1.4
.6
6.5
4.0
1.33
.67
6.0
4.0
1.4
.6
6
Stpamprl bonpmeal
4
1.4
Vitamin A and D feeding oil
.6
Total.
100.0
100.0
100.00
100. 00
100.0
100.0
Table 8. — Suggested substitutes for fish meal, meat scrap, dried skim milk, and
alfalfa meal
Substitute for—
Ingredient
Fish
meal
Meat
scrap
Dried
skim
mUk
Alfalfa
meal
Soybean meal
Percent
87.0
Percent
75.0
Percent
50.0
Percent
25.0
25.0
5.0
6.0
2.0
13.0
10.0
2.0
50.0
50.0
Salt
Total
100.0
- 100.
100.0
2 100.
Quantity required to replace 1 pound of fish meal, meat scrap,
or dried skim milk and enough ground grain to keep un-
changed the total weight of the feed mixture in which the
Pounds
2.5
Pounds
2.0
Pounds
20
Pounds
1.0
1 Or other fermentation product or byproduct that contains at least 9,000 micrograms of riboflavin per
pound.
2 Starting and growing mashes in which this substitute for alfalfa meal is used should contain at least 0.2
percent of vitamin A and D feeding oil (2,000 International units of vitamin A per gram). Laying and
breeding mashes containing this substitute should contain a quantity of such oil equivalent to at least 0.3
percent of the total diet.
3 Thus, for example, 2.5 pounds of the substitute for fish meal will replace 1 pound of fish meal and 1.5
pounds of ground grain, but 1 pound of the substitute for alfalfa meal will replace only 1 pound of alfalfa
meal.
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