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VOLUME  16.  NUMBER  5 

MAY  1983 


W83-01401  --  W83-01750 
CODEN:    SWRABW 


BOOKSTACKS 
DOCUMENTS 


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PB83-910205 


ULIO^IB 


WATER 
RESOURCES 
ABSTRACTS 


VOLUME  16.  NUMBER  5 

MAY  1983 


W83-01401  --  W83-01750 
CODEN:    SWRABW 


SELECTED  WATER  RESOURCES  ABSTRACTS  (SWRA)  is  produced  by  the  Geo- 
logical Survey,  U.S.  Department  of  the  Interior,  and  published  monthly  by  the  National 
Technical  Information  Service  (NTIS),  U.S.  Department  of  Commerce. 

SWRA  is  available  to  Federal  agencies  and  their  contractors  or  grantees  in  water  resources 
research  upon  request,  citing  contract  or  grant  number  and  sponsoring  agency.  Write: 
Water  Resources  Division,  U.S.  Geological  Survey,  MS  421,  Reston,  VA  22092,  U.S.  De- 
partment of  the  Interior,  Washington,  DC  20240.  The  SWRA  Journal  is  also  available  on 
subscription  from  NTIS,  5285  Port  Royal  Road,  Springfield,  VA  22161.  Annual  subscrip- 
tion rates  for  the  North  American  Continent  are: 

Journal  only,  $100;  Journal  and  Annual  Indexes,  $125;  Indexes  only,  $50.  Other  addressees, 
write  for  prices. 

Some  documents  abstracted  in  this  journal  can  be  purchased  from  NTIS.  Price  codes  are 
given  in  the  entries  and  a  current  code-price  conversion  table  is  printed  on  the  outside 
back  cover.  Other  documents  are  available  from  originating  organizations  or  authors  as 
indicated  in  the  citation. 


nncm 

WATER  RESOURCES 
ABSTRACTS 


A  monthly  publication  of  the  Geological  Survey 
U.S.  Department  of  the  Interior 


VOLUME  16,  NUMBER  5 

MAY  1983 


W83-01401  --  W83-01750 


The  Secretary  of  the  Interior  has  determined  that  the  publication  of  the  periodical  is  necessary  in  the 
transaction  of  the  public  business  required  by  law  of  this  Department.  Use  of  funds  for  printing  this  periodical 
has  been  approved  by  the  Directory  of  the  Office  of  Management  and  Budget  through  September  30,  1983. 


As  the  Nation's  principal  conservation  agency,  the  Department  of  the  Interior  has  respon- 
sibility for  most  of  our  nationally  owned  public  lands  and  natural  resources.  This  in- 
cludes fostering  the  wisest  use  of  our  land  and  water  resources,  protecting  our  fish  and 
wildlife,  preserving  the  environmental  and  cultural  values  of  our  national  parks  and  historical 
places,  and  providing  for  the  enjoyment  of  life  through  outdoor  recreation.  The  Department 
assesses  our  energy  and  mineral  resources  and  works  to  assure  that  their  development  is  in 
the  best  interests  of  all  our  people.  The  Department  also  has  a  major  responsibility  for 
American  Indian  reservation  communities  and  for  people  who  live  in  Island  Territories  under 
U.S.  administration. 


1/V--' 


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PREFACE 


Selected  Water  Resources  Abstracts,  a  monthly 
journal,  includes  abstracts  of  current  and  earlier 
pertinent  monographs,  journal  articles,  reports,  and 
other  publication  formats.  These  documents  cover 
water  resources  as  treated  in  the  life,  physical,  and 
social  sciences  and  the  related  engineering  and  legal 
aspects  of  the  characteristics,  supply  condition,  con- 
servation, control,  use,  or  management  of  water 
resources.  Each  abstract  includes  a  full  bibliographic 
citation  and  a  set  of  descriptors  which  are  listed  in 
the  Water  Resources  Thesaurus.  The  abstract 
entries  are  classified  into  10  fields  and  60  groups 
similar  to  the  water  resources  research  categories 
established  by  the  Committee  on  Water  Resources 
Research  of  the  then  Federal  Council  for  Science  and 
Technology. 

Selected  Water  Resources  Abstracts  is  designed 
to  serve  the  scientific  and  technical  information  needs 
of  scientitsts,  engineers,  and  managers  as  one  of 


several  services  of  the  Water  Resources  Scientific 
Information  Center.  The  cumulative  SWRA  file  from 
1968  and  monthly  updates  are  available  also  in 
magnetic  tape  through  lease  from  NTIS. 

THE  WATER  RESOURCES  SCIENTIFIC  INFOR- 
MATION CENTER  DOES  NOT  PROVIDE  COPIES  OF 
DOCUMENTS  ABSTRACTED  IN  THIS  JOURNAL. 
Sufficient  bibliographic  information  is  given  to  en- 
able readers  to  order  the  desired  documents  from 
local  libraries  or  other  sources. 

Comments  and  suggestions  concerning  the  contents 
and  arrangement  of  this  bulletin  are  welcome. 


Water  Resources  Scientific 

Information  Center 

U.S.  Geological  Survey,  MS  421 

Reston,  VA  22092 


ill 


CONTENTS 


£5 


SUBJECT  FIELDS  AND  GROUPS 

Please  use  the  edge  index  on  the  back  cover  to  locate  Subject  Fields  and  Indexes. 

01  NATURE  OF  WATER 

Includes  the  following  Groups:  Properties;  Aqueous  Solutions  and  Suspensions. 

02  WATER  CYCLE 

Includes  the  following  Groups:  General;  Precipitation;  Snow,  Ice,  and  Frost;  Evaporation  and  Transpiration- 
Streamflow  and  Runoff;  Groundwater;  Water  in  Soils;  Lakes;  Water  in  Plants;  Erosion  and  Sedimentation 
Chemical  Processes;  Estuaries. 

03  WATER  SUPPLY  AUGMENTATION  AND  CONSERVATION 

Includes  the  following  Groups:  Saline  Water  Conversion;  Water  Yield  Improvement;  Use  of  Water  of  Impaired 
Quality;  Conservation  in  Domestic  and  Municipal  Use;  Conservation  in  Industry;  Conservation  in  Agriculture. 

04  WATER  QUANTITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  CONTROL 

Includes  the  following  Groups:  Control  of  Water  on  the  Surface;  Groundwater  Management;  Effects  on  Water  of 
Man's  Nonwater  Activities;  Watershed  Protection. 

05  WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION 

Includes  the  following  Groups:  Identification  of  Pollutants;  Sources  of  Pollution;  Effects  of  Pollution;  Waste 
Treatment  Processes;  Ultimate  Disposal  of  Wastes;  Water  Treatment  and  Quality  Alteration  Water  Qualitv 
Control. 

06  WATER  RESOURCES  PLANNING 

Includes  the  following  Groups:  Techniques  of  Planning;  Evaluation  Process;  Cost  Allocation,  Cost  Sharing, 
Pricing/Repayment;  Water  Demand;  Water  Law  and  Institutions;  Nonstructural  Alternatives;  Ecologic  Impact  of 
Water  Development. 

07  RESOURCES  DATA 

Includes  the  following  Groups:  Network  Design;  Data  Acquisition;  Evaluation,  Processing  and  Publication. 

08  ENGINEERING  WORKS 

Includes  the  following  Groups:  Structures;  Hydraulics;  Hydraulic  Machinery;  Soil  Mechanics;  Rock  Mechanics 
and  Geology;  Concrete;  Materials;  Rapid  Excavation;  Fisheries  Engineering. 

09  MANPOWER,  GRANTS,  AND  FACILITIES 

Includes  the  following  Groups:  Education— Extramural;  Education— In-House;  Research  Facilities;  Grants, 
Contracts,  and  Research  Act  Allotments. 

10  SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL  INFORMATION 

Includes  the  following  Groups:  Acquisition  and  Processing;  Reference  and  Retrieval;  Secondary  Publication 
and  Distribution;  Specialized  Information  Center  Services;  Translations;  Preparation  of  Reviews. 

SUBJECT  INDEX 
AUTHOR  INDEX 
ORGANIZATIONAL  INDEX 
ACCESSION  NUMBER  INDEX 


IV 


SELECTED  WATER  RESOURCES  ABSTRACTS 


1.  NATURE  OF  WATER 
1A.  Properties 


ATOM  PAIR  DISTRIBUTION  FUNCTIONS  OF 
LIQUID  WATER  AT  25C  FROM  NEUTRON 
DIFFRACTION, 

Oak  Ridge  National  Lab.,  TN. 
A.  H.  Narten,  W.  E.  Thiessen,  and  L.  Blum. 
Science,  Vol  217,  No  4564,  p  1033-1034,  Septem- 
ber 10,  1982.  2  Fig,  9  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Physical  properties,  'Water  proper- 
ties, 'Molecular  structure,  Neutron  diffraction, 
Atom  pair  distribution. 

The  three-atom  pair  distribution  functions  which 
describe  the  structure  of  liquid  water  were  derived 
from  neutron  diffraction  data  on  four  mixtures  of 
light  and  heavy  water.  The  function  gOO  (r)  de- 
rived from  neutron  data  is  not  significantly  differ- 
ent from  that  obtained  by  X-ray  diffraction.  It 
concerns  the  positional  correlation  between  cen- 
ters of  molecules  in  liquid  water.  The  nearest 
neighbors  are  asymmetrically  distributed,  centered 
at  2.85  A,  which  overlaps  with  the  distribution  of 
tetrahedrally  coordinated  second  neighbors  near 
4.5  A.  The  function,  gHH(r),  describing  the  dis- 
tance distribution  between  H  atom  pairs  (orienta- 
tion correlations  in  the  liquid)  features  near  neigh- 
bor distribution  centered  at  2.29  A,  overlapping 
the  distribution  of  second  neighbors  near  3.9  A. 
The  function,  gOH(r),  shows  a  narrow  distribution 
of  first  neighbors  near  3.2  A.  These  results  will  be 
useful  in  efforts  to  produce  a  realistic  statistical 
mechanical  theory  of  liquid  water.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01483 


2.  WATER  CYCLE 
2A.  General 


THE  LOCH  EIL  PROJECT:  SIMULATION  OF 
THE  HYDROLOGY  AND  SEDIMENT  INPUTS 
TO  LOCH  EIL, 

University   of  Strathclyde,    Glasgow   (Scotland). 
Dept.  of  Civil  Engineering. 
G.  Fleming,  and  R.  A.  Walker. 
Journal  of  Experimental  Marine  Biology  and  Ecol- 
ogy, Vol  55,  No  1,  p  103-113,  1981.  4  Fig,  3  Tab, 
13  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Rainfall-runoff  relationships,  'Ero- 
sion, 'Sediment  yield,  Hydrologic  models,  Model 
studies,  Strathclyde  Sediment  Model  I,  Soil  ero- 
sion, Loch  Hil,  'Scotland,  Sedimentation,  Catch- 
ments, Rainfall  intensity,  Fjords. 

A  simulation  of  the  water  and  sediment  response  of 
the  Loch  Eil  catchment,  using  the  Strathclyde 
Sediment  Model  I,  provided  only  a  rough  approxi- 
mation of  observed  sedimentation  in  the  Loch. 
Annual  sediment  yields  predicted  from  4  series  of 
precipitation  records  were  17,  125,  158,  and  223 
tons  per  sq  km.  For  this  basin  few  measurements 
for  rainfall,  runoff,  and  sediment  yield  were  availa- 
ble. Therefore,  data  for  nearby  or  similar  water- 
sheds were  used  as  model  inputs.  The  influence  of 
rainfall  intensity  on  the  prediction  of  erosion  for 
the  catchment  was  a  critical  factor.  The  model 
correctly  predicted  net  erosion  from  the  three  seg- 
ments: upland,  midland,  and  lowland.  There  was 
no  marked  difference  in  soil  size  distribution 
among  the  three  sections.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01441 


INFILTRATION  MODEL  IN  SIMULATED  HY- 
DROGRAPHS, 

Technische  Univ.,  Dresden  (German  D.R).  Ber- 

eich  Hydrologie  and  Meteorologie. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see   Field   2G. 

W83-01472 


ISOLATING  THE  RANDOM  RAINSTORM 
COMPONENT  FROM  BASIN  RESPONSE  FAC- 
TORS IN  RAINFALL-RUNOFF  DATA, 


Oklahoma  Univ.,  Norman.  Dept.  of  Geography. 
J.  M.  Harlin. 

Water  Resources  Bulletin,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  649-653, 
August,  1982.  6  Fig,  1  Tab,  14  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Rainfall-runoff  relationships,  *Hy- 
drographs,  'Watershed  studies,  'Storms,  Geomor- 
phology,  Little  Washita  River,  Factor  analysis, 
Mathematical  studies,  'Oklahoma. 

The  potential  for  eigenvalue-eigenvector  analysis 
was  demonstrated  in  delimiting  th  spatial  relation- 
ships between  raingages  positioned  throughout  a 
basin  and  discharge  near  the  mouth  of  a  stream  in  a 
manner  that  is  both  economical  and  transferable. 
The  study  focused  on  the  Little  Washita  River,  a 
tributary  subbasin  of  the  Southern  Plains  Research 
Watershed.  The  Little  Washita  watershed  encloses 
246  square  miles,  and  rainfall  is  monitored  by  33 
raingages.  Correlations  between  raingages  distrib- 
uted throughout  the  basin  and  stream  discharge  are 
influenced  by  both  storm  patterns  and  drainage 
basin  characteristics.  Factor  analysis  applied  to 
rainfall-runoff  relationships  isolated  the  storm  pat- 
tern from  a  basin  response  factor.  Comparing  two 
periods  of  time  separated  by  8  years  revealed  rela- 
tive stability  in  the  rainfall  attenuation  (basin  re- 
sponse) factor,  while  storm  patterns  for  the  two 
periods  of  record  were  quite  disparate.  (Baker- 
FRC) 
W83-01480 


URBAN  RAINFALL-RUNOFF-QUALITY  DATA 
BASE, 

Florida  Univ.,  Gainesville. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7C. 

W83-01569 


MODEL   FOR   SIMULATING   RUNOFF   AND 
EROSION  IN  UNCAGED  WATERSHEDS, 

Virginia  Polytechnic  Inst,  and  State  Univ.,  Blacks- 
burg.  Dept.  of  Agricultural  Engineering. 
For  primary  bibliographic   entry   see   Field   4D. 
W83-01604 


AN  ASSESSMENT  OF  THE  PERFORMANCE 
OF  FEDERALLY  REGULATED  SEDIMENTA- 
TION PONDS, 

Arizona  Univ.,  Tucson.  School  of  Renewable  Nat- 
ural Resources. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5G. 
W83-01610 


SIMULATION  OF  THE  REVEGETATION  PO- 
TENTIAL OF  COAL  MINES  IN  SEMI-ARID 
CLIMATES, 

Arizona  Univ.,  Tucson.  School  of  Renewable  Nat- 
ural Resources. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  21. 
W83-01611 


DEVELOPING  A  NEW  DECONVOLUTION 
TECHNIQUE  TO  MODEL  RAINFALL- 
RUNOFF  IN  ARID  ENVIRONMENTS, 

Arizona  Univ.,  Tucson,  Dept.  of  Hydrology  and 

Water  Resources. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7C. 

W83-01627 


ROLE  OF  INFILTRATION  IN  STORM  WATER 
MANAGEMENT, 

Kansas  Water  Research  Inst.,  Manhattan. 

J.  S.  McNown,  and  G.  T.  Spehar. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 

Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150383, 

Price  codes:  A02  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 

Contribution  No  222,  December  1981.  20  p,  11  Fig, 

4  Ref.  OWRT  A-095-KAN(l),  14-34-001-9018. 

Descriptors:  'Infiltration,  'Storm  runoff,  'Urban 
hydrology,  'Rainfall-runoff  relationships,  Hydro- 
logic  models,  Computer  models,  Urban  runoff,  Soil 
saturation,  Paving. 

Runoff  from  storm  drainage  systems  is  affected  by 
the  rapid  decreases  in  rates  of  infiltration  which 
usually   occur  during   periods   immediately   after 


rainfall  begins.  This  reduction  affects  the  volumes 
of  runoff  and  maximum  rates  of  discharge  in  ways 
that  vary  with  the  rate  of  decrease  and  the  length 
of  the  storm.  A  linear  reduction  in  the  rate  of 
infiltration  from  the  assumed  rate  of  rainfall  to  a 
constant  rate  for  saturated  soil  is  a  useful  approxi- 
mation to  the  actual  accurrence  and  to  the  com- 
monly used  Horton  exponential  curve.  The  effect 
of  the  various  parameters  of  infiltration  have  been 
determined  by  means  of  calculation  of  runoff  from 
two  urban  blocks  (about  7  acres).  All  studies  were 
made  for  a  25  year  return  period,  for  blocks  300  ft 
x  500  ft  arranged  with  the  land  draining  toward  the 
street  from  the  centerline  of  each  block.  A  comput- 
er program  served  to  calculate  hydrographs  from 
assumed  conditions  for  flow  from  previous  areas, 
from  impervious  parts  of  lots  in  a  developed  area 
and  in  paved  areas.  The  results  provide  estimates 
of  the  magnitudes  of  delays  and  reductions  in 
runoff  caused  by  varying  patterns  of  infiltration. 
(Moore-SRC) 
W83-01634 


THE  USE  OF  FLOOD  POTENTIAL  INDICES 
FOR  FLOOD  PEAK  ESTIMATION  ON  UN- 
GAGED  WATERSHEDS, 

Pennsylvania  State  Univ.,  University  Park.  Dept. 

of  Civil  Engineering. 

G.  Aron,  D.  F.  Kibler,  and  C.  J.  Tagliati. 

Water  Resources  Bulletin,  Vol  17,  No  4,  p  691-698, 

August,  1981.  5  Fig,  1  Tab,  10  Ref.  OWRT  A-049- 

PA(5),  14-34-0001-8040. 

Descriptors:  'Flood  peak,  'Estimating  equations, 
Flood  hydrographs,  Flood  protection,  Flood  con- 
trol, 'Flood  forecasting,  Watersheds,  Watershed 
management,  Mapping,  Maps,  Ungaged  water- 
sheds. 

An  attempt  was  made  to  construct  a  flood  peak 
index  map  for  use  by  hydrologists  in  the  simple 
format  of  rainfall  maps.  The  effect  of  area  was 
removed  from  consideration,  as  flood  peaks  are 
highly  dependent  on  watershed  area.  Flood  peaks 
of  2.33  and  100  year  return  periods  were  found  by 
regression  analysis  to  be  proportional  to  watershed 
area  to  the  0.8  and  0.7  powers,  respectively.  At- 
tempts were  made  to  remove  more  of  the  scatter 
by  regression  of  the  indices  C  with  several  other 
watershed  parameters  such  as  slope,  percent  forest 
cover,  and  watershed  shape,  but  no  significant 
correlation  was  found.  The  index  maps  drawn  can 
be  used  by  hydrologists  to  compute  flood  peaks. 
Flood  peak  safety  factors  can  be  based  on  visual 
observation  of  the  index  variation  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  location  for  which  the  flood  peak  estimate  is 
needed.  It  is  noted  that  some  designers  may  feel 
uncomfortable  about  being  faced  with  a  choice  of 
several  index  values  of  highly  different  magnitude 
for  a  particular  location.  This  reflects  a  major 
uncertainty  in  flood  prediction  for  ungaged,  and 
even  for  gaged,  watersheds  which  could  be  used  to 
discredit  the  method.  However,  the  hydrologist 
should  realize  that  these  maps  visibly  display  the 
variability  in  flood  estimates  which  single  valued 
parametric  equations  or  contour  maps  tend  to  hide. 
(Baker-FRC) 
W83-01665 


UNIT  HYDROGRAPHS  VIA  NONLINEAR 
PROGRAMING, 

Texas  Univ.  at  Austin.  Dept.  of  Civil  Engineering. 
L.  W.  Mays,  and  C.  -K.  Taur. 
Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  744- 
752,  August,  1982.  2  Fig,  12  Tab,  17  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Unit  hydrographs,  'Programming, 
'Rainfall,  Rainfall-runoff  relationships,  Hydro- 
graphs,  Nonlinear  programming,  Water  resources 
development,  LSGRG,  GRG2. 

Two  nonlinear  programming  codes  called  the 
LSGRG  (large-scale  generalized  reduced  gradient) 
technique  and  GRG2  (generalized  reduced  gradi- 
ent) are  used  to  solve  a  model  developed  for  the 
optimal  determination  of  unit  hydrographs.  The 
model  determines  both  the  rainfall  losses  for  each 
rainfall  event  and  the  best  unit  hydrograph  that 
minimizes  deviations  between  observed  and  de- 
rived runoff  hydrographs.  Several  multiperiod 
rainfall  events  can  be  considered  simultaneously 


Field  2— WATER  CYCLE 


Group  2A — General 

for  the   unit   hydrograph  determination.    Several 
examples   are   included   to   illustrate   the   model. 
(Baker-FRC) 
W83-01719 


AN  ANALYSIS  OF  INPUT  ERRORS  IN  PRE- 
CIPITATION-RUNOFF MODELS  USING  RE- 
GRESSION WITH  ERRORS  IN  THE  INDE- 
PENDENT VARIABLES, 

Geological  Survey,  Denver,  CO. 

B.  M.  Troutman. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  947- 

964,  August,  1982.  3  Fig,  10  Tab,  20  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Error  analysis,  'Regression  analysis, 
'Input-output  analysis,  Rainfall-runoff  relation- 
ships, Hydrologic  models,  Variability,  Runoff,  Pre- 
diction, Flood  frequency,  Turtle  Creek  watershed, 
Dallas,  'Texas,  Model  studies,  Precipitation. 

Errors  in  runoff  predictions  caused  by  input  data 
errors,  for  example,  those  resulting  from  spatial 
variability  of  precipitation,  were  analyzed  by  a 
simple  linear  regression  model  and  a  nonlinear  U.S. 
Geological  Survey  precipitation-runoff  model.  In- 
dependent variables  were  precipitation  and  other 
input  measurements;  the  dependent  variable  was 
runoff.  When  erroneous  input  data  were  used,  pre- 
diction errors  were  inflated  and  estimates  of  ex- 
pected storm  runoff  for  given  observed  input  var- 
iables were  biased.  The  biased  runoff  estimation,  in 
turn,  produced  biased  parameter  estimates  when 
the  parameter  estimates  were  obtained  by  a  least 
squares  fit  of  predicted  to  observed  runoff  values. 
Both  models  were  applied  to  5  years  of  data  in  the 
Turtle  Creek  Watershed,  Dallas,  Texas,  and  the 
errors  analyzed.  With  respect  to  flood  frequency, 
the  T-year  event  was  usually  underestimated  when 
the  estimate  was  based  on  model  output  using 
correct  input  and  parameters.  Using  erroneous  data 
sometimes  produced  a  lesser  underestimation  in 
some  cases.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01723 


IDENTIFICATION  OF  MULTIVARIATE  TIME 
SERIES  AND  MULTIVARIATE  INPUT- 
OUTPUT  MODELS, 

Princeton  Univ.,  NJ.  Dept.  of  Civil  Engineering. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  2E. 
W83-01734 


ON  THE  CLIMATIC  DEPENDENCE  OF  THE 
IUH:  A  RAINFALL-RUNOFF  ANALYSIS  OF 
THE  NASH  MODEL  AND  THE  GEOMORPHO- 
CLIMATIC THEORY, 

Simon  Bolivar  Univ.,  Caracas  (Venezuela).  Dept. 

of  Hydrology  and  Water  Resources. 

I.  Rodriguez-Iturbe,  M.  Gonzalez  Sanabria,  and  G. 

Caamano. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  887- 

903,  August,  1982.  15  Fig,  1  Tab,  8  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Hydrologic  models,  'Hydrographs, 
'Geomorphology,  Rain-runoff  relationships, 
Model  studies,  Unit  hydrographs,  Rainfall  intensi- 
ty, Rainfall  duration,  Basins,  Mamon  River,  'Ven- 
ezuela. 

Instantaneous  unit  hydrographs  (IUH)  calculated 
by  the  geomorphoclimatic  theory  were  compared 
with  results  obtained  by  simulation,  using  the  Nash 
rainfall-runoff  model.  This  procedure  uses  rainfall 
intensity  and  duration  and  a  given  set  of  geomor- 
phic  characteristics  to  calculate  peak  and  time  to 
peak  of  an  IUH.  The  103  sq  km  Mamon  River 
basin,  Venezuela,  an  extensively  eroded,  hilly 
basin,  was  chosen  as  the  sample  basin.  The  three 
climates  used  in  the  simulation  were:  (1)  average 
rainfall  intensity  (ir)  of  3  cm  per  hr  and  average 
duration  of  rainfall  (tr)  of  2  hours,  (2)  ir  of  1.5  cm 
per  hour  and  tr  of  1  hour,  and  (3)  ir  of  0.75  cm  per 
hour  and  tr  of  4  hours.  Theoretical  and  experimen- 
tal distributions  of  peak  and  time  to  peak  of  the 
IUH  compared  very  well.  Likewise,  the  peak  and 
time  to  peak  of  the  response  hydrograph  estimated 
through  simple  formulas  assuming  a  triangular 
IUH  agreed  well  with  the  Nash  Model  results. 
Uncertainty  due  to  variability  of  the  IUH  with 
rainfall  input  (traditional  approach)  was  capable  of 
providing  sizeable  variance  of  estimates  in  the  out- 


flow  hydrograph   when   working   under   the   as- 
sumed nonlinear  framework.  (Cassar-FRC) 

W83-01737 


A  GEOMORPHOCLIMATIC  THEORY  OF  THE 
INSTANTANEOUS  UNIT  HYDROGRAPH, 

Simon  Bolivar  Univ.,  Caracas  (Venezuela).  Dept. 

of  Hydrology  and  Water  Resources. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  2B. 

W83-01738 


A  MODELING  SCHEME  FOR  THE  STUDY  OF 
DRAINAGE  DENSITY, 

Simon  Bolivar  Univ.,  Caracas  (Venezuela). 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  2E. 

W83-01741 


2B.  Precipitation 


STATE  OF  MONTANA  ACTIVITIES  IN  THE 
HIGH  PLAINS  COOPERATIVE  PROGRAM: 
1975-1980, 

Montana  Dept.  of  Natural  Resources  and  Conser- 
vation, Helena. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  3B. 
W83-01636 


A  SIMPLIFIED  GAMMA  PROBABILITY 
MODEL  FOR  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  FREQUEN- 
CY DISTRIBUTION  OF  RAINFALL  IN  THE 
REGION  OF  CAMPINAS,  SP,  BRAZIL, 

Instituto  Agronomico,  Sao  Paulo  (Brazil). 

H.  V.  De  Arruda,  and  H.  S.  Pinto. 

Agricultural  Meteorology,  Vol  22,  No  2,  p  101- 

108,  November,  1980.  2  Tab,  8  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Mathematical  models,  'Precipita- 
tion, 'Data  interpretation,  'Frequency  distribu- 
tion, Model  studies,  Rainfall  distribution,  Rainfall 
disposition,  Rainfall  intensity,  Mathematical  stud- 
ies, Hydrologic  models,  'Brazil,  Capinas. 

An  exponential  frequency  distribution  model  was 
used  to  interpret  five-day  precipitation  totals  in 
Campinas,  SP,  Brazil.  This  simplified  exponential 
model  was  shown  to  be  as  accurate  as  the  Gamma 
and  the  'Transformed  Normal'  distributions  for 
fitting  expected  to  observed  frequencies  for  the 
whole  year.  The  model  equates  the  function  of  the 
amount  of  rainfall  per  day,  (x),  with  the  product  of 
the  log  normal  of  the  constant  A  (which  is  >  1) 
and  A  to  the  -x  power.  The  value  for  x  was 
derived  from  five-day  precipitation  totals  which 
were  calculated  for  each  year.  The  model  was 
found  to  be  a  Gamma  distribution  with  the  gamma 
parameter  constant  and  equal  to  one.  This  allowed 
rapid  data  interpretation  with  an  inverted  J-curve 
frequency  distribution.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01677 


A  NEW  CRYOSCOPIC  METHOD  FOR  DETER- 
MINING RAINDROP  SIZE  WITHOUT  A  CALI- 
BRATION CURVE, 

Istituto  Sperimentale  per  lo  Studio  e  la  Difesa  del 

Suolo,  Florence  (Italy). 

P.  Bazzoffi. 

Agricultural  Meteorology,  Vol  22,  No  1,  p  35-43, 

July,  1980.  4  Fig,  2  Tab,  9  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Rain,  'Cryogenics,  Kinetics,  Freez- 
ing, Fluid  drops,  Physical  properties,  Particle  size. 

A  cryogenic  method  for  measuring  the  kinetic 
raindrop  size  based  on  the  weight  of  the  drops 
rather  than  the  ratio  of  the  mass  of  drops  and  the 
mass  of  the  pellets  formed  by  the  drops  in  the  flour 
(flour-pellet  method)  is  described.  In  the  new 
method,  drops  are  frozen  by  liquid  nitrogen  as 
soon  as  they  fall  into  the  flour.  The  difference 
between  pellet  weight  after  freezing  and  pellet 
weight  after  drying  determines  the  raindrop 
weight  and  consequently,  its  diameter.  The  little 
flour  still  remaining  on  the  pellet  is  eliminated  by 
means  of  washing.  Frozen  pellets  can  be  stored  in  a 
metal  capsule  which  is  kept  in  liquid  nitrogen  or 
analyzed  directly  in  a  Dewar  vessel  filled  with 
liquid   nitrogen  and  equipped   with  a  column  of 


sieves  of  various  mesh  sizes.  The  present  technique 
eliminates  need  for  calibration  curves,  thereby  in- 
creasing speed,  accuracy,  and  standardization  of 
measurements.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01678 


WET  AND  DRY  YEARS, 

Ministry    of   Works    and    Development,    Christ- 
church  (New  Zealand).  Science  Centre. 
A.  Tomlinson. 
Soil  and  Water,  Vol  16,  No  5,  p  3-4,  October,  1980 

2  Fig. 

Descriptors:  'Rainfall,  'Solar  activity,  'Weather 
patterns,  Weather  data  collections,  Weather,  Sun- 
spots,  Meteorological  data  collections,  Spatial  dis- 
tribution. Temporal  distribution,   'New  Zealand. 

Possible  relationships  between  earth's  long-term 
weather  experiences  and  sun  activity  are  explored. 
There  are  very  good  indications  that  the  earth's 
atmosphere  is  not  isolated  from  solar  variability. 
There  is  widely  acceptable  evidence  that  a  22  year 
rhythm  in  drought  occurrence  in  the  western 
United  States  is  related  to  the  Hale  sunspot  cycle. 
On  a  time  scale  of  a  few  days  there  is  a  similarly 
well  accepted  result  relating  solar  activity  to  the 
tendency  for  atmosphere  over  New  Zealand  to 
contain  more  or  fewer  anticyclones  or  depressions. 
There  appears  to  have  been  a  peak  in  the  rainfall  in 
each  decade  from  1900  to  1979.  The  sunspot  series 
also  peaks  in  each  decade,  suggesting  that  the 
inter-relation  of  rainfall  and  sunspot  series  may  be 
worth  examining.  Near  a  sunspot  maximum  a  year 
is  more  likely  to  be  wet  than  dry.  It  appears  that 
about  1983-86  New  Zealand  may  experience  a 
period  of  generally  dry  weather.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01686 


THE  MEDITERRANEAN  HEAT  STORAGE 
AND  ISRAELI  PRECIPITATION, 

Geophysical  Engineering,  Ltd.,  Yavne  (Israel). 
E.  Tzvetkov,  and  G.  Assaf. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  1036- 
1040,  August,  1982.  6  Fig,  2  Tab,  1 1  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Precipitation,  'Weather  forecasting, 
•Water  temperature,  'Mediterranean  Sea,  Israel, 
Heat  storage,  Rainfall,  'Israel. 

Heat  storage  in  the  upper  layer  of  the  southeast 
Mediterranean  Sea  at  the  beginning  of  the  winter 
season  is  fairly  well  correlated  (R  =  0.55)  with 
subsequent  precipitation  in  Israel.  Heat  storage  de- 
pletion and  precipitation  are  very  well  correlated 
(R  =  0.9).  The  thermal  gradient  reflects  atmos- 
pheric conditions,  which  are  difficult  to  predict, 
and  the  seasonal  heat  stored  in  the  water.  When 
the  effective  temperature  (heat  storage)  is  above 
20.4C,  annual  rainfall  is  not  less  than  average. 
When  the  effective  temperature  is  below  19.8C, 
annual  rainfall  will  not  exceed  the  average.  These 
conclusions  were  confirmed  by  rainfall  data  meas- 
ured at  Jerusalem,  Tel-Aviv,  and  Haifa,  and  heat 
storage  in  the  sea  during  11  seasons,  1952-1969. 
(Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01712 


A  GEOMORPHOCLIMATIC  THEORY  OF  THE 
INSTANTANEOUS  UNIT  HYDROGRAPH, 

Simon  Bolivar  Univ.,  Caracas  (Venezuela).  Dept. 

of  Hydrology  and  Water  Resources. 

I.  Rodiriguez-Iturbe,  M.  Gonzalez-Sanabria,  and 

R.  L.  Bras. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  877- 

886,  August,  1982.  7  Fig,  13  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Hydrologic  models,  'Hydrographs, 
'Geomorphology,  Rainfall-runoff  relationships, 
Model  studies,  Climatic  data.  Unit  hydrographs, 
Rainfall  intensity,  Rainfall  duration.  Probability 
density  functions,  Basins. 

The  instantaneous  unit  hydrograph  (UIH)  is  de- 
scribed as  a  random  function  of  climate  and  geo- 
morphology, varying  with  the  characteristics  of 
rainfall  excess.  The  probability  distribution  func- 
tion of  the  peak  and  time  to  peak  of  the  IUH  are 
analytically  derived  as  functions  of  the  rainfall 
characteristics  and  the  basin  geomorphological  pa- 


WATER  CYCLE— Field  2 


Evaporation  and  Transpiration — Group  2D 


rameters.  The  concept  of  the  geomorphoclimatic 
IUH  is  given.  It  estimates  peak  and  time  to  peak  of 
IUH  from  a  given  set  of  geomorphological  charac- 
teristics and  a  particular  intensity  and  duration  of 
rainfall.  It  explains  why  IUH  from  different  storms 
in  the  same  basin  vary.  It  avoids  problems  pro- 
duced by  noise  corruption  in  rainfall  and  runoff 
and  by  subjective  estimates  of  effective  rainfall 
estimation  and  spatial  distribution.  The  variance  of 
the  peak  probability  distribution  function  is  much 
smaller  for  low  rainfall  intensities  than  for  greater 
intensities.  The  variance  of  the  time  to  peak  prob- 
ability distribution  function  shows  the  opposite 
behavior.  However,  the  coefficient  of  variation  is 
constant  in  both  distributions,  independent  of  cli- 
mate and  geomorphology.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01738 


2C.  Snow,  Ice,  and  Frost 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED  AND 
PLOT  DATA  FROM  THE  NORTH  CENTRAL 
SOIL  CONSERVATION  RESEARCH  LABORA- 
TORY, 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7B. 
W83-01461 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED  AND 
PLOT  DATA  FROM  THE  NORTHWEST  WA- 
TERSHED RESEARCH  CENTER,  BOISE, 
IDAHO, 

Agricultural  Research  Service,  Boise,  ID.  North- 
west Watershed  Research  Center. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7A. 
W83-01464 


AN  INEXPENSIVE  REMOTE  SNOW-DEPTH 
GAUGE  BASED  ON  ULTRASONIC  WAVE  RE- 
FLECTION FROM  THE  SNOW  SURFACE, 

Eidgenoessische  Inst,  fuer  Schnee-  und  Lawinen- 

forschung,  Davos  (Switzerland). 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7B. 

W83-01498 


SURGES  FROM  ICE  JAM  RELEASES:  A  CASE 
STUDY, 

Canada  Centre  for  Inland  Waters,  Burlington  (On- 
tario). 

S.  Beltaos,  and  B.  G.  Krishnappan. 
Canadian  Journal  of  Civil  Engineering,  Vol  9,  No 
2,  p  276-284,  June,  1982.  8  Fig,  1 1  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Ice  jams,  *Mathematical  equations, 
*Ice  breakup,  Ice-water  interfaces,  Flow  measure- 
ment, Flow  velocity,  Velocity,  Ice  cover,  Water 
depth,  Model  studies,  Athabasca  River,  'Alberta. 

The  governing  differential  equations  of  the  ice- 
water  surge  phenomenon  are  formulated  and  used 
to  reconstruct  the  observations  reported  by  earlier 
investigators  of  the  ice  breakup  on  the  Athabasca 
River  at  Fort  McMurray  being  triggered  by  the 
release  of  a  major  ice  jam  upstream.  Witnesses  to 
spring  ice  breakup  in  rivers  frequently  mention 
violent  ice  runs  with  extreme  water  speeds  and 
rapidly  rising  water  levels.  The  derived  equations 
indicate  that  the  problem,  with  plausible  approxi- 
mations, may  be  treated  as  one-dimensional,  open- 
water  flow  of  total  depth  H  identical  to  that  of  the 
ice-water  flow,  and  average  velocity  V.  This  ap- 
plies to  situations  where  the  river  is  free  of  ice 
downstream  of  the  released  ice  jam.  Though  this 
does  occur  in  nature  occasionally,  the  downstream 
reach  is  often  covered  with  an  undisturbed  or 
deteriorated  ice  sheet.  Arrival  of  the  surgelifts 
breaks  and  sets  in  motion  this  ice  sheet.  The  phe- 
nomenon is  too  complex  to  model,  but  the  main 
effect  is  to  retard  the  advance  of  the  surge.  The 
data  from  the  Doyle  and  Andres  study  pertaining 
to  the  Athabasca  River  were  reprocessed  to  define 
the  initial  and  boundary  conditions  needed  for  the 
computation.  Stream  geometry  was  defined  on  the 
basis  of  several  surveyed  cross  sections;  each  was 
approximated  by  a  rectangle  of  average  width  and 
depth  for  simplicity.  From  the  given  data  it  ap- 
peared that  the  surge  in  question  was  arrested  at  a 
location  no  more  distant  than  14  km  below 
MacEwan  Bridge.  This  was  less  than  2  hr  after  the 


jam  release.  A  new  jam  then  formed,  causing  fur- 
ther stage  increases.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01538 


RESISTANCE  COEFFICIENTS  FROM  VELOC- 
ITY PROFILES  IN  ICE-COVERED  SHALLOW 
STREAMS, 

Cold  Regions  Research  and  Engineering  Lab., 
Hanover,  NH. 

D.  J.  Calkins,  D.  S.  Deck,  and  C.  R.  Martinson. 
Canadian  Journal  of  Civil  Engineering,  Vol  9,  No 
2,  p  236-247,  June,   1982.  4  Fig,  7  Tab,  7  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Resistance,  "Ice  cover,  *  Water  cir- 
culation, 'Velocity,  Stream  discharge,  Hydrology, 
Roughness  coefficient,  Hydraulic  roughness,  Shal- 
low water,  Water  depth. 

An  evaluation  is  presented  of  the  needed  accuracy 
and  the  limitations  of  the  velocity  profiles  for 
streams  where  the  flow  depth  is  less  than  1  m 
should  be  employed  with  caution.  Small  velocity 
probes  resistant  to  ice  clogging,  such  as  the  two- 
directional  magnetic  flow  sphere,  are  ideal.  The 
minimum  distance  from  the  boundary  to  the  posi- 
tion of  maximum  velocity  for  which  reasonable 
calculated  values  can  be  expected  is  around  15-20 
cm  with  such  equipment.  The  depth  measurement 
needs  to  be  accurate  within  1  cm  for  shallow 
rivers.  The  average  shear  stresses  for  slush  ice  and 
solid  ice  interfaces  can  be  significantly  different, 
with  generally  higher  shear  stresses  for  the  frazil 
accumulations  immediately  after  deposition.  The 
primary  use  hydraulic  resistance  coefficients  is  for 
backwater  computations  with  and  without  ice  ef- 
fects. The  use  of  velocity  profiles  to  calculate  the 
shear  stress  or  resistance  coefficient  in  shallow 
streams  appeared  to  be  very  unreliable  unless  the 
profile  data  are  carefully  scrutinized.  The  accuracy 
of  the  depth  measurement  was  shown  to  be  criti- 
cal. The  most  consistent  data  on  ice  roughness 
coefficients  appear  to  be  obtained  from  cross-sec- 
tional data,  using  only  the  mean  velocities  obtained 
from  the  velocity  profiles  and  subdividing  the  flow 
into  the  bed  and  ice  sections.  The  computation  for 
backwaters  with  a  stationary  ice  cover  is  straight- 
forward as  long  as  a  downstream  control  section  is 
present.  The  roughness  coefficient  of  the  ice  is  not 
as  sensitive  as  the  other  parameters  when  com- 
bined with  the  bed  values  to  produce  a  composite 
value  in  changes  to  the  overall  depth  prediction. 
(Baker-FRC) 
W83-01540 


THE  PERMEABILITY  OF  A  MELTING  SNOW 
COVER, 

Cold   Regions   Research   and   Engineering   Lab., 

Hanover,  NH. 

S.  C.  Colbeck,  and  E.  A.  Anderson. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  904- 

908,  August,  1982.  4  Fig,  1  Tab,  16  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Permeability,  'Snow  cover,  'Melt- 
ing, Snowmelt,  Lysimeters,  Snow  density,  Ice 
layers,  Gravity  flow  theory,  California,  Vermont. 

The  intrinsic  or  saturated  permeability  of  a  well- 
metamorphosed,  melting  snow  cover  was  deter- 
mined to  be  in  the  range  of  10-40  times  10  to  the 
minus  10th  power  sq  meters.  These  results  were 
obtained  from  snowmelt  and  runoff  data  collected 
at  2  lysimeters,  one  in  California's  Central  Sierra 
Snow  Laboratory  and  one  in  Vermont.  The  un- 
saturated permeability  increased  at  about  the  third 
power  of  liquid  saturation.  Results  generally  sup- 
ported the  gravity  flow  theory  for  snow.  As  ex- 
pected, permeability  decreased  with  increasing 
snow  density.  For  a  given  snow  density,  the  per- 
meability was  higher  in  California,  possibly  be- 
cause Vermont  snow  contained  more  ice  layers. 
(Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01715 


2D.  Evaporation  and  Transpiration 


USING    LEAF    TEMPERATURE    TO    ASSESS 
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION  AND  ADVECTION, 


Kansas  State  Univ.,  Manhattan.  Dept.  of  Agron- 
omy. 

C.  R.  Sumayao,  E.  T.  Kanemasu,  and  T.  W. 
Brakke. 

Agricultural  Meteorology,  Vol  22,  No  2,  p  153- 
166,  November,  1980.  9  fig,  3  Tab,  19  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Evapotranspiration,  'Energy,  'Air 
temperature,  'Heat  balance,  'Corn,  'Sorghum, 
'Water  stress,  Crop  production,  Transpiration, 
Soil  water,  Radiation,  Available  water,  Water  po- 
tentials, 'Advection. 

The  rates  and  patterns  of  evapotranspiration  by 
corn  and  sorghum  under  different  soil  water  con- 
tents are  related  to  the  patterns  of  leaf  and  air 
temperatures.  The  sensible  heat  flux  toward  the 
crop  canopy  is  an  important  source  of  energy  for 
exapotranspiration.  During  the  1978  growing 
season,  the  energy  balances  of  corn  and  of  sor- 
ghum were  determined  through  measurements  of 
actual  evapotranspiration,  net  radiation,  and  soil 
heat  flux.  Soil  water  content,  stomatal  resistance, 
leaf-water  potential,  and  air  and  leaf  temperatures 
were  also  determined.  In  general,  the  evapotran- 
spiration of  well-watered  crops  with  full  cover 
nearly  equaled  the  net  radiation,  However,  on  days 
when  the  air  temperature  was  over  33  degrees,  the 
sensible  heat  flux  was  toward  the  cooler  canopy, 
resulting  in  evapotranspiration  greater  than  net 
radiation.  When  over  35%  of  available  soil  mois- 
ture was  depleted,  wilting  occurred,  and  the  leaf 
temperatures  rose  above  air  temperatures  due  to 
reduced  transpiration  rates.  It  is  suggested  that 
differences  in  leaf  and  air  temperatures  may  serve 
as  a  useful  indicator  of  plant  stress.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01679 


DROUGHT  ADAPTATION  OF  COWPEA.  IV. 
INFLUENCE  OF  DROUGHT  ON  WATER  USE, 
AND  RELATIONS  WITH  GROWTH  AND  SEED 
YIELD, 

California  Univ.,  Riverside.  Dept.  of  Botany  and 

Plant  Sciences. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  3F. 

W83-01680 


DROUGHT  ADAPTATION  OF  COWPEA.  II. 
INFLUENCE  OF  DROUGHT  ON  PLANT 
WATER  STATUS  AND  RELATIONS  WITH 
SEED  YIELD, 

California  Univ.,  Riverside.  Dept.  of  Botany  and 

Plant  Sciences. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  3F. 

W83-01681 


MODELS  OF  ALFALFA  YIELD  AND  EVAPO- 
TRANSPIRATION, 

Neveda  Univ.,  Reno.   Dept.  of  Plant,   Soil,  and 

Water  Science. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  3F. 

W83-01683 


ESTIMATING  POTENTIAL  EVAPOTRAN- 
SPIRATION, 

Utah  State  Univ.,  Logan.  Dept.  of  Agriculture  and 
Irrigation  Engineering. 
G.  H.  Hargreaves,  and  Z.  A.  Samani. 
Journal  of  the  Irrigation  and  Drainage  Division, 
Proceedings  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  En- 
gineers, Vol  108,  No  IR3,  p  225-230,  September, 
1982.  1  Tab,  12  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Evapotranspiration,  'Hargreaves 
Method,  Evaporation  pans,  Jensen-Haise  equation, 
Blaney-Criddle  equation,  Solar  radiation,  Humid- 
ity, Air  temperature,  Temperature. 

Four  methods  for  estimating  evapotranspiration  or 
reference  crop  evapotranspiration  were  compared. 
In  order  to  preference  they  were:  Class  A  evapora- 
tion pan  sited  in  an  irrigated  grass  pasture,  the 
Hargreaves  Method,  the  Jensen-Haise  equation, 
and  the  Blaney-Criddle  f  factor.  The  Hargreaves 
equation  (Evapotranspiration  =  0.0075  x  solar  ra- 
diation at  the  surface  x  mean  temperature  for  the 
period)  was  modified  by  eliminating  the  solar  radi- 
ation measurement  and  adding  a  temperature  coef- 
ficient, extraterrestrial  radiation,  and  the  difference 


Field  2— WATER  CYCLE 

Group  2D — Evaporation  and  Transpiration 


between  mean  maximum  and  mean  minimum  tem- 
peratures. This  proposed  method  is  simple,  reliable, 
and  easily  used  in  areas  of  the  world  where  de- 
tailed weather  data  are  scarce.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01684 


A  FIELD  STUDY  ON  LEAF  WATER  POTEN- 
TIAL, TRANSPIRATION  AND  PLANT  RESIST- 
ANCE TO  WATER  FLOW  IN  RICE, 

International    Rice    Research    Inst.,    Los    Banos 

Laguna  (Philippines).  Dept.  of  Agronomy. 

V.  S.  Tomar,  and  J.  C.  O'Toole. 

Crop  Science,  Vol  22,   No   1,  p  5-10,  January/ 

February,  1982.  4  Fig,  33  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Water  potential,  'Transpiration, 
♦Water  stress,  Leaves,  'Rice,  Water  deficit,  Sto- 
matal  transpiration,  Air  temperature,  Water  trans- 
port. 

Leaf  water  potential  (LWP),  transpiration  rate, 
stomatal  resistance,  and  leaf  and  air  temperatures 
were  measured  on  four  rice  cultivars:  Ml -48  (a 
dryland  variety),  Dular  (a  dual  wetland  and  dry- 
land variety),  and  IR36  and  IR20  (both  wetland 
varieties),  grown  in  a  fully  irrigated  wetland  field 
in  the  Philippines  during  the  dry  season  of  1978. 
During  peak  periods  of  transpiration,  LWP  meas- 
ured hourly  on  two  clear  days  41  days  after  plant- 
ing were  reduced  to  the  minimum  levels  as  fol- 
lows: IR20,  -17  bars;  Ml-48  and  Dular,  -15  bars; 
and  IR36,  -16  bars.  Lowest  LWP  were  observed 
between  1000  and  1400  hours.  Measured  transpira- 
tion rates  (cu  cm  per  sq  cm  per  day)  were:  IR20, 
0.71;  and  Ml-48,  0.58.  Maximum  transpiration  rates 
(cu  cm  per  sq  cm  per  hour)  were:  IR20,  0.11;  and 
Ml-48,  0.085.  A  curvilinear  relationship  between 
plant  resistance  and  transpiration  rate  was  ob- 
served. Hysteresis  was  observed  in  the 
LWP:transpiration  relationship.  IR20  was  more 
sensitive  for  a  change  in  LWP  with  transpiration 
than  Ml-48.  IR20  developed  stress  more  readily 
and  recovered  faster  than  Ml-48.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01689 


A  VOLUMETRIC  LYSIMETER  SYSTEM  FOR 
USE  WITH  PUDDLED  RICE  AND  ITS  ROTA- 
TIONAL CROPS, 

Meteorological  Office,  Poona  (India). 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7B. 

W83-01698 


2E.  Streamflow  and  Runoff 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  CURVES  THAT  REPRE- 
SENT TRENDS  IN  SELECTED  HYDRAULIC 
VARIABLES  FOR  THE  SACRAMENTO  RIVER 
AT  BUTTE  CITY,  CALIFORNIA, 

Geological  Survey,  Menlo  Park,  CA.  Water  Re- 
sources Div. 

D.  E.  Burkham,  and  R.  Guay. 
Available  from  OFSS,  USGS  Box  25425,  Fed.  Ctr. 
Denver,  CO  80225.  Papercopy  $3.25,  Microfiche 
$3.50.   Geological   Survey  Open-File  Report  81- 
693,  November  1981.  22  p,  9  Fig,  1  Tab,  5  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Streamflow,  'Stage-discharge  rela- 
tion, 'Velocity,  Flow  duration,  'California,  'Sac- 
ramento River. 

Streamflow  records  for  the  Sacramento  River  at 
Butte  City,  California,  are  used  to  develop  curves 
that  represent  trends  in  discharges,  stages,  and 
velocities  that  are  equaled  or  exceeded  95,  90,  75, 
50,  and  25  percent  of  the  time.  (USGS) 
W83-01404 


LOW-FLOW  CHARACTERISTICS  OF 

STREAMS  IN  THE  CENTRAL  WISCONSIN 
RIVER  BASIN,  WISCONSIN, 

Geological    Survey,    Madison,    WI.    Water    Re- 
sources Div. 
W.  A.  Gebert. 

Geological  Survey  Open-File  Report  81-495 
(WRI),  March  1982.  99  p,  9  Fig,  2  plates,  6  Tab,  21 
Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Low  flow,  'Streamflow,  'Stream- 
flow  forecasting,  'Regression  analysis,  Evaluation, 


Base  flow,  Flow  characteristics,  Flow  duration, 
Flow  rates,  'Wisconsin,  'Central  Wisconsin  River 
basin,  Low-flow  frequency. 

Low-flow  characteristics  of  streams  in  the  central 
Wisconsin  River  basin  are  presented.  Included  are 
estimates  of  low-flow  frequency  at  34  gaging  sta- 
tions, flow  duration  at  24  gaging  stations,  and  low- 
flow  frequency  characteristics  at  18  low-flow  par- 
tial-record stations  and  131  miscellaneous  sites. 
Equations  are  provided  to  estimate  low-flow  char- 
acteristics at  ungaged  sites  and  at  sites  where  one 
base-flow  discharge  measurement  is  available.  The 
equations  were  determined  from  multiple-regres- 
sion analyses  that  related  low-flow  characteristics 
at  gaging  stations  and  low-flow  partial-record  sta- 
tions to  basin  characteristics.  The  standard  error  of 
estimate  is  provided  for  each  method  of  estimating 
the  annual  minimum  7-day  mean  flow  below  which 
the  flow  will  fall  on  the  average  of  once  in  2  years 
and  once  in  10  years.  The  standard  error  of  esti- 
mate for  the  7-day  10-year  low  flow  ranged  from 
10  percent  to  140  percent,  depending  on  the  area 
and  type  of  data  available.  Standard  error  provides 
the  user  with  the  expected  degree  of  accuracy  for 
each  method.  (USGS) 
W83-01406 


PREDICTION  OF  MEAN  ANNUAL  FLOWS  IN 
THE  FRASER  RIVER  CATCHMENT,  BRITISH 
COLUMBIA, 

McMaster  Univ.,  Hamilton  (Ontario).  Dept.  of  Ge- 
ography. 

P.  Waylen,  and  M-K.  Woo. 

Water  Resources  Bulletin,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  707-711, 
August,  1982.  4  Fig,  1  Tab,  13  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Flow  profiles,  'Prediction,  'Catch- 
ments, Flow,  Gaussian  distribution,  Mathematical 
studies,  Fraser  River,  Rivers,  'British  Columbia. 

This  study  attempts  to  combine  two  approaches  to 
predicting  mean  annual  flows  by  fitting  an  empiri- 
cal distribution  to  mean  annual  flows  and  then 
applying  a  statistical  method  to  describe  the  spatial 
variation  of  the  estimated  parameters.  The  method 
developed  is  applied  to  the  Fraser  River  catch- 
ment. Statistical  tests  show  the  annual  flow  records 
to  be  stationary  and  serially  independent  and  able 
to  be  adequately  approximated  by  Gaussian  distri- 
butions. Estimates  are  made  of  the  Gaussian  pa- 
rameters for  each  subbasin.  The  spatial  variations 
of  these  parameters  are  described  by  third  order 
trend  surfaces.  The  fitted  surfaces  can  then  be  used 
to  predict  parameters  of  ungaged  basins  using  the 
latitude  and  longitude  of  the  basin  centroids.  The 
predicted  parametric  values  are  substituted  into  the 
Gaussian  distribution  to  generate  flows  of  various 
return  periods.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01479 


PREDICTION  OF  ANNUAL  FLOODS  GENER- 
ATED BY  MIXED  PROCESSES, 

McMaster  Univ.,  Hamilton  (Ontario).  Dept.  of  Ge- 
ography. 

P.  Waylen,  and  M.  K.  Woo. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  1283- 
1286,  August,  1982.  5  Fig,  5  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Flood  control,  'Frequency  analysis, 
Mathematical  studies,  Snowmelt,  Rainfall,  Cascade 
Mountains,  Gumbel  distribution,  Frequency  distri- 
bution, Probability  distribution,  Regional  analysis, 
•Pacific  Northwest. 

A  method  of  flood  frequency  estimation  is  pro- 
posed using  the  recognition  and  incorporation  of 
the  distinct  characteristics  of  flood-generating 
processes.  In  areas  where  the  annual  flood  series  is 
generated  by  more  than  one  distinctive  hydrologic 
process,  the  Gumbel  distribution  does  not  provide 
a  satisfactory  fit.  Physical  evidence  is  used  to  iden- 
tify the  flood  generating  processes,  which  in  the 
Cascade  Mountains  of  the  Pacific  Northwest  in- 
clude snowmelt  and  rainfall.  Individually,  the 
snowmelt  and  rain  generated  annual  floods  are 
adequately  modeled  by  simple  Gumbel  distribu- 
tions. These  distributions  have  to  be  compounded 
to  provide  a  good  fit  to  the  annual  floods  which 
are  produced  by  mixed  processes.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01493 


FLOOD  PEAKS  AND  DISCHARGE  SUMMAR- 
IES IN  THE  DELAWARE  RIVER  BASIN, 

Geological  Survey,  Trenton,  NJ.  Water  Resources 

Div. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7C. 

W83-01509 


LOW  FLOWS  OF  MASSACHUSETTS 
STREAMS, 

Massachusetts  Univ.,  Amherst.  Dept.  of  Civil  En- 
gineering. 

J.  W.  Male,  and  H.  Ogawa. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83- 150003, 
Price  codes:  A08  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Water  Resources  Research  Center,  Amherst,  Pub- 
lication 125,  February  1982.  160  p,  13  Fig,  6  Tab, 
42  Ref,  2  Append.  OWRT  A-115-MASS0),  14-34- 
0001-0123. 

Descriptors:  'Low  flow,  'Stream  discharge, 
•Catchment  areas,  'Massachusetts,  'Water  quality 
measurement.  Regression  analysis,  Climate,  Social 
aspects,  Prediction,  Wastewater  treatment,  Cost 
analysis. 

The  U.S.  Geological  Survey  maintains  approxi- 
mately 100  streamflow  gaging  stations  in  Massa- 
chusetts for  which  mean  daily  flow  rates  are  re- 
corded and  stored  in  a  computerized  retrieval 
system.  Daily  streamflow  data  were  used  to  gener- 
ate low-flow  characteristics  using  the  annual  series 
and  partial  duration  series  methods.  Multiple  re- 
gression analyses  were  performed  to  study  the 
relationship  between  the  low-flow  characteristics 
and  a  number  of  independent  variables  including 
drainage  basin  characteristics,  climatic  factors,  and 
societal  influences.  The  analyses  were  conducted 
using  36  different  low-flow  characteristics  as  de- 
pendent variables,  ranging  in  duration  from  two 
days  to  three  years  and  in  recurrence  interval  from 
two  to  25  years.  The  results  of  the  analyses  indicat- 
ed that  although  the  low  flows  with  shorter  dura- 
tions and  longer  recurrence  intervals  cannot  be 
predicted  with  great  accuracy,  the  longer  duration 
low  flows  can  be  estimated  accurately.  The  drain- 
age basin  area  was  the  most  important  factor  in 
predicting  low  flows  in  all  cases.  A  procedure  was 
developed  to  evaluate  the  7-day  10-year  low  flow 
in  the  context  of  water  quality  management.  The 
technique  allows  an  analyst  to  evaluate  the  effect 
of  different  low-flow  characteristics  on  the  costs  of 
wastewater  treatment  to  maintain  water  quality 
criteria.  Results  showed  that  the  7-day  10-year  low 
flow  is  a  very  conservative  basis  for  determining 
allowable  water  quality.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01528 


PREDICTION     OF     CHANNEL     DEFORMA- 
TIONS OF  RIVERS  AND  CANALS, 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  8B. 
W83-01556 


QUANnTATTVE  EVALUATION  OF  FACTORS 
AFFECTING  FLASH  FLOODS  ON  EPHEMER- 
AL WATERSHEDS, 

Nevada  Univ.  System,  Reno.  Desert  Research  Inst. 
M.  E.  Campana,  A.  B.  Cunningham,  A.  S.  Navoy, 
and  R.  L.  Bateman. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150144, 
Price  codes:  A02  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Publication  No  41072,  July  1982.  24  p,  5  Tab,  10 
Fig,  8  Ref.  OWRT  A-075-NEV(l),  14-34-0001- 
7060. 

Descriptors:  'Flash  floods,  Ephemeral  streams, 
Channel  morphology,  Rainfall-runoff  relationships, 
Mannings  equation,  'Nevada,  'Simulation,  'Model 
studies,  'Watershed  models. 

Flash  floods  on  ephemeral  watersheds  can  be  ex- 
tremely destructive  in  terms  of  lives  and  property. 
Reliable  runoff  models  suitable  for  ungaged  water- 
sheds are  essential  for  the  delineation  of  flood- 
prone  areas  so  that  proper  planning,  management 
and  engineering  measures  can  be  implemented.  A 
watershed  model  utilizing  the  kinematic  wave  ap- 
proximation was  successfully  used  to  simulate  peak 
flow  on  a  southern  Nevada  watershed;  simulated 


time  to  peak  was  somewhat  conservative.  In  a 
sensitivity  analysis  on  a  test  basin  with  a  test  storm, 
peak  flow  estimates  were  relatively  insensitive  to 
variations  in  plane  and  channel  slopes  and  values 
of  Manning's  n,  but  were  very  sensitive  to  plane 
and  channel  infiltration  properties.  Times  to  peak 
were  sensitive  to  plane  values  of  Manning's  n  and 
slope,  but  less  so  to  these  channel  properties.  Ac- 
curate simulation  of  peak  flow  and  time  to  peak 
with  physically-based  models  requires  good  esti- 
mates of  plane  properties  and  watershed  infiltra- 
tion parameters.  Future  investigations  should  be 
oriented  toward  studies  involving  gaged  basins  and 
the  effects  of  various  parameters  on  the  entire 
hydrograph. 
W83-016O6 


THE  USE  OF  FLOOD  POTENTIAL  INDICES 
FOR  FLOOD  PEAK  ESTIMATION  ON  UN- 
GAGED  WATERSHEDS, 

Pennsylvania  State  Univ.,  University  Park.  Dept. 

of  Civil  Engineering. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  2A. 

W83-01665 


ESTIMATION  OF  ARMA  MODELS  WITH  SEA- 
SONAL PARAMETERS, 

Colorado  State  Univ.,  Fort  Collins.  Dept.  of  Civil 

Engineering. 

J.  D.  Salas,  D.  C.  Boes,  and  R.  A.  Smith. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  1006- 

1010,  August,  1982.  21  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Time  series  analysis,  *Model  studies, 
*Seasonal  variation,  Regression  analysis,  *ARMA 
models,  Stochastic  hydrology,  Hydrologic  models. 

The  Yule-Walker  equations  for  ARMA(p,q) 
models  with  periodic  parameters  are  given.  Exact 
moment  estimates  and  their  corresponding  param- 
eter spaces  can  be  derived  from  these  equations. 
For  the  case  of  ARMA(p,l)  models  the  periodic 
autoregressive  parameters  can  be  found  by  solving 
a  system  of  linear  equations.  The  periodic  moving 
average  parameters  satisfy  a  system  of  equations 
which  can  be  solved  iteratively.  Sensible  differ- 
ences exist  between  the  proposed  exact  moment 
estimators  and  corresponding  approximation. 
(Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01716 


A  COMPARISON  OF  FOUR  STREAMFLOW 
RECORD  EXTENSION  TECHNIQUES, 

Geological  Survey,  Reston,  VA. 

R.  M.  Hirsch. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  1081- 

1088,  August,  1982.  3  Fig,  6  Tab,  22  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Streamflow  forecasting,  *Time  series 
analysis,  *Surface  water  records,  Regression  analy- 
sis, Simulation,  Statistical  analysis,  Low  flow, 
•Virginia. 

Four  models  for  extending  an  existing  gage  record 
in  time  were  compared.  These  correlate  the 
records  at  the  station  of  interest  with  a  nearby, 
long-term  base  station.  The  methods  were  REG 
(linear  regression),  RPN  (regression  plus  noise), 
MOVE.l,  and  MOVE.2  (Maintenance  of  Variance 
Extension).  MOVE.l  is  also  known  as  the  line  of 
organic  correlation,  reduced  major  axis,  unique 
solution,  or  equivalence  line  method.  Comparison 
was  based  on  bias  and  standard  error  of  estimate  of 
moments  and  order  statistics.  Monthly  records  col- 
lected over  50  years  at  7  Virginia  streams  were 
used  in  an  empirical  check  of  the  methods.  The 
method  producing  best  results  was  MOVE.2,  fol- 
lowed closely  by  MOVE.l.  REG  and  RPN  were 
substantially  inferior.  Specifically,  REG  did  not 
provide  records  with  appropriate  variability;  RPN 
did  not  provide  records  with  appropriate  distribu- 
tion shape  or  serial  correlation.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01721 


ARMA    MODEL    IDENTIFICATION    OF    HY- 
DROLOGIC TIME  SERIES, 

Colorado  State  Univ.,  Fort  Collins.  Dept.  of  Civil 

Engineering. 

J.  D.  Salas,  and  J.  T.  B.  Obeysekera. 


Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  1011- 
1021,  August,  1982.  5  Fig,  17  Tab,  13  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Time  series  analysis,  'Model  studies, 
•Streamflow,  'ARMA  models,  Hydrologic 
models,  Correlation  analysis,  *St.  Lawrence  River, 
•Nile  River,  Regression  analysis. 

The  identification  of  the  appropriate  order  of 
ARMA  models  (autoregressive  moving  average)  is 
done  using  the  generalized  partial  autocorrelation 
function  (GPAF)  and  the  R  and  S  functions  of 
Gray  et  al.  (1978).  The  three  functions  are  defined, 
and  some  tables  of  recursive  relations  are  presented 
for  use  in  programming  and  implementation.  All 
three  functions  have  certain  characteristic  patterns 
useful  in  ARMA  model  identification.  Four  exam- 
ples demonstrate  the  identification  technique. 
Annual  streamflow  data  from  the  St.  Lawrence 
River  (1860-1957)  and  the  Nile  River  at  Aswan 
(1870-1945)  were  used  to  determine  the  order  of 
the  ARMA  models  used  in  these  applications. 
(Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01722 


OPTIMAL  CHOICE  OF  TYPE  AND  ORDER  OF 
RIVER  FLOW  TIME  SERIES  MODELS, 

Purdue  Univ.,  Lafayette,  IN.  School  of  Engineer- 
ing. 

A.  Ramachandra  Rao,  R.  L.  Kashyap,  and  L.  -T. 
Mao. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  1097- 
1109,  August,  1982.  2  Fig,  8  Tab,  26  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Time  series  analysis,  *River  flow, 
Model  studies,  Decision  rule,  Autoregressive 
models,  Stochastic  hydrology. 

A  decision  rule  derived  from  the  Bayes  criterion 
was  used  to  compare  the  performance  of  several 
models  for  river  flows.  The  decision  rule  mini- 
mized the  probability  of  error.  Models  investigated 
were  the  autoregressive  (AR),  moving  average 
(MA),  autoregressive  moving  average  (ARMA), 
autoregressive  integrated  moving  average 
(ARIMA),  and  seasonal  ARIMA.  Annual  or 
monthly  data  from  13  rivers  from  watersheds  27.6 
to  710,000  sq  miles  and  synthetic  data  were  used. 
Models  for  the  log  transformed  monthly  data  were 
better  than  models  fitted  to  observed  data  without 
transformation.  It  was  possible  to  choose  the  type 
and  order  of  model  most  appropriate  for  each 
situation.  The  prior  probability  density  function 
was  not  significant  when  the  number  of  observa- 
tions was  large.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01724 


PALEOHYDROLOGY  OF  SOUTHWESTERN 
TEXAS, 

State  Univ.  of  New  York  Coll.  at  Fredonia.  Dept. 
of  Geology. 

R.  C.  Kochel,  V.  R.  Baker,  and  P.  C.  Patton. 
Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  1165- 
1183,  August,  1982.  11  Fig,  8  Tab,  50  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Paleohydrology,  'Flood  recurrence 
interval,  'Sedimentology,  Pecos  River,  Devils 
River,  *Texas,  Semiarid  lands,  Flashy  streams, 
Flood  frequency,  Historic  floods,  Radioactive 
dating,  Dating,  Organic  matter,  Statistical  analysis, 
Slack-water  sediments,  Alluvial  deposits,  Tribu- 
taries, Stratigraphy,  Flood  discharge. 

Paleoflood  discharge  and  frequency  estimates  in 
the  lower  Pecos  and  Devils  Rivers  in  semiarid 
southwestern  Texas  were  extended  over  10,000 
years  by  studying  slack-water  flood  sediments. 
These  deposits  are  usually  fine-grained  sand  and 
silt  that  accumulate  during  floods  in  areas  where 
current  velocity  is  reduced,  such  as  in  back- 
flooded  tributary  mouths,  channel  expansions, 
downstream  from  bedrock  spurs  and/or  slump 
blocks,  and  along  bedrock  walls  in  shallow  caves. 
Radiocarbon  dating  of  organic  debris  in  slack- 
water  deposits  established  the  flood  chronology; 
paleoflood  discharges  were  estimated  by  slope-area 
methods.  This  information,  which  greatly  extended 
the  flood  records,  was  weighted  in  log  Pearson 
type  3  calculations  of  flood  frequency.  Two  his- 
torical floods  in  this  area  occurred  in  1954  and 
1974.  Using  conventional  techniques  produced  re- 


WATER  CYCLE— Field  2 
Groundwater — Group  2F 

currence  intervals  of  81  to  10  million  years  for  the 
1954  event.  Using  geomorphic  data  derived  from 
slack-water  sediment  data  produced  a  more  realis- 
tic estimate  of  about  2000  years  for  the  1954  flood 
and  about  500-700  years  for  the  smaller  1974  flood. 
(Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01727 


IDENTIFICATION  OF  MULTIVARIATE  TIME 
SERIES  AND  MULTIVARIATE  INPUT- 
OUTPUT  MODELS, 

Princeton  Univ.,  NJ.  Dept.  of  Civil  Engineering. 
D.  M.  Cooper,  and  E.  F.  Wood. 
Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  937- 
946,  August,  1982.  4  Tab,  21  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Streamflow,  'Time  series  analysis, 
'Model  studies,  Multivariate  analysis,  Runoff, 
Rainfall-runoff  models,  Hydrology,  Hydrologic 
models,  Correlation  analysis,  'ARMA  models, 
Florida,  New  York,  Columbia  River. 

A  procedure  for  identifying  the  structure  and 
order  of  multiple  input,  multiple  output  linear 
models  is  presented.  It  uses  canonical  correlations 
to  determine  the  structure  of  the  state  vector  and 
to  give  initial  parameter  estimates.  Equivalence 
between  the  state-space  formulation  and  multivar- 
iate ARMAX  model  (autoregressive  moving  aver- 
age with  exogenous  inputs)  is  discussed.  Examples 
include  a  multiple  input  (3  precipitation  events), 
single  output  daily  rainfall-runoff  model  used  on 
data  from  the  Hillsborough  River,  Florida;  a  four- 
site  model  of  monthly  streamflows  used  on  New 
York  state  streams;  and  a  four-season  streamflow 
model  with  one  observation  made  each  season  on 
the  Columbia  River.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01734 


A  MODELING  SCHEME  FOR  THE  STUDY  OF 
DRAINAGE  DENSITY, 

Simon  Bolivar  Univ.,  Caracas  (Venezuela). 

L.  A.  Escobar,  and  I.  Rodrigues-Iturbe. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  1029- 

1035,  August,  1982.  11  Fig,  1  Tab,  15  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Drainage  density,  'Overland  flow, 
•River  basins,  Model  studies,  Rainfall-runoff  rela- 
tionships, Erosion,  'Puerto  Rico,  Hydrologic 
models,  Forest  watersheds,  Rain  forests,  Water- 
sheds. 

The  drainage  density  of  a  watershed  was  estimated 
by  calculating  the  length  of  no-erosion  in  a  basin 
from  climatic  and  geomorphologic  characteristics, 
which  were  determined  by  coupling  a  rainfall 
model,  a  runoff  model,  and  an  erosion  model.  The 
model  took  into  account  the  convergence  of  over- 
land flow,  which  is  a  major  cause  of  the  growth 
upslope  of  the  channels  comprising  the  networks. 
Also  included  was  a  simple  approximation  to  the 
evolution  in  time  of  the  contributing  area  at  the 
source.  The  model  was  used  to  study  two  rain 
forest  basins  (Morovis  and  Unibon)  in  the  Indio 
Basin  wastershed  in  northern  Puerto  Rico.  For 
Unibon  and  Morovis,  respectively,  the  analytically 
estimated  lengths  of  no-erosion  were  288  m  and 
273  m,  yielding  drainage  values  of  1.74  km  per  sq 
km  (measured,  1.41  km  pe  sq  km)  and  1.83  km  per 
sq  km  (measured,  1.69  km  per  sq  km).  By  eliminat- 
ing all  streams  of  Order  1,  the  number  of  segments 
was  reduced  from  about  50  to  5,  giving  drainage 
densities  o  1.34  km  per  sq  km  for  Unibon  and  2.01 
km  per  sq  km  for  Morovis.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01741 


2F.  Groundwater 


RAPID  WATER  TABLE  RISE, 

Lowell  Univ.,  MA.  Dept.  of  Earth  Sciences. 
A.  L.  O'Brien. 

Water  Resources  Bulletin,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  713-715, 
August,  1982.  10  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Water  table,  'Groundwater,  'Hy- 
drology, Humid  areas,  Humid  climates,  Rainfall, 
Infiltration,  Water  table  fluctuations,  Groundwater 
movement,  Water  table  rise,  Water  level  fluctu- 
ations, Unconfined  aquifers. 


Field  2— WATER  CYCLE 


Group  2F — Groundwater 


Very  rapid  rises  in  the  water  table  have  been 
reported  following  minor  applications  of  moisture 
to  the  soil  surface.  The  phenomenon  appears  to 
result  from  the  conversion  of  a  capillary  fringe  to 
phreatic  water.  The  rapid  water  table  rise  and  the 
apparent  physical  process  may  be  quite  significant 
to  the  understanding  of  several  hydrologic  phe- 
nomena, and  may  be  a  common  link  in  explaining 
several  seemingly  diverse  phemomena  which  char- 
acterize non-Hortonian  runoff  in  a  humid  environ- 
ment. Under  certain  conditions  storm  peaks  are 
dominated  by  flow  from  small,  restricted  variable 
source  areas  that  contributed  runoff  when  saturat- 
ed from  below  by  rising  water  tables.  For  other 
streams,  ground  water  inputs  form  the  major  part 
of  the  flood  peak.  The  explanation  for  these  obser- 
vations could  lie  in  an  understanding  of  the  rapid 
water  table  rise  phenomenon.  Such  a  mechanism 
would  provide  the  means  for  producing  saturation 
at  or  near  the  surface  shortly  after  rainfall  begins  if 
it  were  widespread.  Such  conditions  should  be 
carefully  analyzed,  particularly  in  defining  the  true 
role  of  this  event  in  the  hydrology  of  humid  envi- 
ronments. (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01478 


VERIFICATION  OF  SOME  GEOHYDROLOGI- 
CAL  IMPLICATIONS  OF  DEEP  WEATHER- 
ING IN  THE  BASEMENT  COMPLEX  OF  NI- 
GERIA, 

Ife  Univ.  (Nigeria).  Dept.  of  Geography. 

E.  O.  Omorinbola. 

Journal  of  Hydrology,  Vol  56,  No  3/4,  p  347-368, 

April,  1982.  9  Fig,  6  Tab,  37  Ref. 

Descriptors:  "Groundwater  potential,  'Weathering 
zone,  *Geohydrology,  Basement  Complex,  'Nige- 
ria, Regolith,  Baseflow,  Wells,  Humid  climates. 
Saturated  zone. 

The  subsurface  hydrology  in  four  areas  of  the 
Nigerian  Basement  Complex  was  studied  with  em- 
phasis on  the  depth  and  pattern  of  weathering. 
Mean  weathering  depths  (in  m)  were:  Dan  Mongu, 
31.19;  Ife,  20.32;  Middle  Osun  Valley,  13.20;  and 
Middle  Ose  Valley,  12.94.  Mean  saturated  zone 
thicknesses  (in  m)  were:  Dan  Mongu,  10.38;  Ife, 
13,85;  Middle  Osun  Valley,  8.20;  and  Middle  Ose 
Valley,  9.72.  This  region  was  characterized  by  a 
generally  widespread  saturated  zone  in  the  regolith 
rather  than  a  series  of  isolated  groundwater  com- 
partments as  would  be  expected  from  the  basin  and 
dome  weathering  pattern.  The  saturated  zone 
thickness  and  weathering  depth  were  strongly  cor- 
related. The  temporal  variation  pattern  of  saturat- 
ed zone  thickness  conformed  to  the  seasonal  pat- 
tern of  rainfall  distribution  typical  of  most  parts  of 
the  country.  Conditions  necessary  for  the  above 
geohydrological  conditions  are  thick  and  wide- 
spread regolith,  flat  or  gently  undulating  terains 
with  minimal  overland  flow  and  subaerial  regolith 
erosion,  and  adequate  rainfall.  The  major  rivers  in 
the  Basement  Complex  derive  a  proportion  (as  yet 
known)  of  baseflow  from  the  saturated  regolith.  In 
this  region  it  is  not  relevant  to  look  for  basins  of 
decomposition  for  siting  wells  in  deeply  weathered 
landscapes.  The  success  of  a  well  may  be  readily 
estimated  prior  to  digging  or  drilling.  Wells  should 
be  sunk  during  the  dry  season  to  ensure  greatest 
reliability  and  yield  throughout  the  year.  (Cassar- 
FRC) 
W83-01490 


APPROXIMATE  SOLUTION  OF  THE  PROB- 
LEM OF  THE  SHAPE  OF  THE  INTERFACE  IN 
A  SEMI-CONFINED  AQUIFER, 

Technische     Hogeschool,     Delft     (Netherlands). 

Dept.  of  Civil  Engineering. 

J.  C.  Van  Dam,  and  P.  C.  Sikkema. 

Journal  of  Hydrology,  Vol  56,  No  3/4,  p  221-237, 

April,  1982.  10  Fig,  1  Tab,  6  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Saline-freshwater  interfaces, 
'Groundwater  movement,  'Polders,  Aquifers, 
Geohydrology,  Differential  equations,  'The  Neth- 
erlands, Saline  water  intrusion,  Coastal  aquifers, 
Semiconfined  aquifers. 

Nonlinear  ordinary  second-order  differential  equa- 
tions are  used  to  describe  the  interface  between 
steady-flowing    fresh    groundwater   and    stagnant 


saline  groundwater  in  a  semiconfined  aquifer.  As- 
sumptions are  made  that  flowlines  are  horizontal  in 
the  aquifer  and  vertical  in  the  semipermeable  top 
layer  and  that  the  interface  is  sharp.  Reduced 
dimensionless  variables  are  used  instead  of  depth  of 
interface  and  distance.  An  approximate  solution  is 
developed.  The  accuracy  of  their  solution  is  good. 
Examples  of  applying  the  solution  to  several  pol- 
ders in  succession  are  given.  It  is  possible  to  ac- 
count for  changes  in  geohydrological  constants 
and  polder  levels  as  a  function  of  distance  and  to 
introduce  abstractions  or  injections  of  fresh  water 
at  any  location.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01491 


ANALYTICAL  FORMULAE  FOR  THE  SHAPE 
OF  THE  INTERFACE  IN  A  SEMICONFINED 
AQUIFER, 

Technische     Hogeschool,     Delft     (Netherlands). 

Mathematics  Branch. 

P.  C.  Sikkema,  and  J.  C.  Van  Dam. 

Journal  of  Hydrology,  Vol  56,  No  3/4,  p  201-220, 

April,  1982.  5  Fig,  1  Tab,  5  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Saline-freshwater  interfaces, 
•Groundwater  movement,  'Polders,  Aquifers, 
Geohydrology,  Differential  equations,  'The  Neth- 
erlands, Saline  water  intrusion,  Coastal  aquifers, 
Semiconfined  aquifers. 

The  occurrence  and  flow  of  fresh  and  saline 
groundwater  in  coastal  areas  are  described  by  non- 
linear ordinary  second-order  differential  equations. 
Assumptions  made  are  that  the  saline  groundwater 
is  stagnant  in  a  semiconfined  aquifer  and  that  the 
interface  is  sharp.  Analytical  solutions  of  the  differ- 
ential equations  are  derived  and  presented  in 
graphical  form.  These  solutions  are  useful  for  de- 
scribing interfaces  between  fresh  and  saline 
groundwater  in  western  Netherlands,  where  the 
groundwater  table  is  often  artificially  controlled  at 
levels  up  to  several  meters  below  mean  sea  level. 
(Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01492 


MULTIDIMENSIONAL    NUMERICAL    SIMl 
LATION  OF  FLUID  FLOW  IN  FRACTURED 
POROUS  MEDIA, 

California    Univ.,    Berkeley.    Lawrence    Berkeley 

Lab. 

T.  N.  Narasimhan. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  1235- 

1247,  August,  1982.  19  Fig,  21  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Water  flow,  'Groundwater  move- 
ment, 'Geologic  fractures,  Porosity,  Soil  water, 
Mathematical  models,  Hydrodynamics,  Fluid  me- 
chanics, 'Integral  finite  difference  method. 

Isothermal  flow  of  water  in  a  variety  of  fractured 
systems  is  discussed  in  the  context  of  a  unified, 
integral  framework.  Three  commonly  used  con- 
ceptualizations, namely,  porous  systems,  fractured 
systems,  and  composite  porosity  systems,  are  ana- 
lyzed. The  integral  equations  are  directly  replaced 
by  discretized  expressions  based  on  an  integral 
finite  difference  scheme  (IFDM).  Because  of  the 
manner  in  which  the  IFDM  scheme  chooses  to 
handle  geometric  inputs,  it  handles  the  three  afore- 
said conceptualizations  with  equal  facility.  Six  il- 
lustrative examples  are  provided  to  give  an  idea  of 
the  variety  of  fracture-related  problems  that  are  of 
common  interest,  to  identify  the  common  denomi- 
nators that  unify  these  problems,  and  to  demon- 
strate the  power  of  the  IFDM.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01494 


A  GROUNDWATER  RESOURCES  DATABANK 
IN  THE  KINGDOM  OF  SAUDI  ARABIA, 

MacDonald   and   Partners,   Cambridge,    England. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7C. 
W83-01499 


GROUND-WATER  QUALrTY  IN  THE  VICINI- 
TY OF  LANDFILL  SITES,  SOUTHERN 
FRANKLIN  COUNTY,  OHIO, 

Geological   Survey.   Columbus,   OH.   Water   Re- 
sources Div. 
J.  T.  deRoche,  and  A.  C.  Razem. 


Geological  Survey  Open-File  Report  81-919 
(WRI),  1981.  19  p,  3  Fig,  2  Tab,  7  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Groundwater,  'Water  quality, 
'Landfills,  'Groundwater  movement,  Data  collec- 
tions, Sites,  Wells,  Water  level,  Pumping,  Impaired 
water  quality,  Chemical  analysis,  Leachate,  Solid 
waste  disposal,  Water  quality  standards,  'Ohio, 
Franklin  County. 

The  hydrogeology  and  ground-water  quality  in  the 
vicinity  of  five  landfills  in  southern  Franklin 
County,  Ohio,  were  investigated  by  use  of  data 
obtained  from  46  existing  wells,  1  seep,  1  surface- 
water  site,  and  1  leachate-collection  site.  Interpre- 
tation was  based  on  data  from  the  wells,  a  poten- 
tiometric-surface  map,  and  chemical  analyses.  Four 
of  the  five  landfills  are  in  abandoned  sand  and 
gravel  pits.  Pumping  of  water  from  a  quarry  near 
the  landfills  has  modified  the  local  ground-water 
flow  pattern,  increased  the  hydraulic  gradient,  and 
lowered  the  water  table.  Ground  water  unaffected 
by  the  landfills  is  a  hard,  calcium  bicarbonate  type 
with  concentrations  of  dissolved  iron  and  dissolved 
sulfate  as  great  as  3.0  milligrams  per  liter  and  200 
milligrams  per  liter,  respectively.  Water  sampled 
from  wells  downgradient  from  two  landfills  shows 
an  increase  in  sodium,  chloride,  and  other  constitu- 
ents. The  change  in  water  quality  cannot  be  traced 
directly  to  the  landfills,  however,  because  of  well 
location  and  the  presence  of  other  potential 
sources  of  contamination.  Chemical  analysis  of  lea- 
chate from  a  collection  unit  at  one  landfill  shows 
significant  amounts  of  zinc,  chromium,  copper,  and 
nickel,  in  addition  to  high  total  organic  carbon, 
biochemical  oxygen  demand,  and  organic  nitrogen. 
Concentrations  of  chloride,  iron,  lead,  manganese 
and  phenolic  compounds  exceed  Ohio  Environ- 
mental Protection  Agency  Water  Quality  Stand- 
ards for  drinking  water.  Water  from  unaffected 
wells  within  the  study  area  have  relatively  small 
amounts  of  these  constituents.  (USGS) 
W83-01521 


GROUNDWATER-LEVEL  VARIATION 

DURING  SEMIDIURNAL  SPRING  TIDAL 
CYCLES  ON  A  SANDY  BEACH, 

Wollongong  Univ.,  (Australia)  Dept.  of  Geogra- 
phy. 

J  A   Lanyon,  I.  G  Eliot,  and  D.  J  Clark. 
Australian  Journal  of  Marine  and  Freshwater  Re- 
search, Vol  33,  No  3,  p  377-400,  1982,  10  Fig,  10 
Tab,  35  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Time  series  anlaysis,  'Tidal  effects, 
'Beach  profiles,  'Estuaries,  'Groundwater  move- 
ment, 'Groundwater  recharge,  Mathematical  stud- 
ies, Tides,  Tidewater,  Shores,  Bays,  Saline-fresh- 
water interfaces.  Groundwater  level.  Infiltration, 
Morphology,  'Australia,  South  Beach. 

Water-table  geometry  along  two  beach  profiles  at 
South  Beach,  Wollongong,  New  South  Wales  was 
monitored  to  provide  a  comprehensive  description 
of  water-table  changes  over  time  in  relation  to  tidal 
fluctuations  and  variations  in  beach-face  configura- 
tion. Time  series  curves  showing  water-level 
changes  at  individual  wells  located  along  beach 
profiles  indicate  a  dependence  on  tidal  range  and 
distance  landward  of  the  beach  face.  Swash  run-up 
and  infiltration  effects  make  little  contribution  to 
ground  water  water-table  levels  landward  of  the 
berm  crest.  During  the  flood  tide  phase,  the  sea- 
ward edge  of  the  water-table  slopes  landward  and 
tidal  changes  force  the  groundwater  level  to  rise. 
Tidally  induced  changes  in  groundwater  are  super- 
imposed on  a  three-dimensional  water-table  surface 
related  to  beach  morphology  and  groundwater  re- 
charge from  the  backshore  zone.  Groundwater 
responses  are  different  on  the  shoreline,  salient  and 
in  the  embayment;  a  landward  water-table  slope 
prevails  on  the  rip  profile,  while  a  seaward  slope 
characterizes  the  bar  profile.  Whether  such  proc- 
esses are  generally  representative  of  sandy  beaches 
or  are  peculiar  to  the  study  site  is  yet  to  be 
established.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01587 


HYDROLOGIC  INTERPRETATION  OF  SHAL- 
LOW SUBSURFACE  TEMPERATURE  DATA, 


WATER  CYCLE— Field  2 
Water  In  Soils— Group  2G 


Nevada  Univ.  System,  Reno.  Desert  Research  Inst. 
N.  L.  lngraham,  R.  L.  Jacobson,  and  M.  E. 
Campana. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150136, 
Price  codes:  A03  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Publication  No  41076,  August  1982.  35  p,  2  Tab,  5 
Fig,  20  Ref.  OWRT  A-094-NEV(l),  14-34-0001- 
0130. 

Descriptors:  •Groundwater  recharge,  'Ground- 
water movement,  *Thermal  gradient,  'Subsurface 
temperature,  'Nevada,  Dixie  Valley,  Temperature 
data,  'Infiltration,  White  Rock  Canyon. 

The  temperatures  of  shallow  holes  (1  meter)  in  a 
portion  of  Dixie  Valley,  Nevada,  were  monitored 
for  a  period  of  almost  two  years;  ten  monthly 
surveys  were  conducted,  in  which  as  many  as  219 
holes  were  measured  per  month.  The  temperatures 
were  used  to  delineate  infiltration/recharge  events 
and  areas  of  suspected  subsurface  mountain-front 
recharge  in  the  study  region.  The  data  indicated 
that  qualitative  delineation  of  infiltration  events 
from  flash  floods  is  possible,  as  certain  alluvial  fans 
showed  marked  depression  of  shallow  tempera- 
tures in  the  wake  of  the  floods,  but  it  was  impossi- 
ble to  determine  whether  or  not  these  infiltration 
events  resulted  in  groundwater  recharge.  Shallow 
temperature  data  from  one  alluvial  fan,  the  White 
Roch  Canyon  fan,  in  conjunction  with  thermal 
data  from  a  500-foot  gradient  hole  indicated  the 
strong  possibility  of  thermal  quenching  by  ground- 
water flow.  This  quenching  or  masking  effect  is 
believed  to  be  caused  by  substantial  subsurface 
mountain-front  recharge  from  the  White  Rock 
Canyon  area. 
W83-01605 


ASPECTS  OF  AQUIFER  TEST  ERROR  ANALY- 
SIS, 

Arizona  Univ.,  Tucson,  Dept.  of  Hydrology  and 
Water  Resources. 
A.  M.  BenBarka. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83- 150292, 
Price  codes:  A10  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
M.  S.  Thesis,  1982,  199  p,  42  Fig,  29  Tab,  55  Ref,  2 
Append.  OWRT  B-073-ARIZ(2). 

Descriptors:  'Error  analysis,  'Aquifer  characteris- 
tics, 'Estimating,  'Model  studies,  'Pumping  rate, 
•Water  level,  Hydraulic  models,  Statistical  analy- 
sis, Least  squares  method,  Regression  analysis. 

Fitting  parameters  to  aquifer  models  may  produce 
parameter  estimates  that  contain  significant  errors. 
These  errors  result  from  a  relatively  limited 
number  of  measurements  that  can  be  inaccurate, 
from  the  use  of  a  wrongly  or  incompletely  speci- 
fied model,  or  from  inefficient  methods  of  fitting 
employed  to  estimate  the  hydraulic  parameters. 
Measurements  errors  in  pumping  rate  and  water 
levels  were  studied  experimentally.  Statistical  anal- 
ysis revealed  that  they  were  normally  distributed. 
For  water  level  measurement  error,  the  error  vari- 
ance was  proportional  to  depth.  Two  types  of 
estimation  techniques  were  used:  graphical  and 
automatic  methods.  For  the  graphical  method,  a 
panel  of  technical  persons  conducted  the  param- 
eter estimation.  The  Theis  model  and  its  approxi- 
mation were  linearized  by  the  Taylor  series  expan- 
sion to  enable  the  use  of  standard  linear  regression 
theory  for  statistical  inference.  Model  error 
evolves  from  ignoring  physical  properties  present 
in  the  aquifer  system,  so  that  resulting  parameter 
estimates  are  biased.  For  the  graphical  fitting,  this 
bias  may  be  compensated  for  to  some  degree  on 
the  basis  of  experience.  For  the  automatic  method 
of  fitting,  this  bias  can  be  detected.  Graphical  fits 
to  approximate  the  automatic  fits,  with  an  implied 
objective  function,  and  have  similar  statistical 
properties,  but  parameter  estimates  produced 
graphically  by  a  single  person  are  liable  to  have 
considerable  variation.  Since  automatic  procedures 
can  be  viewed  as  nonlinear  regression  it  seems 
reasonable  to  utilize  automatic  least  squares  fitting 
and  the  regression  statistics  as  a  model  to  study 
errors,  their  effect,  and  the  risks  inherent  in  aquifer 
tests.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01624 


FINITE  ELEMENT  SIMULATION  OF  A 
SALTWATER/FRESHWATER  INTERFACE 
WITH  INDIRECT  TOE  TRACKING, 

Massachusetts  Inst,  of  Tech.,  Cambridge.  Dept.  of 

Civil  Engineering. 

J.  L.  Wilson,  and  A.  Sa  da  Costa. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  1069- 

1080,  August,  1982.  9  Fig,  4  Tab,  35  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Saline-freshwater  interfaces,  'Coast- 
al aquifers,  'Groundwater  movement,  'Saline 
water  intrusion,  'Finite  element  method,  Model 
studies,  Porous  media,  Aquifers,  Interfaces,  Bound- 
aries, Grid  models,  Toe-tracking,  Gravity  segre- 
gated flow. 

The  problem  of  a  porous  media  two-layer  flow 
involving  fluids  of  different  densities  (such  as 
seawater  intrusion  into  a  coastal  fresh  water 
aquifer)  separated  by  a  sharp  interface  is  solved 
using  the  Galerkin  finite  element  method  in  one 
dimension.  Each  layer  is  present  only  over  part  of 
the  domain.  The  transition  from  two  layers  to  one 
constitutes  a  moving  boundary,  or  toe,  which  is 
calculated  as  part  of  the  solution.  An  indirect 
numerical  procedure  using  a  fixed  grid  is  proposed 
to  track  the  toe.  This  procedure  uses  Gaussian 
quadrature  points,  a  nonlinear  variation  of  layer 
saturation  across  those  elements  containing  a 
moving  boundary,  and  an  imaginary  extra  thick- 
ness of  the  absent  layer.  The  model  is  applied  to 
the  gravity  segregation  problem  in  which  it  is  as 
accurate  as  and  less  expensive  than  the  equivalent 
grid  regeneration  or  moving  grid  schemes.  (Cassar- 
FRC) 
W83-01717 


A  STOCHASTIC-CONVECTIVE  TRANSPORT 
REPRESENTATION  OF  DISPERSION  IN  ONE- 
DIMENSIONAL  POROUS  MEDIA  SYSTEMS, 

Battelle  Pacific  Northwest  Lab.,  Richland,  WA. 

Water  and  Land  Resources  Dept. 

C.  S.  Simmons. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  1193- 

1214,  August,  1982.  9  Fig,  2  Tab,  35  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Solute  transport,  'Dispersion,  Con- 
vection, Porous  media,  Hydraulic  conductivity, 
Scale  effect,  Stochastic  hydrology,  Boundary  con- 
ditions, Groundwater  movement,  Field  tests. 

Dispersion  coefficients  measured  on  a  laboratory 
scale  may  be  inadequate  for  predicting  dispersive 
transport  on  a  field  scale.  A  stochastic  convective 
transport  formulation  based  on  solute  travel  time 
probability  is  shown  to  include  Fickian  transport 
only  as  a  special  subcase.  When  the  coefficient  of 
variation  in  travel  time  is  <  1,  a  travel  time 
probability  associated  with  a  lognormal  distribu- 
tion of  hydraulic  conductivity  yields  concentration 
breakthrough  curves  nearly  equivalent  to  those  of 
Fickian  transport.  Results  suggest  that,  in  column 
tracer  studies,  hydrodynamic  dispersion  may  be 
attributed  to  local  variations  in  hydraulic  conduc- 
tivity. Stochastic-convective  transport  is  shown  to 
conserve  solute  mass  under  a  flux  boundary  condi- 
tion but  not  under  a  held  concentration  condition. 
The  importance  of  boundary  conditions  for  prop- 
erly formulated  stochastic  transport  is  emphasized. 
The  travel  time  formulation  is  shown  to  link  meas- 
ured dispersivity  and  the  autocovariance  of  local 
flow  velocity  variations  that  are  a  result  of  inho- 
mogeneous  media  and  the  boundary  conditions. 
Dispersivity  exhibits  a  scale  effect,  increasing  in 
proportion  to  the  length  of  a  system  when  the 
velocity  correlation  range  is  greater  than  that 
length.  An  expression  for  the  effect  of  dispersivity, 
derived  for  the  case  of  long-range  velocity  correla- 
tions, represents  non-Fickian  behavior.  (Cassar- 
FRC) 
W83-01718 


EFFECTS  OF  KRIGING  AND  INVERSE  MOD- 
ELING ON  CONDITIONAL  SIMULATION  OF 
THE  AVRA  VALLEY  AQUIFER  IN  SOUTH- 
ERN ARIZONA, 

Arizona  Univ.,  Tuscon.  Dept.  of  Hydrology  and 

Water  Resources. 

P.  M.  Clifton,  and  S.  P.  Neuman. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  1215- 

1234,  August,  1982.  25  Fig,  36  Ref. 


Descriptors:  'Groundwater  movement,  •Transmis- 
sivity,  'Error  analysis,  Variance,  Hydraulic  head, 
'Kriging,  Inverse  modeling,  Model  studies,  Statis- 
tical analysis,  Avra  Valley  aquifer,  'Arizona, 
•Aquifers,  Stochastic  hydrology,  Simulation  analy- 


The  importance  of  conditioning  data  used  in  simu- 
lations of  groundwater  flow  is  illustrated  by  sto- 
chastic modeling  of  steady  state  hydraulic  heads  in 
the  Avra  Valley  aquifer,  Arizona,  at  three  levels  of 
uncertainty:  use  of  no  conditioning,  use  of  kriging, 
and  use  of  a  statistical  inverse  procedure.  Variance 
in  hydraulic  head  predictions  was  reduced  3.2  fold 
by  kriging  as  compared  with  no  conditioning,  14.3 
fold  by  inverse  modeling  compared  with  kriging, 
and  46.0  fold  using  both  kriging  and  inverse  mod- 
eling compared  with  no  conditioning.  The  uncon- 
ditional simulation  of  steady  state  hydraulic  heads 
uses  log  transmissivity  estimates  based  on  meas- 
ured values  of  this  parameter,  disregarding  the 
geographic  location  of  each  measurement  point. 
Kriging,  a  geostatistical  method,  assumes  that  the 
spatial  fluctuations  of  the  log  transmissivity  field 
are  the  result  of  an  intrinsic  random  process.  The 
inverse  modeling  procedure  considers  the  effects 
of  flow  regime.  Predictions  of  hydraulic  head  ob- 
tained without  conditioning  the  model  should  be 
interpreted  with  care.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01720 


LINEAR  KERNELS  FOR  KARST  AQUIFERS, 

California  Univ.,  Santa  Cruz. 

S.  J.  Dreiss. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  865- 

876,  August,  1982.  19  Fig,  16  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Karst  hydrology,  'Groundwater 
movement,  'Aquifer  characteristics,  Kernels,  Hy- 
drographs,  Springs,  Precipitation,  Groundwater 
recharge,  Fracture  permeability,  Recharge,  'Mis- 
souri, National  Forests. 

A  method  for  characterizing  karst  aquifers  is  based 
on  the  use  of  single  linear  kernel  functions.  The 
kernels  are  identified  with  a  deconvolution  tech- 
nique proposed  by  Neuman  and  deMarsily  (1976) 
by  using  estimated  groundwater  recharge  during 
isolated  storms  as  the  system  input  and  the  rapid 
storm  response  of  spring  flow  as  the  system  output. 
For  large  springs  the  derived  kernels  are  similar  in 
shape  and  time  to  peak  for  different  storms.  Aver- 
age kernels  derived  from  spring  flow  responses  for 
multiple  storms  differ  in  shape  for  different  springs, 
but  each  spring  responds  to  different  storms  in  a 
regular  manner.  The  study  was  conducted  on  4 
springs  in  Mark  Twain  National  Forest,  Missouri. 
Since  the  scaling  factor  in  the  moisture  balance  is 
not  well  understood,  the  kernels  cannot  be  used  to 
predict  previously  unknown  storm  responses. 
However,  they  are  useful  in  estimating  the  storm 
response  of  a  spring  if  the  total  volume  of  the  rapid 
spring  flow  response  is  known.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01726 


2G.  Water  In  Soils 


EVALUATING  THE  SATURATED  AND  UN- 
SATURATED HYDRAULIC  CONDUCTIVITY 
OF  SOILS, 

Illinois  State  Geological  Survey,  Champaign. 
A.  Elzeftawy,  and  K.  Cartwright. 
In:  Permeability  and  Groundwater  Contaminant 
Transport,  American  Society  for  Testing  and  Ma- 
terials, Special  Technical  Publication  746,  Zimmie, 
T.  F.,  and  Riggs,  C.  O,  eds.,  1981,  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  p  168-181,  6  Fig,  2  Tab,  17  Ref.  OWRT  A -097- 
ILL(4),  14-34-0001-0115. 

Descriptors:  'Hydraulic  conductivity,  'Soil  water, 
•Computer  models,  *Soil  water  movement,  Pore 
size,  Permeability,  Groundwater  movement,  Satu- 
rated flow,  Unsaturated  flow. 

The  flow  of  water  through  soils  is  often  unsteady 
and  unsaturated,  for  example,  infiltration  from 
ground  surface  draining  of  soils,  inflow  of  water 
from  irrigation  channels,  and  land  disposal  of  solid 
and  liquid  wastes.  The  purpose  of  this  research  is 
to  develop  a  computer  method  for  predicting  the 


Field  2— WATER  CYCLE 


Group  2G — Water  In  Soils 

behavior  of  flows  of  water  in  such  situations.  A 
method  of  calculating  the  saturated  and  unsaturat- 
ed hydraulic  conductivities  of  soils  and  similar 
porous  materials  based  on  the  pore-size  distribution 
was  shown  to  adequately  predict  the  experimental- 
ly measured  values.  For  coarse-textured  soil  mate- 
rials or  materials  with  a  relatively  narrow  range  of 
pore  sizes,  only  one  matching  factor  is  required  to 
calculate  the  hydraulic  conductivity/water  content 
relationship  accurately  enough  for  many  purposes. 
For  fine-textured  soil  materials  with  a  wide  range 
of  pore-size  distributions,  however,  two  or  more 
matching  factors  at  a  water  content  in  the  0.3  to 
0.4  bar  range  may  be  needed  to  obtain  a  useful 
evaluation  for  the  unsaturated  hydraulic  conduc- 
tivity. 
W83-01471 


INFILTRATION  MODEL  IN  SIMULATED  HY- 
DROGRAPHS, 

Technische  Univ.,  Dresden  (German  D.R).  Ber- 

eich  Hydrologie  and  Meteorologie. 

G.  Peschke,  and  M.  Kutilek. 

Journal  of  Hydrology,  Vol  56,  No  3/4,  p  369-379, 

April,  1982.  7  Fig,  8  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Hydrologie  models,  *Hydrographs, 
•Infiltration,  Model  studies,  Rainfall-runoff  rela- 
tionships, Runoff,  Precipitation,  *Green-Ampt 
equation,  'Kostiakov  equation,  SMINF  model, 
BLOINF  model. 

The  infiltration  equations  of  Green- Ampt  and  Kos- 
tiakov  were  used  to  determine  the  effective  pre- 
cipitation from  a  rainfall  of  non-constant  intensity. 
These  were  tested  in  the  SMINF  and  BLOINF 
hydrological  models,  respectively.  Simulated  hy- 
drographs  agreed  well  with  observed  discharges  in 
two  catchments  of  areas  4.6  and  363  sq  km.  In  the 
larger,  more  heterogeneous  catchment  the  INFAB 
2  subroutine  greatly  underestimated  the  peak  dis- 
charge. The  INFAB  4  subroutine,  which  included 
interflow,  improved  the  results  substantially. 
(Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01472 


PHYSICAL  CONTROLS  OF  WATER  MOVE- 
MENT IN  THE  UNSATURATED  ZONE, 

Institute  of  Hydrology,  Wallingford  (England). 
S.  R.  Wellings,  and  J.  P.  Bell. 
Quarterly  Journal  of  EngineeringGeology,  Vol  1 5, 
No  3,  p  235-241,  1982.  6  Fig,  27  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Hydrodynamics,  'Fluid  mechanics, 
'Soil  Water,  Groundwater  movement,  Aeration 
zone,  Water  flow,  Physical  properties. 

Traditional  hydrogeoglogical  concepts  of  the  un- 
saturated zone  imply  that  the  water  is  essentially 
static,  and  do  not  take  into  account  the  dynamic 
nature  of  the  annual  water  cycle  in  the  field.  The 
basic  concepts  of  water  content,  water  potential 
and  unsaturated  hydraulic  conductivity  are  defined 
as  they  are  developed  in  soil  physics  and  applied  to 
the  flow  of  water  in  the  unsaturated  zone.  The 
emphasis  is  on  a  practical  and  non-numerical  de- 
scription of  what  happens  in  the  field.  An  apprecia- 
tion of  the  controls  of  water  flow  in  the  unsaturat- 
ed zone  is  essential  to  an  understanding  of  many 
hydrogeological  problems.  The  water  content  and 
water  potential  profiles  in  the  unsaturated  zone  are 
interrelated  and  almost  always  in  a  state  of  change. 
The  water  potential  profile  will  constantly  tend  to 
move  toward  equilibrium  with  the  water  table. 
Attainment  of  the  equilibrium  is  limited  by  de- 
creasing unsaturated  hydraulic  conductivity,  by 
inputs  and  outputs  of  water  at  the  surface  and  by 
regional  water  table  fluctuations.  There  are  two 
main  areas  in  which  soil  physical  field  investiga- 
tions may  be  usefully  and  economically  applied  to 
the  study  of  the  unsaturated  zone  of  soil  and  rock. 
The  first  is  the  measurement  of  the  water  balance 
of  the  profile,  enabling  actual  evaporation  and 
aquifer  recharge  to  be  measured.  The  second  is  the 
study  of  solute  movement  through  the  unsaturated 
zone.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01486 


SORPTION  AND  MINERAL  EQUILIBRIA 
CONTROLS  ON  MOISTURE  CHEMISTRY  IN 
A  C-HORIZON  SOIL, 


Pennsylvania  State  Univ.,  University  Park.  Miner- 
al Conservation  Section. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  2K. 
W83-01495 


HYDRAULIC  CONDUCTIVITY  OF  SATURAT- 
ED POROUS  MEDIA  IN  RELATION  TO 
THEIR  GEOMETRICAL  CHARACTERISTICS, 

Institut  National  de  la  Recherche  Agronomique, 

Tunis  (Tunisia). 

C.  Laroussi,  T.  Touzi,  and  L.  W.  De  Backer. 

Soil  Science,  Vol  132,  No  6,  p  387-393,  December 

1981,  6  Fig,  4  Tab,  8  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Porous  media,  'Particle  size,  'Math- 
ematical equations,  'Permeability  coefficient,  'Hy- 
draulic permeability,  Hydraulic  properties,  Capil- 
lary water,  Pore  size,  Particle  shape,  Mathematical 
studies,  Porosity. 

It  is  usually  accepted  that  the  hydraulic  conductiv- 
ity of  saturated  porous  media  (K)  is  a  function  of 
the  geometrical  characteristics  of  the  solid  matrix. 
Equations  were  established  to  relate  K  to  geome- 
try. Uniform  glass  beads  of  average  diameters 
equaling,  150,  300,  600,  or  1000  microns  and 
narrow  range  sand  fractions  with  diameters  of 
142.5,  180.0,  225.0,  282.5,  357.5  or  450  microns 
were  used  to  determine  their  saturated  hydraulic 
conductivity  in  a  Darcy's  permeameter.  A  linear 
relation  with  a  null  intercept  was  found  between  K 
and  the  mean  diameter  of  the  particles.  In  another 
set  of  experiments,  mixtures  of  as  many  as  five 
fractions  were  tested  to  obtain  a  large  statistical 
distribution  of  particles.  Another  linear  relation 
between  K  and  the  square  of  the  mean  diameter 
was  obtained  with  an  intercept  (2)  different  from 
zero.  It  was  established  that  the  intercept  b  is  a 
linear  function  of  the  square  of  the  primary  diame- 
ter. Using  the  b  intercept,  a  new  expression  for  K 
was  formulated  which  holds  true  in  the  case  of 
narrow  fractions  as  well  as  for  mixtures  of  frac- 
tions. (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01694 


PENETRATION  COEFFICIENT  IN  POROUS 
MEDIA, 

Haryana  Agricultural  Univ.,  Hissar  (India).  Dept. 
of  Soils. 

R.  S.  Malik,  C.  Laroussi,  and  L.  W.  De  Backer. 
Soil  Science,  Vol  132,  No  6,  p  394401,  December, 
1981.  5  Fig,  3  Tab,  25  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Porous  media,  'Hydrodynamics, 
'Capillary  water,  'Permeability  coefficient,  'Infil- 
tration, 'Capillarity,  'Soil  water,  'Mathematical 
studies,  Porosity,  Pores,  Condensation,  Adsorp- 
tion, Fluid  mechanics,  Permeability,  Hydraulic 
permeability,  Particle  size. 

In  the  case  of  horizontal  infiltration  in  an  air-dry 
soil  with  a  zero  hydrostatic  head,  the  penetration 
coefficient  is  defined  as  the  distance  of  advance  of 
the  visible  wetting  front  per  square  root  of  unit 
time.  Infiltration  experiments  were  conducted  in 
53-  to  63-micrometer,  74-  to  88-micrometer,  and 
105-  to  125-micrometer  glass  bead  fractions  with 
100%  water,  6  and  20%  ethyl  alcohol-water  solu- 
tions, 100%  ethyl  alcohol  and  100%  methyl  alco- 
hol. The  penetration  coefficient  of  a  porous  media 
is  composed  of  vapor  penetration  and  a  capillary 
coefficient.  Liquid  infiltration  is  a  two-phased 
mechanism  involving  adsorption  of  fluid  particles 
from  the  vapor  phase  by  condensation  on  the  solid 
matrix  to  form  a  liquid  film  and  movement  of  fluid 
particles  in  the  liquid  phase  primarily  by  capillary 
forces.  Poiseuille's  law  governed  the  penetration  of 
water  but  not  other  liquids  in  porous  media.  For 
uniform  capillary  tubes,  the  shape  factor  (G)  was 
found  to  be  much  greater  than  8.  These  findings 
provide  a  basis  for  applying  capillary  tube  models 
to  the  study  of  hydrodynamics  in  porous  media. 
(Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01695 


AN  APPROXIMATE  INTEGRAL  SOLUTION 
OF  VERTICAL  INFTLTRATION  UNDER 
CHANGING  BOUNDARY  CONDITIONS, 

Mississippi  Univ.,  University.  Dept.  of  Civil  Engi- 
neering. 
S.  N.  Prasad,  and  M.  J.  M.  Romkens. 


Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  1022- 
1028,  August,  1982.  2  Fig,  25  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Infiltration,  'Ponding,  'Soil  water, 
Boundary  conditions,  'Richards  equation,  Rainfall 
infiltration,  Saturated  zone,  Wetting  front,  Vertical 
infiltration,  Runoff. 

An  approximate  analytical  solution  of  the  Richards 
Equation  was  derived  for  rain  infiltration  into  a 
dry  noncrusting  semi-infinite  homogeneous  profile. 
The  two-part  solution  was  developed  from  a  trun- 
cated spectral  series  expansion.  The  first  part  de- 
scribed the  early  stages  of  rainfall  when  infiltration 
is  governed  by  a  flux  controlled  boundary  condi- 
tion. The  second  part  described  infiltration  after 
ponding,  when  a  concentration  boundary  condi- 
tion applies.  During  the  second  stage  a  flux  match- 
ing boundary  condition  described  the  movement  of 
the  interface  between  the  saturated  and  unsaturat- 
ed zones.  The  solutions  produced  a  general  expres- 
sion for  ponding  time,  wetting  front  advance,  and 
soil  water  profile.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01714 


PORE  VELOCITY  ESTIMATION  UNCERTAIN- 
TIES, 

Battelle  Pacific  Northwest  Labs.,  Richland,  WA. 
J.  L.  Devary,  and  P.  G.  Doctor. 
Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  1 8,  No  4,  p  1 1 57- 
1 164,  August,  1982.  16  Fig,  23  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Estimating,  'Pore  water,  'Velocity, 
•Waste  disposal,  Leaching.  Infiltration,  Model 
studies,  Hydrology,  Statistical  analysis,  Hazardous 
waste,  Groundwater  pollution,  Stochastic  hydrol- 
ogy, Parametric  hydrology,  'Washington,  Hanford 
Reservation. 

Geostatistical  data  analysis  techniques  were  used 
to  stochastically  model  the  spatial  variability  of 
groundwater  pore  velocity  in  a  potential  water 
repository  site.  Kinging  algorithms  were  applied  to 
Hanford  Reservation  data  to  estimate  hydraulic 
conductivities,  hydraulic  head  gradients,  and  pore 
velocities.  A  first-order  Taylor  series  expansion  for 
pore  velocity  was  used  to  statistically  combine 
hydraulic  conductivity,  hydraulic  head  gradient, 
and  effective  porosity  surfaces  and  uncertainties  to 
characterize  the  pore  velocity  uncertainty  Use  of 
these  techniques  permits  the  estimation  of  pore 
velocity  uncertainties  when  pore  velocity  meas- 
urements do  not  exist.  Large  pore  velocity  estima- 
tion uncertainties  were  found  to  be  located  in  the 
region  where  the  hydraulic  head  gradient  relative 
uncertainty  was  maximal.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01736 


2H.  Lakes 


HYDROLOGY    OF    LAKE    TOHOPEKALIGA, 
OSCEOLA  COUNTY,  FLORIDA, 

Geological   Survey.  Tallahassee,  FL.   Water  Re- 
sources Div. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7C. 
W83-01405 


STRUCTURE  AND  COMPOSITION  OF 
FLOODED  SOILS  OF  THE  KREMENCHUG 
RESERVOIR, 

Akademiya  Nauk  URSR,  Kiev.  Inst.  Hidrobiolo- 

g»- 

B.  I.  Novikov. 

Hydrobiological  Journal.  Vol  17,  No  4,  p  75-79, 

1981.  2  Tab,  13  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Flooding.  'Sediments,  'Reservoirs, 
Kremenchug  Reservoir,  'USSR,  Bottom  sedi- 
ments, Nutrients,  Phosphorus,  Sand,  Loam,  Soil 
types,  Floods,  Calcium,  Magnesium,  Carbon,  Ni- 
trogen. 

Changes  in  the  top  10  cm  of  flooded  soils  are 
determined,  based  on  data  obtained  by  the  analysis 
of  the  structure  and  chemical  composition  of 
flooded  soils  of  the  Kremenchug  reservoir  and  of 
soils  surrounding  it.  After  an  initial  significant  mi- 
gration of  nutrient  elements  and  organic  substances 
into  the  water,  which  is  typical  of  the  first  year 


WATER  CYCLE— Field  2 
Lakes — Group  2H 


after  flooding,  exchanges  between  water  and  soil 
continue  and  result  in  a  considerable  increase  in 
nutrients  and  some  other  elements  in  flooded  soils. 
(Baker-FRC) 
W83-01428 

SUCCESSIONAL  PATTERNS  OF  PLANTS,  IN- 
VERTEBRATES AND  DUCKS  IN  A  MAN- 
MADE  LAKE, 

Sveriges    Lantbruksuniversitet,    Umea.    Dept.    of 

Wildlife  Ecology. 

K.  Danell,  and  K.  Sjoberg. 

Journal  of  Applied  Ecology,  Vol  19,  No  2,  p  395- 

409,  August,  1982.  8  Fig,  2  Tab,  55  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Succession,  *Lakes,  *Wildlife  habi- 
tats, *Ducks,  Plants,  Invertebrates,  'Sweden, 
Water  chemistry,  Ecology,  Acidity,  Vegetation, 
Population  dynamics,  Potassium,  Conductivity, 
Chemical  oxygen  demand,  Sulfates,  Sodium,  Nutri- 
ents, Veittijarvi  Lake. 

A  study  was  made  of  secondary  successions  in  a 
shallow  man-made  lake  of  35  ha,  which  was  cre- 
ated in  order  to  increase  the  local  duck  popula- 
tions. Successional  patterns  were  followed  in  water 
chemistry,  in  the  vegetation  and  in  the  populations 
of  vertebrates  and  ducks  between  the  third  and 
eighth  years  after  flooding.  The  Veittijarvi  lake  is 
situated  in  the  far  north-eastern  corner  of  Sweden. 
Water  pH,  conductivity,  K,  Na  and  S04  contents 
in  the  lake  outflow  were  higher  than  in  the  inflow. 
The  chemical  oxygen  demand  of  the  central  lake 
water  was  negatively  correlated  with  lake  age.  The 
number  of  macrophytic  species  increased,  and  the 
dominant  submerged  hydrophyte  increased  its  cov- 
erage from  a  few  percent  to  about  30%  between 
1971  and  1979.  The  Chironomidae  were  early  colo- 
nizers, but  between  the  third  and  eighth  years  the 
autumnal  larval  biomass  decreased  from  55  g  per 
sq  m  to  less  than  10  g.  Mean  individual  larval 
weight  also  decreased.  During  the  years  studied  no 
linear  change  in  the  species  diversity  of  ducks  was 
recorded.  Peak  numbers  of  ducks  occurred  in  the 
fourth  and  fifth  years  after  flooding.  Thereafter 
they  decreased.  Duck  production  values  paralleled 
the  changes  in  value  of  their  main  food  items.  The 
last  finding  stresses  the  importance  of  the  early 
secondary  successional  stages,  which  provide  an 
abundance  of  duck  food  at  the  right  time  of  the 
season.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01433 


THE  ENRICHMENT  OF  A  MESOTROPHIC 
LAKE  BY  CARBON,  PHOSPHORUS  AND  NI- 
TROGEN FROM  THE  CAGE  AQUACULTURE 
OF  RAINBOW  TROUT,  SALMO  GAIRDNERI, 

Lodz  Univ.  (Poland).  Inst,  of  Environmental  Biol- 
ogy- 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5C. 
W83-01434 


ZOOPLANKTON  COMMUNITIES  OF  A  NEW 
PUMPED  STORAGE  RESERVOIR, 

New      Mexico      Environmental      Improvement 

Agency,  Santa  Fe. 

D.  U.  Potter,  and  J.  L.  Meyer. 

Water  Resources  Bulletin,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  635-642, 

August,  1982,  9  Fig,  5  Tab,  37  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Zooplankton,  'Reservoirs,  'Water 
storage,  Pumping,  Chlorophyll,  Copepeds,  Clado- 
cera,  Lake  Oconee,  Rotifers,  Population  dynamics, 
'Georgia. 

Zooplankton  were  sampled  monthly  for  16  months 
at  three  stations  along  a  gradient  from  lotic  to 
lentic  conditions  in  Lake  Oconee,  Georgia,  a  new 
pumped  storage  reservoir.  The  data  were  evaluat- 
ed in  light  of  the  reservoirs's  early  stage  of  devel- 
opment, the  differences  among  stations  and  sea- 
sons, and  of  pumped  storage  operations.  Coloniza- 
tion was  rapid,  and  the  zooplankton  community 
was  characterized  by  a  high  species  diversity. 
About  40  rotifer  species  and  14  cladoceran  genera 
were  recorded.  Zooplankton  density  varied  along 
an  environmental  gradient  from  riverine  to  lentic 
conditions.  Rotifer  abundance  varied  from  10,000 
to  1,000,000  individuals  per  cubic  meter,  with 
maxima  in  the  summers.  Copepod  and  cladoceran 


densities  range  from  1,000  to  nearly  10,0000  indi- 
viduals/cubic meter,  with  maxima  for  stations 
other  than  the  dam  being  observed  in  the  summer 
and  early  fall,  but  high  values  at  the  dam  station 
occurred  throughout  winter  of  1980.  When 
pumped  storage  operations  began  in  December  of 
1979,  zooplankton  densities  increased  at  the  dam 
station.  Pumpback  decreased  the  intensity  of  the 
environmental  gradient  from  riverine  to  lentic  con- 
ditions, and  led  to  a  more  similar  zooplankton 
community  structure  throughout  the  reservoir. 
(Baker-FRC) 
W83-01475 


GEOMETRIC   VARIATIONS   IN   RESERVOIR 
WATER  QUALITY, 

Massachusettes  Inst,  of  Tech.,  Cambridge.  Dept.  of 

Civil  Engineering. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry   see   Field   5G. 

W83-01481 


LABORATORY  EXPERIMENTS  AS  AN  AID 
TO  LAKE  RESTORATION  DECISIONMAK- 
ING, 

Southwest   Florida  Water  Management   District, 

Brooksville. 

For  primary  bibliographic   entry  see   Field   5G. 

W83-01507 


RECONNAISSANCE  WATER-BALANCE 

STUDY  OF  LAKE  GREGORY,  CALIFORNIA, 

Geological  Survey,  Sacramento,  CA.  Water  Re- 
sources Div. 
C.  E.  McConaughy. 

Available  from  OFSS,  USGS  Box  25425,  Fed.  Ctr. 
Denver,  CO.  80225,  Price:  $3.00  in  paper  copy, 
$3.50  in  microfiche.  Geological  Survey  Open-File 
Report  82-367,  June  1982.  21  p,  6  Fig,  5  Tab,  6 
Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Surface  water,  'Hydrologic  budget, 
'Streamflow,  'Mountain  lakes,  Data  collections, 
Available  water,  Water  supply,  Water  use,  Precipi- 
tation, Evaporation,  Small  watersheds,  Runoff, 
Discharge  measurement,  'California,  Lake  Greg- 
ory, San  Bernardino  County. 

A  study  was  made  to  determine  the  magnitude  and 
distribution  of  the  surface-water  inflow  and  out- 
flow (water  balance)  of  the  Lake  Gregory  basin  in 
southern  California.  Data  were  collected  from 
April  1979  through  June  1981.  Runoff  during  the 
study  period  varied  greatly  with  the  majority  of 
inflow  occurring  between  December  and  May  of 
each  year.  During  1980  and  1981  (through  July 
1981)  precipitation  totals  at  Lake  Gregory  were 
the  maximum  and  minimum  for  the  19-year  period 
of  record.  The  average  annual  precipitation  for  the 
3-year  period  1979-81  was  47.4  inches,  almost  10 
inches  greater  than  the  long-term  average,  1962-81, 
of  37.8  inches.  Surface-water  runoff  in  the  Lake 
Gregory  basin  is  highly  dependent  on  annual  pre- 
cipitation, and  total  outflow  for  the  1980  water 
year  and  partial  total  for  the  1981  (through  June) 
water  year  was  7,230  acre-feet  and  400  acre-feet, 
respectively.  (USGS) 
W83-01512 


RELATIONSHIPS  BETWEEN  PHYTOPLANK- 
TON  GROWTH  RATES  AND  NUTRIENT  DY- 
NAMICS IN  LAKE  NORMAN,  N.C., 

Duke  Power  Co.,  Huntersville,  NC. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5C. 

W83-01526 


THE  APPLICATION  OF  PREDICTIVE  MATH- 
EMATICAL MODELS  OF  RESERVOIR  ECOL- 
OGY AND  WATER  QUALITY, 

Ceskoslovenska  Akademie  Ved,  Prague.  Inst,  of 

Landscape  Ecology. 

M.  Straskraba. 

Canadian  Water  Resources  Journal,  Vol  7,  No  1,  p 

283-318,  1982.  13  Fig,  58  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Reservoirs,  'Water  quality,  'Math- 
ematical studies,  'Model  studies,  Mathematical 
equations,  Eutrophication,  Hydrodynamics, 
'Czechoslovakia,  Retention  time. 


The  MIT  hydrodynamic  model  is  critically  evalu- 
ated on  the  basis  of  its  application  to  Czechoslovak 
reservoirs.  It  is  used  for  recognizing  the  dominant 
variables  determining  reservoir  hydrodynamics 
and  understanding  their  influence:  retention  time, 
outlet  level,  and  extinction  coefficient.  Two  eutro- 
phication models  are  confronted  with  data  from 
Slapy  Reservoir,  Czechoslovakia:  a  simple  (3  com- 
partment) model,  AQUAMOD  1,  and  a  complex 
(31  compartment)  model,  CLEANER.  The  simple 
model  gives  results  no  less  accurate  than  the  exten- 
sive model.  A  simple  model  is  then  used  to  under- 
stand the  effect  of  inflow  nutrient  concentration, 
hydraulic  loading,  morphometry  and  light  on  phy- 
toplankton.  Based  on  AQUAMOD  1,  a  dynamic 
management  optimization  model  including  5  con- 
trol variables  is  developed,  and  first  numerical 
experiences  are  reported.  The  notion  of  ecosystems 
as  self-optimizing  systems  is  summarized,  and  some 
numerical  solutions  are  reported.  The  notion  is 
extended  to  dynamic  interactions  between  man  and 
nature.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01542 


ZOOPLANKTON  POPULATION  DYNAMICS 
DURING  AND  AFTER  IMPOUNDMENT  IN  A 
SMALL  RESERVOIR  (JAMES  BAY,  QUEBEC), 

Centre  de  Recherches  Ecologiques  de  Montreal 

(Quebec). 

B.  Pinel-Alloul,  E.  Magnin,  G.  Codin-Blumer,  and 

P.  Ross. 

Canadian  Water  Resources  Journal,  Vol  7,  No  1,  p 

168-188,  1982.  7  Fig,  3  Tab,  27  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Zooplankton,  'Population  dynamics, 
'Reservoirs,  Lakes,  Nutrients,  Seasonal  variations, 
Pumpback,  Drawdown,  Oxygen  consumption,  De- 
composing organic  matter,  Quebec,  James  Bay, 
Desaulniers  Reservoir. 

An  analysis  was  made  of  seasonal  depth  distribu- 
tion of  zooplankton  during  the  first  two  years  of 
impoundment  of  a  small  subarctic  reservoir  on  the 
eastern  shore  of  James  Bay.  After  impoundment, 
46  zooplankters  were  found,  rotifers  being  numeri- 
cally dominant  in  both  years.  Rotifer  community 
composition  was  quite  different  between  the  first 
and  second  years.  Polyarthra  vulgaris  and  Kera- 
tella  cochlearis  were  the  most  abundant  species  in 
1977,  while  Conochilus  unifornis  and  K.  cochlearis 
dominated  in  1978.  Depth-time  distributions  of  the 
principal  species  of  Rotifera,  Copepoda  and  Clado- 
cera  are  described.  Correlation  between  abundance 
of  principal  rotifers  and  biological  factors  such  as 
density  of  other  zooplankters,  and  abiotic  factors 
such  as  temperature  and  oxygen  tension,  is  tested. 
It  was  concluded  that  the  zooplankton  species 
assemblage  found  in  Desaulniers  Reservoir  was 
similar  to  those  of  natural  lakes  of  the  region.  The 
population  dynamics  could  not  be  explained  entire- 
ly by  processes  that  occur  in  natural  lakes.  Pump- 
back, drawdown,  nutrient  leaching  and  oxygen 
consumption  from  plant  decomposition  may  also 
play  key  roles.  The  virtual  disappearance  of  Clado- 
cera  at  the  end  of  the  second  post-impoundment 
summer  and  the  overriding  importance  of  Rotifera 
are  topics  needing  further  study.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01543 


AN  EXTENDED  CHANNEL  MODEL  FOR  THE 
PREDICTION  OF  MOTION  IN  ELONGATED 
HOMOGENEOUS  LAKES.  PART  3,  FREE  OS- 
CILLATIONS IN  NATURAL  BASINS, 

Eidgenoessesche  Technische  Hochschule,  Zurich 

(Switzerland).    Versuchsanstalt    fuer    Wasserbau, 

Hydrologie  und  Glaziologie. 

G.  Raggio,  and  K.  Hutter. 

Journal  of  Fluid  Mechanics,  Vol  121,  p  283-299, 

1982.  6  Fig,  2  Tab,  15  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Channels,  'Model  studies,  'Math- 
ematical equations,  Wave  motion,  Hydrodynamics, 
Hydrology,  Basins,  Lakes,  Lake  of  Lugano,  Corio- 
lis  force,  'Switzerland. 

The  extended  channel  model  as  derived  and  ana- 
lyzed in  earlier  publications  is  further  developed 
by  investigating  free  oscillations  in  natural  en- 
closed basins.  First,  a  zero-order  model  is  ana- 
lyzed. In  this  model,  field  variables  are  expressed 
as  a  product  of  a   single  known   cross-sectional 


Field  2— WATER  CYCLE 
Group  2H — Lakes 


shape  function  and  an  unknown  function  of  time 
and  the  coordinate  along  the  lake  axis.  Conditions 
are  discussed  under  which  this  zero-order  model  is 
meaningful,  and  it  is  shown  that  under  normal 
circumstances  Coriolis  effects  must  be  ignored. 
Subsequently  the  general  Nth-order  channel  model 
is  applied  to  the  Lake  of  Lugano.  It  is  demostrated 
that  eigenfrequencies  and  amphidromic  systems  are 
well  predicted  in  such  channel-like  lakes.  The 
paper  concludes  with  a  discussion  on  the  selection 
of  shape  functions  and  with  further  applications 
and  limitations  of  the  channel  model.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01544 


AN  EXTENDED  CHANNEL  MODEL  FOR  THE 
PREDICTION  OF  MOTION  IN  ELONGATED 
HOMOGENEOUS  LAKES.  PART  2.  FIRST 
ORDER  MODEL  APPLIED  TO  IDEAL  GEOM- 
ETRY: RECTANGULAR  BASINS  WITH  FLAT 
BOTTOM, 

Eidgenoessesche  Technische  Hochschule,  Zurich 
(Switzerland).    Versuchsanstalt    fuer    Wasserbau, 
Hydrologie  und  Glaziologie. 
G.  Raggio,  and  K.  Hutter. 

Journal  of  Fluid  Mechanics,  Vol  121,  p  257-281, 
1982.  9  Fig,  21  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Model  studies,  'Hydraulics,  'Lakes, 
Channels,  Hydrodynamics,  Wave  motions. 

A  first-order  channel  model  for  fluid  motion  in 
long  homogeneous  lakes  is  presented.  This  model 
describes  the  motion  through  spatially  one-dimen- 
sional boundary-value  problems  and  is  deduced  by 
representing  each  field  variable  by  cross  sectional 
expansions  with  a  constant  and  a  linear  term.  Var- 
ious wave  solutions  of  the  governing  equations 
applied  to  rectangular  basins  with  flat  bottom  are 
presented.  It  is  demonstrated  that  for  moderate 
rotation  speeds  of  the  Earth  and  for  elongated 
basins  of  a  homogeneous  fluid  the  main  features  of 
gravitational  oscillations  are  predicted  by  the 
model.  In  particular  Kelvin-  and  Poincare-type 
waves  are  shown  to  exist.  Furthermore,  conditions 
of  complete  and  incomplete  reflections  of  Kelvin 
waves  and  free  oscillations  are  discussed.  The  re- 
sults corroborate  the  suitability  of  the  model  as  far 
as  wave  motion  in  rectangular  basins  is  concerned, 
but  also  elucidate  the  physics  behind  them,  which 
would  be  less  readily  understood  on  application  of 
the  full  theory.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01545 


AN  EXTENDED  CHANNEL  MODEL  FOR  THE 
PREDICTION  OF  MOTION  IN  ELONGATED 
HOMOGENEOUS  LAKES.  PART  1.  THEO- 
RETICAL INTRODUCTION, 

Eidgenoessesche  Technische  Hochschule,  Zurich 

(Switzerland).    Versuchsanstalt    fuer    Wasserbau, 

Hydrologie  und  Glaziologie. 

G.  Raggio,  and  K.  Hutter. 

Journal  of  Fluid  Mechanics,  Vol  121,  p  231-255, 

1982.  3  Fig,  39  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Mathematical  equations,  'Model 
studies,  'Lakes,  'Hydraulics,  Hydrodynamics, 
Channels. 

A  hydrodynamic  model  is  developed,  taking  into 
account  the  slenderness  of  many  lakes.  The  three- 
dimensional  differential  equations  are  formulated  in 
a  curvilinear  coordinate  system  along  the  long  axis 
of  the  lake.  By  applying  the  method  of  weighted 
residuals  and  expanding  the  field  variables  with 
shape  functions  over  the  cross  sections,  approxi- 
mate equations  for  the  fluid  motion  are  derived. 
The  emerging  equations  form  a  cross-sectionally 
discretized  set  of  spatially  one-dimensional  partial 
differential  equations  in  the  longitudinal  lake  direc- 
tion. First,  these  channel  equations  are  presented 
for  unspecified  fluid  properties  and  arbitrary  shape 
functions,  leaving  applications  possible  for  inviscid 
or  viscous  fluids  with  arbitrary  closure  conditions. 
The  channel  equations  are  subsequently  specialized 
for  Cauchy  series  as  shape  functions.  For  the  free 
oscillation  the  simplest  channel  model  is  shown  to 
reduce  to  the  classical  Chrystal  equation.  A  first- 
order  linear  channel  model  is  deduced.  It  exhibits 
the  essential  features  of  gravitational  oscillations  in 
rotating  basins,  in  that  it  provides  wave-type  solu- 
tions with  the  characteristics  of  Kelvin  and  Poin- 


care  waves.   The  derivation   of  the  equations  is 

presented.  (Baker-FRC) 

W83-01546 


RELATIONSHIPS  BETWEEN  LAKE  RESER- 
VOIR MANAGEMENT  AND  AMBIENT  NU- 
TRIENT CONCENTRATIONS  IN  LAKE  OKEE- 
CHOBEE, FLORIDA, 

South  Florida  Water  Management  District,  West 

Palm  Beach. 

For  primary  bibliographic   entry  see   Field   5G. 

W83-01550 


AN  EMPIRICAL  ANALYSIS  OF  PHOSPHO- 
RUS, NITROGEN,  AND  TURBIDITY  EFFECTS 
ON  RESERVOIR  CHLOROPHYLL-A  LEVELS, 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5C. 
W83-01551 


THE  APPLICATION  OF  PHOSPHORUS 
LOAD-TROPHIC  RESPONSE  RELATION- 
SHIPS TO  RESERVOIRS, 

Canadian  Wildlife  Service,  Halifax  (Nova  Scotia). 
J.  J.  Kerekes. 

Canadian  Water  Resources  Journal,  Vol  7,  No  1,  p 
349-354,  1982.  1  Tab,  9  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Reservoirs,  'Phosphorus,  'Trophic 
level,  'Eutrophication,  Vollenweider  equations, 
Nutrients,  Physical  properties. 

Analysis  of  data  obtained  in  the  OECD  Coopera- 
tive Program  on  Monitoring  of  Inland  Water  (Eu- 
trophication Control)  indicates  that  data  from  sev- 
eral of  the  126  bodies  of  water  studied  do  not  fit 
the  Vollenweider  type  nutrient  load-nutrient  con- 
centration and  trophic  response,  empirical  relation- 
ships. Those  which  did  not  fit  were  long  or  narrow 
reservoirs  where  the  in-lake  concentration  of  total 
phosphorus  was  estimated  based  on  measurements 
near  the  outflow,  and  thus  it  was  not  representa- 
tive for  the  entire  body  of  water.  This  misrepresen- 
tation of  the  average  in-lake  concentration  may  be 
corrected  if  the  reservoir  is  treated  as  a  series  of 
connecting  individual  bodies  of  water,  where  each 
segment  would  fit  the  empirical  phosphorus  load- 
ing relationships.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01552 


USE  OF  PHOSPHORUS  BUDGET  MODELS  IN 
RESERVOIR  MANAGEMENT, 

Waterloo  Univ.  (Ontario).  Dept.  of  Biology. 

For   primary  bibliographic   entry   see   Field   5G. 

W83-01553 


MODELLING    NITRATE    CONCENTRATION 
IN  SOME  UNITED  KINGDOM  RESERVOIRS, 

Water  Research  Centre,  Slevenage  (England). 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5B. 
W83-01554 


INFLUENCE  OF  ADDED  NUTRTENT  ON  THE 
SEASONAL  VARIATION  OF  ALGAL  GROWTH 
POTENTIAL  OF  MT  BOLD  RESERVOIR, 
SOUTH  AUSTRALIA, 

Adelaide  Univ.  (Australia),  Dept.  of  Botany. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5C. 
W83-01590 


THOUGHTS  ON  USING  THE  RESULTS  OF 
THE  OECD-MONITORING  PROGRAM  IN 
LAKE  PROTECTION  (GEDANKEN  ZUR 
UBERTRAGUNG  DER  ERGEBNISSE  DES 
OECD-UNTERSUCHUNGS-PROGRAMMES  IN 
DIE  PRAXIS  DES  SEENSCHUTZES), 
Wahnbachtalsperrenverband,  Siegburg  (Germany, 
F.R.). 

For   primary  bibliographic   entry   see   Field   5G. 
W83-01599 


MODELING  THE  ANNUAL  THERMAL 
REGIME  OF  LAKE  OHRID,  YUGOSLAVIA, 
USING  DAILY  WEATHER  DATA, 

Michigan  Univ.,  Ann  Arbor.  Dept.  of  Geography. 
S.  I.  Outcalt,  and  H.  L.  Allen. 


Ecological  Modelling,  Vol  15,  No  2,  p  165-184, 
March,  1982.  7  Fig,  1  Tab,  16  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Thermal  stratification,  'Numerical 
analysis,  'Mathematical  models,  'Weather, 
•Lakes,  Model  studies,  Simulation  analysis,  Solar 
radiation,  Cloud  cover,  Air  temperature,  Humid- 
ity, Wind  velocity,  'Yugoslavia,  Lake  Ohrid. 

The  nature  of  daily  weather  variation  and  the 
performance  of  an  improved  version  of  the  lake 
thermal  model  originally  described  by  Outcalt  and 
Allen  were  investigated  as  part  of  cooperative 
research  program  on  Lake  Ohrid,  Yugoslavia.  Five 
weather  variables  which  control  annual  thermal 
response  -  solar  radiation,  air  temperature,  humid- 
ity, wind  speed  and  cloud  cover  -  were  studies  for 
time-dependence  in  a  simple  numerical  model  of 
thermal  response  forced  by  thermally  driven  densi- 
ty mixing.  Comparisons  with  observed  thermal 
profiles  snowed  that  the  numerical  model  success- 
fully simulates  the  major  features  of  the  lake's 
thermal  regime  over  a  6  year  period  from  1972  to 
1977.  For  this  profile  period,  the  average  root 
mean  square  value  was  1.2  degrees,  extremes  were 
0.3  and  2.2  degrees,  and  standard  deviation  was  0.4 
degrees.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01664 


SOME  EFFECTS  OF  LANGMUIR  CIRCULA- 
TION ON  THE  QUALITY  OF  WATER  RE- 
SOURCE SYSTEMS, 

Prince  of  Songkla  Univ.  (Thailand).  Dept.  of  Civil 
Engineering. 

T.  Buranathanitt,  D.  J.  Cockrell,  and  P.  H.  John. 
Ecological  Modelling,  Vol  15,  No  1,  p  49-74,  Feb- 
ruary, 1982.  11  Fig,  28  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Lakes,  'Reservoirs,  'Mathematical 
models,  'Suspended  solids,  'Sedimentation, 
•Water  quality,  Advection,  Diffusion  coefficient, 
Diatoms,  Mathematical  studies,  Mathematical 
equations,  Particle  size,  'Langmuir  circulation. 

The  quantitative  extent  to  which  the  large-scale 
organized  water  motion  in  the  surface  water  of 
lakes  and  reservoirs  (Langmuir  circulation)  affects 
the  distribution  and  settling  of  algae  and  other 
suspended  particles  was  modelled  mathematically. 
The  water  quality  model  was  based  on  a  two- 
dimensional  advection-diffusion  mass  transport 
equation  describing  the  temporal  and  spatial  distri- 
bution of  suspended  particles  in  a  typical  Langmuir 
cell.  The  Langmuir  circulation  flow  field  and  tur- 
bulent diffusion  coefficients  are  modelled  in  rela- 
tion to  environmental  parameters.  Results  indicat- 
ed that  a  particle  distribution  and  settling  are  not 
affected  by  Langmuir  circulation,  except  for  parti- 
cles of  high  sinking  velocity,  where  aggregation 
may  give  rise  to  significant  reductions  in  sinking 
loss  when  compared  with  that  predicted  by  con- 
ventional models.  For  diatoms,  reductions  of  6% 
or  more  may  occur,  depending  on  which  conven- 
tional model  is  used,  while  for  sand  and  silt  parti- 
cles in  a  cell  of  large  width-to-depth  ratio,  a  reduc- 
tion of  over  60%  is  possible.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01666 


POLYCYCLIC  AROMATIC  HYDROCARBONS 
IN  SEDIMENTS,  PORE  WATER  AND  THE 
AMPHIPOD  PONTOPOREIA  HOYI  FROM 
LAKE  MICHIGAN, 

National  Oceanic  and  Atmospheric  Administra- 
tion, Ann  Arbor,  MI.  Great  Lakes  Environmental 
Research  Lab. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5B. 
W83-01742 


21.  Water  In  Plants 


ENVIRONMENTAL  AND  PHYSIOLOGICAL 
CONTROL  OF  WATER  FLUX  THROUGH 
PINUS-CONTORTA, 

Montana  Univ..  Missoula.  School  of  Forestry. 
S.  W.  Running. 

Canadian  Journal  of  Forest  Research,  Vol  10,  No 
1,  p  82-91,  March,   1980.  8  Fig,  2  Tab,  31   Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Water  potentials,  'Conductance. 
•Humidity,     'Pine    trees.     'Diurnal    distribution. 


10 


WATER  CYCLE— Field  2 


J 


Erosion  and  Sedimentation — Group  2J 


•Seasonal  variation,  'Correlation  analysis,  ♦Soil- 
water-plant  relationships,  Radiation,  Air  tempera- 
ture, Conifers,  Mathematical  studies,  Soil  water, 
Water  transport,  Soil  water  potential,  'Colorado, 
Fraser  Experimental  Forest. 

Measurements  of  leaf  conductance,  leaf  water  po- 
tential, temperature,  humidity,  and  radiation  were 
taken  on  a  stand  of  Pinus  contorta  Dougl.  ex  Loud 
lodgepole  pine  during  one  growing  season  at  the 
Fraser  Experimental  Forest  in  Colorado.  Attempts 
were  made  to  quantitatively  relate  diurnal  and 
seasonal  changes  in  leaf  conductance  to  the  meas- 
ured parameters  and  compare  the  results  with 
those  of  other  western  conifers.  From  June 
through  August,  the  daily  range  of  leaf  conduc- 
tances decreased  ten-fold.  A  high  correlation  was 
found  between  predawn  leaf  water  potential  and 
morning  maximum  leaf  conductance.  Midday  leaf 
conductance  was  significantly  less  when  atmos- 
pheric humidity  was  low.  The  present  finding 
showed  good  agreement  with  results  of  studies  on 
other  conifers.  A  nonlinear  correlation  was  found 
between  seasonal  changes  in  total  soil-plant  resist- 
ance to  water  flux  and  changes  in  predawn  leaf 
water  potential.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01537 


MANAGEMENT  OF  TRICKLE  IRRIGATED 
ORCHARDS  FOR  INCREASED  WATER-USE 
EFFICIENCY,  VOL.  1:  PLANT  RESPONSES  OF 
DRIP  IRRIGATED  TREES  TO  CLIMATE  AND 
WATER  STRESS, 

Texas  Water  Resources  Inst.,  College  Station. 
J.  F.  Punthakey,  M.  J.  McFarland,  P.  B. 
Rodrugue,  and  J.  W.  Worthington. 
Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83- 150086, 
Price  codes:  A08  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Technical  Report  No  120  -  Vol  1,  August  1982, 
142  p,   12  Tab,  49  Fig,  64  Ref.  OWRT  B-241- 
TEX(2),  14-34-0001-0252. 

Descriptors:  *Evapotranspiration,  *Trickle  irriga- 
tion, Lysimeter,  Water  balance,  *  Peach  orchards, 
Water  use,  Irrigation  design,  Heat  pulse  velocity, 
Stephenville,  *Texas,  "Leaf  water  potential, 
•Water  stress. 

Past  irrigation  research  has  shown  that  peach  trees 
vary  in  their  field  response  to  water  stress,  and  the 
degree  of  stress  is  a  function  of  the  plants'  environ- 
ment. This  research  examined  the  effect  of  envi- 
ronmental variables  on  leaf  water  potential,  leaf 
resistance,  canopy  resistance  and  transpiration  rate, 
and  evaluated  their  ultimate  effect  on  yield,  water 
use  efficiency  and  pruning  weights  for  trees  under 
four  drip  irrigation  regimes  at  Stephenville,  Texas. 
Treatments  selected  were  instrumented  with  1-,  2-, 
3-  and  4-  emitters  per  tree,  and  single  trees  from 
each  treatment  were  instrumented  with  ground 
covers.  Plant  responses  were  measured  hourly  on 
sunlit  and  shaded  leaves  of  each  treatment.  Leaf 
water  potentials  and  leaf  resistances  were  higher  in 
shaded  leaves,  resulting  in  reduced  transpiration. 
An  increase  in  early  morning  leaf  water  potentials 
indicated  irrigation  had  decreased  stress.  Lower 
leaf  water  potentials  and  higher  leaf  resistance 
indicated  the  trees  were  being  severely  stressed 
prior  to  harvest.  Leaf  water  potentials  decreased 
linearly,  whereas  leaf  resistance  decreased  expon- 
entially, with  increasing  solar  radiation.  In  stressed 
trees  critical  leaf  water  potentials  were  lower  sug- 
gesting some  degree  of  adaption  to  stress.  Leaf 
water  potentials  decreased  linearly  with  increasing 
transpiration.  Total  resistance  (sum  of  plant  an  soil 
resistance)  increased  with  increasing  severity  of 
stress.  The  3-emitter  tree  was  recommended,  since 
yield  and  water  use  efficiency  are  relatively  high. 
Proper  irrigation  increased  total  yields  and  also  the 
number  of  fruit  within  a  marketable  size  range, 
while  maintaining  high  water  use  efficiency,  result- 
ing in  economic  benefits  to  the  farmer. 
W83-01577 


SIMULATION  OF  THE  REVEGETATION  PO- 
TENTIAL OF  COAL  MINES  IN  SEMI-ARID 
CLIMATES, 

Arizona  Univ.,  Tucson.  School  of  Renewable  Nat- 
ural Resources. 
J.  W.  Franklin. 


Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150193 
Price  codes:  A05  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
M.  S.  Thesis  1981,  92  p,  10  Tab,  24  Ref,  3  Append. 
OWRT  B-073-ARIZ(3). 

Descriptors:  •Revegetation,  *Mine  wastes,  *Soil 
banks,  •Simulation,  'Soil  water,  *Semiarid  lands, 
Coal  mines,  Computer  models,  Irrigation,  Land 
reclamation,  Drought,  Rainfall,  Germination. 

A  computer  model  was  developed  to  predict  the 
success  or  failure  of  revegetating  mine  spoils.  The 
model  consists  of  a  stochastic  rainfall  model  cou- 
pled to  a  soil  moisture  model  which  is  used  to 
predict  if  there  is  sufficient  moisture  for  plant 
growth.  The  parameters  which  affect  the  re  vegeta- 
tive process  were  then  varied  to  study  their 
impact.  The  stochastic  rainfall  model  was  devel- 
oped from  data  from  the  Betatakin  Ruins  (Arizona) 
which  was  then  matched  to  hypothetical  distribu- 
tions in  order  to  more  easily  recreate  the  rainfall 
patterns  of  the  area.  Using  the  model  for  a  one 
year  period,  it  was  seen  that  the  most  limiting 
parameter  is  the  amount  of  soil  moisture  that  is 
available  for  the  germination  process.  An  irrigation 
model  was  also  run  to  see  the  effect  of  adding  extra 
moisture.  Very  little  moisture  would  need  to  be 
added  to  get  established  in  each  year.  Using  the 
model  for  a  ten  year  period  indicated  that  without 
irrigation  in  the  first  year,  there  was  very  little 
chance  for  successful  revegetation.  With  irrigation 
in  the  first  year,  the  plants  would  have  to  with- 
stand moderate  to  long  droughts.  It  is  felt  that  the 
Federal  law  that  governs  revegetation  can  be  met, 
even  in  an  arid  climate,  if  the  species  which  are  to 
be  planted  are  selected  for  the  area,  the  soil  mois- 
ture holding  capacity  is  increased,  and  irrigation  is 
applied  in  the  first  year.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01611 


RESPONSE  OF  FOUR  GRAIN  LEGUMES  TO 
WATER  STRESS  IN  SOUTH-EASTERN 
QUEENSLAND.  II.  PLANT  GROWTH  AND 
SOIL  WATER  EXTRACTION  PATTERNS, 

Commonwealth  Scientific  and  Industrial  Research 
Organization,  St.  Lucia  (Australia).  Div.  of  Tropi- 
cal Crops  and  Pastures. 
R.  J.  Lawn. 

Australian  Journal  of  Agricultural  Research,  Vol 
33,  No  3,  p  497-509,  1982.  3  Fig,  6  Tab,  8  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Water  stress,  *Plant  growth,  *Crop 
yield,  Queensland,  *Australia,  Soil  water,  Water 
extraction,  Moisture  availability,  Moisture  stress, 
Rainfall,  Dehydration,  Drought,  Soybeans,  Black 
grams,  Green  grams,  Cowpeas. 

Growth  and  water  use  of  soybean,  black  gram, 
green  gram  and  cowpea  in  response  to  water  stress 
were  evaluated  in  the  field  at  Dalby  in  southeast 
Queensland.  Differing  strategies  of  growth  and 
water  use  which  reflected  the  differential  expres- 
sion of  dehydration  avoidance  and  developmental 
plasticity  in  response  to  stress  were  identified 
among  species.  The  primary  difference  between 
strategies  related  to  differences  in  dehydration 
avoidance.  Soil  water  extraction  during  the  initial 
phases  of  drought  was  faster,  and  leaf  area  devel- 
opment and  plant  growth  were  relatively  less  af- 
fected in  soybean  than  in  the  Vigna  spp.  Where 
adequate  soil  water  existed,  these  differences  were 
sustained  during  the  drought  period  but  were  re- 
versed where  soil  water  was  limited.  Soil  water 
extraction  by  soybean  occurred  to  greater  depths 
and  to  lower  potentials  than  in  the  Vigna  spp. 
Developmental  plasticity  influenced  growth  pat- 
tern in  the  Vigna  spp.  to  varying  degrees.  Drought 
periods  invariably  curtailed  growth  and  hastened 
maturity  in  green  gram  and  black  gram,  but  rain 
prior  to  maturity  induced  renewed  growth  in  black 
gram.  Moderate  stress  curtailed  growth  and  has- 
tened maturity  in  cowpea,  which  also  responded  to 
late  rains  with  renewed  growth.  Severe  stress  in- 
hibited growth  and  delayed  development  in 
cowpea  indefinitely.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01690 


SPRUCE  PLANTATION  EFFECTS  ON  SOIL 
MOISTURE  AND  CHEMICAL  ELEMENT  DIS- 
TRIBUTION, 


11 


Morton  Arboretum,  Lisle,  IL. 

A.  S.  Messenger. 

Forest  Ecology  and  Management,  Vol  3,  No  2,  p 

1 13-125,  1980,  3  Fig,  3  Tab,  25  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Forest  management,  •Soil  water, 
•Soil  properties,  *Soil-water-plant  relationships, 
•Spruce  trees,  »Fertility,  Soil  moisture  deficiency, 
Soil  horizons,  Soil  profiles,  Soil  physical  proper- 
ties, Soil  chemistry,  Soil  types,  Hardwood. 

Opinions  are  still  varied  on  whether  or  not  spruce 
has  a  favorable  effect  on  soil  fertility.  This  problem 
was  studied  by  collecting  data  on  several  and  semi- 
static  soil  properties  in  a  48-year-old  mixed  spruce 
plantation  and  comparing  them  with  soil  properties 
of  the  surrounding  hardwood  forests  with  the  same 
soil  types.  During  May,  the  surface  soil  was  drier 
in  the  spruce  plantation,  however,  the  B  horizon  of 
the  spruce  forest  was  significantly  moister  than 
that  of  the  hardwood  forests  from  late  spring  to 
fall.  In  mid-June,  the  calcareous  C  horizon  of  the 
spruce  plantation  dried  out  rapidly  until  late 
summer.  The  surface  soil  of  the  spruce  stand  was 
significantly  more  acidic  and  contained  higher 
levels  of  extractable  manganese  than  the  hardwood 
forest  surface  soil,  possibly  due  to  differential  bio- 
cycling  intensities.  The  soil  types  studied  are  well 
suited  to  Picea  abies.  It  is  suggested  that  one 
rotation  of  Picea  abies  intermixed  with  Picea  pun- 
gens  may  render  the  soil  more  suitable  for  species 
which  would  otherwise  be  hindered  by  a  less  acid 
surface  soil  and  a  dense,  calcareous  C  horizon. 
(Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01691 


RESPONSE  OF  FOUR  GRAIN  LEGUMES  TO 
WATER  STRESS  IN  SOUTH-EASTERN 
QUEENSLAND.  III.  DRY  MATTER  PRODUC- 
TION, YIELD  AND  WATER  USE  EFFICIENCY, 

Commonwealth  Scientific  and  Industrial  Research 
Organization,  St.  Lucia  (Australia),  Div.  of  Tropi- 
cal Crops  and  Pastures. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  3F. 
W83-01692 

23.  Erosion  and  Sedimentation 


MAPPING  SOIL  EROSION  BY  RAINFALL 
FOR  REGIONAL  ENVIRONMENTAL  PLAN- 
NING, 

Sheffield  Univ.  (England).  Dept.  of  Geology. 
D.  J.  Briggs,  and  J.  France. 

Journal  of  Environmental  Management,  Vol  14, 
No  3,  p  219-227,  May,  1982.  1  Fig,  3  Tab,  19  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Maps,  *Soil  erosion,  Erosion,  Uni- 
versal soil  loss  equation,  South  Yorkshire,  •Eng- 
land, Rainfall,  Land  use,  Erosion  control. 

Variations  in  erosion  due  to  land  use  practices 
must  be  known  in  order  to  plan  and  assess  erosion 
control  measures.  The  universal  soil  loss  equation 
was  used  to  develop  a  method  for  estimating 
annual  soil  loss  through  rainfall  erosion  in  South 
Yorkshire,  England.  The  resulting  semiquantitative 
estimates  of  erosion  were  plotted  on  a  1  km  grid 
square  map  of  the  county.  Only  a  few  areas  experi- 
ence significant  soil  losses  under  present  agricultur- 
al systems.  These  areas  are  located  in  the  western 
section  of  the  county  where  steep  slopes  are  culti- 
vated, overgrazing  has  occurred  on  peatland  inter- 
fluves,  and  heather  is  burned.  The  slight  erosion 
problems  in  the  east  central  part  of  the  county  are 
associated  with  escarpments  of  magnesian  lime- 
stone where  concave-convex  slopes,  intensive  cul- 
tivation, and  fine  soils  combine  to  produce  local- 
ized erosion.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01412 


STABILITY  OF  BEDFORMS  IN  A  TIDAL  EN- 
VIRONMENT, 

State  Univ.  of  New  York  at  Stony  Brook.  Marine 

Sciences  Research  Center. 

G.  A.  Zarillo. 

Marine  Geology,  Vol  48,  No  3/4,  p  337-351,  1982. 

10  Fig,  1  Tab,  15  Ref. 

Descriptors:     »Sand    waves,     *Dunes,     *Ripples, 
•Sediment     transport,    Tidal     effects,     Bedforms, 


.;■;-. 
'TTinMnf 


Field  2— WATER  CYCLE 

Group  2J — Erosion  and  Sedimentation 


Sapelo  Island,  'Georgia,  Duplin  River,  Megarip- 
ples,  Wavelengths,  Wave  height,  Ebb  tides,  Flow 
power,  Shear  velocity,  Water  depth,  Particle  size, 
Estuaries,  Bed  shear. 

Large-scale  bedforms  were  investigated  in  the 
Duplin  River,  a  tidal  estuary  in  Sapelo  Island, 
Georgia.  Two  distinct  forms  were  discerned:  me- 
garipples,  also  called  dunes  (4-15  m  wavelength 
and  10-75  cm  high)  and  sand  waves  (15-45  m 
wavelengths  and  85-130  cm  high).  The  sand  waves 
existed  in  megarippled  and  smooth-crested  forms. 
The  large-scale  bedforms  maintained  an  ebb-orient- 
ed geometry  through  both  ebb  and  flood  parts  of 
the  tidal  cycle.  Bedforms  were  in  equilibrium  with 
peak  tidal  flow,  and  ebb  orientation  was  the  direct 
result  of  large  pressure  gradients  and  bed-shear 
values  which  developed  during  the  ebb.  Bedform 
heights  were  dependent  on  flow  power,  shear  ve- 
locity, water  depth,  and  sediment  grain  size,  but 
were  not  dependent  on  mean  flow  velocity.  The 
significant  parameters  were  used  to  construct  bi- 
variate  plots  showing  separate  stability  fields  of 
sand  waves  and  megaripples.  The  megaripples 
formed  at  smaller  flow  depths  and  lower  flow 
power  values  than  sand  waves.  The  megarippled 
sand  waves  formed  in  areas  of  coarser  sand,  and 
smooth-crested  sand  waves  in  finer  sands.  (Cassar- 
FRC) 
W83-01430 


THE  LOCH  EIL  PROJECT:  SIMULATION  OF 
THE  HYDROLOGY  AND  SEDIMENT  INPUTS 
TO  LOCH  EIL, 

University   of  Strathclyde,    Glasgow   (Scotland). 

Dept.  of  Civil  Engineering. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  2A. 

W83-01441 


SPATIAL  AND  TEMPORAL  VARIABILITY  IN 
SUSPENDED  SEDIMENT  YIELDS  OF  NORTH 
ISLAND  BASINS,  NEW  ZEALAND, 

Ministry    of   Works    and    Development,    Christ- 
church  (New  Zealand).  Water  and  Soil  Div. 
G.  A.  Griffiths. 

Water  Resources  Bulletin,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  575-584, 
August,  1982.  5  Fig,  2  Tab,  24  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Suspended  sediments,  'River  basins, 
'Variability,  Spatial  distribution,  Distribution, 
Temporal  distribution,  'New  Zealand,  Climate, 
Precipitation. 

Suspended  sediment  yields  and  their  standard 
errors  are  reported  for  rated  North  Island  basins, 
to  provide  empirical  prediction  equations  of 
known  precision.  Most  of  the  variance  in  yields 
found  for  the  47  basins  is  explained  by  catchment 
mean  rainfall.  Rivers  with  similar  flow  range  had 
similar  suspended  sediment  concentration  ratings, 
independent  of  differing  watershed  lithology  and 
regolith,  except  for  six  basins  having  an  abundance 
of  soft  fine  sediments.  Prediction  equations  for 
yield  and  its  standard  deviation  are  derived  for 
four  essentially  arbitrary  regions.  All  feature  rain- 
fall as  the  independent  variable.  Differences  be- 
tween regions  may  be  due  to  their  variations  in 
intensity,  frequency,  and  duration  patterns  of 
storms  and,  in  one  area,  to  bed  material  size  as 
well.  The  temporal  distribution  of  annual  yields 
from  a  basin  can  be  modeled  by  a  two  parameter 
lognormal  function:  the  prediction  equations  may 
be  used  to  evaluate  this  function  at  a  site  for  which 
suspended  sediment  data  are  not  available.  (Baker- 
FRC) 
W83-01477 


SEDIMENTATION  IN  AN  ARID-ZONE  ANAS- 
TOMOSING FLUVIAL  SYSTEM:  COOPER'S 
CREEK,  CENTRAL  AUSTRALIA, 

Ottawa  Univ.  (Ontario).  Dept.  of  Geology. 

B.  R.  Rust. 

Journal  of  Sedimentary  Petrology,  Vol  51,  No  3,  p 

745-755,  September,  1981.  11  Fig,  2  Tab,  26  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Sedimentation,  'Fluvial  sediments, 
'Petrology,  Lake  Eyre  Basin,  'Australia,  Chan- 
nels, Alluvial  channels,  Alluvial  deposits,  Sedimen- 
tary petrology,  Arid  zone,  Channel  morphology. 
Sand. 


Cooper's  Creek  is  one  of  several  extensive  fluvial 
systems  in  the  Lake  Eyre  Basin  of  Central  Austra- 
lia. It  has  a  wide  variety  of  channels,  largely 
multiple.  The  large  extent  and  aggradational 
regime  of  the  system  make  it  a  suitable  model  for 
interpreting  ancient  successions  formed  under  simi- 
lar environmental  conditions.  The  dominant  chan- 
nel pattern  is  a  combination  of  relict  braids  and 
active  anastomosing  channels.  The  braids  are  the 
partly  buried  surface  expressions  of  a  sand  sheet 
attributed  to  a  pluvial  episode  about  5,000  years 
ago,  whereas  the  anastomosing  pattern  is  interpret- 
ed as  an  adjustment  to  the  present  arid  climate. 
Tectonism  and  eolian  processes  are  minor,  local- 
ized influences.  The  anastomosing  channels  accu- 
mulate sand,  but  they  occupy  a  small  part  of  the 
floodplain,  on  which  overbank  mud  is  blanketing 
the  relict  braids.  A  preliminary  depositional  model 
for  arid-zone  anastomosing  fluvial  systems  com- 
promises a  mud-dominated  succession,  with  minor 
isolated  channel  sands.  Other  features  are  deep 
desiccation  cracks,  minor  carbonaceous  horizons, 
duricrusts,  and  evaporite  horizons.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01488 


FLUME  EXPERIMENTS  ON  LOWER-FLOW- 
REGIME  BED  FORMS  IN  COARSE  SAND, 

Esso  Resources  Ltd.,  Calgary  (Alberta). 

W.  R.  Costello,  and  J.  B.  Southard. 

Journal  of  Sedimentary  Petrology,  Vol  51,  No.  3,  p 

849-864,  September,   1981.  8  Fig,  2  Tab,  32  Ref 

Descriptors:  'Sedimentary  petrology,  'Flume, 
Channels,  'Sand,  Dunes,  Sediments,  Sedimenta- 
tion, Petrology,  Currents,  'Bedforms. 

Attempts  were  made  to  refine  the  picture  of  hy- 
draulic relationships  among  the  various  kinds  of 
bed  configurations.  A  large  number  of  flume  runs 
were  made  covering  the  range  of  sand  sizes  from 
about  0.5  mm  to  about  0.8  mm  in  which  ripples  are 
known  to  give  way  to  flat-bed  transport  with 
increasing  sand  size.  Greatest  emphasis  was  placed 
on  geometry  and  mechanics  of  dunelike  bed  forms, 
with  the  aim  of  establishing  a  better  basis  for 
comparison  between  the  laboratory  bed  forms  and 
the  large-scale  bed  forms  developed  in  the  same 
ranges  of  sand  size  and  current  velocity  in  deeper 
natural  flows.  A  plot  of  mean  flow  velocity  versus 
sand  size  for  all  the  runs  shows  that  at  low  flow 
velocities  the  ripple  field  narrows  with  increasing 
sand  size  and  pinches  out  at  about  0.7  mm.  The 
field  for  flat  bed  transport  narrows  with  decreasing 
sand  size  and  pinches  out  at  about  0.5  mm,  just 
above  the  ripple  field.  At  high  field  velocities, 
dunes  are  the  stable  phase  for  all  sand  sizes  studied. 
Dune  configurations  are  divided  into  two  sub- 
phases.  Two-dimensional  dunes  with  fairly 
straight,  continuous,  even  crests  and  no  strong 
localized  scour  in  troughs  are  formed  at  relatively 
low  flow  velocities.  Three-dimensional  dunes  with 
strongly  sinuous,  discontinuous,  uneven  crests  and 
strong,  localized  scour  pits  in  troughs  are  formed 
at  relatively  high  flow  velocities.  In  both  geometry 
and  hydraulic  relationships  both  types  of  dunes  in 
the  flume  runs  corresponded  to  the  relatively  regu- 
lar megaripples  at  low  flow  velocities  and  relative- 
ly irregular  megaripples  at  high  flow  velocities 
described  by  other  authors  from  intertidal  environ- 
ments. (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01489 


SEDIMENT  TRANSPORT  AND  EFFECTTVE 
DISCHARGE  OF  THE  NORTH  PLATTE, 
SOUTH  PLATTE,  AND  PLATTE  RIVERS  IN 
NEBRASKA, 

Geological    Survey,    Denver,    CO.,    Water    Re- 
sources Div. 
J.  E.  Kircher. 

Available  from  the  OFSS,  USGS  Box  25425,  Fed. 
Ctr.  Denver,  CO.  80225,  Price  $3.75  in  paper  copy, 
$3.50  in  microfiche.  Geological  Survey  Open-File 
Report  81-53,  1981.  26  p,  16  Fig,  3  Tab,  11  Ref. 

Descriptors:  River,  South  Platte  River,  Platte 
River. 

Sediment  discharge  was  computed  for  four  loca- 
tions along  the  North  Platte,  South  Platte,  and  the 
Platte  Rivers  between  North  Platte  and  Grand 
Island,  Nebraska  in  order  to  determine  the  effec- 


tive discharge.  The  total-sediment  discharge  was 
computed  by  the  Colby  method  and  modified  Ein- 
stein method  so  that  comparisons  could  be  made 
with  the  measured  total-sediment  discharge.  The 
results  agreed  closely.  The  Colby  method  is  the 
simplest  and  most  convenient  to  use.  The  mean 
annual  total-sediment  discharge  for  the  four  sites 
investigated  ranged  from  150  tons  per  day  for  the 
South  Platte  River  at  North  Platte  to  1,260  tons 
per  day  for  the  Platte  River  near  Grand  Island. 
The  effective  discharge  at  the  sites  ranged  from  41 
to  1 58  cubic  meters  per  second.  The  probability  of 
the  effective  discharge  being  equaled  or  exceeded 
ranged  from  1  to  30  percent  for  the  four  sites. 
(USGS) 
W83-01517 


STABILITY  OF  ARMOUR  LAYERS  IN 
RIVERS, 

Auckland  Univ.  (New  Zealand).   Dept.  of  Civil 

Engineering. 

A.  J.  Raudkivi,  and  R.  Ettema. 

Journal  of  the  Hydraulics  Division,  Proceedings  of 

the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  Vol  108, 

No  9,  p  1047-1057,  September,  1982.  8  Fig,  1  Tab, 

15  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Sediment  transport,  'River  beds, 
•Entrainment,  'Armor  layers,  Bed  load.  Embed- 
ding, Particle  size,  Bottom  sediments. 

The  influences  of  overpassing  and  embedding  of 
river  bed  particles  were  studied  in  a  456  mm  wide 
flume.  The  stability  of  a  single-layer-thick  layer  of 
armoring  particles  on  a  bed  of  smaller  uniform 
particles  is  characterized  by  the  tendency  of  the 
larger  particles  to  overpass  or  become  embedded 
into  the  bed  surface.  Between  overpassing  and 
embedding  there  is  a  transition  region  in  which  the 
larger  particles  cannot  overpass  a  bed  surface 
under  (lows  that  do  not  entrain  the  smaller  bed 
particles.  The  ability  of  these  flows  to  embed  the 
larger  particles  into  the  surface  increases  with  the 
value  of  the  ratio  of  diameter  of  larger  particles  to 
diameter  of  smaller  particles.  Armor  layers  com- 
posed of  particles  which  embed  are  more  stable 
than  layers  which  tend  to  overpass.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01548 


RESISTANCE  TO  FLOW  IN  ALLUVIAL  CHAN- 
NELS, 

Ministry  of  Agriculture  and  Water,  Riyadh  (Saudi 

Arabia). 

G.  Holtorff. 

Journal  of  the  Hydraulics  Division,  Proceedings  of 

the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  Vol  108, 

No  9,  p  1010-1028,  September,  1982.  7  Fig,  17  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Sediment  transport,  'Flow  resist- 
ance, 'Channel  morphology,  Bed  load,  Antidunes, 
Bars,  Ripples,  Dunes,  Alluvial  channels,  Froude 
number,  Wavelengths,  Friction  loss,  Suspended 
load,  Suspended  sediments,  Rivers. 

A  theory  is  derived  for  predicting  the  geometry  of 
bed  patterns  in  alluvial  channels  and  evaluating  the 
influence  of  the  sediment  transport  rate  on  flow 
resistance.  Bed  patterns  include  ripples,  dunes,  an- 
tidunes, and  bars.  Several  conclusions  were 
reached.  For  steady  flow  the  bed  forms  assume  a 
stable  form.  The  friction  factor  due  to  form  resist- 
ance is  related  to  the  height  and,  to  a  lesser  degree, 
the  length  of  bed  forms.  Ripples  and  bars  do  not 
depend  on  the  Froude  number  but  on  the  friction 
factor.  Dunes  depend  on  both  the  Froude  number 
and  friction  factor.  Antidunes  depend  only  on  the 
Froude  number.  Flow  can  produce  ripples  super- 
imposed on  dunes.  The  work  rate  of  the  fluid  is 
reduced  as  the  work  rate  of  the  transported  sedi- 
ment increases.  Under  steady  conditions  of  water 
and  sediment  discharge,  the  suspended  load  has  no 
direct  effect  on  size  and  formation  of  bed  waves. 
However,  heavy  suspended  loads  can  reduce  flow 
resistance.  Data  in  published  literature  from  flume 
experiments  and  the  Missouri  River  agree  reason- 
ably well  with  the  theoretical  curve.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01549 


BANK  STABILITY  AND  CHANNEL  WIDTH 
ADJUSTMENT,  EAST  FORK  RIVER,  WYO- 
MING, 


12 


WATER  CYCLE— Field  2 
Estuaries — Group  2L 


Geological  Survey,  Lakewood,  CO. 

E.  D.  Andrews. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  1184- 

1192,  August,  1982.  7  Fig,  26  Ref. 

Descriptors:  •Channel  morphology,  'Sediment 
transport,  "Stream  erosion.  Bank  stabilization, 
Bank  erosion,  Erosion,  East  Fork  River,  •Wyo- 
ming, Scour,  Fill,  Sand,  Parker  model,  Aggrada- 
tion, Degradation,  Stream  banks,  Bankfull  stage, 
Channel  accretion,  Channel  erosion,  Channel 
scour,  Streambeds. 

Relationships  between  channel  morphology  and 
scour  and  fill  were  studied  in  the  East  Fork  River, 
Wyoming,  a  sinuos  stream  with  prominent  sandy 
point  bars  and  well-developed  pool  and  riffle  se- 
quences. Surveys  during  the  1974  snowmelt  period 
showed  that  reaches  with  cross  sections  narrower 
than  the  mean  reach  width  filled  at  discharges  less 
than  bankfull  and  scoured  at  discharges  greater 
than  bankfull.  Conversely,  the  cross  sections  wider 
than  the  mean  reach  width  scoured  at  discharges 
less  than  bankfull  and  filled  at  discharges  greater 
than  bankfull.  Sediment  was  not  scoured  and  filled 
evenly  across  the  channel.  Depletion  and  accumu- 
lation was  concentrated  in  the  near  bank  parts  of 
the  channel.  Bank  stability  and  retreat  depended 
significantly  on  whether  sediment  was  deposited  or 
removed  at  the  base  of  banks  at  discharges  greater 
than  bankfull.  In  the  cross  sections  which  scour  at 
discharges  greater  than  bankfull  bank  erosion  oc- 
curred. Conversely,  in  cross  sections  which  fill 
discharges  greater  than  bankfull,  the  bank  material, 
covered  by  sandy  deposits,  was  not  eroded.  Chan- 
nels narrower  than  the  mean  reach  width  had  steep 
sides;  channels  wider  than  the  mean  reach  width 
had  gently-sloping  sides.  A  resurvey  in  1980 
showed  that  cross  sections  which  scoured  at  dis- 
charges greater  than  bankfull  had  widened  by  2-4 
ft;  the  cross  sections  which  filled  at  discharges 
greater  than  bankfull  had  not  changed.  Results  of 
this  study  tentatively  support  Parker's  (1978) 
model  of  channel  width  adjustment  by  a  sand  bed 
stream.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01729 


2K.  Chemical  Processes 


QUALITY  OF  STREAMS  IN  THE  BULL 
MOUNTAINS  REGION,  SOUTH-CENTRAL 
MONTANA, 

Geological  Survey,  Helena,  MT.  Water  Resources 

Div. 

J.  R.  Knapton. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 

Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB82-238361, 

Price  codes:  A04  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 

Geological  Survey  Water-Resources  Investigations 

82-2,  1982.  50  p,  5  Fig,  9  Tab,  21  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Surface  water,  'Water  quality, 
'Streams,  'Baseline  studies,  Coal  mines,  Stream- 
flow,  Runoff,  Baseflow,  Water  analysis,  Anions, 
Cations,  Dissolved  solids,  Sediment  load,  Nutri- 
ents, Trace  elements,  'Montana,  Bull  Mountains, 
Musselshell  River. 

In  October  1977,  water-quality  monitoring  stations 
were  established  on  five  small  streams  that  drain 
the  Bull  Mountains  and  also  on  the  Musselshell 
River  to  document  present  water-quality  condi- 
tions in  a  coal  area  of  south-central  Montana.  Rela- 
tively static  water-quality  conditions  exist  through- 
out the  annual  flow  cycle  on  the  small  streams  but 
water  quality  varies  with  time  on  the  Musselshell 
River.  The  near  absence  of  surface  runoff  in  the 
Bull  Mountains  during  the  study  and  the  domi- 
nance by  the  base-flow  component  account  for 
stability  of  water  quality  in  the  small  streams. 
High-mountain  runoff  coupled  with  storms  and 
prairie  runoff  impact  the  base  flow  of  the  Mussel- 
shell River.  Bicarbonate  and  sulfate  were  the  prin- 
cipal anions  and  are  present  in  nearly  equal  propor- 
tions in  all  small  streams.  Except  for  West  Parrot 
Creek,  magnesium  was  the  most  dominant  cation. 
West  Parrot  Creek,  which  consistently  contained 
the  smallest  levels  of  dissolved  solids,  had  sodium 
rather  than  magnesium  as  the  principal  cation. 
Fattig  Creek  was  highest  in  dissolved  solids  with 
an  approximate  concentration  range  of  900  to  2,100 


milligrams  per  liter.  Suspended-sediment  discharge 
in  the  streams  was  relatively  small;  no  stream 
exceeded  0.32  ton  per  day.  The  Musselshell  River 
had  dissolved  solids  concentrations  that  ranged 
from  about  450  milligrams  per  liter  during  spring 
runoff  to  1,800  milligrams  per  liter  during  periods 
of  base  flow.  The  sodium  sulfate-type  water,  which 
is  common  during  base  flow,  is  diluted  during 
runoff  with  water  having  principal  ions  of  calcium, 
magnesium,  and  bicarbonate.  Suspended-sediment 
loads  ranged  from  0.56  to  37,300  tons  per  day  and 
correlated  directly  to  stream  discharge.  (USGS) 
W83-01407 


THE  LOCH  EIL  PROJECT:  EFFECT  OF  OR- 
GANIC MATTER  INPUT  ON  INTERSTITIAL 
WATER  CHEMISTRY  OF  LOCH  EIL  SEDI- 
MENTS, 

Dunstaffnage  Marine  Research  Lab.,  Oban  (Scot- 
land). 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5B. 
W83-01440 


THE  LOCH  EIL  PROJECT:  CHLOROPHYLL  A 
AND  NUTRIENTS  IN  THE  WATER  COLUMN 
OF  LOCH  EIL, 

Dunstaffnage  Marine  Research  Lab.,  Oban  (Scot- 
land). 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  2L. 
W83-01442 


ISOTOPE  GEOCHEMISTRY  OF  DISSOLVED, 
PRECIPITATED,  AIRBORNE,  AND  FALLOUT 
SULFUR  SPECIES  ASSOCIATED  WITH 
SPRINGS  NEAR  PAIGE  MOUNTAIN, 
NORMAN  RANGE,  N.W.T., 
National  Hydrology  Research  Inst.,  Calgary  (Al- 
berta). 

R.  O.  van  Everdingen,  M.  A.  Shakur,  and  H.  R. 
Krouse. 

Canadian  Journal  of  Earth  Sciences,  Vol  19,  No  7, 
p  1395-1407,  July,   1982.  5  Fig,  5  Tab,  20  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Sulfur  cycle,  'Springs,  'Geochemis- 
try, Isotopes,  Sulfur  compounds,  Paige  Mountain, 
•Northwest  Territories,  Gypsum  beds,  Spring 
water,  Sulfates,  Chemical  analysis,  Chemical  prop- 
erties. 

Present  understanding  of  the  system  of  sulfur 
transformations  associated  with  a  group  of  strong- 
ly sulfurous  springs  located  near  Paige  Mountain  in 
the  Northwest  Territories  has  been  enhanced 
through  total  0-18  and  total  S-34  measurements 
made  on  oxidized  sulfur  species  in  the  system. 
Total  S-34  values  determined  for  disssolved  sulfate 
in  water  discharged  in  the  sulfurous  springs  identi- 
fy gypsum  beds  in  the  Lower  Devonian  Bear  Rock 
Formation  as  the  sulfate  source,  whereas  relatively 
low  0-18  values  show  that  as  much  as  30%  of  the 
sulfate  may  have  gone  through  a  reduction-re- 
oxidation  cycle.  Reduced  sulfur  species  in  the 
spring  water  have  negative  S-34  values  as  a  result 
of  microbiological  isotope  fractionation  during  sul- 
furic reduction;  airborne  sulfur  species  and  gypsum 
formed  through  reaction  of  sulfuric  acid  fallout 
with  exposed  carbonate  rocks  show  similar  nega- 
tive S-34  values.  Negative  0-18  values  for  the  sul- 
fate radical  in  sulfuric  acid  fallout  and  in  the  alter- 
ation product  indicate  that  more  than  half  of  the 
oxygen  reacting  with  airborne  hydrogen  sulfide  is 
derived  from  water  vapor.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01487 


SORPTION  AND  MINERAL  EQUILIBRIA 
CONTROLS  ON  MOISTURE  CHEMISTRY  IN 
A  C-HORIZON  SOIL, 

Pennsylvania  State  Univ.,  University  Park.  Miner- 
al Conservation  Section. 
S.  O.  Sears,  and  D.  Langmuir. 
Journal  of  Hydrology,  Vol  56,  No  3/4,  p  287-308, 
April,  1982.  3  Fig,  3  Tab,  53  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Chemical  reactions,  'Minerals, 
•Sorption,  Recharge,  Soil  water,  Acid  rain,  Pre- 
cipitation, Equilibrium,  Soil  horizons,  Vadose 
water,  'Pennsylvania,  Hydrogen  ion  concentra- 
tion, Dissolved  solids,  Ion  exchange,  Adsorption. 


The  chemistry  of  soil  moisture  was  studied  in 
central  Pennsylvania  sandy  loam  soils  over  a  12 
month  period.  The  dolomite  bedrock  depth  was  6- 
14  m,  and  depth  to  the  water  table  was  60-90  m.  A 
total  of  146  samples  were  collected  at  1-9  m  depths 
with  suction  lysimeters.  The  soil  moisture  chemis- 
try was  described  by  Ca  >  Na  >  Mg  =  K.  and 
bicarbonate  >  chloride  >  sulfate  =  nitrate.  pH 
was  5.20  -  6.74.  Dissolved  silica  was  15-117  (aver- 
age 54)  mg  per  liter  as  Si02.  Specific  conductance 
varied  from  20  to  400  micro  S  per  cm.  Total 
dissolved  solids  in  the  soil  water  increased  with 
decreasing  precipitation  and  increasing  tempera- 
ture. This  was  a  result  of  evapotranspiration, 
which  concentrated  the  salts  in  the  soil  water, 
reduced  soil  relative  permeabilities,  and  increased 
the  contact  time  between  minerals  and  water.  The 
increased  acidity  of  precipitation  in  warmer 
months  and  drier  periods  also  contributed  to  the 
increase  in  total  dissolved  solids.  Water  chemistry 
was  not  controlled  by  the  solubility  equilibria  in- 
volving calcite,  dolomite,  quartz,  amorphous  silica, 
and  the  illite-kaolinite  reaction.  Regression  analysis 
of  dissolved  ion  activities  showed  that  the  cations 
were  strongly  buffered  by  Donnan  equilibrium, 
with  selective  adsorption  in  the  order  K  >  H  > 
Mg  >  Ca.  Soil  moisture  was  underestimated  with 
respect  to  quartz  and  probably  kaolinite.  Sorption 
equilibria  actively  controlled  major  cation  concen- 
trations at  all  depths  of  the  soil.  Solution-mineral 
equilibria  did  not  limit  the  cation  concentration. 
Continued  buildup  of  dissolved  species  and  a  solu- 
bility equilibrium  are  prevented  by  the  short  resi- 
dence time  of  the  water  in  the  C  horizon.  (Cassar- 
FRC) 
W83-01495 


WATERSHEDS  IN  MUSKEG  TERRAIN.  2. 
EVALUATIONS  BASED  ON  WATER  CHEMIS- 
TRY, 

Alberta  Univ.,  Edmonton.  Dept.  of  Geology. 
F.  W.  Schwartz,  and  W.  A.  Milne-Home. 
Journal  of  Hydrology,  Vol  57,  No  3/4,  p  291-305, 
June,  1982.  5  Fig,  1  Tab,  15  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Muskeg,  'Chemical  composition, 
'Streamflow,  Environmental  effects,  Geochemis- 
try, Geohydrology,  Surface  water,  Groundwater, 
Runoff,  Water  quality  ,  Snowmelt,  Surface  mining, 
Baseflow,  Watersheds,  Wetlands,  Surface-ground- 
water  relations,  'Alberta,  Muskeg  River,  Hartley 
Creek,  Thickwood  Creek,  Firebag  River,  Steep- 
bank  River,  Seasonal  variation,  Glacial  drift. 

Information  on  water  chemistry  in  muskeg  terrain, 
obtained  in  previous  studies  of  the  Muskeg  River 
and  Hartley  Creek  basins,  Alberta,  was  extended 
to  nearby  Firebag  River,  Steepbank  River,  and 
Thickwood  Creek.  The  region  contains  vast  quan- 
tities of  oil  sands  which  are  mined  from  the  sur- 
face. All  basins  are  covered  with  glacial  drift  un- 
derlain with  Precambrian  to  Cretaceous  bedrock. 
Groundwater  from  the  glacial  drift  is  the  major 
source  of  streamflow  in  winter  in  all  the  basins. 
During  spring  and  summer,  drainage  from  the 
muskeg  is  the  most  important  contributor  (50-90%) 
to  streamflow.  If  surface  mining  in  these  basins 
replaces  the  muskeg  with  mineral  soil,  stream  dis- 
charges will  be  lower  in  summer  and  higher  during 
spring  snowmelt  and  storm  runoff  periods.  Major 
ion  concentrations  will  be  less  dilute  in  summer 
and  fall.  Upstream  storage  in  lakes  and  ponds  and 
mixing  with  waters  from  other  parts  of  the  basin 
would  mitigate  the  effects  of  muskeg  disturbance. 
(Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01497 


A  MODEL  FOR  STREAMWATER  CHEMISTRY 
AT  BIRKENES,  NORWAY, 

Central     Inst,     for     Industrial     Research,     Oslo 

(Norway). 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5B. 

W83-01733 


2L.  Estuaries 


AN  INVESTIGATION  OF  THE  DISSOLVED 
FREE  AMINO  ACIDS  AND  THEIR  RELATION 
TO    PHYTOPLANKTON   CELL   DENSITY    IN 


13 


Field  2— WATER  CYCLE 
Group  2L — Estuaries 


I 


THE  DAMARISCOTTA  RIVER  ESTUARY, 
MAINE, 

Maine  Univ.,  Walpole.  Ira  C.  Darling  Center  for 

Research,  Teaching  and  Service. 

S.  A.  Macko,  and  E.  J.  Green. 

Estuaries,  Vol  5,  No  1,  p  68-73,  March,   1982.  4 

Fig,  23  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Amino  acids,  'Phytoplankton,  'Nu- 
trients, Estuaries,  Salinity,  Temperature,  Water 
temperature,  Chlorophyll,  Silicates,  Nitrates,  Phos- 
phates, Damariscotta  River,  *Maine. 

Total  dissolved  free  amino  acids  were  directly 
related  to  individual  amino  acid  variations  and  not 
to  the  other  variables  measured:  salinity,  tempera- 
ture, phytoplankton  nutrients,  chlorophyll,  and  cell 
counts.  Dissolved  free  amino  acids  levels  in  the 
Damariscotta  River  Estuary,  Maine,  varied  be- 
♦ween  about  100  and  300  nM  per  liter  over  the 
period  January  1975-January  1976.  This  suggested 
that  removal  of  the  amino  acids,  either  by  organ- 
isms or  adsorption,  was  continuous  and  rapid.  In 
prediction  of  cell  density,  only  silicate  and  chloro- 
phyll were  significant  predictors.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01426 


STABILITY  OF  BEDFORMS  IN  A  TIDAL  EN- 
VIRONMENT, 

State  Univ.  of  New  York  at  Stony  Brook.  Marine 

Sciences  Research  Center. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  2J. 

W83-01430 


THE  LOCH  EIL  PROJECT:  SEDIMENT 
CHEMISTRY,  SEDIMENTATION  AND  THE 
CHEMISTRY  OF  THE  OVERLYING  WATER 
IN  LOCH  EIL, 

Dunstaffnage  Marine  Research  Lab.,  Oban  (Scot- 
land). 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5B. 
W83-01439 


THE  LOCH  EIL  PROJECT:  CHLOROPHYLL  'A 
AND  NUTRIENTS  IN  THE  WATER  COLUMN 
OF  LOCH  EIL, 

Dunstaffnage  Marine  Research  Lab.,  Oban  (Scot- 
land). 

B.  Grantham. 

Journal  of  Experimental  Marine  Biology  and  Ecol- 
ogy, Vol  55,  No  2/3,  p  283-297,  1981.  9  fig,  1  Tab, 
26  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Nutrients,  'Chlorophyll  a,  'Phyto- 
plankton, Estuaries,  Loch  Eil,  'Scotland,  Runoff, 
Rainfall,  Brackish  water,  Phosphates,  Nitrates, 
Ammonia,  Fjords. 

Loch  Eil,  Scotland,  receives  a  small  amount  of 
fresh  water  from  streams  and  a  much  greater 
amount  of  brackish  water  at  the  seaward  end  of  its 
mouth  from  Loch  Linnhe  through  Annat  Narrows. 
Compared  with  Loch  Creran,  which  has  similar 
fresh  water  input  and  dimensions,  Loch  Eil  has  a 
lower  standing  crop  of  phytoplankton.  higher  light 
attenuation  from  humic  compounds,  and  a  deeper 
surface  mixed  layer.  Loch  Eil's  unusual  hydrog- 
raphy causes  surface  chlorophyll  a  values  to  be 
closer  to  those  of  Lakes  receiving  high  runoff. 
Water  chemistry  parameters  measured  at  three 
Loch  Eil  stations  and  one  station  at  Lynn  of  Lome 
(control)  during  1976-77  were:  dissolved  inorganic 
phosphate,  <  0.03  -  0.91  microgram-atoms  phos- 
phate-P  per  liter;  dissolved  inorganic  nitrate,  <  0.5 
-  8.4  microgram-atoms  nitrate-N  per  liter;  ammo- 
nia, <  0. 1  -  2.8  microgram-atoms  ammonium-N 
per  liter;  and  chlorophyll  a,  0.05  -  5.46  mg  per  cu 
m.  There  were  some  differences  in  nutrient  levels 
between  the  control  and  Loch  Eil.  Eil  had  greater 
stratification  and  ammonia  concentrations  and 
lower  nitrate  levels  than  the  Lynn  of  Lome.  Phos- 
phate and  nitrate  minima  in  the  surface  water 
occurred  in  May  in  Eil  but  not  until  June  in  Lynn. 
Deep  water  minima  were  recorded  later  in  the 
summer.  Ammonia  levels  in  deep  water  were  high- 
est in  Eil  during  April-November  and  in  Lynn 
during  March-September.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01442 


THE  AMERICAN  OYSTER  AS  A  COASTAL 
ZONE  POLLUTION  MONITOR:  A  PILOT 
STUDY, 

South  Carolina  Univ.,  Columbia.  Belle  W.  Baruch 
Inst,  for  Marine  Biology  and  Coastal  Research. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5A. 

W83-01444 


CHEMICAL  AND  PHYSICAL  CHARACTERIS- 
TICS OF  WATER  IN  ESTUARIES  OF  TEXAS, 
OCTOBER  1976-SEPTEMBER  1978, 

Geological  Survey,  Austin,  TX.  Water  Resources 

Div. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7C. 

W83-01514 


PHYSICAL,  HYDROLOGICAL,  AND  BIO- 
LOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS  OF  THE  LOX- 
AHATHCEE  RIVER  ESTUARY,  FLORIDA, 

Geological  Survey,  Tallahassee,  FL.  Water  Re- 
sources Div. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  4C. 
W83-01518 


FOULING  COMMUNITY  DYNAMICS  IN 
LYNNHAVEN  BAY,  VIRGINIA, 

Old  Dominion  Univ.,  Norfolk,  VA.  Dept.  of  Bio- 
logical Sciences. 
C.  M.  Otsuka.  and  D.  M.  Dauer. 
Estuaries,  Vol  5,  No  1,  p  10-22,  March,   1982,  5 
Fig,  4  Tab,  36  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Fouling,  'Invertebrates,  'Population 
dynamics,  Lynnhaven  Bay,  'Virginia.  Estuaries, 
Barnacles,  Species  distribution,  Macroinverte- 
brates,  Predation,  Hydroids,  Polychaetes,  Tuni- 
cates,  Molgula. 

Dynamics  of  the  fouling  community  was  studied 
on  the  undersurface  of  smooth  white  acrylic  panels 
in  Lynnhaven  Bay,  Virginia  Beach,  Virginia, 
where  mean  salinity  was  22.9  o/oo.  Early  coloni- 
zation, similar  on  panels  immersed  in  April  1977 
and  in  April  1978,  was  initiated  by  hydroids,  barna- 
cles, and  Polydora  ligni.  Molgula  manhattensis,  a 
solitary  tunicate,  colonized  a  week  later  and  rapid- 
ly overgrew  all  species  but  Balanus  eburneus.  Ex- 
clusion panels,  protected  from  predation  in  hard- 
ware cloth  cages,  had  significantly  greater  abun- 
dances of  Sabella,  Botryllus,  and  Microconia  and 
significantly  fewer  Hydroides  than  control  panels. 
Molgula  was  also  the  dominant  species  on  the 
exclusion  panels,  coexisting  underneath  other  spe- 
cies. Removal  of  the  protective  cages  in  May  1978 
caused  a  slough-off  of  Botryllus  and  Sabella  and  an 
increase  in  Molgula  and  Micronia.  Species  num- 
bers were  significantly  greater  on  panels  with 
larger  surface  areas  (225  sq  cm  vs.  1  and  25  sq  cm). 
Larger  panels  were  generally  colonized  by  a  spe- 
cies a  week  or  more  before  the  same  species  was 
evident  on  smaller  panels.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01578 


TEMPORAL  PATTERNS  IN  THE  STRUCTURE 
OF  MACROBENTHIC  COMMUNITIES  OF  AN 
AUSTRALIAN  ESTUARY, 

Commonwealth  Scientific  and  Industrial  Research 
Organization,  Cronulla  (Australia).  Div.  of  Fisher- 
ies and  Oceanography. 
S.  Rainer. 

Estuarine,  Coastal  and  Shelf  Science,  Vol  13,  No  6, 
p  597-620,  December,  1981,  4  Fig,  7  Tab,  53  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Estuarine  environment.  'Temporal 
distribution,  'Stress,  'Benthos,  'Australia,  Popula- 
tion dynamics,  Distribution,  Intertidal  areas,  Bio- 
mass. 

The  benthic  fauna  of  a  small  estuary  was  examined 
to  test  hypotheses  about  community  structure  and 
environmental  stress.  Quantitative  samples  were 
collected  at  about  2-mouth  intervals  over  18 
months  from  Cabbage  Tree  Basin,  Port  Hacking, 
New  South  Wales.  The  sites  sampled  ranged  from 
the  intertidal  to  a  central  basin  subject  to  deoxy- 
genation  of  the  bottom  water.  The  species  compo- 
sition of  the  intertidal  and  shallow-water  sites  was 
more  stable  than  that  of  the  deeper  sites,  due  to  the 
presence  of  short-lived  opportunistic  species  at  the 


deeper  sites  after  periods  of  deoxygenation.  No 
changes  directly  associated  with  reduced  salinity 
after  rainfall  were  noted,  although  heavy  rainfall 
prior  to  the  sampling  period  may  have  reduced  the 
number  of  species  at  some  sites.  The  stable  commu- 
nity structure  and  species  composition  at  the  inter- 
tidal and  shallow-water  sites  indicated  that  greater 
environmental  harshness  does  not  necessarily 
imply  less  faunal  stability.  Differences  in  diversity 
among  these  sites  were  interpreted  as  evidence  that 
biological  accomodation  was  responsible  for  a  re- 
duction in  diversity  from  values  predicted  by  the 
neutral  model.  At  a  deeper  site,  diversity  was  close 
to  neutral  model  predictions.  It  is  suggested  that 
the  ecotone  point  in  a  stressed  community  may  be 
characterized  by  diversity  values  that  are  in  agree- 
ment with  neutral  model  predictions.  The  statisti- 
cal properties  of  the  measures  of  diversity  and 
evenness  were  not  important  for  their  interpreta- 
tion. Biomass-based  measures  indicated  patterns 
that  were  often  different  from  frequency-based 
measures.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01579 


GROUNDWATER-LEVEL  VARIATION 

DURING     SEMIDIURNAL     SPRING     TIDAL 
CYCLES  ON  A  SANDY  BEACH, 

Wollongong  Univ.,  (Australia)  Dept.  of  Geogra- 
phy. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  2F. 
W83-01587 


DYNAMICS  OF  CARBON  AND  NITROGEN 
DURING  THE  DECOMPOSITION  OF  DETRI- 
TUS DERIVED  FROM  ESTUARINE  MACRO- 
PHYTES, 

State  Univ.  of  New  York  at  Binghamton. 

D.  L.  Rice,  and  K.  R.  Tenore. 

Estuarine,  Coastal  and  Shelf  Science,  Vol  13,  No  6, 

p  681-690,  1981.  4  Fig,  2  Tab,  48  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Estuarine  environment,  'Nutrients, 
'Detritus,  Macrophytes,  Decomposition,  Decom- 
posing organic  matter.  Carbon,  Nitrogen,  Algae. 
Sea  grasses.  Mangrove  swamps,  Marsh  plants. 

Laboratory  investigations  were  conducted  into 
chemical  fluxes  associated  with  the  decomposition 
of  detritus  derived  from  nine  species  of  estuarine 
macrophytes  representing  a  wide  variety  of  initial 
compositions  and  four  types  of  detritus-based  eco- 
systems: salt  marsh,  seagrass,  seaweed  and  man- 
grove. Decomposition  is  defined  as  transformation 
from  solid  matter  to  dissolved  matter  rather  than 
simple  reduction  to  some  critical  particle  size.  Ex- 
periments were  conducted  using  a  flow  through 
system  to  ensure  a  continuous  supply  of  dissolved 
nutrients  but  preventing  loss  of  detritus  particles, 
wave  action  and  invasion  by  macrofauna.  After 
1 50  days  of  aging,  red  algal  detritus  had  lost  about 
65%  of  its  original  organic  content;  mangrove  and 
seagrass  detritus  lost  about  20%,  while  brown  algal 
detritus  lost  quantities  intermediate  between  these 
two  extremes.  There  was  a  continuous  efflux  of 
carbon  from  all  detritus.  Beginning  with  10  g  of 
each  detritus,  initial  rates  of  carbon  efflux  ranged 
from  40  to  60  mg  C/day,  but  after  the  initial 
leaching  period,  C  efflux  dropped  to  2-6  mg  C/ 
day.  Red  algal  detritus  continuously  lost  nitrogen 
during  decomposition,  initially  at  a  rate  of  6  mg  N/ 
day,  and  0.60  mg  N/day  after  initial  leaching. 
After  a  brief  period  of  nitrogen  leaching,  vascular 
plant  detritus  increased  in  absolute  nitrogen  con- 
tent at  rates  of  0.11  to  0.31  mg  N/day.  All  macro- 
phyte  detritus  types  are  sources  of  carbon  to  es- 
tuarine waters.  Decay-resistant  vascular  plant  de- 
tritus may  be  a  nitrogen  sink  to  the  sediments 
unless  recycling  by  detritivores  and  benthic  regen- 
eration conserves  nitrogen  for  re-use  in  the  ecosys- 
tem. (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01595 


ORGANIC  CARBON  TRANSPORT  IN  THE  CO- 
LUMBIA RIVER, 

Oregon  State  Univ..  Corvalhs.  Dept.  of  Fisheries 

and  Wildlife. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entrv  see  Field  5B. 

W83-01596 


14 


WATER  SUPPLY  AUGMENTATION  AND  CONSERVATION— Field  3 


PLUTONIUM  AND  AMERICIUM  EXPORT  TO 
THE  NORTH-EAST  PACIFIC  OCEAN  BY  CO- 
LUMBIA RIVER  RUNOFF, 

Oregon   State   Univ.,   Newport.    Marine   Science 

Center. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5B. 

W83-01597 


CONSERVATIVE  BEHAVIOUR  OF  DIS- 
SOLVED LITHIUM  IN  ESTUARINE  WATERS, 

Bedford  Inst,  of  Oceanography,  Dartmouth  (Nova 

Scotia). 

P.  Stoffyn-Egli. 

Estuarine,  Coastal  and  Shelf  Science,  Vol  14,  No  5, 

p  577-587,  May,  1982.  4  Fig,  1  Tab,  15  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Estuarine  environment,  "Lithium, 
•Geochemistry,  Estuaries,  *St.  Lawrence  River, 
•Scheldt  River,  Belgium,  Water  analysis,  Mixing, 
The  Netherlands,  Canada. 

The  concentration  and  distribution  of  dissolved 
lithium  in  the  St.  Lawrence  River  estuary 
(Canada)  and  the  Scheldt  River  estuary  (Belgium 
and  the  Netherlands)  have  been  investigated.  Ver- 
tical water  column  samples  were  collected  at  26 
stations.  Dissolved  Li  was  conservative  in  the  St. 
Lawrence  estuary.  The  data  points  all  plot  close  to 
the  dilution  line,  and  the  regression  line  through 
the  data  points  practically  coincides  with  the  dilu- 
tion line.  In  the  case  of  the  Scheldt  estuary  most 
data  points  also  plot  on  a  straight  line,  but  this  line 
does  not  coincide  with  the  dilution  line.  The  fact 
that  the  data  points  plot  above  the  dilution  line  is 
explained  only  by  the  existence  of  an  input  of 
dissolved  Li  into  the  estuarine  waters.  Because  the 
data  points  plot  on  a  straight  line  for  salinities 
below  25  o/oo  the  distribution  of  dissolved  Li  in 
that  part  of  the  Scheldt  River  estuary  must  be  the 
result  of  physical  mixing  between  river  water  and 
an  intermediate  end-member  of  approximately  25 
o/oo  salinity  and  containing  153  to  161  micro- 
grams Li/liter.  It  is  probable  that  the  dissolved  Li 
distribution  at  salinities  higher  than  25  o/oo  is  also 
determined  by  purely  physical  mixing  of  the  iter- 
mediate  end-member  and  seawater.  The  intermedi- 
ate end-member  must  be  caused  by  a  very  localized 
input  of  dissolved  Li.  This  excess  Li  was  carried 
downstream  without  much  mixing  with  seawater 
in  May,  whereas  admixture  of  seawater  diluted  the 
excess  Li  during  the  June  survey.  The  most  likely 
cause  of  a  localized  input  of  Li  in  the  Scheldt 
estuary  would  be  man-made,  very  probably  from 
the  industrial  activity  in  the  area.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01598 


showed  improvements  in  terms  of  actual  field  ob- 
servations. (Geiger-FRC) 
W  8  3-0 1662 

3.  WATER  SUPPLY 
AUGMENTATION 
AND  CONSERVATION 

3A.  Saline  Water  Conversion 


THE  THREE-TROPHIC  LEVEL  ESTUARINE 
MODEL:  SYNERGISM  OF  TWO  MECHANIS- 
TIC SIMULATIONS, 

University  of  Southern  California,  Los  Angeles. 

Dept.  of  Biological  Sciences. 

J.  N.  Kremer,  and  P.  Kremer. 

Ecological  Modelling,  Vol  15,  No  2,  p  145-157, 

March,  1982.  6  Fig,  27  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Estuaries,  "Carnivores,  'Model  stud- 
ies, *Nutrients,  *Biomass,  'Trophic  level,  *Bays, 
Ecology,  Ecosystems,  Estuarine  environment, 
Zooplankton,  Phytoplankton,  Dynamics,  Simula- 
tion, *Rhode  Island,  Narragansett  Bay. 

In  estuarine  trophic  models,  extensive  mechanistic 
detail  for  important  carnivores  is  often  hard  to 
simulate  due  to  the  lack  of  reliable  and  relevant 
ecological  data  for  appropriate  species  of  local 
populations.  Also,  the  wide  temporal  and  spatial 
differences  between  the  life  histories  of  lower 
plankton  and  carnivores  may  be  difficult  to  model. 
Some  of  these  problems  are  overcome  in  a  detailed 
carbon-based  simulation  model  using  the  cteno- 
phore,  Mnemiopis  leidyi,  of  Narragansett  Bay, 
Rhode  Island.  The  model  was  developed  indepen- 
dently from  an  ecosystem  model  which  featured 
interactions  between  phytoplankton  and  nutrients. 
Combining  the  two  models  allowed  the  practice  of 
forcing  certain  components  to  be  tested.  Both 
models  were  originally  constructed  with  the  bio- 
mass  of  critical  compartment  forced  according  to 
observed  data.  In  the  combined  model,  predicted 
biomasses  for  zooplankton  and  ctenophores  were 
similar  to  the  results  of  the  two  parent  models,  but 


LOWER  NET  PRESSURE  REVERSE  OSMOSIS 
MEMBRANES  AND  SYSTEMS-COST  AND 
PERFORMANCE  ADVANTAGES  AND  LIMI- 
TATIONS, 

S.  S.  Kremen,  M.  Jhawar,  and  C.  E.  Hull. 
Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150375, 
Price  codes:  A06  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Report,  June  1982,  107  p,  3  Fig,  20  Tab,  5  Ref,  1 
Append.  OWRT  C-00180-D(No  0491)(1),  14-34- 
0001-0491 

Descriptors:  *Reverse  osmosis,  'Membrane  proc- 
esses, 'Desalination,  'Cost  analysis,  Computer 
models,  Seawater,  Brackish  water,  Energy  costs. 

Reverse  osmosis  systems  are  generally  designed 
and  utilized  on  the  basis  of  reference  membrane 
water  flux  and  desalting  performance  at  400  psi  net 
driving  pressure  (NDP).  Membranes  now  being 
offered  and  tested  at  a  preliminary  commercial 
stage  are  capable  of  equivalent  performance  at  200 
psi  NDP.  These  membranes  offer  immediately  ob- 
vious savings  in  energy  costs  for  reverse  osmosis 
desalting  and  water  reclamation.  In  addition,  they 
can  make  a  most  important  contribution  to  reduced 
membrane  replacement  costs  and  improved  perme- 
ate quality  when  operating  on  high  salinity  feeds  at 
higher  recovery  levels.  Significant  initial  and  mid- 
life reverse  osmosis  performance  improvements 
and  cost  reductions  have  been  projected  by  com- 
puter for  a  wide  range  of  brackish  feed  salinities 
over  a  representative  range  of  temperatures  at  two 
pressure  levels  using  low  pressure  membranes, 
compared  to  standard  pressure  membranes.  Sav- 
ings in  system  equipment,  components  and  mem- 
brane element  materials  and  assembly  costs  may  be 
expected  to  yield  small  economic  benefits  com- 
pared to  energy  cost  and  membrane  replacement 
cost  savings,  particularly  when  the  systems  are 
operated  with  low  pressure  elements  at  350  psig 
under  brackish  feed  conditions.  A  number  of  hypo- 
thetical cases  were  developed  and  tabulated,  as- 
suming a  200  psi  NDP  sea  water  membrane  was 
available.  Substantial  benefits  could  be  expected  if 
such  a  membrane  could  be  developed  and  reduced 
to  practice.  Additional  cost  savings  and  perform- 
ance improvements  can  be  realized  by  operating 
the  200  psi  NDP  membranes  at  somewhat  higher 
applied  pressures  which  preserve  or  enhance  NDP. 
(Moore-SRC) 
W83-01612 


Water  Yield  Improvement — Group  3B 

with  all  other  similar  successes.  This  component  is 
close  cooperation  with  a  long  term  purchaser  of 
the  energy  produced  by  the  facility.  Salt  water 
intrusions  into  the  aquifers  that  serve  large  popula- 
tions on  both  Florida  coasts  and  along  the  Eastern 
seaboard  have  degraded  drinking  water  supplies. 
Many  of  these  problems  can  be  eased  by  advanced 
water  treatment  technology,  particularly  desalina- 
tion processes.  Attempts  to  link  solid  waste  energy 
recovery  with  desalination  for  fresh  water  produc- 
tion for  fresh  water  production  began  in  the  early 
1960s.  The  first  success  story  of  a  combined  effort 
was  America's  first  steam-producing  refuse  incin- 
erator, a  waterwall  type  installed  in  Long  Island. 
The  facility  produced  325  psi  steam  that  was  total- 
ly used  by  in-plant  equipment.  Analyzing  the  nu- 
merous false  starts  in  the  joint  solid  waste/desalina- 
tion projects  suggests  that  the  desalination  technol- 
ogy that  fits  neatly  with  modular  incineration  is 
reverse  osmosis  (RO).  If  an  inflation-proof  source 
of  electric  power  were  available  to  a  planned  RO 
facility,  it  would  greatly  alleviate  the  justifiable 
concerns  over  this  technology's  high  energy  con- 
sumption. (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01667 


THE  EVALUATION  OF  SELECTED  FREEZE 
DESALTING  PILOT  PLANTS  FOR  SUITABIL- 
ITY AND  POTENTIAL  INTEREST  FOR  FUR- 
THER COMMERCIAL  DEVELOPMENT, 

Burns  and  Roe  Industrial  Services  Corp.,  Oradell, 

NJ. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  6C. 

W83-01629 


HOW  TO  SOLVE  SOLID  WASTE  AND  DRINK- 
ING WATER  PROBLEMS  SIMULTANEOUS- 
LY, 

Kuljian  Corp.,  Melbourne,  FL. 

R.  E.  Bailie. 

American  City  and  County,  Vol  97,  No  9,  p  28-31, 

September,  1982.  1  Fig,  1  Tab 

Descriptors:  'Desalination,  'Solid  wastes,  'Re- 
verse osmosis,  Water  quality,  Water  supply  devel- 
opment, Seawater,  Brackish  water,  Advanced 
wastewater  treatment,  Drinking  water,  Water 
treatment  facilities. 

When  a  resource  recovery  system  has  proved  itself 
a  success,  it  has  at  least  one  ingredient  in  common 


TESTING  THE  MEMBRANE  PLUGGING 
FACTOR  IN  REVERSE  OSMOSIS, 

Neptune  Microfloc,  Inc.,  Corvallis,  OR. 
D.  Comstock. 

Journal  of  the  American  Water  Works  Associ- 
ation, Vol  74,  No  9,  p  486-490,  September,  1982.  13 
Fig,  6  Tab,  3  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Membrane  processes.  'Reverse  os- 
mosis, 'Filtration,  Water  treatment,  Plugging 
factor  test,  Silt  density  index  test,  Organic  matter, 
Seawater,  Flow  resistance,  'Desalination. 

The  theory  behind  the  silt  density  index  test  (also 
known  as  the  plugging  factor  test),  widely  used  as 
a  predictor  of  feed  water  quality  for  reverse  osmo- 
sis, was  studied.  In  most  cases  plugging  of  mem- 
brane filters  was  caused  by  particles  in  the  filtered 
suspension  blocking  the  filtration  process.  Organic 
molecules  were  an  important  factor  in  seawater 
processes.  Plugging  factor  data  from  a  previous 
study  of  groundwater  and  seawater  were  evaluated 
in  terms  of  a  mathematical  expression  for  the  resist- 
ance of  a  blocked  filter.  Laboratory  filtration  tests 
with  plastic  microspheres  showed  that  particles  of 
the  same  cross  sectional  area  as  the  membrane 
filter  pores  were  most  effective  in  blocking  filtra- 
tion. The  plugging  factor  correlated  well  with 
flow  resistance  across  membrane  filters.  (Cassar- 
FRC) 
W83-01669 


3B.  Water  Yield  Improvement 


STATE  OF  MONTANA  ACTIVITIES  IN  THE 
HIGH    PLAINS    COOPERATIVE    PROGRAM: 

1975-1980, 

Montana  Dept.  of  Natural  Resources  and  Conser- 
vation, Helena. 

G.  M.  Knudsen,  and  R.  M.  Moy. 
Final  Report,  April  1981.  292  p,  49  Fig,  55  Tab, 
306  Ref,  1  Append.  14-06-D-7577. 

Descriptors:  'Weather  modification,  'Precipita- 
tion, 'Environmental  effects,  'Public  participation, 
•Montana,  Simulation,  Wind  erosion,  Grasslands, 
Vegetation,  Rain  gages,  Pests. 

Efforts  of  the  State  of  Montana  in  the  Miles  City 
area  of  eastern  Montana  which  pertain  to  the  High 
Plains  Cooperative  Program  (HIPLEX)  of  Project 
Skywater  are  reported.  Activities  dealing  with  me- 
teorological aspects  of  the  program  included:  (1) 
establishment  and  operation  of  raingage  networks 
and  collection  of  precipitation  data;  (2)  acquisition 
and  reduction  of  certain  weather  radar  data;  (3) 
evaluation  of  raingages,  raingage  networks  and 
rainfall  data;  (4)  conduct  of  precipitation  climatolo- 
gy studies;  and  (5)  assisting  with  developmental, 
operational  and  analytical  aspects  of  a  portable 
automated  weather  station  network.  Associated 
impact  assessment  studies  were  conducted  which 
were  designed  to  estimate  the  potential  effects  of 
warm  season  weather  modification  on  major  eco- 


15 


Field  3— WATER  SUPPLY  AUGMENTATION  AND  CONSERVATION 
Group  3B — Water  Yield  Improvement 


systems  of  the  Northern  High  Plains.  Using  treat- 
ments which  simulated  a  range  of  potential  precipi- 
tation regimes,  assessments  were  made  of:  (1) 
grassland  yield  and  quality  responses:  (2)  potential 
invading  plants;  (3)  invasion  of  pest  species;  (4) 
beneficial  organism  responses;  (5)  wind  erosion; 
and  (6)  species  composition.  Activities  need  to 
facilitate  public  involvement  in  HIPLEX  were 
maintained  since  the  outset  of  the  program.  The 
nature  and  scope  of  these  activities  is  discussed. 
W83-01636 


MALAYSIA  MALAISIE. 

Aqua,  No  4,  p  6-8,  1982.  3  Fig. 

Descriptors:  'Groundwater  potential,  'Drilling, 
*Deep  wells,  'Rural  areas,  'Water  distribution, 
'Water  supply  development,  Well  casings,  Well 
function,  Test  wells,  Potable  waters,  Water  re- 
sources development,  Construction,  'Malaysia. 

A  Malyaysian  firm  of  engineers,  a  Malaysian  con- 
tractor, and  a  British  firm  of  consultants  are  work- 
ing on  a  well  drilling  program  to  provide  reliable 
water  supplies  to  rural  areas  of  Kedah  and  Perlis  in 
Peninsular  Mayaysia.  During  the  day  seasons  in 
these  areas,  traditional  water  supplies  are  depleted. 
The  government  wants  250  tubewells  installed 
over  a  20  month  period.  Longer  term  projects  will 
connect  tubewells  to  an  expanding  surface  water 
distribution  network.  Problems  of  obtaining  the 
right  equipment  hampered  drilling  progress.  Most 
of  the  wells  tap  shale  and  sandstone  aquifers.  Some 
limestone  wells  have  already  experienced  brackish 
water  intrusion.  Assessment  of  water  demands 
starts  from  villages  listed  by  the  Public  Works 
Department  (PWD)  as  being  in  need  of  ground- 
water supplies.  Field  surveys  are  done  to  find 
suitable  drilling  sites.  Well  accessibility  is  also 
taken  into  consideration.  Drilling  on  private  and 
agriculturally  developed  lands  is  avoided  as  much 
as  possible.  PVC  pipe  is  used  as  a  casing  for  each 
well,  and  each  pair  of  pieces  is  joined  by  double 
ended  sockets  that  are  solvent-cemented  together. 
Open  hole  construction  is  being  adopted  wherever 
possible,  and  air  drilling  is  being  used  in  all  hard 
rock  areas.  Only  selected  representative  wells  will 
be  tested  for  discharge,  geometry  and  storativity. 
Delivery  of  potable  water  to  rural  areas  will 
depend  on  PWD  completion  of  distribution  sys- 
tems. (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01647 


3C.  Use  Of  Water  Of  Impaired 
Quality 


AMINO  ACIDS  IN  THE  FOOD  WEB  OF  A 
WASTEWATER  AQUACULTURE  SYSTEM 
FOR  REARING  JUVENILE  SALMON, 

Humboldt  State  Univ.,  Areata,  CA.  Dept.  of  Biol- 
ogy. 

W.  V.  Allen,  and  G.  H.  Allen. 
Progressive  Fish-Culturist,  Vol  43,  No  4,  p  178- 
182,  October,  1981.  1  Fig,  3  Tab,  18  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Amino  acids,  'Fish  food  organisms, 
'Aquaculture,  Wastewater  treatment,  Salmon, 
Aeration  ponds,  Invertebrates,  Wastewater  la- 
goons, Stabilization  ponds,  Ponds,  Lagoons. 

Total  free  amino  acid  levels  in  pond  water  (in  mg 
per  liter)  and  in  crustaceans  (in  mg  per  100  mg  dry 
weight)  from  the  Areata,  California,  sewage  treat- 
ment system  and  wastewater  aquaculture  ponds 
were:  aeration  pond,  3.27;  oxidation  pond,  0.33; 
unstabilized  pond,  0.20;  partly  stabilized  pond, 
0.88;  stabilized  pond,  0.44;  daphnia  in  oxidation 
pond,  25.99;  Corophium  spinicorne  in  stabilized 
pond,  21.80;  Anisogammarus  confervicolus  in  un- 
stabilized pond,  17.62-22.93;  and  isopods  in  unstabi- 
lized pond,  9.07.  Seventeen  amino  acids  were  iden- 
tified in  water  and  20  in  crustaceans.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01425 

3E.  Conservation  In  Industry 


REUSE   AND   DISPOSAL   CONSIDERATIONS 
FOR  HYPERFILTRATION  CONCENTRATE, 


Clemson  Univ.,  SC. 

For   primary   bibliographic   entry   see   Field   5D. 

W83-01501 


3F.  Conservation  In  Agriculture 


OPTIMUM      CROPPING       AND      GROUND 
WATER  MANAGEMENT, 

Punjab    Agricultural     Univ.,     Ludhiana    (India). 

Dept.  of  Soil  and  Water  Engineering. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  4B. 

W83-01505 


MANAGEMENT  OF  TRICKLE  IRRIGATED 
ORCHARDS  FOR  INCREASED  WATER-USE 
EFFICIENCY, 

Texas  Water  Resources  Inst.,  College  Station. 
M.  J.  McFarland,  J.  W.  Worthington,  J.  F. 
Punthakey,  and  P.  B.  Rodrigue. 
Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161   as  PB83-150078, 
Price  codes:  A03  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Technical    Report    No    120   -   Summary    Report, 
August  1982.  30  p,  2  Tab,  4  Fig,  28  Ref,  Append. 
OWRTB-241-TEX(l),  14-34-0001-0252. 

Descriptors:  'Evapotranspiration,  'Trickle  irriga- 
tion, Lysimeter,  Water  balance,  'Water  use,  'Irri- 
gation design,  Heat  pulse  velocity,  'Peach  or- 
chards, 'Texas,  Irrigation  scheduling. 

Trickle  irrigation  is  the  most  efficient  method  of 
irrigating  peach  orchards  in  Texas.  With  a  trickle 
irrigation  system,  a  producer  may  make  full  use  of 
a  limited  or  low-volume  water  supply  to  apply 
precise  amounts  of  water  to  the  root  zones  of 
individual  trees.  Improved  irrigation  scheduling 
methods  offer  the  potential  for  further  savings  in 
water  and  energy  to  pressurize  the  water  since 
peach  trees  require  less  than  a  fully-watered  state 
for  production.  This  report  describes  research  to 
determine  the  crop  coefficients  for  peach  trees  that 
would  result  in  an  optimum  irrigation  schedule. 
One  major  effort  evaluated  the  physiological  re- 
sponse of  the  peach  tree  to  varying  irrigation  re- 
gimes. This  thrust  indicated  that  a  crop  coefficient 
as  low  as  0.53  produced  similar  physiological  re- 
sponses (leaf  water  potential,  leaf  resistance,  and 
transpiration  rate)  as  a  crop  coefficient  of  0.7.  The 
critical  period  for  initiation  of  stress  was  during  the 
period  before  harvest.  A  large  twin  weighing  lysi- 
meter facility  was  designed  and  installed.  Prelimi- 
nary results  for  mature  peach  trees  showed  water 
use  rates  at  the  maximum  evapotranspiration  rate 
approached  a  crop  coefficient  of  1.0.  The  research 
indicates  that  the  peach  tree  is  a  luxury  consumer 
of  water;  improved  irrigation  scheduling  is  achiev- 
able. 
W83-01576 


MANAGEMENT  OF  TRICKLE  IRRIGATED 
ORCHARDS  FOR  INCREASED  WATER-USE 
EFFICIENCY,  VOL.  1:  PLANT  RESPONSES  OF 
DRIP  IRRIGATED  TREES  TO  CLIMATE  AND 
WATER  STRESS, 

Texas  Water  Resources  Inst.,  College  Station. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  21. 
W83-01577 


MODEL  TO  EVALUATE  CONSERVATION, 
DESIGN,  AND  ECONOMIC  FEASIBILITY  OF 
SUPPLEMENTAL  IRRIGATION  SYSTEMS  IN 
THE  SUB-HUMID  REGION, 

Water  Resources  Research  Inst.,  Manhattan. 
J.  J.  Zovne,  O.  H.  Buller,  and  J.  M.  Steichen. 
Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150219, 
Price  codes:  A05  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Contribution  No  225,  September  1982,  73  p,  14 
Fig,  36  Tab,  20  Ref,  2  Append.  OWRT  B-059- 
KAN(l),  14-34-001-9145 

Descriptors:  'Water  supply,  'Irrigation  water, 
•Economic  feasibility,  'Hydrologic  models,  Cli- 
mate, Watersheds,  Soil  water,  Corn,  Soybeans, 
Kansas,  Ponds,  Storage  reservoirs,  Mathematical 
models,  Water  conservation. 


The  risk  of  water  supply  failure  for  supplemental 
irrigation  systems,  where  water  supply  is  surface 
runoff  stored  in  a  reservoir,  depends  upon  climate, 
supply  watershed  characteristics,  the  volume  of 
the  storage  pond  and  the  irrigated  crop.  In  order 
to  assess  the  joint  probabilities  involved,  a  continu- 
ous digital  irrigation  systems  analysis  and  irrigation 
scheduling  model  has  been  developed.  The  hydro- 
logic  model  presented  consists  of  a  watershed, 
pond,  and  one  or  more  irrigation  sites.  The  model 
generates  yield  to  pond,  assesses  crop  water  needs, 
and  actuates  irrigation  based  on  soil  moisture  de- 
pletion. Weather  data  input  is  from  any  nearby 
weather  station  in  the  Weather  Bureau  daily  net- 
work which  virtually  allows  the  engineer  to  test 
any  system  in  the  U.  S.  Reliability  curves  for 
irrigating  57  ha  of  corn  at  various  locations  in 
eastern  Kansas  with  various  sizes  of  watersheds 
and  reservoir  volume  are  presented.  An  economic 
analysis  of  supplemental  irrigation  in  eastern 
Kansas  is  presented.  Cropping  budgets  are  devel- 
oped for  several  irrigated  and  dryland  crops. 
Under  present  grain  prices  and  production  costs, 
nonirrigated  grain  sorghum  has  the  highest  return 
of  all  the  crops  studied.  Any  significant  shift  be- 
tween cost  of  production  and  relative  grain  prices 
will  place  irrigated  corn  and  soybeans  in  the  high- 
est net  profit  category. 
W83-01614 


RELATIONSHIP  OF  COSTS  AND  WATER  USE 
EFFICIENCY  FOR  IRRIGATION  PROJECTS 
IN  IDAHO, 

Idaho  Univ.,  Moscow.  Water  Resources  Research 

Inst. 

R.  G.  Allen,  and  C.  E.  Brockway. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 

Service.  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150391, 

Price  codes:  A 14  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 

Idaho  University  Research  Technical  Completion 

Report,  August  1979.  304  p.  12  Fig,  30  Tab,  26  ref, 

8    Append.    OWRT-B-039-IDA(3),     14-039-0001- 

7152. 

Descriptors:  'Irrigation  operation  and  mainte- 
nance, 'Irrigation  efficiency,  'Idaho,  'Water  de- 
livery, Agriculture,  Maintenance  costs.  Operating 
costs,  Conveyance  structures,  Use  rates,  Percola- 
tion, Economic  efficiency,  Cost-benefit  analysis. 
Snake  River. 

Cost  information  and  water  use  data  were  collect- 
ed for  17  irrigation  projects  in  Idaho  for  the  years 
1974-1976.  Major  costs  categories  were  administra- 
tive, water  control,  maintenance,  power,  water 
shortage,  personnel,  and  vehicle  maintenance  and 
materials.  The  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Reclmation  O  and 
M  indices  were  used  to  adjust  all  costs  to  1977 
price  levels.  Water  diversions,  deliveries,  and 
losses  were  determined  for  1977.  All  17  of  the 
projects  studied,  ranging  from  2400  to  150.000 
acres,  get  their  water  from  the  Snake  River  or  its 
tributaries.  Various  costs  ranges  were  found  in- 
cluding $1.85-$61.30/irrigated  acre  for  total 
project  operating  costs  and  $1.80-$12.80/irrigated 
acre  for  administration,  water  control,  and  mainte- 
nance. An  irrigation  efficiency  range  of  12%  to 
59%  was  found  for  1977  operations.  Study  results 
show  a  highly  significant  relationship  between  se- 
lected operation  and  maintenance  costs  to  water 
use  data  and  a  projects'  physical  characteristics. 
Water-use  efficiency  at  all  projects  can  be  in- 
creased by  decreasing  water  loss  due  to  deep  per- 
colation and  operational  spillage.  Overall  manage- 
ment of  the  17  projects  is  effective  given  the  funds 
available.  Farmers  in  project  areas  do  not  consider 
the  benefits  obtained  from  more  effective  use  of 
the  projects  water  sufficient  enough  to  offset  the 
high  costs  of  more  effective  use.  (Seigler-IPA) 
W83-01637 


YIELD     AND     GROWTH     RESPONSES     OF 

KENAF    (HIBISCUS    CANNABINUSL)     IN     A 

SEMI-ARID  TROPICAL   ENVIRONMENT  TO 

IRRIGATION    REGEMES    BASED    ON    LEAF 

WATER  POTENTIAL, 

Commonwealth  Scientific  and  Industrial  Research 

Organization,     Kununurra    (Australia).     Div.     of 

Tropical  Cropsand  Pastures. 

R.  C.  Muchow,  and  I.  M.  Wood. 

Irrigation  Science,  Vol  1,  No  4.  p  209-222.  1980  9 

Fig.  2  Tab.  28  Ref. 


16 


WATER  SUPPLY  AUGMENTATION  AND  CONSERVATION— Field  3 


Conservation  In  Agriculture — Group  3F 


Descriptors:  'Water  stress,  'Semiarid  climates. 
•Plant  water  potential,  *Crop  production,  ♦Irriga- 
tion requirements,  Pulp  and  paper  industry,  Water 
requirements,  Tropic  zone,  Irrigation  programs, 
Drought    resistance,    Irrigation    practices,    Plant 

frowth,    Water   potentials,    Irrigation    efficiency, 
Kenaf. 

The  growth  response  of  kenaf  to  four  irrigation 
schemes  based  on  leaf  water  potential  was  exam- 
ined in  a  semi-arid,  tropical  environment.  In  re- 
gimes in  which  the  mean  value  of  leaf  water  poten- 
tial was  greater  than  -1.26  MPa,  total  dry  matter 
production  was  unaffected.  Stem  elongation  was 
more  sensitive  than  dry  matter  accumulation  to 
water  stress.  The  economic  yield  for  pulp  produc- 
tion increased  with  the  frequency  of  irrigation. 
Relief  of  water  stress  10  weeks  after  irrigation 
when  leaf  water  potential  was  -1.60  MPa  resulted 
in  stem  elongation  rates  greater  than  those  of 
plants  previously  receiving  irrigation.  This  sug- 
gests that  kenaf  has  water  stress  response  features 
which  would  make  it  suitable  for  production  by 
rainfall  alone  under  semi-arid  tropical  conditions. 
Irrigation  programs  based  on  leaf  water  potential 
successfully  met  crop  water  requirements  because 
water  use  increased  and  the  time  interval  between 
irrigations  decreased  with  increasing  canopy  de- 
velopment as  well  as  with  increasing  evaporative 
demand.  However,  this  method  is  difficult  to  use 
due  to  erractic  fluctuations  in  leaf  water  potential 
between  irrigations.  Also  the  use  of  daily  mean 
dawn  or  noon  values  of  leaf  water  potential  for 
scheduling  irrigation  is  not  recommended  under 
high  evaporative  demand  conditions.  (Geiger- 
FRC) 
W83-01672 


THE  SENSITIVITY  OF  GROWTH  AND  YIELD 
OF  DWARF  WHEAT  TO  WATER  STRESS  AT 
THREE  GROWTH  STAGES, 

Ahmadu  Bello  Univ.,  Zaria  (Nigeria).  Agronomy 

Section. 

P.  N.  Choudhury,  and  V.  Kumar. 

Irrigation  Science,  Vol  1,  No  4,  p  223-231,  1980.  2 

Fig,  4  Tab,  9  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Wheat,  »Water  stress,  "Crop  yield, 
•Irrigation  requirements,  •Irrigation  efficiency, 
Plant  growth,  Water  requirements,  Irrigation  pro- 
grams, Irrigation  practices,  Crop  production,  Pan 
evaporation,  Drought  resistance. 

Field  tests  were  conducted  over  two  growing  sea- 
sons to  study  the  growth:  seeding  to  maximum 
tillering,  maximum  tillering  to  flowering,  and 
flowering  to  maturity.  Plants  were  subjected  to 
three  different  ratios  of  irrigation  water  to  cumula- 
tive pan  evporation  (IW/CPE),  0.45,  0.60,  and 
0.75,  at  the  different  growth  stages  being  tested.  At 
all  stages  of  growth,  moderate  and  severe  water 
stress  decreased  plant  height,  leaf  area,  ear  number, 
1000-grain  weight,  grain  yield  and  water  use  effi- 
ciency. Wheat  was  most  sensitive  to  water  stress 
during  the  seeding  to  maximum  tillering  stage 
when  the  reduction  in  grain  yield  was  caused  by  a 
reduction  in  number  of  ears  and  grains  per  ear.  In 
the  next  growth  stage,  yield  was  reduced  due  to 
fewer  grains  per  ear  and  lower  1000-grain  weight. 
Medium  stress  plants  showed  complete  recovery 
upon  rewatering.  Results  suggest  that  when  water 
is  scarce,  the  wheat  crop  should  be  irrigated  at  an 
IW/CPE  ratio  of  0.75,  and  when  water  supply  is 
unlimited,  a  ratio  of  1.2  in  stage  2  will  maximize 
yield.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01673 


EFFECTS  OF  CLIMATE  ON  THE  YIELD  RE- 
SPONSE OF  TWO  FESCUE  SPECIES  TO 
WATER  AND  NITROGEN  APPLICATION, 

Institut  National  de  la  Recherche  Agronomique, 

Paris  (France). 

S.  Meriaux. 

Irrigation  Science,  Vol  1,  No  4,  p  233-239,  1980.  1 

Fig,  3  Tab,  13  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Irrigation  requirements,  *Crop  yield, 
•Nitrogen,  *Air  temperature,  'Humidity,  •Season- 
al distribution,  *Light  intensity,  'Forages,  Irriga- 
tion efficiency,  Irrigation  programs,  Plant  growth, 
Water  stress,  Nutrients,  Seasonal  variation,  Cli- 
mates, Grasses,  Correlation  analysis,  *France. 


The  effect  of  three  climatic  parameters  -  air  humid- 
ity, air  temperature,  and  number  of  hours  of  bright 
sunshine  -  and  their  interaction  with  water  and 
nitrogen  treatments  on  the  monthly  yield  of  dry 
matter  by  two  species  of  fescue  grass  was  exam- 
ined in  a  replicated  field  experiment  for  four  years. 
Yields  from  plots  receiving  weekly  irrigation  and 
the  highest  rate  of  nitrogen  application  were  lin- 
early correlated  to  the  total  number  of  hours  of 
bright  sunshine  the  plot  received  unless  the  mini- 
mum air  humidity  was  below  40%  and  the  maxi- 
mum air  temperature  was  >  26  degrees.  Only  the 
direct  and  interactive  effects  of  water  and  nitrogen 
showed  significance  over  a  seasonal  time  scale. 
(Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01674 


WATER-CONSERVING  WHEAT  IRRIGATION 
SCHEDULES  BASED  ON  CLIMATIC 
RECORDS 

Baylor  Univ.,  Waco,  TX.  Dept.  of  Geology. 

D.  M.  Greene,  and  M.  B.  Kirkham. 

Irrigation  Science,  Vol  1,  No  4,  p  241-246,  1980.  2 

Fig,  15  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Irrigation  efficiency,  'Correlation 
analysis,  'Wheat,  'Crop  yield,  'Irrigation  require- 
ments, 'Rainfall,  Water  requirements,  Irrigation 
practices,  Irrigation  programs,  Plant  growth,  Cli- 
matic data,  Semiarid  lands,  Crop  production, 
•Oklahoma. 

Correlations  were  drawn  between  spring  rainfall 
and  grain  yield  for  four  cultivars  of  winter  wheat 
grown  between  1950  and  1977  under  dryland  con- 
ditions in  Stillwater  or  Goodwell,  Oklahoma.  At 
Stillwater,  most  of  the  cultivars  exhibited  maxi- 
mum positive  correlations  between  rainfall  and 
yield  in  the  fourth  week  of  March,  when  stem- 
extensions  occur.  In  mid-April  during  flowering, 
small  positive  correlations  were  observed.  At 
Goodwell  correlations  between  rainfall  and  yield 
were  lower  and  occurred  earlier  than  at  Stillwater 
and  exhibited  a  less  pronounced  secondary  peak  at 
flowering.  These  findings  suggest  that  both  stem- 
extension  and  flowering  ar  critical  stages  of  water 
requirement  and  that  long-term  climatic  data  could 
be  used  to  determine  optimum  timing  for  irrigation 
of  wheat.  Such  an  approach  should  conserve  water 
and  energy  by  limiting  irrigation  to  those  periods 
demonstrated  by  local  records  to  have  the  maxi- 
mum positive  correlations  between  rainfall  and 
yield.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01675 


AND  RELATIONS  WITH  GROWTH  AND  SEED 
YIELD, 

California  Univ.,  Riverside.  Dept.  of  Botany  and 
Plant  Sciences. 
K.  J.  Turk,  and  A.  E.  Hall. 

Agronomy  Journal,  Vol  72,  No  3,  p  434-439,  May- 
June,  1980.  7  Fig,  2  Tab,  20  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Drought  resistance,  'Crop  yield, 
•Water  use,  'Cowpeas,  Water  stress,  Root  devel- 
opment, Water  use  efficiency.  Growth  stages,  Eva- 
potranspiration,  Evaporation,  Pan  evaporation,  Ir- 
rigation practices. 

Drought  effects  on  cowpea  crop  water  use  and 
relations  with  growth  and  seed  yield  were  studied 
during  1976  and  1977  in  sandy  loam  fields  at  River- 
side, California.  Two  powpea  cultivars,  'California 
Blackeye  No.  5',  and  'Chino  3',  were  subjected  to 
four   different   irrigation   treatments   using   aline- 
source  sprinkler  system.  Treatments  were  Io,  the 
control,  weekly  irrigation;  II,  no  irrigation  for  43 
days  during  vegetative  growth;  12,  no  irrigation 
for  32  days  during  flowering;  and  13,  no  irrigation 
for  30-40  days  during  podfilling.  Within  each  irri- 
gation treatment  four  drought  levels  were  main- 
tained: wet,  medium  wet,  medium  dry,  and  dry. 
The  seasonal  patterns  of  the  ratio  of  evapotranspir- 
ation  (ET)  to  pan  evaporation  (E  pan)  were  similar 
for  both  years,  which  had  contrasting  patterns  of 
potential  evapotranspiration.  Under  well-watered 
conditions,    Et/E    pan    increased    linearly    with 
ground  cover  and  had  an  average  value  of  0.94 
with  complete  ground  cover.  Although  ET  was 
well  below   the   potential   level   during   different 
levels  of  drought  and  at  different  growth  stages,  it 
recovered    rapidly    following    a    vegetative-stage 
drought.  When  plant  cover  was  not  limiting,  ET/ 
E  pan  was  extremely  sensitive  to  percentage  avail- 
able water  in  the  rooting  zone;  the  threshold  was 
90%.  There  was  a  linear  relationship  between  ET/ 
E  pan  and  fractional  ground  cover  x  available 
water.  Root  growth  increased  linearly  through  the 
season,  reaching  135  cm  depth  under  well-watered 
conditions  or  as  little  as  50  cm  depth  under  driest 
conditions.  A  linear  relationship  was  seen  between 
relative  seed  yield  and  relative  water  use  from 
early  flowering  to  harvest.  Water  use  efficiency 
generally  increased  with  vegetative  stage  drought 
and  decreased  with  late  season  droughts.  (Cassar- 
FRC) 
W83-01680 


A  PROCEDURE  FOR  MINIMIZING  RE- 
QUIRED TUBEWELL  CAPACITY  IN  IRRIGAT- 
ED RICE, 

Central  Soil  Salinity  Research  Inst.,  Karnal  (India). 
R.  K.  Gupta,  and  N.  K.  Tyagi. 
Irrigation  Science,  Vol  1,  No  4,  p  253-262,  1980.  3 
Fig,  3  Tab,  9  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Irrigation  efficiency,  'Mathematical 
models,  'Rice,  'Irrigation  requirements,  'Planting 
management,  Mathematical  studies,  Rainfall, 
Available  water,  Irrigation  water,  Irrigation 
canals,  Model  studies,  Crop  production,  Irrigation 
practices,  'India. 

A  method  of  determining  the  peak  tubewell  capac- 
ity needed  for  irrigation  of  rice  grown  under  shal- 
low water  submergence  is  presented.  The  math- 
ematical formula  incorporates  both  the  effective 
rainfall  and  the  available  canal  water  supply  while 
dividing  the  planting  period  into  small  sub-periods. 
Decision  rules  formulated  outside  of  the  model  are 
used  to  determine  the  area  to  be  planted  in  each 
sub-period.  The  model  was  applied  to  an  area 
served  by  lateral  canal  in  the  Western  Jamuna 
Canal  Command.  The  recommended  planting 
schedule  involves  reducing  the  peak  tubewell  ca- 
pacity by  about  25%  over  the  existing  capacity 
requirement.  As  a  result  of  efficient  use  of  the 
installed  tubewell  capacity,  the  cost  of  irrigation  is 
decreased.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01676 


DROUGHT  ADAPTATION  OF  COWPEA.  IV. 
INFLUENCE  OF  DROUGHT  ON  WATER  USE, 


DROUGHT  ADAPTATION  OF  COWPEA.  II. 
INFLUENCE  OF  DROUGHT  ON  PLANT 
WATER  STATUS  AND  RELATIONS  WITH 
SEED  YIELD, 

California  Univ.,  Riverside.  Dept.  of  Botany  and 
Plant  Sciences. 
K.  J.  Turk,  and  A.  E.  Hall. 

Agronomy  Journal,  Vol  72,  No  3,  p  421-427,  May- 
June,  1980.  7  Fig,  2  Tab,  15  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Drought  resistance,  'Water  poten- 
tial, 'Irrigation  practices,  'Cowpeas,  Water  stress, 
Crop  yield,  Leaves,  Sprinkler  irrigation,  Water 
loss,  Growth  stages,  Pressure  chamber. 

The  mechanisms  of  cowpea  adaptation  to  drought 
and  the  relations  between  yield  and  plant  water 
status  were  studied  during  1976  and  1977  in  sandy 
loam  fields  at  Riverside,  California.  Two  cowpea 
cultivars,  'California  Blackeye  No.  5,'  and  'Chino 
3',  were  subjected  to  four  different  irrigation  treat- 
ments using  a  line-source  sprinkler  system.  Treat- 
ments were  Io,  the  control,  weekly  irrigation;  II, 
no  irrigation  for  43  days  during  vegetative  growth; 

12,  no  irrigation  for  32  days  during  flowering;  and 

13,  no  irrigation  for  30-40  days  during  podfilling. 
Within  each  irrigation  treatment  four  drought 
levels  were  maintained:  wet,  medium  wet,  medium 
dry,  and  dry.  The  plants  showed  extreme  drought 
avoidance  in  the  presence  of  soil  water  deficits  or 
high  evaporative  demands,  with  xylem  pressure 
potentials  remaining  above  -18  bar.  There  was  no 
significant  difference  between  cultivars.  Several 
mechanisms  for  regulating  water  loss  were  operat- 
ing to  produce  drought  avoidance.  Predawn  xylem 
pressure  potential  was  more  consistently  related  to 
soil  water  deficits  than  afternoon  values.  Leaf 
solute  potential  was  correlated  with  xylem  pres- 
sure potential,  being  more  negative  in  the  after- 


17 


Field  3— WATER  SUPPLY  AUGMENTATION  AND  CONSERVATION 


Group  3F — Conservation  In  Agriculture 


tfk^ 


I 


noon  than  predawn.  Solute  potential  was  also  more 
negative  during  periods  of  high  evaporative  de- 
mands but  was  only  slightly  reduced  by  soil  water 
deficits.  Large  differences  in  seed  yield  were  pro- 
duced by  small  differences  in  cumulative  xylem 
pressure  potential.  The  difficulties  involved  in  de- 
tecting these  small  differences  by  the  pressure 
chamber  method  may  preclude  the  use  of  this 
method  as  an  indicator  for  commerical  irrigation  of 
cowpeas.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01681 


MODELS  OF  ALFALFA  YIELD  AND  EVAPO- 
TRANSPIRATION, 

Neveda  Univ.,   Reno.   Dept.  of  Plant,  Soil,  and 
Water  Science. 
J.  C.  Guitjens. 

Journal  of  the  Irrigation  and  Drainage  Division, 
Proceedings  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  En- 
gineers, Vol  108,  No  IR3,  p  212-222,  September, 
1982.  6  Fig,  3  Tab,  11  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Evapotranspiration,  'Crop  yield, 
•Irrigation  efficiency,  Alfalfa,  Water  use,  Nevada, 
Model  studies. 

Alfalfa  yields  in  response  to  evapotranspiration 
were  studied  during  1973-1978  in  lysimeters  locat- 
ed at  Fallon,  Nevada.  Yields  and  evapotranspira- 
tion, expressed  annually  or  per  cutting,  were  di- 
rectly related.  Water  use  efficiency  was  independ- 
ent of  evapotranspiration  on  an  annual  basis  and 
weakly  dependent  on  a  per  cutting  comparison 
when  all  cuttings  were  plotted  together.  About 
25%  of  annual  evapotranspiration  occurred  during 
the  dormancy  period,  September  20  to  May  20. 
Annual  yields  varied  from  5  to  over  10  tons  per 
acre.  The  first  cutting  produced  a  maximum  of  4 
tons  per  acre;  subsequent  cuttings  produced  lower 
yields  in  a  descending  order.  Water  use  efficiency 
was  generally  1-2  tons  per  6  acre-inch  of  water. 
Water  can  be  conserved  by  reducing  surface  runoff 
and  deep  drainage,  making  more  water  available 
for  evapotranspiration.  At  100%  irrigation  efficien- 
cy a  6  ton  per  acre  crop  was  equivalent  to  33 
inches  of  annual  evapotranspiration;  10  tons  per 
acre  was  equivalent  to  55  inches  of  annual  evapo- 
transpiration. (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01683 


RESPONSE  OF  FOUR  GRAIN  LEGUMES  TO 
WATER  STRESS  IN  SOUTH-EASTERN 
QUEENSLAND.  III.  DRY  MATTER  PRODUC- 
TION, YIELD  AND  WATER  USE  EFFICIENCY, 

Commonwealth  Scientific  and  Industrial  Research 
Organization,  St.  Lucia  (Australia),  Div.  of  Tropi- 
cal Crops  and  Pastures. 
R.  J.  Lawn. 

Australian  Journal  of  Agricultural  Research,  Vol 
33,  No  3,  p  511-521,   1982  2  Fig,  5  Tab,  6  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Soil  water,  'Crop  yield,  'Plant 
growth,  Moisture  availability,  Water  stress,  Mois- 
ture stress,  Water  use,  Cowpea,  Soybean,  Green 
gram,  Irrigation,  Rainfall,  Queensland,  'Australia. 

The  dry  matter  production,  seed  yield  and  water 
use  efficiency  of  four  grain  legumes  are  discussed 
in  terms  of  the  interaction  of  the  respective  stress 
response  strategies  with  the  seasonal  availability  of 
water  in  three  cultural  management  systems.  Con- 
ditions examined  included  irrigated,  rain-fed  fal- 
lowed and  rain-fed  double-cropped  culture.  The 
major  effect  of  differences  between  strategies  was 
related  to  differences  in  the  short  term  rate  of  soil 
water  use,  which  together  with  the  seasonal  pat- 
tern of  water  availability  influenced  both  the  total 
and  seasonal  pattern  of  water  use.  Regardless  of 
strategy  adopted,  dry  matter  production  was  pri- 
marily a  function  of  water  use.  Regardless  of  strat- 
egy adopted,  dry  matter  production  was  primarily 
a  function  of  water  use.  However,  seed  yield  and 
water  use  efficiency  for  seed  yield  depended  on  the 
seasonal  pattern  of  water  use.  The  relative  agrono- 
mic success  of  the  various  strategies  therefore  de- 
pended on  the  seasonal  profiles  of  water  availabil- 
ity. Some  implications  of  the  differences  in  stress 
response  strategy  for  adaption  of  these  species  to 
agricultural  environments  are  discussed.  (Baker- 
FRC) 
W83-01692 


ZERO-INERTIA  MODELING  OF  FURROW  IR- 
RIGATION ADVANCE, 

Oklahoma  State  Univ.,  Stillwater.  Dept.  of  Agri- 
cultural Engineering. 

R.  L.  Elliott,  W.  R.  Walker,  and  G.  V.  Skogerboe. 
Journal  of  the  Irrigation  and  Drainage  Division, 
Proceedings  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  En- 
gineers, Vol  108,  No  IR3,  p  179-195,  September, 
1982.  8  Fig,  2  Tab,  20  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Furrow  irrigation,  'Wetting,  'Irriga- 
tion design,  'Model  studies,  Mathematical  models, 
Surface  irrigation,  Infiltration,  'Zero-inertia 
models,  'Colorado. 

The  advance  phase  of  furrow  irrigation  is  de- 
scribed by  a  mathematical  model  based  on  equa- 
tions of  mass  and  momentum  conservation.  The 
model  is  simplified  by  incorporating  the  zero-iner- 
tia theory,  in  which  the  inertial  terms  in  the  mo- 
mentum equation  are  neglected.  Power  curve  rela- 
tionships are  used  to  relate  the  flow  depth  and 
wetted  perimeter  to  the  cross-sectional  flow  area. 
The  modified  Kostiakov  equation  is  used  to  de- 
scribe infiltration.  Results  of  field  evaluations  at 
three  Colorado  locations  agreed  reasonably  well 
with  predicted  values.  The  advance  rate  was  over- 
estimated in  some  cases  and  underestimated  in 
others.  The  early  stages  of  advance  was  estimated 
much  better  than  the  later  stages.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01696 


4.  WATER  QUANTITY 
MANAGEMENT  AND 
CONTROL 

4A.  Control  Of  Water  On  The 
Surface 


LABORATORY  TESTS  OF  WATER  LEVEL  RE- 
CORDERS AND  BROAD-CRESTED  V-NOTCH 
WEIRS  FROM  THE  ST.  ANTHONY  FALLS  HY- 
DRAULIC LABORATORY,  MINNEAPOLIS, 
MINNESOTA, 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7B. 
W83-01462 


DESIGN  FREEBOARD  AND  ECONOMIC  EFFI- 
CIENCY, 

Army  Corps  of  Engineers,  Baltimore,  MD. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  6B. 
W83-01476 


MODELLING  SIDE-WEIR  DIVERSION 
STRUCTURES  FOR  STORMWATER  MANAGE- 
MENT, 

McMaster   Univ.,   Hamilton   (Ontario).    Dept.   of 

Civil  Engineering. 

W.  James,  and  H.  Mitri. 

Canadian  Journal  of  Civil  Engineering,  Vol  9,  No 

2,  p  197-205,  June,   1982.  6  Fig,  8  Tab,   18  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Model  studies,  'Storm  wastewater, 
•Computer  models,  Combined  sewer  overflows, 
SWMM-EXTRAN,  OVERFL03,  SIDWEIR, 
Urban  runoff,  Hamilton,  Canada,  Storm  water. 
Water  management,  'Ontario. 

A  model  has  been  formulated  of  the  Hamilton, 
Ontario  urban  drainage  system  in  order  to  estimate 
annual  loadings  to  the  harbor  receiving  water  of 
suspended  solids,  BOD5,  nitrogen,  and  phosphates. 
In  this  city  combined  sewer  diversions  are  de- 
signed to  divert  significant  flows  directly  to  the 
receiving  water  during  rainstorms.  It  was  neces- 
sary to  compute  continuous  hydrographs  and  pol- 
lutographs  for  the  full  period  of  potential  overflow 
in  order  to  estimate  pollutant  loadings  to  the  re- 
cipient water.  Since  a  diversion  is  active  only 
during  part  of  a  storm,  diverting  only  part  of  the 
flow,  a  rating  curve  for  the  diversion  structure  had 
to  be  obtained.  Few  structures  have  been  adequate- 
ly calibrated,  and  their  rating  curves  are  not  usual- 
ly available.  The  hydraulics  of  the  side  spillways 
and  the  SWMM-EXTRAN  computer  program 
were  reviewed.  A  new  program  called  OVER- 
FL03  was  developed  to  dovetail  with  the  SWMM 


package.  Internal  SWMM  coding  has  not  been 
changed.  As  a  stand-alone  program,  OVERFL03 
will  produce  rating  curves  for  side-weir  diversion 
structures.  The  program  was  applied  to  the  urban 
catchments  in  Hamilton.  The  general  conclusions 
were  that  simulation  of  side-weir  diversion  flows  in 
the  SWMM-EXTRAN  program  appeared  unac- 
ceptable for  certain  conditions,  that  the  program 
OVERFL03  appeared  to  provide  a  more  satisfac- 
tory method  for  computing  side-weir  water  surface 
profiles  and  overflows  than  is  presently  provided 
by  SWMM-EXTRAN,  and  that  the  new  block 
SIDWEIR  can  be  used  to  produce  overflow  hy- 
drographs for  diversion  structures  with  side-weirs, 
using  a  slightly  modified  form  of  the  SWMM 
package.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01555 


AN  APPROACH  TO  SOLVING  A  BASIN-WIDE 
WATER  RESOURCES  MANAGEMENT  PLAN- 
NING PROBLEM  WITH  MULTIPLE  OBJEC- 
TTVES, 

California  Univ.,  Los  Angeles.  Dept.  of  Engineer- 
ing Systems. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  6A. 
W83-01574 


ALTERED  HYDROLOGY  OF  THE  MISSOURI 
RIVER  AND  ITS  EFFECTS  ON  FLOODPLAIN 
FOREST  ECOSYSTEMS, 

Virginia  Polytechnic  Inst,  and  State  Univ.,  Blacks- 
burg.  Dept.  of  Biology. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  6G 
W83-01603 


A  STOCHASTIC  DYNAMIC  PROGRAMING 
MODEL  FOR  THE  OPERATION  OF  THE 
MEDITERRANEAN-DEAD  SEA  PROJECT, 

Israel   Electric  Corp.   Ltd.,   Haifa.   Research  and 

Development  Div. 

D.  Weiner,  and  A.  Ben-Zvi. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  729- 

734,  August,  1982.  4  Fig,  2  Tab,  5  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Hydroelectric  plants,  'Stochastic 
hydrology,  'Reservoir  operation,  Mediterranean 
Sea,  Dead  Sea,  'Israel,  Water  control,  Water  con- 
veyance, Benefits,  Dynamic  programming.  Water 
level,  Flood  data,  Withdrawal,  Lakes,  Saline  lakes, 
Hydrologic  models,  Model  studies,  'Mediterra- 
nean-Dead Sea  Project. 

The  Mediterranean-Dead  Sea  Project  is  designed 
to  generate  hydroelectric  power  from  water  flow- 
ing 72  miles  from  the  Mediterranean  to  the  Dead 
Sea,  400  meters  below  sea  level.  This  is  feasible 
because  increasing  withdrawals  from  the  Dead  Sea 
have  lowered  the  level  significantly.  The  project 
would  include  a  booster  pumping  station,  canal, 
tunnel  two  reservoirs  at  different  levels,  and  a 
power  plant.  This  paper  provides  a  model  for 
optimizing  the  Mediterranean  water  inflows,  con- 
sidering the  highly  variable  natural  inflows  into  the 
Dead  Sea.  The  model  uses  a  stochastic  dynamic 
programming  algorithm  to  maximize  the  discount- 
ed expected  value  of  the  hydroelectric  plant  bene- 
fits. The  algorithm  also  determines  the  operational 
level  of  the  Dead  Sea  with  respect  to  the  probabil- 
ity of  occurrence  of  heavy  floods.  Results  show 
that  the  maximum  rate  of  water  inflow  (1.6  billion 
cu  m  per  year)  is  recommended  at  levels  less  than  - 
396  m.  At  higher  levels  the  rate  of  water  inflow 
should  be  reduced  or  stopped.  The  level  at  which 
potash  plants  would  be  heavily  damaged  is  -391  m. 
Largest  expected  river  flows  to  the  Dead  Sea  are 
2.55  billion  cu  m  per  year.  The  average  inflow 
before  1930  was  1.6  billion  cu  m  per  year.  (Cassar- 
FRC) 
W83-01728 


RELIABILITY  PROGRAMING  IN  RESERVOIR 
MANAGEMENT.  3.  SYSTEM  OF  MULTIPUR- 
POSE RESERVOIRS, 

Institut  za  Vodioprivredu  Jaroslav  Cerni,  Belgrade 

(Yugoslavia). 

S.  P.  Simonovic,  and  M.  A.  Marino. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  735- 

743,  August,  1982.  4  Fig.  1  Tab,  28  Ref. 


18 


WATER  QUANTITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  CONTROL— Field  4 


Groundwater  Management — Group  4B 


Descriptors:  •Reservoirs,  'Programming,  'Reli- 
ability, Water  resources  development,  Water 
supply,  Risks,  Stochastic  hydrology,  Stochastic 
process,  Mathematical  studies,  Red  River,  Oklaho- 
ma, Texas. 

This  paper  extends  the  reservoir  reliability  pro- 
gram of  Simonovic  and  Marino,  1980,  to  the  analy- 
sis of  optimal  operating  strategies  for  multipurpose 
reservoir  systems.  The  procedure  can  be  applied  to 
any  multipurpose  multiunit  reservoir  system  with 
two  general  types  of  linkage:  normal  channel  flow 
for  reservoir  releases  and  pipelines  or  pumping 
canals.  Thus  each  reservoir  could  be  connected  to 
every  other  reservoir  and  each  could  receive  re- 
leases from  any  or  all  other  reservoirs  as  dictated 
by  a  particular  system  configuration.  A  two-level 
solution  algorithm  is  proposed.  A  solution  can  be 
obtained  for  a  reservoir  system  with  few  purposes 
(flood  control,  power  production,  irrigation,  water 
supply  and  water  quality  enhancement)  and 
random  inflows  and  demand.  The  inflows  and  de- 
mands are  represented  by  conditional  distribution 
functions.  The  objective  function  of  economic  effi- 
ciency, representing  the  tradeoff  between  benefits 
and  risks  embodied  by  a  risk-loss  function,  is  in- 
cluded. The  reliability  programming  model  is  non- 
linear and  can  be  split  into  two  models:  search 
model  and  special  linear  programming  model.  Re- 
sults of  the  operation  of  the  system,  including 
optimal  operating  policies  for  the  reservoirs  and 
reliabilities  of  the  operation,  illustrate  the  major 
advantages  of  the  reliability  programming  ap- 
proach compared  with  other  stochastic  optimiz- 
ation techniques.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01735 


AN  APPROACH  TO  OPTIMIZING  RESER- 
VOIR OPERATION  FOR  DOWNSTREAM 
AQUATIC  RESOURCES, 

Oak  Ridge  National  Lab.,  TN. 
M.  J.  Sale,  E.  D.  Brill,  Jr.,  and  E.  E.  Herricks. 
Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  705- 
712,  August,  1982.  6  Fig,  29  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Multiobjective  planning,  'Reservoir 
operation,  'Instream  flow,  Optimization,  Multipur- 
pose reservoirs,  Lake  Shelbyville,  'Illinois,  Plan- 
ning, Environmental  quality,  Fish  habitats,  Water 
resources  development,  Model  studies,  Mathemat- 
ical models,  Flood  control,  Recreation,  Economic 
efficiency,  Water  yield,  Reservoir  releases,  Flow 
agumentation. 

A  mathematical  programming  methodology  is  pro- 
posed to  examine  the  relationship  between  biologi- 
cal instream  flow  needs  and  traditional  water 
project  objectives  such  as  water  yield,  flood  con- 
trol, reservoir  recreation,  and  economic  efficiency. 
This  optimization  approach  combines  the  linear 
decision  rule  modeling  technique  with  an  objective 
function  representing  the  value  of  reservoir  re- 
leases to  downstream  fisheries.  The  instream  flow 
needs  performance  objective  is  based  on  an  index 
of  physical  habitat  conditions,  the  weighted  usable 
area.  The  procedures  are  used  to  evaluate  operat- 
ing policies  at  Lake  Shelbyville,  a  multipurpose 
reservoir  on  the  Kaskaskia  River,  Illinois.  Since 
the  reservoir  began  operation  in  1970,  operating 
problems  resulting  in  periods  of  flood  and  exces- 
sively low  streamflow  have  not  allowed  consistent 
meeting  of  objectives.  A  revised  management  pro- 
cedure recommends  more  gradual  changes  in  pool 
elevations,  more  empty  storage  space  during 
winter,  and  falling  pool  elevations  in  July-October 
to  augment  low  flows.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01739 


4B.  Groundwater  Management 


SIMULATED  EFFECTS  OF  GROUND-WATER 
DEVELOPMENT  ON  THE  POTENTIOMETRIC 
SURFACE  OF  THE  FLORIDAN  AQUIFER, 
WEST-CENTRAL  FLORIDA, 

Geological  Survey,  Tallahassee,  FL.  Water  Re- 
sources Div. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  6A. 
W83-01401 


CHARACTERIZATION  OF  AQUIFERS  DESIG- 
NATED AS  POTENTIAL  DRINKING  WATER 
SOURCES  IN  MISSISSIPPI, 

Geological  Survey,  Jackson,  MS.  Water  Resources 

Div. 

L.  A.  Gandl. 

Geological     Survey     Open-File     Report     81-550 

(WRI),  1982.  90  p,  56  Fig,  3  Plates,  2  Tab,  44  Ref, 

Append. 

Descriptors:  'Groundwater,  'Aquifers,  'Drinking 
water,  'Potential  water  supply,  'Water  manage- 
ment, Dissolved  solids,  Water  quality  control,  Un- 
derground waste  disposal,  Potentiometric  level, 
Wells,  Water  use,  Saline-freshwater  interfaces, 
Available  water,  'Mississippi. 

The  Environmental  Protection  Agency  has  estab- 
lished that  all  ground  water  having  a  dissolved- 
solids  concentration  of  less  than  10,000  milligrams 
per  liter  is  to  be  protected  from  injection  of  waste 
material.  The  Underground  Injection  Control  pro- 
gram is  intended  to  protect  aquifers  that  are  possi- 
ble future  sources  of  drinking  water.  Fourteen 
aquifers  in  Mississippi  have  been  studied  and  their 
downdip  limits  for  water  containing  10,000  milli- 
grams per  liter  dissolved  solids  have  been  delineat- 
ed. Maps  have  been  prepared  showing  the  top, 
bottom,  thickness,  and  potentiometric  surface  of 
the  aquifers.  (USGS) 
W83-01403 


CHARACTERISTICS  AND  EFFECTS  OF  GEO- 
THERMAL  RESOURCES  EXPLOITATION, 

Bureau  de  Recherches  Geologiques  et  Minieres, 

Paris  (France). 

A.  Menjoz,  and  J.  P.  Sauty. 

Journal  of  Hydrology,  Vol  56,  No  1/2,  p  49-59, 

March,  1982.  5  Fig,  1  Tab,  4  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Geothermal  resources,  'Injection 
wells,  Wells,  Exploitation,  Geochemistry,  Pump- 
ing, Groundwater  movement,  Cooling,  'France, 
Dogger  of  the  Paris  Basin. 

Doublet  or  multiwell  geothermal  exploitation  sys- 
tems are  preferable  to  single  well  pumping  under 
most  circumstances  because  they  avoid  progressive 
depressurization  of  the  well  field  and  allow  easy 
disposal  of  saline  spent  geothermal  fluids.  A  single 
well  with  a  flow  rate  of  120  cu  m  per  hour  can 
lower  pressure  and  well  levels  at  great  distances:  1 
bar  at  10  km  in  the  first  year,  5  bars  at  10  km  after 
30  years,  and  10  bars  at  1  km  after  30  years.  The 
same  well  produces  the  following  drawdowns  after 
1  and  30  years,  respectively:  217  m  and  279  m  at 
the  well,  36  m  and  98  m  at  1  km  and  0  and  50  m  at 
10  km.  The  doublet  system  limits  depressurization 
to  the  immediate  vicinity  and  allows  similar  sys- 
tems to  be  installed  at  distances  specified  by  the 
cooling  effects  of  the  injected  cold  spent  water. 
Reinjection  alters  the  chemical  and  physical  prop- 
erties of  the  geothermal  reservoir  by  degassing, 
corrosion  of  piping  materials,  dissolution,  precipi- 
tation, and  clogging.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01496 


OPTIMUM  CROPPING  AND  GROUND 
WATER  MANAGEMENT, 

Punjab    Agricultural    Univ.,    Ludhiana    (India). 

Dept.  of  Soil  and  Water  Engineering. 

S.  D.  Khepar,  and  M.  C.  Chaturvedi. 

Water  Resources  Bulletin,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  655-660, 

August,  1982.  5  Tab,  20  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Groundwater  management,  'Crop 
yield,  'Irrigation,  Farming,  Water  management, 
Water  supply,  Salinity,  Model  studies. 

Decision  models  were  developed  for  optimum 
groundwater  management  alternatives  in  conjunc- 
tion with  optimum  cropping  patterns,  using  fixed 
yield  and  alternative  levels  of  water  use  ap- 
proaches, based  on  water  production  functions,  in 
canal  irrigated  areas  under  arid  environments.  The 
alternative  levels  of  irrigation  water  assumed  are 
25%,  50%,  75%  and  100%  of  water  required  for 
maximum  production,  using  both  of  the  ground- 
water management  alternatives  as  explained.  The 
results  indicate  that  by  adopting  conjunctive  sur- 
face and  groundwater  development  and  optimum 


cropping  pattern,  even  when  giving  full  water 
requirements,  the  returns  increased  by  21-25%. 
Also,  if  optimum,  rather  than  maximum  water  is 
used,  the  returns  are  increased  by  44  to  49%  from 
the  initial  values.  This  suggests  that  top  priority 
should  be  given  to  farm  advisory  services  for  dis- 
seminating technical  information  on  the  proper  use 
of  irrigation  water  and  optimum  cropping  patterns 
to  sustain  agricultural  production  and  maximize 
the  returns.  Large  size  tubewells  are  distinctly 
more  economical  than  small  tubewells,  providing 
an  economy  of  about  4%.  However,  they  involve 
collective,  governmental,  or  cooperative  manage- 
ment. (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01505 


GROUND  WATER  USE  IN  AN  ENERGY  DE- 
VELOPMENT AREA:  THE  TONGUE  RIVER 
BASES,  SOUTHEASTERN  MONTANA, 

Ohio  Wesleyan  Univ.,  Delaware.  Dept.  of  Geogra- 
phy and  Geology. 
D.  H.  Hickcox. 

Water  Resources  Bulletin,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  585-591, 
August,  1982.  4  Fig,  3  Tab,  23  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Groundwater,  'Water  demand, 
'Water  conservation,  'Montana,  Ranching,  Semi- 
arid  regions,  Tongue  River,  River  basins,  Aquifers, 
Legal  aspects,  Coal  mining,  Water  pollution 
sources,  Water  quality. 

Extensive  use  of  groundwater  in  the  Tongue  River 
Basin  has  enabled  much  of  the  basin  to  be  used  for 
grazing  in  this  area  of  southeastern  Montana.  The 
widespread  availability  of  water  in  a  semiarid 
region  encouraged  ranching  to  develop.  Coal 
mining  represents  a  threat  to  the  ranching  and 
water  quality  of  the  area.  Strip  mining  in  particular 
is  proceeding  at  an  accelerated  pace  without  ade- 
quate knowledge  of  groundwater  hydrology. 
Local  water  supplies  have  been  severely  affected 
in  some  areas.  Construction  of  mine-mouth  power 
plants  and  synthetic  fuel  plants  will  require  more 
water  than  is  available  from  streams,  reservoirs, 
and  shallow  aquifers.  Urban  development  will  also 
need  large  quantities  of  high  quality  water.  Prior  to 
1961  there  was  no  legal  system  in  Montana  for 
regulating  groundwater  appropriation.  In  1973  the 
groundwater  statutes  were  revised  to  make  them 
clearer,  more  precise  and  easily  workable.  Provi- 
sions were  made  to  establish  areas  of  controlled 
groundwater  use.  Montana  Department  of  Natural 
Resources  and  Conservation  can  refuse  access  if 
withdrawal  exceeds  the  capacity  of  the  aquifer,  if 
water  is  wasted,  or  if  water  is  used  for  nonbenefi- 
cial  purposes.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01508 


GROUND-WATER  MONITORING  AT  SANTA 
BARBARA,  CALIFORNIA,  PHASE  2 -EFFECTS 
OF  PUMPING  ON  WATER  LEVELS  AND 
WATER  QUALITY  IN  THE  SANTA  BARBARA 
GROUND- WATER  BASIN, 
Geological  Survey,  Sacramento,  CA.  Water  Re- 
sources Div. 
P.  Martin. 

Available  from  the  OFSS,  USGS  Box  25425,  Fed. 
Ctr.  Denver,  CO.  80225,  Price:  $7.25  in  paper 
copy,  $3.50  in  microfiche.  Geological  Survey 
Open-File  Report  82-366,  April  1982.  53  p,  12  Fig, 
7  Tab,  20  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Groundwater,  'Monitoring,  'Saline 
water  intrusion,  'Water  quality,  'Observation 
wells,  Aquifers,  Water  level,  Pumping,  Draw- 
down, Artificial  recharge,  Groundwater  move- 
ment, Reservoir  releases,  Water  quality,  Degrada- 
tion, Path  of  pollutants. 

From  July  1978  to  January  1980,  water  levels 
declined  more  than  100  feet  in  the  coastal  area  of 
the  Santa  Barbara  ground-water  basin  in  southern 
California.  The  water-level  declines  are  the  result 
of  increases  in  municipal  pumping  since  July  1978. 
The  pumping,  centered  in  the  city  less  than  1  mile 
from  the  coast,  has  caused  water-level  declines  in 
the  main  water-bearing  zones  to  altitudes  below 
sea  level.  Consequently,  the  ground-water  basin  is 
threatened  with  salt-water  intrusion  if  the  present 
pumpage  is  maintained  or  increased.  Water-quality 
data  suggest  that  salt-water  intrusion  has  already 


19 


Field  4— WATER  QUANTITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  CONTROL 
Group  4B — Groundwater  Management 


degraded  the  water  yielded  from  six  coastal  wells. 
Chloride  concentrations  in  the  six  wells  ranged 
from  about  400  to  4,000  milligrams  per  liter.  Mu- 
nicipal supply  wells  near  the  coast  currently  yield 
water  of  suitable  quality  for  domestic  use.  There  is, 
however,  no  known  physical  barrier  to  the  contin- 
ued inland  advance  salt  water.  Management  alter- 
natives to  control  salt-water  intrusion  in  the  Santa 
Barbara  area  include  (1)  decreasing  municipal 
pumping,  (2)  increasing  the  quantity  of  water  avail- 
able for  recharge  by  releasing  surplus  water  to 
Mission  Creek,  (3)  artificially  recharing  the  basin 
using  injection  wells,  and  (4)  locating  municipal 
supply  wells  farther  from  the  coast  and  farther 
apart  to  minimize  drawdown.  (USGS) 
W83-01513 


SHROPSHIRE  GROUNDWATER  SCHEME 
BEGINS, 

Severn-Trent  Water  Authority  (England). 

M.  A.  Sayers. 

Water  Services,  Vol  86,  No  1035,  p  225-226,  May, 

1982.  1  Fig. 

Descriptors:  'Groundwater  potential,  'Boreholes, 
•Water  resources  development,  *Rivers,  Water 
supply  development,  Environmental  effects, 
Shropshire,  "United  Kingdom,  River  Severn. 

The  first  stage  of  the  Shropshire  groundwater  de- 
velopment scheme  is  described,  which  includes  the 
drilling  of  six  observation  boreholes  to  investigate 
water  sources  for  the  River  Severn.  The  Shrop- 
shire scheme  was  designed  to  quantify  natural  re- 
charge to  and  discharge  from  the  aquifer  and  to 
determine  the  potential  yield  and  optimum  method 
to  achieve  yield  and  the  environmental  impact  of 
any  development  program  on  the  existing  water 
sources.  The  boreholes  currently  being  drilled  will 
be  80  m  to  140  m  in  depth  and  will  be  used  for 
river  regulation  by  1985.  If  regulation  is  not  re- 
quired, pumping  tests  will  be  performed  to  deter- 
mine the  operational  net  yield  and  aquifer  response 
and  to  compare  observed  water  levels  with  those 
predicted  by  models.  (Small-FRC) 
W83-01530 


PATHOGEN  REMOVAL  FROM 

WASTEWATER     DURING     GROUNDWATER 
RECHARGE, 

Baylor  Coll.  of  Medicine,  Houston,  TX.  Dept.  of 

Virology  and  Epidemiology. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry   see   Field   5D. 

W83-01701 


FATE  OF  INORGANIC  MICRO-CONTAMI- 
NANTS DURING  GROUNDWATER  RE- 
CHARGE, 

California  Univ.,  Riverside.  Dept.  of  Soil  and  En- 
vironmental Sciences. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5B. 
W83-01702 


GROUNDWATER  RECHARGE  -  CASE  STUD- 
IES; CEDAR  CREEK  WASTEWATER  RECLA- 
MATION AND  GROUNDWATER  RECHARGE 
FACDHTY,  NASSAU  COUNTY,  NEW  YORK, 

Nassau  County  Dept.  of  Public  Works,  NY. 
F.  J.  Flood,  Jr.,  and  R.  J.  Avendt. 
In:  Wastewater  Reuse  for  Groundwater  Recharge, 
Proceedings  of  the  Symposium  held  on  September 
6-7,  1979  at  California  State  Polytechnic  Universi- 
ty at  Pomona.  California  State  Water  Resources 
Control  Board,  Office  of  Water  Recycling,  Sacra- 
mento, May  1980,  p  255-264,  1  Fig,  3  Tab. 

Descriptors:  'Wastewater  renovation, 

•Wastewater  treatment,  'Groundwater  recharge, 
•Reclaimed  water,  *Water  supply  development, 
Biological  treatment,  Chemical  treatment,  Re- 
charge basins,  Injection  wells,  Monitoring,  Filtra- 
tion, Adsorption,  Carbon,  Chlorination,  Primary 
wastewater  treatment. 

In  the  early  1950's,  Nassau  County  began  a 
wastewater  collection  and  treatment  program; 
however,  the  program  resulted  in  a  decrease  in 
freshwater  streamflow,  higher  bay  salinity,  and 
landward  movement  of  salty  groundwater.  Aquifer 


replenishment  was  needed.  Two  feasibility  studies 
were  made  and  subsequent  recommendations  and 
plans  were  for  a  5.5  mgd  water  reclamation-re- 
charge facility  using  portions  of  the  existing  Cedar 
Creek  Plant.  The  project  has  three  major  compo- 
nents: water  reclamation  facility,  transmission 
main;  and  recharge  facility.  The  water  reclamation 
processes  include  chemically  aided  primary  sedi- 
mentation, two  or  three  stage  biological  treatment, 
filtration,  carbon  adsorption,  chlorination,  and 
storage.  The  transmission  main  system  requires  a 
24-inch  diameter  concrete  pipe  to  convey  the  re- 
claimed water  to  the  recharge  site  about  6.25  miles 
away.  At  the  recharge  site,  4  mgd  are  recharged, 
with  approximately  2.0  mgd  recharge  through 
basins  and  the  other  2.0  through  wells.  Five  wells 
and  1 1  basins  are  used,  with  4  wells  in  operation  at 
any  given  time.  Each  well  recharges  0.5  mgd.  In 
addition  to  an  observation  well  network,  a  reser- 
voir sampling  pump  coupled  with  a  composite 
sampler  is  provided  to  analyze  reservoir  water  for 
dissolved  oxygen,  turbidity,  temperature,  pH,  chlo- 
rine residual  and  specific  conductance.  Removal 
efficiencies  for  trace  organics  and  viruses  will  also 
be  monitored  continuously.  Long  term  assessment 
of  the  reliability,  economics  and  environmental 
response  of  a  large-scale  reclamation-recharge  fa- 
cility is  involved  in  this  3  to  5  year,  $8.1  to  $14.3 
million  demonstration  project.  (Atkins-Omniplan) 
W83-01703 


SELECTING  TREATMENT  PROCESSES  TO 
MEET  WATER  REUSE  REQUIREMENTS, 

Culp/Wesner/Culp,  El  Dorado  Hills,  CA. 
R.  L.  Culp. 

In:  Wastewater  Reuse  for  Groundwater  Recharge, 
Proceedings  of  the  Symposium  held  on  September 
6-7,  1979  at  California  State  Polytechnic  Universi- 
ty at  Pomona.  California  State  Water  Resources 
Control  Board,  Office  of  Water  Recycling,  Sacra- 
mento, May  1980,  p  41-54,  4  Fig,  3  Tab,  7  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Ground  recharge,  'Artificial  re- 
charge, 'Reclaimed  water,  'Water  reuse,  'Injec- 
tion, Land  spreading,  Wastewater  disposal,  Pre- 
treatment  of  water,  Water  quality,  Aeration,  Filtra- 
tion, Percolation,  Aquifers,  Estimated  costs. 

Aquifer  recharge  can  be  either  direct,  via  injection 
wells,  or  indirect,  using  surface  spreading  of  treat- 
ed wastewater.  Either  way,  the  recharge  water  is 
diluted  when  mixed  with  the  groundwater  and 
some  purification  occurs  when  the  water  passes 
through  the  granular  water-bearing  materials.  Two 
other  factors,  time-in  storage  and  separating  re- 
charge and  withdrawal  points,  provide  a  loss  of 
identity  for  wastewater  recharge  and  add  to  the 
safety  of  reuse.  A  disadvantage  of  wastewater  re- 
charge is  that  the  mixture  must  meet  or  exceed 
drinking  water  standards.  All  water  reuse  projects 
are  developed  of  necessity  but  must  consider  local 
conditions,  quality  requirements  for  various  uses, 
degree  of  contaminant  removal,  health  risks,  envi- 
ronmental issues,  and  costs.  Agriculture,  steam 
electric  power  generation  and  manufacturing  ac- 
count for  90%  of  total  water  uses  and  wastewater 
receiving  secondary  treatment  will  satisfy  quality 
requirements  for  most  recharge  projects.  But  the 
costs  might  not  be  justified  for  the  other  10%.  In 
California,  water  used  in  recharge  projects  must 
meet  minimum  pretreatment  standards.  In  the  case 
of  surface  spreading,  the  requirements  for  disinfec- 
tion, chemical  treatment,  filtration,  reverse  osmosis 
and  stripping  can  be  eliminated,  whereas  injection 
requires  them.  A  summary  of  five  sets  of  ground- 
water and  pretreatment  costs  is  provided.  The 
lowest  cost  system  is  for  secondary  treatment  in 
aerated  lagoons  followed  by  surface  spreading;  the 
highest  is  for  well  injection  into  a  potable  water 
source  and  includes  activated  sludge,  highlime 
treatment,  recarbonation,  flow  equilization,  filtra- 
tion, GAC  adsorption,  reverse  osmosis  and  ozona- 
tion. Estimates  are  given  for  1,  10  and  50  mgd 
systems.  (Atkins-Omniplan) 
W83-01705 


GROUNDWATER   RECHARGE  OPERATIONS 
IN  CALIFORNIA, 

California  State  Water  Resources  Control  Board, 

Sacramento. 

T.  Asano,  and  K.  L.  Wassermann. 


In:  Wastewater  Reuse  for  Groundwater  Recharge, 
Proceedings  of  the  Symposium  held  on  September 
6-7,  1979  at  California  State  Polytechnic  Universi- 
ty at  Pomona.  California  State  Water  Resources 
Control  Board,  Office  of  Water  Recycling,  Sacra- 
mento, May  1980,  p  12-26,  4  Fig,  2  Tab,  11  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Groundwater  recharge,  'Artificial 
recharge,  'Reclaimed  water,  'Water  reuse,  'Water 
supply  development.  Industrial  wastewater,  Mu- 
nicipal wastewater,  Storage  reservoirs,  Aquifers, 
Groundwater  basins,  Groundwater  storage, 
Groundwater  depletion,  Infiltration,  Pathogens, 
Heavy  metals,  Groundwater  potential,  'California. 

Wastewater  reclamation  and  reuse  have  become 
important  factors  in  meeting  California's  water 
demand.  Statewide  water  demand  in  the  year  2000 
could  exceed  supplies  by  as  much  as  6.6  million  ac/ 
ft/yr  unless  new  supplies  are  developed  and/or 
management  techniques  are  improved.  There  are 
five  major  groundwater  recharge  operations  using 
reclaimed  water  in  California.  In  1977,  they  re- 
claimed about  26,000  ac/ft,  or  14.2%,  of  the  total 
reclaimed  water;  increased  recharge  is  expected  at 
all  five  in  the  future,  and  a  ten-fold  increase  in 
volume  statewide  for  groundwater  is  projected. 
Recharge  by  surface  spreading  is  most  advanta- 
geous in  metropolitan  and  agricultural  areas  where 
groundwater  overdraft  is  severe,  and  has  the  added 
benefits  of  the  filtering  effect  of  soils  and  transport- 
ing facilities  of  aquifers.  Recharge  by  injection  is 
usually  used  when  the  groundwater  is  deep  or  in 
urban  areas  where  basin  recharge  is  impractical.  It 
is  most  effective  in  creating  freshwater  barriers  in 
coastal  aquifers  to  prevent  sea  water  intrusion, 
however,  extensive  above-ground  wastewater 
treatment  is  necessary.  Recent  studies  show  that 
50,000  ac/ft/yr  of  reclaimed  water  for  salt  water 
intrusion  barriers,  and  80,000  ac/ft/yr  for  spread- 
ing have  been  identified  in  Los  Angeles  and 
Orange  Counties.  However,  concern  for  long-term 
health  effects  has  prevented  expansion  and  discour- 
aged new  projects.  Four  water  quality  factors  are 
of  particular  significance:  microbiological,  total 
minerals,  mineral  toxicants  of  the  heavy  metal 
type,  and  stable  organic  substances.  A  consulting 
panel  was  created  to  study  these  and  other  prob- 
lems and  to  recommend  a  program  of  research  and 
development.  (Atkins-Omniplan) 
W83-01706 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  TECHNICAL  SITE  SE- 
LECTION CRITERIA  FOR  ARTIFICIAL  RE- 
CHARGE, 

Texas  Tech  Univ.,  Lubbock.  Dept.  of  Geosciences. 
W.  W.  Wood. 

In:  Wastewater  Reuse  for  Groundwater  Recharge, 
Proceedings  of  the  Symposium  held  on  September 
6-7,  1979  at  California  State  Polytechnic  Universi- 
ty at  Pomona.  California  State  Water  Resources 
Control  Board,  Office  of  Water  Recycling,  Sacra- 
mento, May  1980,  p  73-79,  4  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Artificial  recharge,  'Site  selection, 
'Prediction,  'Water  properties,  'Design  criteria. 
Water  management,  Aquifers,  Chemical  analysis, 
Water  treatment,  Anaerobic  conditions,  Recharge 
basins,  Water  quality,  Research  priorities. 

Artificial  recharge  has  often  been  neglected  as  a 
water  management  technique  for  lack  of  suitable 
site  selection  criteria.  Six  general  factors  must  be 
quantified  to  develop  these  criteria:  rate  of  re- 
charge, water  quality,  aquifer  storage  capacity, 
rate  of  recovery  from  aquifer,  quality  of  extracted 
water,  and  aquifer  plugging.  More  work  is  needed 
in  the  first  five  areas;  however,  some  predictions 
can  be  made  in  each  of  them  and  they  are  also 
being  evaluated  in  other  areas  in  the  field  of  hy- 
drology. Of  particular  importance  is  predicting  the 
onset  of  aquifer  plugging  by  chemical,  physical 
and  biological  mechanisms,  which  results  in  reduc- 
tion in  hydraulic  conductivity.  Plugging  of  artifi- 
cially recharged  aquifers  by  biological  growth  is  a 
serious  problem  that  occurs  due  to  in-situ  growth 
of  bacteria  at  or  near  the  water-aquifer  interface. 
Chemically  induced  plugging  involving  clay  dis- 
persion and  flocculation  also  results  in  significant 
reduction  of  the  aquifer's  hydraulic  conductivity. 
Plugging  by  mineral  precipitation  has  not  been  a 
serious  problem.  Because  of  the  lack  of  predictive 


20 


WATER  QUANTITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  CONTROL— Field  4 


Effects  On  Water  Of  Man's  Non-Water  Activities— Group  4C 


capabilities  in  the  areas  of  plugging,  two  empirical 
approaches  have  been  developed.  The  first  is  to 
remove  all  particulate  material  and  organic  sub- 
stances and  chemically  adjust  the  water  to  match 
that  in  the  aquifer.  The  second  is  to  let  the  aquifer 
provide  the  water  quality  improvement.  A  combi- 
nation of  the  two  is  often  used.  Future  research 
should  be  directed  toward  these  fundamental  prob- 
lems, rather  than  continuing  with  the  site-specific 
experiments  that  have  prevailed  in  the  past. 
(Atkins-Omniplan) 
W83-01707 


FIELD  STUDY  OF  ORGANIC  WATER  QUAL- 
ITY CHANGES  DURING  GROUNDWATER  RE- 
CHARGE IN  THE  PALO  ALTO  BAYLANDS, 

Stanford  Univ.,  CA.  Dept.  of  Civil  Engineering. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5G. 
W83-01708 


A  STUDY  ON  THE  HEALTH  ASPECTS  OF 
GROUNDWATER  RECHARGE  IN  SOUTHERN 
CALIFORNIA, 

County    Sanitation    Districts    of    Los    Angeles 

County,  Whittier,  CA. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5C. 

W83-01709 


4C.  Effects  On  Water  Of 
Man's  Non- Water 
Activities 


HYDROLOGY  OF  THE  COAL-RESOURCE 
AREAS  IN  THE  UPPER  DRAINAGES  OF  HUN- 
TINGTON AND  COTTONWOOD  CREEKS, 
CENTRAL  UTAH, 

Geological  Survey,   Salt  Lake  City,  UT.  Water 

Resources  Div. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5C. 

W83-01408 


HYDROLOGIC  CHARACTERISTICS  AND 
POSSIBLE  EFFECTS  OF  SURFACE  MINING 
IN  THE  NORTHWESTERN  PART  OF  WEST 
BRANCH  ANTELOPE  CREEK  BASIN, 
MERCER  COUNTY,  NORTH  DAKOTA, 
Geological  Survey,  Bismarck,  ND.  Water  Re- 
sources Div. 

M.  E.  Crawley,  and  D.  G.  Emerson. 
Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB82-218371, 
Price  codes:  A05  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Geological  Survey  Water-Resources  Investigations 
81-79,  December  1981.  73  p,  25  Fig,  11  Tab,  46 
Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Coal  mining,  *Water  pollution  ef- 
fects, *Water  quality,  *Surface  water,  ♦Ground- 
water, Aquifers,  Groundwater  movement,  Obser- 
vation wells,  Well  data,  Water  level  fluctuations, 
Precipitation,  Mine  drainage,  Rainfall-runoff  rela- 
tionships, Environmental  effects,  Chemical  analy- 
sis, Data  collections,  *North  Dakota,  Mercer 
County,  Fort  Union  coal  region. 

Lignite  beds  and  abundant  discontinuous  sandstone 
beds  of  the  Paleocene  Sentinel  Butte  Member  of 
the  Fort  Union  Formation  and  sand  and  gravel 
beds  in  the  Quarternary  glaciofluvial  deposits 
(Antelope  Creek  aquifer)  are  the  most  important 
aquifers  for  domestic  and  livestock  water  supplies 
in  the  West  Branch  Antelope  Creek  basin.  In  the 
Beulah-Zap  lignite,  ground  water  moves  from 
highland  area  in  the  west  toward  the  Antelope 
Creek  aquifer.  Water  levels  in  the  basal  Sentinel 
Butte  sandstone  appear  to  be  controlled  by  the 
level  of  Lake  Sakakawea.  In  the  glaciofluvial  de- 
posits of  the  Antelope  Creek  aquifer  water  moves 
from  a  ground-water  divide  northwestward  to 
Lake  Sakakawea  and  southeastward  toward  the 
Knife  River.  Large  water-level  declines  in  wells 
completed  in  the  lignite  and  shallower  aquifers 
could  be  expected  with  mining.  The  effects  prob- 
ably would  be  limited  to  within  1  to  2  miles  of  an 
active  mine.  Surface-runoff  duration  could  be  al- 
tered by  increased  infiltration  and  retention  in  the 
reclaimed  are  and  possible  temporal  extension  of 
base  flow  could  occur.  Shallow  ground  water  be- 


neath mine  sites  would  be  expected  to  increase  in 
dissolved  solids  and  locally  to  contain  large  sodium 
and  sulfate  concentrations.  In  some  locations 
movement  of  poor  quality  water  toward  the  Ante- 
lope Creek  aquifer  would  be  expected.  (USGS) 
W83-014O9 


PHYSICAL,  HYDROLOGICAL,  AND  BIO- 
LOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS  OF  THE  LOX- 
AHATHCEE  RIVER  ESTUARY,  FLORIDA, 

Geological  Survey,  Tallahassee,  FL.  Water  Re- 
sources Div. 

B.  F.  McPherson,  M.  Sabanskas,  and  W.  A.  Long. 
Geological     Survey     Open-File     Report     82-350 
(WRI),  1982.  1  Sheet,  5  Fig,  4  Tab,  13  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Maps,  *Estuaries,  'Flow  characteris- 
tics, *Bathymetry,  Tides,  Sand,  Bottom  sediments, 
Aquatic  plants,  'Florida,  Loxahatchee  River,  Sea 
grass. 

The  Loxahatchee  River  estuary  in  southeast  Flor- 
ida has  periodically  closed  and  opened  to  the  sea  as 
a  result  of  natural  causes.  In  the  last  30  years,  the 
estuary  has  remained  open  only  by  dredging.  Ac- 
tivities of  man  in  the  estuary  and  basin  affect 
freshwater  and  tidal  flow  which  in  turn  affect 
bathymetry,  bottom  sediment,  and  biota.  Under 
present  conditions,  tidal  flow  is  much  larger  than 
freshwater  inflow.  (USGS) 
W83-01518 


POTENTIAL  HYDROLOGIC  EFFECTS  OF  DE- 
VELOPING COAL  AND  OTHER  GEOENERGY 
RESOURCES  IN  OREGON-A  REVIEW, 

Geological    Survey,    Portland,    OR.    Water    Re- 
sources Div. 
W.  C.  Sidle. 

Geological  Survey  Open-File  Report  81-1014 
(WRI),  1981.  29  p,  3  Fig,  1  Tab,  53  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Hydrology,  *Geothermal  resources, 
•Coal  mines,  'Exploration,  Oil  shale,  Natural  gas, 
Hot  springs,  Wells,  Water  quality,  Surface  water, 
Groundwater,  'Oregon. 

Southwestern  Oregon  has  several  hundred  million 
tons  of  good-quality  minable  coal.  Because  of  the 
dip  of  the  coal  beds,  the  only  economical  method 
of  mining  would  be  by  underground  methods.  In 
addition,  minor  occurrences  of  low-quality  coal 
have  been  noted  at  more  than  20  sites  in  both 
western  and  northeastern  Oregon.  About  2  million 
acres  are  now  under  lease  for  petroleum  and  gas 
exploration  across  the  State.  Natural  gas  was  dis- 
covered in  northwestern  Oregon  in  1979,  and  cur- 
rent production  is  about  17  million  cubic  feet  per 
day  from  five  wells.  Thirteen  Known  Geothermal 
Resource  Areas  in  several  parts  of  the  State  cover 
432,000  acres,  and  more  than  420,000  acres  are 
under  lease  for  geothermal  exploration.  No  hydro- 
logic  impacts  have  been  noted  from  exploration 
and  production  of  coal  or  other  geoenergy  re- 
sources in  Oregon.  (USGS) 
W83-01520 


SOME  HYDROTECHNICAL  PROBLEMS  RE- 
LATED TO  THE  CONSTRUCTION  OF  A 
CAUSEWAY  IN  THE  ESTUARY  OF  THE  PE- 
TITCODIAC  RIVER,  NEW  BRUNSWICK, 

New  Brunswick  Univ.,  Fredericton.  Dept.  of  Civil 

Engineering. 

D.  I.  Bray,  D.  P.  DeMerchant,  and  D.  L.  Sullivan. 

Canadian  Journal  of  Civil  Engineering,  Vol  9,  No 

2,  p  296-307,  June,  1982.   12  Fig,   1  Tab,  5  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Estuarine  environment,  'Road  con- 
struction, 'Environmental  effects,  Causeway,  Sedi- 
mentation, Bed  load,  Estuaries,  Petitcodiac  River, 
♦New  Brunswick,  Canada,  Geomorphology,  Sedi- 
ment transport,  Flood  control. 

Significant  geomorphological  changes  in  the  Petit- 
codiac River  estuary  resulting  from  closure  of  the 
estuary  in  1968  by  a  causeway  are  summarized. 
Changes  were  noted  in  the  seasonal  variation  of 
bed  level  immediately  downstream  of  the  control 
structure.  The  net  upstream  transport  of  sediment 
was  altered  at  the  control  structure  due  to  the 
adopted  operating  procedures,  and  the  types  of 


beaches  that  are  being  formed  at  the  periphery  of 
the  reservoir  upstream  of  the  causeway  are  also 
different.  In  addition,  the  initial  effects  of  remov- 
ing all  gates  at  the  control  structure,  based  on  the 
results  of  a  simplified  computer  model,  are  present- 
ed. Typical  results  for  the  case  of  the  mean  river 
flow  of  25  cubic  meters/sec  and  a  high  tide  eleva- 
tion of  5.8  m  are  presented.  These  results  indicate 
that  the  maximum  reservoir  level  will  be  about  0.6 
m  lower  than  the  high  tide  level  and  that  the 
reservoir  will  almost  completely  drain  to  the  level 
of  the  downstream  bed  rock  control  during  the  ebb 
tide.  These  computed  results  apply  only  for  the 
situation  immediately  following  the  removal  of  the 
gates.  With  the  gates  removed  there  will  be  a  net 
transport  of  sediment  upstream  through  the  control 
structure.  Rough  estimates  indicate  that  an  up- 
stream tidal  prism  would  develop  with  a  volume  of 
about  60%  of  the  precauseway  volume.  The  chan- 
nel downstream  of  the  causeway  would  apprecia- 
bly increase  in  width  to  a  value  of  about  twice  the 
channel  width  before  removing  the  gates.  (Baker- 
FRC) 
W83-01539 


EFFLUENCE  OF  FOREST  AND  RANGELAND 
MANAGEMENT  ON  ANADROMOUS  FISH 
HABITAT  ES  WESTERN  NORTH  AMERICA;  6. 
SILVICULTURAL  TREATMENTS, 

Pacific  Northwest  Forest  and  Range  Experiment 

Station,  Corvallis,  OR. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5C. 

W83-01571 


INFLUENCE  OF  FOREST  AND  RANGELAND 
MANAGEMENT  ON  ANADROMOUS  FISH 
HABITAT  EN  WESTERN  NORTH  AMERICA;  3. 
TIMBER  HARVEST, 

British  Columbia  Ministry  of  Environment,  Victo- 
ria. 

T.  W.  Chamberlin. 

U.S.  Forest  Service,  Pacific  Northwest  Forest  and 
Range  Experiment  Station,  General  Technical 
Report  PNW-136,  Portland,  Oregon,  April  1982. 
33  p,  1 1  Fig,  3  Tab,  66  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Aquatic  habitats,  'Anadromous  fish, 
'Logging,  'Runoff,  'Streamflow,  'Water  quality, 
Forest  management,  Environment  effects,  Evapo- 
transpiration,  Precipitation,  Snowmelt,  Intercep- 
tion, Vegetation,  Debris,  Erosion. 

Felling  and  yarding  of  trees  cause  changes  to  ana- 
dromous fish  habitat  in  western  North  America 
through  changes  in  water  and  land-system  process- 
es. Harvesting  may  substantially  change  the  distri- 
bution of  water  and  snow  on  the  ground,  the 
amount  intercepted  or  evaporated  by  foliage,  the 
rate  of  snowmelt  or  evaporation  from  snow,  the 
amount  that  can  be  stored  in  the  soil  or  transpired 
from  the  soil  by  vegetation,  and  the  physical  struc- 
ture of  the  soil,  which  governs  the  rate  and  path- 
ways of  water  movement  to  stream  channels.  All 
of  these  factors  may  affect  streamflow.  Forest  har- 
vesting activities  directly  influence  fish  habitat  in 
four  habitat  in  four  major  areas:  acceleration  of 
erosion  and  mass-movement  processes;  introduc- 
tion and  removal  of  organic  debris;  alteration  of 
channel  shape;  and  removal  of  streamside  vegeta- 
tion. With  adequate  knowledge  of  the  characteris- 
tics of  particular  streams,  enhancement  of  some 
habitats  is  possible.  Evidence  suggests  that  in- 
creased runoff  from  evapotranspiration  and  inter- 
ception losses  alone  does  not  increase  high  flows 
sufficiently  to  be  of  concern.  Much  greater  flow 
increases  may  be  caused  by  synchronization  of 
snowmelt  or  in  conjunction  with  rain-on-snow 
events.  The  principal  water  quality  parameters  that 
may  be  influenced  by  felling  and  yarding  are  tem- 
perature, suspended  sediment,  dissolved  oxygen, 
and  nutrients.  Other  habitat  factors  which  may  be 
influenced  by  timber  harvesting  include:  streambed 
material  compostion  and  scour;  steambank  struc- 
tures; cover;  riparian  vegetation;  and  migration 
barriers.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01572 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  EFFECT  OF  CHANGING 
DISCHARGE  ON  CHANNEL  MORPHOLOGY 
AND  INSTREAM  USES  IN  A  BRAIDED  RIVER, 
OHAU  RIVER,  NEW  ZEALAND, 


21 


Field  4— WATER  QUANTITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  CONTROL 
Group  4C — Effects  On  Water  Of  Man's  Non-Water  Activities 


I 


Ministry    of   Works    and    Development,    Christ- 
church  (New  Zealand).  Water  and  Soil  Science 
Centre. 
M.  P.  Mosley. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  800- 
812,  August,  1982.  10  Fig,  23  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Channel  morphology,  *Fish  habitats, 
•Braided  streams,  Ohau  River,  *New  Zealand, 
•Ecological  effects,  Stream  discharge,  Reservoir 
releases,  Recreation,  Environmental  effects,  Low 
flow,  *Instream  uses. 

The  effects  of  constant  water  discharges  of  26.5, 
56.7,  105,  240  and  507  cu  m  per  sec  on  the  mor- 
phology of  a  braided  river  were  studied  in  the 
Ohau  River,  New  Zealand,  downstream  from  a 
complex  of  power  stations.  Water  depths  and  mean 
velocities  were  measured  along  2  to  8  cross  sec- 
tions in  a  1.4  km  long  reach.  Stereo  vertical  aerial 
photographs  were  also  taken  during  each  dis- 
charge. Frequency  distributions  of  water  depth 
and  velocity  were  determined  singly  and  jointly 
for  each  discharge.  As  discharges  increased,  exist- 
ing channels  became  wider,  deeper,  and  faster, 
frequently  merging  into  a  single  larger  channel. 
However,  additional  channels  with  the  same  char- 
acteristics as  those  formed  at  lower  discharges 
were  created.  The  total  number  of  channels  at  a 
cross  section  remained  constant.  Therefore,  the 
increase  of  water  surface  area  was  by  addition  of 
faster,  deeper  water  to  a  constant  area  of  shallow, 
slow  water,  which  changed  location  in  the  river 
bed.  The  area  suitable  for  salmonid  spawning  ap- 
peared to  remain  constant  over  a  wide  range  of 
flows  (20-200  cu  m  per  sec),  indicating  that  the 
braided  river  is  more  stable  morphologically  than  a 
single  channel  river.  At  present  this  river  maintains 
discharges  within  the  20-200  cu  m  per  sec  range 
60%  of  the  time.  After  completion  of  a  third 
power  station  on  the  river,  flow  is  expected  to  be  5 
cu  m  per  sec.  Although  effects  of  this  low  flow  on 
the  fish  population  cannot  be  predicted  without 
further  studies,  severe  deterioration  of  the  habitat 
may  not  occur  because  of  the  conservative  nature 
of  the  braided  river.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01732 


4D.  Watershed  Protection 


HYDROLOGIC  DATA  FOR  URBAN  STUDIES 
IN  THE  SAN  ANTONIO,  TEXAS  METROPOLI- 
TAN AREA,  1979-80, 

Geological  Survey,  Austin,  TX.  Water  Resources 

Div. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7C. 

W83-01402 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED  AND 
PLOT  DATA  FROM  THE  NORTHWEST  LAND 
MANAGEMENT  AND  CONSERVATION  RE- 
SEARCH CENTER, 

Agricultural  Research  Service,  Pullman,  WA. 
Land  Management  and  Water  Conservation  Re- 
search Unit. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7A. 
W83-01449 


SLEEPERS  RIVER  RESEARCH  WATERSHED, 
DANVLLLE,  VERMONT, 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7A. 
W83-01450 


GRASSLAND,  SOLL  AND  WATER  RESEARCH 
LABORATORY,  TEMPLE,  TEXAS, 

Agricultural  Research  Service,  Temple,  TX. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7B. 
W83-01451 


QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED  DATA  FROM 
THE  NORTHEAST  WATERSHED  RESEARCH 
CENTER, 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7B. 
W83-01452 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  PRECIPITATION, 
RUNOFF  AND  EROSION  PLOT  DATA  FROM 


THE  COLUMBIA  PLATEAU  CONSERVATION 
RESEARCH  CENTER, 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7A. 
W83-01453 


DISCHARGE  RATINGS  OF  A  SANTA  RITA 
FLUME,  WATER  CONSERVATION  STRUC- 
TURES LABORATORY,  STILLWATER,  OKLA- 
HOMA, 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7B. 
W83-01454 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED 
DATA  FROM  THE  WATER  CONSERVATION 
STRUCTURES  LABORATORY,  STILLWATER, 
OKLAHOMA, 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7A. 
W83-01455 


ACQUISITION  AND  QUALITY  OF  WATER- 
SHED DATA  FROM  THE  SOUTHERN  PLAINS 
WATERSHED  AND  WATER  QUALITY  LABO- 
RATORY, 

Agricultural  Research  Service,  Durant,  OK.  Wa- 
tershed and  Water  Quality  Lab. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7A. 
W83-01456 


QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED  DATA  AT  THE 
NORTH  APPALACHIAN  EXPERIMENTAL 
WATERSHED,  CONSHOCTON,  OHIO, 

Agricultural   Research   Service,   Coshocton,   OH. 
North  Appalachian  Experimental  Watershed. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7A. 
W83-01457 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  DATA  FROM  THE 
DEE  CREEK  WATERSHED,  LINCOLN,  NE- 
BRASKA, 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7B. 
W83-01458 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED 
DATA,  USDA  SEDIMENTATION  LABORA- 
TORY, 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7A. 
W83-01459 


NORTH  CENTRAL  WATERSHED  RESEARCH 
UNIT,  COLUMBIA,  MISSOURI, 

Agricultural    Research    Service,    Columbia,    MO. 
North  Central  Watershed  Research  Unit. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7B. 
W83-01460 


QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED  RELATED  DATA 
COLLECTED  AT  THE  SNAKE  RIVER  CON- 
SERVATION RESEARCH  CENTER, 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7A. 
W83-01463 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED  AND 
PLOT  DATA  FROM  THE  SOUTHEAST  WA- 
TERSHED RESEARCH  LABORATORY. 

Agricultural  Research  Service,  Tifton,  GA.  South- 
east Watershed  Research  Laboratory. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7A. 
W83-01467 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED  AND 
PLOT  DATA  FROM  THE  SOUTHWEST  RAN- 
GELAND  WATERSHED  RESEARCH  CENTER, 

Agricultural     Research     Service,     Tucson,     AZ. 
Southwest  Rangeland  Watershed  Research  Center. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7A. 
W83-01470 


THE  POTENTIAL  USE  OF  A  DEGRADABLE 
EROSION  CONTROL  MEMBRANE  LN  THE 
UNITED  KINGDOM, 

British  Sisalkraft  Ltd.,  Strood  (England). 
M.  S.  Henderson. 


Quarterly  Journal  of  Engineering  Geology,  Vol 
15,  No  3,  p  233-234,  1982.  2  Fig. 

Descriptors:  *Erosion  control,  'Membranes,  Ero- 
sion, Conservation,  Rainfall,  Runoff,  Soil,  Absorp- 
tion. 

There  are  three  steps  involved  in  water  erosion: 
detachment,  movement  and  deposition,  of  which 
detachment  is  the  most  critical,  as  this  is  the  begin- 
ning of  the  entire  process.  Problems  associated 
with  erosion  are  both  environmental  and  econom- 
ic. A  membrane  consisting  of  a  knitted  yarn  netting 
interwoven  with  strips  of  biodegradable  paper  in- 
tended to  protect  exposed  or  disturbed  soils  until 
the  sites  are  permanently  stabilized  with  vegetative 
cover  has  been  developed.  By  providing  a  physical 
barrier  between  the  soil  surface  and  rain,  the  mem- 
brane prevents  detachment  and  splashing  of  soil 
particles  and  seeds.  The  soil  aggregates  remain 
intact  and  are  much  less  susceptible  to  erosion.  The 
soil  structure  is  maintained,  the  pores  are  less  likely 
to  be  clogged  with  fine  particles  and  the  soil  can 
therefore  retain  its  capacity  to  absorb  water.  The 
material  is  run  out  following  seeding  to  lie  hugging 
the  contours  of  the  ground  and  is  held  firmly  in 
place.  Anchor  trenches  and  check  slots  can  easily 
be  incorporated  if  needed.  The  membrane  shields 
soil  and  seed  from  raindrop  impact,  minimizes 
runoff  water  and  slows  its  velocity,  and  maintains 
the  soil's  capacity  to  absorb  water,  holding  soil 
particles  and  seeds  in  place  and  retaining  moisture. 
(Baker-FRC) 
W83-01485 


FARMERS'  ATTITUDES  TOWARD  GOVERN- 
MENT INVOLVEMENT  IN  PREVENTING  AG- 
RICULTURAL NONPOINT  SOURCE  WATER 
POLLUTION, 

Purdue  Univ.,  Lafayette,  IN.  Dept.  of  Agricultural 

Economics. 

For   primary   bibliographic   entry   see   Field   5G. 

W83-01506 


MODEL  FOR  SIMULATING  RUNOFF  AND 
EROSION  LN  UNGAGED  WATERSHEDS, 

Virginia  Polytechnic  Inst,  and  State  Univ.,  Blacks- 
burg.  Dept.  of  Agricultural  Engineering. 
B.  B  Ross,  M.  L.  Wolfe,  V.  O.  Shanholtz,  M.  D. 
Smolen,  and  D.  N.  Contractor. 
Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150128, 
Price  codes:  A05  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Virginia     Water     Resources     Research     Center, 
Blacksburg,  Bulletin  130,  February  1982.  72  p,  21 
Fig,  9  Tab,  73  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Watershed  model,  Land  use,  'Finite 
element  model,  Hydrologic  model,  Water  quality 
model,  'Sediment,  Overland  flow.  Spatial  variabil- 
ity, 'Storm water  runoff,  'Model  studies,  Simula- 
tion, Erosion,  Water  pollution  control. 

This  research,  which  developed  a  distributed  pa- 
rameter model  for  simulating  runoff  in  ungaged 
areas,  can  assist  in  nonpoint  pollution  control  plan- 
ning efforts.  The  sediment  detachment  and  trans- 
port component  of  this  finite  element  storm  hydro- 
graph  model  (FESHM)  enables  its  additional  use 
for  simulating  erosion  processes  which  result  from 
runoff.  Though  not  dependent  on  calibration,  the 
FESHM,  when  applied  to  field-scale  areas,  does 
require  extensive  information  on  the  fields's  soils, 
topography,  and  cover  characteristics.  Application 
of  the  FESHM,  however,  is  not  limited  to  field 
scale  areas.  Although  most  research  using  the 
model  has  been  conducted  on  watersheds  of  2  to 
1,000  acreas,  it  has  performed  adequately  on  wa- 
tersheds as  large  as  193  square  miles.  The 
FESHM's  hydrologic  section  compares  favorably 
with  other  watershed  models  currently  in  use  (AN- 
SWERS, HEC-1,  TR-20,  and  USGS  State  Equa- 
tions), in  terms  preparation  and  execution  costs.  A 
sediment  washload  capability  has  been  demonstrat- 
ed but  remains  unverified.  Work  is  progressing 
toward  verification. 
W83-01604 


QUANTITATIVE  EVALUATION  OF  FACTORS 
AFFECTING  FLASH  FLOODS  ON  EPHEMER- 
AL WATERSHEDS, 


22 


WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION— Field  5 
Identification  Of  Pollutants — Group  5A 


Nevada  Univ.  System,  Reno.  Desert  Research  Inst. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  2E. 
W83-01606 

ENVIRONMENTAL  CHANGE  AND  ITS 
IMPACT  ON  THE  FRESHWATER  FISHES  OF 
IRAN, 

Pahlavi  Univ.,  Shiraz  (Iran).  Dept.  of  Biology. 
B.  W.  Coad. 

Biological  Conservation,  Vol  19,  No  1,  p  51-80, 
November,  1980.  1  Fig,  81  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Water  pollution  effects,  *Fish  man- 
agement, *Fish  stocking,  *Fish  conservation, 
•Iran,  Fish  populations,  Wtershed  management, 
Soil  erosion,  Water  quality  control,  Water  pollu- 
tion control,  Reviews,  Water  level  fluctuations, 
Irrigation  effects. 

The  factors  affecting  the  abundance  and  distribu- 
tion of  freshwater  fish  in  Iran  are  reviewed. 
Among  the  factors  mentioned  are  climate,  devege- 
tation,  irrigation,  and  natural  water  level  fluctu- 
ations and  factors  related  to  industrialization  and 
population  growth.  To  prevent  erosion  from  deve- 
getation,  watershed  management  is  being  planned 
over  the  catchment  area  of  dams  to  prevent  exces- 
sive siltation.  In  1967,  Iran  passed  a  law  to  regulate 
the  discharge  of  pollutants  into  natural  waters.  The 
effects  of  pollutants  on  fish  are  being  researched, 
along  with  ways  to  improve  water  quality.  Studies 
on  biodegradable  detergents  are  being  conducted 
to  protect  groundwater  and  surface  water  quality. 
Sewage  systems  are  not  required  for  all  towns  on 
the  Caspian  littoral.  Fish  culturing  and  stocking  is 
being  practiced  on  a  small  scale.  Some  of  the 
threatened  species  are  listed.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01660 


A  SOIL  CONSERVATOR  AT  WORK, 

J.  W.  Ramsay. 

Soil  and  Water,  Vol   16,  No  4,  p  9-11,  August, 

1980. 

Descriptors:  'Soil  conservation,  *Erosion  control, 
•Planning,  Erosion,  Conservation,  Farming,  Agri- 
culture, Forestry,  Watershed  protection,  Land  use 
capbability,  Drainage,  Water  conservation,  *New 
Zealand. 

Erosion  control  and  land  planning  techniques  were 
just  beginning  to  take  form  in  New  Zealand  25 
years  ago.  To  combat  soil  erosion  the  soil  conser- 
vator now  follows  five  basic  steps:  identifies  the 
problem,  assesses  its  severity,  prepares  the  propos- 
al, carries  out  the  remedial  works,  and  evaluates 
the  effects  of  his  actions.  Land  use  capability,  the 
ability  of  the  land  to  withstand  sustained  use  with- 
out erosion,  is  interpreted  in  an  eight  class  system. 
Four  categories  are  for  intensity  of  arable  use  and 
three  for  intensity  pastoral  use.  Class  VIII  is  re- 
served for  lands  which  have  little  or  no  agricultur- 
al or  forestry  use  but  are  best  suited  for  watershed 
protection.  The  most  successful  method  of  imple- 
menting erosion  control  has  been  by  using  the  soil 
and  water  conservation  plan  where  the  landowner 
and  soil  conservator  share  knowledge  and  costs  to 
solve  problems.  Two  methods  of  erosion  control 
are  available:  vegetative  control  and  simple  engi- 
neering works.  While  erosion  control  has  been 
most  successful  to  date  working  through  individual 
farm  property  soil  and  water  conservation  plans, 
the  natural  follow-up  is  to  have  each  plan  incorpo- 
rated into  one  covering  the  whole  catchment. 
Planning  controls  can  be  included  in  district  town 
and  country  planning  schemes  or  through  the  Soil 
Conservation  and  Rivers  Control  Act.  (Baker- 
FRC) 
W83-01685 


5.  WATER  QUALITY 

MANAGEMENT  AND 
PROTECTION 

5A.  Identification  Of  Pollutants 


SPURIOUS  ADSORPTION  EFFECTS  IN 
HEADSP ACE-GAS  DETERMINATION  OF  HY- 
DROCARBONS IN  WATER, 

Ceskoslovenska  Akademie  Ved,  Brno.  Ustav  Ana- 
lyticke  Chemie. 

J.  Drozd,  J.  Vejrosta,  J.  Novak,  and  J.  A.  Jonsson,. 
Journal  Chromatography,  Vol  245,  No  2,  p  185- 
192,  1982.  3  Fig,  3  Tab,  11  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Water  analysis,  'Hydrocarbons, 
•Adsorption,  'Benzene,  Hexane,  Heptane,  Octane, 
Organic  compounds,  Trace  levels,  'Analytical 
techniques,  'Pollutant  identification. 

The  adsorption  of  benzene,  hexane,  heptane  and 
octane  at  the  phase  interfaces  in  a  gas-water  system 
representing  those  used  in  static  headspace-gas 
trace  analysis  was  investigated.  The  apparent  bulk 
water-gas  distribution  constants,  calculated  from 
the  known  total  amounts  of  the  model  solutes  and 
their  gas-phase  contents  determined  analytically; 
true  bulk  water-gas  distribution  constants,  deter- 
mined directly  by  analysis  of  both  the  aqueous  and 
gaseous  phases;  and  water  surface-gas  adsorption 
distribution  constants,  calculated  from  the  solute 
mass  balance,  are  presented  and  discussed.  Adsorp- 
tion Phenomena  were  shown  to  play  a  significant 
role  with  alkanes  in  gas-aqueous  liquid  systems. 
Thus  care  must  be  exercised  when  attempting  to 
determine  liquid-gas  distribution  constants  from 
the  known  total  amounts  of  analytes  added  and 
their  equilibrium  gas-phase  contents  determined 
analytically.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01411 


CENTRAL  SYSTEM  FOR  MONITORING  THE 
QUALITY  OF  WATER  FROM  MANY 
SOURCES, 

Research    Station    for    Salmonids,     Sunndalsora 

(Norway). 

B.  P.  Kinghorn. 

Progressive  Fish-Culturist,  Vol  44,  No  1,  p  30-32, 

January,  1982.  3  Fig,  2  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Sampling,  'Water  sampling,  Aqua- 
culture,  Dissolved  oxygen,  Oxygen,  'Pollutant 
identification,  Monitoring,  'Water  quality  monitor- 
ing.. 

A  water  monitoring  system  was  developed  to  col- 
lect samples  from  up  to  35  sources  (fish  tanks  or 
water  supply  sources)  and  deliver  them  one  at  a 
time  for  analysis  of  dissolved  oxygen  and  dissolved 
organic  carbon  and  automatic  recording  and  proc- 
essing of  data.  By  using  different  probes  and 
meters  the  apparatus  may  be  adapted  to  monitoring 
pH,  salinity,  ammonia,  and  other  water  properties. 
This  apparatus  is  operated  by  gravity  flow,  but 
may  be  equipped  with  a  peristaltic  pump  if  desired. 
The  sampler,  about  41  x  41  x  38  cm,  contains  a  35- 
tooth  ratchet  wheel  driven  by  an  electric  motor. 
Photocells  activate  recording  equipment  and  an 
electric  counter.  The  apparatus  has  operated  reli- 
ably for  over  6  months.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01424 


AN  ASSESSMENT  OF  THE  POTENTIAL  OF 
MAJOR  MEIOFAUNA  GROUPS  FOR  MONI- 
TORING ORGANIC  POLLUTION, 

Aberdeen  Univ.  (Scotland).  Dept.  of  Zoology. 
D.  Raffaelli. 

Marine  Environmental  Research,  Vol  7,  No  2,  p 
151-164,  1982.  10  Fig,  3  Tab,  25  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Organic  compounds,  'Water  pollu- 
tion control,  'Biomonitoring,  Copepods,  Turbel- 
larians,  Nematodes,  'Meiofauna,  Archiannelids, 
Oligochaetes,  Gastrotrichs,  Sand,  Marine  sedi- 
ments,  Indicators,   'Scotland,   Beaches,   Harbors. 

The  numbers  of  six  meiofauna  groups  were  esti- 
mated from   17  sandy  beaches  differing  in  their 


organic  (sewage)  pollution  loadings.  The  groups 
included  nematodes,  copepods,  turbellarians,  ar- 
chiannelids, oligochaetes  and  gastrotrichs.  The 
most  abundant  species  on  polluted  and  fine  sand 
beaches  were  the  nematodes,  while  copepods  were 
more  common  on  coarse  sand  and  rare  on  polluted 
beaches.  It  is  suggested  that  the  ratio  of  nematodes 
to  copepods  may  therefore  be  a  useful  index  of 
beach  quality.  Archiannelids  and  oligochaetes 
seem  restricted  to  particular  habitat  types  and, 
with  the  turbellarians,  have  little  potential  for  bio- 
monitoring. Gastrotrichs  occurred  in  large  num- 
bers on  one  polluted  beach.  The  major  problem 
associated  with  the  use  of  meiofaunal  groups  for 
biomonitoring  is  the  effect  of  beach  particle  size  on 
the  abundance  of  the  groups.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01429 


BIOASSAY  OF  THE  TOXICITY  OF  NATURAL 
AND  EFFLUENT  WATERS  USING  CULTURES 
OF  PROTOZOA, 

All-Union  Research  Inst,  of  Marine  Fisheries  and 
Oceanography,  Moscow  (USSR). 
A.  O.  Grozdov,  S.  A.  Patin,  and  S.  A.  Sokolova. 
Hydrobiological  Journal,  Vol  17,  No  4,  p  52-56, 
1981.  1  Fig,  3  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Cultures,  'Bioassays,  'Protozoans, 
Biomonitoring,  Water  quality,  Water  pollution 
control,  Metals,  Mercury,  Cadmium,  Lead,  Zinc, 
Copper,  Organic  compounds,  Pollutant  identifica- 
tion, Toxicity. 

Data  are  presented  on  the  use  of  protozoan  cul- 
tures in  bioassays  for  water  pollutants.  A  proce- 
dure is  proposed  for  culturing  protozoans  (Eu- 
plotes  harpac  and  Stylonichia  mytilis),  as  well  as  a 
method  for  their  isolation  from  the  natural  envi- 
ronment. Toxicology  experiments  and  methods  of 
processing  and  interpreting  the  data  thereby  ob- 
tained are  described.  Recommendations  are  made 
on  the  use  of  data  obtained  from  such  bioassays. 
The  practical  application  of  the  method  has  been 
seen  in  studying  the  toxic  effects  of  many  metals, 
including  mercury,  copper,  lead,  zinc,  and  cadmi- 
um. As  for  organic  compounds  including  petro- 
leum and  petroleum  products,  DDT,  and  PCBs 
there  was  no  noticeable  change  in  survival  in  or- 
ganisms exposed  to  these  substances  for  a  few 
days.  It  is  possible,  however,  that  in  the  future  it 
will  be  possible  to  increase  the  sensitivity  of  the 
method.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01443 


THE  AMERICAN  OYSTER  AS  A  COASTAL 
ZONE  POLLUTION  MONITOR:  A  PILOT 
STUDY, 

South  Carolina  Univ.,  Columbia.  Belle  W.  Baruch 
Inst,  for  Marine  Biology  and  Coastal  Research. 
G.  I.  Scott,  and  D.  R.  Lawrence. 
Estuaries,  Vol  5,  No  1,  p  40-46,  March,  1982.  1 
Fig,  3  Tab,  35  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Oysters,  'Bioindicators,  'Condition 
Index,  Indicators,  Coastal  waters,  Monitoring,  Pol- 
lutant identification,  Water  pollution  effects,  Coli- 
forms,  Bacteria,  Estuaries,  Little  River  Inlet  Estu- 
ary, North  Inlet  Estuary,  'South  Carolina. 

The  Condition  Index  (dry  meat  weight  in  g  x  100/ 
internal  cavity  volume  in  ml)  was  determined  in 
the  American  oyster,  Crassostrea  virginica,  from 
two  South  Carolina  estuaries,  one  polluted  and  one 
unpolluted.  Mean  Condition  Indexes  for  oysters 
collected  in  late  spring,  mid-summer,  and  early  fall 
of  1975  were  3.7-5.0  in  the  polluted  Little  River 
Inlet  Estuary  and  5.8-11.3  in  the  unpolluted  North 
Inlet  Estuary.  Condition  indexes  decreased  from  5- 
11  at  zero  total  coliforms  to  4.5  at  100  coliforms 
per  100  ml  and  to  <  4  at  higher  bacterial  levels. 
These  results  suggest  that  the  Condition  Index  of 
oysters  is  a  reliable  indicator  of  pollution  in  coastal 
zone  areas.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01444 


SATURATOR  SYSTEM  FOR  GENERATING 
TOXIC  WATER  SOLUTIONS  FOR  AQUATIC 
BIOASSAYS, 

Environmental  Research  Lab.,  Duluth,  MN. 

G.  L.  Phipps,  G.  W.  Holcombe,  and  J.  T.  Fiandt. 


23 


Field  5— WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION 
Group  5A — Identification  Of  Pollutants 


Progressive  Fish-Culturist,  Vol  44,  No  2,  p  115- 
116,  April,  1982.  1  Fig,  5  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Bioassay,  'Solubility,  'Pesticides, 
Organic  compounds,  Toxicity,  Insecticides, 
Mixing,  'Saturator  systems,  Pollutant  identifica- 
tion. 

A  saturation  device  for  dissolving  low-solubility 
toxic  materials  used  in  aquatic  bioassays  was  built 
from  a  5  gallon  stainless  steel  soda  carbonation 
vessel  of  the  type  used  in  automatic  vending  ma- 
chines. It  was  fitted  with  a  metering  pump,  mag- 
netic stirring  device,  and  a  filter  to  prevent  undis- 
solved material  from  leaving  the  vessel.  The  satu- 
rator  system  functioned  well  for  compounds  both 
lighter  and  heavier  than  water  and  for  solids,  semi- 
liquids,  and  liquids.  The  coefficients  of  variation  in 
water  samples  analyzed  daily  during  96  hour  acute 
exposure  tests  were:  pentachloroethane,  hexachlor- 
obutadiene,  1,1'2-trichloroethylene,  1,3-dichloro- 
propane,  and  dursban,  2-10%;  tetrachloroethylene, 
1,1'2-trichloroethane,  kelthane,  and  disulfoton,  11- 
20%;  l,P,2,2'-tetrachloroethane,  1,2-dichloropro- 
pane,  hexachloroethane,  pydrin,  and  permethrin, 
21-30%;  and  1,2-dichloroethane,  33.2%.  The  com- 
pletely closed  system  prevented  escape  of  volatile 
compounds  into  the  atmosphere.  Cleaning  was 
simple  and  fast.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01445 


ARSENIC,  NITRATE,  IRON,  AND  HARDNESS 
IN  GROUND  WATER,  CHENA  HOT  SPRINGS 
ROAD,  STEELE  CREEK  ROAD,  AND  GIL- 
MORE  TRAIL  AREAS,  (T.1N.,  R.1E.,  FM), 
FAIRBANKS,  ALASKA, 

Geological  Survey,  Fairbanks,  AK.  Water  Re- 
sources Div. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7C. 
W83-01516 


PROCEEDINGS:  SECOND  SYMPOSIUM  ON 
PROCESS  MEASUREMENTS  FOR  ENVIRON- 
MENTAL ASSESSMENT,  FEBRUARY  25-27, 
1980, 

Little  (Arthur  D.),  Inc.,  Cambridge,  MA. 
P.  L.  Levins,  J.  C.  Harris,  and  K.  D.  Drewitz. 
Environmental  Protection  Agency  Project  Sum- 
mary EPA-600/S9-81-018,   June   1982.   Industrial 
Environmental    Research    Laboratory,    Research 
Triangle  Park,  North  Carolina.  5  p. 

Descriptors:  "Symposium,  'Sampling, 

♦Wastewater  analysis,  'Water  analysis,  *Bioassay, 
♦Chemical  analysis,  Coal  conversion,  Process 
water,  Water  pollution,  Environmental  quality, 
Sorbents,  'Pollutant  identification. 

This  report  is  a  summary  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
Second  Symposium  on  Process  Measurements  for 
Environmental  Assessment  held  in  Atlanta,  GA, 
February  25-27,  1980.  The  symposium  focused  on 
the  state-of-the-art  of  sampling  and  analysis  tech- 
niques that  are  appropriate  for  process  meas- 
urements in  the  context  of  an  environmental  assess- 
ment program.  It  included  methods  for  qualitative 
and  quantitative  chemical  characterization  of  or- 
ganic and  inorganic  species  in  process  and  dis- 
charge streams  and  biological  assays  of  environ- 
mental samples.  The  symposium  represents  a  con- 
tinuing effort  on  the  part  of  the  Process  Meas- 
urements Branch  of  the  EPA's  Industrial  Environ- 
mental Research  Laboratory  at  Research  Triangle 
Park,  NC,  to  share  recently  developed  methodolo- 
gy and  encourage  the  interchange  of  ideas  among 
researchers  in  government,  industry  and  academia. 
Topics  included:  use  of  sorbents  for  sampling;  sam- 
pling of  reactive  species;  sampling  and  analysis 
methodology  for  coal  conversion  processes;  ad- 
vanced inorganic  analysis  techniques;  advanced  or- 
ganic analysis  techniques;  application  of  bioassay 
methods  to  complex  samples.  The  interchange  of 
information  was  accomplished  through  the  presen- 
tation of  22  papers  and  through  a  poster  session. 
(Moore-SRC) 
W83-01557 


DETERMINATION  OF  NITROAROMATIC 
COMPOUNDS  AND  ISOPHORONE  IN  INDUS- 
TRIAL AND  MUNICIPAL  WASTEWATERS, 


Battelle-Columbus  Labs.,  OH. 
K.  H.  Shafer. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB82-208398, 
Price  codes:  A05  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Environmental  Protection  Agency  Project  Sum- 
mary EPA-600/S4-82-024,  June  1982.  Environ- 
mental Monitoring  and  Support  Laboratory,  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio.  7  p,  3  Tab. 

Descriptors:  'Nitroaromatic  compounds, 

'Wastewater  analysis,  'Dinitrotoluene,  'Isophor- 
one,  'Nitrobenzene,  'Gas  chromatography,  Nitro- 
gen compounds,  Aromatic  compounds,  Industrial 
wastewater,  Municipal  wastewater,  'Pollutant 
identification. 

A  gas  chromatographic  method  was  developed  for 
the  determination  of  nitrobenzene,  2,4-  and  2,6- 
dinitrotoluene  (DNT),  and  isophorone  in 
wastewaters.  The  components  of  interest  are  readi- 
ly chromatographed  on  OV-17  using  electron  cap- 
ture detection  for  2,4-  and  2,6-DNT  and  the  flame 
ionization  detection  for  isophorone  and  nitroben- 
zene. In  order  to  determine  precision  and  accura- 
cy, the  final  method  was  applied  to  several  repre- 
sentative wastewaters  spiked  with  the  compounds 
at  appropriate  levels,  as  well  as  to  surface  water. 
For  a  wastewater  sample  spiked  with  96  ppb  of 
nitrobenzene,  560  ppb  isophorone,  and  8  ppb  2,4- 
DNT,  and  7  ppb  2,6-DNT,  recoveries  were  70  + 
or  -  6%  for  nitrobenzene,  71  +  or  -  5%  for 
isophorone,  70  +  or  -  2%  for  2,4-DNT,  and  78  + 
or  -  1%  for  2,6-DNT.  Minimum  detectable  levels 
(MDLs)  in  this  wastewater  are  estimated  to  be  5 
ppb  for  nitrobenzene,  5  ppb  for  isophorone,  and 
0.05  ppb  for  2,4-  and  2,6-DNT.  However,  caution 
must  be  used  in  presuming  these  MDLs  are  accu- 
rate for  other  wastewaters  since  several 
wastewater  were  encountered  which  exhibited 
high  levels  of  interfering  compounds.  For  some 
complex  wastewaters,  it  may  be  necessary  to  apply 
additional  clean  up  procedures  or  more  selective 
analytical  detection  systems  in  order  to  achieve 
these  levels  of  sensitivity.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01564 


ANALYTICAL  METHODS  FOR  HAZARDOUS 
ORGANICS  IN  LIQUID  WASTES  FROM  COAL 
GASIFICATION  AND  LIQUEFACTION  PROC- 
ESSES, 

University  of  Southern  California,  Los  Angeles. 
T.  F.  Yen,  J.  I.  S.  Tang,  M.  Washburne,  and  S. 
Cohanim. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB82-208273, 
Price  codes:  A05  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Environmental  Protection  Agency  Project  Sum- 
mary EPA-600/S4-82-038,  June  1982.  Environ- 
mental Monitoring  and  Support  Laboratory,  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio.  6  p,  1  Fig,  11  Tab,  6  Ref.  R  806167- 
01-1. 

Descriptors:  'Industrial  wastewater,  'Coal  gasifi- 
cation, 'Coal  liquefaction,  'Hydrocarbons,  'Phen- 
ols, 'Nitrogen  compounds,  'Wastewater  analysis, 
Mutagens,  Chromatography,  Spectrometry,  Or- 
ganic compounds,  Hazardous  materials,  'Pollutant 
identification. 

The  first  phase  of  a  project  to  develop  a  protocol 
for  identifying  and  quantifying  hazardous  organic 
chemicals  present  in  the  wastewaters  of  coal  gasifi- 
cation and  liquefaction  plants  consisted  of  develop- 
ment of  a  qualitative  scheme  including  chromato- 
graphic separation,  total  organic  carbon  determina- 
tion, infrared  spectrometry  (IR),  gas  chromatogra- 
phy and  mass  spectrometry  (GC-MS).  An  addi- 
tional task  of  testing  coal  liquids,  the  raw  end 
products  of  coal  liquefaction,  for  mutagenicity  was 
carried  out.  Minimal  mutagenicity  was  found  in 
three  out  of  four  water  extracts  taken  from  coal 
liquids.  The  second  phase  consisted  of  the  quantita- 
tion of  the  compounds  detected  in  the 
wastewaters.  Twenty  hazardous  organic  chemicals 
named  in  the  priority  pollutant  list  were  detected 
in  varying  quantities  in  the  wastewaters.  Polynu- 
clear  aromatic  hydrocarbons  were  found  to  be 
present  in  concentrations  yielding  gram  quantities 
in  daily  operation  of  an  average  pilot  plant.  Nitrog- 
enous compounds  were  present  at  the  same  level, 
and    one    in    particular,    N-nitrosodimethylamine, 


was  present  at  kilogram  levels  daily.  Phenol  was 
present  in  concentrations  high  enough  to  be  poten- 
tially recoverable  economically.  Phenolic  com- 
pounds were  the  most  predominant  organic  species 
found.  Method  development  incorporated  the  use 
of  macroreticular  resins  for  the  initial  separation  of 
the  organics  in  the  wastewaters,  sensitive  GC-MS 
and  IR  identification,  and  quantitative  computer 
matching  mass  spectra.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01565 


DETERMINATION  OF  PESTICIDES  AND 
PCBS  IN  INDUSTRIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL 
WASTEWATERS, 

Southwest  Research  Inst.,  San  Antonia,  TX. 
J.  D.  Millar,  and  R.  E.  Thomas. 
Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB82-214222, 
Price  codes:  A10  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Environmental  Protection  Agency  Project  Sum- 
mary EPA-6O0/S4-82-O23,  June  1982.  Environ- 
mental Monitoring  and  Support  Laboratory,  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio.  6  p,  3  Tab. 

Descriptors:  'Wastewater  analysis,  'Polychlori- 
nated  biphenyls,  'Halogenated  pesticides,  'Gas 
chromatography,  Industrial  wastewater,  Municipal 
wastewater,  Chlorine  compounds,  Pesticides,  Re- 
sidual chlorine,  'Pollutant  identification. 

Steps  in  the  procedure  for  the  analysis  of  25  chlor- 
inated pesticides  and  polychlorinated  biphenyls 
were  studied.  Two  gas  chromatographic  columns 
and  two  detectors,  electron  capture  and  Hall  elec- 
trolytic conductivity,  were  evaluated.  Extractions 
were  performed  with  two  solvents-  dichlorometh- 
ane  and  15%  dichloromethane  in  hexane-at  three 
pHs  to  determine  extraction  efficiencies.  The  ef- 
fects of  storage  for  seven  days,  in  the  presence  of 
residual  chlorine,  at  two  temperatures  were  deter- 
mined. Florisil  and  alumina  were  compared  as 
adsorbents  for  the  clean  up  of  extracts.  Recoveries 
of  the  substances  from  clean  water  and  wastewater 
were  measured,  and  assessments  of  accuracy  and 
precision  were  made.  The  method  is  satisfactory 
for  the  analysis  of  clean  waters  and  wastewaters 
having  a  relatively  low  background  of  interfer- 
ences. However,  it  does  not  work  well  against 
medium  to  high  levels  of  background  interferences 
produced  by  substances  that  are  electron  capture 
sensitive,  especially  halogenated  ones.  Use  of  the 
Hall  detector  is  indicated  when  nonhalogenated 
electron  capture  sensitive  interferences  are  a  prob- 
lem, even  though  some  loss  in  sensitivity  will 
occur.  When  halogenated  interferences  are  over- 
whelming, altered  gas  chromatography  conditions 
and  columns,  such  as  temperature  programming 
and  columns  which  produce  better  resolution  than 
the  ones  studied  in  this  work,  will  be  required. 
W83-01566 


DETERMINATION  OF  TCDD  LN  INDUSTRIAL 
AND  MUNICIPAL  WASTEWATERS, 

California  Analytical  Lab.,  Sacramento. 
A.  S.  Wong. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB82-196882, 
Price  codes:  A04  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Environmental  Protection  Agency  Project  Sum- 
mary EPA-600/S4-82-O28,  June  1982  Environ- 
mental Monitoring  and  Support  Laboratory,  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio.  5  p,  1  Fig,  7  Tab. 

Descriptors:  'Wastewater  analysis,  'Chlorinated 
compounds,  'Gas  chromatography,  'Mass  spec- 
trometry, Industrial  wastewater.  Municipal 
wastewater,  Herbicides,  Residual  chlorine,  Chlor- 
ination.  Sample  preservation,  'Pollutant  identifica- 
tion. 

This  program  was  undertaken  in  an  effort  to  devel- 
op an  analytical  method  for  the  determination  of 
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin  (TCDD)  in  in- 
dustrial and  municipal  wastewaters.  The  method 
includes  the  extraction  of  TCDD  with  methylene 
chloride,  cleanup  with  columns  and  quantitative 
determination  with  gas  chromatography  (electron 
capture  detector)  and  gas  chromatography/mass 
spectrometry.  The  detection  limit  was  found  to  be 
0.003  micro  g/1.  In  conjunction  with  the  develop- 
ment of  the  analytical  method,  studies  to  determine 


24 


WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION— Field  5 

Sources  Of  Pollution — Group  5B 


the  optimum  conditions  for  water  sample  storage 
were  also  conducted  by  evaluating  the  effects  of 
pH  and  residual  chlorine.  The  stability  of  TCDD 
in  organic  solvents  such  as  benzene,  acetone  and 
methanol  was  also  studied  to  determine  the  shelf 
life  of  both  the  standard  and  extract  solutions.  It 
was  found  that  TCDD  solutions  prepared  in  ben- 
zene, acetone  and  methanol  remained  stable  during 
both  cold  storage  and  at  room  temperature.  How- 
ever, degradation  of  TCDD  in  water  was  observed 
as  a  result  of  chlorination  followed  by  prolonged 
storage.  The  loss  of  TCDD  in  chlorinated  water 
suggests  that  water  samples  should  be  extracted 
and  analyzed  as  soon  as  possible  unless  a  non- 
reactive  preservative  can  be  found.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01567 


DETERMINATION  OF  NITROSAMINES  IN 
INDUSTRIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL 

WASTEWATERS, 

Southwest  Research  Inst.,  San  Antonio,  TX. 
J.  W.  Rhoades,  R.  E.  Thomas,  and  D.  E.  Johnson. 
Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB82-199621, 
Price  codes:  A05  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Environmental  Protection  Agency  Project  Sum- 
mary EPA-600/S4-82-016,  May  1982.  Environ- 
mental Monitoring  and  Support  Laboratory,  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio.  6  p,  4  Tab. 

Descriptors:  'Wastewater  analysis,  *Nitrosamines, 
*Gas  chromatography,  Industrial  wastewater,  Mu- 
nicipal wastewater,  Sample  preservation,  Residual 
chlorine,  'Pollutant  identification. 

The  procedural  steps  of  sample  preservation,  ex- 
traction, cleanup  of  extracts,  and  gas  chromatogra- 
phic separation  and  detection  in  the  analysis  of  the 
three  N-nitrosamines  (N-nitrosodimethylamine,  N- 
nitrosodipropylamine,  and  N-nitrosodiphenyla- 
mine)  were  studied.  Two  gas  chromatographic  col- 
umns and  three  detector  systems  (alkali  flame  ion- 
ization, thermal  energy  analyzer,  and  Hall  electro- 
lytic conductivity)  were  evaluated.  Extractions 
were  performed  with  dichloromethane  from  salt 
saturated  and  nonsalted  samples  at  three  pH  levels 
to  determine  extraction  efficiencies.  The  effects  of 
storage  for  seven  days  in  the  presence  of  residual 
chlorine  and  at  two  temperatures  were  determined. 
Florisil  and  alumina  were  compared  as  adsorbents 
for  the  cleanup  of  extracts.  Recoveries  of  the  sub- 
stances for  clean  water  and  wastewater  were  meas- 
ured, and  assessments  of  accuracy  and  precision 
were  made.  Nitrosodimethylamine  and  nitrosodi- 
propylamine  can  be  gas  chromatographed  very 
well.  Nitrosodiphenylamine  is  thermally  degraded 
in  the  injector.  The  overall  benefit  of  salting  does 
not  appear  to  be  sufficient  to  warrant  salting  as  a 
routine  step.  The  pH  in  the  range  of  2  to  10  had 
essentially  no  effect  on  extraction  efficiency  of  any 
of  the  three  nitrosamines.  The  nitrosamines  can  be 
determined  at  concentrations  of  a  few  tenths  of  a 
microgram  per  liter  for  both  clean  water  and 
wastewaters  with  each  detection  system,  except 
nitrosodiphenylamine,  which  cannot  be  determined 
by  the  thermal  energy  analyzer.  The  stability  of 
some  of  the  nitrosamines  in  wastewater  may  be 
poor  even  under  the  best  storage  conditions. 
(Moore-SRC) 
W83-01568 


BIO-OPTICAL  CLASSIFICATION  AND 
MODEL  OF  NATURAL  WATERS.  2, 

Scripps  Institution  of  Oceanography,  La  Jolla,  CA. 
K.  S.  Baker,  and  R.  C.  Smith. 
Limnology  and  Oceanography,  Vol  27,  No  3,  p 
500-509,  May,  1982.  8  Fig,  4  Tab,  45  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Natural  waters,  'Biological  proper- 
ties, Water  properties,  Measuring  instruments, 
Model  studies,  'Organic  matter,  'Dissolved  solids, 
Limnology,  Transparency,  Attenuation,  Phyto- 
plankton,  Light,  'Optical  studies,  Radiation. 

A  bio-optical  classification  model  is  outlined  which 
provides  systematic  order  to  a  wide  range  of  ex- 
perimental spectral  irradiance  data.  The  technique 
allows  both  the  classification  and  optical  modeling 
of  natural  waters.  The  spectral  diffusion  attenu- 
ation coefficient  for  irradiance  (300-700  nm)  has 
been  related  to  two  biological  quantities:  the  total 


concentration  of  chlorophyll-like  pigments  and  the 
dissolved  organic  material  (DOM).  The  model  is  a 
component  model  which  augments  previous  work 
in  that  it  includes  new  data  in  the  analysis,  uses  an 
improved  analytic  fit,  extends  into  the  UV  region 
of  the  spectrum,  and  adds  a  DOM  component.  The 
model,  which  permits  quantitative  calculation  of 
spectral  irradiance  at  any  point  in  the  water 
column  in  a  variety  of  nonterrigenous  water  types, 
facilitates  predictive  modeling.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01594 


PRECONCENTRATION  OF  COPPER,  CADMI- 
UM, MERCURY  AND  LEAD  FROM  SEA  AND 
TAP  WATER  SAMPLES  ON  A  DITHIOCARBA- 
MATECELLULOSE  DERIVATIVE, 

Dalhousie   Univ.,   Halifax   (Nova   Scotia).   Trace 

Analysis  Research  Centre. 

R.  S.  S.  Murthy,  and  D.  E.  Ryan. 

Analytica  Chimica  Acta,  Vol  140,  No  1,  P  163-169, 

1982.  2  Fig,  4  Tab,  10  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Water  analysis,  'Trace  metals,  *Pre- 
concentration,  'Copper,  'Cadmium,  'Mercury, 
'Lead,  Seawater,  Drinking  water,  Potable  water, 
Dithiocarbamatecellulose,  Ethylenediamine,  2,2'- 
Diaminodiethylamine,  Triethylenetetramine,  'Pol- 
lutant identification. 

Ethylenediamine,  2,2'-diaminodiethylamine,  and 
triethylenetetramine  (trien)  were  introduced  into 
microcrystalline  cellulose  after  tosylation.  Dithio- 
carbamate  (DTC)  groups  were  introduced  by  reac- 
tion with  carbon  disulfide.  The  metal  uptake  be- 
havior of  these  amine-  and  dithiocarbamate-cellu- 
lose  derivatives  were  compared  for  Cu(II),  Cd(II), 
PB(II),  Hg(II),  Co(II),  and  U(VI).  The  trien-DTC- 
cellulose  was  used  to  preconcentrate  Cu(II), 
Cd(II),  Hg(II),  and  Pb(II)  from  sea  and  tap  water. 
Attempts  to  introduce  amine  and  dithiocarbamate 
groups  onto  filter  paper  circles  via  tosylcellulose 
were  not  successful,  as  the  circles  dsintegrated  on 
reaction  with  p-toluenesulfonly  chloride  in  pyr- 
idine. However,  these  results  show  that  introduc- 
tion of  dithiocarbamate  groups  on  microcrystalline 
cellulose  via  tosylation  is  simple,  inexpensive,  and 
useful  for  preconcentration  from  natural  water 
samples.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01641 


THEORETICAL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  DIRECT 
TITRATION  OF  NATURAL  WATERS  AND  ITS 
INFORMATION  YIELD  FOR  TRACE  METAL 
SPECIATION, 

Institut    Rudjer   Boskovic,    Zagreb   (Yugoslavia). 

Center  for  Marine  Research. 

I.  Ruzic. 

Analytica  Chimica  Acta,  Vol  140,  No  1,  p  99-113, 

1982.  5  Fig,  11  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Water  analysis,  'Trace  metals,  'Ti- 
tration, Natural  waters,  'Copper,  Metals,  Specia- 
tion,  'Pollutant  identification. 

A  new  method  for  interpretation  of  direct  titration 
of  natural  waters  with  trace  metals  is  described 
based  on  a  graph  of  the  ratio  between  the  free  and 
bound  metal  concentration  vs.  the  free  concentra- 
tion. The  application  of  this  method,  which  is 
based  on  a  1:1  complex  formation  model,  is  dis- 
cussed with  respect  to  trace  metal  speciation  in 
natural  waters.  Procedures  for  interpretation  of 
experimental  results  are  proposed  for  cases  in 
which  two  types  of  complexes  with  different  con- 
ditional stability  constants  are  formed,  or  where 
the  metal  is  adsorbed  on  colloidal  particles.  The 
advantages  of  the  proposed  method  in  comparison 
with  earlier  methods  are  presented  theoretically 
and  illustrated  with  some  experiments  on  copper 
(II)  in  seawater.  The  limitations  of  the  method  are 
also  discussed.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01642 


CHLOROPHYLL-A  RAW  WATER  QUALITY 
PARAMETER, 

Texas  Tech  Univ.,  Lubbock.  Dept.  of  Civil  Engi- 
neering. 

R.  A.  Jones,  and  G.  F.  Lee. 

Journal  of  the  American  Water  Works  Associ- 
ation, Vol  74,  No  9,  p  490-494,  September,  1982.  1 
Fig,  1  Tab,  14  Ref. 


Descriptors:  'Chlorophyll,  'Water  analysis,  *Eu- 
trophication,  'Pollutant  identification,  Water  qual- 
ity, Intakes,  Reservoirs,  Taste,  Odor,  'Water  treat- 
ment. 

Chlorophyll  measurement  is  proposed  as  a 
cheaper,  faster  method  than  algal  counting  for 
evaluating  raw  water  quality  for  water  treatment 
plants.  A  simplified  version  of  the  method  for 
chlorophyll  analysis,  described  in  'Standard  Meth- 
ods', is  presented.  A  water  company  can  develop 
correlations  between  chlorophyll  levels  and  var- 
ious eutrophication  parameters  such  as  algae,  tastes 
and  odors,  trihalomethane  content,  length  of  filter 
runs,  activated  carbon  usage,  and  chlorine  demand. 
It  is  likely  that  good  correlations  between  chloro- 
phyll and  some  parameters  may  be  obtained  only 
during  limited  seasons  of  the  year.  Data  should  be 
accumulated  for  three  years  before  discarding  a 
parameter  as  unusable.  Each  water  supply  has  its 
characteristic  relationship  between  chlorophyll 
and  other  parameters.  Chlorophyll  measurements 
may  also  be  used  in  locating  the  best  position  of  a 
water  intake  with  respect  to  water  quality  and  in 
eliminating  taste  and  odor  problems.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01657 


CONCENTRATION,  FRACTIONATION  AND 
CHARACTERIZATION  OF  SOLUBLE  ORGAN- 
IC PHOSPHORUS  IN  RIVER  WATER  ENTER- 
ING LOUGH  NEAGH, 

Ministry  of  Agriculture,  Belfast  (Northern  Ire- 
land). Agricultural  and  Food  Chemistry  Research 
Div. 

R.  J.  Stevens,  and  B.  M.  Stewart. 
Water  Research,  Vol  16,  No  11,  p  1507-1519,  No- 
vember, 1982.  11  Fig,  2  Tab,  45  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Phosphorus,  'Separation  techniques, 
'Pollutant  identification,  'Organic  compounds, 
'Eutrophication,  'Algal  growth,  'Chromatogra- 
phy, 'Infrared  spectroscopy,  Phosphorus  com- 
pounds, Rivers,  Algae,  Humic  acids,  Bioassay,  Pre- 
cipitation, 'Northern  Ireland,  Lough  Neagh,  Eu- 
trophic  lakes. 

An  absorption-precipitation  technique  using  lanth- 
anum was  used  to  concentrate  organic  phosphorus 
in  water  samples  from  six  major  rivers  which  feed 
the  Lough  Neagh  of  Northern  Ireland.  Of  the 
soluble  organic  phosphorus  concentrates  obtained 
from  river  water  samples,  25%  was  acid-soluble 
and  40%  was  subsequently  alkali-soluble.  The  con- 
centrated solutions  were  fractionated  by  gel  filtra- 
tion chromatography  on  Sephadex  columns.  Of  the 
acid-soluble  organic  phosphorus,  40%  was  of  mo- 
lecular weight  >  10,000,  2%  between  10,000  and 
1500,  and  40%  <  1500.  Of  the  alkali-soluble  organ- 
ic phosphorus,  70%  was  of  molecular  weight  > 
50,000.  Infrared  spectroscopic  analyses  revealed 
the  presence  of  humic  substances  in  the  alkali- 
soluble  organic  fraction  with  molecular  weight  > 
50,000.  It  was  hypothesized  that  phosphorus  may 
be  an  integral  part  of  the  humic  acid  structure  or 
that  an  organic  phosphorus-metal-organic  matter 
complex  may  exist.  Algal  bioassays  showed  that 
10%  of  the  acid-soluble  organic  phosphorus  with 
molecular  weight  >  10,000  and  32%  of  the  alkali- 
soluble  organic  phosphorus  with  molecular  weight 
>  50,000  were  available  for  growth  under  the  test 
conditions.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01731 


5B.  Sources  Of  Pollution 


POLLUTION  BY  ARSENIC  IN  GOLD-MINING 
DISTRICT  IN  NOVA  SCOTIA, 

Massey  Univ.,  Palmerston  North  (New  Zealand). 
Dept.  of  Chemistry,  Biochemistry  and  Biophysics. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5C. 
W83-01417 


EFFECTS     OF     LENGTH,     LOCALLTY     AND 

TISSUE  TYPE  ON  MERCURY  AND  CADMIUM 

CONTENT  OF  THE  COMMERCIAL  SCALLOP, 

PECTEN-ALBA  TATE,  FROM  PORT-PHILLIP 

BAY,  VICTORIA, 

Victoria   Ministry    for   Conservation,    Melbourne 

(Australia).  Fisheries  and  Wildlife  Div. 

T.  I.  Walker,  J.  W.  Glover,  and  D.  G  M.  Powell. 


25 


Field  5— WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION 
Group  5B — Sources  Of  Pollution 


Australian  Journal  of  Marine  and  Freshwater  Re- 
search, Vol  33,  No  3,  p  547-552,  1982.  1  Fig,  3  Tab, 
8Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Water  pollution  sources,  *Heavy 
metals,  *Fate  of  pollutants,  *Mollusks,  'Bioaccu- 
mulation,  'Spatial  distribution,  Bays,  'Mercury, 
•Cadmium,  Industrial  wastes,  Domestic  wastes, 
Farm  wastes,  Mine  wastes,  Animal  tissues,  'Aus- 
tralia. 

Concentrations  of  total  mercury  (Hg)  and  total 
cadmium  (Cd)  were  determined  by  atomic  absorp- 
tion spectroscopy  in  samples  of  the  commercial 
scallop,  Pecten  alba  Tate,  taken  from  Port  Phillip 
Bay.  Results  were  dependent  upon  the  type  of 
tissue  analyzed,  sampling  site,  and  to  a  lesser 
extent,  on  the  size  of  the  scallops.  Mean  Hg  con- 
centrations were  0.04  micrograms/g  (wet  weight) 
in  viscera,  0.02  micrograms/g  in  adductor  muscle, 
and  0.02  micrograms/g  in  gonads.  Mean  Cd  con- 
centrations were  7.7  micrograms/g  in  viscera,  1.0 
micrograms/g  in  adductor  muscle  and  0.9  micro- 
grams/g in  gonads.  Hg  levels  in  samples  from  Port 
Phillip  Bay  tended  to  decrease  from  north  to  south 
and  also  from  east  to  west.  The  distribution  of  Hg 
in  the  bay  may  be  related  to  early  mining  activities 
in  the  catchment,  past  and  present  agricultural, 
industrial  and  domestic  wastes,  and  the  general 
behavior  of  Hg  in  both  the  biotic  and  abiotic 
components  of  the  environment.  Cd  trends  were 
not  as  well  defined,  but  concentrations  in  the 
northern  region  were  generally  higher  than  those 
in  the  southern  region.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01418 


EFFECTS  OF  SEPTIC  TANK  SYSTEMS  ON  EN- 
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY, 

ADI  Ltd.,  Fredericton  (New  Brunswick). 

T.  Viraraghavan. 

Journal  of  Environmental  Management,  Vol   15, 

No  1,  p  63-70,  1982.  4  Tab,  18  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Wastewater  treatment,  'Septic  tanks, 
•Environmental  effects,  Sludge  disposal,  Fate  of 
pollutants,  Water  quality,  Nitrogen,  Phosphorus, 
Nutrients,  Reviews,  Microorganisms,  Pathogens, 
Bacteria,  Viruses,  Nitrates,  Phosphates,  Land  ap- 
plication, Land  disposal,  Composting. 

The  environmental  effects  of  septic  tanks  are  re- 
viewed. Effluent,  containing  solids,  nitrogen  and 
phosphorus  nutrients,  microorganisms,  and  viruses, 
can  affect  water  quality  if  systems  fail.  Nitrogen, 
predominantly  ammonia,  is  oxidized  in  aerobic 
soils  to  nitrates,  which  should  not  exceed  10  mg 
per  liter  in  drinking  water.  Phosphates,  usually 
fixed  in  the  soils  by  adsorption  and  other  processes, 
are  generally  not  transported  to  water  bodies  or 
groundwater  in  excessive  quantities.  It  is  unwise  to 
establish  codes  for  siting  septic  tanks  (usually  15-30 
m  separation  between  the  leaching  system  and 
drinking  water  wells)  without  considering  the  local 
site  conditions.  The  fate  of  viruses  in  on-site  dis- 
posal systems  is  not  yet  clearly  defined.  However, 
factors  enhancing  adsorption  also  enhance  virus 
removal,  although  viruses  do  not  reproduce  in  soil, 
they  can  persist  up  to  6  months  in  soil.  Septage,  the 
accumulated  sludge  and  scum  periodically  re- 
moved from  septic  tank  systems,  can  greatly  affect 
the  environment  if  applied  untreated  or  with  mini- 
mal treatment  to  land.  Treatment  in  municipal 
plants  or  by  composting  greatly  decreases  impact 
on  groundwater  quality.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01438 


THE  LOCH  EIL  PROJECT:  SEDIMENT 
CHEMISTRY,  SEDIMENTATION  AND  THE 
CHEMISTRY  OF  THE  OVERLYING  WATER 
IN  LOCH  EIL, 

Dunstaffnage  Marine  Research  Lab.,  Oban  (Scot- 
land). 

S.  O.  Stanley,  J.  W.  Leftley,  A.  Lightfoot,  N. 
Robertson,  and  I.  M.  Stanley. 
Journal  of  Experimental  Marine  Biology  and  Ecol- 
ogy, Vol  55,  No  2/3,  p  299-313,  1981.  5  Fig,  6  Tab, 
23  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Pulp  and  paper  industry,  'Organic 
matter,  'Sedimentation,  Fate  of  pollutants,  Cellu- 
lose, Tidal  effects,  Sediments,  Estuaries,  Sulfides, 
Nutrients,  Loch  Eil,  'Scotland,  Fjords. 


Sedimentation  and  the  input  of  pulp  fibers  on  sedi- 
ment chemistry  were  studied  during  1976  in  Loch 
Eil,  Scotland.  Sedimentation  rates  varied  seasonal- 
ly and  among  stations.  Highest  rates  were  general- 
ly observed  at  the  stations  closest  to  a  paper  mill 
discharge.  The  percentage  of  cellulose  in  sediment- 
ing  material  was  1.9%  in  September,  15.7%  in 
January,  and  19.5%  in  October.  Experiments  in 
1978  snowed  that  sedimentation  rates  also  varied 
with  tides.  In  spring  tides  sedimentation  rates  were 
highest  during  high  water  and  lowest  during  low 
water.  In  neap  tides  there  was  little  difference  over 
the  tidal  cycle  or  throughout  the  water  column. 
This  suggests  that  sedimentation  measurements 
made  at  neap  tides  are  more  representative.  Loch 
Eil  sediments  were  higher  in  carbon  and  had 
higher  carbon:nitrogen  ratios  than  at  control  sta- 
tions in  the  Lynn  of  Lome.  Sediment  from  stations 
nearest  the  paper  mill  had  higher  sulfide  levels  and 
more  reduced  conditions  than  the  control  and  sta- 
tions further  from  the  mill.  Nitrate  and  ammonia 
concentrations  did  not  vary  markedly  among  sta- 
tions within  Loch  Eil.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01439 


THE  LOCH  EIL  PROJECT:  EFFECT  OF  OR- 
GANIC MATTER  INPUT  ON  INTERSTITIAL 
WATER  CHEMISTRY  OF  LOCH  EIL  SEDI- 
MENTS, 

Dunstaffnage  Marine  Research  Lab.,  Oban  (Scot- 
land). 

L.  G.  Duff. 

Journal  of  Experimental  Marine  Biology  and  Ecol- 
ogy, Vol  55,  No  2/3,  p  315-328,  1981.  7  fig,  4  Tab, 
20  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Organic  matter,  'Pulp  and  paper 
industry,  'Sediments,  Water  pollution  effects.  Fate 
of  pollutants,  Loch  Eil,  'Scotland,  Cellulose,  Estu- 
aries, Sedimentation,  Interstitial  water,  Sulfides, 
Iron  compounds,  Anaerobic  conditions,  Degrada- 
tion, Biodegradation,  Sulfates,  Fjords. 

Interstitial  water  profiles  were  examined  in  two 
stations  in  Loch  Eil,  Scotland.  Station  E70  re- 
ceived a  high  input  of  cellulose  fibers  from  a  pulp 
and  paper  mill;  Station  E24  was  less  severely  af- 
fected by  the  mill  effluent.  Sedimentation  rates 
were  0.6  and  0.8  cm  per  year  for  E24  and  E70, 
respectively.  Sulfate  levels  in  interstitial  water  in- 
creased with  depth  in  a  fluctuating  manner  in  the 
first  10  cm  of  sediments  and  decreased  with  further 
increases  in  sediment  depth.  E70  had  lower  sulfate 
concentrations  at  the  35  cm  depth  than  E24.  Sul- 
fate levels  were  lower  in  winter  than  in  summer. 
Alkalinity  and  ammonia  concentrations  increased 
with  sediment  depth  at  both  stations  and  were 
higher  at  E70.  Cellulose  decreased  between  0-1 
and  5-10  cm  depths  by  2.5%  at  E24  and  31.5%  at 
E70.  Solid  sulfide  concentrations  in  interstitial 
water  in  the  top  10  cm  of  sediments  were  higher  at 
E70  (150-100  micro  mol  per  g  dry  weight).  Fer- 
rous iron  concentrations  at  2  cm  depth  generally 
were  higher  at  E24  than  at  E70,  with  average 
maxima  of  250  and  174  micro  mol,  respectively. 
(Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01440 


EFFECT  OF  BROWN  BULLHEADS  ON  RE- 
LEASE OF  PHOSPHORUS  IN  SEDIMENT 
AND  WATER  SYSTEMS, 

State  Univ.  of  New  York  at  Cortland.  Dept.  of 

Biological  Sciences. 

W.  H.  Keen,  and  J.  Gagliardi. 

Progressive  Fish-Culturist,  Vol  43,  No  4,  p  183- 

185,  October,  1981.  2  Fig,  12  Ref. 

Descriptors:  Fish,  Sediments,  'Phosphorus,  Ad- 
sorption, Lakes,  'Lake  sediments,  Metabolism, 
Path  of  pollutants,  'Bullhead. 

The  concentration  of  soluble  reactive  phosphorus 
(DRP)  was  studied  for  34  days  in  laboratory  tanks 
containing  water  with  added:  (1)  fish  and  sediment, 
(2)  fish,  and  (3)  sediment.  Highest  levels  (over  250 
micrograms  per  liter  phosphate-P)  were  found  in 
tanks  with  fish  and  no  sediment;  lowest  levels 
(nearly  zero)  in  tanks  with  sediment  and  no  fish. 
Systems  with  sediment  and  fish  contained  about  10 
micrograms  per  liter  phosphate-P.  The  phosphates 
produced  from  fish  physiological  processes  were 


apparently  adsorbed  by  sediments.  The  burrowing 
and  sediment  mixing  activities  of  the  brown  bull- 
heads used  in  the  study  probably  facilitated  the 
sorption  of  phosphates  onto  the  sediments.  (Cassar- 
FRC) 
W83-01446 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED 
DATA  FROM  THE  HAWAII  SMALL  WATER- 
SHED PROJECT, 

Agricultural  Research  Service,  Boise,  ID.  North- 
west Watershed  Research  Center. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7A. 
W83-01465 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  PLOT  AND 
SMALL  WATERSHED  HYDROLOGIC  DATA 
FROM  THE  SOUTHERN  PIEDMONT  CON- 
SERVATION RESEARCH  CENTER, 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7A. 
W83-01466 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED  AND 
PLOT  DATA  FROM  THE  AGRICULTURAL/ 
SURFACE-MINED  HYDROLOGY  RESEARCH 
GROUP,  FORT  COLLINS,  COLORADO, 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7A. 
W83-01468 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  PESTICIDE 
RUNOFF  DATA  FROM  THE  SOIL  AND 
WATER  MANAGEMENT  RESEARCH  UNIT, 
RIVERSIDE,  CA, 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  7B. 
W83-01469 


PHOSPHORUS  LOADING  TO  A  MOUNTAIN 
RESERVOIR  IN  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA, 

New  York  State  Museum,  Albany. 

C.  A.  Siegfried. 

Water  Resources  Bulletin,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  613-620, 

August,  1982.  6  Fig,  1  Tab,  24  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Reservoirs,  'Phosphorus,  'Nutri- 
ents, Nitrogen,  Eutrophication,  Eutrophic  lakes, 
•California,  Big  Bear  Lake. 

Phosphorus  loading  was  examined  for  more  than  a 
dozen  tributaries  of  Big  Bear  Lake,  a  high  moun- 
tain reservoir  in  Southern  California.  Nitrogen  as 
well  as  phosphorus  loading  relationships  were  de- 
termined for  each  subbasin.  Differences  in  loading 
relationships  were  related  to  various  subbasin  char- 
acteristics such  as  precipitation,  geology,  and  de- 
velopment. Phosphorus  loading  is  then  utilized  in 
the  evaluation  of  the  trophic  status  of  the  lake  and 
its  prospects  for  restoration.  Big  Bear  Lake  is 
currently  eutrophic  and  is  likely  to  remain  so. 
Calculations  based  on  Vollenweider's  critical  phos- 
phorus loading  concept  indicate  that  tributary  P- 
loading  would  have  to  be  reduced  by  more  than 
95%  to  achieve  mesotrophic  conditions.  The  com- 
pletion of  Big  Bear  Dam  created  a  naturally  eutro- 
phic reservoir  which  will  require  proper  manage- 
ment to  enhance  its  resource  potential.  (Baker- 
FRC) 
W83-01504 


GROUND-WATER  MONITORING  AT  SANTA 
BARBARA,  CALIFORNIA,  PHASE  2-EFFECTS 
OF  PUMPES'G  ON  WATER  LEVELS  AND 
WATER  QUALITY  DW  THE  SANTA  BARBARA 
GROUND-WATER  BASIN, 
Geological  Survey,  Sacramento,  CA.  Water  Re- 
sources Div. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  4B. 
W83-01513 


GROUND-WATER  QUALITY  IN  THE  VICINI- 
TY OF  LANDFILL  SITES,  SOUTHERN- 
FRANKLIN  COUNTY,  OHIO, 

Geological  Survey,  Columbus,  OH.  Water  Re- 
sources Div. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  2F. 
W83-01521 


26 


WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION— Field  5 

Sources  Of  Pollution — Group  5B 


MODELLING  NITRATE  CONCENTRATION 
IN  SOME  UNITED  KINGDOM  RESERVOIRS, 

Water  Research  Centre,  Slevenage  (England). 
D.  Johnson,  and  J.  M.  Davis. 
Canadian  Water  Resources  Journal,  Vol  7,  No  1,  p 
319-336,  1982.  5  Fig,  1  Tab,  5  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Reservoirs,  'Nitrates,  'Model  stud- 
ies, Mathematical  equations,  Seasonal  variations, 
'England,  Inflow. 

A  simple  mathematical  model  has  been  shown  able 
to  reproduce  the  seasonal  variation  of  nitrate  in 
offchannel  storage  reservoirs.  Tests  using  data 
from  three  different  lowland  reservoirs  in  the 
United  Kingdom  suggest  that  each  reservoir  can 
be  modeled  using  the  same  biological  removal 
rates  without  any  significant  loss  of  accuracy.  Ad- 
ditional simulations  are  planned  for  other  reser- 
voirs to  investigate  this  further.  The  model  may  be 
used  to  study  the  effects  of  changes  in  operating 
regime  of  an  existing  pumped-storage  reservoir  or 
to  predict  the  probable  nitrate  concentration  in  a 
proposed  new  reservoir.  In  its  present  form,  how- 
ever, the  model  will  not  adequately  reproduce  the 
nitrate  concentrations  during  a  period  of  about  one 
year  following  initial  filling.  The  same  problem 
will  occur  following  a  period  when  the  reservoir 
has  been  significantly  drawn-down  and  its  sedi- 
ments allowed  to  dry  out.  Both  these  situations 
represent  times  when  the  expected  denitrification 
rates  assumed  by  the  model  are  much  greater  than 
reality  due  to  a  reduction  in  normal  microbiologi- 
cal activity  in  the  reservoir  sediments.  (Baker- 
FRC) 
W83-01554 


ADSORPTION  CHARACTERISTICS  OF 
SESTON  IN  IRRIGATION  WATER:  IMPLICA- 
TIONS FOR  THE  USE  OF  AQUATIC  HERBI- 
CIDES, 

Commonwealth  Scientific  and  Industrial  Research 
Organization,  Griffith  (Australia).  Div.  of  Irriga- 
tion Research. 
K.  H.  Bowmer. 

Australian  Journal  of  Marine  and  Freshwater  Re- 
search, Vol  33,  No  3,  p  443-458,  1982,  6  Fig,  6  Tab, 
58  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Fate  of  pollutants,  'Adsorption, 
•Seston,  'Herbicides,  'Water  pollution  sources, 
Aquatic  drift,  Suspended  solids,  Irrigation  districts, 
Erosion,  Sediment  transport,  Agricultural  runoff, 
•Australia,  New  South  Wales. 

Seston  (suspended  particulate  matter)  from  the 
turbid  waters  of  Murrumbidgee  Irrigation  Areas  of 
New  South  Wales  was  tested  for  its  adsorption  of 
three  aquatic  herbicides  to  elucidate  the  role  of 
seston  in  the  transport  of  contaminants  by  erosion 
into  freshwater  systems.  Adsorption  of  terbutryne 
and  glyphosate  by  seston  was  generally  at  least  an 
order  of  magnitude  higher  than  reported  in  the 
literature  for  soils.  However,  adsorption  of  terbu- 
tryne by  seston  is  expected  to  have  little  effect  on 
the  reduction  of  levels  of  this  herbicide  in  practice. 
Phosphate  additions  reduced  adsorption  of  glypho- 
sate and  may  account  for  the  differences  in  adsorb- 
ing power  observed  for  seston  from  different 
sources.  Adsorption  by  seston  was  sufficient  to 
completely  inactivate  diquat  in  irrigation  drainage 
waters  at  concentrations  up  to  0.5  milligrams/liter. 
After  the  seston  adsorption  capacity  was  saturated, 
the  herbicide  could  then  be  effective  if  sufficient 
amounts  were  applied.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-O1580 


HEAVY  METAL  ENRICHMENT  IN  THE  SUR- 
FACE MICROLAYER  OF  THE  NEPEAN- 
HAWKESBURY  RIVER  SYSTEM, 

Australian  Atomic  Energy  Commission  Research 
Establishment,  Lucas  Heights. 
R.  K.  Barnes,  G.  E.  Batley,  and  J.  H.  Sharp. 
Australian  Journal  of  Marine  and  Freshwater  Re- 
search, Vol  33,  No  3  p,  417-430,  1982,  1  Fig,  5  Tab, 
31  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Heavy  metals,  Water  pollution 
sources,  'Fate  of  pollutants,  Surface  water,  Physi- 
cochemical  properties,  'Thin  films,  'Copper, 
Lead,  'Cadmium,  'Zinc,  Subsurface  water,  Organ- 


ic carbon,  Nitrogen  compounds,  Films,  Air  pollu- 
tion, River  systems,  'Australia,  Nepean-Hawke- 
bury  river  system. 

Trace  metal  concentrations  in  the  Nepean- 
Hawkesbury  river  system  near  Sydney,  New 
South  Wales,  were  measured  in  subsurface  and 
surface-film  water  samples  to  ascertain  the  extent 
of  surface  enrichment  of  copper  (Cu),  cadmium 
(Cd),  lead  (Pb),  and  zinc  (Zn).  Dissolved  organic 
carbon  (DOC),  surface  pressure,  dissolved  organic 
nitrogen  (DON),  and  Cu-complexing  capacity 
were  also  measured  to  establish  possible  correla- 
tions between  these  physicochemical  properties 
and  surface  enrichment.  Positive  correlations  were 
noted  between  measured  surface-film  pressures  and 
the  surface  excesses  of  Pb,  Zn  and  DOC.  Good 
correlations  were  also  observed  between  the  com- 
plexing  capacity  of  surface  samples  and  DON. 
Enriched  Zn  was  present  in  surface  films  mainly  in 
bound  species,  while  Pb  was  enriched  in  both 
bound  and  labile  forms.  Cu  was  found  mainly  as  a 
bound  species.  The  dominance  of  Pb  was  enriched 
in  both  bound  and  labile  forms.  Cu  was  found 
mainly  as  a  bound  species.  The  dominance  of  Pb 
and  Zn  in  surface  films  is  attributed  mainly  to 
airborne  deposition  from  motor  fuels  of  land  vehi- 
cles and  boats.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01582 


APPLICABILITY  OF  PHOSPHORUS  INPUT- 
OUTPUT  MODELS  FOR  IMPOUNDMENTS 
WITH  HIGH  TROPHIC  AND  HYDRAULIC 
LOADING  (ZUR  FRAGE  KRLTISCHER  NAHR- 
STOFFBELASTUNG  GESTAUTER 

FLIESSGEWASSER.    GRENZEN    DER    UBER- 
TRAGBARKEIT  DER  FUR  SEEN  UND  TAL- 
SPERREN  KONZIPIERTEN  MODELLE), 
Ruhrverband,  Essen  (Germany,  F.R.)  Chemisches 
und  Biologisches  Lab. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5C. 
W83-01583 


DIFFERENCES  IN  ANIMAL  13C,  15N,  AND  D 

ABUNDANCE  BETWEEN  A  POLLUTED  AND 

AN  UNPOLLUTED  COASTAL  SITE:  LIKELY 

INDICATORS    OF   SEWAGE   UPTAKE   BY   A 

MARINE  FOOD  WEB, 

National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration, 

Moffett  Field,  CA.  Ames  Research  Center. 

G.  H.  Rau,  R.  E.  Sweeney,  I.  R.  Kaplan,  A.  J. 

Mearns,  and  D.  R.  Young. 

Estuarine,  Coastal  and  Shelf  Science,  Vol  13,  No  6, 

p  701-707,  1981.  2  Fig,  1  Tab,  35  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Coastal  waters,  'Marine  animals, 
•Food  chains,  'Carbon- 13,  Nitrogen- 15,  Isotopes, 
Benthos,  Wastewater,  'California,  Wastewater  dis- 
posal, Prawns,  Sole,  'Hydrogen  Isotopes. 

Specimens  of  Ridgeback  prawn  and  Dover  sole 
were  taken  from  a  control  station  and  a  sewage- 
affected  station  as  part  of  a  sampling  program.  The 
natural  relative  abundances  of  C-13,  N-15  and  D  in 
Dover  sole  and  Ridgeback  prawn  muscle  were 
found  to  be  significantly  different.  This  between- 
site  shift  in  animal  isotope  abundance  is  of  the  type 
expected  if  sewage  organic  materials  were  an  im- 
portant food  source  for  animals  in  the  latter  site. 
Use  of  stable  isotope  natural  abundance  to  trace 
the  incorporation  and  movement  of  sewage-de- 
rived organics  in  marine  food  webs  is  suggested. 
(Baker-FRC) 
W83-01591 


IS  THIS  THE  LAST  WORD  ON  LOVE  CANAL. 

S.  Miller. 

Environmental  Science  and  Technology,  Vol  16, 

No  9,  p  500A-501A,  1982.  2  Fig. 

Descriptors:  'Water  pollution  sources,  Environ- 
mental effects,  'Waste  disposal,  Monitoring, 
Leaching,  Fate  of  pollutants,  'Love  Canal,  'New 
York,  Path  of  Pollutants,  Canals,  Groundwater 
pollution,  Industrial  wastes. 

The  results  of  the  monitoring  program  conducted 
at  Love  Canal  during  the  summer  and  fall  of  1980 
revealed  a  limited  pattern  of  environmental  con- 
tamination. Of  all  the  samples  taken,  fewer  than 


13%  contained  any  measurable  level  of  contami- 
nants. With  the  exception  of  contamination  present 
in  storm  sewer  and  creek  sediments,  the  study  did 
not  produce  evidence  that  Love  Canal  has  contrib- 
uted to  environmental  contamination  in  the  Decla- 
ration Area.  The  hydrogeological  study  deter- 
mined that  there  is  no  apparent  hydraulic  connec- 
tion between  the  underlying  shallow  and  deep 
groundwater  aquifers.  No  consistent  multimedia 
pattern  of  contamination  was  noted  in  the  Declara- 
tion Area  directly  attributable  to  migration  from 
Love  Canal.  Even  so,  for  areas  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Ring  1  houses,  those  built  over  the  canal  itself, 
toxic  chemicals  had  migrated  from  Love  Canal 
and  had  contaminated  shallow  system  ground- 
water, soil  and  dumps.  No  contamination  was 
found  in  the  bedrock  aquifer,  and  only  very  local- 
ized contamination  was  noted  in  the  shallow 
system.  Storm  sewer  water  analysis  and  sediment 
studies  revealed  that  highly  contaminated  sediment 
and  contaminated  water  were  traceable  from  Canal 
Areas  to  local  outfalls.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01592 


DYNAMICS  OF  CARBON  AND  NITROGEN 
DURING  THE  DECOMPOSITION  OF  DETRI- 
TUS DERIVED  FROM  ESTUARINE  MACRO- 
PHYTES, 

State  Univ.  of  New  York  at  Binghamton. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  2L. 
W83-01595 


ORGANIC  CARBON  TRANSPORT  IN  THE  CO- 
LUMBIA RIVER, 

Oregon  State  Univ.,  Corvallis.  Dept.  of  Fisheries 
and  Wildlife. 

C.  N.  Dahm,  S.  V.  Gregory,  and  P.  K.  Park. 
Estuarine,  Coastal  and  Shelf  Science,  Vol  1 3,  No  6, 
p  645-658,  December,  1981.  7  Fig,  3  Tab,  26  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Rivers,  'Organic  carbon,  'Particu- 
late matter,  Seasonal  variation,  'Columbia  River, 
Estuarine  environment,  Estuaries,  Dissolved  solids. 

Seasonal  variations  in  concentration  and  partition- 
ing between  dissolved  and  particulate  fractions  of 
the  organic  load  of  the  Columbia  River  were  ex- 
amined as  a  reference  point  for  future  studies  on  a 
basin  being  increasingly  impacted  by  rapidly  grow- 
ing population,  agriculture,  and  industry.  Natural 
seasonal  variability  was  examined  in  the  concentra- 
tion and  form  of  organic  matter  relative  to  physical 
parameters  of  discharge  rate  and  temperature, 
chemical  parameters  associated  with  the  carbonate 
system,  and  nutrient  distributions  to  provide  tools 
for  estimating  past  and  predicting  future  export  of 
organic  matter  by  the  River.  Upstream-down- 
stream  variability  of  organic  load  on  the  lower  200 
km  of  the  river  for  detectable  point  source  inputs 
or  for  an  organic  carbon  decrease  due  to  process- 
ing before  the  estuary  was  assessed.  Finally,  the 
annual  organic  carbon  export  for  a  major  river  was 
carefully  measured  for  use  in  global  carbon  flux 
studies  and  for  estimation  of  riverine  input  to  the 
estuary  and  the  north-eastern  Pacific.  Total  organ- 
ic carbon  (TOC)  levels  measured  monthly  ranged 
from  270  to  150  micromol/liter.  The  average 
annual  TOC  contribution  from  the  Columbia  River 
drainage  to  the  north-eastern  Pacific  is  4.9  x  10  to 
the  10th  power  mol  with  an  average  concentration 
of  about  195  micromol/liter.  Of  this  TOC  annual 
export,  89%  is  DOC  and  1 1  %  is  particulate  organ- 
ic carbon.  Variability  of  DOC  in  the  main  channel 
from  Portland,  Oregon  to  the  estuary  was  minimal. 
DOC  concentrations  ranged  from  221  to  260  mi- 
cromol/liter, with  no  significant  upstream  or 
downstream  gradients.  Diel  variation  also  was 
slight,  varying  randomly  during  24  hr  between 
235-257  micromol/liter.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01596 


PLUTONIUM  AND  AMERICIUM  EXPORT  TO 
THE  NORTH-EAST  PACIFIC  OCEAN  BY  CO- 
LUMBIA RIVER  RUNOFF, 

Oregon    State   Univ.,    Newport.    Marine   Science 

Center. 

T.  M.  Beasley,  L.  A.  Ball,  and  B.  A.  Blakesley. 

Estuarine,  Coastal  and  Shelf  Science,  Vol  13,  No  6, 

p  659-669,  December,  1981.  2  Fig,  3  Tab,  35  Ref. 


27 


Field  5— WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION 
Group  5B — Sources  Of  Pollution 


Descriptors:  *Sediment  transport,  *Plutonium, 
•Amencium,  Continental  shelf,  Pacific  Ocean, 
Coastal  waters.  Estuaries,  Sediments,  Chemical 
analysis,  Radioisotopes,  Path  of  pollutants,  'Co- 
lumbia River,   Nuclear  fuel   reprocessing   plants. 

A  series  of  monthly  collections  of  water  samples 
was  made  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River  to 
determine  the  contemporary  annual  export  rate  of 
both  Pu-239,240  and  Am-241,  with  the  aim  of 
assessing  the  importance  of  riverine  input  of  these 
radionuclides  to  their  shelf  and  slope  sediment 
inventories.  During  this  period  approximately  70 
mCi  of  Pu-239,240  and  17  mCi  of  Am-241  were 
carried  by  the  river  to  the  ocean.  From  the  deposi- 
tional  history  of  a  fine-grained  sediment  core  raised 
from  within  the  Columbia  River  estuary  an  esti- 
mated 4-8  Ci  of  Pu-239,240  and  1-2  Ci  of  Am-241 
have  entered  the  northeast  Pacific  Ocean  by  river 
transport  since  the  late  1950s.  This  input  would 
have  increased  the  transuranic  inventories  in  adja- 
cent coastal  sediments  by  at  most  2.5  times  those 
expected  as  a  result  of  direct  atmospheric  fallout. 
(Baker-FRC) 
W83-01597 


CONSERVATIVE      BEHAVIOUR      OF      DIS- 
SOLVED LITHIUM  IN  ESTUARINE  WATERS, 

Bedford  Inst,  of  Oceanography,  Dartmouth  (Nova 

Scotia). 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  2L. 

W83-01598 


ATRAZINE  DEGRADATION,  SORPTION,  AND 
BIOCONCENTRATION  IN  WATER  SYSTEMS, 

Arkansas  Univ.,  Fayetteville.  Water  Resources  Re- 
search Center. 

D.  C.  Wolf,  and  R.  L.  Jackson. 
Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150151, 
Price  codes:  A03  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Publication  No  87,  August  1982.  45  p,  9  Fig,  7  Tab, 
55  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Herbicides,  'Atrazine,  'Fate  of  pol- 
lutants, 'Sediments,  'Degradation,  'Biological 
magnification,  'Pesticide  residues,  Hydrogen  ion 
concentration,  Bacteria,  Fungi,  Suspended  solids, 
Organic  material. 

The  herbicide  atrazine  is  used  extensively  to  con- 
trol broadleaf  and  grass  weeds  in  such  crops  as 
sorghum  and  corn.  A  small  portion  of  the  atrazine 
may  be  lost  from  the  area  of  application  by  surface 
runoff  and  could  enter  a  stream  or  lake.  Once  the 
atrazine  enters  a  water  system,  the  partitioning  of 
atrazine  between  the  aqueous  and  solid  phases  of 
the  water-sediment  system  largely  determines  the 
impact  of  the  herbicide  on  water  quality  and  aquat- 
ic ecosystems.  The  results  of  studies  on  water- 
sediment  systems  indicated  that  sediments  with 
lower  pH  values  and  higher  organic  matter  levels 
adsorbed  higher  levels  of  atrazine  than  sediments 
with  neutral  pH  values  and  lower  organic  matter 
levels.  Microbial  decompostion  of  the  herbicide 
was  slow.  Addition  of  supplemental  carbon 
sources  in  the  form  of  glucose  or  peptone  did  not 
appear  to  influence  the  rate  of  atrazine  degrada- 
tion. Bioconcentration  of  atrazine  by  fungi  and 
bacteria  was  demonstrated.  The  organic  compo- 
nent of  the  suspended  particulate  matter  in  a  water 
system  may  be  an  active  adsorption  site.  (Moore- 
SRC) 
W83-01607 


SALT  LOADING  FROM  EFFLORESCENCE 
AND  SUSPENDED  SEDIMENTS  IN  THE 
PRICE  RIVER  BASIN, 

Utah  Water  Research  Lab.,  Logan. 

D.  S.  Bowles,  H.  Nezafati,  B.  K.  Rao,  J.  P.  Riley, 

and  R.  J.  Wagenet. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 

Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150245, 

Price  codes:  A08  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 

Water  Resources  Planning  Series  UWRL/P-82/05, 

May    1982.    158  p,   59  Fig,   22  Tab,    144  Ref,   3 

Append.    OWRT    B-172-UTAH(1),     14-34-0001- 

9099. 

Descriptors:  'Salt  efflorescence,  'Sodium  sulfate, 
•Suspended  sediments,  'Salt  loading,  'Utah,  Colo- 


rado River,  Saline  water,  Salts,  Mathematical 
models,  Storm  runoff,  Soil  chemistry,  'Price  River 
Basin. 

The  Price  River  Basin  is  located  principally  in 
Carbon  and  Emery  Counties  of  east-central  Utah. 
The  Price  River  contributes  approximately  3%  of 
the  salt  load  of  the  Colorado  River  in  less  than  1% 
of  the  water.  Salt  efflorescence  was  examined  by 
field  observation  in  the  Price  River  Basin  and 
instrumentation,  laboratory  experiments,  and  math- 
ematical modeling.  The  field  data  showed  near 
saturation  conditions  of  sodium  sulfate  waters 
below  crusts  of  densities  between  0.14  and  0.36  g/ 
sq  cm  and  which  formed  over  about  a  10-day 
period  following  channel  cleaning  by  storm  runoff. 
Laboratory  data  on  salt  crusting  in  soil  columns 
were  also  used  in  developing  a  model  which  when 
applied  to  the  Price  River  Basin  estimated  that  no 
more  than  7.5%  of  the  total  salt  loading  comes 
from  salt  efflorescence  being  carried  away  in  the 
stream  flow.  The  conditions  favorable  to  the  accu- 
mulation of  salt  efflorescence  are  highly  saline 
water  just  below  the  soil  surface  and  a  source  of 
heat  for  vaporizing  the  water.  Salt  release  from 
suspended  sediments  was  studied  by  laboratory 
experimentation  with  sediment  material  obtained 
from  various  locations  in  the  Price  River  Basin. 
The  Buckingham  Pi  Theorem  was  employed  to 
derive  relationships  expressing  the  EC  of  a  sedi- 
ment water  system  as  a  function  of  the  controlling 
factors.  The  results  were  presented  in  two  salt 
release  equations,  one  excluding  the  effect  of  initial 
EC  and  the  other  providing  for  initially  saline 
solutions.  The  salt  release  equations  were  incorpo- 
rated into  an  adapted  version  of  the  Watershed 
Erosion  and  Sediment  Transport  (WEST)  model 
and  applied  to  a  small  tributary  of  Coal  Creek. 
Extrapolation  to  the  entire  Price  River  Basin  led  to 
an  estimate  that  about  0.50%  of  the  total  annual 
salt  load  is  released  from  suspended  sediments. 
(Moore-SRC) 
W83-01617 


A  EULERIAN-LAGRANGIAN  NUMERICAL 
SCHEME  FOR  THE  DISPERSION-CONVEC- 
TION EQUATION  USING  CONJUGATE 
SPACE-TIME  GRIDS, 

Arizona  Univ.,  Tucson,  Dept.  of  Hydrology  and 

Water  Resources. 

S.  P.  Neuman. 

Journal  of  Computational  Physics,  Vol  41,  No  2,  p 

270-294,  June  1981,  11  Fig,  48  Ref.  OWRT  B-074- 

ARIZ(2). 

Descriptors:  'Convection,  'Dispersion,  'Ground- 
water movement,  'Mathematical  analysis,  'Radio- 
active wastes,  Groundwater  pollution,  Prediction, 
Mathematical  equations. 

The  dispersion-convection  equation  is  widely  used 
to  describe  Fickian  transport  of  pollutants.  Recent- 
ly, there  has  been  much  interest  in  the  possibility  of 
using  this  equation  to  predict  the  effect  of  ground- 
water flow  on  the  migration  of  radionuclides  from 
geological  repositories  of  nuclear  waste  to  the  bio- 
sphere. This  poses  a  special  challenge  to  the  nu- 
merical analyst  because  subsurface  transport  is 
often  controlled  by  complex  three-dimensional 
flow  patterns  which  can  vary  with  time,  by  an 
anisotropic  dispersion  process  whose  tensorial  de- 
scription depends  on  the  velocity  field,  and  by 
other  complicating  linear  and  nonlinear  phenom- 
ena. A  new  numerical  scheme  is  proposed  for  the 
dispersion-convection  equation  which  combines 
the  utility  of  a  fixed  grid  in  Eulerian  coordinates 
with  the  computational  power  of  the  Lagrangian 
method.  Convection  is  formally  decoupled  from 
dispersion  in  a  manner  which  does  not  leave  room 
for  ambiguity.  The  resulting  convection  problem  is 
solved  by  the  method  of  characteristics  on  a  grid 
fixed  in  space.  Dispersion  is  handled  by  finite  ele- 
ments on  a  separate  grid  which  may,  but  need  not, 
coincide  with  the  former  at  selected  points  in 
space-time.  Information  is  projected  from  one  grid 
to  another  by  local  interpolation.  The  conjugate 
grid  method  is  implemented  by  linear  finite  ele- 
ments in  conjunction  with  piecewise  linear  interpo- 
lation functions  and  applied  to  five  problems  rang- 
ing from  predominant  dispersion  to  pure  convec- 
tion. The  results  are  entirely  free  of  oscillations. 
Numeral   dispersion   exists   but   can   be   brought 


under  control  either  by  reducing  the  spatial  incre- 
ment, or  by  increasing  the  time  step  size,  of  the 
grid  used  to  solve  the  convection  problem.  Con- 
trary to  many  other  methods,  best  ressults  are 
often  obtained  when  the  Courant  number  exceeds 
1.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01618 


NONPOINT  SOURCE  POLLUTION  FROM 
PCBS:  BIOAVAILABILITY  AND  INACTTVA- 
TION  WITH  ACTIVATED  CARBON, 

North  Carolina  State  Univ.  at  Raleigh,  Dept.  of 

Crop  Science. 

J.  B.  Weber,  H.  J.  Strek,  and  M.  R.  Overcash 

In:  Toxicology  of  Halogenated  Hydrocarbons,  M. 

A.  Q.  Khan,  Ed,  Pergamon  Press,  Inc.,  New  York 

1981,  p  364-374,  2  Fig,  8  Tab,  33  Ref.  OWRT  B- 

122-NC(7). 

Descriptors:  'Polychlorinated  biphenyls,  'Activat- 
ed carbon,  'Nonpoint  pollution  sources,  'Bioaccu- 
mulation,  'Soil  contamination,  'Cleanup  oper- 
ations, Chlorinated  hydrocarbons,  Phytotoxicity, 
Sediments,  Sludge,  Environmental  effects,  Adsorp- 
tion. 

Polychlorinated  biphenyls  (PCBs)  are  widely  dis- 
tributed in  small  amounts  in  the  soils  of  the  U.  S  , 
and  in  moderate  to  high  amounts  in  the  sediments 
of  many  rivers  and  other  bodies  of  water.  PCBs  in 
amounts  ranging  from  50  to  1700  ppm  have  been 
found  in  the  sewage  sludge  of  many  cities.  Isolated 
cases  of  PCB  spills  have  resulted  in  high  concen- 
trations of  the  chemicals  in  small  localized  areas. 
PCBs  are  nearly  immobile  in  soils  due  to  their  very 
low  water  solubility  and  high  lipophilicity.  The 
chemicals  are  absorbed  very  strongly  by  soil  sub- 
stituents  and  do  not  leach  significantly  through  soil 
columns.  Activated  carbon  has  been  found  to  be  a 
very  effective  adsorbent  for  PCBs.  Water  uptake 
and  growth  of  plants  is  inhibited  by  PCBs  in  the 
soil,  but  activated  carbon  added  to  the  soil  may 
prevent  the  phytotoxic  action.  Uptake  and  translo- 
cation of  PCBs  by  a  variety  of  plants  has  been 
demonstrated.  Lower  chlorinated  biphenyls  appear 
to  be  translocated  by  plants  in  higher  amounts  than 
highly  chlorinated  biphenyls.  Activated  carbon 
added  to  the  soil  reduces  PCB  uptake  by  plants  up 
to  100%.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01621 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  MINERAL  NITROGEN 
UNDER  NATIVE  RANGE  AND  CULTIVATED 
FIELDS  IN  THE  NEBRASKA  SANDHILLS, 

Nebraska  Univ.,  North  Platte.  Dept.  of  Agronomy. 
G.  W.  Hergert. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83- 150367, 
Price  codes:  A04  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Nebraska  Water  Resources  Center  Report,  July  30, 
1982.  65  p,  12  Fig,  7  Tab,  5  Ref.  1  Append.  OWRT 
A-061-NEB(1). 

Descriptors:  'Soil  water,  'Nitrates,  'Groundwater 
pollution,  'Fertilizers,  'Irrigation  effects,  'Leach- 
ing, Nebraska,  Water  quality,  Ammonium,  Corn, 
Alfalfa,  Grasses,  Soil  texture,  Sand. 

Seven  different  sites  were  sampled  to  the  water 
table  for  soil  moisture,  nitrate  and  ammonium  con- 
tent. Three  holes  per  site  were  taken  for  averaging 
the  measured  parameters  over  holes  by  depth. 
Hole  to  hole  variability  at  a  given  depth  was  not 
too  large  in  most  instances.  Variation  was  greatest 
in  the  upper  12  meters  due  to  soil  textural  differ- 
ences caused  by  shifting  of  sands  in  the  recent 
geologic  past.  The  irrigation  and  N  fertilizer  appli- 
cation history  of  each  site  has  been  documented. 
Only  slight  differences  between  nitrate-N  under 
alfalfa  and  its  adjacent  native  range  were  evident. 
A  substantial  difference  between  nitrate-N  distribu- 
tions under  the  irrigated  cool  season  grass  and  its 
adjacent  native  range  was  found.  The  soil  under 
the  grass  was  enriched  in  nitrate-N  compared  to 
the  native  range  to  7  meters.  Since  the  cool  season 
grass  was  only  irrigated  1975-1977  the  bulk  of  the 
movement  probably  occurred  in  3  years,  at  an 
average  of  2.2  meters  per  year.  Definite  nitrite 
enrichment  under  irrigated  corn  compared  to 
native  range  was  shown  to  a  15  meter  depth. 
Average  movement  of  a  nitrate  bulge  under  the 


28 


WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION— Field  5 

Sources  Of  Pollution — Group  5B 


corn  between  spring  1980  and  spring  1981  was  2.2 
meters.  For  the  total  7  years  cropping  history 
average  rate  of  N  movement  was  also  2.2  meters 
per  year.  This  data  can  provide  a  good  data  base 
For  verification  of  models  used  to  predict  nitrate-N 
movement  under  various  crops  grown  on  deep, 
very  sandy  soil.  This  type  of  information  is  needed, 
along  with  recharge  data  to  predict  future  changes 
in  ground  water  quality  for  much  fo  the  Nebraska 
Sandhills  now  under  cultivation. 
W83-01632 


AN  EVALUATION  OF  THE  EFFECTIVENESS 
OF  HYDROGEN  AND  OXYGEN  ISOTOPES 
USED  IN  CONCERT  WITH  CHEMICAL 
WATER-QUALITY  PARAMETERS  AS  INDICA- 
TORS OF  SUBSURFACE  WATER  MOVEMENT 
AND  SOURCE, 

Arizona  Univ.,  Tucson.  Dept.  of  Hydrology  and 
Natural  Resources. 
T.  W.  Thurnblad. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150029, 
Price  codes:  A07  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Water  Resources  Research  Center  Report,  Sep- 
tember 1982.  141  p,  38  Fig,  37  Ref.  6  Append. 
OWRT  A-103-ARIZ(1). 

Descriptors:  'Groundwater  pollution,  *Water  pol- 
lution sources,  *Trace  elements,  'Isotope  studies, 
•Oxygen  isotopes,  'Hydrogen  isotopes,  'Ground- 
water movement,  Arizona,  Anions,  Cations,  Water 
temperature,  Water  quality,  Computers,  Hydrogen 
ion  concentration,  Recharge,  Mine  wastes,  Specific 
conductivity,  Arsenic,  Fluoride,  Sulfate. 

A  multiuse  area,  15  miles  south  of  Tucson,  Arizo- 
na, was  selected  to  test  a  water-pollution  source 
assessment  technique  emphasizing  the  combined 
study  of  stable  isotopes  of  water,  major  anions  and 
cations,  trace  elements,  pH,  specific  conductance, 
and  water  temperature.  Computer-based  analytical 
techniques  were  developed  to  identify  data  pat- 
terns indicating  effects  of  recharge  sources.  A 
large  amount  of  water  chemistry  data  was  generat- 
ed, and  relationships  between  poor-quality  water 
and  potential  contamination  sources  were  defined. 
The  range  in  isotopic  ratios  along  the  study  tran- 
sect density  and  frequency  of  sampling  are  suffi- 
cient. A  pattern  showing  increasingly  heavy  delta 
0-18  values  with  decreasing  distance  from  a  tailing 
pond  supported  inferences  based  on  chemical  data 
that  tailings  pond  leakage  may  be  contaminating 
downgradient  ground  water.  At  some  sites,  water 
quality  parameters  were  found  to  exceed  state 
drinking-water  supply  standards.  High  sulfate  con- 
centrations were  found  in  the  surface  water  of 
mine  pits  and  tailings  ponds,  and  in  groundwater 
immediately  downgradient.  Two  ground-water 
sites  exhibited  nitrate  concentrations  in  excess  of 
State  water-quality  standards,  and  a  city  domestic 
supply  well  east  of  the  Santa  Cruz  River  showed 
values  for  both  fluoride  and  arsenic  that  exceed 
mandatory  State  limits.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01633 


ASBESTOS  ANALYSIS  CASE  HISTORY:  SUR- 
FACE WATER  SUPPLIES  IN  SOUTHERN 
CALIFORNIA, 

Southern  California  Metropolitan  Water  District, 
La  Verne. 

M.  J.  McGuire,  A.  E.  Bowers,  and  D.  A.  Bowers. 
Journal  of  the  American  Water  Works  Associ- 
ation, Vol  74,  No  9,  p  471-478,  September,  1982.  1 1 
Fig,  6  Tab,  10  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Asbestos,  'Sediments,  'Mine  drain- 
age, Water  pollution  sources,  Fate  of  Pollutants, 
Aqueducts,  Metropolitan  Water  District  of  South- 
ern California,  Colorado  River  Aqueduct,  Reser- 
voirs, Sedimentation,  Water  supply,  Coalinga, 
•California,  Mineral  industry. 

Asbestos  fibers  were  not  found  in  12  water  samples 
collected  in  the  Metropolitan  Water  District  of 
Southern  California's  raw  and  finished  water  sup- 
plies during  a  1974  survey.  Subsequent  analyses  in 
1980  detected  asbestos  at  concentrations  as  high  as 
15,000  million  fibers  per  liter  in  some  locations  of 
the  California  aqueduct.  Changes  in  asbestos  levels 
were  attributed  to  operational  changes  after  1974, 


resulting  in  reduced  residence  times  in  the  lakes. 
The  source  of  the  asbestos  fibers  is  surface  runoff 
from  serpentine  deposits  in  the  Sacramento  River 
watershed  and  old  asbestos  mines  east  of  Coalinga. 
Natural  mechanisms  in  the  lakes  and  reservoirs 
appear  to  remove  some  asbestos  fibers  by  sedimen- 
tation. The  sediments  (0.57  million  cu  m)  in  the 
adueduct  section  between  Coalinga  and  Edmon- 
ston  contained  up  to  0.005  g  chrysotile  asbestos  per 
g  of  sediment.  Removal  of  the  sediment  by  a 
specially  designed  dredge  began  in  November 
1981.  Total  asbestos  fibers  measured  in  Silverwood 
Lake  on  March  21,  1981,  were  highly  variable, 
from  730  million  fibers  per  liter  at  the  surface  near 
the  inlet  to  4500  million  fibers  per  liter  at  30  m 
depth  near  the  outlet.  Water  in  the  Colorado  aque- 
duct system  contained  from  below  detectable  limits 
to  1.6  million  fibers  of  per  liter  in  June  1981 
sampling  and  up  to  13  million  fibers  per  liter  in 
March  1981.  Asbestos  fiber  concentrations  were 
not  correlated  with  turbidities  and  particle  counts. 
(Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01655 


LOCAL  REDISTRIBUTION  AND  PARTIAL  EX- 
TRACTION OF  HEAVY  METALS  IN  BOTTOM 
SEDIMENTS  OF  AN  ESTUARY, 

Okayama  Univ.,  Kurashiki  (Japan).  Inst,  for  Agri- 
cultural and  Biological  Sciences. 
I.  Aoyama,  Y.  Urakami,  and  O.  Kawara. 
Environmental  Pollution,  Series  B:  Chemical  and 
Physical,  Vol  4,  No  1,  p  27-43,  July,  1982.  9  Fig,  8 
Tab,  16  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Heavy  metals,  'Sediments,  'Chela- 
tion, Fate  of  pollutants,  Metals,  Estuaries,  Bays, 
Rivers,  Bottom  sediments,  Mixing,  Tidal  currents, 
Kojima  Bay,  Ashahi  River,  Yoshii  River,  Lead, 
Cadmium,  Copper,  Zinc,  Manganese,  Iron,  'Japan. 

The  distribution  and  speciation  of  heavy  metals  in 
estuarine  and  bay  sediments  were  studied  in 
Kojima  Bay,  Japan,  and  the  inflowing  rivers,  Asahi 
and  Yoshii.  The  12  km  long,  1-2  km  wide  bay 
receives  100,000  cu  m  per  day  of  domestic  and 
industrial  effluents.  Suspended  solids,  chloride,  and 
COD  levels  in  water  generally  increased  from  the 
upper  stream  to  the  mouth  of  the  rivers.  Concen- 
trations of  pollutants  were  relatively  uniform  at 
different  stations  along  the  bay  but  changed  with 
tidal  fluctuations.  The  principal  tidal  current 
caused  local  redistribution  of  heavy  metals  in  sedi- 
ments. Analytical  results  for  heavy  metals  at  the  38 
sites  were:  Pb,  3.8-48.0  ppm;  Cu,  8.4-74.4  ppm;  Zn, 
41.0-557  ppm;  Mn,  195-1450  ppm;  Cd,  0-1.44  ppm; 
Mg,  1700-13,000  ppm;  and  Fe,  1.10-4.10%.  The 
water  soluble  fraction  of  the  metals  was  <  1  %  for 
Pb,  Cd,  Zn,  Mn,  and  Fe,  and  1.5%  for  Cu.  The 
unexchangeable  fractions  extracted  by  1  M  ammo- 
nium acetate  were  42%  of  Cd,  19%  of  Mn,  8%  of 
Pb,  9%  of  Zn,  1.1%  of  Cu,  and  0.03%  of  Fe.  The 
reducible  fractions  extracted  by  0.2  M  ammomium 
oxalate  were  5.8%  of  Pb,  11-15%  of  Cd,  Cu,  Zn, 
and  Mn,  and  1.7%  of  Fe.  Extractions  of  0.01  M 
ethylenediamine-2Na  solution  were  about  70%  of 
Pb  and  Cd,  about  27%  for  Cu,  Zn,  and  Mn,  and 
5%  of  Fe.  Results  show  that  metals  would  not  be 
readily  released  to  water  under  normal  environ- 
mental conditions.  However,  if  chelating  agents 
were  present,  release  of  pollutants  from  sediments 
would  occur.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01661 


A  DECADE  OF  DEBATE:  AIR  AND  WATER, 

Ambio,  Vol  11,  No  4,  p  216-220,  1982.  2  Fig,  5 
Tab. 

Descriptors:  'Water  quality,  'Water  supply,  'Nat- 
ural waters,  'Oceans,  Reviews,  Research  priorities, 
Environment,  Environmental  effects,  Pesticides, 
Water  pollution  sources,  Organic  chemicals, 
Dumping. 

Considerable  advances  were  made  during  the  past 
decade  in  scientific  understanding  of  the  physical 
and  chemical  properties  of  the  world's  oceans,  and 
of  the  circulation  of  their  waters.  Coastal  areas 
threatened  by  commercial  development  were 
given  considerable  attention.  In  studies  of  the  open 
oceans,  it  appeared  that  serious  contamination  was 
localized,  rather  than  ocean-wide.  It  is  estimated 


29 


that  25  billion  metric  tons  of  material  are  added  to 
the  oceans  each  year,  more  than  90%  as  runoff 
from  rivers.  About  6.4  million  metric  tons  of 
persistent  solid  waste  is  dumped  in  the  seas  by 
ships.  Pollution  concentrations  appear  heaviest  in 
coastal  areas  and  landlocked  seas,  areas  which 
yield  over  90%  of  the  world's  marine  fish  catch. 
One  particular  detail  may  indicate  the  trend  in 
marine  resources  during  the  coming  years.  At  the 
Stockholm  Conference  a  total  ban  on  commercial 
whaling  was  one  of  the  most  widely-supported 
resolutions.  Research  also  progressed  during  the 
1970's  on  freshwater  supplies.  One  hopeful  sign 
was  the  reversal  of  the  effects  of  eutrophication  in 
several  large  lakes,  including  Lake  Washington  in 
the  US  and  Lake  Vattern  in  Sweden.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01668 


HAZARDOUS    WASTE    LANDFILLS:    SOME 
LESSONS  FROM  NEW  JERSEY, 

Princeton  Univ.,  NJ.  Dept.  of  Chemical  Engineer- 
ing. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5E. 
W83-01670 


PROCESSES  AFFECTING  THE  MOVEMENT 
AND  FATE  OF  TRACE  ORGANICS  IN  THE 
SUBSURFACE  ENVIRONMENT, 

Stanford  Univ.,  CA.  Dept.  of  Civil  Engineering. 
P.  L.  McCarty,  B.  E.  Rittmann,  and  M.  Reinhard. 
In:  Wastewater  Reuse  for  Groundwater  Recharge, 
Proceedings  of  the  Symposium  held  on  September 
6-7,  1979  at  California  State  Polytechnic  Universi- 
ty at  Pomona.  California  State  Water  Resources 
Control  Board,  Office  of  Water  Recycling,  Sacra- 
mento, May  1980,  p  93-117,  9  Fig,  4  Tab,  14  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Organic  compounds,  'Sorption, 
'Adsorption,  'Biodegradation,  Pollutants, 
Groundwater  pollution,  Water  pollution  control, 
Subsurface  water,  Aquifers,  Reclaimed  water,  En- 
vironmental effects. 

Organic  contaminants  reach  the  subsurface  envi- 
ronment when  reclaimed  waters  are  percolated 
through  the  soil  surface  or  injected  into  aquifers 
either  for  groundwater  replenishment  or 
wastewater  treatment.  Two  important  phenomena 
relative  to  the  movement  and  fate  of  these  organic 
pollutants  are  adsorption  and  biodecomposition. 
Sorption  affects  the  rate  of  travel  of  trace  organics 
through  subsurface  systems  relative  to  water,  as 
well  as  the  aquifer  retention  capacity  for  the  or- 
ganic. It  appears  that  hydrophobic  organic  materi- 
als are  sorbed  (adsorbed  or  absorbed)  by  particu- 
late organic  material  contained  within  or  on  the 
solid  medium;  therefore,  the  extent  of  sorption 
appears  to  be  a  function  of  the  fraction  of  organic 
carbon  in  the  subsurface  matrix.  At  present,  biode- 
gradation appears  to  be  the  only  significant  process 
which  can  affect  transformation  of  organic  materi- 
als in  the  subsurface  environment.  Model  studies 
have  shown  that  there  is  a  minimum  concentration 
to  which  a  single  organic  material  can  be  decom- 
posed under  steady-state  conditions.  Trace  organ- 
ics are  often  below  the  minimum  concentration. 
Biodegradation  then  generally  occurs  if  they  are 
used  as  secondary  substrates,  a  condition  requiring 
the  presence  of  a  primary  organic  substrate  in  a 
concentration  higher  than  its  minimum  concentra- 
tion, as  well  as  the  presence  of  a  species  of  bacteria 
which  is  capable  of  decomposing  both  the  primary 
and  secondary  substrate.  Biodegradation  can  occur 
under  different  conditions  as  well.  More  studies  are 
clearly  needed.  (Atkins-Omniplan) 
W83-01700 


FATE  OF  INORGANIC  MICRO-CONTAMI- 
NANTS DURING  GROUNDWATER  RE- 
CHARGE, 

California  Univ.,  Riverside.  Dept.  of  Soil  and  En- 
vironmental Sciences. 
A.  C.  Chang,  and  A.  L.  Page. 
In:  Wastewater  Reuse  for  Groundwater  Recharge, 
Proceedings  of  the  Symposium  held  on  September 
6-7,  1979  at  California  State  Polytechnic  Universi- 
ty at  Pomona.  California  State  Water  Resources 
Control  Board,  Office  of  Water  Recycling,  Sacra- 
mento, May  1980,  p  118-136,  7  Tab,  28  Ref. 


Field  5— WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION 
Group  5B — Sources  Of  Pollution 


Descriptors:  'Inorganic  compounds,  *Water  qual- 
ity, 'Water  quality  standards,  'Artificial  recharge, 
'Pollutants,  Soil  absorption  capacity,  Soil  profiles, 
Water  treatment,  Treated  water,  Wastewater  com- 
position, Wastewater  pollution,  Aquifers,  Benefi- 
cial use,  Minerals,  Water  properties. 

This  paper  reviews  the  occurrence  of  inorganic 
micro-contaminants  in  treated  wastewater  ef- 
fluents, their  potential  impact  in  terms  of  beneficial 
use  of  the  water,  and  the  capability  of  soils  in 
attenuating  contaminants  in  recharge  water.  The 
inorganic  constituents  of  wastewater  reflect  the 
mineral  composition  of  the  source  water;  addition- 
al minerals  may  be  picked  up  during  use  in  urban 
areas.  Trace  elements  in  treated  industrial  effluents 
constitute  most  of  the  inorganic  micro-contami- 
nants in  artificial  groundwater  recharge.  In  drink- 
ing water,  the  mineral  content  usually  poses  no 
health  hazards  but  could  be  aesthetically  unpleas- 
ant; for  irrigation  purposes,  a  high  dissolved  miner- 
al content  increases  the  soil's  salinity.  Depending 
on  the  physical  characteristics  of  the  water's  impu- 
rities, the  attenuation  mechanisms  vary.  For  con- 
stituents in  suspended  form,  these  include  filtration, 
trapping  and  adsorption.  Many  micro-contami- 
nants are  present  in  recharged  water  in  a  dissolved 
state.  A  chemical  rather  than  physical  reaction  is 
needed  to  immobilize  the  dissolved  constituents, 
such  as  cation  exchange,  precipitation,  surface  ad- 
sorption, and  chelation  and  complexation.  Soils  do 
not  have  unlimited  capability  in  attenuating  micro- 
contaminants,  but  they  can  retain  large  amounts  of 
trace  metal  elements.  However,  long-term,  con- 
tinuous high  rate  applications  of  wastewater  could 
cause  substantial  trace  element  enrichment  of  the 
surface  soil,  which  may  render  the  land  unfit  for 
subsequent  agricultural  development.  For  recharge 
systems,  the  composition  of  the  specific 
wastewater  effluent  should  be  determined,  and 
trace  metal  inputs  for  each  case  should  be  carefully 
evaluated.  (Atkins-Omniplan) 
W83-01702 


COMPARATIVE  STUDY  ON  ORGANIC  CON- 
STITUENTS IN  POLLUTED  AND  UNPOLLUT- 
ED INLAND  AQUATIC  ENVIRONMENTS-IV. 
INDICATORS  OF  HYDROCARBON  POLLU- 
TION FOR  WATERS, 

Tokyo    Metropolitan    Univ.,    (Japan),    Dept.    of 
Chemistry. 
G.  Matsumoto. 

Water  Research,  Vol  16,  No  11,  p  1521-1527,  No- 
vember 1982,  3  Tab,  47  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Carbon,  'Indicators,  'Hydrocar- 
bons, 'Industrial  wastes,  'Comparison  studies, 
'Urban  areas,  'Water  pollution  sources,  'Rural 
areas,  Organic  compounds,  Organic  carbon,  Ali- 
phatic hydrocarbons,  Water  analysis,  Fate  of  pol- 
lutants, Japan,  Tokyo,  Ogasawara  Islands. 

The  ratios  between  organic  carbons  and  hydrocar- 
bon constituents  (indicators  of  hydrocarbon  pollu- 
tion) were  compared  for  polluted  river  waters 
from  the  Tokyo  area  and  unpolluted  waters  from  a 
river,  brook,  reservoir  and  pond  of  the  Ogasawara 
Islands.  The  hydrocarbons  as  carbon  (HCC)/total 
organic  carbon  (TOC),  HCC/extractable  organic 
carbon  with  ethyl  acetate  (EOC),  squalane  as 
carbon  (SqC)/TOC,  SqC/EOC,  and  unresolved 
complex  mixture  of  hydrocarbons  (UCMH)/n- 
alkane  (C15-C33)  ratios  of  the  wastes  from  the 
Tokyo  area  were  much  higher  than  those  of  the 
waters  from  the  Ogasawara  Islands.  Values  of  the 
carbon  preference  index  (CPIH)  for  n-alkanes 
(C14-C34)  close  to  unity  were  found  in  all  water 
samples  from  the  Tokyo  area,  and  these  were 
considerably  lower  than  those  of  the  unpolluted 
water  samples  from  the  Ogasawara  Islands.  These 
findings  suggest  that  the  HCC/TOC,  HCC/EOC, 
UCMH/n-alkane  and  CPIH  indices  may  be  used  as 
indicators  of  hydrocarbon  pollution.  The  SqC/ 
TOC  and  SqC/EOC  ratios  may  also  be  useful 
indicators  of  urban  or  industrial  effects  on  water 
systems.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01710 


TRACER  MOVEMENT  IN  A  SINGLE  FISSURE 
IN  GRANITIC  ROCK:  SOME  EXPERIMENTAL 
RESULTS  AND  THEIR  INTERPRETATION, 


Royal  Inst,  of  Tech.,  Stockholm  (Sweden).  Dept. 
of  Chemical  Engineering. 
I.  Neretnieks,  T.  Ericksen,  and  P.  Tahtinen. 
Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  no  4,  p  849- 
858,  August,  1982.  16  Fig,  4  Tab,  13  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Tracers,  'Sorption,  'Radioactive 
wastes,  'Granite,  'Crystalline  rocks,  Radioactive 
tracers,  Fate  of  pollutants,  Groundwater  move- 
ment, Fissure  water,  Cesium  radioisotopes,  Stron- 
tium radioisotopes,  Lignosulfonates,  Diffusion  co- 
efficient, Tritium,  Dispersion,  'Sweden. 

Radionuclide  migration  in  fissured  crystalline  gran- 
ite was  studied  experimentally  and  with  a  model. 
This  type  of  rock  is  considered  most  suitable  for 
final  disposal  of  nuclear  plant  wastes.  A  30  cm 
long,  20  cm  diameter  long  drill  core  with  a  natural 
fissure  running  parallel  to  the  axis  was  surface 
coated  with  waterproof  lacquer.  One  end  of  the 
core  was  injected  with  artificial  groundwater  con- 
taining various  tracers,  and  effluent  was  collected 
for  analysis  at  the  other  end.  Tracers  selected  were 
tritiated  water  and  lignosulfonate  to  characterize 
the  water  flow  and  Sr85  and  Csl34  to  simulate 
radioactive  wastes.  The  breakthrough  curves  for 
the  nonsorbing  tracers  (H+  and  lignosulfonate) 
indicated  that  channeling  occurred  in  the  rock 
fissure.  A  dispersion  model  based  on  channeling 
was  developed  and  used  to  prepare  theoretical 
breakthrough  curves  for  nonsorbing  and  strongly 
sorbing  tracers.  Substantial  diffusion  into  and  sorp- 
tion in  the  rock  matrix  occurred,  as  well  as  sorp- 
tion on  the  surface  of  the  fissure.  A  combined 
model  including  the  mechanisms  of  channeling, 
surface  sorption,  matrix  diffusion,  and  matrix  sorp- 
tion was  presented.  Theoretical  breakthrough 
curves  obtained  from  this  model  were  in  fair  agree- 
ment with  experimental  data,  indicating  that  matrix 
diffusion  may  be  an  important  factor  in  retarding 
radionuclides  migration.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01725 


A  MODEL  FOR  STREAMWATER  CHEMISTRY 
AT  BIRKENES,  NORWAY, 

Central     Inst,     for     Industrial     Research,     Oslo 

(Norway). 

N.  Christophersen,  H.  M.  Seip,  and  R.  F.  Wright. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  977- 

996,  August,  1982.  6  Fig,  5  Tab,  48  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Acid  rain,  'Sulfates,  'Streams, 
Acidic  water,  Fate  of  pollutants,  Model  studies, 
Water  quality,  Chemical  reactions,  Birkenes, 
•Norway,  Forest  watersheds,  Hydrologic  models, 
Aluminum,  Calcium,  Magnesium,  Ion  exchange, 
Weathering,  Adsorption,  Chemical  precipitation, 
Mineralization,  Gibbsite. 

Major  short-term  variations  in  stream  water  chem- 
istry during  the  snow  free  season  were  accounted 
for  by  a  simple  two-reservoir  model  using  a  small 
number  of  physically  realistic  processess.  The  site 
of  the  study  was  Birkenes,  Norway,  a  0.41  sq  km 
gaged  catchment  in  coniferous  forest  on  granite 
bedrock.  This  area  receives  acid  precipitation 
(weighted  average  pH,  4.24)  and  has  acid  stream 
water  (pH  4.48).  The  model  included  hydrologic, 
sulfate,  and  cation  submodels.  Input  requirements 
were  precipitation  volume  and  sulfate  concentra- 
tion, estimates  of  sulfur  dry  deposition,  and  daily 
mean  temperature.  Volume  and  concentration  of 
major  ions  in  stream  water  were  simulated.  The 
chemical  processes  included  in  the  model  were 
cation  exchange,  weathering,  dissolution/precipita- 
tion of  gibbsite,  sulfate  adsorption/desorption,  and 
sulfate  mineralization.  Some  stream  water  chemical 
characteristics  simulated  were:  (1)  elevated  sulfate 
concentrations  in  the  first  autumn  storm  flow  fol- 
lowing a  dry  summer,  with  later  decreases,  (2) 
positive  correlation  between  H+  and  Al  concen- 
trations and  discharge,  and  (3)  negative  correla- 
tions between  factors  in  (2)  with  Ca  and  Mg  con- 
centrations, the  weakest  link  is  the  hydrologic  sub- 
model, most  evident  for  Ca  and  Mg  results,  which 
tended  to  fluctuate  sharply.  Al  concentrations 
were  generally  underestimated.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01733 


POLYCYCLIC  AROMATIC  HYDROCARBONS 
IN   SEDIMENTS,   PORE   WATER    AND   THE 


AMPHIPOD  PONTOPOREIA  HOYI  FROM 
LAKE  MICHIGAN, 

National  Oceanic  and  Atmospheric  Administra- 
tion, Ann  Arbor,  MI.  Great  Lakes  Environmental 
Research  Lab. 

B.  J.  Eadie,  P.  F.  Landrum,  and  W.  Faust. 
Chemosphere,  Vol  11,  No  9,  p  847-858,  September, 
1982.  2  Fig,  4  Tab,  36  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Polycyclic  aromatic  hydrocarbons, 
•Sediments,  'Invertebrates,  Fate  of  pollutants, 
•Aromatic  compounds,  Pore  water,  Lakes,  'Lake 
Michigan,  Benthic  fauna,  Amphipods,  Pontopor- 
eia,  Organic  compounds,  Bioaccumulation,  Accu- 
mulation, Particle  size.  Organic  matter,  Hydrocar- 
bons. 

Concentrations  of  seven  polycyclic  aromatic  hy- 
drocarbons (PAH)  were  measured  in  Lake  Michi- 
gan sediments,  pore  water,  and  in  the  amphipod 
Pontoporeia  hoyi.  Three  different  types  of  sedi- 
ment were  collected:  coarse  and  low  in  organic 
carbon  (0.4%)  at  23  m  depth;  fine  and  higher  in 
orgnic  carbon  (3.3%)  at  60  m  depth;  and  interme- 
diate in  particle  size  and  organic  carbon  (1.7%)  at 
45  m  depth.  The  fine  sample  contained  the  highest 
PAH  levels  in  sediments:  4.6  ppm  dry  weight,  with 
0.18  ppm  and  0.77  ppm  in  the  coarse  and  interme- 
diate samples,  respectively.  Approximate  concen- 
trations (in  ng  per  g  dry  weight)  of  individual 
PAH  in  the  fine  sediments  were:  phenathrene,  700; 
anthracene,  200;  fiuoranthene,  1000;  pyrene.  900; 
chrysene,  800;  benzo(a)pyrene,  500;  and 
benzo(ghi)pyrene,  350.  Concentrations  of  individu- 
al PAH  in  the  intermediate  sediment  ranged  from 
about  17  to  250  ng  per  g  dry  weight  and  in  the 
coarse  sediment,  from  none  detected  to  65  ng  per  g 
dry  weight.  Pore  water  concentrations  were  simi- 
lar among  the  7  PAH,  variable  among  the  three 
stations,  and  did  not  appear  to  be  strongly  correlat- 
ed with  dissolved  organic  carbon.  The  Pontopor- 
eia PAH  concentrations  were  variable  among  the 
three  sites.  Patterns  of  PAH  distribution  in  animals 
resembled  that  of  their  food  source,  the  fine  sedi- 
ment. Fiuoranthene  and  pyrene  were  most  abun- 
dant and  anthracene,  least  abundant.  Bioconcentra- 
tion  factors  were  10,000  to  100,000.  Most  of  the 
phenanthracene,  fluorene,  and  pyrene  in  the  inver- 
tebrates were  apparently  derived  from  sediment 
and  pore  water,  while  chrysene  and 
benzo(a)pyrene  were  obtained  from  water. 
(Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01742 


ENVIRONMENTAL  ISSUES  OF  LIQUID 
TRANSPORTATION  FUELS  FROM  COAL, 

Oklahoma  Univ.,  Norman. 

M.  A.  Chartock,  M.  D.  Devine,  M.  R.  Cines,  and 

S.  E.  Plotkin. 

Environmental  Conservation,  Vol  9,  No  2,  p  131- 

139,  Summer,  1982.  3  Fig,  4  Tab,  16  Ref 

Descriptors:  *Environmental  effects,  *Coal  lique- 
faction, 'Industrial  wastewater,  Water  pollution 
sources,  Mine  drainage,  Coal  mining,  Air  pollu- 
tion, Acid  mine  drainage,  Wastewater  disposal, 
Zero  discharge,  Solid  wastes,  Leachates,  Aquatic 
habitats.  Water  consumption,  Trace  metals,  Metals. 
Hydrocarbons,  Polyaromatic  hydrocarbons.  Phen- 
ols. 

Coal  liquefaction  processes,  either  direct  (hydroge- 
nation)  or  indirect  (conversion  to  CO  and  H2, 
followed  by  catalytic  conversion  to  methyl  alcohol 
or  hydrocarbons),  produce  air  emissions,  water 
effluents,  and  solid  wastes.  Water  may  be  polluted 
directly,  by  atmospheric  fallout,  and  by  leaching 
from  solid  wastes.  Major  sources  of  water  pollu- 
tion are  coal  feed  (particulates,  trace  elements,  and 
hydrocarbons),  coal  slurry  preparation  (gases  and 
waste  heat),  the  direct-process  reactor  (N  and  S 
compounds,  heavy  metals,  H2S,  ammonia,  pheno- 
lics,  and  polynuclear  aromatic  hydrocarbons),  and 
the  gasifier  (gases,  oils,  and  phenols).  The  direct 
process  releases  more  hazardous  hydrocarbons  and 
polynuclear  aromatic  hydrocarbons  than  the  indi- 
rect process.  Coal  mining  disrupts  aquifers  and 
pollutes  streams  with  silt  and  acid  drainage.  Lique- 
faction plant  wastewater  streams  contain  phenol, 
ammonia,  polynuclear  aromatic  hydrocarbons, 
chlorides,  sulfates,  cyanides,  and  trace  elements 
such  as  As,  Cd,  and  Hg.   Leachates  from  solid 


30 


WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION— Field  5 

Effects  Of  Pollution — Group  5C 


wastes,  especially  those  produced  in  a  reducing 
atmosphere,  have  low  trace  metals  levels  but  sig- 
nificant polynuclear  aromatic  hydrocarbons  levels. 
Aquatic  ecosystems  may  be  disrupted  by  use  of 
large  quantities  of  water  and  intermittent  discharge 
of  wastewater  and  by  pollutants  associated  with 
mining.  Plants  located  in  the  water-rich  East 
would  probably  discharge  wastes  into  already 
water  quality-limited  streams,  whereas  plants  in  the 
semiarid  West  would  have  water  availability  prob- 
lems. (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01743 


MULTICOMPONENT  EQUILIBRIUM  CHEM- 
ISTRY IN  GROUNDWATER  QUALITY 
MODELS, 

Notre  Dame  Univ.,  IN.  Dept.  of  Civil  Engineer- 
ing. 

A.  A.  Jennings,  D.  J.  Kirkner,  and  T.  L.  Theis. 
Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  1089- 
1096,  August,  1982.  4  Fig,  2  Tab,  15  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Chelation,  'Sorption,  'Solute  trans- 
port, Fate  of  pollutants,  'Ligands,  'Metals,  Equi- 
librium, 'Model  studies,  Groundwater  movement, 
Finite  element  analysis. 

A  model  for  groundwater  transport  of  a  multicom- 
ponent  solution  of  metals  and  ligands  is  decribed. 
It  includes  soluble  complexation  and  competitive 
sorpiton  among  chemical  species.  A  finite  element 
solution  is  given  for  an  arbitrary  number  of  compo- 
nents. Although  this  technique  produces  strongly 
nonlinear  equations,  accurate  solutions  are  still 
achieved.  The  interactions  modeled  significantly 
affect  transport  of  solutes.  This  model  has  certain 
limitations.  Multimetal  complexes,  multiligand 
complexes,  and  redox  couples  are  omitted.  The 
algorithm  cannot  treat  redox  potential  or  hydrogen 
ion  concentration  as  dependent  variables.  It  cannot 
handle  phase  exchange  reactions  which  are  not 
explicitly  known  or  not  differentiable.  Precipita- 
tion and/or  dissolution  phase  exchange  are  not 
included.  However,  the  model  has  many  potential 
applications.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01747 


OCCURRENCE  OF  ORGANOTIN  COM- 
POUNDS IN  ONTARIO  LAKES  AND  RD7ERS, 

Canada  Centre  for  Inland  Waters,  Burlington  (On- 
tario). 

R.  J.  Maguire,  Y.  K.  Chau,  G.  A.  Bengert,  E.  J. 
Hale,  and  P.  T.  S.  Wong. 

Environmental  Science  and  Technology,  Vol  16, 
No  10,  p  698-702,  October,  1982.  3  Tab,  33  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Tin,  'Industrial  wastes,  'Air-water 
interfaces,  Fate  of  pollutants,  'Ontario,  Lakes, 
Rivers,  Harbors,  Ships,  Water  pollution  sources, 
'Methyltin,  'Butyltin,  Toxicity,  'Organotin  com- 
pounds. 

Butyltin,  methyltin,  and  recoverable  inorganic  tin 
were  determined  at  28  sites  in  Canadian  lakes, 
harbors,  and  rivers.  In  the  unfiltered  subsurface 
water  concentrations  (in  micrograms  per  liter) 
were:  butyltin  (Bu3Sn+),  0.01-2.91;  BuSn(++), 
0.01-7.30;  BuSn(3+),  0.02-8.48;  total  recoverable 
inorganic  tin,  0.01-50-1;  methyltin  (Me3Sn  +  ),  0.05; 
Me2Sn(+ +),  0.02-0.40;  and  MeSn(3  +  ),  0.11-1.22. 
In  the  unfiltered  surface  microlayer  concentrations 
(micrograms  per  liter)  were:  Bu3Sn  +  ,  0.15-60.7; 
Bu2Sn(+  +),  0.71-2600.  BuSn(3  +  ),  none  detected; 
and  total  recoverable  inorganic  tin,  0.3-633.  High- 
est concentrations  of  organotin  compounds  were  in 
Kingston  Harbor,  Whitby  Harbor,  Collingwood 
Harbor,  Lake  St.  Clair  marina,  Toronto  Harbor, 
and  Ramsey  Lake.  The  highest  levels  were  60%  of 
the  12  day  LC100  value  for  sensitive  aquatic  spe- 
cies such  as  rainbow  trout  yolk  sac  fry.  The 
sources  of  the  tin  compounds  are  chemical  plants, 
ship  traffic,  atmospheric  transport,  and  methyla- 
tion  of  naturally-occurring  tin.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01748 


5C.  Effects  Of  Pollution 


HYDROLOGY    OF    THE    COAL-RESOURCE 
AREAS  IN  THE  UPPER  DRAINAGES  OF  HUN- 


TINGTON AND  COTTONWOOD  CREEKS, 
CENTRAL  UTAH, 

Geological  Survey,   Salt  Lake  City,   UT.  Water 

Resources  Div. 

T.  W.  Danielson,  M.  D.  ReMillard,  and  R.  H. 

Fuller. 

Geological     Survey     Open-file     Report     81-539 

(WRI).  1981.  85  p,  16  Fig,  2  Plates,  12  Tab,  29  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Coal  mines,  'Surface  water,  'Mine 
drainage,  'Water  quality  'Ground  water,  Springs, 
Aquifers,  Water  level,  Recharge,  Groundwater 
movement,  Mine  wastes,  Deuterium,  Benthic 
fauna,  Chemical  analysis,  Hydrologic  data,  'Utah, 
Emery  County. 

This  coal-resource  area  in  the  Upper  drainages  of 
Huntington  and  Cottonwood  Creeks  of  central 
Utah  was  studied  in  order  to  better  define  the 
hydrologic  system,  to  identify  the  hydrologic  ef- 
fects of  underground  coal  mining,  and  to  devise 
methods  to  detect  these  effects.  Discharge  records 
from  gaging  stations  in  this  mountainous  area  indi- 
cated that  there  are  large  differences  in  the  annual 
discharge  of  streams  per  unit  area  of  drainage. 
These  differences  are  attributed  to  differences  in 
precipitation,  differences  in  evaporation  and  subli- 
mation of  the  snowpack,  and  to  subsurface  move- 
ment of  water  out  of  some  basins,  mainly  along 
fractures.  Dissolved-solids  concentrations  in  sur- 
face waters  ranged  from  130  to  503  milligrams  per 
liter;  in  ground  water  from  about  140  springs  dis- 
solved solids  ranged  for  50  to  750  milligrams  per 
liter.  The  Star  Point  Sandstone  and  the  lower  coal- 
bearing  part  of  the  Blackhawk  Formation,  both  of 
Cretaceous  age,  are  saturated  in  some  areas,  and 
the  aquifer  yields  water  to  underground  coal 
mines.  Most  of  the  larger  springs  in  the  study  area 
discharge  from  the  Star  Point-Blackhawk  aquifer 
where  faulted.  Ground  water  also  occurs  in  several 
zones  above  the  Star  Point-Blackhawk  aquifer. 
Possible  impacts  due  to  mine  dewatering  include 
the  diminution  of  spring  flows  and  increases  tne 
ground-water  recharge,  both  of  which  are  more 
likely  to  occur  where  rocks  have  been  fractured 
due  to  subsidence  above  mines.  The  discharge  of 
mine  waters  into  streams  causes  some  degradation 
in  surface-water  quality.  The  year-to-year  similar- 
ity of  spring  discharge  recession  curves  may  pro- 
vide a  method  to  detect  unnatural  changes  in  the 
ground-water  system.  Pollutants  entering  surface 
waters  may  be  detected  by  changes  in  the  popula- 
tion of  benthic  invertebrates.  (USGS) 
W83-01408 


HYDROLOGIC  CHARACTERISTICS  AND 
POSSIBLE  EFFECTS  OF  SURFACE  MINING 
IN  THE  NORTHWESTERN  PART  OF  WEST 
BRANCH  ANTELOPE  CREEK  BASIN, 
MERCER  COUNTY,  NORTH  DAKOTA, 
Geological  Survey,  Bismarck,  ND.  Water  Re- 
sources Div. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  4C. 
W83-01409 


OBSERVATIONS  OF  BEHAVIOURAL  RE- 
SPONSES OF  FISH  TO  ENVIRONMENTAL 
STRESS  IN  SITU, 

Maryland  Univ.,  Cambridge.  Horn  Point  Environ- 
mental Lab. 

C.  H.  Hocutt,  R.  F.  Denoncourt,  and  J.  R. 
Stauffer,  Jr. 

Journal  of  Applied  Ecology,  Vol  19,  No  2,  p  443- 
451,  August,  1982.  1  Fig,  1  Tab,  26  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Thermal  stress,  'Fish,  Behavior, 
•Fish  behavior,  'Thermal  discharge,  Industrial 
wastes,  Heated  water,  Powerplants,  Adaptation, 
'Thermal  pollution. 

Three  case  histories  which  illustrate  natural  avoid- 
ance of  fishes  to  stressful  temperatures  or  oxygen 
regimes  and  two  case  histories  which  suggest  that 
fish  can  adapt  to  artificially  elevated  water  tem- 
peratures are  presented.  Such  changes  in  thermal 
conditions  could  result  from  catastrophic  events 
such  as  industrial  spills  or  sudden  elimination  of  a 
thermal  discharge  in  winter.  These  case  studies 
indicate  that  the  recovery  processes  operating 
within  a  stressed  ecosystem  are  dependent  in  part 
on  natural  avoidance  behavior  or  acclimatization 


of  organisms  to  otherwise  unfavorable  conditions. 
Adaptation    to   an   altered    environment   can    be 
achieved   through   either   genetic  or   non-genetic 
means.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01410 


BIOMASS  OF  HETEROTROPHIC  AND  AUTO- 
TROPHIC ORGANISMS  AS  A  FUNCTION  OF 
MODE  OF  DISCHARGE  (SURFACE  OR  SUB- 
MERGED) OF  SEWAGE  IN  THE  BLACK  SEA, 

Institute  of  Biology  of  the  Southern  Seas,  Sevasto- 
pol (USSR). 

E.  A.  Chepurnova,  and  L.  C.  Senichkina. 
Hydrobiological  Journal,  Vol  17,  No  4,  p  27-31, 
1981.  4  Fig,  6  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Wastewater  disposal,  'Seawater, 
'Purification,  Ocean  disposal,  Ecosystems,  Phyto- 
plankton,  Algal  growth,  'Black  Sea,  Outfalls. 

The  relationship  and  the  ratio  between  hetero- 
trophs  and  photoautotrophs  in  marine  waters  var- 
iously polluted  by  domestic  and  municipal  effluents 
discharged  in  either  shallow  or  deep  sites  were 
examined.  More  vigorous  growth  of  organisms 
was  noted  in  sea  zones  of  shallow  (surface)  and 
submerged  discharge  of  biologically  treated  munic- 
ipal sewage.  This  gives  evidence  of  biological  self- 
purification.  The  biomass  of  heterotrophic  organ- 
isms is  larger  than  that  of  autotrophic  ones.  While 
the  number  of  organisms  changes  with  distance 
from  point  of  discharge,  even  at  distances  of  3  km 
away  it  is  considerably  larger  than  in  water  consid- 
ered clean.  Thus  the  change  in  the  biomass-based 
ratio  of  heterotrophs  to  autotrophs  describes  the 
degree  to  which  natural  biological  communities 
are  disrupted  by  shallow  and  submerged  discharge 
of  effluents  into  the  sea,  and  makes  it  possible  to 
evaluate  the  ability  of  seawater  to  purify  itself. 
(Baker-FRC) 
W83-01414 


ACCUMULATION  OF  DDT  AS  A  FUNCTION 
OF  LIPID  CONTENT  OF  TISSUES  OF  FISH 
FROM  ESTUARD2S, 

Akademiya  Nauk  URSR,  Kiev.  Inst.  Hidrobiolo- 

gii. 

O.  V.  Maslova. 

Hydrobiological  Journal,  Vol  17,  No  4,  p  56-59, 

1981.  ITab,  10  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Estuaries,  'Water  pollution  effects, 
'Fish,  *DDT,  'Lipids,  Accumulation,  Water  qual- 
ity, Environmental  effects,  Danube  Delta,  Dniepr- 
Bug  Estuary. 

The  relationship  between  the  DDT-residue  con- 
tent in  the  organs  and  tissues  of  fish  and  the  lipid 
content  of  specific  organs  and  tissues  was  exam- 
ined. Samples  of  tissue  and  organ  were  taken  from 
fish  caught  in  the  Kiliya  Delta  of  the  Danube  and 
the  Dniepr-Bug  estuary  for  analysis  for  DDT  Resi- 
dues. The  lipid  content  of  organs  and  tissues  of 
one-  and  five-year-old  pike-perch  and  the  bream 
proved  higher  in  fish  from  the  Danube  than  in 
those  from  the  Dnieper-Bug  estuary.  DDT  content 
was  an  order  of  magnitude  smaller  in  the  latter.  It 
is  assumed  that  the  findings  represent  an  adaptation 
of  the  fish  to  the  polluted  habitat.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01415 


POLLUTION  BY  ARSENIC  IN  GOLD-MINING 
DISTRICT  IN  NOVA  SCOTIA, 

Massey  Univ.,  Palmerston  North  (New  Zealand). 
Dept.  of  Chemistry,  Biochemistry  and  Biophysics. 
R.  R.  Brooks,  J.  E.  Fergusson,  J.  Holzbecher,  D. 
E.  Ryan,  and  H.  F.  Zhang. 

Environmental  Pollution,  Series  B,  Vol  4,  No  2,  p 
109-117,  1982.  2  Fig,  1  Tab,  10  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Arsenic,  'Mine  drainage,  Water  pol- 
lution effects,  'Stream  pollution,  'Sediments, 
Aquatic  animals,  Aquatic  plants,  'Path  of  pollut- 
ants, Mine  wastes,  Water  pollution,  Fate  of  pollut- 
ants, Water  pollution  sources,  Metals,  'Nova 
Scotia. 

Arsenic  (As)  concentrations  were  measured  in 
gold  tailings,  sediments,  aquatic  organisms  and 
waters  of  a  stream  draining  the  Montague  gold 


l 


31 


Field  5— WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION 


Group  5C— Effects  Of  Pollution 

mining  district  near  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia.  Back- 
ground As  levels  were  high  in  a  brook  upstream 
from  the  former  mining  activities  but  still  remained 
below  the  safety  levels  of  50  nanograms/milliliter. 
During  passage  of  the  water  through  a  non-pollut- 
ed swamp,  levels  decreased,  but  went  up  again  as 
the  stream  passed  through  the  arseniferous  gold 
tailings  of  the  abandoned  Montague  Gold  Mine. 
After  this  point,  As  levels  decreased  until  they 
reached  the  outflow  at  Lake  Charles.  As  levels  in 
tailings  were  highest  in  downslope  areas.  In  the 
Vicinity  of  the  mine,  As  levels  in  stream  sediments 
were  high  in  clay  and  quartz  fractions  and  re- 
mained so  for  the  rest  of  the  stream  course.  Levels 
of  As  in  ashed  twigs  of  alder  growing  along  the 
stream  and  levels  of  As  in  aquatic  organisms  were 
well  correlated  with  As  levels  in  water.  (Geiger- 
FRC) 
W83-01417 


EFFECT  OF  ADDED  WATER  AND  ACIDITY 
OF  SIMULATED  RAIN  ON  GROWTH  OF 
FIELD-GROWN  RADISH, 

Boyce  Thompson  Inst,  for  Plant  Research,  Ithaca, 

NY. 

J.  Troiano,  L.  Heller,  and  J.  S.  Jacobson. 

Environmental  Pollution,  Series  A,  Vol  29,  No  1,  p 

1-11,  September,  1982.  1  Fig,  8  Tab,  11  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Radishes,  *Acid  rain,  *Plant  growth, 
Water  pollution  effects,  Root  development,  Bio- 


Radishes  in  field  plots  were  subjected  to  simulated 
rain,  acidified  with  sulfuric  and  nitric  acids  (2:1  by 
weight)  to  form  solutions  of  pH  5.6,  4.2,  3.5,  and 
2.8.  During  the  August  25-October  2  growing 
season  11  ambient  rain  events  (8.72  cm)  and  6 
simulated  rain  events  (4.90  cm)  occurred.  Al- 
though the  acid  rain  treatments  produced  no  visi- 
ble changes  in  the  plants,  the  fresh  mass  and  the 
dry  mass  of  the  root  were  positively  correlated 
with  increases  in  acidity.  Shoot  mass  was  unaffect- 
ed by  pH,  therefore  root  to  shoot  ratio  increased 
with  increasing  acidity  of  rain.  Plants  receiving 
only  ambient  rain  had  the  same  total  biomass  but 
greater  shoot  mass  and  smaller  root  mass  than 
plants  receiving  ambient  rain  plus  rain  at  pH  5.6. 
(Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01427 


THE  LOCH  EIL  PROJECT:  BIOCHEMICAL 
COMPOSITION  OF  THE  POLYCHAETE,  GLY- 
CERA  ALBA  (MULLER),   FROM  LOCH  EIL, 

Dunstaffnage  Marine  Research  Lab.,  Oban  (Scot- 
land). 

J.  Blackstock,  M.  Barnes,  and  H.  Barnes. 
Journal  of  Experimental  Marine  Biology  and  Ecol- 
ogy, Vol  57,  No  1,  p  85-92,  1982.  1  Fig,  3  Tab,  18 
Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Organic  matter,  'Pulp  and  paper 
industry,  'Sediments,  Glycera  alba,  Polychaetes, 
Invertebrates,  Loch  Eil,  'Scotland,  Water  pollu- 
tion effects,  Estuaries,  Carbohydrates,  Anaerobic 
condition,  Fjords. 

Samples  of  Glycera  alba  (Muller),  a  predatory 
polychaete,  were  collected  on  six  occasions,  Feb- 
ruary 1976  to  April  1977,  in  Loch  Eil,  Scotland. 
Concentrations  of  several  components,  expressed 
in  mg  per  g  fresh  weight,  were:  carbohydrates,  2.0- 
5.1;  lipid,  1.7-6.2;  and  protein,  60.0-78.0.  Highest 
levels  of  carbohydrate  and  lipid  were  found  in 
February  1976  and  coincided  with  low  inputs  of 
pulp  and  paper  mill  effluents  and  high  mean  redox 
potential  in  the  surface  sediments.  Minimum  carbo- 
hydrate levels  were  found  in  December  1976  after 
a  2-month  period  of  low  redox  potential  values,  a 
result  of  high  inputs  of  organic  wastes  from  the 
mill.  The  mean  carbohydrate  content  of  3.4  +  1.0 
mg  per  g  fresh  weight  of  G.  alba  tissue  was  consist- 
ent with  the  ability  to  utilize  anaerobic  metabolism 
during  2-3  days  of  anoxic  conditions.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01431 


THE  ENRICHMENT  OF  A  MESOTROPHIC 
LAKE  BY  CARBON,  PHOSPHORUS  AND  NI- 
TROGEN FROM  THE  CAGE  AQUACULTURE 
OF  RAINBOW  TROUT,  SALMO  GAIRDNERI, 


Lodz  Univ.  (Poland).  Inst,  of  Environmental  Biol- 
ogy. 

T.  Penczak,  W.  Galicka,  M.  Molinski,  E.  Kusto, 
and  M.  Zalewski. 

Journal  of  Applied  Ecology,  Vol  19,  No  2,  p  371- 
393,  August,  1982.  15  Fig,  5  Tab,  37  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Mesotrophic  lakes,  'Enrichment, 
•Nutrients,  Nitrogen,  Phosphorus,  Carbon,  Aqua- 
culture,  Lakes,  Eutrophication,  Trout,  Fish, 
•Poland,  Glebokie  Lake. 

The  weights  of  bioelements  (C,  P,  N)  entering  the 
mesotrophic  Glebokie  Lake  during  the  production 
of  1  kg  marketable  trout  were  measured.  The  cage 
aquaculture  of  rainbow  trout  did  enrich  the  lake 
with  C,  P,  and  N.  Two  generations  were  studied, 
from  their  introduction  to  the  cages  as  0  group 
trout  in  June  until  their  removal  as  marketable 
trout  in  the  Autumn  of  the  following  year.  An 
inter-generation  budget  of  energy  and  bioelements 
showed  that  for  every  kilogram  of  marketable 
trout  produced,  the  lake  was  enriched  by  0.75  kg 
C,  0.023  kg  P,  and  0.10  kg  N  (27.91),  0.84,  and 
3.58  g/sq  m/yr,  respectively.  This  eutrophication 
is  expected  to  cause  the  loss  of  the  natural  popula- 
tions of  Coregonidae.  The  harvesting  of  trout  in 
summer  and  autumn  prevented  full  use  of  the  high 
levels  of  food  during  these  periods.  It  is  suggested 
that  harvesting  be  done  in  October  and  November. 
(Baker-FRC) 
W83-01434 


WELFARE  COST  OF  EUTROPHICATION- 
CAUSED  PRODUCTION  LOSSES:  A  CASE  OF 
AQUACULTURE  IN  LAKE  KASUMIGAURA, 

National  Inst,  for  Environmental  Studies,  Tsukuba 

(Japan). 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  6A. 

W83-01435 


A  DESIGN  FOR  AQUATIC  MONITORING 
PROGRAMS, 

Battelle  Pacific  Northwest  Labs.  Richland,  WA. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5G. 
W83-01437 


BIOASSAY  OF  THE  TOXICTTY  OF  NATURAL 
AND  EFFLUENT  WATERS  USING  CULTURES 
OF  PROTOZOA, 

All-Union  Research  Inst,  of  Marine  Fisheries  and 

Oceanography,  Moscow  (USSR). 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5A. 

W83-01443 


PHOSPHORUS  LOADING  TO  A  MOUNTAIN 
RESERVOIR  IN  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA, 

New  York  State  Museum,  Albany. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5B. 

W83-01504 


RELATIONSHIPS  BETWEEN  PHYTOPLANK- 
TON  GROWTH  RATES  AND  NUTRD2NT  DY- 
NAMICS IN  LAKE  NORMAN,  N.C., 

Duke  Power  Co.,  Huntersville,  NC. 

M.  S.  Rodriguez. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 

Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-1 19248, 

Price  codes:  A03  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 

Duke     Power    Technical     Report     Series     DU- 

KEPWR/82-01,  1982.  39  p,  18  Fig,  2  Tab,  53  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Phytoplankton,  'Nutrients,  'Carbon, 
•Nitrogen,  •Phosphorus,  »Growth  rates,  Thermal 
stratification,  Epilimnion,  Hypolimnion,  Photosyn- 
thesis, Dynamics,  Fluctuations,  Water  tempera- 
ture, Cycling  nutrients,  Nitrification,  Nuclear 
powerplants,  *North  Carolina,  Lake  Norman. 

A  baseline  study  of  phytoplankton  production  and 
nutrient  dynamics  was  conducted  on  Lake 
Norman,  NC,  a  13,000  hectare,  warm-monomictic 
reservoir,  prior  to  the  initiation  of  thermal  inputs 
from  an  1188-MW  nuclear  electric  generation  fa- 
cility. The  objective  of  the  study  was  to  identify 
the  major  physical,  chemical  and  biological  proc- 
esses controlling  nutrient  dynamics  in  Lake 
Norman,  with  specific  reference  to  the  impact  of 


phytoplankton  production  on  the  cycling  of 
carbon,  nitrogen  and  phosphorus.  The  results  indi- 
cated that  carbon  fluxes  on  an  annual  basis  were 
governed  primarily  by  the  biochemical  processes 
of  photosynthesis  and  respiration.  Nitrogen  dy- 
namics also  appeared  to  be  biochemically  con- 
trolled through  photosynthesis,  respiration,  am- 
monification,  nitrification  and  denitrification,  al- 
though the  physical  adsorption  of  ammonia  to  the 
sediments  was  apparently  an  important  factor  in 
the  hypolimnion.  Very  high  particulate  carbon-to- 
phosphorus  ratios  on  the  epilimnion  indicated  that 
the  phytoplankton  were  severely  phosphorus  defi- 
cient and  that  phosphorus  was  rapidly  cycled  by 
the  biotic  community.  In  contrast,  phosphorus  dy- 
namics during  the  isothermal  period,  and  in  the 
hypolimnion  during  the  stratified  period,  were 
strongly  influenced  by  the  adsorption  of  phospho- 
rus to  inorganic  materials  such  as  clays  suspended 
in  the  water  column.  Turnover  times  of  carbon, 
nitrogen  and  phosphorus  are  quantified  where  pos- 
sible, as  are  the  fluxes  of  these  nutrients  to  and 
from  the  atmosphere,  epilimnion,  hypolimnion  and 
sediments. 
W83-01526 


MUTATION  IN  FERNS  GROWING  IN  AN  EN- 
VIRONMENT CONTAMINATED  WITH  POLY- 
CHLORINATED  BIPHENYLS, 

Massachusetts  Univ.,  Amherst.  Dept.  of  Botany. 
E.  J.  Klekowski. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150011, 
Price  codes:  A03  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Water  Resources  Research  Center,  Amherst,  Pub- 
lication No  126,  May  1982.  29  p,  2  Fig,  4  Tab,  32 
Ref.  OWRT  A-129-MASS(1),  14-34-0001-0123. 

Descriptors:  *Polychlorinated  biphenyls,  "Water 
pollution  effects,  'Mutagens,  'Flood  plains,  Hou- 
satonic  River,  'Massachusetts,  'Ferns,  Flooding, 
Arochlor  1254,  Ostrich  fern,  Matteuccia  struthiop- 
teris,  Connecticut  River. 

In  Massachusetts,  the  Housatonic  River  is  heavily 
contaminated,  with  polychlorinated  biphenyls 
(PCB's),  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city  of 
Pittsfield.  General  Electric  in  Pittsfield  primarily 
used  Arochlor  1254  in  the  production  of  trans- 
formers and  utilized  nearby  municipal  landfills  for 
deposition  of  reject  equipment  and  waste  produc- 
tion materials.  PCBs  have  been  discharged  into  this 
ecosystem  for  more  than  40  years.  The  ostrich 
fern,  Matteuccia  struthiopteris,  forms  extensive 
populations  in  the  flood  plain  of  the  river,  and 
favors  sites  annually  inundated.  The  frequency  of 
somatic  mutations  was  determined  in  these  fern 
populations  as  well  as  in  control  populations  grow- 
ing in  uncontaminated  environments  in  the  Con- 
necticut River  and  its  tributaries.  The  frequency  of 
somatic  mutations  in  the  Housatonic  River  popula- 
tions was  5.21-6.17  times  the  controls.  Assuming  a 
causal  relationship  between  the  incidence  of  muta- 
tion in  the  Housatonic  River  ostrich  fern  popula- 
tions and  PCBs,  the  results  suggest  the  possibility 
of  plant  activation  of  PCBs  to  mutagens.  It  is  not 
known  whether  the  ostrich  fern  is  peculiar  in  its 
response  to  PCBs  or  whether  it  represents  the 
general  response  of  green  plants  to  these  com- 
pounds. (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01529 


GROWTH  AND  SURVIVAL  OF  CHANNEL 
CATFISH  AND  YELLOW  PERCH  EXPOSED 
TO  LOWERED  CONSTANT  AND  DIURNALLY 
FLUCTUATING  DISSOLVED  OXYGEN  CON- 
CENTRATIONS, 

Environmental  Research  Lab.,  Duluth,  MN. 
A.  R.  Carlson,  J.  Blocher,  and  L.  J.  Herman. 
Progressive  Fish-Culturist,  Vol  42,  No  2,  p  73-78, 
April,  1980.  2  Fig,  4  Tab,  14  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Dissolved  oxygen,  'Catfish,  'Perch, 
•Growth,  Water  quality,  Fish,  Mortality,  Diurnal 
distribution,  Fluctuations,  Juvenile  growth  stage. 

Information  on  dissolved  oxygen  (DO)  levels  and 
their  fluctuation  is  important  in  establishing  water 
quality  criteria  to  protect  the  well-being  of  fresh- 
water fish.  Studies  were  undertaken  to  assess  the 
effects  of  diurnal  DO  fluctuations  on  the  growth 


32 


WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION— Field  5 

Effects  Of  Pollution — Group  5C 


and  survival  of  fish.  Duplicate  lots  of  juvenile 
channel  catfish  (Ictalurus  punctatus)  and  yellow 
perch  (Perca  flavescens)  were  exposed  for  69  and 
67  days,  respectively,  to  nearly  constant  DO  levels 
of  near  air  saturation  (control)  or  DO  levels  of  6.5, 
5.0,  3.5,  and  2.0  milligrams/liter.  The  following 
year,  juveniles  of  the  same  species  were  exposed  to 
DO  levels  that  fluctuated  diurnally  at  about  1.5 
milligrams/liter  above  and  below  the  constant 
lower  DO  levels  of  the  previous  year.  Growth  of 
catfish  was  significantly  reduced  at  mean  DO 
levels  of  3.5  milligrams/liter  or  less  and  at  fluctu- 
ations of  about  3.1  to  1.0  milligrams/liter.  In  perch, 
at  mean  constant  DO  concentrations  near  3.5  milli- 
grams/liter, less  food  was  consumed,  but  growth 
was  not  affected,  while  at  2.0  milligrams/liter,  less 
food  was  consumed  and  growth  was  significantly 
reduced.  Fluctuations  of  about  3.8  to  1.4  milli- 
grams/liter did  not  affect  the  growth  of  perch. 
Reduced  DO  exposures  had  no  apparent  affect  on 
the  survival  rate  of  either  species.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01534 


AN  EMPIRICAL  ANALYSIS  OF  PHOSPHO- 
RUS, NITROGEN,  AND  TURBIDITY  EFFECTS 
ON  RESERVOIR  CHLOROPHYLL-A  LEVELS, 
W.  W.  Walker,  Jr. 

Canadian  Water  Resources  Journal,  Vol  7,  No  1,  p 
88-107,  1982.  6  Fig,  2  Tab,  16  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Water  quality,  *Reservoirs,  Model 
studies,  Nutrients,  'Phosphorus,  'Nitrogen,  'Chlo- 
rophyll-a, 'Turbidity,  Algal  growth,  Transpar- 
ency. 

Relationships  among  chlorophyll-a,  phosphorus, 
nitrogen,  and  transparency  were  empirically  exam- 
ined as  part  of  an  effort  to  assess  the  feasibility  to 
applying  empirical  eutrophication  models  to  reser- 
voirs. The  data  base  was  derived  from  480  water 
quality  monitoring  stations  distributed  throughout 
the  United  States.  Existing  models  assume  a  direct 
relationship  between  seasonally  averaged  total 
phosphorus  and  chlorophyll-a  concentrations.  It  is 
hard  to  identify  sets  of  conditions  under  which 
chlorophyll  is  an  exclusive  function  of  total  phos- 
phorus in  these  reservoirs.  The  phosphorus/chl 
orophyll  relationship  derived  from  stations  with 
average  inorganic  N/ortho-P  ratios  greater  than  10 
and  non-algal  turbidities  less  than  .37/meter  is 
found  to  be  similar  to  phosphorus/chlorophyll  re- 
lations derived  from  P-limited  northern  lakes.  Ni- 
trogen effects  on  chlorophyll-a  are  significant  in 
about  22%  of  the  station-years  examined,  and  tur- 
bidity effects  in  about  69%.  Modifications  of  exist- 
ing empirical  models  to  include  nitrogen  and  turbi- 
dity as  regulating  factors  are  needed  if  they  are  to 
be  valid  and  useful  over  the  spectrum  of  physical 
and  chemical  environments  found  in  reservoirs. 
(Baker-FRC) 
W83-01551 


THE  APPLICATION  OF  PHOSPHORUS 
LOAD-TROPHIC  RESPONSE  RELATION- 
SHIPS TO  RESERVOIRS, 

Canadian  Wildlife  Service,  Halifax  (Nova  Scotia). 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  2H. 
W83-01552 


INFLUENCE  OF  FOREST  AND  RANGELAND 
MANAGEMENT  ON  ANADROMOUS  FISH 
HABITAT  IN  WESTERN  NORTH  AMERICA;  6. 
SBLVICULTURAL  TREATMENTS, 

Pacific  Northwest  Forest  and  Range  Experiment 

Station,  Corvallis,  OR. 

F.  H.  Everest,  and  R.  D.  Harr. 

4  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Forest  management,  'Anadromous 
fish,  'Aquatic  habitat,  'Water  quality,  'Stream- 
flow,  'Water  temperature,  Soil  erosion,  Burning, 
Sediments,  Runoff,  Mass  wasting,  Solar  radiation. 

Distribution  of  anadromous  salmonids  and  conifer- 
ous forest  coincides  along  much  of  the  Pacific 
Slope;  consequently,  the  habitat  of  anadromous 
fish  is  subject  to  a  wide  variety  of  silvicultural 
treatments  required  to  establish  and  nurture  young 
forests.  The  silvicultural  activities  include:  cutting 
prescriptions  to  improve  natural  regeneration;  pre- 


paring sites  for  planting;  removing  slash  to  reduce 
fire  hazard;  seeding  and  planting;  reducing  compe- 
tition to  enhance  growth  of  young  trees.  Anadro- 
mous salmonids  have  exacting  habitat  requirements 
and  most  production  in  forested  watersheds  occurs 
in  small  (first-order  to  third  order)  streams.  Some 
silvicultural  treatments,  such  as  broadcast  burning 
and  machine  scarification  and  piling,  can  degrade 
water  quality  and  fish  habitat  in  small  streams,  but 
seldom  do  so  because  of  the  low  spatial  and  tempo- 
ral intensity  of  the  activities.  The  highest  risk  of 
habitat  damage  from  silvicultural  activities  occurs 
in  areas  with  erosive  soils  and  high  annual  precipi- 
tation, or  high  summer  solar  radiation  and  low 
streamflow.  Maximum  risk  from  solar  heating 
occurs  in  western  and  northeast  Oregon,  western 
and  central  Washington,  northwest  California,  and 
central  Idaho.  High-risk  areas  for  decreased  water 
temperatures  are  located  in  northern  and  central 
Idaho,  northeastern  Oregon,  southeastern  Wash- 
ington, northern  British  Columbia,  and  Alaska. 
Areas  of  central  Idaho;  northwest  California;  west- 
ern Oregon,  Washington,  and  British  Columbia; 
and  southeast  Alaska  are  vulnerable  to  surface 
erosion  and  mass  wasting.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01571 


INFLUENCE  OF  FOREST  AND  RANGELAND 
MANAGEMENT  ON  ANADROMOUS  FISH 
HABITAT  IN  WESTERN  NORTH  AMERICA;  3. 
TIMBER  HARVEST, 

British  Columbia  Ministry  of  Environment,  Victo- 
ria. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  4C. 
W83-01572 


EFFECT  OF  SEWAGE  EFFLUENT  ON  DRAG- 
ONFLIES  (ODONATA)  OF  BULIMBA  CREEK, 
BRISBANE, 

Commonwealth  Scientific  and  Industrial  Research 
Organization,  Canberra  (Australia).  Div.  of  Ento- 
mology. 

J.  A.  L.  Watson,  A.  H.  Arthington,  and  D.  L. 
Conrick. 

Australian  Journal  of  Marine  and  Freshwater  Re- 
search, Vol  33,  No  3,  p  517-528,  1982.  2  Fig,  6  Tab, 
21  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Bioindicators,  'Dragonflies,  'Stream 
pollution,  'Outfall  sewers,  'Species  diversity, 
♦Population  density,  Larvae,  Bioassay,  Aquatic  in- 
sects, Water  quality,  Water  pollution  effects,  Out- 
falls, Toxicity,  Species  composition,  'Australia, 
Bulimba  Creek. 

The  use  of  the  adult  dragonfly  (Odonata)  as  an 
indicator  organism  to  detect  stream  pollution  in 
Bulimba  Creek,  Brisbane,  just  downstream  from 
the  Mimosa  Sewage  Treatment  Plant  outfall  was 
examined  in  field  tests.  Surveys  at  eight  sample 
sites  showed  that  the  adult  fauna  is  substantially 
restored  farther  downstream  from  the  outfall,  but 
the  larval  fauna  and  abundance  are  not.  Of  the  35 
species  of  Odonata  observed  at  Bulimba  Creek,  the 
10  abundant  stream-dwelling  species  were  most 
affected  by  sewage  effluent.  Only  one  of  these  10 
species  had  adult  members  at  the  most  contaminat- 
ed site.  Both  adult  and  larval  dragonfly  fauna 
diversities  gave  a  qualitative  indication  of  water 
quality.  Correlations  between  the  distribution  or 
abundance  of  Odonata  and  the  concentrations  of 
contaminants  suggest  that  chlorine  may  be  the 
major  toxicant  downstream  of  the  Mimosa  Sewage 
Treatment  Plant  outfall  on  Bulimba  Creek. 
(Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01581 


APPLICABILITY  OF  PHOSPHORUS  INPUT- 
OUTPUT  MODELS  FOR  IMPOUNDMENTS 
WITH  HIGH  TROPHIC  AND  HYDRAULIC 
LOADING  (ZUR  FRAGE  KRITISCHER  NAHR- 
STOFFBELASTUNG  GESTAUTER 

FLIESSGEWASSER.    GRENZEN    DER    UBER- 
TRAGBARKEIT  DER  FUR  SEEN  UND  TAL- 
SPERREN  KONZIPIERTEN  MODELLE), 
Ruhrverband,  Essen  (Germany,  F.R.)  Chemisches 
und  Biologisches  Lab. 
E.  A.  Nusch. 

Zeitschrift  fur  Wasser  und  Abwasser  Forschung, 
Vol  15,  No  3,  p  103-112,  June,  1982,  14  Fig,  15 
Ref. 


Descriptors:  'Phosphorus,  'Chlorophyll,  'Eutro- 
phication, 'Rivers,  'Reservoirs,  Model  studies, 
Ruhr  river,  'Federal  Republic  of  Germany,  Kinet- 
ic models,  Input-output  models,  Biomass,  Algal 
growth,  Phosphates,  Radiation,  Water  Tempera- 
ture,  Light  intensity,   Nutrients,   Retention  time. 

Models  relating  phosphorus  (P)  and  chlorophyll  to 
trophic  state  developed  to  aid  in  the  restoration  of 
lakes  and  reservoirs  cannot  be  used  for  highly 
eutrophic  impoundments  of  running  waters,  as  has 
been  shown  by  data  collected  in  th  Ruhr  River 
reservoir  system.  Despite  this,  a  relationship  be- 
tween P  and  chlorophyll  exists  in  this  region. 
Water  storage  time  is  less  than  plankton  regenera- 
tion time  until  flow  kilometer  70-100,  when  the 
first  measurable  concentrations  of  algae  are  appar- 
ent. P  content  is  >  400  microg/1  at  flow  kilometer 
150  and  rises  to  >  800  microg/1  at  the  mouth,  but 
the  relatively  high  P  concentration  results  in  in- 
creased algal  growth  only  after  3-4  days  of  flow. 
Data  collected  between  1965  and  1976  showed  that 
P  contents  in  the  lower  Ruhr  approximately  tripled 
in  this  period,  that  with  high  P  concentration  nitro- 
gen also  had  a  trophic  effect,  and  that  algal  cell 
number  and  chlorophyll  content  more  than  dou- 
bled. Critical  factors  affecting  mass  algal  develop- 
ment were  low  outflow,  moderate  or  high  water 
temperature,  and  moderate  or  high  global  radi- 
ation. Mass  algal  development  was  highest  with 
extremely  high  phosphate  contents  and  high  light 
intensity.  To  reduce  the  risk  of  secondary  pollution 
by  algal  biomass  in  the  Ruhr,  phosphate  content 
should  be  <  1.5  mg/1,  corresponding  to  500 
microg/1  P04-P.  However,  threshold  values  for 
tolerable  P  load  cannot  yet  be  given  for  all  im- 
pounded running  water.  Kinetic  models  based  on 
the  theory  of  continuous  algal  culture  an  on  inde- 
pendent parameteers  such  as  nurtient  content,  rela- 
tionship between  nutrients,  light,  temperature,  and 
storage  time,  and  those  regard  in  the  Ruhr  system 
of  reservoirs  and  the  stretches  of  river  between 
them  as  a  single  entity  were  more  successful  at 
describing  the  relationships  between  P,  Chloro- 
phyll, and  trophic  state  than  simple  input-output 
models,  which  are  based  on  completely  mixed 
reactors.  (Gish-FRC) 
W83-01583 


ACUTE  TOXICITY  OF  CHROMIUM,  MER- 
CURY, MOLYBDENUM  AND  NICKEL  TO  THE 
AMPHIPOD  ALLORCHESTES-COMPRESSA, 

Australian  Atomic  Energy  Commission  Research 

Establishment,  Sutherland. 

M.  Ahsanullah. 

Australian  Atomic  Energy  Commission  Research 

Establishment,  Sutherland. 

Descriptors:  'Heavy  metals,  'Mercury,  'Toxicity, 
•Amphipods,  Water  quality  management,  Water 
pollution  effects,  'Chromium,  'Molybdenum, 
•Nickel,  Crustaceans,  Water  quality  standards,  Lit- 
erature review,  Allorchestes,  'Australia,  Western 
Port. 

The  acute  toxic  effects  of  chromium  (Cr),  mercury 
(Hg),  molybdenum  (Mo),  and  nickel  (Ni)  to  the 
amphipod  Allorchestes  compressa  were  investigat- 
ed in  laboratory  tests.  The  amphipods  obtained 
from  two  localities  in  Western  Port,  Victoria,  were 
exposed  to  the  heavy  metals  via  a  continuously 
flowing  seawater  system.  The  96-hr.  median  lethal 
concentration  values  for  Hg,  Cr,  Ni,  and  Mo  were 
0.08,  5.56,  34.68  and  247.12  milligrams/liter,  re- 
spectively. Since  there  is  no  information  available 
on  the  application  factor  for  Hg,  the  present  results 
cannot  be  used  to  specify  water-quality  criteria.  A 
minimal  risk  Hg  concentration  of  0. 1  micrograms/ 
liter  has  been  set  by  the  EPA.  A  brief  review  of 
literature  which  may  help  in  establishing  water 
quality  criteria  for  heavy  metals  is  presented. 
(Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01589 


INFLUENCE  OF  ADDED  NUTRIENT  ON  THE 
SEASONAL  VARIATION  OF  ALGAL  GROWTH 
POTENTIAL  OF  MT  BOLD  RESERVOIR, 
SOUTH  AUSTRALIA, 

Adelaide  Univ.  (Australia),  Dept.  of  Botany. 
G.  G  Ganf. 


33 


Field  5— WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION 


Group  5C— Effects  Of  Pollution 

Australian  Journal  of  Marine  and  Freshwater  Re- 
search, Vol  33,  No  3,  p  475-490,  1982,  10  Fig,  3 
Tab,  24  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Nitrogen,  *Phosphorus,  •Reservoirs, 
•Bioassay,  'Essential  nutrients,  'Seasonal  vari- 
ation, *Algal  growth,  Nutrients,  Eutrophication, 
Runoff,  Catchment  areas,  Nutrient  requirements, 
Cycling  nutrients,  Euphotic  zone,  Water  tempera- 
ture, Phytoplankton,  Water  quality  control,  'Aus- 
tralia, Mt.  Bold  Reservoir. 

A  series  of  bioassay  experiments  were  conducted 
to  assess  the  availability  of  major  nutrients  for 
phytoplankton  growth  in  Mount  Bold  reservoir, 
South  Australia.  Major  nutrient  input  occurred 
with  the  onset  of  winter  rains,  and  growth  poten- 
tial increased  from  June  to  November  within  the 
euphotic  zone.  When  the  autumn  overturn  circu- 
lated nutrient-rich  water  from  the  hypolimnion, 
growth  also  increased.  During  periods  of  suspected 
nutrient  depletion,  routine  enrichment  experiments 
with  phosphorus  (P),  nitrogen  (N),  and  sodium- 
EDTA  substantially  increased  the  growth  poten- 
tial above  that  of  the  control.  Only  the  combined 
addition  of  N  and  P  caused  a  significant  increase  in 
growth  potential  during  periods  of  nutrients  deple- 
tion. Factorial  nutrient-enrichment  experiments  to 
further  investigate  the  effects  of  N  and  P  on  algal 
growth  showed  that  nutrient  enrichment  during 
the  higher  temperature  summer  months  is  likely  to 
cause  significantly  higher  growth  rates  than  en- 
richment during  the  cold  winter  months.  (Geiger- 
FRC) 
W83-01590 


THE  LOCH  EIL  PROJECT:  THE  BACTERIAL 
FLORA  AND  HETEROTROPHIC  NITROGEN 
FIXATION  IN  SEDIMENTS  OF  LOCH  EIL, 

Dundee  Univ.  (Scotland).  Dept.  of  Biological  Sci- 

D.  Blake,  J.  W.  Leftley,  and  C.  M.  Brown. 
Journal  of  Experimental  Marine  Biology  and  Ecol- 
ogy, Vol  56,  No  1,  p  115-122,  1982.  2  Fig,  2  Tab, 
25  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Nitrogen  fixation,  'Organic  matter, 
•Pulp  and  paper  industry,  Sulfides,  Bacteria,  Sedi- 
ments, Loch  Eil,  'Scotland,  Water  pollution  ef- 
fects, Sediments,  Heterotrophic  bacteria,  Acety- 
lene reduction,  Sulfates,  Estuaries,  Fjords. 

Acetylene  reduction  rates  (nitrogen  fixation)  were 
higher  in  organic-rich  Loch  Eil,  Scotland,  sedi- 
ments than  in  other  nearby  stations  less  affected  by 
pulp  and  paper  mill  effluents.  Large  seasonal  vari- 
ations were  observed.  Counts  of  sulfate-reducing 
bacteria  were  100  times  higher  than  nitrate-reduc- 
ing bacteria  counts.  Facultatively  anaerobic  nitro- 
gen-fixing bacteria  were  not  present  in  significant 
numbers.  Sulfate-reducers  were  implicated  in  nitro- 
gen-fixation, although  there  was  no  correlation 
between  sulfate-reducing  bacteria  numbers  and  the 
fixation  rate  nor  between  sulfate-reducing  bacteria 
numbers  and  sulfide  concentrations.  Nitrogen-fix- 
ation decreased  with  increases  in  sulfide  concentra- 
tions, but  no  definite  relationship  could  be  ascer- 
tained. (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01593 


THE  INFLUENCE  OF  MODERN  WATER 
SUPPLY  AND  WASTEWATER  TREATMENT 
SYSTEMS  ON  WATER  QUALITY  IN  MICRO- 
NESIA, 

Guam  Univ.,  Agana.  Water  and  Energy  Research 

Inst. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5F. 

W83-01631 


EFFECTS  OF  VEGETABLE  OIL  FACTORY  EF- 
FLUENT ON  THE  LEVELS  OF  PHOSPHA- 
TASES AND  DEHYDROGENASES  IN  THE 
LIVER  AND  KIDNEY  OF  THE  FRESHWATER 
TELEOST  CHANNA  PUNCTATUS  (BL.), 
Punjab  Agricultural  Univ.,  Ludhiana  (India). 
Dept.  of  Zoology. 

P.  K.  Saxena,  R.  Bedi,  and  G.  L.  Soni. 
Environmental  Pollution,  Series  A:  Ecological  and 
Biological,  Vol  28,  No  4,  p  245-253,  August,  1982. 
5  Tab,  24  Ref. 


Descriptors:  'Enzymes,  'Fish,  'Oil  wastes,  Water 
pollution  effects,  Phosphates,  Dehydrogenases, 
Channa  punctatus,  Sublethal  effects,  Industrial 
wastewater. 

The  sublethal  toxicity  of  vegetable  oil  factory  ef- 
fluent was  evaluated  by  exposing  fish  (Channa 
punctatus)  to  a  25%  concentration  of  effluent  for 
up  to  42  days.  Activities  of  enzyme  systems,  ex- 
pressed as  a  percentage  of  control,  were:  acid 
phosphatase,  45-65%  in  liver  and  48-71%  in 
kidney;  alkaline  phosphatase,  39-50%  in  liver  and 
42-67%  in  kidney;  succinic  dehydrogenase,  33- 
75%  in  liver  and  47-38%  in  kidney;  and  lactate 
dehydrogenase,  38-79%  in  liver  and  35-88%  in 
kidney.  The  decline  in  phosphatase  activities  sug- 
gests a  direct  action  of  effluent  on  the  enzyme 
system  and  impairment  of  lysosomal  metabolism. 
The  decrease  in  dehydrogenase  activities  indicates 
inhibition  of  aerobic  and  anaerobic  metabolic  path- 
ways. (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01639 


ENVIRONMENTAL  CHANGE  AND  ITS 
IMPACT  ON  THE  FRESHWATER  FISHES  OF 
IRAN, 

Pahlavi  Univ.,  Shiraz  (Iran).  Dept.  of  Biology. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  4D. 
W83-01660 


A  MODEL  OF  MERCURY  CONTAMINATION 
IN  A  WOODLAND  STREAM, 

Michigan  State  Univ.,  East  Lansing.  Dept.  of  Elec- 
trical Engineering  and  Systems  Science. 
C.  J.  Herrick,  E.  D.  Goodman,  C.  A.  Guthrie,  R. 
H.  Blythe,  and  G.  A.  Hendrix. 
Ecological  Modelling,  Vol  15,  No  1,  p  1-28,  Febru- 
ary, 1982.  8  Fig,  1  Tab,  61  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Mercury,  'Model  studies,  'Food 
chains,  'Fish,  'Streams,  'Biological  magnification, 
Water  pollution  effects,  Heavy  metals,  Industrial 
wastes,  'Detritus,  Forest  hydrology,  Sediments, 
Aquatic  populations,  Invertebrates,  Bioaccumula- 
tion. 

A  model  was  formulated  for  the  prediction  of 
mercury  accumulation  in  a  woodland  stream.  The 
model  deals  with  four  compartments  -  sediment, 
detritus,  invertebrates  and  fish.  Model  inputs  con- 
sist of  concentrations  of  methyl  and  inorganic  mer- 
cury in  the  water  of  the  stream  section.  Detritus  is 
described  in  terms  of  particle  size  and  degree  of 
microbial  infestation.  The  model  applies  to  a  well- 
buffered  hard  water  stream  with  a  detritus-based 
food  chain  in  which  allochthonous  production  of 
organic  matter  dominates.  Sediment  type  consists 
of  fine  to  medium  sand  with  a  1.0%  organic  con- 
tent. The  model  predicts  that  methyl  and  inorganic 
mercury  are  significantly  concentrated  over  levels 
in  the  water  by  each  member  of  the  food  chain.  It 
is  suggested  that  current  safe  mercury  levels  in 
water  should  be  reevaluated  in  order  to  keep  mer- 
cury concentrations  in  fish  below  current  action 
levels.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01663 


LAKE  ROTORUA,  THE  STATE  OF  EUTRO- 
PHICATION, 

B.  Biggs. 

Soil  and  Water,  Vol  16,  No  3,  p  9-13,  June,  1980.  3 

Fig,  9  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Lakes,  'Eutrophication,  'Water 
quality  control,  Water  pollution  control,  Water 
quality,  Nutrients,  Phosphorus,  Nitrogen, 
Wastewater  disposal,  Wastewater  treatment,  Lake 
Rotorua,  'New  Zealand. 

The  results  of  recent  studies  on  the  water  quality 
of  Lake  Rotorua  are  presented  and  possible  man- 
agement options  are  considered.  Lake  Rotorua  has 
exhibited  all  symptoms  of  eutrophication  to  vary- 
ing degrees  during  recent  years.  Water  transpar- 
ency may  be  affected  by  the  abundance  of  algae 
and  detritus.  The  temperature  of  the  lake  water 
undergoes  a  marked  seasonal  change.  Thermal 
stratification  sometimes  occurs  in  the  lake  for  short 
periods  during  calm,  hot  summer  conditions.  Pres- 
ently sewage  effluent  is  discharged  into  the  lake 


with  70%  of  the  phosphorus  removed.  The  degree 
of  euthrophication  of  the  lake  will  probably  in- 
crease over  the  next  6-8  years  if  things  continue 
without  change,  due  to  increases  in  population. 
Countereffects  achieved  through  improved  sewage 
treatment  will  not  last  much  longer,  as  the  system 
is  already  operating  at  near  optimum  efficiency. 
Possible  advantages  brought  about  through  soil 
conservation  measures  are  only  projected,  with  not 
real  knowledge  available  on  the  subject.  (Baker- 
FRC) 
W83-01688 


A  STUDY  ON  THE  HEALTH  ASPECTS  OF 
GROUNDWATER  RECHARGE  IN  SOUTHERN 
CALIFORNIA, 

County  Sanitation  Districts  of  Los  Angeles 
County,  Whittier,  CA. 

W.  E.  Garrison,  M.  H.  Nellor,  and  R.  B.  Baird 
In:  Wastewater  Reuse  for  Groundwater  Recharge, 
Proceedings  of  the  Symposium  held  on  September 
6-7,  1979  at  California  State  Polytechnic  Universi- 
ty at  Pomona.  California  State  Water  Resources 
Control  Board,  Office  of  Water  Recycling,  Sacra- 
mento, May  1980,  p  216-254,  13  Fig,  8  Tab,  23  Ref. 

Descriptors:  Water  quality,  'Groundwater  re- 
charge, 'Water  reuse,  'Water  quality  criteria, 
•Water  sampling,  Monitoring,  Testing  procedures, 
Bacterial  analysis,  Population  exposure,  Reclaimed 
water,  Chemical  wastewater,  Organic  compounds. 
Viruses,  Water  Use. 

The  Orange  and  Los  Angeles  Counties  Water 
Reuse  Study  was  established  to  develop  a  long 
range  water  reuse  plan  for  wastewater  generated  in 
the  area,  and  included  a  Health  Effects  Study  to 
evaluate  the  health  aspects  of  reuse  by  ground- 
water recharge.  The  Montebello  Forebay  in  L.  A. 
County,  as  one  of  the  oldest,  best  controlled  pota- 
ble reuse  systems,  was  extensively  researched.  The 
study  tasks  included  hydrogeologic  studies  to  de- 
termine reclaimed  water's  influence  on  potable 
groundwater;  water  analyses  for  trace  organics, 
trace  metals,  minerals  and  viruses;  toxicologic 
studies  to  isolate  health  significant  compounds;  and 
epidemiologic  assessments  of  the  health  impact  on 
populations.  The  chemical,  microbiological  and 
toxicological  characterizations  of  reclaimed  waters 
and  well  waters  require  the  interactive  use  of  novel 
techniques  and  classical  methodologies  from  sever- 
al scientific  disciplines,  which  are  summarized 
herein.  For  instance,  to  assess  health  effects  of 
recharge  an  estimate  is  needed  of  the  percentage  of 
reclaimed  water  in  an  exposed  population's  sup- 
plies. This  involves  use  of  a  sulfate  ion  tracer 
model  to  measure  the  concentration  of  imported 
Colorado  River  water  vs.  native  groundwater.  One 
goal  of  the  Health  Effects  Study  was  to  develop  a 
data  base  of  health-suspect  target  organics,  which 
are  grouped  as  volatile  and  non-purgeable.  Most  of 
the  volatile  organics  stem  from  industrial  activities. 
Data  generated  by  the  Health  Effects  Study,  to  be 
completed  in  April  1982,  can  be  used  by  California 
regulatory  authorities  as  a  basis  for  decision 
making  regarding  the  fate  of  groundwater  re- 
charge as  a  viable  reuse  alternative  and  for  devel- 
oping recharge  criteria.  (Atkins-Omniplan) 
W83-01709 

COMPARATIVE  STUDY  ON  ORGANIC  CON- 
STITUENTS IN  POLLUTED  AND  UNPOLLUT- 
ED INLAND  AQUATIC  ENVrRONMENTS-TV. 
INDICATORS  OF  HYDROCARBON  POLLU- 
TION FOR  WATERS, 

Tokyo  Metropolitan  Univ.,  (Japan),  Dept.  of 
Chemistry. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5B. 
W83-01710 


HEALTH  EFFECTS  OF  DRINKING  WATER 
DISINFECTANTS  AND  DISINFECTANT  BY- 
PRODUCTS, 

Health  Effects  Research  Lab.,  Cincinnati,  OH. 
R.J.  Bull. 

Environmental  Science  and  Technology,  Vol  16, 
No  10,  p  554A-559A,  October.  1982.  4  Tab.  41  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Chlorination,  'Disinfection,  'Toxic- 
ity, Drinking  water,  'Reviews,  Carcinogens,  Mu- 


34 


WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION— Field  5 


Waste  Treatment  Processes — Group  5D 


tagens,  Chlorine,  Chlorine  dioxide,  Chloramines, 
Public  health,  Organic  compounds,  Chlorinated 
hydrocarbons,  Tnhalomethanes,  Humix  acids, 
Fulvic  acids,  Chloroform,  Sublethal  effects,  Chlor- 
ophenols,  Chloroacetonitriles,  Organic  matter. 

This  review  of  the  toxicology  of  water  disinfec- 
tants and  their  byproducts  concerns  present  prob- 
lems of  acute  and  chronic  toxicity  and  carcinogen- 
ic hazards  and  data  gaps  in  these  fields.  Common 
disinfectants  discussed  are  chlorine,  chlorine  diox- 
ide, and  chloramines.  In  spite  of  chlorine's  long- 
term  use  in  drinking  water  treatment  there  is  little 
systematic  toxicity  data  on  this  chemical,  which 
exists  in  water  as  HOC1  and  OCl(-).  HOC1  appears 
to  concentrate  in  bone  marrow  and  to  associate 
with  cellular  components,  but  the  significance  of 
this  is  not  known.  Upon  oral  administration  chlo- 
rine dioxide  is  absorbed  as  chloride  and  chlorite 
and  is  excreted  mostly  as  chloride  with  some  chlo- 
rite. The  chlorite  ion  is  capable  of  producing  meth- 
emoglobinemia, hemolytic  anemia,  depleted  glu- 
tathione, and  elevated  2,3-diphosphoglycerate. 
Chlorine  dioxide  appears  to  have  antithyroid  activ- 
ity, the  ability  to  increase  cell  turnover  in  the 
gastrointestinal  tract,  and  the  ability  to  depress 
spermatogenesis.  Chloramines  are  associated  with 
methemoglobinemia  in  dialysis  patients  and  with 
mutagenesis.  Oxidation  and  chlorination  byprod- 
ucts of  disinfectants  include  trihalomethanes  such 
as  chloroform,  a  known  carcinogen.  Other  trihalo- 
methanes, under  study  in  a  carcinogenic  bioassay 
program,  show  liver  toxicity  at  very  high  doses 
but  not  at  levels  associated  with  drinking  water. 
Other  byproducts,  some  carcinogenic  or  muta- 
genic, are  chlorinated  phenols,  haloacetonitriles, 
organic  N-chloramines,  and  humic  and  fulvic  acid 
chlorination  products.  Many  byproducts  have  not 
yet  been  chemically  characterized.  Today's  availa- 
ble information,  although  insufficient  in  many  re- 
spects, does  not  mandate  replacement  of  the  com- 
monly used  disinfectants  at  the  present  time.  Re- 
search should  be  directed  toward  filling  the  gaps  in 
toxicity  data,  especially  the  low-level  chronic 
types,  and  determining  reaction  conditions  (pH, 
etc.)  most  suitable  for  minimizing  harmful  byprod- 
ucts during  the  water  treatment  process.  (Cassar- 
FRC) 
W83-01740 


5D.  Waste  Treatment  Processes 


ANAEROBIC  DIGESTION  OF  DISTILLERY 
EFFLUENTS, 

Agriculture  and  Forestry  Univ.,  Vienna  (Austria). 

Dept.  of  Applied  Microbiology. 

R.  Braun,  and  S.  Huss. 

Process  Biochemistry,  Vol  17,  No  4,  p  25-27,  July/ 

August,  1982.  4  Fig,  2  Tab,  25  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Anaerobic  digestion,  Industrial 
wastewater,  'Food-processing  wastes,  Fermenta- 
tion, Potatoes,  Molasses,  Corn,  'Anaerobic  filtra- 
tion, 'Wastewater  treatment,  Plug  flow,  Digestion, 
Suspended  solids. 

Beet  molasses  distillery  slops  (COD  45-50  g  02  per 
liter)  were  treated  by  anaerobic  filtration  at  a  mean 
residence  time  of  1.2  days  and  volumetric  loadings 
up  to  38  kg  volatile  solids  per  cu  m  per  day  with  a 
maximum  biogas  production  of  14.2  cu  m  per  cu  m 
per  day  (or  0.37  cu  m  per  kg  volatile  solids)  and 
50%  degradation  of  COD.  Biogas  methane  content 
varied  from  75%  at  2  kg  volatile  solids  per  cu  m 
per  day  to  61%  at  the  highest  volumetric  loading. 
Maize  and  potato  slops,  unsuitable  for  filter  treat- 
ment, were  treated  in  a  plug  flow  reactor  inclined 
at  10-15  degrees.  For  maize  and  potato  slops,  re- 
spectively, residence  times  were  13  and  10  days; 
COD  degradation,  40-50%;  maximum  gas  produc- 
tion, 1.9  and  0.8  cu  m  per  day.  Although  the 
anaerobic  filtration  process  was  suitable  for  treat- 
ing molasses  slops,  it  was  not  applicable  to  ef- 
fluents with  high  insoluble  solids  content.  (Cassar- 
FRC) 
W83-01419 


USE  OF  UPFLOW  ANAEROBIC  SLUDGE 
BLANKET  REACTOR  TO  TREAT  ACETATE 
RICH  WASTE, 


Birmingham  Univ.  (England).  Dept.  of  Chemical 

Engineering. 

S.  J.  Godwin,  D.  A.  J.  Wase,  and  C.  F.  Forster,. 

Process  Biochemistry,  Vol  17,  No  4,  p  33-34,  45, 

July/August,  1982.  5  Fig,  2  Tab,  13  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Industrial  wastewater,  'Anaerobic 
digestion,  Acetic  acid,  'Wastewater  treatment,  Di- 
gestion, Anaerobic  filters,  Upflow  Sludge  blanket 
reactor. 

An  upflow  anaerobic  sludge  blanket  reactor  effec- 
tively treated  industrial  wastewater  containing  1 
gram  per  liter  acetic  acid  and  traces  of  acetone, 
ethyl  acetate,  benzene,  hemicelluloses,  salts,  and 
corrosion  products.  COD  of  up  to  1000  mg  per 
liter  was  reduced  by  70%  at  a  hydraulic  retention 
time  of  9.8  hours.  Gas  production  (up  to  99% 
methane)  was  optional  at  an  organic  loading  rate  of 
1.6  kg  BOD  per  cu  m  per  day.  pH  was  increased 
about  1  unit  during  treatment.  The  system  was  self- 
scrubbing,  removing  C02  as  sodium  carbonate. 
(Cassar-FRC). 
W83-01420 


IDENTIFICATION  AND  CONTROL  OF  INHI- 
BITION IN  THE  ANAEROBIC  TREATMENT 
OF  INDUSTRIAL  WASTEWATERS, 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne    Univ.    (England).    Public 

Health  Engineering  Div. 

G.  K.  Anderson,  T.  Donnelly,  and  K.  J. 

McKeown. 

Process  Biochemistry,  Vol  17,  No  4,  p  28-32,  41 

July/ August,  1982.  5  Fig,  1  Tab,  23  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Anaerobic  digestion,  Industrial 
wastewaters,  'Methanogenesis,  'Inhibition,  Diges- 
tion, Hydrogen  sulfide,  Volatile  acids,  Sulfates, 
Bacteria,  Heavy  metals,  Metals,  Ammonia, 
'Wastewater  treatment. 

Hydrogen  sulfide  inhibition  of  methanogenesis  in 
the  anaerobic  digestion  of  industrial  wastewaters 
has  been  prevented  by  using  a  stable  anaerobic 
microbial  association  which  maximizes  the  yield  of 
methane  in  the  presence  of  sulfate.  In  a  molasses 
distillery  effluent  with  7500  mg  per  liter  sulfate  and 
62,000  mg  per  liter  COD  the  methane  yield  was 
increased  by  0.1  cu  m  per  kg  COD  applied  using 
the  microbial  association,  compared  to  an  initial 
0.234-0.261  cu  m  per  kg  COD  applied.  The  tech- 
nique prevents  formation  of  hydrogen  sulfide  in 
sulfate-rich  wastewaters  and  eliminated  the  need 
for  sulfide-stripping  equipment.  Methanogenesis  in- 
hibition by  pH  outside  the  range  6.6-8.0,  volatile 
acids  concentrations  above  500  mg  per  liter,  heavy 
metals,  or  ammonia  may  be  controlled  by  neutral- 
ization, precipitation,  or  other  simple  techniques. 
Acclimatization  and  antagonism  can  also  increase 
the  threshold  level  for  inhibition.  The  most  sensi- 
tive indications  of  inhibition  are  drop  in  methane 
yield  and  high  volatile  acids  concentrations. 
(Cassar-FRC). 
W83-01421 


USE  OF  OZONE  IN  A  WATER  REUSE 
SYSTEM  FOR  SALMONIDS, 

Bureau  of  Sport  Fisheries  and  Wildlife,  Cortland, 
NY.  Tunison  Lab.  of  Fish  Nutrition. 
R.  C  Williams,  S.  G.  Hughes,  and  G.  L.  Rumsey. 
Progressive  Fish-Culturist,  Vol  44,  No  2,  p  102- 
105,  April,  1982.  1  Fig,  4  Tab,  11  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Aquaculture,  'Water  reuse,  'Ozone, 
Fish,  'Wastewater  treatment,  Biofilters,  Trout, 
Dissolved  oxygen,  Oxygen,  Filters,  Aeration. 

Ozone  and  biological  filters  were  used  to  treat 
water  for  reuse  in  a  pilot-scale  salmonid  rearing 
system.  Components  of  the  system  included  rear- 
ing units,  sludge  settler,  sand  biofilter,  charcoal 
biofilter,  ozone  contactor  with  froth  removal,  and 
head  trough.  Water  flowed  through  a  plexiglass 
ozone  contactor  consisting  of  four  chambers.  Air- 
ozone  mixtures  were  bubbled  through  at  13  liters 
per  min  and  a  pressure  of  2.33  kg  per  sq  cm. 
Residual  ozone  was  dissipated  in  a  cascade  be- 
tween the  contactor  and  collecting  head  trough. 
Dissolved  oxygen  concentrations  were  about  8  mg 
per  liter  at  the  head  trough  and  as  low  as  2  mg  per 
liter  leaving  the  charcoal  biofilter.  Residual  ozone 


in  the  rearing  units  was  0.02  mg  per  liter.  Fingerl- 
ing  trout  grown  for  8  weeks  using  the  ozone 
purification  system  had  significantly  higher  growth 
rates  and  feed:gain  ratios  than  fish  reared  in  a 
single-pass  system.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01423 


REUSE  AND  DISPOSAL  CONSIDERATIONS 
FOR  HYPERFILTRATION  CONCENTRATE, 

Clemson  Univ.,  SC. 

J.  L.  Gaddis,  D.  A.  Jernigan,  H.  G.  Spencer,  and 

C.  A.  Brandon. 

Resources  and  Conservation,  Vol  9,  p  259-270, 

1982.  4  Fig,  3  Tab,  9  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Membrane  processes,  'Wastewater 
renovation,  'Dye  industry  wastes,  Wastewater 
treatment,  Industrial  wastewater,  Water  reuse,  Hy- 
perfiltration,  Textile  mill  wastes,  Sludge  disposal, 
Zero  discharge,  Filtration. 

Reuse  of  hot  hyperfiltration-renovated  wastewater 
from  a  continuous  dye  range  was  studied.  Effluent 
from  the  dye  bath  contained  about  15%  residual 
dye  of  several  classes,  thickener,  and  solvents.  Per- 
formance of  the  zirconium  oxide-polyacrylic  acid 
membranes  was  evaluated  under  field  conditions 
during  720  hours  of  runs  over  a  6-week  period. 
Recoveries  were  0-96%;  velocities,  2-6  m  per  sec; 
pressures,  1.29-9  .02  MPa;  and  temperature,  85C. 
Color  rejection  remained  near  99%  for  the  dura- 
tion of  the  test,  with  lower  values  occurring  for 
some  basic/direct  dye  mixtures  used  on  acrylic 
fabric.  Permeate  samples,  evaluated  for  reuse  as 
wash  water,  showed  color  rejections  of  the  accept- 
ed 0.97  or  better  in  23  of  24  samples  and  acceptable 
staining  indexes  of  <  1.1  in  18  of  24  samples.  Tests 
for  reuse  of  the  concentrated  dye  wastes  showed 
that  average  dye  reduction  was  23%  for  direct 
dyes  and  less  for  other  dye  classes;  overall  average 
was  19%  reduction.  Unusable  dye  concentrate  was 
dried  to  a  granular  solid.  This  solid  and  the  ash 
produced  upon  incineration  of  the  solid  contained 
levels  of  metals  and  pesticides  within  allowable 
limits  for  disposal  to  landfills.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01501 


AN  INVESTIGATION  OF  FOREIGN  BY-PR 
ODUCT  COKE  PLANT  AND  BLAST  FURNACE 
WASTEWATER  CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY 
AND  REGULATION, 

Hydrotechnic  Corp.,  New  York. 
H.  Hofstein,  and  H.  J.  Kohlmann. 
Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB82-221771, 
Price  codes:  All  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Environmental  Protection  Agency  Project  Sum- 
mary EPA-600/S2-8 1-245,  July  1982.  Industrial 
Environmental  Research  Laboratory,  Research 
Triangle  Park,  North  Carolina.  5  p,  1  Tab. 

Descriptors:  'Industrial  wastewater,  'Wastewater 
treatment,  'Steel  industry,  'By-product  coke  plant 
wastes,  'Blast  furnace  wastes,  'Regulations, 
•Wastewater  treatment,  Water  pollution  control, 
Aeration,  Filtration,  Cyanide,  Water  reuse. 

An  engineering  study  of  25  steel  plants  in  14  coun- 
tries was  carried  out  to  determine  if  more  effective 
wastewater  control  technologies  for  by-product 
coke  plant  and  blast  furnace  gas  cleaning 
wastewaters  are  being  used  in  foreign  plants  than 
in  domestic  ones.  Some  unusual  techniques  for  the 
treatment  of  blast  furnace  gas  cleaning 
wastewaters  were  found.  Aeration  of  the 
wastewater  prior  to  clarification  improved  settling 
and  allowed  a  greater  rate  of  recirculation.  Filter- 
ing the  wastewater  through  slag  or  flue  dust  re- 
moved cyanide.  Treatment  of  by-product  coke 
plant  and  blast  furnace  gas  cleaning  wastewater  is, 
in  general,  not  more  advanced  in  foreign  plants 
than  in  the  U.  S.  However,  blast  furnace  gas  clean- 
ing water  in  foreign  plants  is  generally  recycled  to 
a  greater  degree.  Also,  highly  qualified  and  experi- 
enced wastewater  treatment  plant  operators  and 
high  level  plant  management  involvement  were 
frequently  observed  at  foreign  plants.  A  noticeable 
spirit  of  cooperation  between  regulators  and  indus- 
try was  observed  in  many  countries.  Discussions 
were  held  with  plant  and  corporate  personnel  at  26 
plants  in  14  countries  and  with  regulatory  agencies 


35 


Field  5-WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION 
Group  5D— Waste  Treatment  Processes 


in  10  of  the  14  countries  to  determine  the  regula- 
tions imposed  upon  the  plants,  the  incentives  pro- 
vided to  reduce  pollution  loads  to  receiving 
waters,  and  to  investigate  treatment  technology. 
(Moore-SRC) 
W83-01559 

AUTOHEATED,  AEROBIC  THERMOPHILIC 
DIGESTION  WITH  AIR  AERATION, 

Cornell  Univ.,  Ithaca,  NY. 
W  J  Jewell,  R.  M.  Kabrick,  and  J.  A.  Spada. 
Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB82-196908, 
Price  codes:  A16  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Environmental  Protection  Agency  Project  Sum- 
mary EPA-600/S2-82-023,  May  1982.  Municipal 
Environmental  Research  Laboratory,  Cincinnati, 
Ohio.  5  p. 

Descriptors:  'Sludge  digestion,  •Disinfection, 
•Biodegradation,  *Heavy  metals,  »Autoheating, 
•Aeration,  Computer  models,  Sludge  drying,  Pas- 
teurization, Bacteria,  Viruses,  Parasites,  Thermo- 
philic bacteria,   Dissolved  oxygen,  Temperature. 

This  2-year  study  developed  a  new  sludge  treat- 
ment process  capable  of  rapid  stabilization,  pas- 
teurization, and  heavy  metal  removals  from  dilute 
sewage  sludge.  A  full-scale  system  demonstrated 
that  simple  self-aspirating  aerators  that  used  ambi- 
ent air  could  achieve  high  oxygen  transfer  efficien- 
cies and  thereby  allow  conservation  of  the  heat  ot 
oxidation  to  achieve  autoheating  to  high  tempera- 
tures. The  relationship  between  process  variables 
and  the  autoheating  phenomena  were  examined  at 
full-scale    and    bench-scale    levels.    Intermediate 
loading  rates  and  low  dissolved  oxygen  residuals 
allowed  maximum  temperature  development.  Two 
different  aerators  were  tested  and  were  found  to 
achieve    oxygen    transfer    efficiencies    exceeding 
20%  at  reactor  temperatures  that  often  exceeded 
60C.  Operational  problems  associated  with  these 
aerators  as  well  as  with  the  other  equipment  on  the 
thermophilic  digestion  facility  were  identified  and 
examined.  Virus  inactivation  was  100%  in  most 
cases,  with  bacterial  and  parasite  indicator  counts 
less  than  those  found  in  the  effluent  from  the  full- 
scale,  mesophilic  anaerobic  digester.  The  dewater- 
ability  of  the  autoheated,  thermophilic  digester  ef- 
fluent deteriorated  at  all  loading  conditions  stud- 
ied   The  aerobic,   thermophilic-digestion  process 
appears  to  increase  the  solubility  of  various  heavy 
metals  such  as  cadmium.  A  computer  model  was 
developed  from  the  full-scale  data  for  predicting 
the  reactor  temperature  under  given  loading  condi- 
tions. (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01560 

FULL-SCALE  DEMONSTRATION  OF  INDUS- 
TRIAL WASTEWATER  TREATMENT  UTILIZ- 
ING DU  PONT'S  PACT  PROCESS, 

Du  Pont  de  Nemours  (E.  I.)  and  Co.,  Inc.,  Deep- 
water,  NJ. 
H.  W.  Heath,  Jr. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB81-248122, 
Price  codes:  A08  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Environmental  Protection  Agency  Project  Sum- 
mary EPA-600/S2-81-159,  December  1981.  Robert 
S.  Kerr  Environmental  Research  Laboratory,  Ada, 
Oklahoma.  9  p,  1  Fig,  6  Tab. 

Descriptors:  *Wastewater  treatment,  «Activated 
carbon,  *Aeration,  *Cost  analysis,  •Industrial 
wastewater,  Secondary  wastewater  treatment,  Ter- 
tiary wastewater  treatment,  Biological  treatment, 
Activated  sludge  process,  Hazardous  materials. 


Operating  and  cost  data  on  startup  and  the  initial 
30  months  of  operation  of  a  150,000  cu  m/day  (40- 
MGD)  industrial  wastewater  treatment  plant  using 
Du  Pont's  PACT  process  are  reported.  The  PACT 
process  effectively  provides  both  secondary  and 
tertiary  treatment  by  adding  powdered  activated 
carbon  to  the  aerator  in  an  activated  sludge  proc- 
ess In  1978  and  1979,  performance  exceeded  ex- 
pectations in  terms  of  BOD5  and  color  removal, 
96%  and  68%,  respectively.  Removal  of  Dissolved 
Organic  Carbon  (DOC)  was  82%,  approximately 
equal  to  the  design  value.  Removals  were  consist- 
ent even  through  the  medium-strength  waste  con- 


tained many  relatively  toxic,  non-biodegradable  or- 
ganics  and  varied  drastically  in  composition.  EPA 
designated  hazardous  substances  in  the  waste  were 
removed  very  well.  A  synergistic  enhancement  of 
biological  activity  in  the  presence  of  activated 
carbon  was  observed.  Operation  at  over  25  days 
sludge  age  reduced  the  required  carbon  dose  from 
more  than  170  mg/liter  to  120  mg/liter.  Activated 
carbon  was  regenerated  from  wasted  PACT  sludge 
in  a  multiple-hearth  furnace.  Carbon  was  regener- 
ated at  80%  yield  with  recovery  of  63%  of  virgin 
carbon  properties.  Production  rate  and  quality  re- 
covery were  below  expectations.  Furnace  per- 
formance was  hurt  by  underdesigned  filtration  and 
solids  conveying  equipment  which  limited 
throughput  and  in-time.  Excluding  depreciation, 
operating  costs  were  equal  to  projections,  and  for 
secondary/tertiary  treatment  alone  have  averaged 
$0.16/cu  m  ($0.61/1,000  gal.).  Including  depreci- 
ation, costs  have  averaged  $0.22/cu  m  ($0.82/1,000 

gal). 
W83-01562 

INFILTRATION  LAND  TREATMENT  OF  STA- 
BILIZATION POND  EFFLUENT, 

South  Dakota  State  Univ.,  Brookings.   Dept.  ot 
Civil  Engineering. 
J.  N.  Dornbush. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB82-109919, 
Price  codes:  A04  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Environmental  Protection  Agency,  Project  Sum- 
mary EPA-6O0/S2-8 1-226,  December  1981.  Robert 
S.  Kerr  Environmental  Research  Laboratory,  Ada, 
Oklahoma.  5  p,  3  Fig,  1  Tab. 

Descriptors:  'Wastewater  treatment,  'Land  dis- 
posal, 'Rapid  infiltration,  'Freezing,  South 
Dakota,  Stabilization  ponds,  Effluents,  Biochemi- 
cal oxygen  demand,  Suspended  solids,  Phosphorus, 
Nitrogen  compounds. 

Stabilization  ponds  are  the  predominant  type  of 
treatment  employed  by  municipalities  of  5,000  per- 
sons or  less  in  the  Upper  Great  Plains  Region. 
However,    the    ability    of   these    ponds    to   meet 
present  and  future  effluent  standards  is  limited.  A 
rapid  infiltration  system,  designed  and  operated  to 
make  the  maximum  use  of  an  available  m-place 
soil,  is  considered  as  a  potentially  economical  solu- 
tion to  meet  future  effluent  requirements  of  stabili- 
zation ponds.  A  rapid  infiltration  pilot  wastewater 
treatment  system  consisting  of  three  0.07  hectare 
basins  was  operated  for  four  seasons  at  Brookings, 
South  Dakota.  The  objectives  of  the  study  were  to 
demonstrate  that  rapid  infiltration  land  treatment 
could  upgrade  stabilization  pond  effluent  to  meet 
stringent    effluent    requirements    and    to    identify 
winter  operating  constraints  for  the  system.  After 
passing  through  1.3  m  of  the  soil  profile,  the  fol- 
lowing quality  was  observed:  BOD5  was  less  than 
4  mg/1  all  of  the  time  and  generally  less  than  2 
mg/1;  the  suspended  solids  rarely  exceeded  4  mg/ 
1-  total  phosphorus  rarely  exceeded  1  mg/1;  am- 
moniacal  nitrogen  was  less  than  2  mg/1  and  usual- 
ly less  than  1.1  mg/1;  and  nitrate  nitrogen  rarely 
exceeded  10  mg/1.  Winter  operation  of  the  pilot 
units  with  intermitten  t  applications  was  not  practi- 
cal. Ice  accumulated  with  each  successive  flooding 
and  operation   had   to   be  discontinued   in   early 
January.  The  entire  period  when  wastewater  was 
not  applied  during  one  winter  was  less  than  three 
months  long.  Existing  stabilization  ponds  in  South 
Dakota  which  are  frequently  designed  with  six 
months  of  detention  could  probably  be  operated  to 
provide  both  the  preapplication  treatment  and  the 
necessary   emergency   storage   capacity   to  carry 
through  the  most  severe  winters.   (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01570 


1982.  279  p,  105  Fig,  31  Tab,  66  Ref,  6  Append. 
OWRTB-141-GA(l). 

Descriptors:  'Activated  carbon,  'Regeneration, 
•Cost  analysis,  'Organic  solvents,  'Wastewater 
treatment,  Adsorbents,  Industrial  wastewater,  Eco- 
nomic feasibility,  Pore  size. 

Although  the  use  of  activated  carbon  for  the  treat- 
ment of  industrial  waste-streams  has  been  shown, 
in  many  cases,  to  be  an  effective  treatment  alterna- 
tive, the  high  costs  associated  with  the  replace- 
ment or  thermal  regeneration  of  the  carbon  have 
prohibited  the  economic  feasibility  of  this  process. 
The    in    situ    solvent    regeneration    of   activated 
carbon  by  means  of  organic  solvent  extraction  has 
been  suggested  as  an  economically  attractive  alter- 
native to  thermal  regeneration.  Four  adsorbates  of 
varying   molecular   weights  and   sizes   were  em- 
ployed along  with  5  commercially  available  acti- 
vated   carbons   in    a   series   of  continuous    flow 
column  studies  in  order  to  evaluate  the  effects  of 
molecular  size,  regeneration  temperature,  solvent 
type  and  activated  carbon  characteristics  on  regen- 
eration efficiency.  In  addition,  the  reuse  of  non- 
recovered  (contaminated)  solvent  and  the  corre- 
sponding effect  upon  the  economic  feasibility  of 
the  regeneration  process  were  examined.  It  was 
concluded  that  the  important  aspects  of  the  solvent 
regeneration    process   include:    the   physical    and 
chemical  characteristics  of  the  adsorbent,  particu- 
larly the  pore  size  distribution  and  energy  of  ad- 
sorption associated  with  the  activated  carbon;  the 
degree  of  solubility  of  the  adsorbate  in  the  organic 
solvent;  the  miscibility  of  the  organic  solvent  in 
water;  and  the  temperature  at  which  the  genera- 
tion is  performed.  The  economic  feasibility  of  the 
process  was  determined  to  be  directly  related  to 
costs  incurred  for  energy  requirements  and  to  the 
recoverability   of  valuable   adsorbates   for  subse- 
quent reuse  in  the  industrial  process.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01613 


ORGANIC    SOLVENT    REGENERATION    OF 
GRANULAR  ACTIVATED  CARBON, 

Georgia  Inst,  of  Tech.,  Atlanta.  School  of  Civu 

Engineering. 

W.  H.  Cross,  M.  T.  Suidan,  M.  A.  Rollor,  B.  R. 

Kim,  and  J.  P.  Gould.  . 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 

Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150201, 

Price  codes:  A13  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche 

Georgia  Institute  of  Technology  Environmental 

Resources  Center  Report  ERC  08-82,  September 


UPGRADING  A  LARGE  TREATMENT 
PLANT-PROBLEMS  AND  SOLUTIONS, 

Sanitation  Districts  of  Los  Angeles  County,  Whit- 
tier,  CA. 

M.  Moshiri,  R.  R.  Luthy,  Jr.,  and  B.  E.  Hansen. 
Journal  of  the  Water  Pollution  Control  Federation, 
Vol  54,  No  9,  p  1270-1280,  September,  1982.  8  Fig, 
4  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Pilot  plants,  'Construction,  'Design 
criteria,  'Wastewater  treatment,  Los  Angeles, 
•California,  Polymers,  Field  tests,  Dewatenng, 
Screens,   Sludge,   Primary   wastewater  treatment. 

In  the  last  decade  some  additions  to  the  Los  Ange- 
les County  Joint  Water  Pollution  Control  Plant  at 
Carson,  California,  had  significant  start  up  prob- 
lems   These  projects,   primarily   those  involving 
new  technologies,  were  a  system  for  adding  an- 
ionic polymer  to  the  primary  sedimentation  tanks, 
a  system  for  treating  flows  generated  from  digester 
cleaning,  an  upgraded  solids  dewatenng  facility, 
and  a  primary  effluent  screening  system.  Start-up 
problems  traceable  to  pilot  testing  and  design  were 
unanticipated  changes  in  characteristics  or  flow  ot 
the  waste  stream  and/or  scale-up  problems.  Unan- 
ticipated changes  were  illustrated  by  the  dewater- 
ine  system  in  which  solids  concentrations  of  the 
feed  changed  from  4.25%  to  <  3.0%  and  parte  e 
size  decreased  between  pilot  studies  and  full-scale 
operation.  These  serious  dificulties  were  solved  by 
operating   the   centrifuges   in   parallel   instead   oi 
series   In  the  effluent  screens  projet,  pilot  testing 
did  not  anticipate  the  extreme  fiber  buildup  and 
occasional  solids  carry  over  that  occurred  on  start- 
up Replacement  of  stainless  steel  mesh  with  poly- 
ester screen  fabric  and  straining  the  screen  spray- 
ing water  (screened  effluent)  helped  improve  these 
malfunctions.  Scale-up  problems  fell  into  two  clas- 
sifications: process  failures  and  supporting  system 
failures.  In  the  Joint  Water  Pollution  Control  Plant 
sludge  storage  silos,  designed  to  use  sludge  as  a 
•live  bottom',  failed  to  hold  the  sludge.  Shutoff 
gates  were  installed  in  each  silo.  Examples  of  fail- 
ure in  supporting  systems  were  frequent  malfunc- 
tions of  the  polymer  wetting  devices  and  problems 
with  solids  conveying  systems.  The  importance  of 
hiring  readily-trainable  personnel,  comprehensive 


WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION— Field  5 


Waste  Treatment  Processes — Group  5D 


training  programs,  and  a  low  turnover  rate  for 
operators  was  emphasized.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01638 


OXIDATION-STABILIZATION  KEEPS 

SLUDGE  FARM  HEALTHY. 

American  City  and  County,  Vol  97,  No  9,  p  75-77, 
September,  1982. 

Descriptors:  'Sludge  disposal,  'Oxidation,  'Stabili- 
zation, 'Wastewater  treatment,  Sludge  treatment, 
Sludge,  'Pennsylvania,  Financial  aspects,  Anaero- 
bic digestion,  Advanced  wastewater  treatment. 

The  Municipal  Sewer  and  Water  Authority  of 
Cranberry  Township  in  Pennsylvania  expanded  its 
treatment  works  to  3.0  MGD.  This  expansion  re- 
quired a  method  of  sludge  treatment  that  would  be 
compatible  with  the  Authority's  disposal  method, 
yet  flexible  enough  to  handle  the  facility's  growing 
capacity  requirements.  The  BIF  process  was  se- 
lected partly  because  of  its  low  intial  cost,  and 
because  of  its  apparently  low  operating  and  main- 
tenance costs.  About  $1000  a  month  is  spent  on 
polymers  for  dewatering  and  chlorine,  and  the 
average  cost  of  deactivation  and  dewatering  is 
about  $16  a  ton.  In  addition  to  the  economic  con- 
siderations, the  chemical  oxidation  process  pro- 
vided other  important  benefits,  primarily  that  all 
potentially  pathogenic  organisms  in  the  sludge 
were  burned  off,  and  also  that  the  sludge  treatment 
was  completed  in  a  matter  of  hours  compared  to 
30  to  40  days,  which  would  be  typical  of  an 
anaerobic  digester.  Cranberry  Township's  sludge 
oxidation  system  processes  about  3,500  to  3,800  lb 
of  sludge  per  day,  operating  four  or  five  hours  a 
day,  five  days  a  week.  Truckloads  of  dewatered 
sludge  are  sent  to  a  farm  for  spreading  three  or 
four  days  a  week.  While  the  ryegrass,  soybeans, 
wheat  and  shell  corn  grown  on  the  farm  are  used 
only  for  animal  feed,  testing  of  the  soil  continues  to 
make  sure  that  the  sludge  does  not  introduce  an 
undue  amount  heavy  metals.  The  stabilized  sludge 
acts  as  a  soil  conditioner,  keeping  the  soil  loose  and 
reducing  some  of  the  need  for  fertilizer  on  Brush 
Creek's  farm.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01640 


KINETICS  OF  BIODEGRADATION  OF  2,4- 
DICHLORO-PHENOXYACETATE  IN  THE 
PRESENCE  OF  GLUCOSE, 

Minnesota  Univ.,  Minneapolis.  Dept.  of  Chemical 

Engineering. 

A.  C.  Papanastasiou,  and  W.  J.  Maier. 

Biotechnology  and  Bioengineering,  Vol  24,  No  9, 

p  2001-2011,  September,  1982.  7  Fig,  12  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Herbicides,  'Inhibition,  'Biodegra- 
dation,  'Wastewater  treatment,  Glucose,  Organic 
compounds,  Acclimation,  Kinetics,  Biomass,  Deg- 
radation, Organochlorine  compounds,  *2,4-D. 

Biodegradation  of  2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate 
(2,4-D)  and  glucose  were  studied  in  batch  tests 
using  a  biomass  acclimated  to  2,4-D.  Glucose  alone 
was  degraded  by  the  acclimated  biomass  after  an 
initial  lag  phase  of  20  hours.  Data  fit  typical 
Monod  kinetics.  Digestion  for  an  85  mg  per  liter 
glucose  solution  was  almost  complete  within  50 
hours.  2,4-D  alone  followed  Andrews'  substrate 
inhibition  model.  Within  120  hours  a  2,4-D  solu- 
tion of  initial  concentration  of  95  mg  per  liter  was 
reduced  to  about  10  mg  per  liter.  For  a  glucose- 
2,4-D  mixture,  mutual  inhibition  was  observed. 
However,  the  inhibition  effects  were  generally  not 
a  linear  function  of  the  inhibiting  substrate.  The 
presence  of  the  second  substrate  caused  formation 
of  additional  active  cell  mass  which  in  turn  in- 
creased the  rate  of  target  substrate  utilization  and 
decreased  mean  cell  residence  time.  This  extends 
the  area  of  process  stability  to  higher  dilution  rates 
and  higher  influent  concentrations.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01643 


DISTRIBUTION  AND  BEHAVIOR  OF  SLUDGE 
IN  UPFLOW  REACTORS  FOR  ANEROBIC 
TREATMENT  OF  WASTEWATER, 

Shell  Internationale  Petroleum  Maatschappij,  The 

Hague  (Netherlands). 

C.  Buijs,  P.  M.  Heertjes,  and  R.  R.  Van  der  Meer. 


Biotechnology  and  Bioengineering,  Vol  24,  No  9, 
p  1975-1989,  September,  1982.  4  Fig,  5  Tab,  8  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Anaerobic  digestion,  'Wastewater 
treatment,  Model  studies,  Sludge,  'Upflow  reac- 
tors. 

A  model  was  developed  to  describe  the  physical 
behavior  of  the  sludge  blanket  in  an  aerobic 
upflow  reactor.  Based  on  the  mass  balance  for  the 
sludge  in  the  blanket,  the  model  predicts  the  distri- 
bution of  sludge  in  an  upflow  reactor  in  relation  to 
the  gas  production,  sludge  settling  characteristics, 
and  the  linear  fluid  velocity  in  the  reactor.  The 
values  of  the  transport  factors  for  sludge  particles 
transported  by  gas  bubbles  from  the  bed  to  the 
blanket  were  similar  for  the  30  cu  m  pilot  plant  and 
the  200  cu  m  full  scale  reactor.  The  model  is 
suitable  for  predictions  in  reactors  treating 
wastewater  containing  lower  fatty  acids  as  the 
main  organic  pollutants.  It  can  be  used  for  bed- 
blanket  systems  and  bed-transition  area-blanket 
systems.  However,  a  gradient  in  the  sludge  con- 
centration present  in  the  transition  area  cannot  be 
predicted.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01644 


WEIGHING  THE  WASTEWATER  OPTIONS, 

B.  A.  Leibowitz. 

BioCycle,  Vol  23,  No  4,  p  47-49,  July/ August, 

1982.  1  Fig. 

Descriptors:  'Wastewater  treatment,  'Economic 
aspects,  'Wastewater  disposal,  Sludge  disposal, 
Disposal,  Suburban  areas,  Septic  wastewater. 

In  the  last  several  years  increasing  cost  factors 
have  necessitated  a  shift  toward  relatively  low  cost 
innovative/alternative  technologies  for  reliable, 
cost-effective  suburban  and  small  community 
wastewater  treatment.  Eight  alternative 
wastewater  management  plans  were  studied,  rang- 
ing in  average  annual  cost  to  the  homeowner  from 
$277  to  $914.  These  eight  included:  conventional 
gravity  sewers  to  the  regional  treatment  plant; 
low-pressure  sewers  with  gravity  sewers  to  region- 
al plant;  local  treatment  plants  with  gravity  sewers; 
holding  tanks  to  replace  all  irreparable  on-site 
septic  systems,  with  repair  and  continued  use  of 
reparable  systems;  community  subsurface  disposal 
systems  with  limited  partial  sewering  of  irreparable 
septic  systems  and  continued  use  of  reparable  sys- 
tems; partial  gravity  sewering  to  local  treatment 
plants  for  irreparable  septic  systems  and  continued 
use  of  reparable  systems;  and  partial  sewering  of 
irreparable  systems  with  regional  treatment.  Based 
on  various  considerations,  the  last  alternative  was 
recommended  as  the  most  readily  implementable, 
surest  to  gain  public  acceptance,  and  lowest  in 
cost.  It  is  noted  that  communities,  particularly 
suburban  and  small  communities,  must  take  a  broad 
view  during  the  wastewater  facility  planning  proc- 
ess and  consider  the  various  engineering  options 
open  and  available.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01658 


WATER  HYACINTH  -  AN  APPROPRIATE  SO- 
LUTION TO  WATER  POLLUTION  PROB- 
LEMS, 

Delhi  Coll.  of  Engineering  (India). 

R.  Mehrotra,  and  A.  F.  S.  A.  Aowal. 

Journal  of  the  Institution  of  Engineers  (India),  Part 

EN,  Environmental  Engineering  Division,  Vol  62, 

No  2,  p  43-46,  February,   1982.  4  Tab,   12  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Wastewater  treatment,  'Water  hya- 
cinths, Methane,  Digestion,  Aquatic  plants,  Water 
pollution  control,  Economic  aspects. 

A  brief  review  is  offered  of  the  work  already 
completed  at  various  laboratories  throughout  the 
world  in  connection  with  the  use  of  the  water 
hyacinth  as  a  decontaminating  device.  It  is  noted 
that  this  plant  can  work  as  a  treatment  media  for 
treating  wastewater  with  a  wide  array  of  charac- 
teristics. The  importance  of  the  water  hyacinth  is 
also  stressed  from  the  viewpoint  of  the  treatment 
efficiency  with  respect  to  the  various  pollution 
parameters  and  the  economic  aspects  of  such  a 
system.  A  combination  of  conventional  water 
treatment  technology  and  controlled  growth  of 


37 


higher  plants  can  produce  cost  effective,  advanced 
wastewater  treatment  systems  in  warm  and  moder- 
ate climates.  Plant  material  harvested  from  this 
type  of  system  can  be  further  processed  into  usable 
products  such  as  compost.  Anaerobic  digestion  of 
this  harvested  biomass  produced  0.18  cubic  meters 
of  methaneAg  dry  plant  in  about  24  days  digestion 
period.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01682 


DRAINAGE  SYSTEMS  FOR  LAND  TREAT- 
MENT OF  WASTEWATER, 

North  Carolina  State  Univ.  at  Raleigh.  Dept.  of 
Biological  and  Agricultural  Engineering. 
R.  W.  Skaggs,  and  A.  Nassehzadeh-Rabrizi. 
Journal  of  the  Irrigation  and  Drainage  Division, 
Proceedings  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  En- 
gineers, Vol  108,  No  IR3,  p  196-211,  September, 
1982.  11  Fig,  3  Tab,  9  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Wastewater  disposal,  'Land  applica- 
tion, 'Drainage  systems,  Wastewater  treatment, 
Land  disposal,  Subsurface  drainage,  Model  studies, 
DRAINMOD,  Wilmington,  'North  Carolina, 
Water  table,  Infiltration. 

The  water  management  model,  DRAINMOD,  was 
used  to  design  and  evaluate  drainage  systems  for 
land  treatment  of  wastewater.  DRAINMOD  simu- 
lates the  performance  of  a  given  drainage  system 
design  and  wastewater  application  strategy  for  sev- 
eral years  of  climatological  record.  It  can  identify 
sequences  of  weather  events  which  severely  test 
the  system  or  cause  delays  in  scheduled 
wastewater  application.  Several  designs  and  appli- 
cation strategies  were  evaluated  on  a  poorly 
drained  sandy  loam  soil  near  Wilmington,  North 
Carolina,  to  determine  their  effects  on  the  amount 
of  wastewater  that  could  be  treated,  changes  in 
volume  with  weather  conditions,  water  table  depth 
outflow  volumes,  and  required  wastewater  storage. 
On  this  poorly  drained  site  the  amount  of 
wastewater  applied  was  significantly  increased  by 
using  subsurface  drainage.  A  drain  spacing  of  30  m 
permitted  the  application  of  4  times  the  volume  of 
water  than  a  100  m  spacing.  Surface  drainage  had  a 
smaller  effect.  More  water  was  able  to  be  treated 
by  applying  small  amounts  frequently  than  larger 
amounts  less  frequently.  A  properly  designed  sub- 
surface drainage  system  lowered  the  water  table 
depth.  DRAINMOD  was  also  useful  in  predicting 
drainage  outflows  and  the  resulting  pollutant  load 
leaving  the  site.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01697 


PATHOGEN  REMOVAL  FROM 

WASTEWATER  DURING  GROUNDWATER 
RECHARGE, 

Baylor  Coll.  of  Medicine,  Houston,  TX.  Dept.  of 
Virology  and  Epidemiology. 
C.  P.  Gerba,  and  J.  C.  Lance. 
In:  Wastewater  Reuse  for  Groundwater  Recharge, 
Proceedings  of  the  Symposium  held  on  September 
6-7,  1979  at  California  State  Polytechnic  Universi- 
ty at  Pomona.  California  State  Water  Resources 
Control  Board,  Office  of  Water  Recycling,  Sacra- 
mento, May  1980,  p  137-144,  1  Fig,  4  Tab,  20  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Pathogens,  'Pathogenic  bacteria, 
'Viruses,  'Soil  absorption  capacity,  'Filtration, 
Adsorption,  Wastewater  treatment,  Land  disposal, 
Microorganisms,  Aeration  zone,  Groundwater  pol- 
lution, Pullutants,  Soil  columns,  Soil  temperature, 
Soil  environment,  Soil  properties,  'Groundwater 
recharge. 

Land  application  of  domestic  sewage  can  ecomo- 
mically  remove  many  contaminants  so  that  the 
water  can  be  reused  or  discharged  to  surface  or 
groundwater.  The  pathogens  found  in  domestic 
wastewater  include  pathogenic  bacteria,  viruses, 
protozoa  and  parasitic  worms.  Bacterial  removal 
by  soil  largely  occurs  by  filtration  at  the  soil  sur- 
face. Viruses,  being  smaller,  depend  on  adsorption 
for  removal  and,  therefore,  are  most  likely  to  seep 
into  groundwater  during  land  application.  The  ef- 
fectiveness of  pathogen  removal  is  determined  by 
their  survival  in  soil  and  their  retention  by  soil 
particles  which,  in  turn,  are  largely  determined  by 
climate,  nature  of  the  soil,  and  the  nature  of  the 
microorganisms.  Organisms  retained  near  the  soil 


Field  5— WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION 


Group  5D — Waste  Treatment  Processes 


surface  might  be  expected  to  die-off  rapidly  due  to 
the  effects  of  sunlight,  antagonism  and  drying, 
while  those  that  penetrate  the  aerobic  zone  might 
have  a  prolonged  survival  time.  Virus  survival  is 
prolonged  or  increased  when  virus  adsorption  to 
soil  increases  and  with  increasing  levels  of  ex- 
changeable aluminum;  survival  decreases  with  in- 
creasing pH  and  resin-extractable  phosphorus, 
with  temperature  increases,  and  with  exposure  to 
aerobic  soil  microoganisms.  Most  virus  removal 
occurs  in  the  top  few  centimeters  of  soil.  Rainfall, 
pH,  soil  composition,  flow  rate,  soluble  organics, 
cations,  and  adsorption  characteristics  affect  the 
movement  of  viruses  and  bacteria  in  soil.  Bacteria 
removal  by  soil  filtration  can  be  predicted  with 
some  accuracy.  The  adsorption  processes  are  not 
clearly  understood  and  further  work  should  be 
centered  in  this  area.  (Atkins-Omniplan) 
W83-01701 


GROUNDWATER  RECHARGE  -  CASE  STUD- 
IES; CEDAR  CREEK  WASTEWATER  RECLA- 
MATION AND  GROUNDWATER  RECHARGE 
FACILITY,  NASSAU  COUNTY,  NEW  YORK, 

Nassau  County  Dept.  of  Public  Works,  NY. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  4B. 
W83-01703 


RELIABILITY  OF  WATER  FACTORY  21, 

Orange  County  Water  District,  Fountain  Valley, 
CA. 

D.  G.  Argo,  P.  L.  McCarty,  and  M.  Reinhard. 
In:  Wastewater  Reuse  for  Groundwater  Recharge, 
Proceedings  of  the  Symposium  held  on  September 
6-7,  1979  at  California  State  Polytechnic  Universi- 
ty at  Pomona.  California  State  Water  Resources 
Control  Board,  Office  of  Water  RecyclingRecy- 
cling,  Sacramento,  May  1980.  p  55-72,  16  Fig,  1 
Tab. 

Descriptors:  'Advanced  wastewater  treatment, 
•Water  reuse,  'Water  quality  standards,  'Re- 
claimed water,  'Wastewater  facilities,  Injection, 
Injection  wells,  Groundwater  basins,  Effluents, 
Activated  sludge  process,  Organic  compounds, 
Drinking  water,  Potable  water,  Adsorption,  Floc- 
culation,  'Water  Factory  21. 

Water  Factory  21  (WF-21),  in  Fountain  Valley, 
CA  is  an  advanced  design  wastewater  reclamation 
plant  which  produces  up  to  15  mgd  of  reclaimed 
wastewater  for  biologically  treated  secondary  ef- 
fluent. The  advanced  wastewater  treatment 
(AWT)  processes  at  WF-21  were  monitored  to 
determine  if  they  could  reliably  produce  water  that 
meets  drinking  water  standards.  They  include 
chemical  clarification,  air  stripping,  recarbonation, 
mixed  media  filtration,  activated  carbon  adsorption 
and  reverse  osmosis.  WF-21  operates  under  con- 
stant hydraulic  flow  conditions  and  the  wastewater 
to  be  treated  is  segregated  so  that  industrial  waste 
contamination  is  small.  Its  physical-chemical  treat- 
ment processes  outperform  the  biological  processes 
which  are  prone  to  upsets  and  lengthy  reestablish- 
ment  times.  WF-21  periodically  shuts  down  for 
maintenance  or  when  performance  is  substandard. 
Because  the  water  is  injected  and  stored  in  the 
groundwater  basin,  uninterrupted  delivery  is  not 
essential,  and  costly  standby  processes  are  avoided. 
Underground  storage  also  provides  time,  addition- 
al treatment  and  dilution  of  some  constituents 
before  the  water  is  used.  In  the  last  three  years, 
over  40  inorganic  and  some  organic  contaminants 
were  measured  and  estimates  made  of  the  percent- 
age of  times  that  the  concentration  exceeded  a 
given  maximum  contaminant  level  (MCL).  The 
only  injection  water  MCL  exceeded  with  any  con- 
sistency was  phenol.  Some  mineral  constituents 
exceeded  the  limits  but  the  geometric  mean  was 
well  below  state  limits.  The  study  shows  that  WF- 
21  can  produce  reclaimed  water  which  meets  cur- 
rent state  water  quality  requirements  for  ground- 
water injection.  (Atkins-Omniplan) 
W83-01704 


ROLE  OF  BACTERIAL  EXTRACELLULAR 
POLYMERS  IN  METAL  UPTAKE  IN  PURE 
BACTERIAL  CULTURE  AND  ACTTVATED 
SLUDGE-II.  EFFECTS  OF  MEAN  CELL  RE- 
TENTION TIME, 


Imperial  Coll.  of  Science  and  Technology,  London 
(England).  Public  Health  Engineering  Lab. 
M.  J.  Brown,  and  J.  N.  Lester. 
Water  Research,  Vol  16,  No  11,  p  1549-1560,  No- 
vember, 1982.  12  Fig,  2  Tab,  40  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Activated  sludge,  'Klebsiella, 
'Metals,  'Absorption,  'Suspended  solids,  Sludge, 
Polymers,  Bacteria,  Activated  sludge  process, 
Wastewater  treatment,  'Biological  wastewater 
treatment,  Proteins,  Carbohydrates. 

The  effects  of  sludge  age  and  dilution  rate  on 
extracellular  polymer  concentrations  and  metal 
uptake  in  activated  sludge  and  continuous  cultures 
of  Klebsiella  aerogenes  were  studied  under  labora- 
tory conditions.  In  samples  extracted  from  pure 
cultures  of  K.  aerogenes  and  activated  sludge,  po- 
lysaccharides and  proteins  were  detected  at  residu- 
al concentrations.  Deoxyribonucleic  acid  was  also 
found  at  residual  levels  in  samples  extracted  from 
activated  sludge.  At  the  lowest  dilution  rate,  levels 
of  extracellular  polymers  in  continuous  cultures  of 
K.  aerogenes  increased  sharply,  while  metal  uptake 
by  the  cells  increased  slightly,  suggesting  that  in- 
creased polymer  concentrations  enhanced  metal 
absorption.  Extracellular  polymer  levels  in  activat- 
ed sludge  increased  with  sludge  age,  showing  a 
direct  relationship  with  mixed  liquor  suspended 
solids.  Concentrations  of  extracellular  polymers 
and  mixed  liquor  suspended  solids  had  no  direct 
effect  on  metal  removal  in  activated  sludge.  The 
ability  of  sludge  to  absorb  metals  increased  signifi- 
cantly as  sludge  age  decreased  below  nine  days. 
(Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01711 


DIGESTER  GAS  UTILIZATION  AND  HEAT 
RECOVERY  IN  MEDIUM-SIZED  AND  SMALL 
WASTEWATER  TREATMENT  PLANTS  (FAUL- 
GASVERWERTUNG  UND  WARMER- 

UCKGEWINNUNG     IN     MITTLEREN     UND 
KLEINEN  KLARANLAGEN). 
Stuttgart  Univ.  (Germany,  F.R.).  Inst,  fuer  Sied- 
lungswasserbau,  Wassergute  und  Abfallwirtschaft. 
R.  Rolle. 

Gas-Wasserfach  Wasser-Abwasser,  Vol  123,  No  5, 
p  247-250,  May  1982.  4  Fig,  1  Tab,  14  Ref.  English 
summary. 

Descriptors:  'Wastewater  facilities,  'Energy 
sources,  'Thermal  power,  'Digested  sludge,  Bio- 
logical wastewater  treatment,  'Wastewater  treat- 
ment, Sludge,  Heating,  Primary  sludge,  Raw 
wastewater,  Clarified  wastewater,  Seasonal  vari- 
ation. 

Ways  in  which  thermal  energy  prouced  in 
wastewater  treatment  plants  can  be  used  within  the 
plants  to  save  elecric  power  and  heating  oil  con- 
sumption are  discussed.  Raw  wastewater,  at  7-15C, 
provides  the  greatest  volume  of  energy,  but  has 
lost  most  if  its  heat  by  the  time  it  arrives  at  the 
plant,  and  the  construction  and  maintenance  of 
plants  to  extract  and  use  its  heat  before  arrival  are 
expensive.  Biologically  treated  wastewater  (7-15C) 
can  be  used,  for  example  to  drive  a  series  of  heat 
pumps,  as  long  as  treatment  is  complete;  the  disad- 
vantage of  this  is  the  frequently  great  distance 
between  secondardary  treatment  basin  and  heating 
plant.  Thermally  conditioned  and  pasteurized 
sludges  (160  and  4O-70C,  respectively)  may  be  used 
as  long  as  the  dewatering  capacity  of  the  sludge  is 
not  impaired.  The  best  source  of  energy  is  digester 
sludge,  which  retains  a  temperature  of  27-35C  even 
in  winter,  and  possesses  sufficient  heat  even  in 
plants  as  small  as  25,000  population  equivalents  to 
cover  winter  heat  requirements.  The  principal  ad- 
vantages of  using  digester  sludge  are  that  the  raw 
sludge  can  be  heated  and  the  heat  from  the  digester 
sludge  extracted  in  physical  proximity,  and  that  the 
digester  sludge  temperature  is  not  subject  to  sea- 
sonal variation.  When  a  heat  pump  system  is  used, 
even  small  and  medium-sized  plants  can  save  on 
energy  purchased  from  external  sources  -  at  least 
13,000  cu  m/yr  in  heating  oil  and  at  least  470 
GWh/yr  in  electricity.  The  heat  pump  system 
extracts  heat  from  sludge  and  transfers  it  to  water 
so  that  the  water  temperature  is  raised.  Digester 
gas  should  be  used  in  gas  engines  to  drive  air 
compressors  for  aeration  or  three-phase-current 
generators  for  energy  production.  (Gish-FRC) 
W83-01746 


INCREASING  THE  DEGREE  OF  EFFICACY 
OF  WASTEWATER  TREATMENT  (UBER  DIE 
ERHOHUNG  DES  WIRKUNGSGRADES  DER 
ABWASSERREINIGUNG), 

Vizgazdalkodasi  Tudomanyos  Kutat  Intezet,  Buda- 
pest (Hungary).  Inst,  for  Water  Protection. 
P.  Benedelc. 

Gas-Wasserfach  Wasser-Abwasser,  Vol,  122,  No 
12,  p  572-581,  December,  1981.  6  Fig,  10  Tab,  37 
Ref.  English  summary. 

Descriptors:  'Wastewater  treatment,  'Activated 
sludge  process,  'Activated  carbon,  'Phosphorus 
removal  'Hungary,  Costs,  'Biological  wastewater 
treatment,  Pollutants,  Aluminum  sulfate,  Phos- 
phate precipitation. 

Laboratory  and  pilot-scale  experiments  undertaken 
by  the  Central  Research  Institute  for  Hungarian 
Water  Management  (VITUKI)  to  aid  in  the  deve- 
lepment  of  wastewater  treatment  technology  in 
that  country  are  reported.  Existing  technology  is 
inadequate  due  to  increasing  industrialization,  ur- 
banization, and  agricultural  development,  causing 
pollution  of  the  Danube  River  and  a  danger  of 
eutrophication  of  Lake  Balaton.  The  most  impor- 
tant pollutants  that  cannot  be  eliminated  by  con- 
ventional mechanical  and  biological  methods  con- 
sist of  microscopic  substances  in  inorganic  (e.g., 
heavy  metals)  and  organic  (e.g.,  detergents,  phen- 
ols, chlorinated  hydrocarbons)  form.  Research 
showed  that  for  small  and  medium-sized 
wastewater  temperature  plants  (approximately 
10,000  cu  m/day),  the  activated  sludge  process 
supplemented  with  powdered  activated  carbon 
was  most  cost-effective.  This  process  can  be  intro- 
duced with  minimal  capital  outlay  and  can  easily 
be  combined  with  simultaneous  phosphate  precipi- 
tation with  aluminum  sulfate.  The  addition  of  50% 
by  weight  activated  carbon  yielded  extremely 
good  sludge  settling  times.  The  large  specific  sur- 
face of  the  activated  carbon  increased  the  number 
of  active  bacteria,  and  organic  compounds  not  yet 
broken  down  (or  that  were  nondegradable),  micro- 
pollutants,  and  metabolic  products  were  adsorbed 
onto  the  activated  carbon.  Phosphates  were  re- 
moved by  the  use  of  'Phosphorex,'  a  process  devel- 
oped by  VIKUKI.  Sand  filtration  ws  used  to  in- 
crease the  efficiency  of  phosphate  removal.  Phos- 
phate precipitation  after  the  biological  stage  imme- 
diately followed  by  filtration  proved  to  be  the 
most  effective  sequence.  (Gish-FRC) 
W83-01750 

5E.  Ultimate  Disposal  Of  Wastes 

BIOMASS  OF  HETEROTROPHIC  AND  AUTO- 
TROPHIC ORGANISMS  AS  A  FUNCTION  OF 
MODE  OF  DISCHARGE  (SURFACE  OR  SUB- 
MERGED) OF  SEWAGE  IN  THE  BLACK  SEA, 

Institute  of  Biology  of  the  Southern  Seas,  Sevasto- 
pol (USSR). 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5C. 
W83-01414 


EFFECTS  OF  SEPTIC  TANK  SYSTEMS  ON  EN- 
VIRONMENTAL QUALrTY, 

ADI  Ltd.,  Fredericton  (New  Brunswick). 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5B. 
W83-01438 


ENGINEERING  ASSESSMENT  OF  HOT-ACTD 
TREATMENT  OF  MUNICTPAL  SLUDGE  FOR 
HEAVY  METALS  REMOVAL. 

Camp  Dresser  and  McKee,  Inc..  Boston,  MA. 
Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB82-189655, 
Price  codes:  A04  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Environmental  Protection  Agency  Project  Sum- 
mary' EPA-600/S2-82-014,  May  1982.  Municipal 
Environmental  Research  Laboratory,  Cincinnati, 
Ohio.  4  p,  2  Fig,  2  Tab.  68-03-2803. 

Descriptors:  'Heavy  metals,  'Sludge  treatment. 
•Hot  acid  treatment,  'Sludge  drying,  Land  dispos- 
al, Disinfection,  Cost  analysis,  Sulfuric  acid.  Cad- 
mium, Nitrogen,  Phosphorus,  Organic  compounds. 

A  hot-acid  method  for  treating  sludge  was  devel- 
oped by  the  Walden  Division  of  Abcor,  Inc.,  to 


38 


WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION— Field  5 
Water  Treatment  and  Quality  Alteration — Group  5F 


remove  heavy  metals  from  municipal  wastewater 
sludge.  Sulfuric  acid  is  added  to  the  sludge  at  a 
rate  of  about  20  to  30%  of  the  sludge  dry  solids. 
The  mixture  is  then  heated  to  95C  for  a  30-min 
reaction  time.  The  hot-acid  process  effectively  so- 
lubilizes  50  to  90%  of  the  selected  heavy  metals, 
and  it  produces  an  essentially  pathogen-free  prod- 
uct. Based  on  cadmium  application  rates  stipulated 
by  the  U.  S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency, 
land  application  of  the  treated  sludge  requires  only 
a  fourth  of  the  land  area  required  by  untreated 
sludge.  Primarily  because  solubilized  metals  are 
retained  in  the  aqueous  phase  entrapped  in  wet 
cake,  a  highly  contaminated  sludge  will  still  retain 
substantial  concentrations  of  heavy  metals  even 
after  treatment.  Such  sludges  might  not  have  con- 
centrations for  each  metal  reduced  below  the  con- 
centrations suggested  by  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture;  nevertheless,  even  for  such  sludges, 
potential  for  utilization  on  land  is  increased.  A 
disadvantage  of  the  hot-acid  treatment  is  that  in 
addition  to  metals,  it  also  solubilizes  the  nitrogen, 
phosphorus,  and  organic  contents  of  the  sludge  to 
varying  degrees,  thus  decreasing  the  fertilizer 
value  of  the  product.  Although  improved  dewater- 
ability  was  one  of  the  objectives  of  the  experiment 
and  was  borne  out  in  bench-scale  tests,  a  test  on  a 
full-scale  centrifuge  indicated  poor  dewaterability. 
The  hot-acid  treatment  of  sludge  would  cost  about 
$440/ton  for  a  2-mgd  wastewater  treatment  plant 
and  about  $140/ton  for  a  20-mgd  plant.  Though 
hot-acid  treatment  is  costly  when  compared  to 
conventional  sludge  treatment  practices,  its  cost 
effectiveness  may  be  good  when  compared  with 
other  systems  aimed  specifically  at  controlling  the 
heavy  metal  contents  of  sludge. 
W83-01561 


NITROGEN  TRANSFORMATIONS  DURING 
AEROBIC  COMPOSTING  OF  SEWAGE 
SLUDGE, 

New  Hampshire  Univ.,  Durham 

C.  A.  Ferraro. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 

Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83- 150268, 

Price  codes:  A05  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 

M.  S.  Thesis,  December  1982,  88  p,  28  Fig,  6  Tab, 

19  Ref.  OWRT  B-006-NH(2),  14-34-0001-0272. 

Descriptors:  'Sludge  composting,  *Sludge  drying, 
•Composting,  'Sludge  disposal,  *Nitrogen,  'Coli- 
forms,  Mineralization,  Organic  matter,  Volatiliza- 
tion, Land  disposal,  Stabilization. 

This  study  was  conducted  in  an  effort  to  optimize 
sewage  sludge  composting  to  obtain  a  product 
with  certain  desirable  characteristics,  depending  on 
its  ultimate  intended  use.  For  landfill,  mineraliza- 
tion and  volatilization  are  desirable;  for  land  recla- 
mation, maximum  nitrogen  maintenance  is  desir- 
able; and  for  solid  fuel  supplement,  drying  is  desir- 
able. Stabilization  of  organic  material  and  reduc- 
tion of  coliform  bacteria  were  the  parameters  of 
interest.  Stabilization  was  defined  as  mineralization 
of  nitrogen  and  carbon  present  in  the  sludge,  via 
the  composting  process.  Two  full-scale  field  piles 
were  monitored  to  follow  changes  in  nitrogen  con- 
centrations over  time.  Two  experimental  param- 
eters, aeration  rate  and  woodchip:sludge  ratio, 
were  alternatively  varied  in  an  effort  to  study  their 
effects  on  the  composting  process.  Carbon  concen- 
tration, nitrogen  concentrations  pH,  temperature, 
moisture  content,  and  coliform  bacteria  were  mon- 
itored over  time.  To  achieve  greatest  nitrogen 
mineralization  and  total  nitrogen  reduction,  an  aer- 
ation rate  of  400  scfm  and  a  3:1  or  2:1 
woodchip:sludge  condition  was  satisfactory.  To 
achieve  least  loss  of  total  nitrogen  from  the  system, 
the  nonaerated  1:1  woodchip:  sludge  piles  were 
best;  however,  coliform  reduction  is  insufficient. 
To  achieve  greatest  drying,  the  aeration  rate  of  800 
scfm  and  3:1  conditions  was  most  satisfactory.  This 
configuration  also  met  the  coliform  reduction  re- 
quirements. The  3:1  pile  also  resulted  in  greatest 
volatile  solids  reduction. 
W83-01620 


ABSORPTION  AND  TRANSLOCATION  OF 
POLYCHLORINATED  BIPHENYLS  (PCBS)  BY 
WEEDS. 

North  Carolina  State  Univ.  at  Raleigh. 
H.  J.  Strek,  and  J.  B.  Weber. 


Proceedings  of  the  Southern  Weed  Science  Soci- 
ety, Vol  33,  p  226-232,  1980,  3  Fig,  2  Tab,  12  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Weeds,  *Polychlorinated  biphenyls, 
•Soil  contamination,  'Soybeans,  'Beets,  'Fescue, 
•Corn,  'Sorghum,  'Bioaccumulation,  Water  use, 
Land  disposal,  Sludge  disposal,  Translocation,  Ab- 
sorption. 

With  the  increasing  use  of  sludges  as  a  source  of 
fertilizer,  the  effect  of  PCBs  upon  crop  plants  and 
weeds  needs  to  be  studied.  Soybean,  beet,  fescue, 
corn,  and  sorghum  were  grown  in  soil  treated  with 
1000  ppm  PCB  (Aroclor  1254).  Inhibition  of 
height,  foliage  fresh  weight,  and  cumulative  water 
use  was  found  to  be  significant  for  soybean,  beet, 
and  fescue,  but  not  for  corn  and  sorghum.  Uptake 
by  these  crop  plants  of  carbon- 14  labelled  PCB 
applied  to  soil  at  20  ppm  (corn  was  grown  in  soil 
treated  with  25  ppm)  varied  from  1 .0  to  0.008  ppm 
(wet  weight  basis).  Panicum  bisculcatum,  a  C3 
plant,  and  P.  virgatum,  a  C4  plant  were  grown  in 
soil  treated  with  0,  1,  10,  20,  40,  and  100  ppm 
labelled  PCB.  Adsorption  and  translocation  of 
PCB  to  foliage  did  increase  significantly  with  rate, 
but  no  difference  between  species  was  noted.  Atra- 
zine  resistant  and  susceptible  biotypes  of  Amar- 
anthus  retroflexus  were  grown  on  soil  treated  at 
the  same  rates  in  the  Panicum  study.  Absorption 
and  translocation  of  PCB  in  plant  foliage  increased 
significantly  with  rate  of  PCB  applied.  Height  and 
foliage  fresh  weight  were  significantly  lower  for 
the  susceptible  biotype  at  the  40  and  100  ppm  rates, 
but  were  significantly  lower  at  the  100  ppm  rate 
only  for  the  resistant  biotype.  Almost  four  times  as 
much  carbon  14  PCB  was  found  in  the  foliage  of 
the  resistant  biotype  as  was  found  in  the  foliage  of 
the  susceptible  biotype.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01622 


OXIDATION-STABILIZATION  KEEPS 

SLUDGE  FARM  HEALTHY. 

For  primary  bibliographic   entry  see  Field   5D. 
W83-01640 


LEGAL  BATTLE  OVER  SEPTAGE  DISPOSAL, 

L.  Reeher. 

BioCycle,  Vol  23,   No  4,   p  34-35,  July/August 

1982. 

Descriptors:  'Septic  sludge,  'Disposal,  'Land  ap- 
plication, Legal  aspects,  Wastewater  disposal, 
Sludge  disposal,  Sludge,  Septic  wastewater, 
Wastewater  treatment,  Water  tanks,  Septic  tanks. 

Since  1980  spetic  tank  operators  have  sought  var- 
ious methods  of  disposal.  Only  a  minority  of  them 
have  applied  to  the  Department  of  Environmental 
Resources  for  permits  for  agricultural  utilization  of 
septage.  Land  application  is  the  only  positive  utili- 
zation of  septage.  Operators  in  Pennsylvania  have 
a  difficult  time  obtaining  land  application  permits. 
The  most  important  requirements  for  the  success- 
ful use  of  septage  in  normal  farming  operations  are 
landowner  arrangements,  public  acceptance,  and  a 
cooperative  relationship  with  municipal  officials 
and  regulating  agencies.  Haulers  are  calling  for 
total  cooperation  between  agricultural  and  envi- 
ronmental enforcement  groups.  They  are  also 
asking  for  programs  to  educate  the  public  to  the 
practice  of  agricultural  application  of  sludge.  They 
are  also  seeking  involvement  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01650 


HOW  TO  SOLVE  SOLID  WASTE  AND  DRINK- 
ING WATER  PROBLEMS  SIMULTANEOUS- 
LY, 

Kuijian  Corp.,  Melbourne,  FL. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  3A. 

W83-01667 


HAZARDOUS     WASTE     LANDFILLS:     SOME 
LESSONS  FROM  NEW  JERSEY, 

Princeton  Univ.,  NJ.  Dept.  of  Chemical  Engineer- 
ing. 

P.  Montague. 

Civil  Engineering  -  ASCE,  Vol  52,  No  9,  p  53-56, 
September,  1982. 


Descriptors:  'Waste  disposal,  'Landfills,  'Regula- 
tions, 'New  Jersey,  Leakage,  Leachate,  Leaching, 
Infiltration,  Underground  waste  disposal,  Monitor- 
ing wells,  Groundwater  contamination,  Water  pol- 
lution sources. 

There  are  four  critical  elements  for  a  secure  land- 
fill: a  bottom  liner,  a  leachate  collection  system,  a 
cover,  and  the  natural  hydrogeologic  setting.  A 
faulty  liner  allows  hazardous  wastes  to  migrate 
into  the  environment.  Non-removed  leachate  can 
cause  fluids  to  build  up  in  the  basin,  and  the 
resulting  hydraulic  head  is  the  main  force  that  will 
drive  wastes  into  the  environment  if  the  liner  fails. 
An  injured  cover  will  allow  rain  to  enter  the 
landfill,  solubilizing  and  mobilizing  wastes  and 
causing  a  buildup  of  leachate  -  even  to  the  point  of 
overflowing.  In  experience  gained  through  four 
secure  landfills  operating  in  New  Jersey  it  was 
determined  that  synthetic  liners  are  prone  to  prob- 
lems and  that  clay  liners  also  present  difficulties. 
Landfill  covers  are  prone  to  attack  from  erosion, 
vegetation,  soil-dwelling  mammals,  sunlight,  subsi- 
dence, and  human  activities.  (Baker-FRC) 
W8  3-0 1670 


DRAINAGE    SYSTEMS    FOR    LAND   TREAT- 
MENT OF  WASTEWATER, 

North  Carolina  State  Univ.  at  Raleigh.  Dept.  of 

Biological  and  Agricultural  Engineering. 

For  primary  bibliographic   entry  see   Field   5D. 

W83-01697 


5F.  Water  Treatment  and 
Quality  Alteration 


TOXIC  COMPOUNDS  FORMED  BY  THE 
CHLORINATION  OF  ARIZONA  SURFACE 
WATERS, 

Arizona  Univ.,  Tucson.  Dept.  of  Chemistry. 
M.  A.  Mikita,  K.  Thorn,  L.  Irwin,  and  C.  Steelink. 
Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-15O037, 
Price  codes:  A03  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Completion  Report,  1982.  27  p,  7  Fig,  6  Tab,  27 
Ref,  1  Append.  OWRT  A-094-ARIZ(l),  14-34- 
0001-0103. 

Descriptors:  'Chlorination,  'Ozonation,  'Fulvic 
acids,  'Humic  acids,  'Halogenated  hydrocarbons, 
•Mutagens,  *Phenols,  'Arizona,  Drinking  water, 
Carcinogens,  Organic  compounds,  Disinfection, 
Tannic  acids,  Lignin,  Rutin,  Spectroscopy,  Colori- 
metry. 

The  two  major  organic  constituents  of  drinking 
water,  humic  and  fulvic  acids,  produce  chloroform 
and  other  toxic  halocarbons  when  they  are  chlorin- 
ated. Little  is  known  about  this  reaction,  because 
the  chemical  structures  of  these  polymeric  acids 
are  obscure.  A  new  method  was  developed  for 
elucidating  important  structural  features  in  these 
compounds.  Upon  treatment  with  C-13  enriched 
methylating  reagents,  aquatic  humic  substances 
form  methyl  derivatives.  These  derivatives  can  be 
analyzed  by  C-13  NMR  spectroscopy.  They  reveal 
the  nature  and  abundance  of  the  phenolic,  acidic 
and  carbohydrate  groups  in  humic  and  fulvic  acids. 
These  properties  will  help  predict  the  interactions 
of  humates  with  their  chemical  and  aquatic  envi- 
ronment and  help  classify  humic  materials  on  a 
rational,  structural  basis.  Ozone  has  been  proposed 
as  an  alternative  disinfectant  to  chlorine.  However, 
it  is  not  known  whether  mutagenic  compounds  are 
produced  by  the  ozonization  of  organic  matter  in 
water.  Therefore,  a  study  of  the  mutagenicity  of  a 
number  of  phenolic  compounds  was  carried  out, 
before  and  after  ozone  treatment.  The  list  of  com- 
pounds included  humic  and  fulvic  acids,  tannic 
acid,  lignin,  rutin  and  simple  phenols.  Bacterial 
mutagenicity  was  determined  by  the  Ames  test, 
which  correlates  with  carcinogenicity  in  animals  at 
a  90%  level.  None  of  the  compounds  was  muta- 
genic, with  the  possible  exception  of  rutin.  After 
ozonization,  only  lignin  revealed  mutagenic  activi- 
ty after  two  minutes  of  ozone  treatment.  A  new, 
rapid  method  for  estimating  total  phenol  content 
has  been  developed.  It  is  based  on  the  selective 
absorption  of  phenols  by  XAD-8  resins,  and  the 


39 


Field  5— WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION 


Group  5F— Water  Treatment  and  Quality  Alteration 


estimation  of  phenol  concentration  by  the  Folin- 
Ciocalteau  colorimetric  assay.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01531 


BIOLOGICAL  PROCESSES  IN  THE  TREAT- 
MENT OF  MUNICIPAL  WATER  SUPPLIES, 

Jacobs  Engineering  Group,  Washington,  DC. 
R.  G.  Rice,  C.  M.  Robson,  G.  W.  Miller,  J.  C. 
Clark,  and  W.  Kuhn. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB82-199704, 
Price  codes:  A 19  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Environmental  Protection  Agency  Project  Sum- 
mary EPA-600/S2-82-020,  May  1982.  Municipal 
Environmental  Research  Laboratory,  Cincinnati, 
Ohio.  6  p,  1  Fig,  1  Tab.  R-804385-01. 

Descriptors:  'Water  treatment,  'Oxidation,  'Fil- 
tration, 'Activated  carbon,  'Biological  treatment, 
•Drinking  water,  Ozonation,  Aeration,  Ammonia, 
Organic  carbon,  Rapid  media  filtration,  Adsorp- 
tion, Halogenated  hydrocarbons,  Europe. 

Studies  were  conducted  of  a  European  water  treat- 
ment technique  that  appears  to  produce  high  qual- 
ity drinking  water  without  the  synthesis  of  haloge- 
nated organic  materials  during  the  water  treatment 
process.  This  biological  treatment  technique  in- 
volves the  sequential  application  of  chemical  oxi- 
dation (usually  by  means  of  ozone),  rapid  media 
filtration,  optional  reaeration,  and  granular  activat- 
ed carbon  (GAC)  adsorption.  The  use  of  this  bio- 
logically enhanced,  granular  activated  carbon 
(BEGAC)  technology  was  studied  in  several  Euro- 
pean water  treatment  plants  to  determine  its  advan- 
tages and  disadvantages  for  use  in  the  United 
States.  Seven  European  water  works  were  visited 
where  chemical  preoxidation  is  followed  by  rapid 
media  filtration  and  GAC  adsorption.  The  process 
is  still  under  development  in  these  European  water 
works,  but  results  to  date  are  positive.  They  indi- 
cate that  in  those  water  works  using  GAC  adsorp- 
tion of  dissolved  organic  materials,  incorporation 
of  chemical  preoxidation  with  small  amounts  of 
ozone  (1  to  2  mg/L)  can  result  in  extending  the  life 
of  GAC  adsorbors  by  factors  of  4  to  6  before 
reactivation  is  required.  The  process  can  be  used 
for  the  biological  removal  of  ammonia  from  raw 
water  supplies  and  has  replaced  breakpoint  chlor- 
ination  in  several  European  plants.  Such  replace- 
ment eliminates  the  prechlorination  step,  which  in 
turn  eliminates  the  formation  of  significant  quanti- 
ties of  halogenated  organics.  Results  to  date  indi- 
cate that  after  biological  equilibrium  is  attained  in 
GAC  adsorbers,  25  to  35%  of  the  influent  dis- 
solved organic  carbon  is  removed  from  solution 
biologically. 
W83-01563 


ASSESSING  MICROBIALLY  MEDIATED 
WATER  QUALITY  PROBLEMS  IN  DISTRD3U- 
TION  SYSTEMS, 

Virginia  Polytechnic  Inst,  and  State  Univ.,  Blacks- 
burg.  Dept.  of  Civil  Engineering. 
W.  R.  Knocke,  and  G.  D.  Boardman. 
Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150O52, 
Price  codes:  A10  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Completion  Report,  206  p,  31  Figs,  34  Tabs,  75 
Refs,  3  Appendi.  OWRT  B-120-VA(1). 

Descriptors:  'Water  Treatment,  'Distribution  Sys- 
tems, Water  Quality,  'Disinfection,  'Bacterial 
Contamination,  Potable  Water,  Water  Quality  De- 
terioration, 'Water  Utilities,  Chlorine  residuals. 

This  research  sought  to  provide  a  review  of  var- 
ious aspects  of  water  quality  problems  that  develop 
in  distribution  systems  during  water  transmission 
by  surveying  water  utility  problems  and  responses 
to  customer  complaints  and  by  conducting  field 
monitoring  studies  of  water  quality  concerns  and 
laboratory  studies  related  to  monitoring  and  con- 
trol techniques.  Specifically,  the  study  assessed  the 
potential  for  microorganisms  to  biologically  medi- 
ate chemical  changes  in  distribution  systems;  inves- 
tigated the  use  of  concentration  techniques  for 
providing  a  representative  microbial  sample  from 
distribution  systems;  examined  the  use  of  chlorine 
and  other  disinfectants  for  control  of  microorgan- 
isms. The  study  concludes  that  most  water  utilities 


lack  fundamental  data  necessary  to  assess  accurate- 
ly water  quality  problems  in  distribution  systems; 
that  a  comprehensive  sampling  and  monitoring 
program  is  often  needed  in  distribution  systems  to 
identify  those  chemical  and  microbial  constituents 
that  are  the  principal  causes  of  quality  problems; 
that  better  maintenance  of  chlorine  residuals  is 
needed  in  distribution  systems;  that  concentration 
techniques  hold  promise  for  aiding  the  assessment 
of  water  quality  problems  in  distribution  systems. 
W83-01573 


THE  IMPACT  OF  NON-HAZARDOUS  SUB- 
STANCES IN  SURFACE  WATER  ON  DRINK- 
ING WATER  QUALITY  (AUSWIRKUNGEN 
PRIMAR  NIGHT  GESUNDHEITSSCHADI- 
GENDER  STOFFE  IM  OBERFLACHWASSER 
AUF  DIE  TRINKWASSERBESCHAFFENHEID. 
Bundesgesundheitsamt,  Berlin  (Germany,  F.R.) 
Inst,  fuer  Wasser-,  Boden-,  und  Lufthygiene. 
U.  Hasselbarth. 

Zeitschrift  fur  Wasser  und  Abwasser  Forschung, 
Vol  15,  No  3,  p  151-156,  June  1982,  9  Fig,  24  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Drinking  water,  'Water  treatment, 
•Algal  growth,  'Eutrophic  lakes,  Flocculation, 
Filtration,  Phosphorus  removal,  Activated  carbon, 
Disinfection,  Chlorination,  Algal  control,  Water 
quality,  Odor-producing  algae,  Odor  control, 
Taste,  Oxidation-reduction  potential,  Degradation 
products. 

Products  of  algal  meabolism  and  degradation  can 
interfere  with  the  preparation  of  drinking  water 
taken  from  eutrophic  lakes  and  reservoirs.  Con- 
trolled floccculation  with  iron  or  aluminum  salts 
and  organic  media  can  remove  algae  almost  entire- 
ly, and  this  should  be  done  even  though  algal 
products  in  drinking  water  pose  no  health  hazards, 
since  they  can  produce  unpleasant  odors  and  taste. 
Flocculation  is  unsuccessful  when  algal  products 
reacting  with  the  flocculation  medium  do  not  form 
insoluble  compounds,  but  form  soluble  salts  or 
cheltates.  This  may  be  alleviated  by  reducing  the 
pH  value  or  by  multiple  flocculation  at  different 
pH  levels.  Products  remaining  in  water  after  floc- 
culation reduce  the  efficacy  of  disinfection  where 
the  oxidation-reduction  potential  is  greatly  reduced 
and  favor  algal  regrowth  in  storage  tanks  and 
pipelines.  Most  algal  products  are  deoxidizing 
agents  and  impair  disinfection  by  consuming  chlo- 
ride or  chlorine  dioxide,  resulting  in  the  produc- 
tion of  trihalomethanes  with  chlorine  or  other 
harmful  substances  with  chlorine  dioxide.  This 
problem  may  be  alleviated  if  the  water  is  pretreat- 
ed  by  phosphorus  elimination  or  by  flocculation, 
filtration,  and  activated  carbon  treatment.  Re- 
growth  of  algae  in  drinking  water  is  usually  treated 
by  extra  chlorination,  which  results  in  an  unpleas- 
ant taste  and  often  in  chlorine  concentrations  that 
exceed  the  maximum  allowed  by  law.  A  better 
method  is  to  prevent  algal  mass  development  in  the 
reservoir  by  phosphorus  elimination.  The  develop- 
ment of  methods  for  quantifying  nutrient  availabil- 
ity needs  to  be  addressed.  (Gish-FRC) 
W83-01586 


A  COMBINED  PROCEDURE  OF  PHOSPHATE 
ELIMINATION  AND  THE  EFFICIENCY  OF 
ADDITIVES:  PLANTS  IN  BERLIN  (VERFAH- 
RENSKOMBINATION  ZUR  PHOSPHATELI- 
MINATION  AN  DEN  BERLFNER  SEEN  UND 
DIE  EFFIZIENZ  VON  ZUSATZSTOFFEN), 
Bundesgesundheitsamt,  Berlin  (Germany,  F.R.). 
Inst,  fuer  Wasser-,  Boden-,  und  Lufthygiene. 
A.  Grohmann. 

Zeitschrift  fur  Wasser  und  Abwasser  Forschung, 
Vol  15,  No  3,  P  121-122,  127-131,  June,  1982.  6 
Fig,  1  Tab,  12  Ref.  English  summary. 

Descriptors:  'Phosphorus  removal,  'Lakes, 
•Water  treatment  facilities,  'Water  quality  control, 
Berlin,  'Federal  Republic  of  Germany,  Floccula- 
tion, Chemical  precipitation,  Destabilization,  Auto- 
mation, Water  treatment. 

Phosphate  elimination  facilities  at  two  Berlin  (Fed- 
eral Republic  of  Germany)  lakes,  Wannsee  and 
Tegeler  See  (TS),  are  described,  and  experimental 
results  providing  information  on  the  efficiency  of 
the  methods  used  are  given.  The  smaller  plant  is 


already  operating  (Wannsee,  1,200  cu  m/hr),  while 
the  larger  (22,000  cu  m/hr)  is  under  construction. 
Both  facilities  incorporate  destabilization  of  sus- 
pended solids,  phosphate  precipitation  with  iron  or 
aluminum  salt  solutions,  and  finally  separation  of 
the  floes  produced.  Design  difficulties  were  experi- 
enced with  the  TS  plant  due  to  the  necessity  of 
allowing  for  variations  in  water  quality  and 
volume  and  for  peak  storm  inflow.  Flocculation 
takes  place  in  pipes  rather  than  in  basins  with 
mixers.  Experiments  with  water  taken  from  the 
channel  to  be  treated  by  the  TS  plant  resulted  in  a 
residual  concentration  of  total  phosphate  of  <  0.3 
mmol/cu  m  (<  10  microg/1  phosphorus,  P),  0.3 
mmol/cu  m  being  the  maximum  residual  phosphate 
allowed  by  Berlin  law.  P  concentration  in  the 
inflow  was  0.2-0.4  mol/cu  m,  originating  in  irriga- 
tion fields;  this  level  is  consistent  with  wastewater- 
treatment-facility  effluent,  which  cannot  usually  be 
treated  so  effectively.  Phosphate  precipitation  and 
solids  or  colloids  destabilization  are  to  be  viewed 
as  independent  reactions  that  both  occur  rapidly 
without  influencing  each  other.  Control  of  a  phos- 
phate-elimination facility  like  that  at  TS  requires 
automatic  analysis  of  phosphate  concentration  in 
the  inflow  and  a  flocculation  test  device  for  con- 
tinuous monitoring.  (Gish-FRC) 
W83-01600 


THE  MECHANISMS  OF  POLIOVIRUS  INAC- 
TIVATION  BY  CHLORINE  DIOXIDE  AND 
IODINE  AND  THE  EFFECTS  OF  CATIONS  ON 
HALOGEN  INACTTVATION, 

New  Mexico  State  Univ.,  Las  Cruces.  Dept.  of 

Biology. 

M.  E.  Alverez,  and  R.  T.  O'Brien. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 

Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150102, 

Price  codes:  A04  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 

NMWRRI  Technical  Report  No  152,  June  1982. 

55   p,    18   Fig,    2   Tab,   62   Ref.   OWRT   A-066- 

NMEX(l),  14-34-0001-1133. 

Descriptors:  'Wastewater  treatment,  'Virus  inacti- 
vation,  'Poliovirus,  'Halogen,  Chlorine,  'Iodine, 
•Chlorine  dioxide,  'Cations. 

Chlorine  dioxide  and  iodine  inactivated  poliovirus 
most  efficiently  at  pH  6.  Sedimentation  analyses  of 
viruses  inactivated  by  chlorine  dioxide  or  iodine  at 
pH  10  showed  that  viral  RNA  separated  from  the 
capsids  converting  the  156S  virions  to  80S  parti- 
cles. However,  the  separation  of  the  RNA  from 
the  capsids  was  not  the  cause  of  virus  inactivation. 
The  RNA  released  co-sedimented  with  intact  35S 
viral  RNA.  Both  chlorine  dioxide  and  iodine  react- 
ed with  the  capsid  proteins  changing  the  isoelectric 
point.  However,  the  mechanisms  of  virus  inactiva- 
tion by  chlorine  dioxide  and  iodine  were  different. 
Iodine  impaired  their  ability  to  absorb  to  HeLa 
cells;  whereas  chlorine  dioxide-inactivated  viruses 
were  able  to  absorb,  penetrate,  and  initiate  uncoat- 
ing  normally.  Cells  infected  with  chlorine  dioxide- 
inactivated  viruses  showed  a  reduced  incorpora- 
tion of  14C  uridine  into  new  viral  RNA.  There- 
fore, chlorine  dioxide-inactivated  poliovirus  by 
reacting  with  the  virus  RNA  and  impaired  the 
ability  of  the  genome  to  act  as  a  template  for  RNA 
synthesis.  The  presence  of  0.1  M  KC1  or  0.1  M 
mgC12  enhanced  the  rate  of  inactivation  of  polio- 
virus by  chlorine  but  not  by  iodine.  Inactivation  of 
poliovirus  by  chlorine  dioxide  was  reduced  in  the 
presence  of  salts  at  pH  10  but  not  at  pH  6.  Salts 
inhibited  the  separation  of  the  RNA  from  the  viral 
capsids  when  viruses  were  inactivated  in  their 
presence.  Moreover,  the  presence  of  MgC12  was 
found  to  stabilize  chlorine  or  chlorine  dioxide- 
inactivated  viruses  in  a  120  to  BOS  RNA-contain- 
ing  structure.  The  rates  of  inactivation  of  polio- 
virus by  halogen  compounds,  and  the  gross  struc- 
tural changes  associated  with  virus  inactivation, 
appear  highly  dependent  on  the  pH  of  the  reaction 
and  on  the  ionic  environment. 
W83-01602 


TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY  TO  MEET  THE 
DRINKING  WATER  STANDARDS  FOR  TRI- 
HALOMETHANES FOR  JACKSON,  MISSIS- 
SIPPI: PART  II,  CHLORAMLNES  AS  ALTER- 
NATE DISFNFECTANTS:  STATE-OF-THE-ART 
REVIEW, 


40 


WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION— Field  5 
Water  Treatment  and  Quality  Alteration — Group  5F 


Mississippi  State  Univ.,  Mississippi  State.  Dept.  of 
Civil  Engineering. 
A.  Shindala. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150276, 
Price  codes:  A05  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Mississippi  Water  Resources  Research  Institute 
Report,  September  1982,  79  p,  22  Fig,  21  Tab,  33 
Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Trihalomethanes,  'Chloramines, 
♦Disinfection,  'Chlorination,  *Water  treatment, 
•Drinking  water,  Halogenated  hydrocarbons,  Bac- 
teria, Protozoa,  Viruses,  Sedimentation,  Residual 
chlorine. 

A  three-month  search  of  the  literature  on  the  effec- 
tiveness of  chloramines  as  primary  disinfectants 
was  carried  out,  as  well  as  site  visits  to  four  water 
treatment  facilities  utilizing  either  chloramines  as 
the  sole  disinfectant  or  a  combination  of  short-term 
free  chlorination  followed  by  chloramines.  The 
two  options  that  appear  most  promising  include: 
the  use  of  chloramines  as  the  sole  disinfectants;  and 
moving  the  point  of  prechlorination  to  past  settling 
followed  by  chloramines  into  the  distribution 
system.  Although  chloramines  have  been  success- 
fully used  by  some  utilities  as  the  sole  disinfectants, 
the  literature  clearly  indicates  that  chloramines  are 
weak  disinfectants  against  bacteria,  and  ineffective 
against  viruses  and  protozoa.  Chloramines  may  not 
provide  a  barrier  against  exposure  of  the  public  to 
a  poorly  disinfected  water,  particularly  in  cases 
where  there  is  a  potential  for  sewage  contamina- 
tion of  the  source  water,  as  is  the  case  for  Jackson, 
Mississippi.  Moving  the  point  of  prechlorination  to 
past  settling  followed  by  chloramines  allows  for 
the  maintenance  of  free  residual  chlorine  between 
the  top  of  the  filters  and  the  entrance  into  the 
distribution  system.  The  free  residual  will  be 
mainly  in  the  form  of  hypochlorous  acid,  which  is 
the  most  powerful  bactericide  of  all  available  chlo- 
rine species.  There  is  a  possibility  of  violating  the 
total  trihalomethanes  criteria  at  certain  times  of  the 
year.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01623 


TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY  TO  MEET  THE 
DRINKING  WATER  STANDARDS  FOR  TRI- 
HALOMETHANES FOR  JACKSON,  MISSIS- 
SIPPI, 

Mississippi  State  Univ.,  Mississippi  State.  Dept.  of 

Civil  Engineering. 

A.  Shindala,  and  B.  A.  Mowry. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 

Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150284, 

Price  codes:  All  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 

Mississippi    Water    Resources    Research    Intitute 

Report,  February  1982.  217  p,  43  Fig,  26  Tab,  59 

Ref,  5  Append.  OWRT  B-209-MS(2),  14-34-0001- 

1240. 

Descriptors:  *Water  treatment,  *Trihalomethanes, 
•Halogenated  hydrocarbons,  *Chlorination, 
•Chlorine  dioxide,  •Chloramines,  'Disinfection, 
•Cost  analysis,  Drinking  water,  Ammoniation,  Po- 
tassium permanganate,  Oxidation,  Ozone,  Hydro- 
gen peroxide,  'Mississippi  Jackson. 

The  City  of  Jackson,  Mississippi,  acquires  the  bulk 
of  its  water  from  the  Pearl  River.  Test  results  from 
phase  three  of  the  National  Organic  Reconnais- 
sance Survey  indicated  total  trihalomethanes 
(TTHM)  concentrations  in  the  finished  water  in 
excess  of  the  recommended  level  of  100  ppb.  To 
arrive  at  an  optimum  solution  to  the  TTHM  prob- 
lem, a  study  was  initiated  with  the  primary  objec- 
tive of  delineating  the  most  cost  effective  treat- 
ment sequence  of  meeting  the  EPA  requirement 
for  TTHM  without  sacrificing  other  water  qualify 
criteria.  Studies  on  the  removal  of  precursors,  pre- 
vention of  trihalomethane  (THM)  formation,  and 
post  treatment  for  the  removal  of  THM  produced 
were  planned.  Both  batch  as  well  as  pilot  plant 
studies  were  utilized.  Process  modifications  studied 
through  pilot  plant  operation  included  relocation 
of  the  chlorine  application  point;  chlorination/am- 
moniation;  chlorination/potassum  permanganate 
oxidation;  and  chlorine  dioxide  utilization.  Bath 
studies  included  jar  tests  to  determine  the  optimum 
conditions  for  coagulation;  rate  of  THM  formation 
studies  to  evaluate  the  effects  of  temperature,  pH 


and  chlorine  dose  on  the  rate  of  formation;  aer- 
ation studies  as  a  post  treatment  method  for  the 
removal  of  THMs;  and  oxidation  studies  through 
ozone,  hydrogen  peroxide,  chlorine  dioxide  and 
potassium  permanganate  to  assess  the  effects  of 
these  oxidizers  on  precursors  removal.  Results  in- 
dicated that  chloramines,  as  a  substitute  for  the 
prechlorination  process,  are  the  most  cost  effective 
and  implementable  option  that  will  satify  the  ob- 
jectives of  controlling  the  THM  formation  as  well 
as  providing  the  necessary  disinfection  to  meet  the 
allowable  limits  for  bacteriological  quality. 
(Moore-SRC) 
W83-01625 


THM  PRECURSORS  REMOVAL  SURFACE 
WATERS  USING  OZONE  HYDROGEN  PER- 
OXIDE OXIDATIONS, 

Louisiana  Tech  Univ.,  Ruston,  Dept.  of  Chemical 
Engineering. 
J.  B.  Fernandes. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150300, 
Price  codes:  A02  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Louisiana  Water  Resources  Research  Institute 
Report,  July  1982,  18  p,  5  Fig,  16  Ref.  OWRT  A- 
051-LAO),  14-34-0001-1120. 

Descriptors:  'Oxidation,  •Ozone,  'Hydrogen  per- 
oxide, 'Water  treatment,  'Trihalomethanes,  Halo- 
genated hydrocarbons,  Hydrogen  ion  concentra- 
tion, Drinking  water,  Cost  analysis,  Reaction  time. 

Trihalomethanes  are  known  to  be  formed  when 
chlorine  is  used  as  a  disinfecting  agent  in  drinking 
water  treatment  plants.  In  order  to  reduce  the 
formation  of  trihalomethanes,  three  alternatives  are 
possible:  the  removal  of  precursors  prior  to  chlor- 
ination; the  removal  of  trihalomethanes  after  chlor- 
ination of  water;  or  the  use  of  disinfectants  other 
than  chlorine.  In  order  to  establish  optimum  condi- 
tions for  trihalomethane  precursor  removal  via  hy- 
drogen peroxide  catalyzed  ozonation,  laboratory 
studies  were  carried  out.  Results  indicate  that  the 
optimum  value  to  obtain  maximum  removal  of 
precursors  from  natural  water  at  a  minimum  ozone 
consumption  level  is  20  mg/1  for  hydroge  perox- 
ide. At  times  greater  than  1  hour,  the  reduction  in 
trihalomethanes  is  not  significant  as  compared  to 
the  additional  costs  which  would  be  incurred  due 
to  the  increased  residence  time.  The  reduction  in 
trihalomethanes  is  maximum  at  a  pH  value  near  7. 
The  concentration  of  ozone  in  the  liquid  phase 
steadily  increases  as  the  reaction  progresses.  Ozone 
is  transferred  from  the  gas  phase  into  the  liquid 
phase  due  to  the  concentration  gradient.  Part  of 
this  ozone  reacts  with  humic  and  other  materials  in 
the  water,  part  in  decomposed  and  the  rest  remains 
unreacted.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01626 


THE  INFLUENCE  OF  MODERN  WATER 
SUPPLY  AND  WASTEWATER  TREATMENT 
SYSTEMS  ON  WATER  QUALITY  IN  MICRO- 
NESIA, 

Guam  Univ.,  Agana.  Water  and  Energy  Research 

Inst. 

P.  A.  Cowan. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 

Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150359, 

Price  codes:  A05  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 

Technical  Report  No  36,  August  1982.  96  p,  30 

Fig,  44  Tab,  6  Ref.  OWRT  A-020-GUAM(2),  14- 

34-0001-0112,  14-34-0001-1112. 

Descriptors:  'Marine  Environment,  'Water  pollu- 
tion, 'Public  health,  'Drinking  water,  'Water 
treatment,  'Water  quality,  *Micronesia, 
•Wastewater  treatment,  Bacteria,  Turbidity, 
Chlorination,  Sanitary  wastewater. 

Approximately  40%  of  the  population  of  the  Trust 
Territory  of  the  Pacific  Islands  is  concentrated  in 
seven  district  centers.  A  major  destructive  force 
upon  the  integrity  of  the  marine  environments 
surrounding  these  areas  of  high  population  density 
is  the  failure  to  collect,  treat  and  dispose  of  human 
wastes.  The  marine  evironment  immediately  sur- 
rounding the  district  centers  of  Palau  (Koror)  nd 
Ponape  (Kolonia)  were  each  evaluated  for  a  period 
of  approximately  one  month.  Specific  water  qual- 


41 


ity  parameters  quantified  included:  total  and  fecal 
coliforms;  water  temperature;  salinity;  pH;  turbi- 
dity; and  dissolved  oxygen.  Since  the  principal 
water  quality  monitoring  priority  in  the  Trust  Ter- 
ritory is  the  continued  evaluation  of  the  district 
center  Public  Water  System,  a  concurrent  monitor- 
ing program  was  maintained  to  study  the  bacteri- 
ological and  physical  integrity  of  the  drinking 
water  distribution  system.  In  Koror,  those  areas 
immediately  east  and  west  of  T-dock  and  the  small 
bay  adjoining  the  Community  Club  should  experi- 
ence improvements  in  water  quality,  given  imple- 
mentation of  a  fully  operational  wastewater 
system.  In  Kolonia,  all  near  shore  marine  areas 
should  be  positively  impacted.  The  waters  sur- 
rounding Ponape,  a  high  island,  will  continue  to 
suffer  from  high  turbidities  during  sustained  rain- 
fall events.  Numerous  drinking  water  standard  vio- 
lations were  measured  in  each  system.  The  systems 
in  Colonia  (Yap)  and  Koror  are  operated  on  an 
intermittent  basis  and,  as  such,  patrons  should  boil 
water  prior  to  culinary  use.  The  service  in  Kolonia 
is  continuous;  however,  until  improved  chlorina- 
tion practices  at  the  water  treatment  plant  are 
effected,  boiling  should  be  mandatory.  (Moore- 
SRC) 
W83-01631 


PREFORMED  MAGNESIUM  HYDROXIDE 
PRECIPITATE  FOR  SECOND-STEP  CONCEN- 
TRATION OF  ENTEROVIRUSES  FROM 
DRINKING  AND  SURFACE  WATERS, 

Service  de  Controle  des  Eauz  de  la  Ville  de  Paris 

(France). 

P.  Vilagines,  B.  Sarrette,  and  R.  Vilagines. 

Canadian  Journal  of  Microbiology,  Vol  28,  No  7,  p 

783-787,  July,  1982.  6  Tab,  15  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Enteroviruses,  *Concentration, 
•Water  treatment,  Drinking  water,  Potable  water, 
Natural  waters,  Viruses,  Purification,  Water  qual- 
ity, Magnesium  hydroxide. 

A  method  is  described  for  the  second-step  concen- 
tration of  viruses  from  large  volumes  of  drinking 
and  surface  waters.  Seeded  viruses  present  in  the 
first  eluate,  performed  with  a  50  mM  glycine 
buffer,  pH  11.5,  were  absorbed  on  a  preformed 
magnesium  hydroxide  precipitate.  After  low-speed 
centrifugation  they  were  desorbed  and  adjusted  to 
pH  7  with  Mcllvaine  citrate-phosphate  buffer.  In 
these  experimental  conditions  90%  of  the  viruses 
present  in  the  300  mL  first  eluate  were  reconcen- 
trated  in  a  final  volume  of  40  mL.  The  recovery 
efficiency  was  independent  of  either  virus  concen- 
tration or  water  quality.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01645 


APPROPRIATE  TECHNOLOGY  TO  IMPROVE 
DRINKING  WATER  QUALITY  IN  MOSUL, 
IRAQ, 

Mosul  Univ.  (Iraq). 

S.  Ahmad,  M.  T.  Wais,  and  F.  Y.  R.  Agha. 

Aqua,  No  4,  p  439-444,  1982.  8  Fig,  2  Tab,  12  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Turbidity,  *Water  treatment,  *Sand 
filters,  'Sedimentation,  'Water  quality  control, 
'Pretreatment  of  water,  Filtration,  Alum,  Water 
conveyance,  Developing  countries,  Chlorination, 
Coagulation. 

Studies  reveal  that  the  turbidity  of  water  drawn 
from  surface  sources  can  be  considerably  reduced 
by  pretreatment  using  sedimentation  processes. 
Alum  coagulation  followed  by  rapid  sand  filtration 
will  offer  reduced  turbidity  and  high  bacteriolog- 
ical quality.  Superchlorination  of  treated  water 
may  not  be  necessary  during  periods  of  high  turbi- 
dity. The  water  can  be  prepared  for  direct  applica- 
tion to  slow  sand  filtration  by  providing  long  set- 
tling periods.  This  also  allows  less  shock  to  be 
placed  on  unit  operations  due  to  a  sudden  increase 
in  turbidity.  Reduction  of  turbidity  at  the  initial 
stages  of  treatment  saves  on  the  amount  of  alum 
used,  while  freeing  the  water  supply  system  of 
deposits.  This  allows  better  flow,  less  wear  and 
tear  on  pipe  materials,  and  no  deposits  at  the 
bottom  of  roof  cisterns.  A  pretreatment  stage  of 
plain  sedimentation  acts  as  a  buffer  against  changes 
in  river  water  quality  and  provides  a  reserve 
supply  of  water  during  an  emergency.  Plain  sedi- 


Wm 


Field  5— WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION 


Group  5F— Water  Treatment  and  Quality  Alteration 


mentation  may  be  especially  useful  in  developing 
countries  where  skilled   plant  operation   for  the 
control  of  alum  coagulation  is  sometimes  limited. 
(Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01646 


SIMPLE  WATER  TREATMENT  PROCESSES 
(WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  FILTRA- 
TION AND  DISINFECTION), 

International  Inst,  for  Hydraulic  and  Environmen- 
tal Engineering,  Delft  (Netherlands). 
C.  J.  Vaillant. 
Aqua,  No  4,  p  431-437,  1982.  7  Fig,  5  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Water  treatment,  'Disinfection, 
•Sand  filters,  ♦Economics,  *Pretreatment  of  water, 
•Drinking  water,  Chlorination,  Filtration,  Water 
conveyance,  Groundwater  mining,  Performance 
evaluation,  Raw  water. 

Simple  water  treatment  processes  are  character- 
ized by  simplicity  of  construction,  operation  and 
maintenance,  and  reliability,  with  good  perform- 
ance efficiency  and  effluent  quality.  Hygienically 
safe  groundwater  is  generally  the  preferred  raw 
water  source  for  water  supply  systems.  When  sur- 
face water  is  the  only  available  source  of  raw 
water,  it  must  be  disinfected  before  potable  use. 
Usually  chlorination  cannot  be  applied  as  the  sole 
treatment  step.  Pretreatment  by  rapid  filtration  is 
often  required.  Slow  sand  filtration  may  be  the 
most  reliable  and  economic  purfication  method  for 
preparing  safe  drinking  water  in  many  countries. 
Slow  sand  filtration,  however,  has  large  space  re- 
quirements, higher  initial  investments,  low  flexibil- 
ity, algal  buildup,  and  problems  of  ferrous  and 
manganous  compound  release.  Some  flow  schemes 
for  groundwater  and  surface  water  treatment  are 
outlined.  Often,  simple  water  treatment  processes 
can  be  successfully  used  under  local  circumstances 
in  place  of  more  complex  systems.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01649 


EVALUATING  WATER  TREATMENT  TECH- 
NIQUES FOR  BARIUM  REMOVAL, 

Metcalf  and  Eddy,  Inc.,  Des  Plaines,  IL. 
T.  L.  Krause,  and  E.  L.  Stover. 
Journal  of  the  American  Water  Works  Associ- 
ation, Vol  74,  No  9,  p  478-485,  September,  1982.  6 
Fig,  13  Tab,  7  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Barium,  *Ion  exchange,  *Chemical 
precipitation,  *Water  treatment,  Lime,  Water  soft- 
ening, Direct  filtration,  Filtration,  Costs. 

Ion  exchange,  lime  softening,  and  chemical  pre- 
cipitation-direct filtration  were  effective  in  remov- 
ing barium  from  well  water  in  northern  Illinois. 
However,  estimated  total  annual  equivalent  costs 
for  a  66  liter  per  sec  treatment  system  were  much 
lower  for  the  ion  exchange  system  ($157,200)  than 
for  lime  softening  ($429,800)  and  chemical  precipi- 
tation-direct filtration  ($472,700).  Barium  levels  in 
the  well  water  were  7-8  mg  per  liter  at  first  flush, 
stabilizing  to  5-6  mg  per  liter  after  2  hours  pump- 
ing. These  levels  are  considerably  higher  than  the 
1  mg  per  liter  maximum  contaminant  level  speci- 
fied by  the  Safe  Drinking  Water  Act.  Source  of  the 
Ba  ions  is  natural  leaching  from  the  Cambrian- 
Ordovician  aquifer.  Ba  removals  were  >  94%  for 
the  ion  exchange  process,  up  to  95.6%  for  the 
chemical  precipitation-direct  filtration  process,  and 
about  94%  for  lime  softening.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01651 


THE  CASE  FOR  EUROPE'S  DISINFECTION 
PRACTICES, 

C.  J.  Morris. 

Consulting  Engineer  (St.  Joseph),  Vol  59,  No  3,  p 

85-88,  September,  1982.  1  Fig. 

Descriptors:  *Drinking  water,  *Water  treatment, 
•Disinfection,  'Europe,  United  States,  Regula- 
tions, Chlorination,  Ozonation,  Activated  carbon, 
Adsorption,  Disinfectants. 

A  steady  divergence  of  philosophy  and  practice 
with  regard  to  drinking  water  disinfection  has  been 
noted  between  Europe  and  the  United  States.  In 
the  US  almost  total  reliance  is  placed  on  chlorina- 


tion, while  in  Europe  great  emphasis  is  found  on 
the  use  of  ozone.  Europe  displays  a  greater  tend- 
ency toward  employing  two  or  more  oxidant-disin- 
fectants,  together  with  multiple  dosing  points. 
Europe  calls  for  regulation  of  a  maximum  disinfec- 
tant residual  in  the  finished  water,  while  the  US 
calls  for  a  minimum  residual  reaching  the  consum- 
er. In  recent  developments  Europeans  appear  less 
constrained  by  budgetary  consideration  than  US 
planners.  Quality  goals  are  set  first,  and  then  the 
most  economic  plan  for  meeting  those  goals  is 
sought.  Thus  in  Europe  there  is  a  greater  emphasis 
on  achieving  the  best  feasible  water  quality,  rather 
than  simply  on  meeting  minimum  acceptable  stand- 
ards of  quality  as  exemplified  by  maximum  con- 
taminant levels.  These  considerations  appear  to 
account  for  the  facts  that  granular  activated- 
carbon  has  become  much  more  readily  accepted  as 
a  technique  in  Europe  than  in  the  US  and  that 
multiple  use  of  disinfections  is  so  much  further 
advanced  there.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01652 


CHLOROPHYLL -A  RAW  WATER  QUALITY 
PARAMETER, 

Texas  Tech  Univ.,  Lubbock.  Dept.  of  Civil  Engi- 
neering. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5A. 

W83-01657 


HEALTH  EFFECTS  OF  DRINKING  WATER 
DISINFECTANTS  AND  DISINFECTANT  BY- 
PRODUCTS, 

Health  Effects  Research  Lab.,  Cincinnati,  OH. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5C. 
W83-01740 


THE  NECKAR  AS  SUPPLIER  OF  INDUSTRIAL 
AND  BACKUP  WATER  (DER  NECKAR  ALS 
LIEFERANT  VON  BETRIEBS-UND  RE- 
SERVEWASSER), 

Technische  Werke  der  Stadt  Stuttgart  A.G.  (Ger- 
many, F.R.). 
K.  E.  Oehler. 

Gas-Wasserfach  Wasser-Abwasser,  Vol  122,  No 
12,  p  566-571,  December,  1982.  2  Fig,  5  Tab. 
English  summary. 

Descriptors:  'Industrial  water,  'Neckar  River, 
•Water  quality,  'Water  delivery,  Water  distribu- 
tion, Water  supply,  'Drinking  water,  Potable 
water,  'Federal  Republic  of  Germany,  Stuttgart, 
Lake  Constance,  Costs,  Water  treatment,  Water 
supply  development,  Rivers. 

Water  from  the  Neckar  River  was  first  used  to 
supply  the  city  of  Stuttgart  (Federal  Republic  of 
Germany)  with  drinking  water  in  1882,  but  after 
World  War  II  this  became  problematic  due  to 
pollution  of  the  river  by  wastewaters.  After  the 
Lake  Constance  water  distribution  system  went 
into  operation  in  1958,  regular  use  of  the  Neckar 
for  drinking  water  was  no  longer  necessary.  The 
proposal  to  supply  households  with  less-than-fully 
treated  Neckar  water  for  non-drinking  purposes 
was  rejected  because  this  water  might  be  drunk 
mistakenly  or  to  save  money  (being  cheaper  than 
drinking  water),  to  avoid  duplication  of  the  water 
distribution  system,  and  because  even  some  non- 
drinking  water  would  have  to  be  supplied  from 
remote  sources,  and  thus  it  had  neither  ecological 
nor  economic  advantages.  Instead,  industrial-qual- 
ity water  was  delivered  from  the  Neckar  to  a  few 
large-volume  users  relatvely  close  to  the  supply 
source.  In  an  emergency,  the  Neckar  water-works 
would  be  capable  of  supplying  drinking  water. 
Analysis  of  Neckar  water  done  in  1980  showed 
that  for  most  parameters,  it  fell  into  the  EEC  Al 
category  (simple  physical  treatment  and  disinfec- 
tion required);  parameters  causing  water  quality  to 
be  below  this  standard  were  coloration  (green 
color  caused  by  eutrophication  of  dammed  sec- 
tions), iron,  manganese,  ammonium  concentration, 
phosphate,  and  odor.  Ammonium  and  phoshate 
were  the  only  parameters  in  serious  violation  of  Al 
standards.  Water  treatment  of  the  Neckar  consists 
of  chlorination  (2-5  g/cu  m),  flocculation  with 
aluminum  sulfate  (30-50  g/cu  m),  sedimentation, 
fast  and  slow  filtration,  and  activated  carbon  treat- 
ment (the  last-mentioned  only  in  the  case  of  drink- 


ing water  preparation).   This  treatment  and   the 
short  distribution  distances  have  allowed  this  non- 
drinking  water  to  be  supplied  at  half  the  cost  of 
drinking  water.  (Gish-FRC) 
W83-01749 

5G.  Water  Quality  Control 

CHARACTERIZATION  OF  AQUIFERS  DESIG- 
NATED AS  POTENTIAL  DRINKING  WATER 
SOURCES  IN  MISSISSIPPI, 

Geological  Survey,  Jackson,  MS.  Water  Resources 

Div. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  4B. 

W83-01403 


DETERMINATION  OF  SENSITIVITY  OF 
WATER  QUALITY  PARAMETERS  FOR 
STREAM  POLLUTION  CONTROL, 

National   Cheng   Kung  Univ.,   Tainan   (Taiwan). 

Dept.  of  Environmental  Engineering. 

C.  G.  Wen,  J.  F.  Kao,  L.  K.  Wang,  and  M.  H. 

Wang. 

Journal  of  Environmental  Management,  Vol   14, 

No  1,  p  17-34,  January,  1982.  20  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Systems  analysis,  'Sensitivity  analy- 
sis, 'Dissolved  oxygen,  'Biochemical  oxygen 
demand,  Fate  of  pollutants,  Water  pollution  con- 
trol. Alternative  planning,  Decision  making,  Tidal 
rivers,  Rivers,  Streams,  Model  studies,  Oxygen, 
Oxygen  deficit,  Nitrification,  Phytosynthesis. 
Bottom  sediments,  Uptake,  Mixing,  Aearation,  Dis- 
persion coefficient. 

Formulas  were  derived  to  help  decision  makers 
select  a  preferred  water  pollution  control  alterna- 
tive by  means  of  system  analysis  of  sensitivity.  For 
tidal  and  nontidal  streams  relationships  were  de- 
scribed mathematically  for  the  sesitivity  of:  BOD 
to  deoxygenation  coefficient,  dissolved  oxygen 
(DO)  deficit  to  deoxygenation  coefficient,  DO 
deficit  to  nitrification  coefficient,  CO  deficit  to 
photosynthesis  rate,  DO  deficit  to  bottom  deposit 
uptake  rate,  DO  deficit  to  reaeration  coefficients, 
BOD  to  longitudinal  dispersion  coefficients,  and 
DO  deficit  to  longitudinal  dispersion  coefficients. 
(Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01413 


AERATION  OF  WATER  SUPPLD2S  FOR  FISH 
CULTURE  IN  FLOWING  WATER, 

Mansfield  State  Coll.,  PA.  Dept.  of  Biology. 

R.  W.  Soderberg. 

Progressive  Fish-Culturist,  Vol  44,  No  2,  p  89-93, 

April,  1982.  1  Fig,  2  Tab,  23  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Aquaculture,  'Aeration,  'Dissolved 
oxygen,  Fish,  Oxygen  requirements,  Oxygen  trans- 
fer. 

Reaeration  methods  for  flowing  water  in  aquacul- 
ture are  reviewed  and  analyzed.  Efficiencies  of 
some  gravity  devices  are:  simple  weir,  6-12%;  in- 
clined corrugated  sheet,  25-43%;  inclined  corru- 
gated sheet  with  holes,  30-50%;  splashboard,  14- 
38%;  lattice,  34-56%;  and  cascade,  23-52%.  These 
can  be  calculated  from  a  formula  based  on  actual 
increases  in  dissolved  oxygen  and  possible  in- 
creases in  dissolved  oxygen.  The  formula  can  be 
rearranged  to  solve  for  expected  dissolved  oxygen 
concentrations  from  an  aeration  device  of  known 
efficiency.  An  equation  is  given  to  calculate 
oxygen  transfer  by  mechanical  devices  such  as 
surface  aerators.  It  can  also  be  used  to  determine 
the  required  size  of  a  unit  or  to  determine  the 
energy  costs  for  operation.  Oxygen  requirements 
of  fish  are  dicsussed.  At  a  dissolved  oxygen  tension 
of  70-90  mm  Hg,  water  used  in  fish  culture  must  be 
reconditioned  by  aeration.  The  minimum  dissolved 
oxygen  varies  with  fish  species,  water  temperature, 
and  elevation  above  sea  level.  (Cassar-FRC). 
W83-01422 

AN  ASSESSMENT  OF  ALTERNATIVE  WATER 
QUALITY  POLICIES:  THE  BEDFORD-OUSE 
CASE  STUDY, 


42 


WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION— Field  5 

Water  Quality  Control — Group  5G 


Florence  Univ.  G^y)-  1st.  di  Informatica  e  Siste- 

mistica. 

S.  Marsili-Libelh. 

Journal  of  Environmental  Management,  Vol   14, 

No  4,  p  375-388,  July,  1982.  6  Fig,  3  Tab,  17  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Water  quality,  Management,  'Efflu- 
ent limitations,  Optimization,  Bedford  River,  Ouse 
River,  'England,  Biological  oxygen  demand,  Dis- 
solved oxygen,  River  basins. 

Two  approaches  to  water  quality  management  for 
the  Bedford-Ouse  system  were  compared.  These 
alternatives  were:  a  coordinated  policy,  in  which 
the  discharge  of  each  treatment  plant  is  determined 
in  context  of  the  entire  basin  requirements,  and  a 
fixed  discharge  design  where  discharges  are  set  to 
a  common  value,  disregarding  their  effects  on  the 
receiving  water.  Four  treatment  plants  with  flows 
of  0.23-0.62  cu  m  per  sec  and  an  80  km  reach  were 
considered.  The  advantages  and  cost  effectiveness 
of  the  coordinated  approach  and  the  limits  of  the 
fixed  discharge  scheme  were  clearly  demonstrated. 
Although  the  coordinated  approach  would  cost 
10%  more  than  the  fixed  discharge  scheme,  it 
would  maintain  dissolved  oxygen  at  >  5  mg  per 
liter  for  the  80  km  section  of  the  river.  The  fixed 
discharge  scheme  would  gradually  decrease  dis- 
solved oxygen  to  zero  after  30  km.  Similarly,  BOD 
levels  would  vary  from  0  to  8  mg  per  liter  in  the 
coordinated  approach;  and  from  3  to  14  mg  per 
liter  with  fixed  discharge.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01432 


A  DESIGN  FOR  AQUATIC  MONITORING 
PROGRAMS, 

Battelle  Pacific  Northwest  Labs.  Richland,  WA. 
J.  R.  Skalski,  and  D.  H.  McKenzie. 
Journal  of  Environmental  Management,  Vol   14, 
No  3,  p  237-251,  May,  1982.  2  Fig,  1  Tab,  11  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Monitoring,  'Experimental  design, 
'Nuclear  powerplants,  Powerplants,  Statistical 
analysis,  Plankton,  Benthos,  Control-treatment 
pairing,  Aquatic  populations,  Errors,  Graphical 
analysis,  Water  pollution  effects. 

A  control-treatment  pairing  (CTP)  design  for 
aquatic  monitoring  at  nuclear  powerplants  is  pre- 
sented for  impact  assessment  in  benthic  and  plank- 
ton communities.  It  accounts  for  the  constraints 
operating  on  a  monitoring  program:  site  specific 
environmental  characteristics,  quantitative  objec- 
tives of  the  monitoring  program,  experimental 
error,  and  limitations  of  time  and  effort.  The  com- 
peting constraints  are  incorporated  into  the  design 
of  aquatic  monitoring  studies  by  a  graphical  tech- 
nique. Most  monitoring  programs  can  be  defined 
by  2  levels  of  plant  operating  status;  1  or  2  levels  of 
sample  collection  depth;  4,  6,  or  12  levels  of  sam- 
pling times;  1  to  5  levels  of  depth  contours;  and  1 
or  2  levels  of  position  of  station  pairs  relative  to 
the  nuclear  powerplant.  The  estimates  of  experi- 
mental error  calculated  from  application  of  CTP 
design  to  benthic  and  plankton  communities  at  6 
nuclear  powerplants  are  given.  A  CTP  monitoring 
program  design  as  3  distinct  advantages  over  a 
traditional  unpaired  design  in  that  it:  (1)  establishes 
a  relationship  between  biota  changes  and  power- 
plant  operation,  (2)  designates  control-treatment 
observations  made  in  several  years  as  replications, 
and  (3)  reduces  experimental  error.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01437 


CHANGE  IN  LAKE  TROPHIC  STATE  AND  IN- 
TERNAL PHOSPHORUS  RELEASE  AFTER 
ALUMINUM  SULFATE  APPLICATION, 

Kent  State  Univ.,  OH.  Dept.  of  Biological  Sci- 
ences. 

G.  D.  Cooke,  R.  T.  Heath,  R.  H.  Kennedy,  and  M. 
R.  McComas. 

Water  Resources  Bulletin,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  699-705, 
August,  1982.  3  Fig,  10  Tab,  21  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Trophic  state,  'Lake  restoration, 
•Aluminum  sulfate,  Sulfates,  Lakes,  Eutrophica- 
tion,  Mesotrophic  lakes,  Phosphorus,  Nutrients, 
Ohio,  Dimictic  lakes,  West  Twin  Lake,  Dollar 
Lake. 

The  effectiveness  of  a  maximum  hypolimnetic  dose 
of  aluminum  sulfate,  defined  as  that  amount  of 


alum  which  can  be  added  to  a  lake  with  carbonate 
alkalinity  until  the  concentration  of  dissolved  alu- 
minum reaches  50  micrograms  Al/liter,  in  control- 
ling the  release  of  P  from  anaerobic  sediments  and 
in  improving  lake  trophic  state  was  evaluated.  The 
treatment  proved  effective,  as  evidenced  by  low- 
ered lake  concentrations  and  reduced  rates  of  inter- 
nal P  release.  The  treated  lakes  shifted  from  eutro- 
phic  to  mesotrophic  and  exhibited  increases  in 
algal  phyla  other  than  Cyanophyta.  One  lake,  West 
Twin,  experienced  a  significant  reduction  in  spe- 
cies diversity  of  plantonic  microcrustacea,  and 
there  was  a  lakeward  extension  of  the  macrophyte 
community.  The  treatment  appears  to  have  longev- 
ity. Internal  P  release  continued  during  summer 
months.  Four  years  after  treatment,  Dollar  Lake 
exhibits  indications  of  a  decrease  in  effectiveness  of 
the  aluminum  hydroxide  layer,  as  evidenced  by 
doubling  of  the  hypolimnetic  phosphorus  concen- 
tration between  1976  and  1978.  This  lake  restora- 
tion technique  appears  to  have  great  promise  as  a 
means  of  accelerating  lake  recovery  following  di- 
version of  nutrient  income.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01473 


A  PROTOTYPE  COMPUTER  INTERACTIVE 
GROUND  WATER  MONITORING  METHOD- 
OLOGY FOR  SURFACE  WATER  IMPOUND- 
MENTS, 

Kaman  Tempo,  Santa  Barbara,  CA. 

L.  G.  Everett,  and  W.  O.  Rasmussen. 

Water  Resources  Bulletin,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  605-612, 

August,  1982.  4  Fig,  2  Tab,  3  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Groundwater,  'Water  quality, 
'Monitoring,  Computers,  Coal  mining,  'Mine 
wastes,  Groundwater  pollution,  'Computer  pro- 
grams. 

An  approach  to  developing  a  groundwater  moni- 
toring program  for  coal  strip  mine  operations  has 
been  developed.  The  method  has  evolved  over  the 
past  few  years,  and  involves  a  computer  program 
which  automates  components  of  that  methodolo- 
gy. This  interactive  computer  program  is  designed 
to  be  operated  by  persons  with  little,  if  any,  previ- 
ous exposure  to  computers.  The  method  is  com- 
prised of  several  steps.  Associated  with  each  step 
are  several  objectives  that  are  to  be  met.  Finally, 
there  are  numerous  alternative  monitoring  methods 
available  for  meeting  each  objective.  For  a  given 
step  and  objective  the  user  is  presented  with  a 
description  of  the  principle  involved  with  each 
alternative  method,  the  advantages  and  disadvan- 
tages of  each  method  and  the  associated  cost.  The 
user  is  then  queried  as  to  which  method  is  now 
being  used  and  which  he  wishes  to  use  in  the 
future  for  his  specific  mine  sites.  The  totality  of  the 
alternative  methods  is  the  tailor-made  overall 
groundwater  monitoring  design  he  has  assembled 
for  his  mine  site.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01474 


GEOMETRIC  VARIATIONS  IN  RESERVOIR 
WATER  QUALITY, 

Massachusettes  Inst,  of  Tech.,  Cambridge.  Dept.  of 

Civil  Engineering. 

S.  A.  Wells,  and  J.  A.  Gordon. 

Water  Resources  Bulletin,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  661-670, 

August,  1982.  7  Fig,  7  Tab,  18  Ref.  OWRT  A-054- 

TENN. 

Descriptors:  'Reservoirs,  'Water  quality,  'Model 
studies,  Mathematical  models,  Water  management, 
Water  supply,  Physical  properties,  'Tennessee, 
Center  Hill  Lake,  Cherokee  Lake. 

An  adequate  basis  for  determining  geometric  as- 
sumptions in  reservoir  water  quality  models  was 
sought.  The  influence  of  the  lateral  dimension  on 
water  quality  parameters  proved  to  be  negligible. 
The  most  important  parameters,  temperature  and 
dissolved  oxygen,  both  showed  little  variation  over 
the  width  of  the  study  reservoirs  -  Center  Hill 
Lake  and  Cherokee  Lake.  The  statistical  analysis 
of  the  data,  using  a  comparison  of  standard  devi- 
ations in  each  direction,  resulted  in  the  conclusion 
that  lateral  variations  were  not  significant.  Even 
from  a  theoretical  standpoint,  mixing  processes 
were  occurring  at  a  rate  faster  than  water  quality 
change  over  the  lateral  dimension.  Both  vertical  an 


longitudinal  variations  in  dissolved  oxygen  would 
be  expected.  It  was  concluded  that  lateral  variation 
in  water  quality  is  negligible.  It  was  also  deter- 
mined that  one-and  two-dimensional  water  quality 
models  will  adequately  predict  reservoir  water 
quality  in  most  cases.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01481 


FARMERS*  ATTITUDES  TOWARD  GOVERN- 
MENT INVOLVEMENT  IN  PREVENTING  AG- 
RICULTURAL NONPOINT  SOURCE  WATER 
POLLUTION, 

Purdue  Univ.,  Lafayette,  IN.  Dept.  of  Agricultural 

Economics. 

F.  D.  Parent,  and  S.  B.  Lovejoy. 

Water  Resources  Bulletin,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  593-597, 

August,  1982.  5  Tab,  12  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Erosion  control,  'Conservation, 
'Farming,  'Indiana,  Financial  aspects,  Water  pol- 
lution sources,  Nonpoint  pollution  sources,  Sedi- 
mentation, Pollution  load. 

At  present  agricultural  lands  are  producing  vast 
amounts  of  sediment,  which  is  a  primary  cause  of 
water  pollution.  However,  if  erosion  control  prac- 
tices were  more  widely  adopted,  this  problem 
could  be  lessened.  Farmers  on  a  small  watershed  in 
northeastern  Indiana  were  interviewed  before  and 
after  a  major  demonstration  project  focusing  upon 
the  control  of  erosion  was  performed.  A  majority 
of  the  farmers  felt  that  those  who  adopt  pollution 
control  techniques  should  not  pay  their  entire  cost. 
Over  60%  of  the  farmers  also  believed  that  the 
federal  government  should  play  an  important  role 
in  soil  conservation  programs.  However,  fewer 
respondents  were  willing  to  use  federal  taxation  to 
completely  clean  up  the  water  resources.  A  major- 
ity of  the  respondents  indicated  that  the  individual 
landowner  should  be  responsible  for  controlling 
the  soil  erosion  problem.  These  findings  suggest 
the  farmers  want  assistance  from  the  government, 
but  feel  that  the  individual  landowners  should 
retain  the  right  to  decide  on  the  land  use  practices 
to  be  employed  on  their  own  farms.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01506 


LABORATORY  EXPERIMENTS  AS  AN  AID 
TO  LAKE  RESTORATION  DECISIONMAK- 
ING, 

Southwest   Florida  Water  Management   District, 

Brooks  ville. 

P.  M.  Dooris,  V.  Ley,  and  D.  F.  Martin. 

Water  Resources  Bulletin,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  599-603, 

August,  1982.  1  Fig,  5  Tab,  13  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Lake  restoration,  'Sedimentation, 
'Dredging,  Drawdown,  Sediment  control,  Deci- 
sion making,  Management,  Rehabilitation,  Lakes, 
Physical  properties,  Chemical  properties,  Water 
management,  Lake  management,  Laboratory  stud- 
ies, 'Florida,  Sawgrass  Lake. 

Laboratory  experiments  are  described  which  were 
used  to  evaluate  the  suitability  of  sediment  from 
Sawgrass  Lake  for  a  drawdown/consolidation  res- 
toration procedure.  The  experiments  as  described 
could  be  applied  to  other  lakes  as  an  aid  to  deci- 
sionmaking in  lake  rehabilitation  projects.  Saw- 
grass Lake  is  located  in  Pinellas  County  on  the 
outskirts  of  St.  Petersburg,  Florida.  Laboratory 
experiments  conducted  included  chemical  analysis 
of  sediment  (water  content,  organic  content,  pesti- 
cides, nutrients),  rate  of  sediment  compaction  stud- 
ies and  rehydration  at  ambient  conditions,  and  the 
effect  of  treatment  with  alum  and  other  chemicals. 
Several  considerations  indicated  that  drawdown 
was  not  a  good  choice  for  improving  the  condition 
of  Sawgrass  Lake.  Chiefly  these  considerations 
centered  on  the  composition  of  the  peat  or  accu- 
mulated organic  ooze  overlying  the  hard  bottom 
and  the  physical  properties  of  the  overlying  organ- 
ic material.  Significant  concentrations  of  chlordane 
and  PCB  were  found  in  lake  sediment  with  high 
concentrations  of  nitrogen,  iron,  zinc,  and  phos- 
phorus. These  data  indicated  the  desirability  of 
removing  the  sediments  from  the  lake.  Considering 
the  problems  of  sediment  composition  and  unfa- 
vorable properties,  mechanical  dredging  of  the 
lake  was  favored  over  drawdown  for  restoration. 
Storm  water  management  problems  also  favored 


43 


Field  5— WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION 


Group  5G— Water  Quality  Control 

dredging.  This  study  emphasizes  the  need  for  the 
feasibility  evaluation  of  potential  lake  rehabilitation 
methods  prior  to  their  being  incorporated  into  a 
restoration  plan.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01507 

LOW        FLOWS        OF        MASSACHUSETTS 
STREAMS, 

Massachusetts  Univ.,  Amherst.  Dept.  of  Civil  En- 
gineering. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  2E. 
W83-01528 


REDUCTION  OF  PH  IN  WATERS  WITH  HIGH 
TOTAL  ALKALINITY  AND  LOW  TOTAL 
HARDNESS, 

Alabama      Agricultural      Experiment      Station, 

Auburn. 

B.  K.  Mandal,  and  C.  E.  Boyd. 

Progressive  Fish-Culturist,  Vol  42,  No  3,  p  183- 

185,  July,  1980.  1  Tab,  5  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Fish  conservation,  'Alkalinity, 
•Hardness,  'Hydrogen  ion  concentrations, 
•Gypsum,  'Water  quality  control,  Fishkills, 
Growth,  Alum,  Ammonium  compounds,  Calcium, 
Magnesium. 

In  some  natural  waters,  calcium  and  magnesium 
concentrations  are  too  low  to  precipitate  carbonate 
ions,  and  pH  levels  may  rise  to  above  10.  When 
water  from  wells  of  the  southeastern  United  States 
which  experience  high  pH  levels  is  added  to  fish 
ponds,  poor  growth  or  fishkills  may  result.  The 
reduction  of  pH  levels  in  fish  ponds  by  the  applica- 
tion of  ammonium  sulfate,  filter  alum  or  agricultur- 
al gypsum  was  studied  in  laboratory  tests.  Experi- 
mental pools  treated  with  filter  alum  and  ammoni- 
um sulfate  showed  little  decrease  in  total  alkalinity, 
while  pools  treated  with  agricultural  gypsum 
showed  a  significant  decline  in  total  alkalinity. 
Total  hardness  also  remained  essentially  un- 
changed except  in  pools  treated  with  agricultural 
gypsum.  Values  for  pH  were  usually  about  1  unit 
lower  for  the  gypsum-treated  than  for  the  control 
pools.  By  visual  judgment,  none  of  the  treatments 
reduced  phytoplankton  growth.  It  was  concluded 
that  agricultural  gypsum  at  about  2,000  milli- 
grams/liter has  no  adverse  effects  on  fish  or  other 
aquatic  organisms  and  effectively  lowers  the  pH  of 
natural  waters.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01535 


increased  ambient  P  levels  resulted  from  internal  P 
loadings  caused  by  prolonged  flooding  of  the  ex- 
tensive littoral  zones  and  flooding  of  intensively 
fanned  agricultural  islands  resulting  from  the 
higher  regulation  schedule.  The  increased  P  con- 
centrations coupled  with  a  reduction  of  the  N 
loading  through  external  nutrient  loading  abate- 
ment measures  may  be  responsible  for  the  signifi- 
cant decline  in  the  lake's  N  to  P  ratio.  (Baker- 
FRC) 
W83-01550 


RELATIONSHIPS  BETWEEN  LAKE  RESER- 
VOIR MANAGEMENT  AND  AMBIENT  NU- 
TRIENT CONCENTRATIONS  IN  LAKE  OKEE- 
CHOBEE, FLORIDA, 

South  Florida  Water  Management  District,  West 

Palm  Beach. 

A.  C.  Federico,  and  F.  E.  Davis. 

Canadian  Water  Resources  Journal,  Vol  7,  No  1,  p 

108-126,  1982.  7  Fig,  2  Tab,  9  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Lake  management,  'Nutrients, 
'Water  quality,  Nitrogen,  Phosphorus,  Cycling  nu- 
trients, 'Florida,  Reservoirs,  Lake  Okeechobee, 
Littoral  zone,  Flood  control,  Water  supply,  Water 
resources  development. 

Lake  Okeechobee  is  a  eutrophic  subtropical  de- 
pression lake  with  a  surface  area  of  1700  sq  km  and 
a  mean  depth  of  2.6  m.  A  large  littoral  zone  covers 
25%  of  the  surface  area.  To  increase  the  lake's 
efficiency  as  a  water  supply  and  flood  control 
reservoir,  major  modifications  have  been  made  to 
the  lake  and  its  drainage  basins.  At  present  the  lake 
is  completely  surrounded  by  a  large  levee,  and  all 
but  one  of  its  20  inflows  and  outflows  are  regulated 
by  water  control  structures.  Limnetic  and  tributary 
water  quality  data  collected  since  1973  were  used 
to  evaluate  the  response  of  the  lake  to  nutrient  load 
abatement  measures  and  to  a  recent  implementa- 
tion of  a  higher  water  height  regulation  schedule. 
The  higher  regulation  schedule  was  correlated 
with  a  significant  increase  in  the  limnetic  P  con- 
centration of  the  lake.  During  this  same  period  of 
time  there  was  a  significant  shift  from  the  maxi- 
mum biomass  yield  being  potentially  limited  by  P 
to  its  being  potentially  limited  by  N,  based  upon 
inorganic  N  to  P  ratios.  It  is  hypothesized  that  the 


USE  OF  PHOSPHORUS  BUDGET  MODELS  IN 
RESERVOIR  MANAGEMENT, 

Waterloo  Univ.  (Ontario).  Dept.  of  Biology. 

H.  C.  Duthie,  and  M.  L.  Ostrofsky. 

Canadian  Water  Resources  Journal,  Vol  7,  No  1,  p 

337-348,  1982.  23  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Reservoir  operation,  'Model  studies, 
'Phosphorus,  Nutrient  requirements,  Vegetation, 
Sedimentation,  Sediments. 

A  concise  summary  of  the  limnological  study  per- 
formed at  the  Churchill  Falls,  Labrador  hydroelec- 
tric scheme  is  offered,  along  with  an  introduction 
to  phosphorus  modeling  and  its  use  as  a  tool  in 
water  resources  management.  Problems  relating  to 
the  application  of  phosphorus  models  under  condi- 
tions peculiar  to  reservoirs  are  cited.  The  quality  of 
phosphorus  budgets  is  greatly  influenced  by  sever- 
al phenomena  important  in  reservoirs,  in  particular 
the  release  of  phosphorus  from  inundated  soils  and 
vegetation  and  from  sediments  following  draw- 
down. Nevertheless,  the  pre-impoundment  calcula- 
tion of  phosphorus  budgets  is  feasible  and  provides 
a  useful  tool  for  reservoir  management  as  well  as  in 
impact  assessment  studies.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01553 

TRACE  ELEMENT  CHARACTERIZATION  OF 
COAL  WASTES  -  FIFTH  ANNUAL  PROGRESS 
REPORT, 

Los  Alamos  Scientific  Lab.,  NM. 
R.  C.  Heaton,  L.  E.  Wangen,  P.  L.  Wanek,  J.  M. 
Williams,  and  E.  F.  Thode. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  DE82-010983, 
Price  codes:  A06  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Environmental  Protection  Agency  Project  Sum- 
mary EPA-600/S7-8 1-087,  July  1982.  Industrial 
Environmental  Research  Laboratory,  Research 
Triangle  Park,  North  Carolina.  6  p,  2  Fig. 

Descriptors:  'Coal,  'Trace  elements,  'Mine 
wastes,  'Leachates,  'Waste  disposal,  Lime,  Lime- 
stone, Hydrogen  ion  concentration,  Cost  analysis, 
Calcination,  Iron,  Effluents. 

The  most  promising  control  technology  for  deal- 
ing with  high-sulfur  coal  wastes  consists  of  sequen- 
tial slurry  coating  of  the  waste  with  lime  and 
limestone.  In  the  configuration  tested,  this  tech- 
nique controlled  the  waste  effluent  quality  for  4 
months;  the  effluent  pH  remained  between  7.3  and 
7.6,  and  the  trace  element  concentrations  (Al,  Ca, 
Mn,  Fe,  Co,  Ni,  Cu)  were  reduced  by  40  to  99-plus 
%.  Codisposal  of  coal  wastes  and  alkaline  soils  or 
mine  overburdens  is  partly  effective  in  controlling 
the  leachate  quality  under  steady-state  conditions. 
However,  none  of  the  materials  tested  could  con- 
trol the  highly  acidic  effluents  obtained  under  in- 
termittent leaching  conditions.  Comparisons  be- 
tween trace  element  concentrations  predicted  by 
chemical  equilibrium  models  and  those  obtained  in 
experiments  with  coal  waste  leachates  yielded 
good  agreements  for  the  major  cations  (Al,  Ca,  Fe) 
but,  except  for  fluoride,  the  major  anions  were  not 
well  accounted  for.  The  observed  trace  element 
concentrations  were  all  significantly  lower  than 
predicted.  Calcination  experiments  have  shown 
that  high-sulfur  coal  waste  from  Appalachia  (Plant 
K)  behaves  differently  than  other  wastes  studied. 
The  high  cost  of  this  technology  ($1.39  to  $9.84/ 
ton  product)  places  it  outside  the  realm  of  econom- 
ic feasibility  at  this  time.  Plant  K  coal  wastes  are 
similar  to  those  from  the  Illinois  Basin  and  their 
leachates  are  often  very  acidic,  with  pH  values 
sometimes  less  than  2.  Several  trace  elements  have 
shown  discharge  severities  greater  than  unity,  but 


iron   is  by   far  the  worst  offender,   with   values 
sometimes  greater  than  100.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01558 


ACCOMPANYING  MEASURES  PROVIDING  A 

PERMANENT    RESTORATION    SUCCESS    IN 

SHALLOW   LAKES   (FLANKIERENDE   MASS- 

NAHMEN   ZUR   SICHERUNG   DES   SANIER- 

UNGSERFOLGES     AN     FLACHEN     GEWAS- 

SERN) 

Technische  Univ.  (Germany,  F.R.)  Inst,  fuer  Oko- 

logie. 

W.  Ripl. 

Zeitschrift  fur  Wasser  und  Abwasser  Forschung, 

Vol  15,  No  3,  p  131-135,  June  1982,  1  Tab,  25  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Lake  restoration,  'Cycling  nutrients, 
•Sludge  bank,  'Dredging,  'Oxidation,  Shallow 
lakes,  Sediments,  Sweden,  Berlin,  Federal  Repub- 
lic of  Germany,  Phosphorus  removal,  Water  qual- 
ity control,  Nitrates,  Notification,  Denitrification, 
Oxidation,  Oxygen  balance. 

In  many  lakes,  especially  shallow  lakes,  banks  of 
sludge  composed  of  decayed  organisms  form  in  the 
sediment,  releasing  pollutants  into  the  lake  so  that 
even  when  all  wastewater  input  is  eliminated,  little 
improvement   in   water  quality   occurs.    In   Lake 
Trummen   in   Sweden,   sludge  banks  were  being 
deposited  at  a  rate  of  8  mm/yr,  and  a  macrophyte 
belt  was  spreading  out  from  the  shore,  so  that  the 
lake  was  in  danger  of  disappearing.  The  sludge 
bank  was  dredged  out  by  vacuum,  and  the  remain- 
ing  original    sediment   caused    water-quality   im- 
provement. Methods  of  eliminating  such  sludge  in 
situ  were  then  sought;  in  Lake  Jarla  and  the  Wahn- 
bach  reservoir,  compressed  air  was  introduced  in 
the  hope  of  oxidizing  the  sludge  and  thereby  elimi- 
nating its  negative  effects.  The  method  was  suc- 
cessful in  improving  oxygen  balance  in  the  hypo- 
limnion  and  influencing  degradation  of  newly  pro- 
duced organic  substances,  but  unsuccessful  in  insti- 
tuting  aerobic   processes  in   the   sludge,   so   that 
nutrient   recirculation   continued.    Destratification 
can  be  successful  in  shallow  lakes  with  little  hypo- 
limnion.  Further  experiments  were  undertaken  in 
Lakes  Lan  and  Lot  in  Sweden  and  in  the  Reithen- 
see  in  Austria  to  precipitate  phosphate  in  the  water 
and  to  bind  it  to  sediment.  Only  in  Reithensee  was 
a  lasting  effect  seen,  perhaps  due  to  use  of  iron 
chloride  rather  than  aluminum  sulfate  as  the  preci- 
pation  medium.  Nitrification/denitnfication  studies 
resulted  in  the  experimental  injection  of  nitrate  into 
the  sediment  of  Lake  Lille  in  Sweden,  a  highly 
hypertrophic  lake  with  a  low  oxygen  supply.  The 
procedure  reduced  oxygen  consumption  to  one- 
quarter  and  phosphorus  and  nitrogen  release  to 
one-sixth  of  the  original.  Before  these  measures  are 
performed,  knowledge  of  sediment  properties  and 
function  is  necessary.  A  table  is  given  whereby 
costs  for  the  various  measures  can  be  estimated. 
(Gish-FRC) 
W83-01584 

MEASURES  TO  CONTROL  EUTROPHICA- 
TION  IN  SWISS  MIDLAND  LAKES  (EUTRO- 
PHIERUNGSKONTROLLMASSNAHMEN  AN 
SCHWEIZER  MITTELLANDSEEN), 

Eidgenoessische   Anstalt   fuer   Wasserversorgung, 

Abwasserreinigung  and  Gewaesserschutz,  Zurich 

(Switzerland). 

H.  Ambuhl. 

Zeitschrift  fur  Wasser  und  Abwasser  Forschung. 

Vol  15,  No  3,  p  113-120,  June  1982,  6  Fig,  3  Tab,  7 

Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Eutrophic  lakes,  'Lake  restoration. 
•Phosphorus  removal,  'Wastewater  treatment, 
•Switzerland,  Fertilizers,  Aeration,  Hypolimmon, 
Oxygen  depletion.  Model  studies,  Destratification, 
Filtration. 

With  few  exceptions,  the  lakes  of  the  Swiss  mid- 
land region  are  overfertilized  with  phosphorus  (P). 
Neither  production  (biomass  synthesis,  carbon  as- 
similation) nor  its  consequences  fulfill  the  legal 
requirements.  The  annual  production  of  all  the 
midland  lakes  is  higher  than  the  optimal  mesotro- 
phic  value  of  150  g  C/yr.  Long-term  observations 
have  shown  that  P  concentrations  increased  con- 
tinually into  the  1970s.  This  trend  still  continues  m 


44 


WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION— Field  5 


lakes  with  low  P  concentrations.  Some  P-rich  lakes 
show  decreases.  The  hypolimnetic  oxygen  content 
is  mostly  depleted,  often  down  to  zero.  Theoreti- 
cally there  is  often  a  high  oxygen  deficit  value. 
Most  of  the  lakes  are  incompletely  mixed  due  to 
insufficient  wind  exposure.  Most  of  the  sewage- 
treatment  plants  in  the  catchment  areas  of  the  lakes 
are  equipped  with  P-elimination  systems.  The 
maximum  P  content  of  1  mg/1  in  purified  sewage 
as  allowed  by  law  is  adhered  to  in  most  cases,  but 
further  measures  are  necessary:  input  of  the  puri- 
fied sewage  below  the  productive  layer  of  the  lake; 
prevention  of  over-fertilization  and  enforcement  of 
proper  use  of  fertilizers  in  agricultural  areas  to 
prevent  leaching;  further  improvement  of  the  pre- 
cipitation-fertilization technique  in  sewage  plants. 
In  certain  cases  these  measures  are  inadequate,  so 
intervention  in  intralake  fertilizin  processes  is  nec- 
essary: draining  off  of  P-rich  hypolimnetic  water; 
improvement  of  inadequate  natural  turnover  by 
means  of  artificial  energy  input;  and  increase  of 
reduction/oxidation  potential  in  the  hypolimnion 
by  artificial  aeration  with  air  or  pure  oxygen.  The 
necessary  strategies  were  worked  out  for  three 
lakes  (Hallwilersee,  Baldeggersee,  Sempachersee) 
by  means  of  a  dynamic  lake  model,  and  two  of  the 
required  measures  (oxygen  aeration  and  destratifi- 
cation  in  winter)  are  already  being  applied. 
W83-01585 


THOUGHTS  ON  USING  THE  RESULTS  OF 
THE  OECD-MONITORING  PROGRAM  IN 
LAKE  PROTECTION  (GEDANKEN  ZUR 
UBERTRAGUNG  DER  ERGEBNISSE  DES 
OECD-UNTERSUCHUNGS-PROGRAMMES  IN 
DIE  PRAXIS  DES  SEENSCHUTZES), 
Wahnbachtalsperrenverband,  Siegburg  (Germany, 
F.R.). 

H.  Bernhardt,  and  J.  Clasen. 
Zeitschrift  fur  Wasser  und  Abwasser  Forschung, 
Vol  15,  No  3,  p  96-103,  June,  1982.  4  Fig,  4  Tab,  31 
Ref.  English  summary. 

Descriptors:  'Reservoirs,  "Trophic  level,  *Water 
use,  *Lake  restoration,  Chlorophyll,  Chlorophyll 
a,  Phosphorus,  Euphotic  zone,  Limnology,  Lakes, 
Wahnbach  reservoir,  "Federal  Republic  of  Ger- 
many, Algal  growth,  Drinking  water,  Lake  classi- 
fication. 

The  possibilities  and  limitations  of  application  of 
the  results  of  the  OECD  investigation  to  the  resto- 
ration of  lakes  and  reservoirs  are  discussed,  with 
the  emphasis  on  reservoirs.  The  trophic  states  clas- 
sified by  the  OECD  program  must  be  applied  to 
desired  water  utilization  to  be  useful:  e.g.,  reser- 
voirs used  for  drinking  water  should  ideally  be 
oligotrophic,  though  mesotrophy  is  tolerable.  Tro- 
phic states  are  defined  in  terms  of  total  phosphorus 
(P)  and  nitrogen,  chlorophyll  a  content,  and  Secchi 
transparency,  and  the  categories  overlap.  As  water 
use  depends  largely  on  algal  development,  maximal 
chlorophyll  concentrations  during  growth  periods 
(peak  value  of  chlorophyll  a)  rather  than  average 
chlorophyll  concentration  in  the  euphotic  zone 
should  be  used  as  criteria.  It  is  not  possible  simply 
to  transplate  OECD  chlorophyll  concentrations 
into  type  and  content  of  phytoplankton  and  to 
ensuing  water-treatment  problems.  For  example, 
algal  regeneration  can  occur  in  drinking  water 
with  algal-originating  organic-substance  contents 
of  >  1  mg/1  (>  1.5  mg/1  in  raw  water).  Examples 
occurring  in  the  Wahnbach  reservoir  (Federal  Re- 
public of  Germany)  illustrate  this  point.  When 
estimating  the  tolerable  P  level,  consideration  must 
be  given  to  category  overlap,  e.g.,  the  25  microg/1 
total  P  required  to  achieve  mesotrophy  has  only  a 
15%  probability  of  resulting  in  eutrophy.  Algae 
with  a  low  P  requirement  can  produce  high  chlo- 
rophyll levels  even  with  P  limitation,  while  high 
zooplankton  volume  can  cause  lower  than  expect- 
ed chlorophyll  levels  (grazing  effect)  with  a  given 
P  level.  Total  P  is  superior  to  orthophosphate  as  a 
criterion.  The  morphology  of  the  lake  must  also  be 
considered;  e.g.,  P  is  continually  released  from 
sediment  in  shallow  lakes  with  nutrient-rich  sedi- 
ment. The  tolerable  allochthonous  P  load  can  be 
calculated  from  the  tolerable  total  P  as  an  average 
annual  value,  and  diagrams  to  illustrate  two  equa- 
tions developed  to  calculate  this  value  are  given. 
(Gish-FRC) 
W83-01599 


THE  ROLE  OF  AQUATIC  WEEDS  IN  MAIN- 
TAINING SURFACE  WATER  QUALITY, 

Mississippi  State  Univ.,   Mississippi  State.  Water 

Resources  Research  Inst. 

A.  A.  de  la  Cruz,  and  J.  D.  Yarbrough. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 

Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150094, 

Price  codes:  A04  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 

WRRI  Publication,  September  1982,  53  p,  30  Tab, 

3  Fig,  14  Ref.  OWRT  A-134-MS(1),  14-34-0001- 

2126. 

Descriptors:  Ponds,  Lakes,  "Insecticides,  "Wastes 
assimilation,  Water  quality,  Biological  accumula- 
tion, Mississippi,  "Aquatic  weeds,  "Endrin,  "DDT, 
"Radioactivity. 

Three  common  aquatic  weeds  (Lemna  purpocilla, 
Ceratophyllum  demersum,  and  Ludwigia  palustris) 
were  exposed  to  radioactively  labelled  insecticides. 
These  weeds  readily  assimilated  the  radio-insecti- 
cide within  the  first  few  hours  of  exposure,  and  up 
to  about  20  ug/g  after  96  hours.  Bioconcentration 
of  DDT-14C,  Endrin-14C,  and  DDT-3H  was 
greater  for  Ceratophyllum  than  for  Lemna  and 
Ludwigia.  Exposure  to  Endrin  and  DDT  simulta- 
neously or  in  series  did  not  reveal  any  inhibition 
by,  selection  for,  or  stimulation  due  to  one  or  the 
other  insecticide.  Microcosms  containing  water, 
sediment,  and  plants  partitioned  the  insecticides 
either  in  decreasing  order  for  the  water  or  increas- 
ing order  for  sediment  and  plants.  Aquatic  weeds 
introduced  in  tanks  containing  contaminated  sedi- 
ment and  reflooded  with  clean  water  were  detect- 
ed positive  for  radio-insecticide.  Presence  of  very 
low  level  radioactivity  in  the  clean  medium  hold- 
ing labelled  plants  for  as  long  as  four  days  indicat- 
ed only  physical  extraction  of  radio-insecticide  ad- 
hering to  plants'  external  surfaces  and  not  active 
bioelimination  from  internal  tissues.  This  ability  of 
aquatic  weeds  to  bioaccumulate  radio-insecticide, 
concentrate  it  from  extremely  low  level  leacheates, 
and  hold  it  in  their  tissues  is  evidence  of  their  value 
in  cleaning  surface  waters  of  unwanted  chemicals. 
W83-01601 


AN  ASSESSMENT  OF  THE  PERFORMANCE 
OF  FEDERALLY  REGULATED  SEDIMENTA- 
TION PONDS, 

Arizona  Univ.,  Tucson.  School  of  Renewable  Nat- 
ural Resources. 
W.  B.  Vandivere. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150185, 
Price  codes:  A08  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
M.S.  Thesis,  1980.  150  p,  7  Fig,  10  Tab,  55  Ref,  4 
Append.  OWRT-  B-073-ARIZ(6),  14-34-001-9056. 

Descriptors:  "Sedimentation  basins,  "Strip  mines, 
"Rainfall  intensity,  "Sediment  control,  "Computer 
models,  Coal  mines,  Land  reclamation,  Hydrologic 
models,  Semiarid  lands,  Surface  water,  Water  pol- 
lution control,  Regulations. 

In  the  semi-arid  regions  of  the  western  U.S.,  ex- 
treme variability  in  the  occurrence  and  nature  of 
precipitation  introduces  an  element  of  uncertainty 
into  the  design  process  for  sedimentation  ponds 
used  in  conjunction  with  surface  mining  oper- 
ations. A  hypothetical  watershed  with  characteris- 
tics common  to  the  study  area  funtioned  as  the 
medium  for  surface  water  flux  to  the  detention 
facility.  Pond  design  was  based  on  accepted  hydro- 
logic  and  engineering  procedure  and  concurred 
with  published  federal  reclamation  statutes.  Com- 
puter programs  were  utilized  to  model  both  the 
temporal  characteristics  of  south  western  convec- 
tive  rainfall  and  the  generation  of  water  and  sedi- 
ment inflows  resulting  from  the  application  of 
storms  over  the  watershed.  A  previously  devel- 
oped sedimentation  routine  was  then  used  to  deter- 
mine effluent  sediment  concentrations  correspond- 
ing to  the  modeled  events.  Three  watershed-pond 
conditions  were  investigated  to  assess  the  efficacy 
of  the  sedimentation  pond  in  meeting  effluent  qual- 
ity standards.  Results  indicated  that  poor  pond 
performance  ensued  unless  chemical  treatment  was 
maintained.  Since  variations  in  precipitation  inten- 
sity influenced  predicted  pond  performance,  it  was 
recommended  that  hydrologic  uncertainty  be  con- 
sidered in  the  drafting  of  regional  reclamation 
states.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01610 


Water  Quality  Control — Group  5G 

OXYGEN  TRANSFER  CALCULATIONS  FOR  A 
TRACTOR-POWERED  PADDLEWHEEL 

AERATOR, 

Auburn  Univ.,  AL. 

M.  S.  Armstrong. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 

Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83- 150250, 

Price  codes:  A03  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 

M.  S.  Thesis,  March  18,  1982,  35  p,  8  Fig,  1  Tab, 

23  Ref.  OWRT  B-076-ALA(12). 

Descriptors:  "Oxygen  transfer,  "Aerators,  "Catfish 
farming,  Aeration,  Fish  farming,  Aquaculture,  Dis- 
solved oxygen,  Spraying. 

The  economic  success  of  commercial  channel  cat- 
fish production  requires  high  stocking  densities  and 
feeding  rates.  At  feeding  rates  of  45  kg/hectare  per 
day  and  greater,  emergency  aeration  is  occasional- 
ly required  to  prevent  fish  kills  during  periods  of 
low  dissolved  oxygen.  Paddle  wheel  aerators 
powered  by  farm  tractors  are  widely  used  by  cat- 
fish farmers.  Standard  aeration  tests  were  conduct- 
ed to  establish  oxygen  transfer  coefficients  and 
rates  for  a  paddlewheel  aerator  operated  at  differ- 
ent speeds  and  paddle  depths.  The  greatest  oxygen 
transfer  rate  (35.1  kg  of  oxygen/hr)  were  obtained 
at  108  rpm  and  54  cm  paddle  depth.  All  trials  at 
108  or  128  rpm  with  paddle  depths  of  36  cm  or 
more  had  oxygen  transfer  coefficients  and  rates 
greater  than  20/hr  and  20  kg  oxygen/hr,  respec- 
tively. There  was  good  agreement  between  the  size 
and  shape  of  spray  patterns,  and  oxygen  transfer 
coefficients  and  rates.  This  suggests  that  for  practi- 
cal purposes  the  paddle  depth  and  rotation  speed 
for  optimal  oxygenation  may  be  estimated  from  the 
spray  pattern;  the  greater  the  amount  of  spray,  the 
more  aeration.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01619 


A  DECADE  OF  DEBATE:  Am  AND  WATER, 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5B. 
W83-01668 


CHEMICAL  SPILL  CLEANUP  NAMED 
PROJECT  OF  THE  YEAR. 

Civil  Engineering  -  ASCE,  Vol  52,  No  9,  p  40-42, 
September,  1982.  3  Fig,  1  Tab. 

Descriptors:  "Groundwater  contamination,  "Or- 
ganic compounds,  "Accidents,  Hazards,  Safety, 
Percolation,  Cleanup,  Temperture  effects,  Spray 
irrigation,  Marshes,  Environmental  effects,  Water 
pollution  sources,  "Michigan. 

Potential  groundwater  contamination  problems  ex- 
isted when  a  freight  train  derailed  near  Woodland 
Park  in  Michigan.  Four  tank  cars  carrying  chemi- 
cals -  vinylidene  chloride,  phenol,  and  ethylene 
oxide  -  were  damaged.  The  latter  chemical  evapo- 
rated, posing  no  threat  to  groundwater.  The 
phenol  froze  due  to  the  cold  and  was  removed 
primarily  with  excavated  earth.  Vitually  all  of  the 
300,000  lb  of  vinylidene  chloride  that  spilled  per- 
colated through  the  soils  into  the  groundwater. 
About  70,000  lb  of  phenol  remained  in  the  soil,  as 
was  determined  later.  Vinylidene  chloride,  having 
spread  over  17  acres,  was  approaching  several 
private  wells  and  nearby  East  Lake.  In  treatment 
phase  I  groundwater  was  pumped  to  the  surface 
from  nine  pruge  wells.  Phase  II  called  for  the 
installation  of  a  spray-irrigation  system  in  a  marsh 
area  beside  East  Lake.  Effluent  from  the  aeration 
ponds  was  irrigated  continuously  at  800  to  1,000 
gpm.  Test  confirmed  that  irrigation  reduced  the 
vinylidene  chloride  to  a  non-detectable  concentra- 
tion. (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01671 


UP 


THE 


CO-OPERATION         CLEANS 
MANAWATU, 

K.  Currie. 

Soil  and  Water,  Vol  16,  No  4,  p  5-8,  August,  1980. 

4  Fig. 

Descriptors:  "Rivers,  "Water  quality,  "Water  pol- 
lution control,  Industrial  wastes,  Wastewater  dis- 
posal, Biochemical  oxgyen  demand,  Flow  regula- 
tors, Flow  rates,  Deoxygenation,  "New  Zealand, 
Manawatu  River. 


45 


Field  5— WATER  QUALITY  MANAGEMENT  AND  PROTECTION 


Group  5G— Water  Quality  Control 

The  Manawatu  River  (New  Zealand)  drains  a 
catchment  of  5800  sq  km,  is  an  extensively 
branched  catchment,  and  experienced  a  major  fish- 
kill  in  January  of  1978.  Five  installations  discharge 
waste  into  the  river  over  a  5.8  km  reach  down- 
stream of  Palmerston  North.  These  five  include 
Palmerston  North  City  Corporation  (domestic 
sewage  and  trade  wastes),  Linton  Military  Camp 
(domestic  sewage),  Manawatu  Co-operative  Dairy 
Company  Limited,  NZ  Pharmaceuticals  Limited, 
and  Borthwicks/CWS  Limited  (slaughterhouse 
and  meat  processing  wastes).  The  total  peak  load 
on  the  river  is  23,500  kg/day  of  BOD,  equivalent 
to  the  raw  sewage  of  a  population  of  over  300,000 
people.  Attempts  were  made  successfully  to  gather 
all  interested  parties  and  take  steps  to  improve  the 
conditions  on  the  river.  It  was  determined  that 
acceptable  conditions  would  result  if  the  daily 
mean  BOD  concentration  of  the  river  did  not 
exceed  5  g/cu  m  (to  limit  sewage  fungus)  and  the 
BOD  concentration  did  not  exceed  5  g/cu  m  at 
any  time  during  the  hours  of  darkness  (to  prevent 
deoxygenation).  To  achieve  these  ends  flow  was 
regulated,  mixing  zones  were  established  and  efflu- 
ent load  was  apportioned.  Water  quality  can  now 
be  maintained  at  minimum  cost  to  the  dischargers 
and  ultimately  to  the  community.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01687 


RIVER  OF  NO  RETURN, 

G.  Ashfield. 

Peedlot  Management,  Vol  23,  No  4,  p  12-14,  April, 

1981.  1  Fig. 

Descriptors:  'Waste  management,  'Feedlots, 
•Animal  wastes,  Effluents,  Drainage,  Rainfall, 
Runoff,  Dikes,  Rivers,  Water  pollution  control, 
♦Minnesota,  Cottonwood  River. 

A  dike  system  was  constructed  which  effectively 
and  inexpensively  checks  effluent  from  a  feedlot 
which  might  have  otherwise  mingled  with  clear 
running  water  in  the  Cottonwood  River,  Minneso- 
ta. Manure  handling  for  the  1,000  fed  cattle  mar- 
keted yearly  from  the  farm  entails  separating  liquid 
from  solid  and  spreading  the  solid  on  the  land.  The 
feedlot  consists  of  two  dirt  based  lots  with  a  feed- 
bunk  running  part-way  between.  Controlling  liquid 
effluent  begins  by  limiting  the  amount  of  water 
that  mingles  with  the  manure.  Groundwater  reach- 
ing the  lot  is  limited.  Rainwater  from  the  building 
is  directed  underground  to  a  drainage  system  that 
bypasses  the  feedlot  and  diking  system.  Solids  in 
the  feedlot  are  collected  and  spread  as  fertilizer 
every  few  weeks  or  as  weather  permits.  (Baker- 
FRC) 
W83-01699 

FIELD  STUDY  OF  ORGANIC  WATER  QUAL- 
ITY CHANGES  DURING  GROUNDWATER  RE- 
CHARGE US  THE  PALO  ALTO  BAYLANDS, 

Stanford  Univ.,  CA.  Dept.  of  Civil  Engineering. 
P.  V.  Roberts,  J.  Schreiner,  and  G.  D.  Hopkins. 
In:  Wastewater  Reuse  for  Groundwater  Recharge, 
Proceedings  of  the  Symposium  held  on  September 
6-7,  1979  at  California  State  Polytechnic  Universi- 
ty at  Pomona.  California  State  Water  Resources 
Control  Board,  Office  of  Water  Recycling,  Sacra- 
mento, May  1980,  p  283-316,  13  Fig,  8  Tab,  13  Ref. 

Descriptors:  Water  quality,  'Groundwater  re- 
charge, *Water  quality  management,  'Pollutants, 
•Water  sampling,  Adsorption,  Organic  com- 
pounds, Chemical  oxygen  demand,  Biodegrada- 
tion,  Water  reuse,  Reclaimed  water,  Injection 
wells,  Observation  wells,  Monitoring,  Concentra- 
tion time. 

Water  quality  data  are  presented  from  a  field  study 
in  which  reclaimed  water  was  injected  directly  at  a 
rate  of  6  liters  per  second  into  an  aquifer  in  the 
Palo  Alto  Baylands.  The  program's  aim  was  to 
rehabilitate  a  saline  aquifer,  to  prevent  salt  water 
intrusion  from  San  Francisco  Bay,  and  to  evaluate 
the  long  term  potential  for  augmenting  the  potable 
water  supply.  Six  observation  wells,  at  distances  of 
10  to  40  m  from  the  injection  site,  monitored  water 
quality  changes.  The  behavior  of  trace  organic 
contaminants  was  of  particular  concern  and  was 
studied  by  observing  concentration  changes  at  the 
observation  wells  following  injection.  Determina- 


tion of  specific  organic  compounds  was  made  by 
gas  chromatography.  The  concentrations  of  trace 
organics  in  the  injected  water  fluctuated  widely 
due  to  operational  changes  at  the  reclamation  fa- 
cility; however,  the  data  on  these  pollutants  show 
evidence  of  retardation  of  movement,  presumably 
caused  by  adsorptive  interaction  with  the  aquifer. 
Trihalomethane  compounds  show  evidence  of  bio- 
degration  in  the  aquifer.  The  concentration  of  total 
organic  substance  as  measured  by  total  organic 
carbon  and  chemical  oxygen  demand  is  decreased 
significantly  by  biodegradation,  but  total  organic 
halogen  appears  unaffected  by  aquifer  passage. 
The  organic  pollutants  remaining  after  water  recla- 
mation treatment  can  be  health  threatening  if  the 
water  is  intended  for  potable  reuse.  Recharge  by 
direct  injection  attenuates  the  risk  via  adsorption 
and  degradation  and  by  smoothing  concentration 
fluctuations.  Sorption  and  biodegradation  can  also 
mitigate  the  risks  associated  with  pollution  from 
sources  other  than  injection,  i.e.,  spills,  landfills. 
(Atkins-Omniplan) 
W83-01708 

'SECOND  BEST  EFFLUENT  FEES  DO  WATER 
QUALITY  MANAGEMENT:  PROBLEMS  OF 
ACHIEVING  EFFICIENCY, 

Massachusetts  Inst,  of  Tech.,  Cambridge.  Dept.  of 
Civil  Engineering. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  6C. 
W 83-0 1744 

6.  WATER  RESOURCES 
PLANNING 

6A.  Techniques  Of  Planning 

SIMULATED  EFFECTS  OF  GROUND-WATER 
DEVELOPMENT  ON  THE  POTENTIOMFTRIC 
SURFACE  OF  THE  FLORIDAN  AQUTFER, 
WEST-CENTRAL  FLORIDA, 

Geological  Survey,  Tallahassee,  FL.  Water  Re- 
sources Div. 

W.  E.  Wilson,  and  J.  M.  Gerhart. 
Available  from  Supt.  of  Doc.,  GPO  Washington, 
DC  20402.  Price  $5.50.  Geological  Survey  Profes- 
sional Paper  1217,  1982.  83  p,  41  Fig,  9  Tab,  44 
Ref,  Append. 

Descriptors:  *Model  studies,  •Groundwater,  *Po- 
tentiometric  level,  Aquifer  characteristics,  Water 
level  fluctuations,  Selective  withdrawal,  Water 
table,  Projections,  Water  use,  Irrigation,  Municipal 
water,  Phosphates,  Geohydrology,  Computer 
models,  •Florida,  West-central  Florida,  *Flondan 
aquifer. 

A  digital  model  of  two-dimensional  ground-water 
flow  was  used  to  predict  changes  in  the  potentio- 
metric  surface  of  the  Floridan  aquifer,  1976  to 
2000,  in  a  5,938-square-mile  area  of  west-central 
Florida.  In  1975,  ground  water  withdrawn  from 
the  Floridan  aquifer  for  irrigation,  phosphate 
mines,  other  industries,  and  municipal  supplies  av- 
eraged about  649  million  gallons  per  day.  Rates  are 
projected  to  increase  to  about  840  million  gallons 
per  day  by  2000.  The  model  was  calibrated  under 
steady-state  and  transient  conditions.  Input  param- 
eters included  transmissivity  and  storage  coeffi- 
cient of  the  Floridan  aquifer;  thickness,  vertical 
hydraulic  conductivity,  and  storage  coefficient  of 
the  upper  confining  bed;  altitudes  of  the  water 
table  and  potentiometric  surface;  and  ground-water 
withdrawals.  Simulation  of  May  1976  to  May  2000, 
using  projected  combined  pumping  rates  for  mu- 
nicipal supplies,  irrigation,  and  industry  (including 
existing  and  proposed  phosphate  mines),  resulted  m 
a  rise  in  the  potentiometric  surface  of  about  10  feet 
in  Polk  County,  and  a  decline  of  about  35  feet  m 
parts  of  Manatee  and  Hardee  Counties.  The  lowest 
predicted  potentiometric  level  was  about  30  feet 
below  sea  level.  Predicted  declines  for  November 
1976  to  October  2000  were  generally  5  to  10  feet 
less  than  those  for  May  1976  to  May  2000.  (USGS) 
W83-01401 

DETERMINATION  OF  SENSITIVITY  OF 
WATER  QUALITY  PARAMETERS  FOR 
STREAM  POLLUTION  CONTROL, 


National   Cheng   Kung  Univ.,   Tainan   (Taiwan). 

Dept.  of  Environmental  Engineering. 

For   primary  bibliographic   entry  see   Field   5G 

W83-01413 


WELFARE  COST  OF  EUTROPHICATION- 
CAUSED  PRODUCTION  LOSSES:  A  CASE  OF 
AQUACULTURE  IN  LAKE  KASUMIGAURA, 

National  Inst,  for  Environmental  Studies,  Tsukuba 
(Japan). 
Y.  Kitabatake. 

Journal  of  Environmental  Economics  and  Manage- 
ment, Vol  9,  No  3,  p  199-212,  1982.  3  Fig,  4  Tab, 
14  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Eutrophication,  'Lakes,  'Aquacul- 
ture,  Economic  aspects,  Water  resources  develop- 
ment, Lake  Kasumigaura,  Model  studies,  Produc- 
tivity, Environmental  effects,  'Japan,  Ecosystems. 

Production  functions  and  eutrophication-caused 
damage  functions  for  aquaculture  are  estimated  in 
Lake  Kasumigaura.  The  equations  are  used  to  cal- 
culate, given  the  price  data  of  1978,  the  welfare 
cost  of  production  losses  from  the  eutrophication 
of  Lake  Kasumigaura  under  the  assumption  of 
horizontal  demand  curve.  In  spite  of  the  lack  of 
reliable  information  on  water  quality  levels  in  cul- 
ture grounds  as  well  as  on  dose-response  relation- 
ships for  cultured  carp,  physical  damage  functions 
are  estimated  for  two  types  of  culture  operators, 
i.e.,  operators  with  feed  supply  boxes  and  those 
feeding  with  their  hands,  where  the  damage  data 
were  collected  through  the  survey  questionnaire. 
The  estimation  indicates  that  the  operators  feeding 
with  their  hands  are  not  affected  by  the  eutrophi- 
cation of  the  lake.  On  the  other  hand,  for  operators 
equipped  with  feed  supply  boxes  the  physical 
damage  rate  per  output  quantity  is  estimated  to  be 
negatively  related  to  Secchi  depth,  which  is  an 
indicator  of  eutrophic  status  of  the  lake.  The  paper 
demonstrates  that  the  welfare  cost  calculation  for 
the  aquaculture  industry  in  Lake  Kasumigaura  is 
affected  by  two  factors,  that  are  the  measures 
taken  by  operators  to  prevent  the  production  losses 
and  whether  or  not  the  industry  is  competitively 
organized.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01435 

A  NEW  LOOK  AT  OPTIMAL  ALLOCATION 
OF  WATER  RESOURCES, 

International  Inst,  for  Applied  Systems  Analysis, 

Laxenburg  (Austria). 

J.  Kindler. 

Nature  and  Resources,  Vol   18,  No   1,  p   10-14, 

March,  1982. 

Descriptors:  *Water  allocation,  'Decision  making, 
•Multiobjective  planning,  'Optimization,  Alterna- 
tive planning.  Economic  efficiency,  Social  aspects. 
Systems  analysis,  Water  demand,  'Model  studies. 

A  model  for  decision  making  incorporates  human 
value  judgments,  conflicting  interests,  and  other 
considerations  as  well  as  economic  factors  to 
choose  an  optimum  solution  for  water  allocation 
Selecting  economic  efficiency  as  the  only  objective 
as  rarely  sufficient,  especially  in  rapidly  developing 
countries.  This  procedure  often  produces  a  large 
number  of  solutions  within  a  small  range  of  cost 
efficiencies  but  with  large  variability  in  social  or 
institutional  effects.  Other  objectives  which  are 
important  in  multiobjective  analysis  of  allocation 
schemes  are  environmental  quality,  distributional 
effects,  regional  growth  and  stability,  national  self- 
reliance,  and  risk  considerations.  The  priorities 
among  these  objectives  depend  on  a  society  s 
needs,  with  great  possible  differences  between  in- 
dustrialized and  poor  societies  and  among  commu- 
nities. A  multiplicity  of  objectives  also  leads  to 
conflicts.  The  model  is  illustrated  using  the  Kav- 
linge  River  basin,  in  which  water  required  for 
irrigation  and  a  municipal  water  supply  is  obtained 
from  a  regulated  lake  and  the  river.  In  this  case  the 
seven  objectives  are  to  maximize  crop  yield  from 
three  fields,  minimize  water  deficit  in  the  city,  and 
maintain  the  optimum  flow  at  the  control  point, 
the  optimum  lake  level  for  recreation,  and  an  ac- 
ceptable pollutant  level.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01484 


WATER  RESOURCES  PLANNING— Field  6 


Evaluation  Process — Group  6B 


DRAFT  STAFF  REPORT  FOR  FACT-FINDING 

HEARING    ZAYANTE    CREEK/LOWER    SAN 

LORENZO    RIVER    AND   THE    UPPER    SAN 

LORENZO  RIVER   INSTREAM   BENEFICIAL 

USE  PROTECTION  PROGRAM. 

California  State  Water  Resources  Control  Board, 

Sacramento. 

September  1982.  127  p,  11  Fig,  21  Tab,  59  Ref,  11 

Append. 

Descriptors:  'Streams,  'Rivers,  'Beneficial  use, 
Public  hearings.  'Water  quality  management,  Cost 
analysis,  Water  quality,  Water  supply,  Fisheries, 
Recreational  demand,  Erosion  control,  Habitats, 
Streamflow,  Sediment  transport,  Sediment  control, 
•California,  San  Lorenzo  River,  Zayante  Creek. 

The  State  Water  Resources  control  Board 
(SWRCB)  reviews  water  right  applications  and 
issues  appropriation  permits  to  best  protect  the 
public  interest  and  lessen  adverse  environmental 
impacts.  This  report  presents  a  recommended  in- 
stream  beneficial  use  program  for  Zayante  Creek/ 
San  Lorenzo  River,  alternatives  to  the  program 
and  background  data  on  the  system's  water-related 
resources.  Water  development  and  land  use  are 
limiting  some  instream  uses,  which  include  swim- 
ming, fishing,  camping,  rafting,  hunting  and  esthet- 
ic enjoyment.  Of  the  offstream  uses,  the  San  Lor- 
enzo provides  water  for  over  one-third  of  Santa 
Clara  County.  The  most  critical  problems  related 
to  instream  needs  are:  flow  depletion  for  fish; 
bedload  sediment;  flow  transport  of  bedload  sedi- 
ment; and  bacterial  contamination  affecting  public 
health.  Alternatives  were  developed  to  allow  anal- 
ysis of  potential  SWRCB  actions  to  resolve  each  of 
these  problems  separately.  Alternative  1  is  a  no- 
action  plan  and  allows  for  a  comparison  of  alterna- 
tives. Alternative  2  would  determine  if  instream 
uses  could  be  maintained/restored  if  the  Board 
prevented  new  diversions  which  would  reduce  the 
stream's  ability  to  transport  sediment  and  reduce 
fish  habitat.  Alternative  3  addresses  flows  neces- 
sary to  transport  sediment  and  assures  that  erosion 
and  sediment  input  are  controlled.  Alternative  4 
discusses  recreational  benefits  that  would  occur 
with  reduced  fecal  coliform  bacteria  levels  that 
result  from  inadequate  individual  septic  systems; 
sediment  reduction  actions  are  not  part  of  this  plan. 
The  recommended  program  includes  the  objec- 
tives of  alternatives  3  and  4,  to  be  implemented  via 
the  proposed  actions  of  alternatives  2,  3  and  4. 
(Atklns-Omniplan) 
W83-01527 


AN  APPROACH  TO  SOLVING  A  BASIN- WIDE 
WATER  RESOURCES  MANAGEMENT  PLAN- 
NING PROBLEM  WITH  MULTIPLE  OBJEC- 
TIVES, 

California  Univ.,  Los  Angeles.  Dept.  of  Engineer- 
ing Systems. 

P.  W.  F.  Louie,  W.  W-G.  Yeh,  and  N-S.  Hsu. 
Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150052, 
Price  codes:  A03  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
California  Water  Resources  Center  Contribution 
No  184,  September  1982,  32  p,  13  Fig,  6  Tab. 
OWRT  A-077-CAL(3). 

Descriptors:  'Multiobjective  Planning,  'Water 
Management,  'Groundwater  Basins,  'Optimiz- 
ation, Resources  Management,  Water  Quality, 
Water  Supply,  Wastewater,  Conjunctive  Use,  Sim- 
ulation Analysis,  Model  Studies,  'Water  allocation, 
'Water  pollution  control,  'Linear  Programming. 

A  multiobjective  optimization  procedure  using  the 
Contraint  Linear  Programming  technique  has  been 
developed  to  assist  water  resources  planners  in 
their  effort  to  establish  a  more  unified  basin-wide 
management  plan-a  plan  which  will  simultaneous- 
ly consider  the  three  major  aspects  in  a  basin-wide 
planning,  namely,  water  supply  allocation,  water 
quality  control,  and  prevention  of  undesirable 
overdraft  of  the  groundwater  basin.  This  optimiz- 
ation procedure  is  designed  to  be  applied  in  con- 
cert with  a  groundwater  quantity-and-quality 
model  and/or  a  river  flow-and-mass  transport 
model,  and  a  model  which  routes  the  water  from 
the  supply  sources  to  various  demand  points, 
through  the  wastewater  collection  and  treatment 
facilities,  and  ultimately  to  the  disposal  sites.  The 


purposes  is  to  attain  a  set  of  non-inferior  manage- 
ment plans  which  fully  consider  all  the  interdepen- 
dent elements  represented  by  the  simulation 
models.  The  influence  Coefficient  method  is  used 
as  the  connecting  agent.  The  outputs  of  this  opti- 
mization procedure  are  the  quantities  of  water 
supply  allocation  from  a  given  set  of  supply 
sources  to  various  water  use  groups  in  the  basin, 
the  quantities  transported  from  the  users  to  the 
wastewater  treatment  plants,  and  from  the  facilities 
to  the  disposal  sites.  (Snyder-California) 
W83-01574 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  WORK- 
SHOP ON  RESERVOIR  SYSTEMS  OPER- 
ATIONS. 

August  13-17,  1979,  Boulder,  Colorado;  G.  H. 
Toebes  and  A.  A.  Shephard,  Eds,  American  Soci- 
ety of  Civil  Engineers,  New  York,  New  York, 
1981.  601  p,  138  Fig,  25  Tab,  223  Ref.  OWRT  C- 
80354-T(No  8708)(1). 

Descriptors:  'Technology  transfer,  'Reservoir  sys- 
tems, 'Reservoir  operations,  'Systems  analysis, 
Education,  Simulation,  Optimization. 

Objectives  of  the  workshop  included  enhancement 
of  technology  transfer  through  the  establishment 
of  two-way  lines  of  communication  between  users 
and  researchers  during  the  proceedings  and  formu- 
lation of  specific  recommendations  to  ensure  con- 
tinuation of  this  effort.  The  90  participants  repre- 
sented federal  agencies  and  private  organizations 
engaged  in  reservoir  systems  operation  and  aca- 
demic institutions  involved  in  systems  analysis  re- 
search pertaining  to  this  field.  Among  the  major 
issues  addressed  were;  the  communications  gap 
between  practitioners  and  academicians;  the  form, 
content,  and  availability  of  literature  from  both 
sectors;  the  curriculum  and  methods  of  present 
educational  offerings;  and  the  validity  of  distinc- 
tions between  simulation  and  optimization.  To  gen- 
erate a  permanent  increase  in  the  rate  of  technol- 
ogy transfer  and  maintain  the  cooperative  interac- 
tions fostered  by  the  workshop,  the  following  set 
of  recommendations  were  proposed:  establish  a 
steering  committee  on  technology  transfer;  con- 
duct a  similar  workshop  in  about  5  years  to  review 
progress;  offer  short  courses  directed  toward  par- 
ticular systems;  place  researchers  in  working  situa- 
tions with  mission  oriented  agencies;  consider  the 
Office  of  Water  Research  and  Technology  as  a 
possible  resource  in  advancing  new  ideas  for  tech- 
nology transfer;  and  initiate  a  newsletter  contain- 
ing brief  descriptions  of  successful  systems  analysis 
applications.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01635 

6B.  Evaluation  Process 


A  REGIONAL  APPROACH  TO  ESTIMATING 
RECREATION  BENEFITS  OF  IMPROVED 
WATER  QUALITY, 

Los  Alamos  National  Lab.,  NM. 
R.  J.  Sutherland. 

Journal  of  Environmental  Economics  and  Manage- 
ment, Vol  9,  No  3,  p  229-247,  1982.  1  fig,  3  Tab,  39 
Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Water  demand,  'Estimating  equa- 
tions, 'Financial  aspects,  Water  quality,  Recrea- 
tion, Fishing,  Swimming,  Benefits,  Cost-benefit 
analysis,  Populations. 

A  model  has  been  presented  that  can  be  used  to 
estimate  recreation  benefits  for  four  water-based 
activities  within  a  three-state  region.  Benefits  can 
be  estimated  for  any  single  site  or  for  several  sites 
simultaneously.  Benefits  can  also  be  estimated  for 
preserving  existing  water  quality  as  well  as  im- 
proving degraded  water.  The  major  conclusion  is 
that  in  Washington,  Idaho  and  Oregon,  the  largest 
potential  recreation  benefits  exist  near  the  popula- 
tion centers.  In  contrast,  improving  water  quality 
in  sparsely  populated  areas  will  probably  not  stim- 
ulate a  substantial  increase  in  recreation  demand. 
The  findings  may  in  some  ways  appear  discourag- 
ing in  terms  of  the  economic  variability  of  meeting 
the  national  goal  of  fishable  and  swimmable  water. 
However,  certain  nonrecreation  benefits  such  as 


property  values,  aesthetic  values,  option  demand, 
and  perhaps  drinking  water  and  health  benefits  are 
likely  to  display  the  same  geographic  pattern  as 
recreation  benefits.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01436 


DESIGN  FREEBOARD  AND  ECONOMIC  EFFI- 
CIENCY, 

Army  Corps  of  Engineers,  Baltimore,  MD. 

C.  E.  Yoe. 

Water  Resources  Bulletin,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  643-648, 

August,  1982.  1  Fig,  2  Tab,  4  Ref. 

The  Corps  treatment  of  design  freeboard  in  local 
protection  (LFP)  studies  is  examined,  and  it  is 
demonstrated  that  this  is  not  consistent  with  eco- 
nomic efficiency  criteria  and  thus  not  consistent 
with  the  Water  Resources  Council's  National  Eco- 
nomic Development  planning  objective.  Some  ar- 
guments as  to  why  this  is  the  case  are  analyzed, 
and  a  more  economically  efficient  treatment  of 
design  freeboard  is  recommended.  Design  free- 
board is  an  increment  of  height  added  to  a  dam, 
floodwall,  levee,  or  channel,  above  and  beyond  the 
design  flood  height,  intended  to  serve  as  a  safety 
factor  to  account  for  unforseen  errors  in  design.  A 
study  of  current  policies  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers 
as  applied  in  the  Wyoming  Valley,  Pennsylvania, 
reveals  that  a  $200  million  project  which  is  consid- 
ered economically  justified  under  policies  now  in 
effect  is  in  fact  not  justified  under  strict  economic 
efficiency  criteria.  It  is  suggested  that  the  objective 
of  economic  efficiency  can  be  better  served  by 
computing  the  real  economic  benefits  and  costs 
from  the  top  of  the  existing  LFP  system  to  the  top 
of  the  new  LFP  system.  Freeboard  must  be  dealt 
with  in  an  interdisciplinary  context  to  resolve  the 
problems.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01476 


MODEL  TO  EVALUATE  CONSERVATION, 
DESIGN,  AND  ECONOMIC  FEASIBILITY  OF 
SUPPLEMENTAL  IRRIGATION  SYSTEMS  IN 
THE  SUB-HUMID  REGION, 

Water  Resources  Research  Inst.,  Manhattan. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  3F. 
W83-01614 


WATER  RESOURCES  MANAGEMENT 
SCHEME  FN  THE  SOUTH  COTENTTN  (UN 
SCHEMA  D'AMENAGEMENT  DES  RES- 
SOURCES  EN  EAU  LE  SUD  DE  LA  PRES- 
QU'ILE  DU  CONTENTIN), 
P.  Tachoires. 
Aqua,  No  4,  p  445-447,  1982.  2  Fig,  2  Tab. 

Descriptors:  'Project  planning,  'Investments, 
•Long-term  planning,  'Water  deficit,  'Economic 
evaluation,  'Evaluation,  Benefits,  Projections, 
Planning,  Economic  aspects,  Water  costs,  Water 
shortage,  Drought,  Capital  costs,  'France. 

In  1976,  droughts  on  the  southern  part  of  the 
Cotentin  peninsula  spurred  administrative  officials 
to  plan  for  the  avoidance  of  water  deficiencies 
with  investments  up  to  the  year  2000.  SAFEGE 
was  called  upon  to  help  define  program  goals  in  a 
three  part  study.  In  the  first  stage,  consulting  engi- 
neers collected  hydrologic  data  projecting  water 
needs  to  characterize  the  investments  to  be  pro- 
grammed. Sixteen  investment  programs  which 
would  eliminate  water  deficiencies  were  defined. 
By  combining  the  best  programs,  three  new  plans 
were  formulated  which  could  be  more  closely 
studied  and  compared.  The  final  choice  of  a 
progam  was  based  on  the  discounted  cost,  the 
spacing  of  important  investments,  and  the  prob- 
lems which  would  be  generated  by  programmed 
investments.  Consultation  between  the  consulting 
engineers  and  administrative  officials  helped  to  es- 
tablish a  plan  which  met  the  lowest  cost  con- 
straints. (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01648 


WEIGHFNG  THE  WASTEWATER  OPTIONS, 

For   primary  bibliographic   entry   see   Field   5D. 
W83-01658 


47 


Field  6— WATER  RESOURCES  PLANNING 


Group  6B — Evaluation  Process 

RELIABILITY  PROGRAMING  IN  RESERVOIR 
MANAGEMENT.  3.  SYSTEM  OF  MULTIPUR- 
POSE RESERVOIRS, 

Institut  za  Vodioprivredu  Jaroslav  Cerni,  Belgrade 

(Yugoslavia). 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  4A. 

W83-01735 


I 


AN  APPROACH  TO  RISK  AND  UNCERTAIN- 
TY IN  BENEFIT-COST  ANALYSIS  OF  WATER 
RESOURCES  PROJECTS, 

George    Washington    Univ.,    Washington,    DC. 
School  of  Engineering  and  Applied  Sciences. 
A.  Goicoechea,  M.  R.  ICrouse,  and  L.  G.  Antle. 
Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  791- 
799,  August,  1982.  8  Fig,  1  Tab,  12  Ref.  12  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Cost-benefit  analysis,  *Risks,  'Al- 
terative planning,  Benefits,  Water  resources  devel- 
opment, Planning,  Probability  distribution,  Flood 
control,  Decision  making,  Halstead,  Flood  Protec- 
tion Project,  Uncertainty,  ♦Little  Arkansas  River 
basin. 

A  methodology  for  incorporating  risk  and  uncer- 
tainty in  benefit-cost  (B/C)  analyses  produces  a 
distribution  of  the  B/C  ratio.  The  model  reflects 
the  fact  that  benefits  and  costs  usually  vary  over  a 
range  of  values.  The  procedure  was  applied  to  the 
single-purpose  Halstead  Flood  Protection  Project 
in  the  Little  Arkansas  River  Basin.  Optimistic, 
expected,  and  pessimistic  values  were  estimated  for 
all  cost  components  (interest  and  amorization,  op- 
erations and  maintenance)  and  all  benefit  compo- 
nents (inundation  reduction,  location,  affluence, 
saving  in  floodproofing  costs,  employment,  and 
recreation)  producing  B/C  ratios  from  10.04  to 
2.62,  with  1.63  the  expected  or  medium  ratio.  The 
distribution  indicated  that  48%  of  the  time  the  B/C 
ratio  would  be  less  than  or  equal  to  1.63.  This 
method  can  help  decision  makers  in  several  ways. 
If  two  alternative  plans  have  the  same  expected  B/ 
C  ratio  and  different  variances,  the  one  with  the 
samller  variance  is  clearly  preferable.  If  two  altera- 
tive plans  have  different  expected  B/C  ratios  and 
equal  variances,  the  one  with  the  larger  expected 
B/C  ratio  is  preferable.  Several  limitations  are 
apparent.  It  is  difficult  to  evaluate  a  group  of 
alternates  with  different  B/C  expected  values  and 
variances.  B.C  is  not  the  only  criterion  for  project 
evaluation;  national  economic  development,  envi- 
ronmental quality,  and  other  needs  must  be  consid- 
ered. The  process  of  arriving  at  ranges  for  benefits 
and  costs  is  subjective  and  therfore  variable  among 
different  planners.  The  procedure  applies  only  to 
situations  involving  gamma  random  variables  only 
or  normal  random  variables  only,  whereas  real 
situations  often  involve  a  mixture  of  random  varia- 
bles. (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01745 

6C.  Cost  Allocation,  Cost  Sharing, 
Pricing/Repayment 

ANALYSIS  OF  ALTERNATIVES  FOR  COST 
SHARING  WATER  RESOURCES  PROJECTS 
AND  PROGRAMS, 

Georgia  Univ.,  Athens.  Inst,  of  Natural  Resources. 
R.  M.  North,  and  J.  Sellers. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150177, 
Price  codes:  A05  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Georgia  Institute  of  Technology  Environmental 
Resources  Center  Report  ERC  07-82,  August 
1982.  Atlanta.  93  p,  4  Fig,  26  Tab,  22  Ref.  OWRT 
B-142-GA(1),  14-34-0001-9065. 

Descriptors:  *Cost  sharing,  *Water  resources  de- 
velopment, 'Financing,  'Flood  control,  Georgia, 
Taxes,  Economic  aspects,  User  charges,  Political 
aspects,  Flood  damage. 

Historical  aspects  of  Federal/non-federal  sharing 
of  water  resources  costs  were  reviewed  for  proj- 
ects and  programs.  The  theoretical  basis  for  these 
sharing  arrangements  were  explored  and  the  au- 
thors suggest  that  the  only  theoretically  sustainable 
purpose  for  cost  sharing  is  that  of  effecting 
changes  in  economic  distribution  or  equity  -  not 
efficiency.   The  alternative  cost  sharing  policies 


proposed  in  1975,  1976,  1977  and  1978  were  de- 
scribed and  evaluated  with  respect  to  anticipated 
changes  in  shares  of  cost  burdens  should  certain 
options  be  adopted.  These  evaluations  were  done 
in  detail  for  flood  damage  reduction  in  the  south 
Atlantic  Gulf  region.  General  estimates  of  cost 
sharing  in  Georgia  were  developed  from  available 
State  budget  data.  All  cost  sharing  and  financing 
proposals  emanating  from  Federal  and  state 
sources,  in  common,  support  or  accede  to  a  de- 
creasing Federal  financial  and  cost  burden  offset 
by  increasing  state  assumption  of  both  financing 
and  cost  burdens  -  some  of  which  would  be  recov- 
ered from  beneficiaries  through  user  charges. 
W83-01609 


THE  EVALUATION  OF  SELECTED  FREEZE 
DESALTING  PJXOT  PLANTS  FOR  SUITABIL- 
ITY AND  POTENTIAL  INTEREST  FOR  FUR- 
THER COMMERCIAL  DEVELOPMENT, 

Burns  and  Roe  Industrial  Services  Corp.,  Oradell, 
NJ. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150334, 
Price  codes:  A06  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Report,  October  18,  1982,  104  p,  13  Fig,  16  Tab,  33 
Ref,  4  Append.  OWRT  C-10140-D(No  1467)(1), 
14-34-0001-1467. 

Descriptors:  'Desalination  plants,  'Cost  analysis, 
•Freeze  desalination,  'Water  treatment,  Pilot 
plants,   Operating   costs,    Industrial   development. 

Because  of  the  current  phase  out  of  all  major 
OWRT  activities,  the  need  was  felt  to  find  private 
sector  candidates  that  would  be  willing  to  acquire 
and  continue  to  operate  the  four  freeze  pilot  plants 
currently  operated  under  OWRT  auspices.  The 
four  units  involved  are:  25,000  gpd  AFVC  plant  at 
Wrightsville  Beach,  NC;  6,000  gpd  Falling  Film 
plant  at  AB1,  Oak  Brook,  IL;  2500  gpd  Eutectic 
Freezing  plant  at  Roswell,  NM;  and  500  gpd  Sec- 
ondary Refrigerant  unit  at  Wrightsville  Beach, 
NC.  Order-of-magnitude  cost  estimates  were  pre- 
pared for  the  costs  of  modifying  the  units  currently 
in  operation  and  the  costs  involved  in  relocating 
the  units  from  their  present  location  to  the  facilities 
of  a  potential  new  private  sector  owner.  In  addi- 
tion, major  operating  cost  factors  were  identified 
for  each  unit.  Potential  applications  for  the  freez- 
ing process  were  established  based  on  staff  experi- 
ence and  a  limited  literature  search.  A  matrix  was 
prepared  establishing  the  suitability  of  each  of  the 
four  freezing  pilot  plants  for  the  major  applications 
of  the  freezing  process.  A  list  was  compiled  of 
companies,  institutions,  and  universities  that  might 
be  interested  in  one  of  the  freeze  pilot  plants.  From 
the  49  contacts  by  phone,  35  expressed  interest  in 
obtaining  more  information  for  a  further  evalua- 
tion. The  final  result  was  that  three  expressions  of 
interest  were  received  for  taking  over  one  of  the 
pilot  units  from  OWRT.  All  three  requests  meet 
the  criteria  that  were  established  for  a  possible 
transfer  to  these  units  to  the  private  sector. 
(Moore-SRC) 
W83-01629 


Increasing  water  rates  to  encourage  water  conser- 
vation often  reveals  a  less-than  anticipated  elastic- 
ity of  demand.  Conversely,  increasing  water  rates 
to  improve  revenues  can  show  a  greater-than  an- 
ticipated elasticity  of  demand.  Increased  prices 
reduce  water  demand  as  much  as  40-50%  in  some 
regions.  This  reduction  in  water  demand  has  two 
major  effects:  total  costs  of  water  production  and 
water  revenues  both  decrease.  Problems  occur 
when  total  cost  reductions  are  not  in  proportion  to 
total  revenue  reductions.  Although  variable  costs 
respond  proportionately  to  total  cost  reductions, 
fixed  costs  do  not,  except  possibly  in  increments  on 
a  long-term  basis.  Since  most  water  utilities  have 
large  fixed  costs,  total  costs  may  not  decline 
enough  to  produce  the  desired  result  of  increased 
net  revenue.  The  experiences  of  the  Metropolitan 
Water  District  of  Southern  California  are  used  as 
an  illustration.  Projections  of  water  rates,  water 
demand,  revenues,  and  costs  for  1981-2000  showed 
that  actual  revenues  are  always  lower  than  actual 
costs  as  water  rates  increase.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01656 


THE  IMPACT  OF  PRICE  ON  RESIDENTIAL 
WATER  DEMAND:  SOME  NEW  INSIGHTS, 

Rockefeller  Foundation,  Jogjakarta  (Indonesia). 
For   primary   bibliographic  entry   see   Field   6D. 
W83-01730 

'SECOND  BEST  EFFLUENT  FEES  IN  WATER 
QUALITY  MANAGEMENT:  PROBLEMS  OF 
ACHIEVING  EFFICIENCY, 

Massachusetts  Inst,  of  Tech.,  Cambridge.  Dept.  of 

Civil  Engineering. 

R.  L.  Revesz,  and  D.  H.  Marks. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  717- 

720,  August,  1982.  17  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Water  quality  managment,  'Effluent 
charges,  'Economic  efficiency,  Water  quality  con- 
trol, Administration,  Rivers,  'Costs,  Pollution 
taxes. 

The  efficiency  characteristics  of  'second  best'  efflu- 
ent charges  are  derived  by  coupling  an  economic 
and  a  physical  model.  The  'second  best'  effluent 
fees  which  do  not  consider  the  physical  character- 
istics of  the  natural  systems  do  not  provide  effi- 
cient results  for  water  quality  managment  prob- 
lems. Fees  which  include  physical  characteristics 
vary  with  the  location  of  the  polluting  plant  and 
with  the  physical  parameters  (such  as  temperature 
and  flow  rate)  of  the  stream.  These  conditions 
require  adjustment  of  fees,  posing  grave  adminis- 
tration burdens.  To  produce  a  workable  system, 
polluters  in  each  reach  could  be  grouped  and  inter- 
vals for  temperature  and  flows  established.  Fees 
would  be  varied  when  physical  parameters  change 
from  one  interval  to  another.  Detailed  knowledge 
of  cost  functions  of  the  polluters  is  difficult  to 
assemble;  therefore,  less  than  optimum  fees  may  be 
set  and  adjusted  as  experience  dictates.  Administra- 
tive costs  for  this  process  are  extremely  high. 
(Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01744 


RELATIONSHIP  OF  COSTS  AND  WATER  USE 
EFFICIENCY  FOR  KRIGATION  PROJECTS 
EN  IDAHO, 

Idaho  Univ.,  Moscow.  Water  Resources  Research 

Inst. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  3F. 

W83-01637 

THE  FINANCIAL  EVIPACT  OF  WATER  RATE 
CHANGES, 

California  Univ.,  Los  Angeles.  Dept.  of  Geogra- 
phy. 

W.  H.  Sang. 

Journal  of  the  American  Water  Works  Associ- 
ation, Vol  74,  No  9,  p  466-469,  September,  1982.  2 
Tab,  15  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Water  rates,  'Elasticity  of  demand, 
'Operating  costs,  Water  demand.  Income,  Costs, 
Economic  aspects,  Pricing,  Water  use,  Water  con- 
sumption, Metropolitan  Water  District  of  Southern 
California,  'California. 


6D.  Water  Demand 

RESIDENTIAL  WATER  DEMAND:  A  POOLED 
TIME  SERDZS,  CROSS  SECTION  STUDY  OF 
MALMO,  SWEDEN, 

Johns  Hopkins  Univ.,  Baltimore.  MD.  Dept.  of 

Applied  Economics. 

S.  H.  Hanke,  and  L.  de  Mare. 

Water  Resources  Bulletin,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  621-625, 

August,  1982.  3  Tab,  21  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Water  demand,  'Mathematical  equa- 
tions, 'Municipal  water,  Water  supply.  Water 
supply  development,  'Sweden,  Malmo,  Water  re- 
sources development.  Sampling,  Water  sampling. 

Shortcomings  associated  with  past  water  demand 
studies  are  evaluated.  Attention  is  focused  on 
water  demands  for  purposes  of  demand  manage- 
ment. Several  rules  of  thumb  are  presented  which 
are  gleaned  from  this  review.  First,  metered  water 
use  data  should  be  collected.  Second,  data  should 


48 


WATER  RESOURCES  PLANNING— Field  6 


Water  Law  and  Institutions — Group  6E 


be  collected  that  are  disaggregated  by  users  within 
each  class.  It  is  suggested  that  a  sample  of  20 
within  each  user  class  should  be  adequate.  Third, 
data  should  be  collected  such  as  price  and  water 
use  data  over  a  time  series,  with  20  time  periods 
and  20  changes  in  real  price  being  adequate. 
Fourth,  these  time  series  and  cross  section  data 
should  be  pooled  for  purposes  of  analysis.  (Baker- 
FRC) 
W83-01482 


GROUND  WATER  USE  IN  AN  ENERGY  DE- 
VELOPMENT AREA:  THE  TONGUE  RIVER 
BASIN,  SOUTHEASTERN  MONTANA, 

Ohio  Wesleyan  Univ.,  Delaware.  Dept.  of  Geogra- 
phy and  Geology. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  4B. 
W83-01508 


PREDICTION  OF  IRRIGATION  WATER  DE- 
MANDS IN  THE  SOUTHEASTERN  UNITED 
STATES, 

Georgia  Univ.,  Athens.  Dept.  of  Agricultural  En- 
gineering. 

J.  L.  Chesness,  and  D.  L.  Cochran. 
Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150169, 
Price  codes:  A03  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Georgia  Institute  of  Technology  Environmental 
Resources  Center  Report  ERC  05-82,  June  1982, 
Atlanta.  36  p,  3  Fig,  3  Tab,  14  Ref.  OWRT  B-146- 
GA(1). 

Descriptors:  'Irrigation  water,  'Water  demand, 
•Prediction,  'Mathematical  models,  'Simulation, 
•Soil  water,  'Precipitation,  Humid  climates,  Infil- 
tration, Field  capacity,  Model  studies,  Canopy, 
Moisture  tension,  Hydrologic  budget,  Runoff, 
Evaporation. 

Many  techniques  available  for  predicting  irrigation 
water  demands  are  applicable  only  to  arid  and 
semiarid  climates  where  the  probability  of  rainfall 
during  the  growing  season  is  low.  The  rapid  in- 
crease in  irrigated  acreage  in  the  southeastern 
region  of  the  U.S.  dictates  the  need  to  develop 
methodologies  suitable  for  humid  climates.  A  con- 
tinuous simulation  model  was  developed  for  pre- 
dicting seasonal  irrigation  water  requirements  of 
crops.  The  model  was  derived  by  writing  water 
balance  equations  for  successive  soil  zones  in  an 
irrigated  soil  profile.  The  quantity  of  water  infil- 
trating the  uppermost  zone  was  the  difference  be- 
tween daily  precipitation  and  runoff.  Zonal  water 
volumes  exceeding  field  capacity  were  passed  into 
the  next  lower  zone.  Irrigation  was  called  for 
whenever  calculated  soil  water  removal  increased 
soil  water  tension  to  a  present  level  in  the  profile. 
Input  data  to  drive  the  model  are:  historical  or 
synthetic  daily  precipitation  and  pan  evaporation 
values;  crop  canopy  growth  factors;  soil  water 
tension-content  relationships;  irrigation  water  man- 
agement depth  and  level  (tension);  and  SCS  runoff 
curve  number.  Daily  measured  values  of  soil  water 
tension  and  irrigation  amounts  are  obtained  for 
nine  crop  (corn  and  soybeans)  seasons.  Predicted 
seasonal  irrigation  water  requirements  averaged 
within  11.2%  of  measured  values  for  eight  of  the 
crop  seasons.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01608 


A  CHANCE-CONSTRAINED  PROGRAMMING 
MODEL  OF  WATER  ALLOCATIONS  IN 
UTAH, 

Utah  Water  Research  Lab.,  Logan. 

J.  E.  Keith,  G.  A.  M.  Gerstl,  R.  Narayanan,  and  D. 

L.  Snyder. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 

Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83- 150227, 

Price  codes:  A04  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 

Water  Resources  Planning  Series  UWRL/P-82/06, 

September  1982.  57  p,  3  Fig,  6  Tab,  57  Ref,  1 

Append.    OWRT    B-182-UTAH(1),     14-34-0001- 

9141. 

Descriptors:  'Water  allocation,  'Water  quality, 
•Resources  development,  'Energy,  'Agriculture, 
•Computer  models,  *Utah,  *Water  supply,  Irriga- 
tion, Model  studies,  Water  rights,  Water  storage, 
Economic  aspects. 


A  chance-constrained  separable  programming 
model  of  water  allocations  between  agriculture 
and  energy  production  was  developed  in  order  to 
examine  the  effect  of  the  variability  of  water  sup- 
plies in  Utah.  Using  an  incomplete  gamma  func- 
tion, based  on  method  of  moments  estimation  of 
parameters,  the  water  flows  at  85,  90,  and  95% 
probabilities  of  occurrence  were  generated.  These 
flows  were  then  used  as  constraints  in  the  alloca- 
tion model.  Results  indicate  that,  in  general,  water 
quantity  is  not  a  significant  constraint  in  regional 
economic  growth  in  Utah,  particularly  if  water 
rights  are  relatively  freely  transferable.  Even  under 
the  most  severe  case  examined,  only  marginally 
significant  changes  in  irrigated  agriculture  were 
evidenced,  while  major  increases  in  the  energy 
sectors  were  indicated.  Water  quality  constraints, 
however,  have  a  significant  impact  on  agriculture, 
particularly  given  increasing  energy  development, 
since  privately  financed  treatments  appear  to  be 
economically  infeasible  for  most  farmers.  The  de- 
velopment of  storage  also  appears  unwarranted  in 
most  cases,  because  the  marginal  user  of  water, 
agriculture,  cannot  afford  to  pay  for  development. 
At  least  in  the  near  term,  other  impediments  to 
large  scale  development  may  be  much  more  impor- 
tant than  water  availability.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01615 


THE  FINANCIAL  IMPACT  OF  WATER  RATE 
CHANGES, 

California  Univ.,  Los  Angeles.  Dept.  of  Geogra- 
phy. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  6C. 
W83-01656 


RURAL  WATER  SUPPLY  AND  SANITATION 
IN  SRI  LANKA, 

Sri  Lanka  National  Water  Supply  and  Drainage 

Board. 

N.  D.  Peiris. 

Aqua,  No  4,  p  9-12,  1982.  1  Fig,  1  Tab. 

Descriptors:  *Water  supply  development,  Water 
resources  development,  •Sanitation,  *Sewage  sys- 
tems, 'Developing  countries,  'Rural  areas,  'Inter- 
national hydrological  decade,  Water  supply,  Water 
demand,  Public  health,  Potable  water,  Ground- 
water potential,  Drinking  water,  'Sri  Lanka. 

A  1981  census  of  the  Sri  Lanka  population  showed 
that  about  70-75%  of  the  population  is  rural  and 
lives  in  estate,  wet,  or  dry  zones.  The  Ministry  of 
Local  Government,  Housing  and  Construction 
must  develop  water  supplies  and  sewerage  for  the 
whole  island.  Local  government  agencies  facilitate 
the  task  of  supplying  water  and  sanitation.  Some 
targets  to  be  accomplished  during  the  1981-1990 
Water  Decade  Plans  are  to  provide  100%  of  the 
urban  population  with  safe  drinking  water,  50%  of 
the  rural  population  with  safe  drinking  water,  and 
50%  of  the  population  with  sewage  disposal.  By 
the  year  2000,  full  coverage  of  both  water  and 
sanitation  is  planned.  Geology  prevents  full  devel- 
opment of  groundwater  resources  in  rural  areas. 
Poor  sanitation  in  rural  areas  causes  about  40%  of 
the  cases  of  water-borne  diseases.  A  number  of 
international  agencies  are  aiding  Sri  Lanka  with 
water  supply  development  in  rural  areas.  A  Model 
Village  Program  relocates  backward  villages  to 
areas  with  water,  sanitation,  and  better  housing. 
Health  education  of  the  public  is  also  planned. 
Many  of  the  projects  are  experiencing  budgetary 
problems  due  to  rising  inflation.  Even  with  the 
lack  of  financial  resources,  much  could  be  done  to 
follow  along  the  Action  Plan  prepared  under  the 
Decade  Program.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01659 


THE  IMPACT  OF  PRICE  ON  RESIDENTIAL 
WATER  DEMAND:  SOME  NEW  INSIGHTS, 

Rockefeller  Foundation,  Jogjakarta  (Indonesia). 
C.  W.  Howe. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  713- 
716,  August,  1982.  1  Tab,  11  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Elasticity  of  demand,  'Water 
demand,  'Water  rates,  Seasonal  variation,  Prices, 
Marginal  prices,  Domestic  water,  Economic  as- 
pects, 'Model  studies. 


49 


Marginal  price  elasticites  were  estimated  for  the 
Johns  Hopkins  Residential  Water  Use  Project  data 
of  1963-65,  using  newly  developed  household 
water  demand  functions  which  account  for  the 
effects  of  a  rate  structure.  Winter  season  elasticity 
was  much  lower  (-0.06)  than  the  -0.23  calculated  in 
a  1967  study.  Summer  price  elasticities  were  also 
lower  than  previous  sstimates,  -0.568  versus  -0.860 
for  the  easier  U.S.  and  -0.427  versus  -0.519  for  the 
western  U.S.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01730 


6E.  Water  Law  and  Institutions 


THE  COSTS  OF  CONFLICTING  ENVIRON- 
MENTAL POLICY:  A  CASE  STUDY  IN  MIL- 
WAUKEE, 

Wisconsin  Univ.-Milwaukee.  Dept.  of  Urban  Plan- 
ning. 

G.  W.  Page,  and  A.  C.  Weinstein. 
Water  Resources  Bulletin,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  671-677, 
August,  1982.  1  Tab,  23  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Financial  aspects,  'Water  pollution 
control,  'Environmental  effects,  'Milwaukee, 
Legal  aspects,  Standards,  Combined  sewer  over- 
flows, Public  rights,  Clean  Water  Act,  Nonpoint 
pollution  sources,  'Wisconsin. 

The  implications  of  U.S.  water  pollution  abatement 
policy  for  the  13-year  history  of  environmental 
conflict  in  Milwaukee  are  presented.  The  recent 
U.S.  Supreme  Court  decision  concerning  a  Mil- 
waukee case  is  described  as  a  milestone  in  U.S. 
water  pollution  a  batement  policy  which  will  help 
preclude  the  type  of  environmental  policy  conflict 
which  has  been  so  costly  to  Milwaukee.  In  Mil- 
waukee this  conflict  was  made  explicit  and  costly 
by  a  federal  court  expanding  the  common  law  of 
nuisance  to  remedy  a  pollution  problem  even 
though  existing  federal  policy  clearly  addresses  the 
issue.  Conflict  centered  around  the  uniform  nation- 
al standards  specific  to  the  unique  characteristics 
of  water  bodies;  the  primacy  of  the  legislature  or 
the  judiciary  in  formulating  environmental  policy; 
requirements  for  secondary  versus  tertiary  sewage 
treatment;  required  level  of  combined  sewer  over- 
flow protection;  percentage  of  the  cost  of  the 
pollution  abatement  project  to  be  paid  by  local 
communities;  urban  vs.  suburban  conflicts  in  ad- 
dressing regional  pollution  problems;  and  structur- 
al versus  alternative  and  innovative  approaches  in 
addressing  combined  sewer  overflow  problems. 
W83-01502 


VERMONT  WATER  LAW  -  A  SURVEY  AND 
PRIMER, 

Vermont  Univ.,  Burlington.  School  of  Natural  Re- 
sources. 
M.  B.  Lapping. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83- 150326, 
Price  codes:  A02  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Report,  October  18,  1979,  10  p,  250  Ref.  OWRT 
A-035-VTC2). 

Descriptors:  'Water  law,  'Riparian  rights, 
'Groundwater,  'Vermont,  Legal  aspects,  Water 
quality,  Reasonable  use,  Water  use,  Navigable 
waters. 

Vermont  is  a  riparian  state,  like  most  jurisdictions 
east  of  the  Mississippi  River.  Public  and  private 
waters  are  distinguished  by  the  test  of  navigability 
in  fact,  and  the  public  waters  are  held  in  trust  by 
the  state.  Riparian  rights  in  Vermont  are  not  sub- 
ject to  forfeiture  and  non-use  of  the  resource  does 
not  mean  its  loss.  A  riparian  right  may  be  granted 
to  a  non-riparian  through  a  legal  conveyance.  The 
concept  of  riparianism  in  Vermont  extends  to  the 
quality  of  the  resources  as  well  as  its  quantity. 
Vermont  remains  alone  among  the  eastern  states  in 
terms  of  groundwater  resources  in  that  absolute 
ownership  exists,  unless  it  can  be  demonstrated 
that  the  underground  water  lies  in  a  definite  under- 
ground channel,  in  which  case  the  reasonable  use 
doctrine  applies.  Since  the  1890's  the  state  and 
federal  governments  have  gradually  extended  their 
authority  into  the  areas  of  water  pollution  and  the 
use  of  surface  waters.  As  this  has  occurred,  the 


Field  6— WATER  RESOURCES  PLANNING 


Group  6E— Water  Law  and  Institutions 


role  of  the  courts  in   resolving   water   resource 
conflicts  has  diminished.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01628 


A  PAPER  TIGER:  THE  SAFE  DRINKING 
WATER  ACT, 

Greeley  and  Hansen,  Chicago,  IL. 

A.  H.  Adams,  and  T.  W.  Burke. 

Consulting  Engineer  (St.  Joseph),  Vol  59,  No  3,  p 

73-76,  September,  1982. 

Descriptors:  'Regulations,  'Legal  aspects,  'Public 
opinion,  'Safe  Drinking  Water  Act,  Environmen- 
tal Pollution  Agency,  Water  pollution  control. 

On  December  16,  1974  the  Safe  Drinking  Water 
Act  was  passed,  aimed  at  ensuring  that  the  nation's 
water  supplies  would  meet  minimum  national 
standards  and  specifying  that  the  Environmental 
Protection  Agency  must  publish  interim  primary 
drinking  water  regulations  within  90  days  of  pas- 
sage. Secondary  regulations  were  to  be  proposed 
in  270  days.  By  June  of  1982  five  amendments  to 
the  act  had  been  published.  While  it  is  still  early  to 
determine  the  full  impact  of  the  regulations,  it  is 
certain  that  they  have  generated  much  debate. 
Provisions  that  continue  to  be  of  great  concern 
include  public  notification,  THM-maximum  con- 
taminant level,  organic  contaminant  removal  treat- 
ment techniques,  sampling  requirements,  effect  on 
small  water  systems,  and  administration  of  the  act 
by  those  states  assuming  primacy.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01653 


Descriptors:  'Water  pollution  control,  'Nonpoint 
pollution  sources,  'Institutional  constraints,  'De- 
centralization, 'Social  aspects,  Wisconsin,  Regula- 
tions, Land  use,  Education,  Economic  aspects, 
Water  quality,  Institutions,  Incentives,  Voluntary 
actions. 

A  case  study  was  made  of  a  voluntary,  decentral- 
ized institutional  arrangement  for  managing  non- 
point  source  water  pollution  control  used  in  the 
Root  River  watershed  in  southeastern  Wisconsin. 
The  watershed  was  chosen  because  of  its  mi*  of 
urban,  agricultural,  and  urbanizing  land  uses.  The 
project  objectives  were:  to  monitor  and  draw  con- 
clusions about  the  effectiveness  of  a  voluntary, 
decentralized  institutional  system;  to  specify  defi- 
ciency of  the  approach  and  suggest  means  to 
correct  them;  and  to  use  the  conclusions  to  specu- 
late about  the  need  for  regulations  regarding  non- 
point  source  pollution  control  or  the  appropriate- 
ness of  financial  incentives  for  nonpoint  source 
control.  Institutional  factors  considered  include: 
diversity  of  land  uses  in  the  watershed,  educational 
needs,  economic  conditions,  personality,  water 
quality  considerations,  number  of  agencies  in- 
volved, definition  of  authority,  and  bureaucratic 
requirements.  It  was  concluded  that  decentraliza- 
tion is  desirable  only  when  it  serves  a  very  clear, 
very  important  purpose.  It  is  clearly  inefficient  and 
the  problems  related  to  it  multiply  rapidly  as  addi- 
tional organizations  and  agencies  are  added.  Use  of 
a  voluntary  approach  is  largely  a  philosophical 
choice,  and  while  it  works  for  some  practices,  it  is 
also  inefficient.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01630 


STATE  OFFICIALS  SOUND  OFF  ON  MOST- 
PRESSING  WATER-QUALITY  ISSUES, 

G.  Dallaire. 

Civil  Engineering  -  ASCE,  Vol  52,  No  9,  p  49-52, 

September,  1982. 

Descriptors:  'Water  quality,  'State  jurisdiction, 
Pretreatment  of  water,  Water  treatment,  Local 
governments,  Organizations,  Wastewater  facilities, 
Wastewater  treatment,  Streams,  Construction, 
Grants,  Financial  aspects,  Texas,  Pennsylvania, 
Ohio,  Connecticut,  Illinois,  Colorado,  Clean  Water 
Act,  Legal  aspects. 

Changes  which  may  be  suggested  by  various  state 
water  pollution  control  officials  regarding  the 
Clean  Water  Act  of  1977  are  considered.  Connecti- 
cut may  seek  to  push  for  the  states  to  develop 
effective  pretreatment  programs.  One  of  the  major 
reasons  for  such  a  push  is  that  Connecticut  is  one 
of  the  states  taking  a  particularly  hard  stand  on  this 
issue,  and  it  is  felt  this  has  caused  some  industry  to 
move  from  that  state  to  others  where  less  emphasis 
is  placed  on  this  topic.  Illinois  will  probably  urge  a 
flexible  approach  to  pretreatment.  Colorado  will 
support  the  idea  that  wastewater  facilities  are  a 
local  government  responsibility.  Ohio  is  suggesting 
that  it  is  unwise  to  pursue  what  appears  to  officials 
in  that  state  to  be  an  unreasonable  goal-  that  of 
protecting  all  streams  in  the  state  for  their  highest 
possible  uses  at  all  times.  Officials  insist  there  are 
streams  in  Ohio  on  which  it  would  not  make  sense 
to  spend  money  to  make  them  fishable  or  swimma- 
ble.  Pennsylvania  is  planning  a  state-loan  program 
for  communities  with  no  hope  for  getting  a  federal 
construction  grant.  Finally,  Pennsylvania  is  back- 
ing innovative  treatment  systems  to  stretch  dwin- 
dling federal  grant  money.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01654 

6F.  Nonstructural  Alternatives 


INSTITUTIONAL  ARRANGEMENTS  FOR 
CONTROLLING  NONPOINT  SOURCE  WATER 
POLLUTION:  WISCONSIN'S  ROOT  RIVER 
WATERSHED, 

Wisconsin    Univ. -Milwaukee.    Center    for    Great 

Lakes  Studies. 

D.  S.  Sawicki,  and  L.  B.  Judd. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 

Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83- 150342, 

Price  codes:  A07  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 

Special  Report  No  38,  March  1982,  135  p,  6  Fig, 

16  Tab,  29  Ref.  OWRT  C-00060-U(No  0484)(1). 


6G.  Ecologic  Impact  Of 
Water  Development 

WATERSHEDS  IN  MUSKEG  TERRAIN.  2. 
EVALUATIONS  BASED  ON  WATER  CHEMIS- 
TRY, 

Alberta  Univ.,  Edmonton.  Dept.  of  Geology. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  2K. 
W83-01497 

THE  ECOLOGICAL  EFFECTS  OF  LOG  SAL- 
VAGING FROM  RESERVOntS, 

Maine  Univ.  at  Orono.  Land  and  Water  Resources 

Center. 

J.  R.  Moring,  K.  E.  Gibbs,  M.  T.  Negus,  and  P.  D. 

Eiler. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 

Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150060, 

Price  codes:  A04  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 

Completion  Report,  November  1982.  44  p,  5  Fig,  5 

Tab,  41  Ref,  8  Append.  OWRT  B-020-ME(l). 

Descriptors:  'Ecological  effects,  Fish,  Fisheries, 
•Logging,  Reservoirs,  Water  quality,  'Log  salvag- 
ing, 'Maine,  'Perch,  Water  pollution  effects,  'Sub- 
merged logs,  Invertebrates,  Water  pollution 
sources,  Wyman  Lake,  Indian  Pond. 

Pulpwood  log  drives  in  Maine,  from  the  1830s  to 
1976,  left  an  estimated  1-2  million  cords  of  logs 
submerged  in  the  Kennebec  River  system,  princi- 
pally in  two  reservoirs:  Wyman  Lake  and  Indian 
Pond.  Favorable  economics  have  led  to  commer- 
cial log  salvaging  in  these  two  reservoirs  and  else- 
where. Because  of  the  large  quantities  of  sub- 
merged logs  in  the  northeastern  United  States  and 
eastern  Canada,  interest  is  high  concerning  the 
ecological  impact  of  such  salvaging.  Yellow  perch 
did  not  show  a  strong  attraction  for  submerged 
pulpwood  logs,  though  other  species  did,  indicat- 
ing that  removal  could  have  some  impact  on  avail- 
able cover  for  fishes.  The  proportion  of  bark  in  the 
sediment  was  considerably  higher  in  unsalvaged 
sites,  and  density  of  macro-invertebrates  on  logs  in 
unsalvaged  sites  was  twice  that  of  logs  remaining 
in  salvaged  sites.  The  colonization  potential  of 
newly  submerged  logs  is  apparently  not  impaired 
by  log  salvaging,  but  salvaging  can  have  short- 
term  effects  on  water  quality  and  certain  direct  and 
indirect  effects  on  fishes  and  invertebrates.  Log 
salvaging  will  have  greater  ecological  impacts  on 
areas  where  logs  are  not  situated  flat  on  the 
bottom,  but  stacked,  where  the  diversity  of  cover 


sites  for  fishes  and  substrate  for  invertebrates  is 

higher. 

W83-01575 

DOWNSTREAM  EFFECTS  OF  THE  GORDON 
RrVER  POWER  DEVELOPMENT,  SOUTH- 
WEST TASMANIA, 

Tasmania  Univ.,  Hobart  (Australia).  Dept.  of 
Botany. 

R.  D.  King,  and  P.  A.  Tyler. 
Australian  Journal  of  Marine  and  Freshwater  Re- 
search, Vol  33,  No  3,  p  431-442,  1982,  13  Fig,  13 
Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Dam  effects,  Estuaries,  'Meromictic 
lakes,  Water  resources  development,  'Hydroelec- 
tric plants,  Environmental  effects,  Ecological  ef- 
fects, Reservoirs,  Holomictic  lakes,  Lakes,  Merc- 
mixis,  Water  circulation,  Stratification,  'Australia, 
Tasmania,  Gordon  River. 

A  survey  of  the  physicochemical  limnology  of  the 
Gordon  River  designed  to  give  background  data 
for  stage  2  of  the  Gordon  River  Power  Develop- 
ment has  shown  the  effects  of  the  dams  of  stage  1 . 
A  damping  of  seasonal  flow  variations  was  ob- 
served, so  that  the  regulated  river  experiences 
higher  summer  flows  and  lower  winter  flows. 
Summer  growth  of  photosynthetic  algae  in  shal- 
lows and  riffle  zones  no  longer  occurs,  while  other 
biological  ramifications  have  yet  to  be  investigat- 
ed. River  headwaters  now  form  the  hypolimnetic 
strata  of  the  reservoir,  Lake  Gordon.  The  river  is 
now  fed  with  a  discharge  of  nearly  uniform  chemi- 
cal composition  and  temperature.  An  estuarine  un- 
derflow of  salt  water  on  which  the  meromixis  of 
three  lakes  depends  has  been  eliminated  by  the 
stage  1  dams.  One  of  these  lakes  has  become  holo- 
mictic since  the  discharge  from  the  dam  began. 
During  a  brief  shutdown  of  the  power  station,  a 
temporary  return  to  meromixis  was  observed, 
showing  that  the  lake  could  retain  its  meromictic 
conditions  if  a  proper  operating  regime  was  main- 
tained. (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01588 


ALTERED  HYDROLOGY  OF  THE  MISSOURI 
RIVER  AND  ITS  EFFECTS  ON  FLOODPLAIN 
FOREST  ECOSYSTEMS, 

Virginia  Polytechnic  Inst,  and  State  Univ.,  Blacks- 
burg.  Dept.  of  Biology. 

W.  C.  Johnson,  P.  W.  Reily,  L.  S.  Andrews,  J.  F. 
McLellan,  and  J.  A.  Brophy. 
Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150110, 
Price  codes:  A05  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Virginia  Water  Resources  Research  Center, 
Blacksburg,  Bulletin  139,  November  1982.  83  p,  13 
Fig  9  Tab,  2  Microfiche,  59  Ref.  OWRT  B-108- 
VA(1). 

Descriptors:  'Floodplains,  'Floodplam  protection. 
Floods,  'Forests,  Dams,  Riparian,  Vegetation, 
Rivers,  River  meandering,  Growth,  Survivorship. 
Land  use,  'North  Dakota,  'Missouri  River,  'Ri- 
parian ecosystems. 

A  river  system's  hydrologic  regimen,  having  been 
altered  by  the  construction  and  operation  of  a 
floodplain  protection  project,  has  long  been  sus- 
pected of  having  major,  long-term  effects  on  the 
natural  dynamics  of  riparian  ecosystems  that 
remain  in  gaps  between  large  reservoirs.  This 
study  confirms  that  hypothesis  by  documenting 
some  of  those  impacts  in  an  area  between  Garrison 
Dam  and  Oahe  Reservoir  on  the  Missouri  River  in 
south-central  North  Dakota.  Specifically,  it  exam- 
ines post-dam  changes  in  river  meandering  rate, 
floodplain  forest  composition,  tree  population 
structure,  and  tree  growth  rate.  Post-dam  hydrolo- 
gic regimen  differs  markedly  from  pre-dam  regi- 
men. Evaluation  of  data  collected  revealed  that 
Garrison  Dam  and  Oahe  Reservoir  have  had  sig- 
nificant impact  on  the  area's  riparian  ecosystem, 
including  altering  streamflow  patterns;  eliminating 
much  of  the  flooding  and  silt  deposition  that  had 
occurred  along  the  pre-dam  river;  decreasing  river 
meandering  rates  but  widening  the  nver  channel; 
causing  a  decline  in  radial  tree  growth  in  species 
whose  natural  sources  of  moisture  have  been  al- 
tered by  the  dam;  changing  the  composition  of 


50 


RESOURCES  DATA— Field  7 
Network  Design — Group  7A 


floodplain  forests  by  preventing  regeneration  of 
some  species  and  lowering  seedling  survivorship  of 
others;  and  encouraging  the  clearing  of  floodplain 
forests  for  agriculture  with  improved  irrigation 
opportunities.  Results  of  this  study  should  have 
application  to  forests  on  other  floodplains  where 
the  natural  hydrologic  regimen  has  been  altered  by 
man.  This  research  should  stimulate  further  study 
of  riparian  ecosystems  so  that  a  more  general  as- 
sessment can  be  made  of  the  ecological  effects  of 
floodplain  protection. 
W83-01603 


ENVIRONMENTAL      ISSUES      OF      LIQUID 
TRANSPORTATION  FUELS  FROM  COAL, 

Oklahoma  Univ.,  Norman. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  5B. 

W83-01743 

7.  RESOURCES  DATA 
7A.  Network  Design 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED  AND 
PLOT  DATA  FROM  THE  NORTHWEST  LAND 
MANAGEMENT  AND  CONSERVATION  RE- 
SEARCH CENTER, 

Agricultural  Research  Service,  Pullman,  WA. 
Land  Management  and  Water  Conservation  Re- 
search Unit. 

K.  E.  Saxton,  and  D.  K.  McCool. 
In:  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data;  Agricultural  Research 
Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals  ARM- 
W-31,  Oakland,  Calif.,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C. 
W.,  Farrell,  D.  A.,  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.  p  160-165, 
2  Tab,  4  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Data  acquisition,  'Precipitation, 
•Runoff,  'Sediments,  'Water  quality,  Agricultural 
runoff,  Soil  erosion,  Tillage,  Crop  production,  Dry 
farming,  Freezing,  Snow,  Sampling,  'Washington, 
Palouse. 

Research  at  the  Center  is  to  determine  effective 
tillage  and  cropping  systems  for  the  Pacific  North- 
west Region,  with  particular  interest  to  the  dry- 
land farming  area  of  Washington,  Oregon,  and 
Idaho.  The  Palouse  area  of  eastern  Washington 
and  northern  Idaho  is  an  area  of  specific  interest 
because  of  its  high  productivity,  severe  erosion, 
and  water  quality  problems.  The  acquisiton  of  data 
in  this  region  requires  maintaining  excellent  mea- 
surement calibration  and  reliability  during  the 
winter  months,  because  that  is  when  essentially  all 
hydrologic  activity  occurs.  Cold  weather,  snow, 
ice,  and  muddy  and  frozen  soil  must  be  dealt  with. 
Temperatures  frequently  hover  near  the  freezing 
point,  causing  precipitation  to  vary  from  rain  to 
snow,  often  within  the  same  event  period.  Precipi- 
tation and  runoff  rates  are  normally  very  low 
intensity,  but  significant  erosion  and  chemical 
movement  occur  during  these  cold  conditions,  for 
precipitation,  measuring  snow  and  maintaining 
clocks  in  cold  weather  are  the  two  most  difficult 
problems.  Streamflow  measurement  and  sampling 
can  be  adequately  accomplished  using  enclosed 
shelters,  but  this  is  difficult  and  expensive.  The 
quality  of  precipitation  and  streamflow  data  is 
largely  related  to  instrument  design  and  reliability, 
whereas  sediment  and  chemical  data  are  more  de- 
termined by  sampling  frequency  and  representa- 
tiveness. (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01449 


SLEEPERS  RIVER  RESEARCH  WATERSHED, 
DANVILLE,  VERMONT, 

H.  B.  Pionke,  R.  L.  Hendrick,  and  B.  J. 
Chamberlin. 

In:  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Water- 
shed and  Plot  Data;  Agricultural  Research  Serv- 
ice, Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals  ARM-W- 
31,  Oakland,  Calif,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C.W.; 
Farrell,  D.  A.;  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.  p  146-153, 
2  Fig,  2  Tab,  16  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Data  acquisition,  'Precipitation, 
•Runoff,  Raingages,  Snow,  Freezing,  Storm  seep- 


age, Return  flow,  'Vermont,  Sleepers  River  Re- 
search Watershed. 

The  Sleepers  River  Research  Watershed  was  cre- 
ated to  provide  additional  knowledge  on  the  physi- 
cal behavior  of  natural  watersheds,  and  to  solve 
specific  hydrologic  problems  of  the  New  England 
area.  Dispite  a  shift  in  emhasis  to  analysis  and 
interpretation  of  data,  considerable  resources  were 
still  directed  toward  data  collection  until  the  clos- 
ing of  the  Research  Watershed  in  1979.  The  pre- 
cipitation measurement  network  included  35  sites 
that  contained  weighing,  recording  raingages;  20 
of  these  sites  had  snow  courses.  Severe  winter 
climate  conditions  caused  some  missing  or  poor 
quality  data.  Runoff  was  measured  for  the  16  sub- 
watersheds  from  a  combination  of  known  stage 
and  control-point  geometry.  The  control  points 
were  either  flumes  or  weirs.  Flow  measurements 
during  winter  and  early  spring  were  usually  accu- 
rate or  correctable  under  stable  flow  conditions 
because  of  daily  ice  removal  procedures.  Where 
flow  peaks  or  unstable  flow  rates  were  associated 
with  excessive  ice  buildup  or  ice  jams,  the  record 
is  much  less  accurate.  One  problem  was  to  measure 
quick  (interflow)  and  total  subsurface  return  flow 
in  a  system  where  classic  hydrograph  separation 
techniques  may  provide  the  least  accurate  esti- 
mates of  surface  and  subsurface  return  flows  of  any 
place  in  the  U.S.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01450 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  PRECIPITATION, 
RUNOFF  AND  EROSION  PLOT  DATA  FROM 
THE  COLUMBIA  PLATEAU  CONSERVATION 
RESEARCH  CENTER, 

J.  F.  Zuzel,  R.  R.  Allmaras,  and  R.  N.  Greenwalt. 
In:  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Agricultural  Research 
Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals  ARM- 
W-31,  Oakland,  Calif,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C. 
W.,  Farrell,  D.  A.,  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.,  p 
124-129,  2  Tab,  7  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Data  acquisition,  'Precipitation, 
'Runoff,  'Sediments,  'Water  quality,  Soil  erosion, 
Agricultural  runoff,  Sampling,  Fertilizers,  Rain 
gages,  Snow,  Columbia  River  Plateau. 

The  mission  of  the  Center  is  to  carry  out  research 
for  developing  better  practices,  techniques,  and 
equipment  for  crop  protection,  and  soil  and  water 
conservation  in  the  Columbia  River  Plateau  and 
related  land  resource  areas.  Each  fall,  fully  instru- 
mented sites  are  installed  to  gather  data.  The  sites 
are  located  over  a  wide  geographical  area  in  north- 
eastern Oregon.  Each  plot  is  designed  to  collect 
into  holding  tanks  all  of  the  runoff  and  erosional 
materials  produced.  Each  site  is  also  equipped  to 
continuously  record  soil  temperature,  air  tempera- 
ture, relative  humidity,  and  precipitation.  When  a 
runoff  event  occurs,  water  and  sediment  samples 
are  collected  from  the  holding  tanks.  Catch  defi- 
ciencies were  associated  with  propane  heated,  tip- 
ping bucket  rain-gages.  Weighing  type  recording 
raingages  provide  good  data  quality  despite  occa- 
sional recorder  malfunctions.  Sampling  of  snow 
water  equivalent  in  areas  of  transient  and  discon- 
tinuous snow  pack  presents  additional  problems. 
Estimates  of  total  runoff  are  excellent,  as  are  esti- 
mates of  hourly  runoff.  Determinations  of  total 
sediment  obtained  from  sampling  the  holding  tanks 
are  considered  very  good.  Samples  obtained  from 
the  holding  tanks  provide  good  estimates  of  fertil- 
izer-type chemical  concentrations.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01453 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED 
DATA  FROM  THE  WATER  CONSERVATION 
STRUCTURES  LABORATORY,  STILLWATER, 
OKLAHOMA, 

W.  R.  Gwinn. 

In:  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Agricultural  Research 
Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals  ARM- 
W-31,  Oakland,  Calif,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C. 
W.,  Farrell,  D.  A.,  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.,  p 
111-113,  7  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Data  acquisition,  'Precipitation, 
•Runoff,  *Sediments,  Wind,  Snow,  Weirs,  Cul- 
verts, Silt,  Pumps. 


Precipitation  and  runoff  data  were  needed  for  the 
design  of  soil  and  water  conservation  works  in 
grassland  areas  of  the  Reddish  Prairies  of  Oklaho- 
ma, Texas,  and  Kansas.  This  also  provided  an 
opportunity  for  research  on  the  development  of  an 
inexpensive  runoff  measuring  device  that  utilized 
existing  highway  culverts.  Three  watersheds,  adja- 
cent to  and  draining  toward  a  highway  were  se- 
lected. Water  level  and  precipitation  recorders 
were  installed  in  June  1951  and  operated  continu- 
ously until  1973.  Good  quality  precipitation  data 
depends  on  the  alertness,  care  and  training  of  the 
observer,  as  well  as  on  the  device  or  instrument 
being  used.  Precipitation  records  are  also  subject 
to  errors  due  to  wind,  snow  and  convective  thun- 
derstorms. Highway  culverts  equipped  with  Ville- 
monte  weir  sills  were  evaluated  as  flow  measuring 
devices.  Some  difficulty  was  experienced  with  a 
twin  culvert  because  the  water  does  not  always 
divide  evenly  between  the  two  barrels.  Silt  deposi- 
tion and  low  flow  caused  difficulties  in  obtaining 
accurate  measurements  of  runoff  pump  malfunc- 
tion was  the  major  source  of  operational  error  in 
sediment  concentration  measurement.  (Moore- 
SRC) 
W83-01455 


ACQUISITION  AND  QUALITY  OF  WATER- 
SHED DATA  FROM  THE  SOUTHERN  PLAINS 
WATERSHED  AND  WATER  QUALITY  LABO- 
RATORY, 

Agricultural  Research  Service,  Durant,  OK.  Wa- 
tershed and  Water  Quality  Lab. 
S.  J.  Smith,  P.  B.  Allen,  and  F.  R.  Schiebe. 
In:  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Agricultural  Research 
Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals  ARM- 
W-31,  Oakland,  Calif,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C. 
W.,  Farrell,  D.  A.,  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.,  p 
104-110,  18  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Data  acquisition,  'Precipitation, 
•Runoff,  'Sediments,  'Water  quality,  Agricultural 
runoff,  Storm  runoff,  Detritus,  Sand,  Silt,  Sam- 
pling. 

The  mission  of  the  Southern  Plains  Watershed  and 
Water  Quality  Laboratory,  headquartered  at 
Durant,  Oklahoma,  is  to  develop  information 
needed  to  protect  and  manage  the  quality  of  the 
nation's  water  resources  arising  from  agricultural 
and  non-urban  lands.  Watersheds  at  Chickasha, 
Oklahoma,  and  cooperating  locations  at  El  Reno 
and  Woodward,  Oklahoma,  and  Bushland  and 
Temple-Riesel,  Texas,  generate  basic  data  and  in- 
formation for  analysis  at  the  laboratory  at  Durant. 
No  particular  problems  have  been  reported  with 
the  raingage  network  installed  in  the  Washita 
River  Basin.  Runoff  data  has  been  collected  for  80 
watersheds.  Measurement  problems  associated 
with  freezing  are  rare,  but  problems  associated 
with  high  sediment  loads  do  exist.  High  concentra- 
tions of  fine  sand,  very  fine  sand,  and  coarse  silt 
create  problems  for  precalibrated  weirs.  Trashy 
stormflow  hampers  making  accurate  discharge 
measurements.  Virtually  all  suspended  sediment 
problems  result  because  the  concentration  of  sand 
and  coarse  silt  is  poorly  distributed  in  the  flow 
cross-section,  especially  with  depth.  A  particular 
problem  has  been  obtaining  a  representative  total 
sample  (water  plus  sediment)  for  chemical  analysis 
in  runoff  containing  course  sediment  particles. 
(Moore-SRC) 
W83-01456 


QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED  DATA  AT  THE 
NORTH  APPALACHIAN  EXPERIMENTAL 
WATERSHED,  CONSHOCTON,  OHIO, 

Agricultural   Research   Service,   Coshocton,   OH. 
North  Appalachian  Experimental  Watershed. 
T.  J.  Harlukowicz,  J.  V.  Bonta,  W.  M.  Edwards, 
and  C.  R.  Amerman. 

In:  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Agricultural  Research 
Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals  ARM- 
W-31,  Oakland,  Calif,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C. 
W.,  Farrell,  D.  A.,  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.,  p  91- 
103,  2  Fig,  2  Tab,  6  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Data  acquisition,  'Precipitation, 
'Runoff,  'Sediments,  'Water  quality,  Rain  gages, 
Snow,  Weirs,  Flumes. 


51 


Field  7— RESOURCES  DATA 


Group  7 A— Network  Design 

The  present  mission  of  the  North  Appalachian 
Experimental  Watershed  is  to  develop  procedures 
for  predicting  the  movement  of  water,  sediment, 
and  chemical  constituents  in  the  landscape  and  to 
develop  and  evaluate  management  systems  as  to 
their  effects  upon  such  movement.  The  diversity  of 
the  research  program  at  Coshocton  and  the  envi- 
ronmental situations  which  must  be  accommodated 
in  accomplishing  the  research  objectives  requires 
the  maintenance  of  an  extensive  data  acquisition 
system  consisting  of  numerous  components.  Pre- 
cipitation data  are  derived  from  twelve  weighting, 
unshielded,    recording   raingages,    one    weighing, 
dual  recording  gage  and  one  pit  gage.  The  quality 
of  the  precipitation  data  is  affected  by  three  fac- 
tors: the  inherent  tendency  of  standard  recordmg 
rain  gages  to  undercatch  precipitation;   the  me- 
chanical performance  of  a  raingage;  and  human 
error   during   servicing.    Broad   crested   V-notch 
weirs,  H-flumes,  a  Columbus  deep  notch  weir,  and 
drop-box  weirs  are  the  principal  flow  measuring 
devices  used   to   gage  stream   flow.   Mechanical 
problems  and  human  errors  also  affect  the  accura- 
cy  of  runoff  data.    Sediment   concentrations   in 
runoff  are  measured  by  the  Conshocton  wheel  on 
small  watersheds  and  the  routing  vane  sampler  on 
larger  watersheds.  Sediment  transport  values  accu- 
rately define  transport  through  the  weir,  but  do 
not  account  for  coarse  material  deposited  in  the 
pool  above  the  weir.  The  accuracy  of  chemical 
transport  data  is  dependent  primarily  upon  the 
accuracy  of  the  runoff  data.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01457 

REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED 
DATA,  USDA  SEDIMENTATION  LABORA- 
TORY, 

N.  L.  Coleman. 

In-  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Agricultural  Research 
Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals  ARM- 
W-31,  Oakland,  Calif,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C. 
W.,  Farrell,  D.  A.,  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.,  p  80- 
86,'2  Fig,  4  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Data  acquisition,  *Automation, 
•Precipitation,  'Runoff,  'Sediments,  'Water  qual- 
ity, Soil  erosion,  Storm  runoff,  Manpower,  Costs, 
Sampling. 

The  USDA  Sedimentation  Laboratory  carries  out 
an  extremely  diverse  program  of  fundamental  re- 
search into  all  aspects  of  soil  erosion  and  sediment 
production  the  transport  of  sediment  by  streams, 
and  the  deposition  of  sediment  in  stream  channels, 
flood  plains  and  reservoirs.  The  laboratory  main- 
tains four  instrumented  watersheds:  Pigeon  Roost 
Research   Watershed;    the   Goodwin   Creek   Re- 
search  Watershed;   the   Unit   Source   Watershed 
Complex;  and  the  Flatland  Watershed  Complex.  In 
choosing  components  for  a  watershed  data  acquisi- 
tion system,  emphasis  can  be  placed  on  the  use  of 
manpower  for  making  measurements,  which  re- 
quires that  a  reasonable  number  of  personnel  be 
distributed  over  the  watershed  during  storms,  or 
upon  the  use  of  automated  equipment.  The  success- 
ful operation  of  automated  equipment  requires  the 
constant  activity  of  a  large  team  of  maintenance 
personnel,  so  that  there  is  little  difference  in  actual 
manpower    requirements    between    manned    and 
automated  systems,  and  little  economic  difference. 
The  quality  of  different  kinds  of  watershed  data 
can  be  widely  different.  Precipitation  data  is  gener- 
ally good,  although  special  problems  may  arise 
when  rain  gages  are  affected  by  wind  and  other 
problems.  Runoff  data  may  be  adversely  affected 
by  sediment  deposits.  The  quality  of  sediment  data 
is  good  for  fine  material,  but  poor  for  coarser 
material.  Water  quality  data  may  be  affected  by 
sample  contamination.  Radio  telemetry  systems  re- 
quire constant  maintenance  or  redundancy  to  pro- 
vide good  data  quality.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01459 


OUALITY  OF  WATERSHED  RELATED  DATA 
COLLECTED  AT  THE  SNAKE  RTVER  CON- 
SERVATION RESEARCH  CENTER, 

D.  L.  Carter. 

In:  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Johnson,  C.  W.;  Farrell, 
D   A  •  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.  Agricultural  Re- 


search Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals 
ARM-W-31,  Oakland,  Calif.,  August  1982.  p  60-61, 
11  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Data  acquisition,  'Precipitation, 
•Runoff,  •Sediments,  *Water  quality,  'Agricultur- 
al runoff,  Conservation,  Irrigation,  Rain  gages, 
Chemical  analysis,  Idaho,  Snake  River  Conserva- 
tion Research  Center. 

The  mission  of  the  center  is  broad  and  encom- 
passes research  on  a  wide  variety  of  soil,  water  and 
energy  problems  prevalent  on  irrigated  and  dry- 
land farms.  Research  objectives  are  directed 
toward  regional  problems.  Much  of  the  research  is 
directed  toward  developing  practices  to  improve 
production  efficiency  on  farms  by  conserving 
energy,  soil,  water  and  plant  nutrients.  The  center 
is  located  in  an  area  with  about  8.5  inches  of 
precipitation  per  year  and  precipitation  data  are 
obtained  from  recording  lysimeters  and  nonrecord- 
ing  rain  gages.  Runoff  is  measured  by  precalibrated 
flumes,  weirs  and  on  occasion  by  current  metering. 
Runoff  measurements  are  generally  replicated  sev- 
eral times  to  obtain  mean  values  for  irrigation 
furrows.  Occasionally,  plugged  inlets  or  equipment 
failure  is  encountered  at  recording  stations.  Sedi- 
ment concentrations  are  measured  by  filtering 
known  volume  samples,  drying  the  filters,  and 
weighing  the  sediment.  Generally  the  entire 
furrow  stream  is  collected  for  a  short  period  as  a 
sample.  Chemical  concentration  measurements  are 
labor  intensive  so  that  a  major  portion  of  techni- 
cian time  is  used  in  this  effort.  Samples  are  refriger- 
ated until  analyses  are  made  to  minimize  changes 
induced  by  elevated  temperatures.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01463 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED  AND 
PLOT  DATA  FROM  THE  NORTHWEST  WA- 
TERSHED RESEARCH  CENTER,  BOISE 
IDAHO, 

Agricultural  Research  Service,  Boise,  ID.  North- 
west Watershed  Research  Center. 
C.  W.  Johnson,  C  L.  Hanson,  G.  R.  Stephenson, 
and  K.  R.  Cooley. 

In  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Agricultural  Research 
Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals  ARM- 
W-31  Oakland,  Calif,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C. 
W.,  Farrell,  D.  A.,  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.  p  50- 
59,  4  Fig,  1  Tab,  20  Ref. 

Descriptors:  »Data  acquisition,  'Precipitation, 
•Snow,  'Runoff,  'Rangelands,  Snowmelt,  Ram 
gages,  Streamflow,  Sediments,  Water  quality,  Bac- 
terial analysis,  'Idaho,  Reynolds  Creek  watershed. 


The  mission  of  the  Northwest  Watershed  Research 
Center  is  to:  determine  precipitation  amounts  and 
distributions,    including   snow   accumulation   and 
melt;  study  runoff  and  streamflow;  formulate  and 
test  models  of  rangelands.  The  90  sq  mi  Reynolds 
Creek  Watershed  was  selected  to  represent  exten- 
sive sagebrush  rangelands  of  the  interior  North- 
west. Since  a  significant  portion  of  annual  precipi- 
tation  on   the  experimental   watershed   is  snow, 
major  emphasis  has  been  placed  on  the  develop- 
ment of  techniques  and  instruments  for  measuring 
winter   precipitation,   snow   accumulation,   snow- 
melt,  runoff,  and  sediment  transport.  The  major 
problems  with  measuring  rain  and  snowfall  are  the 
amount   of  time   and   the   personnel   required   to 
obtain  accurate  data.  Original  streamflow  gaging 
stations  with  natural  controls  were  unacceptable 
on  Reynolds  Creek  because  of  extreme  changes  m 
channel  cross-sections  during  flood  events.  There- 
fore, precalibrated  weirs  or  flumes,  were  installed 
at  all  stations.  Ice  buildup  and  sediment  deposition 
have  caused  problems  at  times.  Automatic  pump- 
ing samplers  at  remote  sites  with  difficult  access 
during  storms  and  floods  present  numerous  prob- 
lems in  obtaining  representative  sediment  concen- 
tration data.  Because  of  low  background  concen- 
trations of  most  chemical  constituents  and  the  ab- 
sence of  applied  herbicides,  pesticides,  and  fertiliz- 
ers at  these  sites,  effort  has  been  concentrated  on 
bacterial  indicators  to  denote  changes  in  manage- 
ment practices,  irrigation  return  flows,  and  stream- 
flow  variations.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01464 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED 
DATA  FROM  THE  HAWAII  SMALL  WATER- 
SHED PROJECT, 

Agricultural  Research  Service,  Boise,  ID.  North- 
west Watershed  Research  Center. 
K.  R.  Cooley. 

In:  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Agricultural  Research 
Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals  ARM- 
W-31,  Oakland,  Calif.,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C. 
W.,  Farrell,  D.  A.,  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W.  eds.  p  43- 
49,  1  Fig,  2  Tab,  7  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Data  acquisition,  'Precipitation, 
•Sediments,  'Runoff,  'Soil  loss.  Pineapple,  Rain 
gages,  Sugarcane,  Agricultural  runoff,  Sampling, 
Roads,  'Hawaii,  Oahu. 

Between    1971   and    1979,   soil   loss  studies  were 
conducted  on  six,  small,  cropped  watersheds  on 
representative  residual  and  volcanic  ash  soils  in 
Hawaii.  Two  of  these  watersheds,  planted  to  sug- 
arcane, are  on  the  island  of  Hawaii.  The  other  four 
are  on  the  island  of  Oahu;  one  in  sugarcane,  two  in 
pineapple,  and  one  in  both  crops.  Critical  depth 
flumes  with   waterstage  recorders  were  used   to 
provide  a  continuous  record  of  the  runoff  from  the 
watersheds.  Precipitation  was  measured  with  re- 
cording raingages  located  on  or  adjacent  to  each 
watershed.  A  proportionate  sample  of  the  runoff 
water  was  collected   for  sediment  analysis  with 
specially  designed  and  calibrated  sediment  sam- 
plers at  the  outlet  of  each  flume.  Problems  were 
encountered  with  the  recording  raingages,  which 
caused  a  loss  of  some  data  with  sugarcane  and 
pineapple  crops,  bare  or  limited  cover  conditions 
exist  for  only  a  small  portion  of  the  cropping  cycle. 
Most  of  the  runoff  data  is  obtained  under  low 
sediment  conditions  and  is  of  excellent  quality.  The 
runoff  was  influenced  by  the  percentage  of  area 
occupied  by  roads.  The  biggest  problem  associated 
with  runoff  measurement  was  caused  by  the  sedi- 
ment carried  by  large  or  high  intensity  storms, 
particularly  when  the  fields  were  bare.  The  main 
sampling  problems  were  encountered  during  very 
low  flows  and  very  high  flows.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01465 

REPORT  ON  QUALrrY  OF  PLOT  AND 
SMALL  WATERSHED  HYDROLOGIC  DATA 
FROM  THE  SOUTHERN  PIEDMONT  CON- 
SERVATION RESEARCH  CENTER, 

A.  W.  Thomas,  and  G.  W.  Langdale. 
In  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Agricultural  Research 
Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals  ARM- 
W-31  Oakland,  Calif,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C. 
W„  Farrell,  D.  A.,  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.  p  35-42,  2 
Fig,  2  Tab,  8  Ref. 


Descriptors:  'Data  acquisition,  'Small  watersheds, 
•Sediments,  'Runoff,  'Precipitation,  'Water  pollu- 
tion, Thunderstorms,  Water  quality,  Sampling, 
Water  pollution  sources,  Agricultural  chemicals. 
Sediment  transport,  'Georgia,  Watkinsville. 

The  mission  of  the  Research  Center  is  to  develop 
wise,  efficient,  economical,  and  effective  agricul- 
tural' uses  of  the  natural  resources  of  the  Southern 
Piedmont  area.  Four  watersheds  ranging  in  size 
from  3  to  7  acres  are  used  for  studies  on  runoff, 
sediments  and  chemical  transport.  Due  to  the  ne- 
cessity of  accurate  rainfall  data  on  the  small  water- 
sheds, maintenance  of  gages  is  performed  thnce 
weekly  and  other  times  when  rain  is  expected. 
Problems  exist  in  adequate  representation  of  ram- 
fall  for  localized  thunderstorms.  Runoff  measure- 
ment devices  are  placed  at  natural  drainage  points 
or  drainageways  on  the  small  watersheds.  The 
major  difficulty  with  the  runoff  data  is  clock  differ- 
ences in  rainfall  and  weir  flow.  The  sediment  con- 
centration varies  tremendously  due  to  the  condi- 
tion of  the  watersheds  and  the  nature  of  the  storms. 
Continuous  runoff  sampling  is  achieved  with  a 
motorized  sampling  slot  traversing  through  the 
flume  discharge.  The  transport  of  dissolved  and 
absorbed  agricultural  chemicals  from  the  four 
small  watersheds  has  been  studied  m  association 
with  the  study  of  sediment  transport.  (Moore- 
SRC) 
W83-01466 


52 


RESOURCES  DATA— Field  7 
Data  Acquisition — Group  7B 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED  AND 
PLOT  DATA  FROM  THE  SOUTHEAST  WA- 
TERSHED RESEARCH  LABORATORY. 

Agricultural  Research  Service,  Tifton,  GA.  South- 
east Watershed  Research  Laboratory. 
In:  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Agricultural  Research 
Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals  ARM- 
W-31,  Oakland,  Calif.,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C. 
W.,  Farrell,  D.  A.,  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.  p  20- 
34,  2  Tab,  18  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Data  acquisition,  *Precipitation, 
•Sediments,  'Water  quality,  'Flow,  Water  analy- 
sis, Watersheds,  Hydrologic  data,  Streamflow, 
Sampling,  'Georgia,  Little  River  watershed. 

The  mission  of  the  Southeast  Watershed  Research 
Laboratory  (SEWRL)  is  to  develop  concepts  of 
watershed  stream  performance  based  on  an  under- 
standing of  hydrologic,  sediment,  and  chemical 
transport  processes,  and  to  develop  methodologies 
for  predicting  and  evaluating  the  impact  of  agricul- 
tural management  practices  on  the  environment 
and  natural  resources.  Streamflow  measurement 
and  water  quality  sampling  are  difficult  in  Coastal 
Plains  and  Coastal  Flatwood  areas  because  of:  low 
stream  gradients;  woody  vegetation  in  the  riparian 
zone,  which  causes  low  velocities  and  large  vol- 
umes of  backwater;  and  high  infiltration  rates. 
Fifty-six  digital  raingages  that  record  cumulative 
rainfall  at  5-minute  intervals  have  been  installed  at 
the  Little  River  Watershed  (LRW).  Precipitation 
data  quality  problems  are  largely  related  to  record- 
ing accuracy,  time  interval  of  sampling,  and  esti- 
mation of  data  when  gages  malfunction.  Flow  mea- 
surement devices  used  on  the  LRW  have  generally 
functioned  as  designed.  Structural  problems  are 
minimal;  controls  are  relatively  self-cleaning,  and 
the  low  sediment  presence  does  not  lead  to  signifi- 
cant buildup.  Problems  associated  with  sediment 
concentration  determinations  are  those  of  inad- 
equate representation  in  time  and  location  of 
sample  collection.  Laboratory  analysis  of  samples 
is  also  a  problem  since  sediment  concentrations  are 
generally  low.  The  quality  of  most  of  the  determi- 
nations of  water  quality  parameters  are  considered 
to  be  good  to  excellent.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01467 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED  AND 
PLOT  DATA  FROM  THE  AGRICULTURAL/ 
SURFACE-MINED  HYDROLOGY  RESEARCH 
GROUP,  FORT  COLLINS,  COLORADO, 

D.  G.  Decoursey. 

In:  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Agricultural  Research 
Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manual  ARM- 
W-31,  Oakland,  Calif.,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C. 
W.,  Farrell,  D.  A.,  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.  p  13- 
19,  2  Tab. 

Descriptors:  'Data  acquisition,  'Precipitation, 
•Runoff,  'Sediments,  'Chemical  analysis,  Water- 
shed management,  Strip  mines,  Environmental  ef- 
fects, Water  pollution,  Snow  accumulation,  Spatial 
distribution,  'Colorado,  Routt  County. 

The  mission  of  the  research  group  is  to  measure 
and  understand  basic  hydrologic  processes  and 
plant-soil-water  relations  so  that  better  watershed 
management  practices  can  be  developed  for  agri- 
cultural and  surface-mined  areas,  and  the  environ- 
mental effects  of  such  practices  can  be  predicted. 
Major  emphasis  is  being  placed  on  estimating  the 
effects  of  various  management  practices  on  the 
movement  of  water,  sediment  and  chemicals  from 
surface  mined  lands,  and  in  the  development  of 
mathematical  models  of  hydrologic  systems.  All 
precipitation,  runoff/streamflow,  sediment  concen- 
tration and  chemical  concentration  data  are  col- 
lected from  plots  and  watersheds  located  in  Routt 
County.  Accessibility  is  the  single  most  significant 
problem  associated  with  data  collection:  deep 
snow  in  the  winter  and  muddy  conditions  during 
the  spring  measurement  of  precipitation  is  the  lack 
of  representative  measures  of  spatial  variability  in 
both  snow  accumulation  and  rainfall.  Runoff 
records  from  both  the  plots  and  small  watersheds 
are  probably  the  most  accurate  of  all  records. 
Problems  of  accuracy  in  sediment  concentration 
estimates  come  primarily  from  representativeness 


of  point  samples  as  compared   to  cross  section 
average.  The  most  significant  problems  of  chemi- 
cal concentration  are  these  associated  with  errors 
in  the  sediment  concentration.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01468 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED  AND 
PLOT  DATA  FROM  THE  SOUTHWEST  RAN- 
GELAND  WATERSHED  RESEARCH  CENTER, 

Agricultural  Research  Service,  Tucson,  AZ. 
Southwest  Rangeland  Watershed  Research  Center. 
K.  G.  Renard. 

In:  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Agricultural  Research 
Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals  ARM- 
W-31,  Oakland,  Calif.,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C. 
W.,  Farrell,  D.  A.,  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.  p  1- 
10,  3  Fig,  15  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Data  acquisition,  'Precipitation, 
'Runoff,  'Water  quality,  'Rangeland,  'Sampling, 
Watersheds,  Sediment  load,  Hydrology,  Rain 
gages,  Ephemeral  streams,  Arizona,  New  Mexico. 

The  mission  of  the  Southwest  Rangeland  Water- 
shed Research  Center  (SWRWRC)  is  to  study  the 
hydrology  of  rangeland  watersheds  and  the  effects 
of  changing  land  uses  and  practices  on  the  hydro- 
logic  cycle.  Data  from  experimental  areas  in  Ari- 
zona and  New  Mexico  are  used  in  the  study  of  the 
quality  and  quantity  of  water  from  southwestern 
rangelands.  Precipitation  studies  in  the  southwest- 
ern U.S.  require  a  dense  network  of  recording 
raingages.  Problems  include  the  demands  for  serv- 
icing the  mechanical  recorders,  digitizing  the 
records,  and  maintaining  the  mechanical  compo- 
nents. Runoff  in  ephemeral  streams  creates  some 
extraordinary  problems  of  measurement.  The  com- 
bination of  high  velocities,  rapidly  changing  flow 
depths,  and  high  sediment  loads  preclude  field 
measurements  with  conventional  technology.  Su- 
percritical measuring  devices  have  been  developed 
for  these  flow  conditions.  One  of  the  more  serious 
problems  in  watershed  research  is  sediment  con- 
centration measurement.  Pump  samplers  and  mo- 
veable slot  samplers  are  used  by  SWRWRC.  One 
major  data  quality  problem  with  the  precipitation 
studies  is  that  each  sampling  point  uses  an  inde- 
pendent time  reference  (clock).  There  are  prob- 
lems with  runoff  recordings  because  of  difficulties 
with  station  maintenance.  Many  of  the  problems 
with  sediment  concentration  are  associated  with 
selection  of  an  appropriate  sampling  point.  The 
methods  for  determining  both  the  concentration 
and  the  particle-size  distributions  also  cause  prob- 
lems. Research  on  chemical  concentrations  associ- 
ated with  runoff  requires  accurate  runoff  data, 
sediment  concentration  data,  and  laboratory  equip- 
ment for  measurement.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01470 


7B.  Data  Acquisition 


GRASSLAND,  SOIL  AND  WATER  RESEARCH 
LABORATORY,  TEMPLE,  TEXAS, 

Agricultural  Research  Service,  Temple,  TX. 
C.  W.  Richardson. 

In:  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Agricultural  Research 
Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals  ARM- 
W-31,  Oakland,  Calif.,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C. 
W.,  Farrell,  D.  A.,  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.,  p 
139-145,  2  Tab,  4  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Data  acquisition,  'Precipitation, 
'Runoff,  'Sediments,  'Water  quality,  Rain  gages, 
Weirs,  Flumes,  Automation,  Sampling. 

The  primary  mission  of  the  research  at  the  Grass- 
land, Soil  and  Water  Research  Laboratory  is  to 
determine  the  hydrologic  effects  of  conservation 
practices,  management,  and  watershed  characteris- 
tics. In  recent  years,  emphasis  has  been  placed  on 
developing  quantitative  descriptions  of  the  physi- 
cal processes  of  evapotranspiration,  infiltration, 
surface  runoff,  and  sediment  and  chemical  move- 
ment. A  raingage  network  of  various  densities  has 
been  maintained  since  1936  on  a  9  sq  mi  area.  A 
weighing-recording  raingage  and  a  standard  non- 
recording  raingage  are  located  at  each  site.  The 


total  amount  of  rainfall  recorded  by  the  recording 
gage  is  often  significantly  different  from  the 
amount  caught  by  the  non-recording  gage.  The 
quality  of  the  precipitation  data  is  good  consider- 
ing the  normal  limitations  of  precipitation  measure- 
ment. The  runoff  measuring  devices  that  have  been 
used  include  H-flumes,  broad-crested  v-notch 
weirs,  Parshall  flumes,  and  field-calibrated  artificial 
controls.  The  data  obtained  are  of  good  to  excel- 
lent quality.  The  V-notch  weirs  provide  data  of 
questionable  quality  because  of  sediment  deposi- 
tion upstream  during  runoff  events.  Automatic 
pumping  samplers  provide  an  excellent  technique 
for  sampling  the  fine  materials  transported  in 
runoff  at  this  location.  Water  quality  data  are,  in 
general,  of  good  quality.  However,  some  data 
quality  problems  may  be  caused  by  exposure  of 
samples  to  high  temperatures  in  the  field  and  by 
extended  storage  before  analysis.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01451 


QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED  DATA  FROM 
THE  NORTHEAST  WATERSHED  RESEARCH 
CENTER, 

W.  J.  Gburek,  and  R.  N.  Weaver. 
In:  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Agricultural  Research 
Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals  ARM- 
W-31,  Oakland,  Calif.,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C. 
W.,  Farrell,  D.  A.,  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.,  p 
130-138,  2  Fig,  3  Tab,  7  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Data  acquisition,  'Precipitation, 
'Runoff,  'Groundwater,  'Automation,  Stream- 
flow,  Sediments,  Freezing,  Weirs,  'Pennsylvania, 
East  Mahantango  Creek  watershed. 

The  Northeast  Watershed  Research  Center  is  char- 
tered to  conduct  research  on  the  hydrology  and 
associated  chemical  and  sediment  transport  result- 
ing from  land  use  and  management  inherent  to  the 
northeastern  United  States.  The  majority  of  field 
research  is  conducted  within  the  East  Mahantango 
Creek  Watershed,  a  162-sq-mi  area  tributary  to  the 
Susquehanna  River  in  Pennsylvania.  For  recording 
routine  precipitation,  streamflow,  and  groundwater 
levels,  an  automated  data  collection  system  is  used. 
The  gages  record  data  in  modified  binary  digital 
formation  on  paper  tape.  There  are  no  major  prob- 
lems with  the  precipitation  data  collected  on  the 
watershed.  Timing  within  and  between  routine 
precipitation  records  is  excellent,  since  the  elec- 
tronic timers  are  extremely  accurate  over  long 
periods  of  time.  Streamflow  data  on  the  watershed 
is  considered  good.  Sediment  in  weir  ponds  is 
removed  yearly  to  maintain  proper  approach. 
Some  limitations  exist  for  winter  data  due  to  ice  on 
the  weir  notch  or  covering  the  stream.  The  quality 
of  groundwater  level  data  is  excellent.  Wells  were 
installed  so  as  to  minimize  leakage  from  the  land 
surface  to  the  bore  hole.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01452 


DISCHARGE  RATINGS  OF  A  SANTA  RITA 
FLUME,  WATER  CONSERVATION  STRUC- 
TURES LABORATORY,  STILLWATER,  OKLA- 
HOMA, 

W.  R.  Gwinn. 

In:  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Agricultural  Research 
Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals  ARM- 
W-31,  Oakland,  Calif.,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C. 
W„  Farrell,  D.  A.,  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.,  p 
114-123,  8  Fig,  3  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Flumes,  'Runoff,  'Sediments,  'Flow 
rates,  Soil  erosion,  Roads,  Flow  discharge,  Water- 
sheds, Oklahoma,  Little  Washita  watershed. 

A  Santa  Rita  type  flume  is  being  used  to  measure 
runoff  and  sediment  from  roadside  erosion  in  the 
Little  Washita  watershed  near  Chickasha,  Oklaho- 
ma. Tests  were  run  to  determine  the  discharge 
characteristics  of  the  flume,  and  discharge  ratings 
were  computed.  The  computed  rating  can  be  used 
for  heads  greater  than  0.4  ft  with  expected  errors 
of  approximately  5%  depending  on  the  coefficients 
chosen.  For  heads  less  than  0.4  ft,  the  flume  should 
be  field-rated  for  sites  where  large  size  sediment  is 
expected.  The  computed  rating  should  not  be  used 
for  H  less  than  0.1    ft.   Three  events  from   the 


•■■':•'•• 


53 


Field  7— RESOURCES  DATA 


Group  7B — Data  Acquisition 

roadside  watershed  (area  7.83  acres)  with  accumu- 
lated runoffs  of  0.852,  0.241,  and  0.0452  inches 
were  recmputed  using  correction  factors  estimated 
for  unrestricted  flat  approach.  The  corrected 
values  were  0.786,  0.230,  and  0.0312  inches,  respec- 
tively. The  mathematical  computed  rating  over 
predicted  by  7.7,  4.6,  and  31%,  respectively.  The 
measurement  of  small  events  involves  large  errors 
as  might  be  expected.  A  maximum  discharge  of 
33.4  cu  ft/s  for  H  =  1.5  ft  was  listed  in  the  rating 
table.  However,  the  flume  overtopped  at  the  en- 
trance for  a  head  of  approximately  1  ft  with  a 
maximum  discharge  of  10  cu  ft/s.  For  flows  above 
1  ft,  the  indicated  head  would  give  discharge 
values  too  low  due  to  overtopping.  Sampling  of 
sediment  from  the  flume  is  a  problem  that  needs 
further  study.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01454 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  DATA  FROM  THE 
DEE  CREEK  WATERSHED,  LINCOLN,  NE- 
BRASKA, 

J.  S.  Schepers,  and  G.  E.  Schuman. 
In:  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Agricultural  Research 
Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals  ARM- 
W-31,  Oakland,  Calif.,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C. 
W.,  Farrell,  D.  A.,  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.,  p  87- 
90,  2  Tab,  1  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Data  acquisition,  'Precipitation, 
•Runoff,  •Sediments,  •Water  quality,  Conserva- 
tion, Agricultural  runoff,  Weirs,  Dissolved  oxygen, 
Bacterial  analysis,  Water  pollution  sources,  Sam- 
pling, 'Nebraska,  Dee  Creek  watershed. 

The  mission  of  the  Soil  and  Water  Conservation 
Research  Unit  is  to  study  and  develop  improved 
methods  of  soil,  water,  and  crop  management  that 
will  maintain  or  improve  productivity  and  also 
conserve  soil,  water  and  energy  resources.  The 
Dee  Creek  study  was  initiated  in  1974  to  compare 
the  characteristics  of  runoff  from  a  relatively  large 
agricultural  watershed  (2200  ha)  to  those  of  small- 
er projects  and  also  to  statewide  water  quality 
evaluations.  The  precipitation  recording  network 
was  primarily  established  to  measure  spatial  vari- 
ability of  rainfall  during  the  period  when  the  soil 
was  not  frozen.  The  major  problem  encountered 
was  with  the  spring-wound  clocks.  Reliable  oper- 
ation was  achieved  by  annual  maintenance.  Few 
problems  were  encountered  with  the  operation  of 
the  runoff  gaging  equipment  and  weir  except 
during  a  3-4  day  period  in  the  spring  when  snow 
melted  and  ice  collected  in  front  of  the  weir. 
During  the  first  year  of  the  study  a  continuous 
monitoring  dissolved  oxygen  probe  was  used: 
however,  its  unsatisfactory  operation  was  over- 
come by  performing  these  analyses  on  baseflow 
samples  collected  weekly.  Bacteriological  sampling 
was  discontinued  after  1976  because  it  was  deter- 
mined that  the  wide  variations  in  coliform  counts 
were  due  to  natural  conditions  rather  than  feedlot 
runoff  or  sewage  systems  in  the  watershed. 
(Moore-SRC) 
W83-01458 


NORTH  CENTRAL  WATERSHED  RESEARCH 
UNIT,  COLUMBIA,  MISSOURI, 

Agricultural    Research   Service,   Columbia,   MO. 
North  Centra]  Watershed  Research  Unit. 
A.  T.  Hjelmfelt,  Jr. 

In:  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Agricultural  Research 
Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals  ARM- 
W-31,  Oakland,  Calif.,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C. 
W.,  Farrell,  D.  A.,  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.,  p  74- 
79,  2  Tab,  10  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Data  acquisition,  •Precipitation, 
•Runoff,  *Sediments,  *Water  quality,  Agricultural 
runoff,  Conservation,  Rain  gages,  Sampling,  Auto- 


The  role  of  the  Watershed  Research  Unit  is  to 
conduct  research  on  soil  and  water  conservation 
practices  on  agricultural  watersheds  in  the  cornbelt 
states.  The  particular  subjects  studied  are  water- 
shed hydrology,  erosion  and  sedimentation  proc- 
esses, and  water  quality.  Research  sites  are  located 
in  the  deep  loess  region  of  southwestern  Iowa  and 


the  clay  pan  region  of  north  central  Missouri. 
Weighing  recording  rain  gages  are  used  at  all 
locations.  The  major  problem  with  precipitation 
measurements  results  from  separate  timing  for  each 
rainfall  and  runoff  recorder.  Small  time  differences 
may  be  significant  in  analysis  of  rapidly  responding 
sites.  Runoff  measurements  are  based  primarily  on 
precalibrated  structures  such  as  weirs  and  flumes. 
High  sediment  concentrations  and  flood  plain  inun- 
dation cause  difficulties  in  measuring  runoff.  Auto- 
matic samplers  used  to  monitor  sediment  concen- 
trations have  failed  due  to  electrical  and  mechani- 
cal problems,  plugging  with  sediment,  and  inad- 
equate flushing.  Electronically  programmed  sam- 
plers have  been  susceptible  to  reprogramming  by 
lightning.  Chemical  concentrations  are  sampled 
with  the  same  apparatus  used  for  sediment  concen- 
tration and  so  have  the  same  problems.  The  great- 
est sources  of  error  are  probably  chemical  transfor- 
mations which  may  occur  prior  to  analysis  and  the 
lack  of  representativeness  in  the  samples  collected. 
(Moore-SRC) 
W83-01460 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  WATERSHED  AND 
PLOT  DATA  FROM  THE  NORTH  CENTRAL 
SOIL  CONSERVATION  RESEARCH  LABORA- 
TORY, 

C.  A.  Onstad. 

In:  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 

Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Agricultural  Research 

Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals  ARM- 

W-31,  Oakland,  Calif.,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C. 

W.,  Farrell,  D.  A.,  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W„  eds.  p  71- 

73 

Descriptors:  'Data  acquisition,  'Precipitation, 
•Runoff,  'Sediments,  'Water  quality,  Snow, 
Freezing,  Wind,  Drifting  snow,  Erosion,  Particle 
size,  Water  quality,  Sampling. 

The  laboratory  mission  is  to  conduct  research  on 
soil  and  water  conservation  problems  in  the  north- 
ern Corn  Belt  to  insure  maximum  productivity 
with  minimum  detrimental  effects  on  the  environ- 
ment. The  major  problem  with  precipitation  meas- 
urements is  that  of  measuring  snowfall  and  mix- 
tures of  rain  and  snow.  During  high  wind  condi- 
tions, snow  catch  measurements  in  raingages  are 
relatively  unreliable.  Equally  difficult  to  measure 
are  the  amounts  of  snow  on  the  ground  due  to 
drifting  conditions.  The  biggest  problem  associated 
with  measuring  runoff  from  natural  plots  and  small 
watersheds  is  intermittent  freeze-thaw  cycles  that 
occur  nearly  every  day  for  2-3  weeks  during  early 
spring.  Floats  freeze  in  stilling  wells,  intakes  freeze, 
and  sometimes  an  ice  crust  forms  in  the  approach. 
The  selection  of  an  appropriate  sampling  point  is 
an  important  consideration  for  collecting  sediment 
concentration  data.  Also  important  for  studying 
erosion  dynamics  are  the  particle-size  distributions 
of  sediments.  Accurate  determinations  of  aggre- 
gate size  distribution  are  difficult.  For  chemical 
determinations,  sample  handling  methods  after  col- 
lection are  very  important.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01461 


LABORATORY  TESTS  OF  WATER  LEVEL  RE- 
CORDERS AND  BROAD-CRESTED  V-NOTCH 
WEIRS  FROM  THE  ST.  ANTHONY  FALLS  HY- 
DRAULIC LABORATORY,  MINNEAPOLIS, 
MINNESOTA, 
F.  W.  Blaisdell. 

In:  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Johnson,  C.  W.;  Farrell, 
D.  A.;  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.  Agricultural  Re- 
search Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals 
ARM-W-31,  Oakland,  Calif.,  August  1982.  p  64-70, 
16  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Data  acquisition,  *Flow  measure- 
ment, *  Water  level  recorders,  •Sediments,  Flumes, 
Weirs,  Precision,  Accuracy,  Sediment  load. 

The  mission  of  the  Hydraulics  of  Structures  Re- 
search Unit  at  the  St.  Anthony  Falls  Hydraulic 
Laboratory  is  to  develop  new  and  improved  struc- 
tures for  the  control,  use  management,  and  mea- 
surement of  water.  Tests  on  38  water  level  record- 
ers of  11  different  types  were  made  by  mounting 
each  recorder  over  a  water  tank  and  comparing 


the  chart  record  with  the  level  determined  with  a 
point  gage.  There  are  9  sources  of  error  in  the 
stage  recording  mechanism  of  float  type  water 
level  recorders:  friction;  line  shift;  counterpoise 
and  line  submergence;  surface  tension,  momentum; 
backlash;  instrument  errors;  line  length  changes; 
and  chart  expansion.  Both  the  accuracy  and  preci- 
sion of  flow  measurements  may  be  affected  by 
sediments  in  the  flow.  The  broad-crested  V-notch 
weir  has  low  and  undeterminable  accuracy  if 
heavy  sediment  loads  deposit  in  the  approach 
channel.  If  a  high  velocity  Walnut  Gulch  or  Santa 
Rita  measuring  flume  is  used  so  sediment  is  trans- 
ported through  the  flume,  the  flume  rating  may 
produce  less  precise  data,  but  the  lack  of  sediment 
deposition  will  improve  the  measurement  accura- 
cy. (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01462 


REPORT  ON  QUALITY  OF  PESTICIDE 
RUNOFF  DATA  FROM  THE  SOIL  AND 
WATER  MANAGEMENT  RESEARCH  UNIT, 
RIVERSIDE,  CA, 

W.  F.  Spencer. 

In:  The  Quality  of  Agricultural  Research  Service 
Watershed  and  Plot  Data,  Agricultural  Research 
Service,  Agricultural  Reviews  and  Manuals  ARM- 
W-31,  Oakland,  Calif.,  August  1982.  Johnson,  C. 
W.,  Farrell,  D.  A.,  and  Blaisdell,  F.  W.,  eds.  p  11- 
12,  1  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Data  acquisition,  'Pesticides,  'Irri- 
gation water,  'Surface  runoff,  'Tile  drainage, 
•Water  pollution  sources,  Irrigation  practices, 
Return  flow,  Pesticide  residues,  Agricultural 
runoff,  Organophosphorus  pesticides,  Sample  pres- 
ervation, 'California,  Imperial  Valley. 

The  research  program  of  the  Soil  and  Water  Man- 
agement Research  Unit  includes  field  and  labora- 
tory experiments  to  determine  the  amounts  of  pes- 
ticides in  surface  runoff  and  ground  water  as  af- 
fected by  pesticide  application  and  irrigation  man- 
agement practices.  For  this  purpose,  amounts  of 
pesticides  are  being  measured  in  irrigation  return 
flows  from  surface  irrigation  runoff  water  and  tile 
drainage  water  from  large  fields  under  various 
irrigation  practices  used  by  farmers  in  the  Imperial 
Valley  of  Southern  California.  The  fields  are  in- 
strumented with  propellor  water  meters  for  meas- 
uring incoming  irrigation  water,  Parshall  flumes 
for  measuring  outgoing  runoff  water,  and  slotted 
tubes  on  tilelines  for  measuring  tile  drainage  water. 
Since  most  of  the  pesticides  in  irrigation  return 
flows  are  found  in  the  surface-runoff  water,  the 
measurement  of  runoff  volume  is  of  major  concern 
in  calculating  total  pesticide  runoff.  Based  on  the 
relationship  between  pesticide  concentration  and 
the  runoff  hydrograph,  runoff  water  is  sampled 
most  frequently  during  the  first  irrigation  after  a 
pesticide  application.  Sample  integrity,  with  regard 
to  stability  of  pesticides,  is  maintained  by  trans- 
porting the  samples  under  ice  and  storing  at  4C. 
Problems  encountered  in  maintaining  instrumenta- 
tion performance  and  site  conditions  include;  occa- 
sional malfunction  of  chart  recorders;  and  sub- 
merged or  overflow  conditions  where  drop  inlets 
into  the  main  drain  ditch  are  not  large  enough. 
Some  organophosphate  insecticides  were  unstable 
during  storage  at  4C  because  of  an  unusually  high 
pH  brought  about  by  the  application  of  ammonia. 
(Moore-SRC) 
W83-01469 

AN  INEXPENSIVE  REMOTE  SNOW-DEPTH 
GAUGE  BASED  ON  ULTRASONIC  WAVE  RE- 
FLECTION FROM  THE  SNOW  SURFACE, 

Eidgenoessische  Inst,  fuer  Schnee-  und  Lawinen- 

forschung,  Davos  (Switzerland). 

H.  Gubler. 

Journal  of  Glaciology,  Vol  27,  No  95,  p  157-163, 

1981.  7  Fig,  1  Tab,  3  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Measuring  instruments,  'Snow 
depth,  'Ultrasonics,  Snow,  Snow  cover,  Snow 
density,  Data  acquisition,  'Remote  sensing. 

An  inexpensive  system  for  measuring  snow  depth 
using  only  commercially  available  parts  is  de- 
scribed. Using  this  gauge  the  total  snow  depth  is 
determined  by  measuring  the  time  of  flight  of  an 


54 


RESOURCES  DATA— Field  7 
Evaluation,  Processing  and  Publication — Group  7C 


ultrasonic  wave  packet  emitted  from  a  sonic  trans- 
mitter above  the  snow  surface  and  reflected  from 
the  snow  surface  back  to  the  receiver/transmitter 
system.  The  light-weight  system  is  battery 
powered  (operating  time  without  battery  change  is 
at  least  8  months)  and  can  be  fixed  to  any  post 
above  the  snow  surface.  The  absolute  precision  is 
better  than  +  or  -  0.03  m.  Data  and  commands  are 
transmitted  by  a  single  two-wire  system  up  to 
several  kilometers.  The  whole  system  consists  of 
three  parts:  the  field  electronics  including  the  sonic 
receiver/transmitter  and  the  converter;  the  con- 
trols including  the  command  structure,  display, 
data  storage,  and  binary  coded  decimal  output;  and 
the  optional  line  drivers.  The  field  electronics  are 
fixed  to  a  rod  2  m  long  parallel  to  the  snow 
surface.  This  device,  including  the  rod  and  a  solar 
radiation  reflector,  has  a  weight  of  about  70  N. 
The  field  system  may  be  fixed  to  any  vertical  post 
exceeding  the  maximum  snow  depth  by  about  0.6 
m  and  having  a  strength  able  to  withstand  the 
extreme  wind  and  snow  forces.  Installations  are 
possible  on  slopes  as  well  as  on  horizontal  test 
fields.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01498 


DETRITUS  ABUNDANCE  AND  BENTHIC  IN- 
VERTEBRATE CATCH  IN  ARTIFICIAL  SUB- 
STRATE SAMPLES  FROM  MOUNTAIN 
STREAMS, 

Geological  Survey,  Menlo  Park,  CA. 
K.  V.  Slack,  L.  J.  Tilley,  and  S.  S.  Hahn. 
Water  Resources  Bulletin,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  687-698, 
August,  1982.  5  Fig,  7  Tab,  66  Ref. 

Descriptors:  *Sampling,  Benthic  environment, 
Streams,  *Detritus,  "Invertebrates,  Mountains, 
•Artificial  substrates,  'Idaho,  Salmon  River. 

Preliminary  experiments  to  increase  the  effective- 
ness of  artificial  substrate  samplers  for  use  in  water 
quality  investigations  are  described.  The  study  area 
was  the  upper  drainage  basin  of  the  Salmon  River 
in  Custer  County,  south  central  Idaho.  Artificial 
substrates  were  designed  using  rock  filled  polyeth- 
ylene bags  perforated  with  holes.  The  substrates 
trapped  waterborne  sediment  and  detritus  which 
enhanced  microhabitat  complexity.  Colonization 
was  compared  in  side-by-side  tests  with  multiple 
plate  samplers  in  mountain  streams  ranging  from 
second  to  seventh  order.  After  41  days  the  bag 
samples  contained  more  sediment  and  detritus  and 
more  animals  than  did  multiple  plates.  However, 
catch  composition  was  similar  in  habitat  preference 
and  functional  groups.  The  results  support  the 
conclusion  that  stream  benthos  abundance  and  di- 
versity are  related  to  the  amount  of  detritus.  Maxi- 
mum diversity  and  numbers  of  individuals  oc- 
curred in  samples  from  third  and  fourth  order 
streams.  Grazers  reached  peak  abundances  in  the 
same  streams  where  the  continuum  model  predicts 
P  >  R.  Shredders  reached  maximum  abundances 
in  third  and  fourth  order  streams  where  the  ripar- 
ian canopy  was  greatest.  Predator  abundance 
changes  little  with  stream  size.  Although  bag  sam- 
ples required  more  sorting  time,  the  samplers  are 
catch  effective,  inexpensive  and  adaptable.  (Baker- 
FRC) 
W83-01503 


SENSITIVITY  OF  AN  INFRARED  GAS  ANA- 
LYZER USED  IN  THE  DIFFERENTIAL  MODE, 
TO  PARTIAL  GAS  PRESSURES  OF  CARBON 
DIOXIDE  AND  WATER  VAPOR  IN  THE  BULK 
AIR, 

Volcani  Inst,  of  Agricultural  Research,  Bet-Dagan 
(Israel).  Div.  of  Agricultural  Meteorology. 
H.  Z.  Enoch,  and  Y.  Cohen. 
Agricultural  Meteorology,  Vol  24,  No  2,  p  131- 
138,  June  1981,  4  Fig,  2  Tab,  7  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Water  vapor,  'Diurnal  distribution, 
'Infrared  spectroscopy,  'Calibrations,  Carbon  dix- 
oide,  Vapor  pressure,  Sensitivity  analysis. 

Near  plant  communities  there  exists  a  diurnal  vari- 
ation in  partial  carbon  dioxide  (CO)  and  water 
vapor  pressures  which  may  affect  the  sensitivity  of 
infrared  gas  analyzers  (IRGA)  used  in  the  differen- 
tial mode.  The  sensitivity  of  the  instrument  to 
differential  CO  pressure  decreased  linearly  as  par- 


tial CO  pressure  increased.  This  linear  decrease  in 
sensitivity  was  also  demonstrated  for  water  vapor 
IRGA  used  in  the  differential  mode.  An  approved 
method  for  preparing  calibration  gases  was  used  to 
determine  the  sensitivity  of  CO  and  water  vapor 
IRGA  instruments  in  terms  of  the  electrical  output 
per  unit  of  specific  gas  pressure.  The  simple  gas 
dilution  technique  used  required  only  one  commer- 
cially available  temperature  bath  and  a  calibration 
gas-mixing  pump.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01693 


A  VOLUMETRIC  LYSIMETER  SYSTEM  FOR 
USE  WITH  PUDDLED  RICE  AND  ITS  ROTA- 
TIONAL CROPS, 

Meteorological  Office,  Poona  (India). 

S.  Venkataraman,  K.  Subba  Rao,  and  R.  P.  Sarker. 

Meteorological  Office,  Poona  (India). 

Descriptors:  'Lysimeters,  'Rice,  'Evapotranspira- 
tion,  Water  table,  Instrumentation,  Irrigated  crops. 

A  volumetric  lysimeter  has  been  designed  to  meas- 
ure evapotranspiration  losses  of  puddled  rice  and 
its  aerobic,  irrigated  rotational  crops.  The  lysi- 
meter consists  of  a  field  tank  connected  by  an 
underground  pipeline  to  a  float  mechanism  which 
in  turn  is  connected  through  a  needle  valve  to  a 
supply  tank.  For  the  rice  crop  measurements  the 
float  maintains  the  chosen  water  level.  For  aerobic 
crops  the  float  is  disconnected  and  excess  water  is 
drained  out.  The  float  is  then  reconnected  to  main- 
tain the  desired  depth  of  water  table,  usually  60 
cm.  For  rice  evapotranspiration  is  given  by  the 
amount  of  inflow  plus  rain  minus  outflow.  For 
aerobic  crops  irrigation  is  applied  to  just  produce 
an  outflow.  Evapotranspiration  is  determined  by 
inflow  plus  rain  plus  added  irrigation  water  minus 
outflow.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01698 


7C.  Evaluation,  Processing  and 
Publication 


HYDROLOGIC  DATA  FOR  URBAN  STUDIES 
IN  THE  SAN  ANTONIO,  TEXAS  METROPOLI- 
TAN AREA,  1979-80, 

Geological  Survey,  Austin,  TX.  Water  Resources 
Div. 

R.  Perez. 

Available  from  the  OFSS,  USGS  Box  25425,  Fed. 
Ctr.  Denver,  CO  80225.  Paper  copy  $16.25,  Micro- 
fiche $3.50.  Geological  Survey  Open-File  Report 
82-158,  February  1982.  125  p,  1  Fig,  8  Tab,  6  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Urban  hydrology,  'Rainfall-runoff 
relationships,  'Storm  runoff,  'Urban  runoff,  *Hy- 
drologic  data,  Small  watersheds,  Streamflow, 
Flow  rates,  Flood  peak,  Flood  profiles,  Watershed 
management,  'Texas,  'San  Antonio. 

This  report  contains  rainfall,  runoff,  and  water- 
quality  data  collected  during  the  1979-80  water 
years  for  the  San  Antonio  metropolitan  area.  The 
information  will  be  useful  in  determining  the  ef- 
fects of  various  stages  of  urbanization  on  flood 
discharge  and  runoff  and  in  determining  chemical 
constituents  in  surface-water  runoff  from  floods  of 
various  magnitudes  during  all  seasons  of  the  year 
from  areas  with  different  types  of  urban  develop- 
ment. Detailed  rainfall-runoff  computations  are 
presented  for  several  storm  periods  during  the 
1979-80  water  years.  (USGS) 
W83-01402 


HYDROLOGY  OF  LAKE  TOHOPEKALIGA, 
OSCEOLA  COUNTY,  FLORIDA, 

Geological  Survey,  Tallahassee,  FL.  Water  Re- 
sources Div. 
G.  G.  Phelps. 

Geological  Survey  Open-File  Report  81-536 
(WRI),    1982.   2   Sheets,   8  Fig,   7  Tab,    11    Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Lakes,  'Lakes  morphology,  'Water 
quality,  'Data  collections,  Chemical  analysis,  Nu- 
trients, Pesticides,  Lake  sediments,  'Florida,  Os- 
ceola County,  'Lake  Tohopekaliga,  Kissimmee 
River. 


Lake  Tohopekaliga,  one  of  the  major  lakes  in 
central  Florida,  provides  flood  control  in  the  upper 
Kissimmee  River  basin,  recreation  for  fishermen 
and  boaters,  water  for  live-stock,  esthetic  sur- 
roundings for  homesites,  and  serves  as  a  receiving 
body  for  treated  effluent  from  municipal  sewage 
treatment  plants.  The  purpose  of  this  map  report  is 
to  provide  a  general  reconnaissance  of  the  lake, 
based  primarily  on  existing  geologic,  hydrologic 
and  water-quality  data.  The  lake  has  a  surface  area 
of  about  30  square  miles  and  a  mean  depth  of  about 
5  feet.  Maximum  depth  measured  was  about  13 
feet.  Inflow  to  the  lake  comes  from  Shingle  Creek 
and  St.  Cloud  canal  and  outflow  is  through  the 
South-port  canal.  Regulation  of  lake  levels  for 
flood  control  began  in  the  early  1960's  and  has 
resulted  in  a  decrease  in  the  range  of  lake  stage  of 
about  3  feet.  Concentrations  of  pesticide  residues  in 
lake  bottom  sediments  do  not  appear  to  have  in- 
creased from  1972  to  1980.  The  lake  has  abundant 
aquatic  vegetation,  the  amount  and  extent  of  which 
varies  with  fluctuating  water  levels.  Water-quality 
data  collected  between  1954-77  are  summarized  in 
the  report  and  additional  data  collected  in  1980  are 
also  shown.  The  range  of  plant  nutrient  concentra- 
tions measured  in  May  1980  are:  Total  organic 
nitrogen  0.71-2.2  milligrams  per  liter.  Most  water- 
quality  parameters  vary  from  one  area  of  the  lake 
to  another  because  of  restricted  areal  circulation 
due  to  the  shape  of  the  lake.  (USGS) 
W83-01405 


MAPPING  SOIL  EROSION  BY  RAINFALL 
FOR  REGIONAL  ENVIRONMENTAL  PLAN- 
NING, 

Sheffield  Univ.  (England).  Dept.  of  Geology. 
For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  2J. 
W83-01412 


A  GROUNDWATER  RESOURCES  DATABANK 
IN  THE  KINGDOM  OF  SAUDI  ARABIA, 

MacDonald   and   Partners,   Cambridge,   England. 
J.  M.  Marsh,  I.  Sagaby,  and  R.  R.  Sooley. 
Journal  of  the  Geological  Society,  Vol  138,  Part  5, 
p  599-602,  September,  1981.  1  Fig,  3  Tab,  1  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Data  storage  and  retrieval,  'Water 
supply  development,  'Groundwater  management, 
•Water  resources  development,  Data  acquisition, 
Data  collections,  'Saudi  Arabia,  Water  manage- 
ment, Computers,  Information  retrieval,  Informa- 
tion systems,  Data  processing. 

In  rapidly  developing  countries,  one  of  the  chief 
impediments  to  efficient  assessment  and  planning 
of  the  use  of  geologic  resources  is  the  frequent  lack 
of  awareness  of  existing  data  and  difficulty  in  ac- 
cessing available  information.  Such  problems  can 
be  reduced  by  employing  a  computerized  data 
storage  and  retrieval  system.  Such  a  system  is 
being  implemented  by  the  Water  Resources  Devel- 
opment Department  and  Ministry  of  Agriculture 
and  Water,  Saudi  Arabia,  to  store  data  on  water 
resources  and  hydrogeology.  The  lack  of  an  ade- 
quate system  of  data  storage  has  impeded  rationali- 
zation and  adjudication  of  existing  data.  To  enable 
the  introduction  of  sophisticated  data  processing 
techniques,  all  available  data  are  being  input  to  a 
multiple  data  base.  So  far  only  the  well  site  data 
file  has  been  implemented,  and  details  of  23,000 
wells  have  been  entered  into  the  file.  A  further  6 
files  are  planned  to  cover  all  aspects  of  water 
resources,  and  the  hydrochemistry  and  surface 
water  data  files  are  now  in  preparation.  The  data 
are  managed  by  SYSTEM  2000  software  loaded 
on  an  IBM  370/158  computer  housed  in  the  Na- 
tional Computer  Center.  An  example  of  some 
codes  and  element  descriptions  for  a  data  bank  are 
given  using  the  groundwater  database  as  an  exam- 
ple. (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01499 


FLOOD  PEAKS  AND  DISCHARGE  SUMMAR- 
IES IN  THE  DELAWARE  RIVER  BASIN, 

Geological  Survey,  Trenton,  NJ.  Water  Resources 

Div. 

A.  A.  Vickers,  H.  A.  Farsett,  and  J.  W.  Green. 

Available  from  the  OFSS,  USGS  Box  25425,  Fed. 

Ctr.  Denver,  CO  80225,  Price:  $39.75  in  paper 

copy,    $3.50    in    microfiche.    Geological    Survey 


55 


Field  7— RESOURCES  DATA 


Group  7C — Evaluation,  Processing  and  Publication 


Open-File  Report  81-912,  1981.  292  p,  2  Fig,  17 
Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Flood  peaks,  *Flood  discharge, 
•Data  collections,  'Historic  floods,  Streamflow, 
Runoff,  Gaging  stations,  Sites,  'Delaware  River 
basin,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Dela- 
ware. 

This  report  contains  streamflow  data  from  299 
continuous  and  partial-record  gaging  stations  in  the 
Delaware  River  basin.  The  location,  drainage  area, 
period  of  record,  type  of  gage,  and  average  flow 
(discharge)  is  given  for  each  continuous  station. 
Also  included,  are  annual  flood  peak  discharges 
and  discharges  above  a  selected  base,  annual  and 
monthly  mean  discharges,  and  annual  and  monthly 
runoff.  (USGS) 
W83-01509 


HYDROLOGIC  INVESTIGATIONS  AND 
DATA-COLLECTION  NETWORK  IN  STRIPPA- 
BLE  COAL  AREAS  IN  NORTHWESTERN  NEW 
MEXICO, 

Geological  Survey,  Albuquerque,  NM.  Water  Re- 
sources Div. 
H.  R.  Hejl,  Jr. 

Available  from  the  OFSS,  USGS  Box  25425,  Fed. 
Ctr.  Denver,  CO  80225,  Price:  $4.50  in  paper  copy, 
$3.50  in  microfiche.  Geological  Survey  Open-File 
Report  82-358,  January  1982.  32  p,  5  Fig,  4  Tab. 

Descriptors:  'Hydrologic  data,  'Surface  water, 
•Groundwater,  'Water  quality,  'Coal  mining, 
Data  collections,  Streamflow,  Water  quality  stand- 
ards, Gaging  stations,  Observation  wells,  'New 
Mexico,  San  Juan  Basin. 

This  report  presents  hydrologic  investigations  and 
data  collections  conducted  by  the  U.S.  Geological 
Survey  in  the  strippable  coal  areas  of  northwestern 
New  Mexico.  Streamflow,  ground-water,  and  qual- 
ity-of-water  data  were  collected  to  provide  infor- 
mation about  baseline  or  prevailing  hydrologic 
conditions.  A  network  of  hydrologic  data-collec- 
tion sites  in  the  strippable  coal  areas  of  the  Fruit- 
land  Formation  was  designed  to  meet  the  need  of 
detailed  investigations,  including  site-specific  stud- 
ies, and  to  provide  hydrologic  data  in  support  of 
the  expanding  mining  activity.  The  network  con- 
sists of  34  continuous-record  streamflow-gaging 
stations  (32  included  water-quality  sampling),  20 
miscellaneous  water  quality  of  streamflow  stations, 
12  annual  maximum  discharge  stations,  27  observa- 
tion wells  completed  in  strata  associated  with  the 
strippable  coal  seams,  and  24  observation  wells 
completed  in  channel  alluvium  downstream  from 
strippable  coal  areas.  (USGS) 
W83-01510 


SUMMARY  OF  GROUND-WATER  AND  SUR- 
FACE-WATER DATA  FOR  CITY  OF  PENSACO- 
LA  AND  ESCAMBIA  COUNTY,  FLORIDA, 

Geological  Survey,  Tallahassee,  FL.  Water  Re- 
sources Div. 
J.  E.  Coffin. 

Available  from  the  OFSS,  USGS  Box  25425,  Fed. 
Ctr.  Denver,  CO  80225,  Price:  $  17.50  in  paper 
copy,  $3.50  in  microfiche.  Geological  Survey 
Open-File  Report  82-361,  1982.  131  p,  11  Fig,  11 
Tab,  20  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Groundwater,  'Surface  water, 
•Wqter  quality,  'Data  collections,  Available 
water,  Streamflow,  Wells,  Lithologic  logs,  Chemi- 
cal analysis,  Water  analysis,  Nutrients,  Trace  ele- 
ments, 'Florida,  Escambia  County,  Pensacola. 

Hydrologic,  geologic,  and  water-quality  data  col- 
lected in  Escambia  County,  Florida,  October  1962 
through  September  1980  are  presented.  The  data 
were  collected  by  the  U.S.  Geological  Survey  as 
part  of  a  cooperative  investigation  with  the  city  of 
Pensacola  and  Escambia  County  to  provide  infor- 
mation on  the  quality  and  quantity  of  water  availa- 
ble from  the  sand-and-gravel  aquifer  and  selected 
surface-water  sites  in  Escambia  County.  Ground- 
water data  include  records  of  440  wells,  chemical 
and  physical  analyses  of  water  quality  for  325 
wells,  6  long-term  hydrographs,  and  19  lithologic 
logs.  Surface-water  data  include  streamflow  meas- 


urements and  analyses  of  water  collected  at  9  sites. 
Maps  of  the  county  show  the  locations  of  the  data- 
collection  sites.  (USGS) 
W83-01511 


CHEMICAL  AND  PHYSICAL  CHARACTERIS- 
TICS OF  WATER  IN  ESTUARIES  OF  TEXAS, 
OCTOBER  1976-SEPTEMBER  1978, 

Geological  Survey,  Austin,  TX.  Water  Resources 

Div. 

J.  C.  Fisher. 

Available  from  the  OFSS,  USGS  Box  25425,  Fed. 

Ctr.  Denver,  CO.  80225,  Price:  $30.50  in  paper 

copy,   $5.00  in   michrofiche.   Geological   Survey 

Open-File  Report  82-354,  August  1982.  213  p,  14 

Fig,  10  Tab,  14  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Chemical  properties,  'Physical  prop- 
erties, 'Water  quality,  'Esturaries,  'Data  collec- 
tions, Sampling,  Sites,  Water  analysis,  Chemical 
analysis,  Organic  compounds,  Inorganic  com- 
pounds, Trace  elements,  Nutrients,  Insecticides, 
Bacteria,  Coliforms,  Chlorophyll,  'Texas. 

This  report  presents  basic  data  on  the  chemical  and 
physical  characteristics  of  water  in  the  estuaries  of 
Texas  for  the  period  October  1976-September 
1978.  The  properties  or  constituents  that  are  meas- 
ured in  the  field  are  dissolved  oxygen  (DO),  specif- 
ic conductance,  temperature,  pH,  and  transparency 
by  Secchi  disk.  Analyses  conducted  in  the  labora- 
tory include  the  principal  inorganic  ions,  biochemi- 
cal oxygen  demand  (BOD),  total  organic  carbon 
(TOC),  ammonium,  nitrite,  nitrate,  and  total  phos- 
phate. (USGS) 
W83-01514 


WATER-LEVEL  RECORDS  FOR  THE  NORTH- 
ERN HIGH  PLAINS  OF  COLORADO,  1978-82, 
Geological  Survey,  Lakewood,  CO.  Water  Re- 
sources Div. 

J.  L.  Blattner,  and  B.  D.  Rasmuson. 
Available  from  the  OFSS,  USGS  Box  25425,  Fed. 
Ctr.   Denver,  CO.   80225,   Price:   $4.00  in   paper 
copy,    $3.50    in    microfiche.    Geological    Survey 
Open-File  Report  82-573,  1982.  28  p,  2  Fig,  1  Tab. 

Descriptors:  'Water  level,  'Wells,  'Aquifers, 
'Well  data,  Sites,  Elevation,  Water  level  fluctu- 
ations, Water  Management,  'Colorado,  Northern 
High  Plains,  Ogallala  Formation. 

Water-level  measurements  were  made  in  674  wells 
during  the  winter  of  1981-82  in  the  northern  High 
Plains  of  Colorado.  The  water-level  measurements 
for  the  winter  of  1981-82  and  the  four  preceding 
winters  are  given  in  a  table.  This  table  also  con- 
tains the  location,  depth,  land-surface  elevation, 
and  the  aquifer  of  each  well.  (USGS) 
W83-01515 


ARSENIC,  NITRATE,  IRON,  AND  HARDNESS 
IN  GROUND  WATER,  CHENA  HOT  SPRINGS 
ROAD,  STEELE  CREEK  ROAD,  AND  GDI- 
MORE  TRAIL  AREAS,  (T.1N.,  R.1E.,  FM), 
FAIRBANKS,  ALASKA, 

Geological   Survey,    Fairbanks,   AK.   Water   Re- 
sources Div. 
A.  P.  Kxumhardt. 

Available  from  the  OFSS,  USGS  Box  25425,  Fed. 
Ctr.  Denver,  CO.  80225,  Price  $3.50  in  paper  copy, 
$1.00  in  microfiche.  Geological  Survey  Open-File 
Report  82-356,  1982.  2  Sheets,  2  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Water  quality,  'Groundwater, 
•Wells,  *Iron,  'Hardness,  'Arsenic,  'Nitrates, 
Water  analysis,  Chemical  analysis,  Water  pollu- 
tion, Contamination,  Public  health,  Maps,  'Alaska, 
Fairbanks. 

This  report  presents  all  data  on  arsenic,  nitrate, 
iron,  and  hardness  in  well  water  in  the  Chena  Hot 
Springs  Road,  Steele  Creek  Road,  and  Gilmore 
Trail  area  of  Fairbanks,  Alaska,  collected  through 
October  1981.  Concentrations  range  as  follows: 
arsenic  -  0  to  5,100  micrograms  per  liter;  nitrate  -  0 
to  53  milligrams  per  liter;  iron  -  0  to  50  milligrams 
per  liter,  and  hardness  -  12  to  1,000  milligrams  per 
liter.  The  percentage  of  samples  exceeding  limits 
set  by  the  U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency 


are  as  follows:  arsenic 
iron  -  80%.  (USGS) 
W83-01516 


13%;  nitrate  -  14%,  and 


DRAINAGE  AREAS  OF  NEW  YORK 
STREAMS,  BY  RIVER  BASINS-A  STREAM 
GAZETTEER:  PART  I-DATA  COMPILED  AS 
OF  OCTOBER  1980, 

Geological  Survey,  Albany,  NY.  Water  Resources 

Div. 

L.  A.  Wagner. 

Available  from  the  OFSS,  USGS  Box  25425,  Fed. 

Ctr.   Denver,  CO.  80225,  Price:  $51.00  in  paper 

copy,    $4.00    in    microfiche.    Geological    Survey 

Open-File  Report  81-1055  (WRI),  1982.  359  p,  3 

Fig,  1  Plate,  1  Tab.  1  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Hydrologic  data,  'Surface  water, 
•Drainage  area,  •Streams,  *River  basins,  Runoff, 
Sites,  'New  York. 

Hydrologic  studies  concerned  with  surface  water 
require  geographic  data  of  several  types,  among 
which  are  stream  length  and  size  of  drainage  area 
from  which  runoff  is  contributed.  This  gazetteer 
presents  all  drainage-area  data  on  New  York 
streams  that  were  available  as  of  October  1980. 
The  information  is  grouped  by  river  basin,  and 
each  section  consists  of  two  lists.  The  first  gives 
sites  alphabetically  by  stream  name  and  includes 
the  body  of  water  to  which  the  stream  is  tributary, 
county  in  which  the  site  is  located,  drainage  area 
above  the  mouth,  coordinates  of  the  topographic 
quadrangle  on  the  State  index  map,  and  the  Geo- 
logical Survey  site  number.  The  second  list  pre- 
sents site  information  by  U.S.  Geological  Survey 
site  number  (downstream  order  along  the  main 
stream)  and  includes  drainage  area,  distance  of 
measurement  site  above  the  mouth,  and  location  by 
latitude  and  longitude.  Data  were  compiled  from 
published  and  unpublished  sources,  all  of  which 
are  available  for  inspection  at  the  U.S.  Geological 
Survey  in  Albany,  N.Y.  Also  included  are  updated 
values  on  several  river  basins  that  have  been  rede- 
lineated  and  whose  drainage  areas  have  been  re- 
computed and  retabulated  since  1977.  (USGS) 
W83-01519 


WATER  RESOURCES  DATA,  COLORADO, 
WATER  YEAR  1981.  VOLUME  3.  DOLORES 
RIVER  BASIN,  GREEN  RIVER  BASIN,  AND 
SAN  JUAN  RIVER  BASIN. 

Geological  Survey,  Lakewood,  CO.  Water  Re- 
sources Div. 

Geological  Survey  Water- Data  Report  CO-81-3, 
1982.  436  p,  6  Fig,  4  Tab,  40  Ref 

Descriptors:  *Hydrologic  data,  'Surface  water 
•Groundwater,  'Water  quality,  Gaging  stations, 
Streamflow,  Flow  rates.  Sediment  transport, 
Water  analysis,  Water  temperature,  Chemical  anal- 
ysis, Lakes,  Reservoirs,  Wells,  Water  level,  Data 
collections,  Sites,  'Colorado,  Dolores  River  basin, 
Green  River  basin,  San  Juan  River  basin. 

Water-resources  data  for  Colorado  for  the  1981 
water  year  consist  of  records  of  stage,  discharge, 
and  water  quality  of  streams;  stage,  contents  and 
water  quality  of  lakes  and  reservoirs,  and  water 
levels  and  water  quality  of  wells  and  springs.  This 
report  (Volumes  1,  2,  and  3)  contains  discharge 
records  for  about  460  gaging  stations;  stage  and 
contents  of  22  lakes  and  reservoirs,  4  partial-record 
low-flow  stations,  30  crest-stage  partial-record  sta- 
tions, and  50  miscellaneous  sites;  water  quality  for 
163  gaging  stations  and  300  miscellaneous  sites; 
and  water  levels  for  55  observation  wells.  A  few 
pertinent  stations  in  bordering  States  are  also  in- 
cluded in  this  report.  These  data  represent  that 
part  of  the  National  Water  Data  System  collected 
by  the  U.S.  Geological  Survey  and  cooperating 
State  and  Federal  agencies.  (USGS) 
W83-01522 

STORAGE  AND  RETRIEVAL  OF  GROUND- 
WATER DATA  AT  THE  U.S.  GEOLOGICAL 
SURVEY, 

Geological  Survey,  Reston,  VA.  Water  Resources 

Div. 

M.  W.  Mercer,  and  C.  O.  Morgan. 


56 


ENGINEERING  WORKS— Field  8 
Structures — Group  8A 


Available  from  Br.  of  Distr.  604  S.  Pickett  St. 
Alexandria,  VA  22161.  Geological  Survey  Circu- 
lar 856,  1982.  9  p,  7  Fig,  2  Tab,  10  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Data  storage  and  retrieval,  •Ground- 
water, *Data  collections,  'Water  management, 
Sites,  Wells,  Springs,  Water  level,  Networks,  Well 
data,  Hydrographs,  *U.S.  Geological  Survey, 
•Groundwater  Site-Inventory  Data  Base, 
NAWDEX,  WATSTORE,  SYSTEM  2000. 

The  U.S.  Geological  Survey  maintains  a  computer- 
ized Ground-Water  Site-Inventory  (GWSI)  file 
that  contains  information  about  wells  and  springs 
at  sites  from  all  States  of  the  United  States.  This 
file  contains  data  collected  by  U.S.  Geological 
Survey  personnel  and  personnel  of  cooperating 
State,  local  and  Federal  agencies.  The  file  is  easily 
accessible  to  members  or  users  of  the  National 
Water  Data  Exchange.  Since  the  establishment  of 
the  GWSI  file  in  1974,  the  data  base  has  grown 
19%  per  year  and  contains  information  on  about 
770,000  sites  as  of  February  1981.  (USGS) 
W83-01523 


WATER-LEVEL  DATA  FOR  WELLS  IN 
BURIAL  GROUND  5,  OAK  RIDGE  NATIONAL 
LABORATORY,  TENNESSEE,  1975-1979, 

Geological  Survey,  Knoxville,  TN.  Water  Re- 
sources Div. 

D.  A.  Webster,  J.  S.  Beatty,  P.  M.  Benjamin,  and 
W.  M.  Tranum. 

Available  from  the  OFSS,  USGS  Box  25425,  Fed. 
Ctr.  Denver,  CO.  80225,  Price:  $19.50  in  paper 
copy,  $4.00  in  microfiche.  Geological  Survey 
Open-File  Report  82-372,  1982.  135  p,  1  Plate,  2 
Tab. 

Descriptors:  *Data  collections,  *Water  level, 
•Wells,  *Well  data,  Observation  wells,  Water  level 
fluctuations,  Water  measurement,  Sites,  Solid 
waste  disposal,  Radioactive  waste  disposal,  Hydro- 
graphs,  'Tennessee,  Oak  Ridge  National  Labora- 
tory, Burial  grounds. 

Data  pertaining  to  wells  in  and  near  Burial  Ground 
5  at  Oak  Ridge  National  Laboratory,  Tennessee,  is 
presented  for  the  period  1975  to  1979.  It  includes 
an  inventory  of  wells,  measuments  of  water  levels, 
well  hydrographs,  and  a  map  showing  the  location 
of  the  wells.  (USGS) 
W83-01524 


WATER  RESOURCES  DATA,  SOUTH  CAROLI- 
NA, WATER  YEAR  1981. 

Geological  Survey,  Columbia,  SC.  Water  Re- 
sources Div. 

Geological  Survey  Water-Data  Report  SC-81-1, 
1982.  336  p,  4  Fig. 

Descriptors:  •Hydrologic  data,  'Surface  water, 
•Groundwater,  *Water  quality,  Gaging  stations, 
Streamflow,  Flow  rates,  Sediment  transport, 
Water  analysis,  Water  temperature,  Chemical  anal- 
ysis, Lakes,  Reservoirs,  Wells,  Water  level,  Data 
collections,  Sites,  *South  Carolina. 

Water  resources  data  for  the  1981  water  year  for 
South  Carolina  consist  of  records  of  stage,  dis- 
charge, and  water  quality  of  streams;  stage,  con- 
tents, and  water  quality  of  lakes  and  reservoirs;  and 
water  levels  in  wells.  This  report  contains  dis- 
charge records  for  85  gaging  stations,  stage-only 
records  for  6  gaging  stations,  stage  and  contents 
for  11  lakes  and  reservoirs,  water  quality  for  36 
gaging  stations,  and  water  levels  for  47  observation 
wells.  Also  included  are  44  crest-stage  partial- 
record  stations.  These  data  represent  that  part  of 
the  National  Water  Data  System  operated  by  the 
U.S.  Geological  Survey  and  cooperating  State  and 
Federal  agencies  in  South  Carolina.  (USGS) 
W83-01525 


URBAN  RAINFALL-RUNOFF-QUALITY  DATA 
BASE, 

Florida  Univ.,  Gainesville. 

W.  C.  Huber,  J.  P.  Heaney,  D.  A.  Aggidis,  R.  E. 

Dickinson,  and  K.  J.  Smolenyak. 

Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 

Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB82-221094, 


Price  codes:  A23  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Environmental  Protection  Agency  Project  Sum- 
mary EPA-600/S2-8 1-238,  July  1982.  Municipal 
Environmental  Research  Laboratory,  Cincinnati, 
Ohio.  5  p,  1  Fig,  1  Tab. 

Descriptors:  •Rainfall-runoff  relationships,  'Water 
quality,  'Urban  runoff,  'Data  collections,  Storm 
runoff,  Urban  hydrology,  Pollution  load,  Catch- 
ment areas,  Runoff  volume,  Rainfall  rate. 

A  common  and  basic  need  for  mathematical 
models  of  urban  hydrologic  processes  is  for  ade- 
quate data  with  which  to  calibrate  and  verify  them. 
Such  models  are  being  used  in  many  applications 
and  the  need  for  relevant  data  has  intensified.  An 
equally  important  data  requirement  arises  from  the 
need  to  characterize  urban  stormwater  discharges 
and  combined  sewer  overflows.  Since  1974  EPA 
has  supported  the  urban  rainfall-runoff-quality  data 
base  with  these  needs  in  mind.  The  data  base 
project,  conducted  by  the  University  of  Florida, 
was  initiated  to  bring  together  in  a  consistent  and 
accessible  format  the  many  data  sources  found  in 
unpublished  documents  widely  scattered  through- 
out various  firms,  universities,  and  government 
agencies.  Urban  rainfall-runoff-quality  data  have 
been  assembled  on  a  storm  event  basis  for  48 
catchments  in  16  urban  areas.  Urban  hydrologic 
data  without  quality  data  have  been  assembled  for 
an  additional  25  catchments  in  15  urban  areas. 
Statistical  analysis  and  descriptions  of  the  catch- 
ments, parameters  and  sampling  procedures  are 
provided  in  the  data  base  reports.  For  each  storm 
event,  the  clock  times,  and  the  duration  and 
volume  of  rainfall  and  runoff  are  given.  For  quality 
parameters,  ranges,  flow-weighted  means,  standard 
deviations,  and  loadings  (i.e.,  pounds  per  acre-inch 
of  runoff)  are  provided  on  an  average  basis  across 
all  events  for  each  catchment.  The  same  statistics 
are  available  for  individual  storm  events  on  the 
data  base  magnetic  tape.  Actual  data  are  on  the 
magnetic  tape  and  on  the  EPA  STORET  data 
retrieval  system. 
W83-01569 


DEVELOPING  A  NEW  DECONVOLUTION 
TECHNIQUE  TO  MODEL  RAINFALL- 
RUNOFF  IN  ARID  ENVIRONMENTS, 

Arizona  Univ.,  Tucson,  Dept.  of  Hydrology  and 
Water  Resources. 

S.  P.  Neuman,  S.  D.  Resnick,  and  R.  W.  Peebles. 
Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150318, 
Price  codes:  A02  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Report,  September  1982.  7  p,  1  Fig,  7  ef.  OWRT 
A-086-ARIZ(l),  14-34-0001-8003. 

Descriptors:  'Rainfall-runoff  relationships,  'Model 
studies,  'Mathematical  models,  Simulation,  Arid 
climates,  Error  analysis. 

Noisy  rainfall-runoff  records  of  short  duration  are 
encountered  in  arid  environments  where  rainfall 
often  occurs  in  short  isolated  bursts  and  the  data 
are  measured  with  a  considerable  margin  of  error. 
Known  noise  was  superimposed  on  synthetic  rain- 
fall-runoff data  to  examine  the  ability  of  the 
Neuman-de  Marsily  deconvolution  method  to  esti- 
mate the  correct  impulse  response  of  the  system 
when  the  data  include  only  a  single  storm  event. 
Approximately  50  Monte  Carlo  simulation  runs 
were  performed  for  each  of  three  different  noise 
models.  The  results  clearly  demonstrated  that  the 
deconvolution  model  leads  to  reliable  estimates  can 
can  be  used  with  confidence  in  the  presence  of 
realistic  noise  levels.  In  addition  to  the  Monte 
Carlo  simulation  tests  and  their  analysis,  certain 
improvements  were  introduced  into  the  original 
deconvolution  technique.  The  original  version  of 
the  technique  required  that  the  hydrologist  exer- 
cise subjective  judgement  in  choosing  the  best 
solution  for  the  deconvolution  problem  from  a 
large  number  of  admissible  solutions.  The  new 
method  of  selecting  the  best  result  is  based  on  a 
comparative  analysis  of  residuals  and  is  more  reli- 
able than  the  earlier  subjective  approach.  The  im- 
proved method  has  been  applied  to  real  as  well  as 
synthetic  rainfall-runoff  data.  (Moore-SRC) 
W83-01627 


BEWARE  OF  SPURIOUS  SELF-CORRELA- 
TIONS, 

Fisheries  and  Marine  Service,  Winnipeg  (Manito- 
ba). Freshwater  Inst. 
B.  C.  Kenney. 

Water  Resources  Research,  Vol  18,  No  4,  p  1041- 
1048,  August,  1982.  8  Fig,  16  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Correlation  analysis,  'Regression 
analysis,  'Mathematical  studies,  Spurious  self-cor- 
relation, Graphical  analysis,  Statistics,  Data  proc- 
essing, Hydraulics,  Hydrology. 

Spurious  self-correlations  arise  when  two  param- 
eters (sums,  differences,  ratios,  products,  or  single 
variables)  used  in  a  linear  regression  analysis  have 
some  element  in  common.  To  illustrate  this,  perfect 
but  spurious  correlations  between  two  such  param- 
eters are  produced  with  random  numbers.  The 
largest  magnitude  of  spurious  self-correlation  coef- 
ficient occurs  for  data  sets  where  there  is  much 
greater  dispersion  in  the  data  for  the  common  term 
relative  to  the  unique  terms  in  the  parameters. 
Logarithmic  transformations  or  log-log  plots  en- 
hance spurious  self-correlations  of  ratios  and  prod- 
ucts. Several  examples  of  spurious  self-correlations 
in  the  literature  are  given  as  examples:  Vollen- 
weider  (1976),  a  plot  of  a  sedimentation  constant 
vs.  mean  depth  of  lakes;  Bell  et  al.  (1980),  the 
relationship  between  the  coefficient  of  variation  of 
soil  moisture  and  the  mean  soil  moisture;  Morgan 
(1980),  a  relationship  between  weight-specific  epi- 
phyte assimilation  rate  and  shrimp  weight;  and 
Bamstedt  and  Skjoldal  (1980),  RNA  weight  in 
zooplankton  divided  by  the  dry  weight  of  the 
specimens  plotted  against  the  dry  weight  of  the 
specimens.  In  these  illustrations  ratios  have  been 
plotted  against  their  own  denominators.  (Cassar- 
FRC) 
W83-01713 

8.  ENGINEERING  WORKS 
8A.  Structures 


EXPERIENCE  IN  THE  OPERATION  OF  HY- 
DRAULIC STRUCTURES  AND  EQUIPMENT 
OF  HYDROELECTRIC  STATIONS, 

Yu.  D.  Gavrilyuk,  A.  G.  Mel'nikov,  A.  A. 
Sirotkin,  and  A.  V.  Shlychkov. 
Hydrotechnical  Construction,  Vol   15,  No   11,  p 
706-71 1,  May,  1982.  4  Fig,  5  Tab,  2  Ref.  Translated 
from  Gidrotekhnicheskoe  Stroitel'stvo,  No  11,  p 
42-46,  November,  1981. 

Descriptors:  'Dam  stability,  'Seepage  lines,  'Mon- 
itoring, 'Observation  wells,  'Mathematical  studies, 
Dam  construction,  Dam  design,  Reservoirs,  Seep- 
age, Drains,  Water  temperature,  Sand,  Graphical 
analysis,  Angara  River,  'USSR,  Hydroelectric 
plants. 

The  operation  of  the  Ust-Ilim  hydroelectric  station 
dam  on  the  Angara  River  was  monitored  using  52 
piezometric  wells,  27  surface  geodetic  markers,  4 
deep  geodetic  markers,  and  gauging  sites  in  drain 
No  2.  Results  of  the  first  years  of  observations  of 
the  seepage  regime  of  the  right-bank  sand  dam  of 
the  Ust-Ilim  hydrostation  showed  that  the  process 
of  seepage  through  the  dam  has  not  yet  become 
stabilized.  This  is  revealed  in  the  increase  of  seep- 
age discharges  with  time  and  the  gradual  decrease 
of  the  level  of  the  seepage  line  in  the  dam  causing 
an  increase  in  the  seepage  velocity.  Observations 
of  the  temperature  of  the  seepage  water  in  the 
drainage  systems  of  the  hydrostation  with  simulta- 
neous measurement  of  the  water  temperature  verti- 
cally in  the  reservoir  allowed  approximations  of 
the  travel  time  of  the  temperature  wave  from  the 
reservoir  through  the  dam  to  the  drains.  Further 
systematic  observations  of  seepage  through  the 
right-bank  sand  dam  of  the  hydrostation  are 
needed  to  prevent  the  possible  development  of 
piping  processes.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01536 


57 


Field  8— ENGINEERING  WORKS 


Group  8B — Hydraulics 
8B.  Hydraulics 


VERTICAL  TURBULENT  DIFFUSION  IN  AIR- 
DRIVEN  WATER  FLOWS, 

Technische  Hogeschool,  Delft  (Netherlands). 

L.  H.  J.  Goossens,  H.  J.  A.  van  Pagee,  and  P.  J. 

Tessel. 

Journal  of  the  Hydraulics  Division,  Proceedings  of 

the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  Vol  108, 

No  HY9,  p  995-1009,  September,  1982.  10  Fig,  4 

Tab,  22  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Diffusion  coefficient,  'Mixing,  'Air- 
water  interfaces,  Shear  stress,  Wave  action,  Aer- 
ation, 'Reynolds  number,  'Turbulent  flow,  Bound- 
ary layers,  Eddy  diffusion. 

The  turbulence  and  Reynolds  stresses  produced  in 
a  water  channel  by  an  air  flow  over  the  surface 
were  measured  in  a  laboratory  water  tank.  An 
expression  was  derived  for  the  vertical  eddy  diffu- 
sion coefficient,  which  is  important  in  deciding 
under  what  circumstances  artificial  mixing  is 
needed.  The  drag  necessary  for  the  creation  of 
waves  and  the  development  of  a  boundary  layer, 
including  the  acceleration  of  the  water  mass,  was 
significant.  Horizontal  velocities  showed  logarith- 
mic drift  profiles  in  the  upper  boundary  profile 
with  a  deviation  in  the  near  surface  region  (1.5  cm 
depth  at  a  wave  height  of  0.2-0.4  cm).  This  devi- 
ation was  a  result  of  incomplete  energy  transfer 
from  waves  to  the  boundary  layer  in  the  near 
surface  region.  A  linear  shear  stress  distribution 
and  Prandtl  mixing  length  increase  were  measured 
within  the  boundary  layer,  allowing  the  use  of  a 
two-dimensional  theory  even  though  the  flow  field 
was  not  strictly  two-dimensional.  These  results  are 
applicable  to  larger  lakes  and  reservoirs  if  no  verti- 
cal density  gradient  is  present.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01532 


DISCHARGE  ASSESSMENT  IN  COMPOUND 
CHANNEL  FLOW, 

Queen  Mary  Coll.,  London  (England). 
P.  R.  Wormleaton,  J.  Allen,  and  P.  Hadjipanos. 
Journal  of  the  Hydraulics  Division,  Proceedings  of 
the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  Vol  108, 
No  NY9,  p  975-994,  September,  1982.   11  Fig,  2 
Tab,  21  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Discharge  capacity,  'Channel  flow, 
'Shear  stress,  Flood  plains,  Open-channel  flow, 
Hydraulics,  Hydraulic  roughness. 

The  boundary  shear  stresses  in  a  laboratory  com- 
pound channel  (main  channel  and  associated  shal- 
low flood  plains)  were  measured.  Four  rough- 
nesses were  used:  smooth  concrete  and  roughening 
of  the  channel  with  6  mm  diameter  concrete  hemi- 
spheres to  Manning's  n  of  0.014,  0.017,  and  0.021. 
A  statistical  relationship  between  the  apparent 
shear  stress  on  the  vertical  interface  and  several 
easily  calculated  parameters  of  the  channel  geome- 
try and  hydraulic  characteristics  was  derived.  Ap- 
parent shear  stresses  acting  on  vertical  interface 
planes  were  strongly  related  to  velocity  differences 
between  adjacent  subdivisions,  depth  ratio,  and 
width  ratio.  At  low  flood  plain  depths  the  apparent 
shear  stresses  across  the  vertical  interface  planes 
were  much  higher  than  main  channel  boundary 
shear  stresses  and  increased  with  greater  flood 
plain  roughness.  Apparent  shear  stresses  across 
horizontal  and  diagonal  interface  planes  were 
much  smaller  than  those  for  the  vertical  planes; 
they  were  always  less  than  the  main  channel 
boundary  shear  stresses.  At  increased  flood  plain 
depth  the  apparent  shear  stress  decreased  and 
sometimes  changed  sign.  The  accuracies  of  several 
methods  of  calculating  channel  discharge  capacity 
were  dependent  on  assumptions  regarding  the 
magnitude  of  the  apparent  shear  stress  on  the  par- 
ticular interface  chosen.  The  apparent  shear  stress 
ration  was  a  dominant  factor  in  determining  the 
tendency  of  a  method  to  underestimate  or  overesti- 
mate channel  discharge  capacity.  Generally  at 
lower  flood  plain  depths,  use  of  the  horizontal  or 
diagnonal  interfaces  gave  better  discharge  results 
than  using  the  vertical  interface.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01533 


TRANSIENT  CONDITIONS  IN  THE  TRANSI- 
TION FROM  GRAVITY  TO  SURCHARGED 
SEWER  FLOW, 

Windsor  Univ.,  (Ontario).  Dept.  of  Civil  Engineer- 
ing. 

M.  A.  Hamam,  and  J.  A.  McCorquodale. 
Canadian  Journal  of  Civil  Engineering,  Vol  9,  No 
2,  p  189-196,  June,  1982.  10  Fig,  9  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Transition  flow,  'Pressure  head, 
•Sewers,  Sewer  systems,  Sewer  hydraulics,  Grav- 
ity flow,  Flow,  Fluid  mechanics,  Hydrodynamics, 
Pipes,  Pipe  flow,  Pipelines,  Surges. 

One  of  the  least  understood  aspects  of  flow  in 
sewers  is  the  nature  of  the  transition  from  gravity 
to  pressure  or  surcharged  flow.  This  study  exam- 
ined the  transition  from  gravity  to  surcharged  flow 
due  to  a  rapid  decrease  in  the  flow  capacity  at 
some  point  in  the  sewer.  A  particular  example  of 
such  a  rapid  decrease  would  be  the  failure  of  an 
outfall  pump.  Formulas  are  suggested  for  deter- 
mining the  severity  of  pressure  transients.  An  ex- 
perimental study  of  the  formation  of  surges  in 
sewers  and  the  associated  transient  (water 
hammer)  pressures  was  carried  out.  The  hydraulic 
model  studies  confirmed  that  transient  pressures 
can  occur  in  sewers  during  the  transition  of  gravity 
to  surcharged  flow.  The  transition  from  gravity  to 
pressure  or  surcharged  flow  is  shown  to  be  a  two- 
phase  phenomenon.  The  instantaneous  pressure 
head  associated  with  the  transition  of  open-channel 
to  surcharge  flow  in  sewers  can  exceed  the  hy- 
draulic grade  line  for  full  pipe  flow  by  several 
times  the  pipe  diameter.  In  a  prototype  sewer, 
pressures  of  the  order  of  40  m  are  possible.  Nega- 
tive pressures  were  also  recorded  in  a  few  tests.  An 
abrupt  transition  creates  the  most  severe  pressure 
fluctuations.  Other  factors  affecting  the  pressure 
transients  include  pipe  size,  pipe  shape,  flow  veloc- 
ity, Froude  number,  relative  depth,  alignment  of 
the  pipe,  pipe  material,  venting  arrangements,  and 
boundary  conditions  such  as  pumps,  interceptors, 
and  drop-pipes.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01541 


SELF-AERATED  FLOW  IN  STEEP,  PARTIAL- 
LY FILLED  PIPES, 

Eidgenoessesche  Technische  Hochschule,  Zurich 
(Switzerland).    Versuchsanstalt    fuer    Wasserbau, 
Hydrologie  und  Glaziologie. 
P.  U.  Volkart. 

Journal  of  the  Hydraulics  Division,  Proceedings  of 
the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  Vol  108, 
No  HY9,  p  1029-1046,  September,  1982.  16  Fig,  23 
Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Pipe  flow,  'Air  entrainment, 
Wastewater  treatment,  'Aeration,  Conduits,  Flow 
pattern,  Hydraulics,  Flow  velocity,  Air-water  in- 
terface, Bubbles,  Turbulent  flow,  Closed-conduit 
flow. 

The  entrainment  of  air  bubbles  in  steep,  partially- 
filled  circular  conduits  was  investigated  in  pipe- 
lines with  slope  angles  of  1-45  degrees,  inner  diam- 
eters of  110-900  mm,  water  discharges  of  1.5-1930 
liters  per  sec,  and  different  wall  roughnesses.  This 
mechanism  has  been  applied  in  aeration  and  treat- 
ment of  wastewater  in  mountainous  regions.  For 
small  and  middle  depth  to  diameter  ratios  the 
isotachs  were  analogous  to  those  of  water  on  mild 
conduit  slopes.  The  velocity  increased  from  top  to 
bottom  with  the  maximum  in  the  plane  of  symme- 
try just  below  the  free  surface.  Contour  lines  of  air 
concentration  were  generally  parallel  to  the  free 
surfaces  of  the  mixture.  The  nature  of  isotachs  and 
air  concentration  contour  lines  indicates  that 
bubble  entrainment  takes  place  through  the  free 
surface.  For  slopes  <  45  degrees,  smaller  air  con- 
centrations were  obtained  in  a  partially  filled  circu- 
lar tube  than  in  an  open  rectangular  channel.  For 
large  diameter  smooth  pipes  air  bubbles  began  to 
form  at  lesser  slopes  than  for  small,  rough  pipes. 
Formulas  were  derived  for  the  mean  air  concentra- 
tion, mean  mixture  velocity,  and  the  critical  slope 
that  initiates  air  entrainment.  Equations  were  also 
applied  to  conduits  of  elliptical  or  rectangular 
shape.  (Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01547 


MODELLING  SIDE-WEIR  DIVERSION 
STRUCTURES  FOR  STORMWATER  MANAGE- 
MENT, 

McMaster   Univ.,   Hamilton   (Ontario).    Dept.   of 

Civil  Engineering. 

For  primary  bibliographic  entry  see  Field  4A. 

W83-01555 


PREDICTION  OF  CHANNEL  DEFORMA- 
TIONS OF  RTVERS  AND  CANALS, 

V.  S.  Altunin,  and  L.  I.  Baganova. 
Hydrotechnical  Construction,  Vol   15,  No   11,  p 
698-705,  1981-1982.  2  Fig,  4  Tab,  13  Ref.  Translat- 
ed from  Gidrotekhnicheskoe  Stroitel'stvo,  No  11, 
p  37-41,  November,  1981. 

Descriptors:  'Deformation,  'Channel  flow, 
•Channel  morphology,  'Mathematical  studies, 
•Canals,  'Graphical  analysis,  'Mathematical 
models,  Canal  design,  Rivers,  Graphical  methods, 
Model  studies,  River  flow,  Kara-Kum  Canal, 
•USSR. 

The  boundaries  between  types  of  the  channel- 
forming  process  according  to  data  of  various  au- 
thors are  compared.  The  conditions  of  formation 
of  the  river  runoff  and  graphs  of  the  passage  of  the 
design  water  discharges  in  a  canal  are  quite  differ- 
ent. Canals  differ  from  natural  rivers  by  artificial 
cross-sectional  shapes  of  the  channel  and  water 
regime.  The  type  of  channel-forming  process  on 
morphologically  homogeneous  stretches  was  de- 
termined with  the  use  of  large-scale  maps.  Graphi- 
cal analysis  showed  that  freely  meandering  rivers 
have  a  maximum  nonuniformity  of  runoff,  rivers 
with  a  predominance  of  short-circuited  meander- 
ing have  smaller  nonuniformity  of  runoff,  and 
rivers  with  a  multiple-braided  floodplain  and  chan- 
nel condition  have  a  still  smaller  nonuniformity 
coefficient.  The  majority  of  unlined  canals  of  the 
Amu  Darya  basin  are  stable.  To  select  a  stable 
channel  shape  it  is  necessary  to  determine  the 
direction  of  channel  deformations.  Types  of  chan- 
nel forming  processes  were  determined  for  the 
Kara-Kum  canal  in  stretches  composed  of  fine 
sand,  loamy  sand,  and  loamy  clay.  Morphometric 
relationships  were  proposed  for  determining  the 
width  and  average  depth  as  a  function  of  the 
dominant  discharges  in  nvers  and  large  unlined 
canals.  These  relationships  can  be  used  to  calculate 
the  main  dimensions  of  the  regulated  stretch  of  a 
river  with  a  certain  type  of  channel-forming  proc- 
ess and  assign  the  appropriate  mean  velocity  of  the 
flow.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01556 


8C.  Hydraulic  Machinery 


ANALOG  MODEL  AND  EVALUATION  OF 
THE  FOUNTATN  VALLEY  RATE-OF-FLOW 
CONTROL  STATION, 

Bureau  of  Reclamation,  Denver,  CO.  Engineering 

and  Research  Center. 

D.  A.  Skiles,  and  W  B.  Gish. 

Report  REC-ERC-82-10,  October  1981,  57  p,  12 

Fig,  2  Ref,  2  Append. 

Descriptors:  •Automation,  •Computers,  'Control 
systems,  'Pipelines,  'Computer  Models,  'Pumping 
plants,  Water  conveyance,  Water  hammer,  Model 
studies,  Pipe  flow,  Flow  control,  'Colorado,  Foun- 
tain alley  Conduit. 

The  Fountain  Valley  Conduit  is  a  45-mile  pipeline 
constructed  to  deliver  water  from  Pueblo  Dam 
north  to  the  cities  of  Colorado  Springs,  Stratmoor 
Hills,  Fountain,  and  Widefield,  Colorado.  A  com- 
puter based  supervisory  control  system  will  con- 
trol five  pumping  plants  along  the  pipeline  and  a 
rate-of-flow  control  station  (RFCS)  to  regulate 
waterflow.  An  analog  computer  model  was  de- 
signed to  represent  the  RFCS  and  evaluated  to 
determine  system  performance.  The  remote  con- 
trol of  pipe  valves  was  studied  to  ensure  the  sys- 
tem's operation  would  not  rupture  the  pipes.  Be- 
cause the  storage  tank  cannot  hold  all  the  water  in 
the  pipe,  the  controller  must  ensure  the  tank  will 
not  overflow.  These  requirements  occasionally  re- 
quire conflicting  control  functions.  Based  on  this 
model  study,  the  specified  method  of  regulating 


58 


SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL  INFORMATION— Field  10 
Specialized  Information  Center  Services — Group  10D 


terminal  tank  level,  using  a  remote  terminal  unit 
actuated  RFCS  is  expected  to  perform  adequately. 
System  response  to  transient  pipe  behavior  is  slow 
and  substantially  attenuated  by  large  system 
energy  transfer  capacities.  Proportional-integral 
values  are  critical  to  flow-path-control  stability. 
(Moore-SRC) 
W83-01448 

8D.  Soil  Mechanics 


THE  PERFORMANCE  OF  IMPERMEABLE 
AND  PERMEABLE  REINFORCEMENT  IN 
CLAY  SUBJECT  TO  UNDRAINED  LOADING, 

Ground  Engineering  Ltd.,  Boreham  Wood  (Eng- 
land). 

T.  S.  Ingold,  and  K.  S.  Miller. 
Quarterly  Journal  of  Engineering  Geology,  Vol 
15,  No  3,  p  201-208,  1982.  5  Fig,  7  Tab,  5  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Load  distribution,  'Drainage  engi- 
neering, 'Permeability,  Reinforcement,  Clays, 
Pore  water,  Soil  types,  Leaching,  Soil  mechanics, 
Hydraulic  loading. 

During  the  rapid  loading  of  clay  soils  there  is  often 
no  opportunity  for  the  dissipation  of  any  pore 
water  pressure  that  may  be  generated.  The  re- 
sponse of  reinforced  clay  to  undrained  loading  will 
be  a  function  of  the  nature  of  the  reinforcement. 
To  investigate  the  possible  responses  a  pilot  study 
was  undertaken  using  two  different  reinforcing 
materials.  These  were  installed  in  cylindrical  clay 
samples  which  were  subject  to  either  rapid  shear 
or  shear  at  constant  volume,  both  of  these  regimes 
being  consistent  with  the  notion  of  undrained  load- 
ing. It  was  found  that  impermeable  reinforcement 
in  the  form  of  aluminum  foil  caused  a  consistent 
and  substantial  decrease  in  strength  compared  to 
that  of  an  unreinforced  sample.  For  clay  reinforced 
with  porous  plastic  reinforcement  the  strength  of 
the  soil  improved  as  reinforcement  spacing  de- 
creased and  ultimately  exceeded  that  of  the  unrein- 
forced clay.  This  response  reflected  the  fact  that 
rapid  loading  is  not  necessarily  associated  with 
undrained  loading  if  the  reinforcement,  which  also 
acts  as  a  drain,  is  installed  at  a  sufficiently  small 
spacing.  In  truly  undrained  tests,  where  constant 
volume  conditions  are  imposed,  a  strength  de- 
crease was  anticipated.  That  this  was  not  the  case 
is  thought  to  be  due  to  the  low  pore  water  pressure 
response  of  the  reinforcement,  which  has  the  effect 
of  depressing  the  otherwise  high  deleterious  pore 
water  pressure  generated  in  the  clay.  (Baker-FRC) 
W83-01500 


81.  Fisheries  Engineering 


IMPACT  OF  A  ONCE-THROUGH  COOLING 
SYSTEM  ON  THE  YELLOW  PERCH  STOCK 
IN  THE  WESTERN  BASIN  OF  LAKE  ERIE, 

Michigan  Univ.,  Ann  Arbor.  School  of  Natural 

Resources. 

A.  L.  Jensen. 

Ecological  Modelling,  Vol  15,  No  2,  p  127-144, 

March,  1982.  10  Fig,  3  Tab,  20  Ref. 

Descriptors:  'Entrainment,  'Powerplants,  'Perch, 
'Cooling  water,  Hydroelectric  plants,  'Lake  Erie, 
Model  studies,  Biomass,  Fish,  Fisheries,  Lake  fish- 
eries, Fish  eggs,  Larvae. 

A  conventional  fishery  stock  assessment  model,  the 
surplus  production  model,  was  applied  to  evaluate 
the  impact  of  entrainment  and  impingement  at  the 
Monroe  Power  Plant  on  the  Yellow  perch  stand- 
ing stock  and  fishery  in  the  western  basin  of  Lake 
Erie.  The  biological  parameters  of  the  model  are 
obtained  from  commercial  catch  and  effort  data, 
while  entrainment  and  impingement  coefficients 
are  calculated  from  powerpalnt  data.  The  model  is 
used  to  predict  the  stock  biomass  and  egg  larva 
production  data  from  which  the  proportions  of 
impinged  and  entrained  individuals  are  estimated. 
The  effects  of  water  withdrawal  are  simulated. 
The  impact  of  the  Monroe  Power  Plant  was  found 
to  be  relatively  small;  it  reduced  biomass  and  the 
maximum  sustainable  yield  of  the  yellow  perch 
stock  by  only  a  few  percent.  Since  there  are  other 
power-plants  impacting  the  yellow  perch  stock  of 


the  western  basin  of  Lake  Erie,  it  is  suggested  that 
their  combined  impact  be  examined.  (Geiger-FRC) 
W83-01416 


WATER  FLOW  CONTROLLER, 

Research    Station    for    Salmonids,     Sunndalsora 

(Norway). 

B.  P.  Kinghorn. 

Progressive  Fish-Culturist,  Vol  44,  No  1,  p  48-49, 

January,  1982.  2  Fig. 

Descriptors:  'Flow  measurement,  'Flow  control, 
Aquaculture,  Measurement,  'Cisterns,  Salmonids. 

A  cistern-based  water  controller  was  designed  for 
measurement  and  control  of  water  into  fish  tanks. 
The  water  supply  is  directed  into  a  cistern  (or 
blanked  off  polyvinyl  chloride  tube)  which  con- 
tains a  tube  with  an  overflow  port.  Large  changes 
in  flow  rate  can  be  adjusted  by  changing  the 
screw-on  outlet  cap.  Fine  adjustments  may  be 
made  by  changing  the  level  of  the  overflow  port. 
(Cassar-FRC) 
W83-01447 


10.  SCIENTIFIC  AND 
TECHNICAL  INFORMATION 

10D.  Specialized  Information 
Center  Services 


INFORMATION  DISSEMINATION  TECH- 
NIQUES: CURRENT  PRACTICES  OF  WATER 
INSTITUTES, 

Virginia  Polytechnic  Inst,  and  State  Univ.,  Blacks- 
burg,  Water  Resources  Research  Center. 
K.  E.  Gill,  and  W.  R.  Walker. 
Available  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service,  Springfield,  VA  22161  as  PB83-150235, 
Price  codes:  A06  in  paper  copy,  A01  in  microfiche. 
Report,  January  17,  1980,  121  p,  2  Fig,  4  Tab,  44 
Ref,  8  Append.  OWRT  B-059-VA(l),  14-31-0001- 
4137. 

Descriptors:  'Information  exchange,  'Water  re- 
sources institutes,  'Public  relations,  'Education, 
Publications,  Newsletters,  Information  dissemina- 
tion, Mass  media. 

A  systematic  approach  to  the  task  of  information 
dissemination  is  set  forth  in  this  handbook,  which 
was  prepared  primarily  for  water  center  directors. 
Information  dissemination  encompasses  the  use  of 
such  media  as  newspapers,  television  and  radio, 
annual  and  interim  reports,  educational  activities, 
and  workshops  and  conferences.  A  questionaire 
was  developed  in  order  to  assess  the  current  state 
of  information  dissemination  activities  in  water 
centers  throughout  the  country.  The  survey  results 
reveal  diversity  among  water  center  activities. 
Only  20  of  the  54  water  centers  currently  employ 
an  information  specialist.  Newspapers  were  the 
most-often  used  mass  medium,  with  68%  of  the 
centers  reporting  some  use  of  newspapers.  Thirty 
water  centers  indicated  that  radio  was  used  in 
information  dissemination.  Television  was  used  by 
42%.  Only  28  of  the  54  centers  produced  a  news- 
letter. All  water  centers  publish  an  annual  report, 
and  over  50%  produced  research  bulletins  and 
brochures.  Most  water  centers  reported  using 
slides  in  their  information  dissemination  program, 
while  only  14  of  54  indicated  that  films  or  video- 
tape were  used.  Case  studies,  which  illustrate  the 
application  of  the  information  dissemination  theory 
and  tools  outlined  in  this  handbook,  provide  details 
of  specific  methods  used  by  the  water  centers. 
(Moore-SRC) 
W83-01616 


59 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


Kinetics    of    Biodegradation    of    2,4-Dichloro- 
Phenoxyacetate  in  the  Presence  of  Glucose, 
W83-01643  5D 

ABSORPTION 

Role    of   Bacterial    Extracellular    Polymers    in 
Metal  Uptake  in  Pure  Bacterial  Culture  and  Ac- 
tivated Sludge-II.  Effects  of  Mean  Cell  Reten- 
tion Time, 
W83-017U  5D 

ACCIDENTS 

Chemical  Spill  Cleanup  Named  Project  of  the 

Year. 

W83-01671  5G 

ACID  RAIN 

Effect  of  Added  Water  and  Acidity  of  Simulated 
Rain  on  Growth  of  Field-Grown  Radish, 
W83-01427  5C 

A  Model  for  Streamwater  Chemistry  at  Bir- 

kenes,  Norway, 

W83-01733  5B 

ACTIVATED  CARBON 

Full-Scale       Demonstration       of       Industrial 

Wastewater  Treatment  Utilizing  Du  Pont's  Pact 

Process, 

W83-01562  5D 

Biological  Processes  in  the  Treatment  of  Munici- 
pal Water  Supplies, 
W83-01563  5F 

Organic  Solvent  Regeneration  of  Granular  Acti- 
vated Carbon, 
W83-01613  5D 

Nonpoint  Source  Pollution  From  PCBS:  Bioa- 
vailability   and    Inactivation    With    Activated 
Carbon, 
W83-01621  5B 

Increasing  the  Degree  of  Efficacy  of 
Wastewater  Treatment  (Uber  Die  Erhohung 
Des  Wirkungsgrades  Der  Abwasserreinigung), 
W83-01750  5D 

ACITVATED  SLUDGE 

Role   of   Bacterial    Extracellular    Polymers   in 
Metal  Uptake  in  Pure  Bacteria]  Culture  and  Ac- 
tivated Sludge-II.  Effects  of  Mean  Cell  Reten- 
tion Time, 
W83-01711  5D 

ACITVATED  SLUDGE  PROCESS 

Increasing  the  Degree  of  Efficacy  of 
Wastewater  Treatment  (Uber  Die  Erhohung 
Des  Wirkungsgrades  Der  Abwasserreinigung), 
W83-01750  5D 

ADSORPTION 

Spurious  Adsorption  Effects  in  Headspace-Gas 
Determination  of  Hydrocarbons  in  Water, 
W83-01411  5A 

Adsorption  Characteristics  of  Seston  in  Irriga- 
tion Water:  Implications  for  the  Use  of  Aquatic 
Herbicides, 
W83-01580  5B 

Processes  Affecting  the  Movement  and  Fate  of 
Trace  Organics  in  the  Subsurface  Environment, 
W83-01700  5B 

ADVANCED  WASTEWATER  TREATMENT 

Reliability  of  Water  Factory  21, 

W83-01704  5D 

ADVECTION 

Using  Leaf  Temperature  to  Assess  Evapotran- 

spiration  and  Advection, 

W83-01679  2D 


AERATION 

Aeration  of  Water  Supplies  for  Fish  Culture  in 

Flowing  Water, 

W83-01422  5G 

Self-Aerated    Flow    in    Steep,    Partially    Filled 

Pipes, 

W83-01547  8B 

Autoheated,    Aerobic    Thermophilic    Digestion 

With  Air  Aeration, 

W83-01560  5D 

Full-Scale       Demonstration       of       Industrial 

Wastewater  Treatment  Utilizing  Du  Pont's  Pact 

Process, 

W83-01562  5D 

AERATORS 

Oxygen  Transfer   Calculations   for   a  Tractor- 
Powered  Paddlewheel  Aerator, 
W83-01619  5G 

AGRICULTURAL  RUNOFF 

Quality  of  Watershed  Related  Data  Collected  at 
the  Snake  River  Conservation  Research  Center, 
W83-01463  7A 

AGRICULTURE 

A  Chance-Constrained  Programming  Model  of 

Water  Allocations  in  Utah, 

W83-01615  6D 

AIR  ENTRAINMENT 

Self-Aerated    Flow   in    Steep,    Partially    Filled 

Pipes, 

W83-01547  8B 

AIR  TEMPERATURE 

Effects  of  Climate  on  the  Yield  Response  of 

Two  Fescue   Species  to  Water  and   Nitrogen 

Application, 

W83-01674  3F 

Using  Leaf  Temperature  to  Assess  Evapotran- 

spiration  and  Advection, 

W83-01679  2D 

AIR- WATER  INTERFACES 

Vertical    Turbulent    Diffusion    in    Air-Driven 

Water  Flows, 

W83-01532  8B 

Occurrence  of  Organotin  Compounds  in  Ontario 

Lakes  and  Rivers, 

W83-01748  5B 

ALASKA 

Arsenic,  Nitrate,  Iron,  and  Hardness  in  Ground 
Water,  Chena  Hot  Springs  Road,  Steele  Creek 
Road,  and  Gilmore  Trail  Areas,  (T.1N,  R.1E., 
FM),  Fairbanks,  Alaska, 
W83-01516  7C 

ALBERTA 

Watersheds  in  Muskeg  Terrain.  2.  Evaluations 

Based  on  Water  Chemistry, 

W83-01497  2K. 

Surges  From  Ice  Jam  Releases:  A  Case  Study, 
W83-01538  2C 

ALGAL  GROWTH 

The   Impact  of  Non-Hazardous   Substances  in 

Surface  Water  on  Drinking  Water  Quality  (Aus- 

wirkungen    Primar    Night    Gesundheitsschadi- 

gender    Stoffe    Im    Oberflachwasser    Auf   Die 

Trinkwasserbeschaffenheit). 

W83-01586  5F 

Influence  of  Added  Nutrient  on  the  Seasonal 
Variation  of  Algal  Growth  Potential  of  Mt  Bold 
Reservoir,  South  Australia, 
W83-01590  5C 

Concentration,  Fractionation  and  Characteriza- 
tion of  Soluble  Organic  Phosphorus  in   River 
Water  Entering  Lough  Neagh, 
W83-01731  5A 


ALKALINITY 

Reduction  of  pH  in  Waters  With  High  Total 
Alkalinity  and  Low  Total  Hardness, 
W83-01535  5G 

ALTERNTIVE  PLANNING 

An  Approach  to  Risk  and  Uncertainty  in  Bene- 
fit-Cost Analysis  of  Water  Resources  Projects, 
W83-01745     "  6B 

ALUMINUM  SULFATE 

Change   in   Lake   Trophic   State   and   Internal 

Phosphorus   Release   After   Aluminum   Sulfate 

Application, 

W83-01473  5G 

AMERICIUM 

Plutonium  and  Americium  Export  to  the  North- 
East  Pacific  Ocean  by  Columbia  River  Runoff, 
W83-01597  5B 

AMINO  ACIDS 

Amino  Acids  in  the  Food  Web  of  a  Wastewater 

Aquaculture     System     for     Rearing     Juvenile 

Salmon, 

W83-01425  3C 

An  Investigation  of  the  Dissolved  Free  Amino 

Acids  and  Their  Relation  to  Phytoplankton  Cell 

Density    in    the    Damariscotta    River    Estuary, 

Maine, 

W83-01426  2L 

AMPHIPODS 

Acute  Toxicity  of  Chromium,  Mercury,  Molyb- 
denum  and    Nickel    to   the   Amphipod   Allor- 
chestes-Compressa, 
W83-01589  5C 

ANADROMOUS  FISH 

Influence  of  Forest  and  Rangeland  Management 
on  Anadromous  Fish  Habitat  in  Western  North 
America;  6.  Silvicultural  Treatments, 
W83-01571  5C 

Influence  of  Forest  and  Rangeland  Management 
on  Anadromous  Fish  Habitat  in  Western  North 
America;  3.  Timber  Harvest, 
W83-01572  4C 


ANAEROBIC  DIGESTION 

Anaerobic  Digestion  of  Distillery  Effluents, 
W83-01419 


5D 


Use  of  Upflow  Anaerobic  Sludge  Blanket  Reac- 
tor to  Treat  Acetate  Rich  Waste, 
W83-01420  5D 

Identification  and  Control  of  Inhibition  in  the 
Anaerobic  Treatment  of  Industrial  Wastewaters, 
W83-01421  5D 

Distribution  and  Behavior  of  Sludge  in  Upflow 

Reactors       for       Anerobic       Treatment       of 

Wastewater, 

W83-01644  5D 

ANAEROBIC  FILTRATION 

Anaerobic  Digestion  of  Distillery  Effluents, 
W83-01419  5D 

ANALYTICAL  TECHNIQUES 

Spurious  Adsorption  Effects  in  Headspace-Gas 
Determination  of  Hydrocarbons  in  Water, 
W83-01411  5A 

ANIMAL  WASTES 

River  of  No  Return, 

W83-01699  5G 

AQUACULTURE 

Aeration  of  Water  Supplies  for  Fish  Culture  in 

Flowing  Water, 

W83-01422  5G 

Use  of  Ozone   in  a  Water   Reuse   System   for 

Salmonids, 

W83-01423  5D 


SU-1 


AQUACULTURE 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


Amino  Acids  in  the  Food  Web  of  a  Wastewater 

Aquaculture     System     for     Rearing     Juvenile 

Salmon, 

W83-01425  3C 

Welfare  Cost  of  Eutrophication-Caused  Produc- 
tion Losses:  A  Case  of  Aquaculture  in  Lake 
Kasumigaura, 
W83-01435  6A 

AQUATIC  HABITAT 

Influence  of  Forest  and  Rangeland  Management 
on  Anadromous  Fish  Habitat  in  Western  North 
America;  6.  Silvicultural  Treatments, 
W83-01571  5C 

AQUATIC  HABITATS 

Influence  of  Forest  and  Rangeland  Management 
on  Anadromous  Fish  Habitat  in  Western  North 
America;  3.  Timber  Harvest, 
W83-01572  4C 

AQUATIC  WEEDS 

The  Role  of  Aquatic  Weeds  in  Maintaining  Sur- 
face Water  Quality, 
W83-01601  5G 

AQUIFER  CHARACTERISTICS 

Aspects  of  Aquifer  Test  Error  Analysis, 
W83-01624  2F 


Linear  Kernels  for  Karst  Aquifers, 
W83-01726 


2F 


AQUIFERS 

Characterization  of  Aquifers  Designated  as  Po- 
tential Drinking  Water  Sources  in  Mississippi, 
W83-01403  4B 

Water-Level   Records  for  the  Northern   High 

Plains  of  Colorado,  1978-82, 

W83-01515  7C 

Effects  of  Kriging  and   Inverse  Modeling  on 

Conditional  Simulation  of  the  Avra  Valley 
Aquifer  in  Southern  Arizona, 

W83-01720  2F 

ARIZONA 

Toxic  Compounds  Formed  by  the  Chlorination 

of  Arizona  Surface  Waters, 

W83-01531  5F 

Effects  of  Kriging  and   Inverse   Modeling  on 
Conditional    Simulation    of   the    Avra    Valley 
Aquifer  in  Southern  Arizona, 
W83-01720  2F 

ARMA  MODELS 

Estimation  of  ARMA  Models  with  Seasonal  Pa- 
rameters, 
W83-01716  2E 

ARMA    Model    Identification    of   Hydrologic 

Time  Series, 

W83-01722  2E 

Identification  of  Multivariate  Time  Series  and 

Multivariate  Input-Output  Models, 

W83-01734  2E 


ARMOR  LAYERS 

Stability  of  Armour  Layers  in  Rivers, 
W83-01548 


2J 


AROMATIC  COMPOUNDS 

Polycyclic    Aromatic    Hydrocarbons    in    Sedi- 
ments, Pore  Water  and  the  Amphipod  Pontopor- 
eia  Hoyi  From  Lake  Michigan, 
W83-01742  5B 

ARSENIC 

Pollution  by  Arsenic  in  Gold-Mining  District  in 

Nova  Scotia, 

W83-01417  5C 

Arsenic,  Nitrate,  Iron,  and  Hardness  in  Ground 
Water,  Chena  Hot  Springs  Road,  Steele  Creek 


Road,  and  Gilmore  Trail  Areas,  (T.1N.,  R.1E., 

FM),  Fairbanks,  Alaska, 

W83-01516  7C 

ARTIFICIAL  RECHARGE 

Fate  of  Inorganic  Micro-Contaminants  During 

Groundwater  Recharge, 

W83-01702  5B 

Selecting  Treatment  Processes  to  Meet  Water 

Reuse  Requirements, 

W83-01705  4B 

Groundwater  Recharge  Operations  in  Califor- 
nia, 
W83-01706  4B 

Development  of  Technical  Site  Selection  Crite- 
ria For  Artificial  Recharge, 
W83-01707  4B 

ARTIFICIAL  SUBSTRATES 

Detritus  Abundance  and   Benthic  Invertebrate 
Catch    in    Artificial    Substrate    Samples    From 
Mountain  Streams, 
W83-O1503  7B 

ASBESTOS 

Asbestos  Analysis  Case  History:  Surface  Water 

Supplies  in  Southern  California, 

W83-01655  5B 

ATRAZINE 

Atrazine  Degradation,  Sorption,  and  Bioconcen- 

tration  in  Water  Systems, 

W83-01607  5B 

AUSTRALIA 

Effects  of  Length,  Locality  and  Tissue  Type  on 
Mercury  and  Cadmium  Content  of  the  Commer- 
cial Scallop,  Pecten-Alba  Tate,  from  Port-Phillip 
Bay,  Victoria, 
W83-01418  5B 

Sedimentation  in  an  Arid-Zone  Anastomosing 
Fluvial  System:  Cooper's  Creek,  Central  Austra- 
lia, 
W83-01488  2J 

Temporal  Patterns  in  the  Structure  of  Macro- 
benthic  Communities  of  An  Australian  Estuary, 
W83-01579  2L 

Adsorption  Characteristics  of  Seston  in  Irriga- 
tion Water:  Implications  for  the  Use  of  Aquatic 
Herbicides, 
W83-01580  5B 

Effect    of    Sewage    Effluent    on    Dragonflies 
(Odonata)  of  Bulimba  Creek,  Brisbane, 
W83-01581  5C 

Heavy  Metal  Enrichment  in  the  Surface  Micro- 
layer  of  the  Nepean-Hawkesbury  River  System, 
W83-01582  5B 

Groundwater-Level  Variation  During  Semidiur- 
nal Spring  Tidal  Cycles  on  A  Sandy  Beach. 
W83-01587  2F 

Downstream    Effects    of    the    Gordon    River 
Power  Development,  Southwest  Tasmania, 
W83-01588  6G 

Acute  Toxicity  of  Chromium,  Mercury,  Molyb- 
denum  and   Nickel    to   the   Amphipod    Allor- 
chestes-Compressa, 
W83-01589  5C 

Influence  of  Added  Nutrient  on  the  Seasonal 
Variation  of  Algal  Growth  Potential  of  Mt  Bold 
Reservoir,  South  Australia, 
W83-01590  5C 

Response   of  Four  Grain   Legumes   to   Water 
Stress  in  South-Eastern  Queensland.   II.   Plant 
Growth  and  Soil  Water  Extraction  Patterns, 
W83-01690  21 


Response  of  Four  Grain  Legumes  to  Water 
Stress  in  South-Eastern  Queensland.  III.  Dry 
Matter  Production,  Yield  and  Water  Use  Effi- 


ciency, 
W83-01692 


3F 


AUTOHEATING 

Autoheated,    Aerobic   Thermophilic    Digestion 

With  Air  Aeration, 

W83-01560  5D 

AUTOMATION 

Analog  Model  and  Evaluation  of  the  Fountain 
Valley  Rate-Of-Flow  Control  Station, 
W83-01448  8C 

Quality  of  Watershed  Data  From  the  Northeast 

Watershed  Research  Center, 

W83-01452  7B 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  Data,  USDA 

Sedimentation  Laboratory, 

W83-01459  7A 

BACTERIAL  CONTAMINATION 

Assessing  Microbially  Mediated  Water  Quality 

Problems  in  Distribution  Systems, 

W83-01573  5F 

BARIUM 

Evaluating    Water   Treatment    Techniques    for 

Barium  Removal, 

W83-01651  5F 

BASELINE  STUDIES 

Quality    of    Streams    in    the    Bull    Mountains 

Region,  South-Central  Montana, 

W83-01407  2K 

BATHYMETRY 

Physical,  Hydrological,  and  Biological  Charac- 
teristics of  the  Loxahathcee  River  Estuary,  Flor- 
ida, 
W83-01518  4C 

BAYS 

The    Three-Trophic    Level    Estuarine    Model: 
Synergism  of  Two  Mechanistic  Simulations, 
W83-01662  2L 

BEACH  PROFILES 

Groundwater-Level  Variation  During  Semidiur- 
nal Spring  Tidal  Cycles  on  A  Sandy  Beach, 
W83-01587  2F 

BEDFORMS 

Flume    Experiments    on    Lower-Flow-Regime 

Bed  Forms  in  Coarse  Sand, 

W83-01489  2J 

BEETS 

Absorption    and    Translocation    of   Polychlori- 

nated  Biphenyls  (PCBS)  by  Weeds. 

W83-01622  5E 

BENEFICIAL  USE 

Draft   Staff  Report   for   Fact-Finding   Hearing 
Zayante  Creek/Lower  San  Lorenzo  River  and 
the  Upper  San  Lorenzo  River  Instream  Benefi- 
cial Use  Protection  Program. 
W83-01527  6A 

BENTHOS 

Temporal  Patterns  in  the  Structure  of  Macro- 
benthic  Communities  of  An  Australian  Estuary. 
W83-01579  2L 

BENZENE 

Spurious  Adsorption  Effects  in  Headspace-Gas 
Determination  of  Hydrocarbons  in  Water. 
W83-01411  5A 

BIOACCUMULATION 

Effects  of  Length,  Locality  and  Tissue  Type  on 
Mercury  and  Cadmium  Content  of  the  Commer- 
cial Scallop,  Pecten-Alba  Tate,  from  Port-Phillip 
Bay,  Victoria, 
W83-01418  5B 


SU-2 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


CATFISH 


Nonpoint  Source  Pollution  From  PCBS:  Bioa- 
vailability   and    Inactivation    With    Activated 
Carbon, 
W83-01621  5B 

Absorption    and    Translocation    of   Polychlori- 

nated  Biphenyls  (PCBS)  by  Weeds. 

W83-01622  5E 

BIOASSAY 

Saturator  System  for  Generating  Toxic  Water 

Solutions  for  Aquatic  Bioassays, 

W83-01445  5A 

Proceedings:    Second    Symposium  on    Process 

Measurements   for   Environmental  Assessment, 
February  25-27,  1980, 
W83-01557  5A 

Influence  of  Added  Nutrient  on  the  Seasonal 
Variation  of  Algal  Growth  Potential  of  Mt  Bold 
Reservoir,  South  Australia, 
W83-01590  5C 

BIOASSAYS 

Bioassay  of  the  Toxicity  of  Natural  and  Effluent 

Waters  Using  Cultures  of  Protozoa, 

W83-01443  5A 

BIOCHEMICAL  OXYGEN  DEMAND 

Determination  of  Sensitivity  of  Water  Quality 
Parameters  for  Stream  Pollution  Control, 
W83-01413  5G 

BIODEGRADATION 

Autoheated,    Aerobic   Thermophilic   Digestion 

With  Air  Aeration, 

W83-01560  5D 

Kinetics    of    Biodegradation    of    2,4-Dichloro- 
Phenoxyacetate  in  the  Presence  of  Glucose, 
W83-01643  5D 

Processes  Affecting  the  Movement  and  Fate  of 
Trace  Organics  in  the  Subsurface  Environment, 
W83-O1700  5B 

BIOINDICATORS 

The  American  Oyster  as  a  Coastal  Zone  Pollu- 
tion Monitor:  A  Pilot  Study, 
W83-01444  5A 

Effect    of    Sewage    Effluent    on    Dragonflies 
(Odonata)  of  Bulimba  Creek,  Brisbane, 
W83-01581  5C 

BIOLOGICAL  MAGNIFICATION 

Atrazine  Degradation,  Sorption,  and  Bioconcen- 

tration  in  Water  Systems, 

W83-01607  5B 

A  Model  of  Mercury  Contamination  in  a  Wood- 
land Stream, 
W83-01663  5C 

BIOLOGICAL  PROPERTIES 

Bio-Optical  Classification  and  Model  of  Natural 

Waters.  2, 

W83-01594  5  A 

BIOLOGICAL  TREATMENT 

Biological  Processes  in  the  Treatment  of  Munici- 
pal Water  Supplies, 
W83-01563  5F 

BIOLOGICAL  WASTEWATER  TREATMENT 

Role   of   Bacterial    Extracellular    Polymers    in 
Metal  Uptake  in  Pure  Bacterial  Culture  and  Ac- 
tivated Sludge-II.  Effects  of  Mean  Cell  Reten- 
tion Time, 
W83-01711  5D 

Increasing  the  Degree  of  Efficacy  of 
Wastewater  Treatment  (Uber  Die  Erhohung 
Des  Wirkungsgrades  Der  Abwasserreinigung), 
W83-01750  5D 


BIOMASS 

The    Three-Trophic    Level    Estuarine    Model: 
Synergism  of  Two  Mechanistic  Simulations, 
W83-01662  2L 

BIOMONITORING 

An  Assessment  of  the  Potential  of  Major  Meio- 
fauna  Groups  for  Monitoring  Organic  Pollution, 
W83-01429  5A 

BLACK  SEA 

Biomass  of  Heterotrophic  and  Autotrophic  Or- 
ganisms as  a  Function  of  Mode  of  Discharge 
(Surface  or  Submerged)  of  Sewage  in  the  Black 
Sea, 
W83-01414  5C 

BLAST  FURNACE  WASTES 

An  Investigation  of  Foreign  By-Pr  oduct  Coke 
Plant  and   Blast  Furnace  Wastewater  Control 
Technology  and  Regulation, 
W83-01559  5D 


BOREHOLES 

Shropshire  Groundwater  Scheme  Begins, 
W83-01530 


4B 


BRAIDED  STREAMS 

Analysis  of  the  Effect  of  Changing  Discharge  on 
Channel  Morphology  and  Instream  Uses  in  a 
Braided  River,  Ohau  River,  New  Zealand, 
W83-01732  4C 

BRAZIL 

A    Simplified    Gamma    Probability    Model    for 
Analysis  of  the  Frequency  Distribution  of  Rain- 
fall in  the  Region  of  Campinas,  SP,  Brazil, 
W83-01677  2B 

BRITISH  COLUMBIA 

Prediction  of  Mean  Annual  Flows  in  the  Fraser 
River  Catchment,  British  Columbia, 
W83-01479  2E 

BULLHEAD 

Effect  of  Brown  Bullheads  on  Release  of  Phos- 
phorus in  Sediment  and  Water  Systems, 
W83-01446  5B 

BUTYLTIN 

Occurrence  of  Organotin  Compounds  in  Ontario 

Lakes  and  Rivers, 

W83-01748  5B 

BY-PRODUCT  COKE  PLANT  WASTES 

An  Investigation  of  Foreign  By-Pr  oduct  Coke 
Plant  and   Blast  Furnace  Wastewater  Control 
Technology  and  Regulation, 
W83-01559  5D 

CADMIUM 

Effects  of  Length,  Locality  and  Tissue  Type  on 
Mercury  and  Cadmium  Content  of  the  Commer- 
cial Scallop,  Pecten-Alba  Tate,  from  Port-Phillip 
Bay,  Victoria, 
W83-01418  5B 

Heavy  Metal  Enrichment  in  the  Surface  Micro- 
layer  of  the  Nepean-Hawkesbury  River  System, 
W83-01582  5B 

Preconcentration  of  Copper,  Cadmium,  Mer- 
cury and  Lead  From  Sea  and  Tap  Water  Sam- 
ples on  a  Dithiocarbamatecellulose  Derivative, 
W83-01641  5A 

CALIBRATIONS 

Sensitivity  of  an  Infrared  Gas  Analyzer  Used  in 

the  Differential  Mode,  to  Partial  Gas  Pressures 

of  Carbon  Dioxide  and  Water  Vapor  in  the  Bulk 

Air, 

W83-01693  7B 

CALIFORNIA 

Development  of  Curves  that  Represent  Trends 
in  Selected  Hydraulic  Variables  for  the  Sacra- 
mento River  at  Butte  City,  California, 
W83-01404  2E 


Report  on   Quality   of  Pesticide   Runoff  Data 
From  the  Soil  and  Water  Management  Research 
Unit,  Riverside,  CA, 
W83-01469  7B 

Phosphorus  Loading  to  a  Mountain  Reservoir  in 

Southern  California, 

W83-01504  5B 

Reconnaissance  Water-Balance  Study  of  Lake 

Gregory,  California, 

W83-01512  2H 

Draft   Staff  Report   for   Fact-Finding   Hearing 
Zayante  Creek/Lower  San  Lorenzo  River  and 
the  Upper  San  Lorenzo  River  Instream  Benefi- 
cial Use  Protection  Program. 
W83-01527  6A 

Differences  in  Animal  13C,  15N,  and  D  Abun- 
dance Between  a  Polluted  and  an  Unpolluted 
Coastal    Site:    Likely    Indicators    of    Sewage 
Uptake  by  a  Marine  Food  Web, 
W83-01591  5B 

Upgrading  a  Large  Treatment  Plant-Problems 

and  Solutions, 

W83-01638  5D 

Asbestos  Analysis  Case  History:  Surface  Water 

Supplies  in  Southern  California, 

W83-01655  5B 

The  Financial  Impact  of  Water  Rate  Changes, 
W83-01656  6C 

Groundwater  Recharge  Operations  in  Califor- 
nia, 
W83-01706  4B 

CANALS 

Prediction  of  Channel  Deformations  of  Rivers 

and  Canals, 

W83-01556  8B 


CAPILLARITY 

Penetration  Coefficient  in  Porous  Media, 
W83-01695 


2G 


CAPILLARY  WATER 

Penetration  Coefficient  in  Porous  Media, 
W83-01695  2G 

CARBON 

Relationships  Between  Phytoplankton  Growth 

Rates  and  Nutrient  Dynamics  in  Lake  Norman, 

N.C., 

W83-01526  5C 

Comparative  Study  on  Organic  Constituents  in 
Polluted  and  Unpolluted  Inland  Aquatic  Envi- 
ronments-IV.  Indicators  of  Hydrocarbon  Pollu- 
tion for  Waters, 
W83-01710  5B 

CARBON-13 

Differences  in  Animal  13C,  15N,  and  D  Abun- 
dance Between  a  Polluted  and  an  Unpolluted 
Coastal    Site:    Likely    Indicators    of    Sewage 
Uptake  by  a  Marine  Food  Web, 
W83-01591  5B 

CARNIVORES 

The    Three-Trophic    Level    Estuarine    Model: 
Synergism  of  Two  Mechanistic  Simulations, 
W83-01662  2L 


CATCHMENT  AREAS 

Low  Flows  of  Massachusetts  Streams, 
W83-01528 


2E 


CATCHMENTS 

Prediction  of  Mean  Annual  Flows  in  the  Fraser 
River  Catchment,  British  Columbia, 
W83-01479  2E 

CATFISH 

Growth  and  Survival  of  Channel  Catfish  and 
Yellow   Perch  Exposed  to  Lowered  Constant 


SU-3 


CATFISH 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


and   Diurnally   Fluctuating   Dissolved   Oxygen 

Concentrations, 

W83-01534  5C 

CATFISH  FARMING 

Oxygen  Transfer  Calculations   for  a  Tractor- 
Powered  Paddlewheel  Aerator, 
W83-01619  5G 

CATIONS 

The  Mechanisms  of  Poliovirus  Inactivation  by 
Chlorine  Dioxide  and  Iodine  and  the  Effects  of 
Cations  on  Halogen  Inactivation, 
W83-01602  5F 

CENTRAL  WISCONSIN  RIVER  BASIN 

Low-Flow   Characteristics   of  Streams   in   the 
Central  Wisconsin  River  Basin,  Wisconsin, 
W83-014O6  2E 

CHANNEL  FLOW 

Discharge   Assessment  in  Compound   Channel 

Flow, 

W83-01533  8B 

Prediction  of  Channel  Deformations  of  Rivers 

and  Canals, 

W83-01556  8B 

CHANNEL  MORPHOLOGY 

Resistance  to  Flow  in  Alluvial  Channels, 
W83-01549  2J 

Prediction  of  Channel  Deformations  of  Rivers 

and  Canals, 

W83-01556  8B 

Bank  Stability  and  Channel  Width  Adjustment, 

East  Fork  River,  Wyoming, 

W83-01729  2J 

Analysis  of  the  Effect  of  Changing  Discharge  on 
Channel  Morphology  and  Instream  Uses  in  a 
Braided  River,  Ohau  River,  New  Zealand, 
W83-01732  4C 

CHANNELS 

An  Extended  Channel  Model  for  the  Prediction 
of  Motion  in  Elongated  Homogeneous  Lakes. 
Part  3,  Free  Oscillations  in  Natural  Basins, 
W83-01544  2H 

CHELATION 

Local  Redistribution  and  Partial  Extraction  of 
Heavy  Metals  in  Bottom  Sediments  of  an  Estu- 
ary, 
W83-01661  5B 

Multicomponent     Equilibrium     Chemistry     in 

Groundwater  Quality  Models, 

W83-01747  5B 

CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  Agricultural/Surface-Mined  Hydrol- 
ogy Research  Group,  Fort  Collins,  Colorado, 
W83-01468  ?A 

Proceedings:    Second    Symposium  on    Process 

Measurements  for  Environmental  Assessment, 
February  25-27,  1980, 

W83-01557  5A 

CHEMICAL  COMPOSITION 

Watersheds  in  Muskeg  Terrain.  2.  Evaluations 

Based  on  Water  Chemistry, 

W83-01497  2K 

CHEMICAL  PRECIPITATION 

Evaluating    Water   Treatment   Techniques   for 

Barium  Removal, 

W83-01651  5F 

CHEMICAL  PROPERTIES 

Chemical  and  Physical  Characteristics  of  Water 

in  Estuaries  of  Texas,  October  1976-September 

1978, 

W83-01514  7C 


CHEMICAL  REACTIONS 

Sorption   and   Mineral   Equilibria  Controls  on 
Moisture  Chemistry  in  a  C-Horizon  Soil, 
W83-01495  2K 

CHLORAMINES 

Treatment  Technology  to  Meet  the  Drinking 
Water  Standards  for  Trihalomethanes  for  Jack- 
son, Mississippi;  Part  II,  Chloramines  as  Alter- 
nate Disinfectants:  State-of-the-Art  Review, 
W83-01623  5F 

Treatment  Technology  to  Meet  the  Drinking 
Water  Standards  For  Trihalomethanes  For  Jack- 
son, Mississippi, 
W83-01625  5F 

CHLORINATED  COMPOUNDS 

Determination  of  TCDD  in  Industrial  and  Mu- 
nicipal Wastewaters, 
W83-01567  5A 

CHLORINATION 

Toxic  Compounds  Formed  by  the  Chlorination 

of  Arizona  Surface  Waters, 

W83-01531  5F 

Treatment  Technology  to  Meet  the  Drinking 
Water  Standards  for  Trihalomethanes  for  Jack- 
son, Mississippi;  Part  II,  Chloramines  as  Alter- 
nate Disinfectants:  State-of-the-Art  Review, 
W83-01623  5F 

Treatment  Technology  to  Meet  the  Drinking 
Water  Standards  For  Trihalomethanes  For  Jack- 
son, Mississippi, 
W83-01625  5F 

Health  Effects  of  Drinking  Water  Disinfectants 

and  Disinfectant  By-Products, 

W83-01740  5C 

CHLORINE  DIOXIDE 

The  Mechanisms  of  Poliovirus  Inactivation  by 
Chlorine  Dioxide  and  Iodine  and  the  Effects  of 
Cations  on  Halogen  Inactivation, 
W83-01602  5F 

Treatment  Technology  to  Meet  the  Drinking 
Water  Standards  For  Trihalomethanes  For  Jack- 
son, Mississippi, 
W83-01625  5F 

CHLOROPHYLL 

Applicability  of  Phosphorus  Input-Output 
Models  for  Impoundments  with  High  Trophic 
and  Hydraulic  Loading  (Zur  Frage  Kritischer 
Nahrstoffbelastung  Gestauter  Fliessgewasser. 
Grenzen  Der  Ubertragbarkeit  Der  Fur  Seen  und 
Talsperren  Konzipierten  Modelle), 
W83-01583  5C 

Chlorophyll-A  Raw  Water  Quality  Parameter, 
W83-01657  5A 

CHLOROPHYLL  A 

The  Loch  Eil  Project:  Chlorophyll  a  and  Nutri- 
ents in  the  Water  Column  of  Loch  Eil, 
W83-01442  2L 

An  Empirical  Analysis  of  Phosphorus,  Nitrogen, 
and  Turbidity  Effects  on  Reservoir  Clilorophyll- 
A  Levels, 
W83-01551  5C 

CHROMATOGRAPHY 

Concentration,  Fractionation  and  Characteriza- 
tion of  Soluble  Organic  Phosphorus  in  River 
Water  Entering  Lough  Neagh, 
W83-01731  5A 

CHROMIUM 

Acute  Toxicity  of  Chromium,  Mercury,  Molyb- 
denum  and   Nickel   to   the   Amphipod    Allor- 
chestes-Compressa, 
W83-01589  5C 


CISTERNS 

Water  Flow  Controller, 
W83-01447 


81 


CLEANUP  OPERATIONS 

Nonpoint  Source  Pollution  From  PCBS:  Bioa- 
vailability   and    Inactivation    With    Activated 
Carbon, 
W83-01621  5B 

COAL 

Trace  Element  Characterization  of  Coal  Wastes 

-  Fifth  Annual  Progress  Report, 

W83-01558  5G 

COAL  GASIFICATION 

Analytical  Methods  for  Hazardous  Organics  in 
Liquid  Wastes  From  Coal  Gasification  and  Liq- 
uefaction Processes, 
W83-01565  5A 

COAL  LIQUEFACTION 

Analytical  Methods  for  Hazardous  Organics  in 
Liquid  Wastes  From  Coal  Gasification  and  Liq- 
uefaction Processes, 
W83-01565  5A 

Environmental  Issues  of  Liquid  Transportation 

Fuels  from  Coal, 

W83-01743  SB 

COAL  MINES 

Hydrology  of  the  Coal-Resource  Areas  in  the 
Upper  drainages  of  Huntington  and  Cottonwood 
Creeks,  Central  Utah, 
W83-01408  5C 

Potential    Hydrologic    Effects    of    Developing 
Coal     and    Other    Geoenergy     Resources    in 
Oregon~A  Review, 
W83-01520  *C 

COAL  MINING 

Hydrologic  Characteristics  and  Possible  Effects 
of  Surface  Mining  in  the  Northwestern  Part  of 
West   Branch   Antelope   Creek    Basin,   Mercer 
County,  North  Dakota, 
W83-014O9  4C 

Hydrologic  Investigations  and  Data-Collection 
Network  in  Stnppable  Coal  Areas  in  Northwest- 
ern New  Mexico, 
W83-01510  7C 

COASTAL  AQUIFERS 

Finite  Element  Simulation  of  a  Saltwater/Fresh- 
water Interface  With  Indirect  Toe  Tracking, 
W83-01717  2F 

COASTAL  WATERS 

Differences  in  Animal  13C,  15N,  and  D  Abun- 
dance Between  a  Polluted  and  an  Unpolluted 
Coastal    Site:     Likely    Indicators    of    Sewage 
Uptake  by  a  Marine  Food  Web, 
W83-01591  5B 

COLIFORMS 

Nitrogen     Transformations     During     Aerobic 

Composting  of  Sewage  Sludge, 

W83-01620  5E 

COLORADO 

Analog  Model  and  Evaluation  of  the  Fountain 
Valley  Rate-Of-Flow  Control  Station, 
W83-01448  8C 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  Agricultural/Surface-Mined  Hydrol- 
ogy Research  Group,  Fort  Collins,  Colorado, 
W83-01468  7A 

Water-Level   Records  for  the   Northern   High 

Plains  of  Colorado,  1978-82, 

W83-01515  7C 


SU-4 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


CYCLING  NUTRIENTS 


Water  Resources  Data,  Colorado,  Water  Year 
1981.  Volume  3.   Dolores  River  Basin,  Green 
River  Basin,  and  San  Juan  River  Basin. 
W83-01522  7C 

Environmental    and    Physiological    Control    of 
Water  Flux  Through  Pinus-Contorta, 
W83-01537  21 

Zero-Inertia  Modeling  of  Furrow  Irrigation  Ad- 
vance, 
W83-01696  3F 

COLUMBIA  RIVER 

Organic    Carbon    Transport    in    the    Columbia 

River, 

W83-01596  5B 

Plutonium  and  Americium  Export  to  the  North- 
East  Pacific  Ocean  by  Columbia  River  Runoff, 
W83-01597  5B 

COMPARISON  STUDIES 

Comparative  Study  on  Organic  Constituents  in 
Polluted  and  Unpolluted  Inland  Aquatic  Envi- 
ronments-IV.  Indicators  of  Hydrocarbon  Pollu- 
tion for  Waters, 
W83-01710  5B 

COMPOSTING 

Nitrogen     Transformations     During     Aerobic 

Composting  of  Sewage  Sludge, 

W83-01620  5E 

COMPUTER  MODELS 

Analog  Model  and  Evaluation  of  the  Fountain 
Valley  Rate-Of-Flow  Control  Station, 
W83-01448  8C 

Evaluating  the  Saturated  and  Unsaturated  Hy- 
draulic Conductivity  of  Soils, 
W83-01471  2G 

Modelling  Side-Weir  Diversion  Structures  for 

Stormwater  Management, 

W83-01555  4A 

An  Assessment  of  the  Performance  of  Federally 

Regulated  Sedimentation  Ponds, 

W83-01610  5G 

A  Chance-Constrained  Programming  Model  of 

Water  Allocations  in  Utah, 

W83-01615  6D 

COMPUTER  PROGRAMS 

A    Prototype    Computer    Interactive    Ground 
Water    Monitoring    Methodology    for    Surface 
Water  Impoundments, 
W83-01474  5G 

COMPUTERS 

Analog  Model  and  Evaluation  of  the  Fountain 
Valley  Rate-Of-Flow  Control  Station, 
W83-01448  8C 

CONCENTRATION 

Preformed    Magnesium    Hydroxide    Precipitate 
for  Second-Step  Concentration  of  Enteroviruses 
From  Drinking  and  Surface  Waters, 
W83-01645  5F 

CONDITION  INDEX 

The  American  Oyster  as  a  Coastal  Zone  Pollu- 
tion Monitor:  A  Pilot  Study, 
W83-01444  5A 

CONDUCTANCE 

Environmental    and    Physiological    Control    of 
Water  Flux  Through  Pinus-Contorta, 
W83-01537  21 

CONSERVATION 

Farmers'    Attitudes   Toward    Government    In- 
volvement in  Preventing  Agricultural  Nonpoint 
Source  Water  Pollution, 
W83-01506  5G 


CONSTRUCTION 

Upgrading  a  Large  Treatment  Plant-Problems 

and  Solutions, 

W83-01638  5D 

CONTROL  SYSTEMS 

Analog  Model  and  Evaluation  of  the  Fountain 
Valley  Rate-Of-Flow  Control  Station, 
W83-01448  8C 

CONVECTION 

A  Eulerian-Lagrangian  Numerical  Scheme  for 
the  Dispersion-Convection  Equation  Using  Con- 
jugate Space-Time  Grids, 
W83-01618  5B 

COOLING  WATER 

Impact  of  a  Once-Through  Cooling  System  on 
the  Yellow  Perch  Stock  in  the  Western  Basin  of 
Lake  Erie, 
W83-01416  81 

COPPER 

Heavy  Metal  Enrichment  in  the  Surface  Micro- 
layer  of  the  Nepean-Hawkesbury  River  System, 
W83-01582  5B 

Preconcentration  of  Copper,  Cadmium,  Mer- 
cury and  Lead  From  Sea  and  Tap  Water  Sam- 
ples on  a  Dithiocarbamatecellulose  Derivative, 
W83-01641  5A 

Theoretical  Aspects  of  the  Direct  Titration  of 
Natural  Waters  and  Its  Information  Yield  for 
Trace  Metal  Speciation, 
W83-01642  5A 

CORN 

Absorption    and    Translocation    of  Polychlori- 

nated  Biphenyls  (PCBS)  by  Weeds. 

W83-01622  5E 

Using  Leaf  Temperature  to  Assess  Evapotran- 

spiration  and  Advection, 

W83-01679  2D 

CORRELATION  ANALYSIS 

Environmental    and    Physiological    Control    of 
Water  Flux  Through  Pinus-Contorta, 
W83-01537  21 

Water-Conserving  Wheat   Irrigation   Schedules 

Based  on  Climatic  Records, 

W83-01675  3F 


Beware  of  Spurious  Self-Correlations, 
W83-01713 


7C 


COST  ANALYSIS 

Full-Scale       Demonstration       of       Industrial 

Wastewater  Treatment  Utilizing  Du  Pont's  Pact 

Process, 

W83-01562  5D 

Lower   Net   Pressure   Reverse   Osmosis   Mem- 
branes and  Systems-Cost  and  Performance  Ad- 
vantages and  Limitations, 
W83-01612  3A 

Organic  Solvent  Regeneration  of  Granular  Acti- 
vated Carbon, 
W83-01613  5D 

Treatment  Technology  to  Meet  the  Drinking 
Water  Standards  For  Trihalomethanes  For  Jack- 
son, Mississippi, 
W83-01625  5F 

The  Evaluation  of  Selected   Freeze  Desalting 
Pilot  Plants  for  Suitability  and  Potential  Interest 
for  Further  Commercial  Development, 
W83-01629  6C 

COST-BENEFIT  ANALYSIS 

An  Approach  to  Risk  and  Uncertainty  in  Bene- 
fit-Cost Analysis  of  Water  Resources  Projects, 
W83-01745  6B 


COST  SHARING 

Analysis  of  Alternatives  for  Cost  Sharing  Water 

Resources  Projects  and  Programs, 

W83-01609  6C 

COSTS 

'Second  Best'  Effluent  Fees  in  Water  Quality 
Management:  Problems  of  Achieving  Efficiency, 
W83-01744  6C 

COWPEAS 

Drought  Adaptation  of  Cowpea.  IV.  Influence 
of  Drought  on  Water  Use,  and  Relations  With 
Growth  and  Seed  Yield, 
W83-01680  3F 

Drought  Adaptation  of  Cowpea.  II.  Influence  of 
Drought  on  Plant  Water  Status  and  Relations 
With  Seed  Yield, 
W83-01681  3F 

CROP  PRODUCTION 

Yield  and  Growth  Responses  of  Kenaf  (Hibiscus 
Cannabinusl)  in  a  Semi-Arid  Tropical  Environ- 
ment to  Irrigation  Regimes  Based  on  Leaf  Water 
Potential, 
W83-01672  3F 

CROP  YIELD 

Optimum  Cropping  and  Ground  Water  Manage- 
ment, 
W83-01505  4B 

The  Sensitivity  of  Growth  and  Yield  of  Dwarf 
Wheat  to  Water  Stress  at  Three  Growth  Stages, 
W83-01673  3F 

Effects  of  Climate  on  the  Yield  Response  of 

Two   Fescue  Species  to  Water  and   Nitrogen 

Application, 

W83-01674  3F 

Water-Conserving  Wheat  Irrigation  Schedules 

Based  on  Climatic  Records, 

W83-01675  3F 

Drought  Adaptation  of  Cowpea.  IV.  Influence 
of  Drought  on  Water  Use,  and  Relations  With 
Growth  and  Seed  Yield, 
W83-01680  3F 

Models  of  Alfalfa  Yield  and  Evapotranspiration, 
W83-01683  3F 

Response   of  Four   Grain   Legumes   to   Water 
Stress  in  South-Eastern  Queensland.   II.   Plant 
Growth  and  Soil  Water  Extraction  Patterns, 
W83-01690  21 

Response  of  Four  Grain  Legumes  to  Water 
Stress  in  South-Eastern  Queensland.  III.  Dry 
Matter  Production,  Yield  and  Water  Use  Effi- 


ciency, 
W83-01692 


3F 


CRYOGENICS 

A   New  Cryoscopic   Method  for  Determining 
Raindrop  Size  Without  a  Calibration  Curve, 
W83-01678  2B 

CRYSTALLINE  ROCKS 

Tracer  Movement  in  a  Single  Fissure  in  Granitic 

Rock:   Some   Experimental   Results  and   Their 

Interpretation, 

W83-01725  5B 

CULTURES 

Bioassay  of  the  Toxicity  of  Natural  and  Effluent 

Waters  Using  Cultures  of  Protozoa, 

W83-01443  5A 

CYCLING  NUTRIENTS 

Accompanying  Measures  Providing  A  Perma- 
nent   Restoration    Success    in    Shallow    Lakes 
(Flankierende  Massnahmen  Zur  Sicherung  Des 
Sanierungserfolges  an  Flachen  Gewassern), 
W83-01584  5G 


r 


SU-5 


CZECHOSLOVAKIA 

CZECHOSLOVAKIA 

The    Application    of   Predictive    Mathematical 
Models  of  Reservoir  Ecology  and  Water  Qual- 
ity. 
W83-01542  2H 

DAM  EFFECTS 

Downstream    Effects    of    the    Gordon    River 
Power  Development,  Southwest  Tasmania, 
W83-01588  6G 

DAM  STABILITY 

Experience  in  the  Operation  of  Hydraulic  Struc- 
tures and  Equipment  of  Hydroelectric  Stations, 
W83-01536  8A 

DATA  ACQUISITION 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
from    the    Northwest    Land    Management    and 
Conservation  Research  Center, 
W83-01449  7A 

Sleepers  River  Research  Watershed,  Danville. 

Vermont, 

W83-01450  7A 

Grassland,  Soil  and  Water  Research  Laboratory, 

Temple,  Texas, 

W83-01451  7B 


Quality  of  Watershed  Data  From  the  Northeast 

Watershed  Research  Center, 

W83-01452  7B 

Report  on  Quality  of  Precipitation,  Runoff  and 
Erosion  Plot  Data  From  the  Columbia  Plateau 
Conservation  Research  Center, 
W83-01453  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  Data  From  the 
Water    Conservation     Structures     Laboratory, 
Stillwater,  Oklahoma, 
W83-01455  7A 

Acquisition    and    Quality    of   Watershed    Data 
From  the  Southern  Plains  Watershed  and  Water 
Quality  Laboratory, 
W83-01456  7A 

Quality  of  Watershed  Data  at  the  North  Appala- 
chian   Experimental    Watershed,    Conshocton, 
Ohio, 
W83-01457  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Data  From  the  Dee  Creek 

Watershed,  Lincoln,  Nebraska, 

W83-01458  7B 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  Data,  USDA 

Sedimentation  Laboratory, 

W83-01459  7A 

North  Central  Watershed  Research  Unit,  Co- 
lumbia, Missouri, 
W83-01460  7B 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  North  Central  Soil  Conservation  Re- 
search Laboratory, 
W83-01461  7B 

Laboratory  Tests  of  Water  Level  Recorders  and 
Broad-Crested  V-Notch  Weirs  from  the  St.  An- 
thony Falls  Hydraulic  Laboratory,  Minneapolis, 
Minnesota, 
W83-01462  7B 

Quality  of  Watershed  Related  Data  Collected  at 
the  Snake  River  Conservation  Research  Center, 
W83-01463  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From     the     Northwest     Watershed     Research 
Center,  Boise,  Idaho, 
W83-01464  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  Data  From  the 

Hawaii  Small  Watershed  Project, 

W83-01465  7A 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


Report  on  Quality  of  Plot  and  Small  Watershed 
Hydrologic  Data  From  the  Southern  Piedmont 
Conservation  Research  Center, 
W83-01466  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  Southeast  Watershed  Research  Labo- 
ratory. 
W83-01467  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  Agriculturai/Surface-Mined  Hydrol- 
ogy Research  Group,  Fort  Collins,  Colorado, 
W83-01468  7A 

Report   on   Quality   of  Pesticide   Runoff  Data 
From  the  Soil  and  Water  Management  Research 
Unit,  Riverside,  CA, 
W83-01469  7B 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  Southwest  Rangeland  Watershed  Re- 
search Center, 
W83-01470  7A 

DATA  COLLECTIONS 

Hydrology    of    Lake    Tohopekaliga,    Osceola 

County,  Florida, 

W83-01405  7C 

Flood  Peaks  and  Discharge  Summaries  in  the 

Delaware  River  Basin, 

W83-01509  7C 

Summary  of  Ground-Water  and  Surface-Water 
Data    for    City    of    Pensacola    and    Escambia 
County,  Florida, 
W83-01511  7C 

Chemical  and  Physical  Characteristics  of  Water 

in  Estuaries  of  Texas,  October  1976-September 

1978, 

W83-01514  7C 

Storage  and  Retrieval  of  Ground-Water  Data  at 

the  U.S.  Geological  Survey, 

W83-01523  7C 

Water-Level  Data  for  Wells  in  Burial  Ground  5, 

Oak    Ridge    National    Laboratory,    Tennessee, 

1975-1979, 

W83-01524  7C 


DECISION  MAKING 

A  New  Look  at  Optimal  Allocation  of  Water 

Resources, 

W83-01484  6A 


Urban  Rainfall-Runoff-Quality  Data  Base, 
W83-01569 


DEEP  WELLS 

Malaysia  Malaisie. 
W83-01647 


7C 


3B 


DATA  INTERPRETATION 

A    Simplified    Gamma    Probability    Model    for 
Analysis  of  the  Frequency  Distribution  of  Rain- 
fall in  the  Region  of  Campinas,  SP,  Brazil, 
W83-01677  2B 

DATA  STORAGE  AND  RETRIEVAL 

A    Groundwater    Resources    Databank    in    the 

Kingdom  of  Saudi  Arabia, 

W83-01499  7C 

Storage  and  Retrieval  of  Ground-Water  Data  at 

the  U.S.  Geological  Survey, 

W83-01523  7C 

DDT 

Accumulation  of  DDT  as  a  Function  of  Lipid 
Content  of  Tissues  of  Fish  from  Estuaries, 
W83-01415  5C 

The  Role  of  Aquatic  Weeds  in  Maintaining  Sur- 
face Water  Quality, 
W83-01601  5G 

DECENTRALIZATION 

Institutional     Arrangements     For     Controlling 
Nonpoint  Source  Water  Pollution:  Wisconsin^ 
Root  River  Watershed, 
W83-01630  6F 


DEFORMATION 

Prediction  of  Channel  Deformations  of  Rivers 

and  Canals. 

W83-01556  8B 

DEGRADATION 

Atrazine  Degradation,  Sorption,  and  Bioconcen- 

tration  in  Water  Systems, 

W83-01607  5B 

DELAWARE  RIVER  BASIN 

Flood  Peaks  and  Discharge  Summaries  in  the 

Delaware  River  Basin, 

W83-01509  7C 

DESALINATION 

Lower   Net   Pressure   Reverse  Osmosis   Mem- 
branes and  Systems-Cost  and  Performance  Ad- 
vantages and  Limitations, 
W83-01612  3A 

How  to  Solve  Solid  Waste  and  Drinking  Water 

Problems  Simultaneously, 

W83-01667  3A 

Testing  the  Membrane  Plugging  Factor  in  Re- 
verse Osmosis, 
W83-01669  3A 

DESALINATION  PLANTS 

The  Evaluation   of  Selected   Freeze  Desalting 
Pilot  Plants  for  Suitability  and  Potential  Interest 
for  Further  Commercial  Development, 
W83-01629  6C 

DESIGN  CRITERIA 

Upgrading  a  Large  Treatment  Plant-Problems 

and  Solutions, 

W83-01638  5D 

Development  of  Technical  Site  Selection  Crite- 
ria For  Artificial  Recharge, 
W83-01707  4B 

DETRITUS 

Detritus  Abundance  and  Benthic   Invertebrate 
Catch    in    Artificial    Substrate    Samples    From 
Mountain  Streams, 
W83-O1503  7B 

Dynamics  of  Carbon  and  Nitrogen  During  the 
Decomposition  of  Detritus  Derived  from  Es- 
tuarine  Macrophytes, 
W83-01595  2L 

A  Model  of  Mercury  Contamination  in  a  Wood- 
land Stream, 
W83-01663  5C 

DEVELOPING  COUNTRIES 

Rural  Water  Supply  and  Sanitation  in  Sri  Lanka, 
W83-01659  6D 

DIFFUSION  COEFFICIENT 

Vertical    Turbulent    Diffusion    in    Air-Driven 

Water  Flows, 

W83-01532  8B 

DIGESTED  SLUDGE 

Digester  Gas  Utilization  and  Heat  Recovery  in 

Medium-Sized  and  Small  Wastewater  Treatment 

Plants      (Faulgasverwertung      Und      Warmer- 

uckgewinnung  in  Mittleren  und  Kleinen  Klaran- 

lagen). 

W83-01746  5D 


SU-6 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


ENDRIN 


DINITROTOLUENE 

Determination  of  Nitroaromatic  Compounds  and 

Isophorone      in      Industrial      and      Municipal 

Wastewaters, 

W83-01564  5A 

DISCHARGE  CAPACITY 

Discharge  Assessment   in  Compound   Channel 

Flow, 

W83-01533  8B 

DISINFECTION 

Autoheated,    Aerobic   Thermophilic    Digestion 

With  Air  Aeration, 

W83-01560  5D 

Assessing  Microbially  Mediated  Water  Quality 

Problems  in  Distribution  Systems, 

W83-01573  5F 

Treatment  Technology  to  Meet  the  Drinking 
Water  Standards  for  Trihalomethanes  for  Jack- 
son, Mississippi;  Part  II,  Chloramines  as  Alter- 
nate Disinfectants:  State-of-the-Art  Review, 
W83-01623  5F 

Treatment  Technology  to  Meet  the  Drinking 
Water  Standards  For  Trihalomethanes  For  Jack- 
son, Mississippi, 
W83-01625  5F 

Simple  Water  Treatment  Processes  (With  Spe- 
cial Reference  to  Filtration  and  Disinfection), 
W83-01649  5F 

The  Case  for  Europe's  Disinfection  Practices, 
W83-01652  5F 

Health  Effects  of  Drinking  Water  Disinfectants 

and  Disinfectant  By-Products, 

W83-01740  5C 

DISPERSION 

A  Eulerian-Lagrangian  Numerical  Scheme  for 
the  Dispersion-Convection  Equation  Using  Con- 
jugate Space-Time  Grids, 
W83-01618  5B 

A  Stochastic-Convective  Transport  Representa- 
tion of  Dispersion  in  One-Dimensional  Porous 
Media  Systems, 
W83-01718  2F 

DISPOSAL 

Legal  Battle  Over  Septage  Disposal, 
W83-01650  5E 

DISSOLVED  OXYGEN 

Determination  of  Sensitivity  of  Water  Quality 
Parameters  for  Stream  Pollution  Control, 
W83-01413  5G 

Aeration  of  Water  Supplies  for  Fish  Culture  in 

Flowing  Water, 

W83-01422  5G 

Growth  and  Survival  of  Channel  Catfish  and 

Yellow  Perch  Exposed  to  Lowered  Constant 

and   Diurnally   Fluctuating   Dissolved   Oxygen 

Concentrations, 

W83-01534  5C 

DISSOLVED  SOLIDS 

Bio-Optical  Classification  and  Model  of  Natural 

Waters.  2, 

W83-01594  5A 

DISTRIBUTION  SYSTEMS 

Assessing  Microbially  Mediated  Water  Quality 

Problems  in  Distribution  Systems, 

W83-01573  5F 

DIURNAL  DISTRIBUTION 

Environmental    and    Physiological    Control    of 
Water  Flux  Through  Pinus-Contorta, 
W83-01537  21 

Sensitivity  of  an  Infrared  Gas  Analyzer  Used  in 
the  Differential  Mode,  to  Partial  Gas  Pressures 


of  Carbon  Dioxide  and  Water  Vapor  in  the  Bulk 

Air, 

W83-01693  7B 

DRAGONFLIES 

Effect    of    Sewage    Effluent    on    Dragonflies 
(Odonata)  of  Bulimba  Creek,  Brisbane, 
W83-01581  5C 

DRAINAGE  AREA 

Drainage  Areas  of  New  York  Streams,  by  River 
Basins- A  Stream  Gazetteer:  Part  I-Data  Com- 
piled as  of  October  1980, 
W83-01519  7C 

DRAINAGE  DENSITY 

A  Modeling  Scheme  for  the  Study  of  Drainage 

Density, 

W83-01741  2E 

DRAINAGE  ENGINEERING 

The  Performance  of  Impermeable  and  Perme- 
able   Reinforcement    in    Clay    Subject   to    Un- 
drained  Loading, 
W83-01500  8D 

DRAINAGE  SYSTEMS 

Drainage    Systems    for    Land    Treatment    of 

Wastewater, 

W83-01697  5D 

DREDGING 

Laboratory  Experiments  as  an  Aid  to  Lake  Res- 
toration Decisionmaking, 
W83-01507  5G 

Accompanying  Measures  Providing  A  Perma- 
nent   Restoration    Success    in    Shallow    Lakes 
(Flankierende  Massnahmen  Zur  Sicherung  Des 
Sanierungserfolges  an  Flachen  Gewassern), 
W83-01584  5G 

DRILLING 

Malaysia  Malaisie. 

W83-01647  3B 

DRINKING  WATER 

Characterization  of  Aquifers  Designated  as  Po- 
tential Drinking  Water  Sources  in  Mississippi, 
W83-01403  4B 

Biological  Processes  in  the  Treatment  of  Munici- 
pal Water  Supplies, 
W83-01563  5F 

The  Impact  of  Non-Hazardous  Substances  in 

Surface  Water  on  Drinking  Water  Quality  (Aus- 

wirkungen    Primar    Night    Gesundheitsschadi- 

gender    Stoffe    Im    Oberflachwasser    Auf   Die 

Trinkwasserbeschaffenheit). 

W83-01586  5F 

Treatment  Technology  to  Meet  the  Drinking 
Water  Standards  for  Trihalomethanes  for  Jack- 
son, Mississippi;  Part  II,  Chloramines  as  Alter- 
nate Disinfectants:  State-of-the-Art  Review, 
W83-01623  5F 

The  Influence  of  Modern   Water  Supply  and 
Wastewater  Treatment  Systems  on  Water  Qual- 
ity in  Micronesia, 
W83-01631  5F 

Simple  Water  Treatment  Processes  (With  Spe- 
cial Reference  to  Filtration  and  Disinfection), 
W83-01649  5F 

The  Case  for  Europe's  Disinfection  Practices, 
W83-01652  5F 

The  Neckar  as  Supplier  of  Industrial  and  Backup 
Water  (Der  Neckar  Als  Lieferant  Von  Betriebs- 
Und  Reservewasser), 
W83-01749  5F 


DROUGHT  RESISTANCE 

Drought  Adaptation  of  Cowpea.  IV.  Influence 
of  Drought  on  Water  Use,  and  Relations  With 
Growth  and  Seed  Yield, 
W83-01680  3F 

Drought  Adaptation  of  Cowpea.  II.  Influence  of 
Drought  on  Plant  Water  Status  and  Relations 
With  Seed  Yield, 
W83-01681  3F 

DUCKS 

Successional   Patterns  of  Plants,   Invertebrates 

and  Ducks  in  a  Man-Made  Lake, 

W83-01433  2H 

DUNES 

Stability  of  Bedforms  in  a  Tidal  Environment, 
W83-01430  2J 

DYE  INDUSTRY  WASTES 

Reuse  and  Disposal  Considerations  for  Hyperfil- 

tration  Concentrate, 

W83-01501  5D 

ECOLOGICAL  EFFECTS 

The  Ecological  Effects  of  Log  Salvaging  from 

Reservoirs, 

W83-01575  6G 

Analysis  of  the  Effect  of  Changing  Discharge  on 
Channel  Morphology  and  Instream  Uses  in  a 
Braided  River,  Ohau  River,  New  Zealand, 
W83-01732  4C 

ECONOMIC  ASPECTS 

Weighing  the  Wastewater  Options, 

W83-01658  5D 

ECONOMIC  EFFICIENCY 

'Second  Best'  Effluent  Fees  in  Water  Quality 
Management:  Problems  of  Achieving  Efficiency, 
W83-01744  6C 

ECONOMIC  EVALUATION 

Water  Resources  Management  Scheme  in  the 
South  Cotentin  (Un  Schema  D'Amenagement 
Des  Ressources  En  Eau  Le  Sud  De  La  Pres- 
qu'Ile  Du  Contentin), 
W83-01648  6B 

ECONOMIC  FEASIBILITY 

Model  to  Evaluate  Conservation,  Design,  and 
Economic  Feasibility  of  Supplemental  Irrigation 
Systems  in  the  Sub-Humid  Region, 
W83-01614  3F 

ECONOMICS 

Simple  Water  Treatment  Processes  (With  Spe- 
cial Reference  to  Filtration  and  Disinfection), 
W83-01649  5F 

EDUCATION 

Information  dissemination  Techniques:  Current 

Practices  of  Water  Institutes, 

W83-01616  10D 

EFFLUENT  CHARGES 

'Second  Best'  Effluent  Fees  in  Water  Quality 
Management:  Problems  of  Achieving  Efficiency, 
W83-01744  6C 

EFFLUENT  LIMITATIONS 

An   Assessment  of  Alternative   Water  Quality 
Policies:  The  Bedford-Ouse  Case  Study, 
W83-01432  5G 

ELASTICITY  OF  DEMAND 

The  Financial  Impact  of  Water  Rate  Changes, 
W83-01656  6C 

The    Impact    of   Price    on    Residential    Water 

Demand:  Some  New  Insights, 

W83-01730  6D 

ENDRIN 

The  Role  of  Aquatic  Weeds  in  Maintaining  Sur- 
face Water  Quality, 
W83-01601  5G 


SU-7 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


ENERGY 

ENERGY 

A  Chance-Constrained  Programming  Model  of 

Water  Allocations  in  Utah, 

W83-01615  6D 

Using  Leaf  Temperature  to  Assess  Evapotran- 

spiration  and  Advection, 

W83-01679  2D 

ENERGY  SOURCES 

Digester  Gas  Utilization  and  Heat  Recovery  in 

Medium-Sized  and  Small  Wastewater  Treatment 

Plants      (Faulgasverwertung      Und      Warmer- 

uckgewinnung  in  Mittleren  und  Kleinen  Klaran- 

lagen). 

W83-01746  5D 

ENGLAND 

Mapping  Soil  Erosion  by  Rainfall  for  Regional 

Environmental  Planning, 

W83-01412  2J 

An  Assessment  of  Alternative   Water  Quality 
Policies:  The  Bedford-Ouse  Case  Study, 
W83-01432  5G 

Modelling     Nitrate     Concentration     in     Some 

United  Kingdom  Reservoirs, 

W83-01554  5B 

ENRICHMENT 

The   Enrichment   of  a   Mesotrophic    Lake   by 

Carbon,    Phosphorus   and    Nitrogen    from    the 

Cage   Aquaculture  of  Rainbow  Trout,   Salmo 

Gairdneri, 

W83-01434  5C 

ENTEROVIRUSES 

Preformed    Magnesium    Hydroxide    Precipitate 
for  Second-Step  Concentration  of  Enteroviruses 
From  Drinking  and  Surface  Waters, 
W83-01645  5F 

ENTRAINMENT 

Impact  of  a  Once-Through  Cooling  System  on 
the  Yellow  Perch  Stock  in  the  Western  Basin  of 
Lake  Erie, 
W83-01416  8I 


EROSION  CONTROL 

The  Potential  Use  of  a  Degradable  Erosion  Con- 
trol Membrane  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
W83-01485  4D 

Farmers'    Attitudes   Toward    Government    In- 
volvement in  Preventing  Agricultural  Nonpoint 
Source  Water  Pollution, 
W83-01506  5G 


Stability  of  Armour  Layers  in  Rivers, 
W83-01548 


2J 


A  Soil  Conservator  at  Work, 
W83-01685 

ERROR  ANALYSIS 

Aspects  of  Aquifer  Test  Error  Analysis, 
W83-01624 


4D 


2F 


Effects  of  Kriging  and   Inverse  Modeling  on 

Conditional    Simulation    of    the  Avra    Valley 
Aquifer  in  Southern  Arizona, 

W83-01720  2F 

An  Analysis  of  Input  Errors  in  Precipitation- 
Runoff  Models  Using  Regression  With  Errors  in 
the  Independent  Variables, 
W83-01723  2A 

ESSENTIAL  NUTRIENTS 

Influence  of  Added  Nutrient  on  the  Seasonal 
Variation  of  Algal  Growth  Potential  of  Mt  Bold 
Reservoir,  South  Australia, 
W83-01590  5C 


ESTIMATING 

Aspects  of  Aquifer  Test  Error  Analysis, 
W83-01624 

Pore  Velocity  Estimation  Uncertainties, 
W83-01736 


2F 


2G 


ENVIRONMENTAL  EFFECTS 

Effects  of  Septic  Tank  Systems  on  Environmen- 
tal Quality, 
W83-01438  5B 

The  Costs  of  Conflicting  Environmental  Policy: 

A  Case  Study  in  Milwaukee, 

W83-01502  6E 

Some  Hydrotechnical  Problems  Related  to  the 
Construction  of  a  Causeway  in  the  Estuary  of 
the  Petitcodiac  River,  New  Brunswick, 
W83-01539  4C 

State  of  Montana  Activities  in  the  High  Plains 

Cooperative  Program:  1975-1980, 

W83-01636  3B 

Environmental  Issues  of  Liquid  Transportation 

Fuels  from  Coal, 

W83-01743  5B 

ENZYMES 

Effects  of  Vegetable  Oil  Factory  Effluent  on  the 
Levels  of  Phosphatases  and  Dehydrogenases  in 
the  Liver  and  Kidney  of  the  Freshwater  Teleost 
Channa  Punctatus  (BL.), 
W83-01639  5C 

EROSION 

The  Loch  Eil  Project:  Simulation  of  the  Hydrol- 
ogy and  Sediment  Inputs  to  Loch  Eil, 
W83-01441  2A 


ESTIMATING  EQUATIONS 

A  Regional  Approach  to  Estimating  Recreation 
Benefits  of  Improved  Water  Quality, 
W83-01436  6B 

The  Use  of  Flood  Potential  Indices  for  Flood 
Peak  Estimation  on  Ungaged  Watersheds, 
W83-01665  2A 

ESTUARIES 

Accumulation  of  DDT  as  a  Function  of  Lipid 
Content  of  Tissues  of  Fish  from  Estuaries, 
W83-01415  5C 

Physical,  Hydrological,  and  Biological  Charac- 
teristics of  the  Loxahathcee  River  Estuary,  Flor- 
ida, 
W83-01518  *° 

Groundwater-Level  Variation  During  Semidiur- 
nal Spring  Tidal  Cycles  on  A  Sandy  Beach, 
W83-01587  2F 

The    Three-Trophic    Level    Estuarine    Model: 
Synergism  of  Two  Mechanistic  Simulations, 
W83-01662  2L 

ESTUAREME  ENVIRONMENT 

Some  Hydrotechnical  Problems  Related  to  the 
Construction  of  a  Causeway  in  the  Estuary  of 
the  Petitcodiac  River,  New  Brunswick, 
W83-01539  AC 

Temporal  Patterns  in  the  Structure  of  Macro- 
benthic  Communities  of  An  Australian  Estuary. 
W83-01579  2L 

Dynamics  of  Carbon  and  Nitrogen  During  the 
Decomposition  of  Detritus  Derived  from  Es- 
tuarine Macrophytes, 
W83-01595  2L 

Conservative  Behaviour  of  Dissolved  Lithium  in 

Estuarine  Waters, 

W83-01598  2L 


ESTURARIES 

Chemical  and  Physical  Characteristics  of  Water 

in  Estuaries  of  Texas,  October  1976-September 

1978, 

W83-01514  7C 

EUROPE 

The  Case  for  Europe's  Disinfection  Practices, 
W83-01652  5F 

EUTROPHIC  LAKES 

Measures  to  Control   Eutrophication   in  Swiss 
Midland     Lakes    (Eutrophierungskontrollmass- 
nahmen  an  Schweizer  Mittellandseen), 
W83-01585  5G 

The   Impact  of  Non-Hazardous  Substances  in 

Surface  Water  on  Drinking  Water  Quality  (Aus- 

wirkungen    Primar    Night    Gesundheitsschadi- 

gender    Stoffe    Im    Oberflachwasser    Auf   Die 

Trinkwasserbeschaffenheit). 

W83-01586  5F 

EUTROPHICATION 

Welfare  Cost  of  Eutrophication-Caused  Produc- 
tion  Losses:  A  Case  of  Aquaculture  in   Lake 
Kasumigaura, 
W83-01435  6A 

The  Application  of  Phosphorus  Load-Trophic 
Response  Relationships  to  Reservoirs, 
W83-01552  2H 

Applicability  of  Phosphorus  Input-Output 
Models  for  Impoundments  with  High  Trophic 
and  Hydraulic  Loading  (Zur  Frage  Kritischer 
Nahrstoffbelastung  Gestauter  Fliessgewasser. 
Grenzen  Der  Ubertragbarkeit  Der  Fur  Seen  und 
Talsperren  Konzipierten  Modelle), 
W83-01583  5C 

Chlorophyll--A  Raw  Water  Quality  Parameter, 
W83-01657  5A 

Lake  Rotorua,  The  State  of  Eutrophication, 
W83-01688  5C 

Concentration,  Fractionation  and  Characteriza- 
tion of  Soluble  Organic   Phosphorus  in   River 
Water  Entering  Lough  Neagh, 
W83-01731  5A 

EVALUATION 

Water  Resources  Management  Scheme  in  the 
South  Cotentin   (Un   Schema  D'Amenagement 
Des  Ressources  En  Eau  Le  Sud  De  La  Pres- 
qu'Ue  Du  Contentin), 
W83-01648  6B 

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 

Management  of  Trickle  Irrigated  Orchards  for 

Increased  Water-Use  Efficiency, 

W83-01576  3F 

Management  of  Trickle  Irrigated  Orchards  for 
Increased  Water-Use  Efficiency,  Vol.   1:  Plant 
Responses  of  Drip  Irrigated  Trees  to  Climate 
and  Water  Stress, 
W83-01577  2I 

Using  Leaf  Temperature  to  Assess  Evapotran- 

spiration  and  Advection, 

W83-01679  2D 

Models  of  Alfalfa  Yield  and  Evapotranspiration. 
W83-01683  3F 


Estimating  Potential  Evapotranspiration, 
W83-01684 


2D 


A  Volumetric  Lysimeter  System  for  Use  with 
Puddled  Rice  and  Its  Rotational  Crops, 
W83-01698  7B 

EXPERIMENTAL  DESIGN 

A   Design  for   Aquatic   Monitoring   Programs. 
W83-01437  5G 


SU-8 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


FLORIDA 


EXPLORATION 

Potential    Hydrologic    Effects    of    Developing 
Coal    and    Other    Geoenergy     Resources    in 
Oregon~A  Review, 
W83-01520  4C 

FARMING 

Farmers'    Attitudes    Toward    Government    In- 
volvement in  Preventing  Agricultural  Nonpoint 
Source  Water  Pollution, 
W83-01506  5G 

FATE  OF  POLLUTANTS 

Effects  of  Length,  Locality  and  Tissue  Type  on 
Mercury  and  Cadmium  Content  of  the  Commer- 
cial Scallop,  Pecten-Alba  Tate,  from  Port-Phillip 
Bay,  Victoria, 
W83-01418  5B 

Adsorption  Characteristics  of  Seston  in  Irriga- 
tion Water:  Implications  for  the  Use  of  Aquatic 
Herbicides, 
W83-01580  5B 

Heavy  Metal  Enrichment  in  the  Surface  Micro- 
layer  of  the  Nepean-Hawkesbury  River  System, 
W83-01582  5B 

Atrazine  Degradation,  Sorption,  and  Bioconcen- 

tration  in  Water  Systems, 

W83-01607  5B 

FEDERAL  REPUBLIC  OF  GERMANY 

Applicability  of  Phosphorus  Input-Output 
Models  for  Impoundments  with  High  Trophic 
and  Hydraulic  Loading  (Zur  Frage  Kritischer 
Nahrstoffbelastung  Gestauter  Fliessgewasser. 
Grenzen  Der  Ubertragbarkeit  Der  Fur  Seen  und 
Talsperren  Konzipierten  Modelle), 
W83-01583  5C 

Thoughts  on  Using  the  Results  of  the  OECD- 
Monitoring  Program  in  Lake  Protection  (Ge- 
danken  Zur  Ubertragung  Der  Ergebnisse  Des 
OECD-Untersuchungs-Programmes  in  Die 
Praxis  Des  Seenschutzes), 
W83-01599  5G 

A  Combined  Procedure  of  Phosphate  Elimina- 
tion and  the  Efficiency  of  Additives:  Plants  in 
Berlin  (Verfahrenskombination  Zur  Phosphateli- 
mination  an  Den  Berliner  Seen  Und  Die  Effi- 
zienz  Von  Zusatzstoffen), 
W83-01600  5F 

The  Neckar  as  Supplier  of  Industrial  and  Backup 
Water  (Der  Neckar  Als  Lieferant  Von  Betriebs- 
Und  Reservewasser), 
W83-01749  5F 

FEEDLOTS 

River  of  No  Return, 

W83-01699  5G 

FERNS 

Mutation  in  Ferns  Growing  in  an  Environment 
Contaminated  With  Polychlorinated  Biphenyls, 
W83-01529  5C 

FERTILITY 

Spruce  Plantation  Effects  on  Soil  Moisture  and 

Chemical  Element  Distribution, 

W83-01691  21 

FERTILIZERS 

Distribution  of  Mineral  Nitrogen  Under  Native 

Range  and  Cultivated  Fields  in  the  Nebraska 

Sandhills, 

W83-01632  5B 

FESCUE 

Absorption    and    Translocation    of  Polychlori- 
nated Biphenyls  (PCBS)  by  Weeds. 
W83-01622  5E 


FILTRATION 

Biological  Processes  in  the  Treatment  of  Munici- 
pal Water  Supplies, 
W83-01563  5F 

Testing  the  Membrane  Plugging  Factor  in  Re- 
verse Osmosis, 
W83-01669  3A 

Pathogen   Removal   from   Wastewater   During 

Groundwater  Recharge, 

W83-01701  5D 

FINANCIAL  ASPECTS 

A  Regional  Approach  to  Estimating  Recreation 
Benefits  of  Improved  Water  Quality, 
W83-01436  6B 

The  Costs  of  Conflicting  Environmental  Policy: 

A  Case  Study  in  Milwaukee, 

W83-01502  6E 

FINANCING 

Analysis  of  Alternatives  for  Cost  Sharing  Water 

Resources  Projects  and  Programs, 

W83-01609  6C 

FINITE  ELEMENT  METHOD 

Finite  Element  Simulation  of  a  Saltwater/Fresh- 
water Interface  With  Indirect  Toe  Tracking, 
W83-01717  2F 

FINITE  ELEMENT  MODEL 

Model  for  Simulating  Runoff  and  Erosion  in 

Ungaged  Watersheds, 

W83-01604  4D 

FISH 

Observations  of  Behavioural  Responses  of  Fish 

to  Environmental  Stress  in  Situ, 

W83-01410  5C 

Accumulation  of  DDT  as  a  Function  of  Lipid 
Content  of  Tissues  of  Fish  from  Estuaries, 
W83-01415  5C 

Effects  of  Vegetable  Oil  Factory  Effluent  on  the 
Levels  of  Phosphatases  and  Dehydrogenases  in 
the  Liver  and  Kidney  of  the  Freshwater  Teleost 
Channa  Punctatus  (BL.), 
W83-01639  5C 

A  Model  of  Mercury  Contamination  in  a  Wood- 
land Stream, 
W83-01663  5C 

FISH  BEHAVIOR 

Observations  of  Behavioural  Responses  of  Fish 

to  Environmental  Stress  in  Situ, 

W83-01410  5C 

FISH  CONSERVATION 

Reduction  of  pH  in  Waters  With  High  Total 
Alkalinity  and  Low  Total  Hardness, 
W83-01535  5G 

Environmental  Change  and  its  Impact  on  the 

Freshwater  Fishes  of  Iran, 

W83-01660  4D 

FISH  FOOD  ORGANISMS 

Amino  Acids  in  the  Food  Web  of  a  Wastewater 

Aquaculture     System     for     Rearing     Juvenile 

Salmon, 

W83-01425  3C 

FISH  HABITATS 

Analysis  of  the  Effect  of  Changing  Discharge  on 
Channel  Morphology  and  Instream  Uses  in  a 
Braided  River,  Ohau  River,  New  Zealand, 
W83-01732  4C 

FISH  MANAGEMENT 

Environmental  Change  and  its  Impact  on  the 

Freshwater  Fishes  of  Iran, 

W83-01660  4D 


FISH  STOCKING 

Environmental  Change  and  its  Impact  on  the 

Freshwater  Fishes  of  Iran, 

W83-01660  4D 

FLASH  FLOODS 

Quantitative   Evaluation    of  Factors   Affecting 
Flash  Floods  on  Ephemeral  Watersheds, 
W83-01606  2E 

FLOOD  CONTROL 

Prediction    of   Annual    Floods    Generated    by 

Mixed  Processes, 

W8  3-0 1493  2E 

Analysis  of  Alternatives  for  Cost  Sharing  Water 

Resources  Projects  and  Programs, 

W83-01609  6C 

FLOOD  DISCHARGE 

Flood  Peaks  and  Discharge  Summaries  in  the 

Delaware  River  Basin, 

W83-01509  7C 

FLOOD  FORECASTING 

The  Use  of  Flood  Potential  Indices  for  Flood 
Peak  Estimation  on  Ungaged  Watersheds, 
W83-01665  2A 

FLOOD  PEAK 

The  Use  of  Flood  Potential  Indices  for  Flood 
Peak  Estimation  on  Ungaged  Watersheds, 
W83-01665  2A 

FLOOD  PEAKS 

Flood  Peaks  and  Discharge  Summaries  in  the 

Delaware  River  Basin, 

W83-01509  7C 

FLOOD  PLAINS 

Mutation  in  Ferns  Growing  in  an  Environment 
Contaminated  With  Polychlorinated  Biphenyls, 
W83-01529  5C 

FLOOD  RECURRENCE  INTERVAL 

Paleohydrology  of  Southwestern  Texas, 
W83-01727  2E 

FLOODING 

Structure  and  Composition  of  Flooded  Soils  of 

the  Kremenchug  Reservoir, 

W83-01428  2H 

FLOODPLATN  PROTECTION 

Altered  Hydrology  of  the  Missouri  River  and  Its 
Effects  on  Floodplain  Forest  Ecosystems, 
W83-01603  6G 

FLOODPLAINS 

Altered  Hydrology  of  the  Missouri  River  and  Its 
Effects  on  Floodplain  Forest  Ecosystems, 
W83-01603  6G 

FLORIDA 

Simulated   Effects  of  Ground-Water  Develop- 
ment on  the  Potentiometric  Surface  of  the  Flori- 
dan  Aquifer,  West-Central  Florida, 
W83-01401  6A 

Hydrology    of    Lake    Tohopekaliga,    Osceola 

County,  Florida, 

W83-01405  7C 

Laboratory  Experiments  as  an  Aid  to  Lake  Res- 
toration Decisionmaking, 
W83-01507  5G 

Summary  of  Ground-Water  and  Surface- Water 
Data    for    City    of    Pensacola    and    Escambia 
County,  Florida, 
W83-01511  7C 

Physical,  Hydrological,  and  Biological  Charac- 
teristics of  the  Loxahathcee  River  Estuary,  Flor- 
ida, 
W83-01518  4C 


SU-9 


FLORIDA 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


Relationships  Between  Lake  Reservoir  Manage- 
ment and  Ambient  Nutrient  Concentrations  in 
Lake  Okeechobee,  Florida, 
W83-01550  5G 

FLORIDAN  AQUIFER 

Simulated  Effects  of  Ground-Water  Develop- 
ment on  the  Potentiometric  Surface  of  the  Flori- 
dan  Aquifer,  West-Central  Florida, 
W83-01401  6A 

FLOW 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  Southeast  Watershed  Research  Labo- 
ratory. 
W83-01467  7A 

FLOW  CHARACTERISTICS 

Physical,  Hydrological,  and  Biological  Charac- 
teristics of  the  Loxahathcee  River  Estuary,  Flor- 
ida, 
W83-01518  4C 

FLOW  CONTROL 

Water  Flow  Controller, 

W83-01447  81 


FLOW  MEASUREMENT 

Water  Flow  Controller, 
W83-01447 


81 


Laboratory  Tests  of  Water  Level  Recorders  and 
Broad-Crested  V-Notch  Weirs  from  the  St.  An- 
thony Falls  Hydraulic  Laboratory,  Minneapolis, 
Minnesota, 
W83-01462  7B 

FLOW  PROFILES 

Prediction  of  Mean  Annual  Flows  in  the  Fraser 
River  Catchment,  British  Columbia, 
W83-01479  2E 

FLOW  RATES 

Discharge  Ratings  of  a  Santa  Rita  Flume,  Water 

Conservation  Structures  Laboratory,  Stillwater, 

Oklahoma, 

W83-01454  7B 


FLOW  RESISTANCE 

Resistance  to  Flow  in  Alluvial  Channels, 
W83-01549 


2J 


FLUID  MECHANICS 

Physical  Controls  of  Water  Movement  in  the 

Unsaturated  Zone, 

W83-01486  2G 

FLUME 

Flume    Experiments    on    Lower-Flow-Regime 

Bed  Forms  in  Coarse  Sand, 

W83-01489  2J 

FLUMES 

Discharge  Ratings  of  a  Santa  Rita  Flume,  Water 

Conservation  Structures  Laboratory,  Stillwater, 

Oklahoma, 

W83-01454  7B 

FLUVIAL  SEDIMENTS 

Sedimentation  in  an  Arid-Zone  Anastomosing 
Fluvial  System:  Cooper's  Creek,  Central  Austra- 
lia, 
W83-01488  2J 

FOOD  CHAINS 

Differences  in  Animal  13C,  15N,  and  D  Abun- 
dance Between  a  Polluted  and  an  Unpolluted 
Coastal    Site:    Likely    Indicators    of    Sewage 
Uptake  by  a  Marine  Food  Web, 
W83-01591  5B 

A  Model  of  Mercury  Contamination  in  a  Wood- 
land Stream, 
W83-01663  5C 

FOOD-PROCESSING  WASTES 

Anaerobic  Digestion  of  Distillery  Effluents, 
W83-01419  5D 


FORAGES 

Effects  of  Climate  on  the  Yield  Response  of 

Two  Fescue  Species  to  Water  and  Nitrogen 

Application, 

W83-01674  3F 

FOREST  MANAGEMENT 

Influence  of  Forest  and  Rangeland  Management 
on  Anadromous  Fish  Habitat  in  Western  North 
America;  6.  Silvicultural  Treatments, 
W83-01571  5C 

Spruce  Plantation  Effects  on  Soil  Moisture  and 

Chemical  Element  Distribution, 

W83-01691  21 

FORESTS 

Altered  Hydrology  of  the  Missouri  River  and  Its 
Effects  on  Floodplain  Forest  Ecosystems, 
W83-01603  6G 

FOULING 

Fouling  Community   Dynamics  in  Lynnhaven 

Bay,  Virginia, 

W83-01578  2L 

FRANCE 

Characteristics  and  Effects  of  Geothermal  Re- 
sources Exploitation, 
W83-01496  4B 

Water  Resources  Management  Scheme  in  the 
South  Cotentin  (Un  Schema  D'Amenagement 
Des  Ressources  En  Eau  Le  Sud  De  La  Pres- 
qu'Ile  Du  Contentin), 
W83-01648  6B 

Effects  of  Climate  on  the  Yield   Response  of 

Two  Fescue   Species   to   Water  and   Nitrogen 

Application, 

W83-01674  3F 

FREEZE  DESALINATION 

The  Evaluation  of  Selected  Freeze  Desalting 
Pilot  Plants  for  Suitability  and  Potential  Interest 
for  Further  Commercial  Development, 
W83-01629  6C 

FREEZING 

Infiltration    Land    Treatment    of    Stabilization 

Pond  Effluent, 

W83-01570  5D 

FREQUENCY  ANALYSIS 

Prediction    of   Annual    Floods    Generated    by 

Mixed  Processes, 

W83-01493  2E 

FREQUENCY  DISTRIBUTION 

A   Simplified   Gamma    Probability    Model    for 
Analysis  of  the  Frequency  Distribution  of  Rain- 
fall in  the  Region  of  Campinas,  SP,  Brazil, 
W83-01677  2B 

FULVIC  ACIDS 

Toxic  Compounds  Formed  by  the  Chlorination 

of  Arizona  Surface  Waters, 

W83-01531  5F 

FURROW  IRRIGATION 

Zero-Inertia  Modeling  of  Furrow  Irrigation  Ad- 
vance, 
W83-01696  3F 

GAS  CHROMATOGRAPHY 

Determination  of  Nitroaromatic  Compounds  and 

Isophorone      in      Industrial      and      Municipal 

Wastewaters, 

W83-01564  5A 

Determination  of  Pesticides  and  PCBS  in  Indus- 
trial and  Municipal  Wastewaters, 
W83-01566  5A 

Determination  of  TCDD  in  Industrial  and  Mu- 
nicipal Wastewaters, 
W83-01567  5A 


Determination  of  Nitrosamines  in  Industrial  and 

Municipal  Wastewaters, 

W83-01568  5A 

GEOCHEMISTRY 

Isotope  Geochemistry  of  Dissolved,  Precipitat- 
ed, Airborne,  and  Fallout  Sulfur  Species  Associ- 
ated    with     Springs     Near     Paige     Mountain, 
Norman  Range,  N.W.T., 
W83-01487  2K 

Conservative  Behaviour  of  Dissolved  Lithium  in 

Estuarine  Waters, 

W83-01598  2L 

GEOHYDROLOGY 

Verification  of  Some  Geohydrological  Implica- 
tions of  Deep  Weathering  in  the  Basement  Com- 
plex of  Nigeria, 
W83-01490  2F 

GEOLOGIC  FRACTURES 

Multidimensional  Numerical  Simulation  of  Fluid 

Flow  in  Fractured  Porous  Media, 

W83-01494  2F 

GEOMORPHOLOGY 

On  the  Climatic  Dependence  of  the  IUH:  A 
Rainfall-Runoff  Analysis  of  the  Nash  Model  and 
the  Geomorphoclimatic  Theory, 
W83-01737  2A 

A  Geomorphoclimatic  Theory  of  the  Instanta- 
neous Unit  Hydrograph, 
W83-01738  2B 

GEORGIA 

Stability  of  Bedforms  in  a  Tidal  Environment, 
W83-O1430  2J 

Report  on  Quality  of  Plot  and  Small  Watershed 
Hydrologic  Data  From  the  Southern  Piedmont 
Conservation  Research  Center, 
W83-01466  ?A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  Southeast  Watershed  Research  Labo- 
ratory. 
W83-01467  7A 

Zooplankton  Communities  of  a  New  Pumped 

Storage  Reservoir, 

W83-01475  2H 

GEOTHERMAL  RESOURCES 

Characteristics  and  Effects  of  Geothermal  Re- 
sources Exploitation, 
W83-01496  *B 

Potential    Hydrologic    Effects    of   Developing 
Coal    and    Other    Geoenergy     Resources    in 
Oregon-A  Review, 
W83-01520  «C 

GRANITE 

Tracer  Movement  in  a  Single  Fissure  in  Granitic 

Rock:   Some  Experimental   Results   and   Their 

Interpretation, 

W83-01725  5B 

GRAPHICAL  ANALYSIS 

Prediction  of  Channel  Deformations  of  Rivers 

and  Canals, 

W83-01556  8B 

GREEN-AMPT  EQUATION 

Infiltration  Model   in   Simulated   Hydrographs, 
W83-01472  2G 

GROUND  RECHARGE 

Selecting  Treatment  Processes  to  Meet  Water 

Reuse  Requirements, 

W83-01705  *B 

GROUNDWATER 

Simulated  Effects  of  Ground-Water  Develop- 
ment on  the  Potentiometric  Surface  of  the  Flori- 
dan  Aquifer,  West-Central  Florida, 
W83-01401  6A 


SU-10 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


HEAVY  METALS 


Characterization  of  Aquifers  Designated  as  Po- 
tential Drinking  Water  Sources  in  Mississippi, 
W83-01403  4B 

Hydrologic  Characteristics  and  Possible  Effects 
of  Surface  Mining  in  the  Northwestern  Part  of 
West    Branch   Antelope   Creek   Basin,    Mercer 
County,  North  Dakota, 
W83-01409  4C 

Quality  of  Watershed  Data  From  the  Northeast 

Watershed  Research  Center, 

W83-01452  7B 

A    Prototype    Computer    Interactive  Ground 

Water  Monitoring  Methodology  for  Surface 
Water  Impoundments, 

W83-01474  5G 


Rapid  Water  Table  Rise, 
W83-01478 


2F 


Ground  Water  Use  in  an  Energy  Development 

Area:  The  Tongue  River  Basin,  Southeastern 

Montana, 

W83-01508  4B 

Hydrologic  Investigations  and  Data-Collection 
Network  in  Strippable  Coal  Areas  in  Northwest- 
ern New  Mexico, 
W83-01510  7C 

Summary  of  Ground-Water  and  Surface- Water 
Data    for    City    of    Pensacola    and    Escambia 
County,  Florida, 
W83-01511  7C 

Ground-Water    Monitoring   at    Santa   Barbara, 
California,    Phase    2~Effects    of   Pumping    on 
Water  Levels  and  Water  Quality  in  the  Santa 
Barbara  Ground-Water  Basin, 
W83-01513  4B 

Arsenic,  Nitrate,  Iron,  and  Hardness  in  Ground 
Water,  Chena  Hot  Springs  Road,  Steele  Creek 
Road,  and  Gilmore  Trail  Areas,  (TIN.,  R.1E., 
FM),  Fairbanks,  Alaska, 
W83-01516  7C 

Ground-Water  Quality  in  the  Vicinity  of  Land- 
fill Sites,  Southern  Franklin  County,  Ohio, 
W83-01521  2F 

Storage  and  Retrieval  of  Ground-Water  Data  at 

the  U.S.  Geological  Survey, 

W83-01523  7C 

Water  Resources  Data,  South  Carolina,  Water 

Year  1981. 

W83-01525  7C 

Vermont  Water  Law  -  A  Survey  and  Primer, 
W83-01628  6E 

GROUNDWATER  BASINS 

An  Approach  to  Solving  A  Basin-Wide  Water 
Resources  Management  Planning  Problem  with 
Multiple  Objectives, 
W83-01574  6A 

GROUNDWATER  CONTAMINATION 

Chemical  Spill  Cleanup  Named  Project  of  the 

Year. 

W83-01671  5G 

GROUNDWATER  MANAGEMENT 

A   Groundwater    Resources    Databank    in    the 

Kingdom  of  Saudi  Arabia, 

W83-01499  7C 

Optimum  Cropping  and  Ground  Water  Manage- 
ment, 
W83-01505  4B 

GROUNDWATER  MOVEMENT 

Approximate  Solution  of  the  Problem  of  the 

Shape    of   the    Interface    in    a    Semi-Confined 

Aquifer, 

W83-01491  2F 


Analytical  Formulae  for  the  Shape  of  the  Inter- 
face in  a  Semiconfined  Aquifer, 
W83-01492  2F 

Multidimensional  Numerical  Simulation  of  Fluid 

Flow  in  Fractured  Porous  Media, 

W83-01494  2F 

Ground- Water  Quality  in  the  Vicinity  of  Land- 
fill Sites,  Southern  Franklin  County,  Ohio, 
W83-01521  2F 

Groundwater-Level  Variation  During  Semidiur- 
nal Spring  Tidal  Cycles  on  A  Sandy  Beach, 
W83-01587  2F 

Hydrologic  Interpretation  of  Shallow  Subsur- 
face Temperature  Data, 
W83-016O5  2F 

A  Eulerian-Lagrangian  Numerical  Scheme  for 
the  Dispersion-Convection  Equation  Using  Con- 
jugate Space-Time  Grids, 
W83-01618  5B 

An  Evaluation  of  the  Effectiveness  of  Hydrogen 
and  Oxygen  Isotopes  Used  in  Concert  With 
Chemical  Water-Quality  Parameters  as  Indica- 
tors of  Subsurface  Water  Movement  and  Source, 
W83-01633  5B 

Finite  Element  Simulation  of  a  Saltwater/Fresh- 
water Interface  With  Indirect  Toe  Tracking, 
W83-01717  2F 

Effects  of  Kriging  and   Inverse   Modeling  on 
Conditional    Simulation    of   the    Avra    Valley 
Aquifer  in  Southern  Arizona, 
W83-01720  2F 


Linear  Kernels  for  Karst  Aquifers, 
W83-01726 


2F 


GROUNDWATER  POLLUTION 

Distribution  of  Mineral  Nitrogen  Under  Native 

Range  and  Cultivated  Fields  in  the  Nebraska 

Sandhills, 

W83-01632  5B 

An  Evaluation  of  the  Effectiveness  of  Hydrogen 
and  Oxygen  Isotopes  Used  in  Concert  With 
Chemical  Water-Quality  Parameters  as  Indica- 
tors of  Subsurface  Water  Movement  and  Source, 
W83-01633  5B 

GROUNDWATER  POTENTIAL 

Verification  of  Some  Geohydrological  Implica- 
tions of  Deep  Weathering  in  the  Basement  Com- 
plex of  Nigeria, 
W83-01490  2F 

Shropshire  Groundwater  Scheme  Begins, 
W83-01530  4B 


Malaysia  Malaisie. 
W83-01647 


3B 


GROUNDWATER  RECHARGE 

Groundwater-Level  Variation  During  Semidiur- 
nal Spring  Tidal  Cycles  on  A  Sandy  Beach, 
W83-01587  2F 

Hydrologic  Interpretation  of  Shallow  Subsur- 
face Temperature  Data, 
W83-01605  2F 

Pathogen   Removal    from   Wastewater   During 

Groundwater  Recharge, 

W83-01701  5D 

Groundwater  Recharge  -  Case  Studies;  Cedar 
Creek   Wastewater   Reclamation   and   Ground- 
water Recharge  Facility,  Nassau  County,  New 
York, 
W83-01703  4B 

Groundwater  Recharge  Operations  in  Califor- 
nia, 
W83-01706  4B 


Field  Study  of  Organic  Water  Quality  Changes 

During  Groundwater  Recharge  In  the  Palo  Alto 

Baylands, 

W83-01708  5G 

A  Study  on  the  Health  Aspects  of  Groundwater 

Recharge  in  Southern  California, 

W83-01709  5C 

GROUNDWATER  SITE-INVENTORY  DATA 
BASE 

Storage  and  Retrieval  of  Ground-Water  Data  at 

the  U.S.  Geological  Survey, 

W83-01523  7C 

GROWTH 

Growth  and  Survival  of  Channel  Catfish  and 

Yellow  Perch  Exposed  to  Lowered  Constant 

and   Diurnally   Fluctuating   Dissolved   Oxygen 

Concentrations, 

W83-01534  5C 

GROWTH  RATES 

Relationships  Between  Phytoplankton  Growth 

Rates  and  Nutrient  Dynamics  in  Lake  Norman, 

N.C, 

W83-01526  5C 

GYPSUM 

Reduction  of  pH  in  Waters  With  High  Total 
Alkalinity  and  Low  Total  Hardness, 
W83-01535  5G 

HALOGEN 

The  Mechanisms  of  Poliovirus  Inactivation  by 
Chlorine  Dioxide  and  Iodine  and  the  Effects  of 
Cations  on  Halogen  Inactivation, 
W83-01602  5F 

HALOGENATED  HYDROCARBONS 

Toxic  Compounds  Formed  by  the  Chlorination 

of  Arizona  Surface  Waters, 

W83-01531  5F 

Treatment  Technology  to  Meet  the  Drinking 
Water  Standards  For  Trihalomethanes  For  Jack- 
son, Mississippi, 
W83-01625  5F 

HALOGENATED  PESTICIDES 

Determination  of  Pesticides  and  PCBS  in  Indus- 
trial and  Municipal  Wastewaters, 
W83-01566  5  A 

HARDNESS 

Arsenic,  Nitrate,  Iron,  and  Hardness  in  Ground 
Water,  Chena  Hot  Springs  Road,  Steele  Creek 
Road,  and  Gilmore  Trail  Areas,  (T. IN.,  R.1E., 
FM),  Fairbanks,  Alaska, 
W83-01516  7C 

Reduction  of  pH  in  Waters  With  High  Total 
Alkalinity  and  Low  Total  Hardness, 
W83-01535  5G 

HARGREAVES  METHOD 

Estimating  Potential  Evapotranspiration, 
W83-01684  2D 

HAWAII 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  Data  From  the 

Hawaii  Small  Watershed  Project, 

W83-01465  7A 

HEAT  BALANCE 

Using  Leaf  Temperature  to  Assess  Evapotran- 
spiration and  Advection, 
W83-01679  2D 

HEAVY  METALS 

Effects  of  Length,  Locality  and  Tissue  Type  on 
Mercury  and  Cadmium  Content  of  the  Commer- 
cial Scallop,  Pecten-Alba  Tate,  from  Port-Phillip 
Bay,  Victoria, 
W83-01418  5B 


SU-11 


HEAVY  METALS 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


Autoheated,    Aerobic   Thermophilic    Digestion 

With  Air  Aeration, 

W83-01560  5D 

Engineering  Assessment  of  Hot-Acid  Treatment 
of  Municipal  Sludge  for  Heavy  Metals  Removal. 
W83-01561  5E 

Heavy  Metal  Enrichment  in  the  Surface  Micro- 
layer  of  the  Nepean-Hawkesbury  River  System, 
W83-01582  5B 

Acute  Toxicity  of  Chromium,  Mercury,  Molyb- 
denum  and   Nickel   to   the   Amphipod    Allor- 
chestes-Compressa, 
W83-01589  5C 

Local  Redistribution  and  Partial  Extraction  of 
Heavy  Metals  in  Bottom  Sediments  of  an  Estu- 
ary, 
W83-01661  5B 

HERBICIDES 

Adsorption  Characteristics  of  Seston  in  Irriga- 
tion Water:  Implications  for  the  Use  of  Aquatic 
Herbicides, 
W83-01580  5B 

Atrazine  Degradation,  Sorption,  and  Bioconcen- 

tration  in  Water  Systems, 

W83-01607  5B 

Kinetics    of    Biodegradation    of    2,4-Dichloro- 
Phenoxyacetate  in  the  Presence  of  Glucose, 
W83-01643  5D 

HISTORIC  FLOODS 

Flood  Peaks  and  Discharge  Summaries  in  the 

Delaware  River  Basin, 

W83-01509  7C 

HOT  ACID  TREATMENT 

Engineering  Assessment  of  Hot-Acid  Treatment 
of  Municipal  Sludge  for  Heavy  Metals  Removal. 
W83-01561  5E 

HUMIC  ACIDS 

Toxic  Compounds  Formed  by  the  Chlorination 

of  Arizona  Surface  Waters, 

W83-01531  5F 

HUMIDITY 

Environmental    and    Physiological    Control    of 
Water  Flux  Through  Pinus-Contorta, 
W83-01537  21 

Effects  of  Climate  on  the  Yield  Response  of 

Two  Fescue   Species  to  Water  and   Nitrogen 

Application, 

W83-01674  3F 

HUNGARY 

Increasing  the  Degree  of  Efficacy  of 
Wastewater  Treatment  (Uber  Die  Erhohung 
Des  Wirkungsgrades  Der  Abwasserreinigung), 
W83-01750  5D 

HYDRAULIC  CONDUCTIVITY 

Evaluating  the  Saturated  and  Unsaturated  Hy- 
draulic Conductivity  of  Soils, 
W83-01471  2G 

HYDRAULIC  PERMEABILITY 

Hydraulic    Conductivity    of   Saturated    Porous 
Media  in  Relation  to  Their  Geometrical  Charac- 
teristics, 
W83-01694  2G 

HYDRAULICS 

An  Extended  Channel  Model  for  the  Prediction 

of  Motion  in  Elongated  Homogeneous  Lakes. 

Part   2.   First  Order  Model   Applied   to   Ideal 

Geometry:     Rectangular     Basins     With     Flat 

Bottom, 

W83-01545  2H 


An  Extended  Channel  Model  for  the  Prediction 
of  Motion  in  Elongated  Homogeneous  Lakes. 
Part  1 .  Theoretical  Introduction, 
W83-01546  2H 

HYDROCARBONS 

Spurious  Adsorption  Effects  in  Headspace-Gas 
Determination  of  Hydrocarbons  in  Water, 
W83-01411  5A 

Analytical  Methods  for  Hazardous  Organics  in 
Liquid  Wastes  From  Coal  Gasification  and  Liq- 
uefaction Processes, 
W83-01565  5  A 

Comparative  Study  on  Organic  Constituents  in 
Polluted  and  Unpolluted  Inland  Aquatic  Envi- 
ronments-IV.  Indicators  of  Hydrocarbon  Pollu- 
tion for  Waters, 
W83-01710  5B 

HYDRODYNAMICS 

Physical  Controls  of  Water  Movement  in  the 

Unsaturated  Zone, 

W83-01486  2G 

Penetration  Coefficient  in  Porous  Media, 
W83-01695  2G 

HYDROELECTRIC  PLANTS 

Downstream    Effects    of    the    Gordon    River 
Power  Development,  Southwest  Tasmania, 
W83-01588  6G 

A  Stochastic  Dynamic  Programing  Model  for 

the  Operation  of  the  Mediterranean-Dead  Sea 

Project, 

W83-01728  4A 

HYDROGEN  ION  CONCENTRATIONS 

Reduction  of  pH  in  Waters  With  High  Total 
Alkalinity  and  Low  Total  Hardness, 
W83-01535  5G 

HYDROGEN  ISOTOPES 

Differences  in  Animal  13C,  15N,  and  D  Abun- 
dance Between  a  Polluted  and  an  Unpolluted 
Coastal    Site:    Likely    Indicators    of    Sewage 
Uptake  by  a  Marine  Food  Web, 
W83-01591  5B 

An  Evaluation  of  the  Effectiveness  of  Hydrogen 
and  Oxygen  Isotopes  Used  in  Concert  With 
Chemical  Water-Quality  Parameters  as  Indica- 
tors of  Subsurface  Water  Movement  and  Source, 
W83-01633  5B 

HYDROGEN  PEROXIDE 

THM    Precursors    Removal     Surface    Waters 
Using  Ozone  Hydrogen  Peroxide  Oxidations, 
W83-01626  5F 

HYDROGRAPHS 

Infiltration  Model  in  Simulated  Hydrographs, 
W83-01472  2G 

Isolating   the    Random    Rainstorm   Component 

from  Basin  Response  Factors  in  Rainfall-Runoff 

Data, 

W8  3-0 1480  2  A 

On  the  Climatic  Dependence  of  the   IUH:  A 
Rainfall-Runoff  Analysis  of  the  Nash  Model  and 
the  Geomorphoclimatic  Theory, 
W83-01737  2A 

A  Geomorphoclimatic  Theory  of  the  Instanta- 
neous Unit  Hydrograph, 
W83-01738  2B 

HYDROLOGIC  BUDGET 

Reconnaissance  Water-Balance  Study  of  Lake 

Gregory,  California, 

W83-01512  2H 

HYDROLOGIC  DATA 

Hydrologic  Data  for  Urban  Studies  in  the  San 
Antonio,  Texas  Metropolitan  Area,  1979-80, 
W83-01402  ?C 


Hydrologic  Investigations  and  Data-Collection 
Network  in  Strippable  Coal  Areas  in  Northwest- 
ern New  Mexico, 
W83-01510  7C 

Drainage  Areas  of  New  York  Streams,  by  River 
Basins-A  Stream  Gazetteer:  Part  I-Data  Com- 
piled as  of  October  1980, 
W83-01519  7C 

Water  Resources  Data,  Colorado,  Water  Year 
1981.  Volume  3.   Dolores  River  Basin,  Green 
River  Basin,  and  San  Juan  River  Basin. 
W83-01522  7C 

Water  Resources  Data,  South  Carolina,  Water 

Year  1981. 

W83-01525  7C 

HYDROLOGIC  MODELS 

Infiltration   Model   in   Simulated   Hydrographs. 
W83-01472  2G 

Model  to  Evaluate  Conservation,  Design,  and 
Economic  Feasibility  of  Supplemental  Irrigation 
Systems  in  the  Sub-Humid  Region, 
W83-01614  3F 

On  the  Climatic  Dependence  of  the  IUH:  A 
Rainfall-Runoff  Analysis  of  the  Nash  Model  and 
the  Geomorphoclimatic  Theory, 
W83-01737  2A 

A  Geomorphoclimatic  Theory  of  the  Instanta- 
neous Unit  Hydrograph, 
W83-01738  2B 


HYDROLOGY 

Rapid  Water  Table  Rise, 
W83-01478 


2F 


Potential    Hydrologic    Effects    of    Developing 
Coal     and    Other     Geoenergy     Resources     in 
Oregon-A  Review, 
W83-01520  4C 

ICE  BREAKUP 

Surges  From  Ice  Jam  Releases:  A  Case  Study, 
W83-01538  2C 

ICE  COVER 

Resistance  Coefficients  From  Velocity  Profiles 

in  Ice-Covered  Shallow  Streams, 

W83-01540  2C 

ICE  JAMS 

Surges  From  Ice  Jam  Releases:  A  Case  Study, 
W83-01538  2C 

IDAHO 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From     the     Northwest     Watershed     Research 
Center,  Boise,  Idaho, 
W83-01464  7A 

Detritus  Abundance  and   Benthic  Invertebrate 

Catch    in    Artificial  Substrate    Samples    From 
Mountain  Streams, 
W83-01503  ?B 

Relationship  of  Costs  and  Water  Use  Efficiency 

for  Irrigation  Projects  in  Idaho, 

W83-01637  3F 

ILLINOIS 

An  Approach  to  Optimizing  Reservoir  Oper- 
ation for  Downstream  Aquatic  Resources, 
W83-01739  *A 

INDIA 

A  Procedure  for  Minimizing  Required  Tubewell 

Capacity  in  Irrigated  Rice, 

W83-01676  3F 

INDIANA 

Farmers'    Attitudes    Toward    Government    In- 
volvement in  Preventing  Agricultural  Nonpoint 
Source  Water  Pollution, 
W83-01506  5G 


SU-12 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


IRRIGATION  REQUIREMENTS 


INDICATORS 

Comparative  Study  on  Organic  Constituents  in 
Polluted  and  Unpolluted  Inland  Aquatic  Envi- 
ronments-IV.  Indicators  of  Hydrocarbon  Pollu- 
tion for  Waters, 
W83-01710  5B 

INDUSTRIAL  WASTES 

Comparative  Study  on  Organic  Constituents  in 
Polluted  and  Unpolluted  Inland  Aquatic  Envi- 
ronments-IV.  Indicators  of  Hydrocarbon  Pollu- 
tion for  Waters, 
W83-01710  5B 

Occurrence  of  Organotin  Compounds  in  Ontario 

Lakes  and  Rivers, 

W83-01748  5B 

INDUSTRIAL  WASTEWATER 

Use  of  Upflow  Anaerobic  Sludge  Blanket  Reac- 
tor to  Treat  Acetate  Rich  Waste, 
W83-01420  5D 

An  Investigation  of  Foreign  By-Pr  oduct  Coke 
Plant  and  Blast  Furnace  Wastewater  Control 
Technology  and  Regulation, 
W83-01559  5D 

Full-Scale       Demonstration       of       Industrial 

Wastewater  Treatment  Utilizing  Du  Pont's  Pact 

Process, 

W83-01562  5D 

Analytical  Methods  for  Hazardous  Organics  in 
Liquid  Wastes  From  Coal  Gasification  and  Liq- 
uefaction Processes, 
W83-01565  5A 

Environmental  Issues  of  Liquid  Transportation 

Fuels  from  Coal, 

W83-01743  5B 

INDUSTRIAL  WATER 

The  Neckar  as  Supplier  of  Industrial  and  Backup 
Water  (Der  Neckar  Als  Lieferant  Von  Betriebs- 
Und  Reservewasser), 
W83-01749  5F 

INFILTRATION 

Infiltration  Model  in  Simulated  Hydrographs, 
W83-01472  2G 

Hydrologic  Interpretation  of  Shallow  Subsur- 
face Temperature  Data, 
W83-01605  2F 

Role  of  Infiltration  in  Storm  Water  Manage- 
ment, 
W83-01634  2A 

Penetration  Coefficient  in  Porous  Media, 
W83-01695  2G 

An  Approximate  Integral  Solution  of  Vertical 
Infiltration  Under  Changing  Boundary  Condi- 
tions, 
W83-01714  2G 

INFORMATION  EXCHANGE 

Information  dissemination  Techniques:  Current 

Practices  of  Water  Institutes, 

W83-01616  10D 

INFRARED  SPECTROSCOPY 

Sensitivity  of  an  Infrared  Gas  Analyzer  Used  in 

the  Differential  Mode,  to  Partial  Gas  Pressures 

of  Carbon  Dioxide  and  Water  Vapor  in  the  Bulk 

Air, 

W83-01693  7B 

Concentration,  Fractionation  and  Characteriza- 
tion of  Soluble  Organic  Phosphorus  in  River 
Water  Entering  Lough  Neagh, 
W83-01731  5A 

INHIBITION 

Identification  and  Control  of  Inhibition  in  the 
Anaerobic  Treatment  of  Industrial  Wastewaters, 
W83-01421  5D 


Kinetics    of    Biodegradation    of    2,4-Dichloro- 
Phenoxyacetate  in  the  Presence  of  Glucose, 
W83-01643  5D 

INJECTION 

Selecting  Treatment  Processes  to  Meet  Water 

Reuse  Requirements, 

W83-01705  4B 

INJECTION  WELLS 

Characteristics  and  Effects  of  Geothermal  Re- 
sources Exploitation, 
W83-01496  4B 

INORGANIC  COMPOUNDS 

Fate  of  Inorganic  Micro-Contaminants  During 

Groundwater  Recharge, 

W83-01702  5B 

INPUT-OUTPUT  ANALYSIS 

An  Analysis  of  Input  Errors  in  Precipitation- 
Runoff  Models  Using  Regression  With  Errors  in 
the  Independent  Variables, 

W83-01723  2A 

INSECTICIDES 

The  Role  of  Aquatic  Weeds  in  Maintaining  Sur- 
face Water  Quality, 
W83-01601  5G 

INSTITUTIONAL  CONSTRAINTS 

Institutional     Arrangements     For     Controlling 
Nonpoint  Source  Water  Pollution:  Wisconsin's 
Root  River  Watershed, 
W83-01630  6F 

INSTREAM  FLOW 

An  Approach  to  Optimizing  Reservoir  Oper- 
ation for  Downstream  Aquatic  Resources, 

W83-01739  4A 

INSTREAM  USES 

Analysis  of  the  Effect  of  Changing  Discharge  on 
Channel  Morphology  and  Instream  Uses  in  a 
Braided  River,  Ohau  River,  New  Zealand, 
W83-01732  4C 

INTEGRAL  FINITE  DIFFERENCE  METHOD 

Multidimensional  Numerical  Simulation  of  Fluid 

Flow  in  Fractured  Porous  Media, 

W83-01494  2F 

INTERNATIONAL  HYDROLOGICAL  DECADE 

Rural  Water  Supply  and  Sanitation  in  Sri  Lanka, 
W83-01659  6D 

INVERTEBRATES 

Detritus  Abundance  and  Benthic  Invertebrate 
Catch    in    Artificial    Substrate    Samples    From 
Mountain  Streams, 
W83-01503  7B 

Fouling  Community  Dynamics  in   Lynnhaven 

Bay,  Virginia, 

W83-01578  2L 

Polycyclic    Aromatic    Hydrocarbons    in    Sedi- 
ments, Pore  Water  and  the  Amphipod  Pontopor- 
eia  Hoyi  From  Lake  Michigan, 
W83-01742  5B 

INVESTMENTS 

Water  Resources  Management  Scheme  in  the 
South  Cotentin  (Un  Schema  D'Amenagement 
Des  Ressources  En  Eau  Le  Sud  De  La  Pres- 
qu'Ile  Du  Contentin), 
W83-01648  6B 

IODINE 

The  Mechanisms  of  Poliovirus  Inactivation  by 
Chlorine  Dioxide  and  Iodine  and  the  Effects  of 
Cations  on  Halogen  Inactivation, 
W83-01602  5F 

ION  EXCHANGE 

Evaluating    Water   Treatment   Techniques    for 

Barium  Removal, 

W83-01651  5F 


IRAN 

Environmental  Change  and  its  Impact  on  the 

Freshwater  Fishes  of  Iran, 

W83-01660  4D 

IRON 

Arsenic,  Nitrate,  Iron,  and  Hardness  in  Ground 
Water,  Chena  Hot  Springs  Road,  Steele  Creek 
Road,  and  Gilmore  Trail  Areas,  (T.1N.,  R.1E., 
FM),  Fairbanks,  Alaska, 
W83-01516  7C 

IRRIGATION 

Optimum  Cropping  and  Ground  Water  Manage- 
ment, 
W83-01505  4B 

IRRIGATION  DESIGN 

Management  of  Trickle  Irrigated  Orchards  for 

Increased  Water-Use  Efficiency, 

W83-01576  3F 

Zero-Inertia  Modeling  of  Furrow  Irrigation  Ad- 
vance, 
W83-01696  3F 

IRRIGATION  EFFECTS 

Distribution  of  Mineral  Nitrogen  Under  Native 

Range  and  Cultivated  Fields  in  the  Nebraska 

Sandhills, 

W83-01632  5B 

IRRIGATION  EFFICIENCY 

Relationship  of  Costs  and  Water  Use  Efficiency 

for  Irrigation  Projects  in  Idaho, 

W83-01637  3F 

The  Sensitivity  of  Growth  and  Yield  of  Dwarf 
Wheat  to  Water  Stress  at  Three  Growth  Stages, 
W83-01673  3F 

Water-Conserving  Wheat  Irrigation   Schedules 

Based  on  Climatic  Records, 

W83-01675  3F 

A  Procedure  for  Minimizing  Required  Tubewell 

Capacity  in  Irrigated  Rice, 

W83-01676  3F 

Models  of  Alfalfa  Yield  and  Evapotranspiration, 
W83-01683  3F 

IRRIGATION  OPERATION  AND 
MAINTENANCE 

Relationship  of  Costs  and  Water  Use  Efficiency 

for  Irrigation  Projects  in  Idaho, 

W83-01637  3F 

IRRIGATION  PRACTICES 

Drought  Adaptation  of  Cowpea.  II.  Influence  of 
Drought  on  Plant  Water  Status  and  Relations 
With  Seed  Yield, 
W83-01681  3F 

IRRIGATION  REQUIREMENTS 

Yield  and  Growth  Responses  of  Kenaf  (Hibiscus 
Cannabinusl)  in  a  Semi-Arid  Tropical  Environ- 
ment to  Irrigation  Regimes  Based  on  Leaf  Water 
Potential, 
W83-01672  3F 

The  Sensitivity  of  Growth  and  Yield  of  Dwarf 
Wheat  to  Water  Stress  at  Three  Growth  Stages, 
W83-01673  3F 

Effects  of  Climate  on  the  Yield  Response  of 

Two   Fescue   Species  to  Water  and   Nitrogen 

Application, 

W83-01674  3F 

Water-Conserving  Wheat   Irrigation  Schedules 

Based  on  Climatic  Records, 

W83-01675  3F 

A  Procedure  for  Minimizing  Required  Tubewell 

Capacity  in  Irrigated  Rice, 

W83-01676  3F 


SU-13 


IRRIGATION  WATER 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


IRRIGATION  WATER 

Report  on   Quality   of  Pesticide   Runoff  Data 
From  the  Soil  and  Water  Management  Research 
Unit,  Riverside,  CA, 
W83-01469  7B 

Prediction  of  Irrigation  Water  Demands  in  the 

Southeastern  United  States, 

W83-01608  6D 

Model  to  Evaluate  Conservation,  Design,  and 
Economic  Feasibility  of  Supplemental  Irrigation 
Systems  in  the  Sub-Humid  Region, 
W83-01614  3F 

ISOPHORONE 

Determination  of  Nitroaromatic  Compounds  and 

Isophorone      in      Industrial      and      Municipal 

Wastewaters, 

W83-01564  5A 

ISOTOPE  STUDIES 

An  Evaluation  of  the  Effectiveness  of  Hydrogen 
and  Oxygen  Isotopes  Used  in  Concert  With 
Chemical  Water-Quality  Parameters  as  Indica- 
tors of  Subsurface  Water  Movement  and  Source, 
W83-01633  5B 

ISRAEL 

The  Mediterranean  Heat  Storage  and  Israeli  Pre- 
cipitation, 
W83-01712  2B 

A  Stochastic  Dynamic  Programing  Model  for 

the  Operation  of  the  Mediterranean-Dead  Sea 

Project, 

W83-01728  4A 

JAPAN 

Welfare  Cost  of  Eutrophication-Caused  Produc- 
tion Losses:  A  Case  of  Aquaculture  in   Lake 
Kasumigaura, 
W83-01435  6A 

Local  Redistribution  and  Partial  Extraction  of 
Heavy  Metals  in  Bottom  Sediments  of  an  Estu- 
ary, 
W83-01661  5B 


KARST  HYDROLOGY 

Linear  Kernels  for  Karst  Aquifers, 
W83-01726 


2F 


KENAF 

Yield  and  Growth  Responses  of  Kenaf  (Hibiscus 
Cannabinusl)  in  a  Semi-Arid  Tropical  Environ- 
ment to  Irrigation  Regimes  Based  on  Leaf  Water 
Potential, 
W83-01672  3F 

KLEBSIELLA 

Role    of   Bacterial    Extracellular    Polymers    in 
Metal  Uptake  in  Pure  Bacterial  Culture  and  Ac- 
tivated Sludge-II.  Effects  of  Mean  Cell  Reten- 
tion Time, 
W83-01711  5D 

KOSTIAKOV  EQUATION 

Infiltration  Model   in  Simulated   Hydrographs, 
W83-01472  2G 

KRIGING 

Effects  of  Kriging  and   Inverse   Modeling  on 
Conditional    Simulation    of   the    Avra    Valley 
Aquifer  in  Southern  Arizona, 
W83-01720  2F 

LAKE  ERIE 

Impact  of  a  Once-Through  Cooling  System  on 
the  Yellow  Perch  Stock  in  the  Western  Basin  of 
Lake  Erie, 
W83-01416  81 

LAKE  MANAGEMENT 

Relationships  Between  Lake  Reservoir  Manage- 
ment and  Ambient  Nutrient  Concentrations  in 
Lake  Okeechobee,  Florida, 
W83-01550  5G 


LAKE  MICHIGAN 

Polycyclic    Aromatic    Hydrocarbons    in    Sedi- 
ments, Pore  Water  and  the  Amphipod  Pontopor- 
eia  Hoyi  From  Lake  Michigan, 
W83-01742  5B 

LAKE  RESTORATION 

Change   in    Lake   Trophic    State   and    Internal 

Phosphorus   Release   After   Aluminum    Sulfate 

Application, 

W83-01473  5G 

Laboratory  Experiments  as  an  Aid  to  Lake  Res- 
toration Decisionmaking, 
W83-01507  5G 

Accompanying  Measures  Providing  A  Perma- 
nent   Restoration    Success    in    Shallow    Lakes 
(Flankierende  Massnahmen  Zur  Sicherung  Des 
Sanierungserfolges  an  Flachen  Gewassern), 
W83-01584  5G 

Measures  to  Control   Eutrophication   in   Swiss 
Midland     Lakes     (Eutrophierungskontrollmass- 
nahmen  an  Schweizer  Mittellandseen), 
W83-01585  5G 

Thoughts  on  Using  the  Results  of  the  OECD- 
Monitoring  Program  in  Lake  Protection  (Ge- 
danken  Zur  Ubertragung  Der  Ergebnisse  Des 
OECD-Untersuchungs-Programmes  in  Die 
Praxis  Des  Seenschutzes), 
W83-01599  5G 

LAKE  SEDIMENTS 

Effect  of  Brown  Bullheads  on  Release  of  Phos- 
phorus in  Sediment  and  Water  Systems, 
W83-01446  5B 

LAKE  TOHOPEKALIGA 

Hydrology    of    Lake    Tohopekaliga,    Osceola 

County,  Florida, 

W83-01405  7C 

LAKES 

Hydrology    of    Lake    Tohopekaliga,    Osceola 

County,  Florida, 

W83-01405  7C 

Successional    Patterns  of  Plants,    Invertebrates 

and  Ducks  in  a  Man-Made  Lake, 

W83-01433  2H 

Welfare  Cost  of  Eutrophication-Caused  Produc- 
tion Losses:   A  Case  of  Aquaculture  in  Lake 
Kasumigaura, 
W83-01435  6A 

An  Extended  Channel  Model  for  the  Prediction 

of  Motion  in  Elongated  Homogeneous  Lakes. 

Part   2.   First   Order   Model   Applied   to   Ideal 

Geometry:     Rectangular     Basins     With     Flat 

Bottom, 

W83-01545  2H 

An  Extended  Channel  Model  for  the  Prediction 
of  Motion  in  Elongated  Homogeneous  Lakes. 
Part  I.  Theoretical  Introduction, 
W83-01546  2H 

A  Combined  Procedure  of  Phosphate  Elimina- 
tion and  the  Efficiency  of  Additives:  Plants  in 
Berlin  (Verfahrenskombination  Zur  Phosphateli- 
mination  an  Den  Berliner  Seen  Und  Die  Effi- 
zienz  Von  Zusatzstoffen), 
W83-O160O  5F 

Modeling  the  Annual  Thermal  Regime  of  Lake 
Ohrid,  Yugoslavia,  Using  Daily  Weather  Data, 
W83-01664  2H 

Some  Effects  of  Langmuir  Circulation  on  the 
Quality  of  Water  Resource  Systems, 
W83-01666  2H 

Lake  Rotorua,  The  State  of  Eutrophication, 
W83-01688  5C 


LAKES  MORPHOLOGY 

Hydrology    of    Lake    Tohopekaliga, 

County,  Florida, 

W83-014O5 


Osceola 


7C 


LAND  APPLICATION 

Legal  Battle  Over  Septage  Disposal, 
W83-O1650  5E 

Drainage    Systems    for    Land    Treatment    of 

Wastewater, 

W83-01697  5D 

LAND  DISPOSAL 

Infiltration    Land    Treatment    of    Stabilization 

Pond  Effluent, 

W83-01570  5D 

LANDFILLS 

Ground-Water  Quality  in  the  Vicinity  of  Land- 
fill Sites,  Southern  Franklin  County,  Ohio, 
W83-01521  2F 

Hazardous  Waste  Landfills:  Some  Lessons  From 

New  Jersey, 

W83-01670  5E 

LANGMUIR  CIRCULATION 

Some  Effects  of  Langmuir  Circulation  on  the 
Quality  of  Water  Resource  Systems. 
W83-01666  2H 

LEACHATES 

Trace  Element  Characterization  of  Coal  Wastes 

-  Fifth  Annual  Progress  Report, 

W83-01558  5G 

LEACHING 

Distribution  of  Mineral  Nitrogen  Under  Native 

Range  and  Cultivated   Fields  in  the  Nebraska 

Sandhills, 

W83-01632  5B 

LEAD 

Preconcentration  of  Copper,  Cadmium,  Mer- 
cury and  Lead  From  Sea  and  Tap  Water  Sam- 
ples on  a  Dithiocarbamatecellulose  Derivative, 
W83-01641  5A 

LEAF  WATER  POTENTIAL 

Management  of  Trickle  Irrigated  Orchards  for 
Increased  Water-Use  Efficiency,  Vol.   1:  Plant 
Responses  of  Drip  Irrigated  Trees  to  Climate 
and  Water  Stress, 
W83-01577  21 

LEGAL  ASPECTS 

A  Paper  Tiger:  The  Safe  Drinking  Water  Act, 
W83-01653  6E 

LIGANDS 

Multicomponent     Equilibrium     Chemistry     in 

Groundwater  Quality  Models, 

W83-01747  5B 

LIGHT  INTENSITY 

Effects  of  Climate  on  the  Yield  Response  of 

Two   Fescue   Species  to   Water  and   Nitrogen 

Application, 

W83-01674  3F 

LINEAR  PROGRAMMING 

An  Approach  to  Solving  A  Basin-Wide  Water 
Resources  Management  Planning  Problem  with 
Multiple  Objectives, 
W83-01574  6A 

LIPIDS 

Accumulation  of  DDT  as  a  Function  of  Lipid 
Content  of  Tissues  of  Fish  from  Estuaries. 
W83-01415  5C 

LITHDJM 

Conservative  Behaviour  of  Dissolved  Lithium  in 

Estuarine  Waters, 

W83-01598  2L 


SU-14 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


METALS 


LITTLE  ARKANSAS  RIVER  BASIN 

An  Approach  to  Risk  and  Uncertainty  in  Bene- 
fit-Cost Analysis  of  Water  Resources  Projects, 
W83-01745  6B 

LOAD  DISTRIBUTION 

The  Performance  of  Impermeable  and  Perme- 
able  Reinforcement    in   Clay    Subject    to   Un- 
drained  Loading, 
W83-O150O  8D 

LOG  SALVAGING 

The  Ecological  Effects  of  Log  Salvaging  from 

Reservoirs, 

W83-01575  6G 

LOGGING 

Influence  of  Forest  and  Rangeland  Management 
on  Anadromous  Fish  Habitat  in  Western  North 
America;  3.  Timber  Harvest, 
W83-01572  4C 

The  Ecological  Effects  of  Log  Salvaging  from 

Reservoirs, 

W83-01575  6G 

LONG-TERM  PLANNING 

Water  Resources  Management  Scheme  in  the 
South  Cotentin  (Un  Schema  D'Amenagement 
Des  Ressources  En  Eau  Le  Sud  De  La  Pres- 
qu'Ile  Du  Contentin), 
W83-01648  6B 


MASS  SPECTROMETRY 

Determination  of  TCDD  in  Industrial  and  Mu- 
nicipal Wastewaters, 
W83-01567  5  A 


Beware  of  Spurious  Self-Correlations, 

W83-01713 


7C 


LOVE  CANAL 

Is  This  the  Last  Word  on  Love  Canal. 
W83-01592 


5B 


LOW  FLOW 

Low-Flow   Characteristics   of  Streams   in   the 
Central  Wisconsin  River  Basin,  Wisconsin, 
W83-01406  2E 


Low  Flows  of  Massachusetts  Streams, 
W83-01528 


2E 


LYSIMETERS 

A  Volumetric  Lysimeter  System  for  Use  with 
Puddled  Rice  and  Its  Rotational  Crops, 
W83-01698  7B 

MAINE 

An  Investigation  of  the  Dissolved  Free  Amino 

Acids  and  Their  Relation  to  Phytoplankton  Cell 

Density   in   the    Damariscotta   River   Estuary, 

Maine, 

W83-01426  2L 

The  Ecological  Effects  of  Log  Salvaging  from 

Reservoirs, 

W83-01575  6G 

MALAYSIA 

Malaysia  Malaisie. 

W83-01647  3B 

MAPS 

Mapping  Soil  Erosion  by  Rainfall  for  Regional 

Environmental  Planning, 

W83-01412  2J 

Physical,  Hydrological,  and  Biological  Charac- 
teristics of  the  Loxahathcee  River  Estuary,  Flor- 
ida, 
W83-01518  4C 

MARINE  ANIMALS 

Differences  in  Animal  13C,  15N,  and  D  Abun- 
dance Between  a  Polluted  and  an  Unpolluted 
Coastal    Site:    Likely    Indicators    of    Sewage 
Uptake  by  a  Marine  Food  Web, 
W83-01591  5B 

MARINE  ENVIRONMENT 

The  Influence  of  Modern  Water  Supply  and 
Wastewater  Treatment  Systems  on  Water  Qual- 
ity in  Micronesia, 
W83-01631  5F 


MASSACHUSETTS 

Low  Flows  of  Massachusetts  Streams, 
W83-01528 


2E 


Mutation  in  Ferns  Growing  in  an  Environment 
Contaminated  With  Polychlorinated  Biphenyls, 
W83-01529  5C 

MATHEMATICAL  ANALYSIS 

A  Eulerian-Lagrangian  Numerical  Scheme  for 
the  Dispersion-Convection  Equation  Using  Con- 
jugate Space-Time  Grids, 
W83-01618  5B 

MATHEMATICAL  EQUATIONS 

Residential  Water  Demand:  A  Pooled  Time 
Series,  Cross  Section  Study  of  Malmo,  Sweden, 
W83-01482  6D 

Surges  From  Ice  Jam  Releases:  A  Case  Study, 
W83-01538  2C 

An  Extended  Channel  Model  for  the  Prediction 
of  Motion  in  Elongated  Homogeneous  Lakes. 
Part  3,  Free  Oscillations  in  Natural  Basins, 
W83-01544  2H 

An  Extended  Channel  Model  for  the  Prediction 
of  Motion  in  Elongated  Homogeneous  Lakes. 
Part  1.  Theoretical  Introduction, 
W8  3-0 1546  2H 

Hydraulic    Conductivity    of  Saturated    Porous 
Media  in  Relation  to  Their  Geometrical  Charac- 
teristics, 
W83-01694  2G 

MATHEMATICAL  MODELS 

Prediction  of  Channel  Deformations  of  Rivers 

and  Canals, 

W83-01556  8B 

Prediction  of  Irrigation  Water  Demands  in  the 

Southeastern  United  States, 

W83-01608  6D 

Developing  A  New  Deconvolution  Technique 
to  Model  Rainfall-Runoff  in  Arid  Environments, 
W83-01627  7C 

Modeling  the  Annual  Thermal  Regime  of  Lake 
Ohrid,  Yugoslavia,  Using  Daily  Weather  Data, 
W83-01664  2H 

Some  Effects  of  Langmuir  Circulation  on  the 
Quality  of  Water  Resource  Systems, 
W83-01666  2H 

A  Procedure  for  Minimizing  Required  Tubewell 

Capacity  in  Irrigated  Rice, 

W83-01676  3F 

A    Simplified    Gamma    Probability    Model    for 
Analysis  of  the  Frequency  Distribution  of  Rain- 
fall in  the  Region  of  Campinas,  SP,  Brazil, 
W83-01677  2B 

MATHEMATICAL  STUDIES 

Experience  in  the  Operation  of  Hydraulic  Struc- 
tures and  Equipment  of  Hydroelectric  Stations, 
W83-01536  8A 

The    Application    of   Predictive    Mathematical 
Models  of  Reservoir  Ecology  and  Water  Qual- 
ity, 
W83-01542  2H 

Prediction  of  Channel  Deformations  of  Rivers 

and  Canals, 

W83-01556  8B 


Penetration  Coefficient  in  Porous  Media, 
W83-01695 


2G 


MEASURING  INSTRUMENTS 

An    Inexpensive    Remote    Snow-Depth    Gauge 
Based  on  Ultrasonic  Wave  Reflection  From  the 
Snow  Surface, 
W83-01498  7B 

MEDITERRANEAN-DEAD  SEA  PROJECT 

A  Stochastic  Dynamic  Programing  Model  for 

the  Operation  of  the  Mediterranean-Dead  Sea 

Project, 

W83-01728  4A 

MEDITERRANEAN  SEA 

The  Mediterranean  Heat  Storage  and  Israeli  Pre- 
cipitation, 
W83-01712  2B 

MEIOFAUNA 

An  Assessment  of  the  Potential  of  Major  Meio- 
fauna  Groups  for  Monitoring  Organic  Pollution, 
W83-01429  5A 

MELTING 

The  Permeability  of  a  Melting  Snow  Cover, 
W83-01715  2C 

MEMBRANE  PROCESSES 

Reuse  and  Disposal  Considerations  for  Hyperfil- 

tration  Concentrate, 

W83-01501  5D 

Lower  Net  Pressure  Reverse  Osmosis  Mem- 
branes and  Systems-Cost  and  Performance  Ad- 
vantages and  Limitations, 

W83-01612  3A 

MEMBRANE  PROCESSES.  'REVERSE 
OSMOSIS 

Testing  the  Membrane  Plugging  Factor  in  Re- 
verse Osmosis, 
W83-01669  3A 

MEMBRANES 

The  Potential  Use  of  a  Degradable  Erosion  Con- 
trol Membrane  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
W83-01485  4D 

MERCURY 

Effects  of  Length,  Locality  and  Tissue  Type  on 
Mercury  and  Cadmium  Content  of  the  Commer- 
cial Scallop,  Pecten-Alba  Tate,  from  Port-Phillip 
Bay,  Victoria, 
W83-01418  5B 

Acute  Toxicity  of  Chromium,  Mercury,  Molyb- 
denum   and    Nickel    to    the   Amphipod    Allor- 
chestes-Compressa, 
W83-01589  5C 

Preconcentration  of  Copper,  Cadmium,  Mer- 
cury and  Lead  From  Sea  and  Tap  Water  Sam- 
ples on  a  Dithiocarbamatecellulose  Derivative, 
W83-01641  5  A 

A  Model  of  Mercury  Contamination  in  a  Wood- 
land Stream, 
W83-01663  5C 

MEROMICTIC  LAKES 

Downstream    Effects    of    the    Gordon    River 
Power  Development,  Southwest  Tasmania, 
W83-01588  6G 

MESOTROPHIC  LAKES 

The   Enrichment   of  a   Mesotrophic    Lake   by 

Carbon,    Phosphorus    and    Nitrogen    from    the 

Cage   Aquaculture   of  Rainbow   Trout,   Salmo 

Gairdneri, 

W83-01434  5C 

METALS 

Role  of  Bacterial  Extracellular  Polymers  in 
Metal  Uptake  in  Pure  Bacterial  Culture  and  Ac- 


I 

i 


SU-15 


METALS 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


tivated  Sludge-II.  Effects  of  Mean  Cell  Reten- 
tion Time, 
W83-01711  5D 

Multicomponent     Equilibrium     Chemistry     in 

Groundwater  Quality  Models, 

W83-01747  5B 

METHANOGENESIS 

Identification  and  Control  of  Inhibition  in  the 
Anaerobic  Treatment  of  Industrial  Wastewaters, 
W83-01421  5D 

METHYLTIN 

Occurrence  of  Organotin  Compounds  in  Ontario 

Lakes  and  Rivers, 

W83-01748  5B 

MICHIGAN 

Chemical  Spill  Cleanup  Named  Project  of  the 

Year. 

W83-01671  5G 

MICRONESIA 

The   Influence  of  Modern  Water  Supply  and 
Wastewater  Treatment  Systems  on  Water  Qual- 
ity in  Micronesia, 
W83-01631  5F 

MILWAUKEE 

The  Costs  of  Conflicting  Environmental  Policy: 

A  Case  Study  in  Milwaukee, 

W83-01502  6E 

MINE  DRAINAGE 

Hydrology  of  the  Coal-Resource  Areas  in  the 
Upper  drainages  of  Huntington  and  Cottonwood 
Creeks,  Central  Utah, 
W83-01408  5C 

Pollution  by  Arsenic  in  Gold-Mining  District  in 

Nova  Scotia, 

W83-01417  5C 

Asbestos  Analysis  Case  History:  Surface  Water 

Supplies  in  Southern  California, 

W83-01655  5B 

MINE  WASTES 

A    Prototype    Computer    Interactive    Ground 
Water    Monitoring    Methodology    for    Surface 
Water  Impoundments, 
W83-01474  5G 

Trace  Element  Characterization  of  Coal  Wastes 

-  Fifth  Annual  Progress  Report, 

W83-01558  5G 

Simulation  of  the  Revegetation  Potential  of  Coal 

Mines  in  Semi-Arid  Climates, 

W83-01611  21 

MINERALS 

Sorption   and   Mineral   Equilibria   Controls   on 
Moisture  Chemistry  in  a  C-Horizon  Soil, 
W83-01495  2K 


MISSOURI  RIVER 

Altered  Hydrology  of  the  Missouri  River  and  Its 
Effects  on  Floodplain  Forest  Ecosystems, 
W83-01603  6G 

MIXING 

Vertical    Turbulent    Diffusion    in    Air-Driven 

Water  Flows, 

W83-01532  8B 

MODEL  STUDIES 

Simulated  Effects  of  Ground-Water  Develop- 
ment on  the  Potentiometric  Surface  of  the  Flori- 
dan  Aquifer,  West-Central  Florida, 
W83-01401  6A 

Geometric  Variations  in  Reservoir  Water  Qual- 
ity, 
W83-01481  5G 

A  New  Look  at  Optimal  Allocation  of  Water 

Resources, 

W83-01484  6A 

The    Application    of   Predictive    Mathematical 
Models  of  Reservoir  Ecology  and  Water  Qual- 


MINNESOTA 

River  of  No  Return, 
W83-01699 


5G 


MISSISSIPPI 

Characterization  of  Aquifers  Designated  as  Po- 
tential Drinking  Water  Sources  in  Mississippi, 
W83-01403  4B 

MISSISSIPPI  JACKSON 

Treatment  Technology  to  Meet  the  Drinking 
Water  Standards  For  Trihalomethanes  For  Jack- 
son, Mississippi, 
W83-01625  5F 


ity. 

W83-01542 


2H 


MISSOURI 

Linear  Kernels  for  Karst  Aquifers, 
W83-01726 


2F 


An  Extended  Channel  Model  for  the  Prediction 
of  Motion  in  Elongated  Homogeneous  Lakes. 
Part  3,  Free  Oscillations  in  Natural  Basins, 
W83-01544  2H 

An  Extended  Channel  Model  for  the  Prediction 

of  Motion  in  Elongated  Homogeneous  Lakes. 

Part   2.   First  Order   Model   Applied   to   Ideal 

Geometry:     Rectangular     Basins     With     Rat 

Bottom, 

W83-01545  2H 

An  Extended  Channel  Model  for  the  Prediction 
of  Motion  in  Elongated  Homogeneous  Lakes. 
Part  1 .  Theoretical  Introduction, 
W83-01546  2H 

Use  of  Phosphorus  Budget  Models  in  Reservoir 

Management, 

W83-01553  5G 

Modelling     Nitrate     Concentration     in     Some 

United  Kingdom  Reservoirs, 

W83-01554  5B 

Modelling  Side-Weir  Diversion  Structures  for 

Stormwater  Management, 

W83-01555  4A 

Model  for  Simulating  Runoff  and  Erosion  in 

Ungaged  Watersheds, 

W83-016O4  4D 

Quantitative    Evaluation   of  Factors   Affecting 
Flash  Floods  on  Ephemeral  Watersheds, 
W83-01606  2E 

Aspects  of  Aquifer  Test  Error  Analysis, 
W83-01624  2F 

Developing  A  New  Deconvolution  Technique 
to  Model  Rainfall-Runoff  in  Arid  Environments, 
W83-01627  7C 

The    Three-Trophic    Level    Estuarine    Model: 
Synergism  of  Two  Mechanistic  Simulations, 
W83-01662  2L 

A  Model  of  Mercury  Contamination  in  a  Wood- 
land Stream, 
W83-01663  5C 

Zero-Inertia  Modeling  of  Furrow  Irrigation  Ad- 
vance, 
W83-01696  3F 

Estimation  of  ARMA  Models  with  Seasonal  Pa- 
rameters, 
W83-01716  2E 


ARMA    Model    Identification    of    Hydrologic 

Time  Series, 

W83-01722  2E 

The    Impact    of   Price    on    Residential    Water 

Demand:  Some  New  Insights, 

W83-01730  6D 

Identification  of  Multivariate  Time  Series  and 

Multivariate  Input-Output  Models, 

W83-01734  2E 

Multicomponent     Equilibrium     Chemistry     in 

Groundwater  Quality  Models, 

W83-01747  5B 

MOLECULAR  STRUCTURE 

Atom    Pair    Distribution    Functions   of  Liquid 
Water  at  25C  from  Neutron  Diffraction, 
W83-01483  1A 

MOLLUSKS 

Effects  of  Length,  Locality  and  Tissue  Type  on 
Mercury  and  Cadmium  Content  of  the  Commer- 
cial Scallop,  Pecten-Alba  Tate,  from  Port-Phillip 
Bay,  Victoria, 
W83-01418  5B 

MOLYBDENUM 

Acute  Toxicity  of  Chromium,  Mercury,  Molyb- 
denum   and    Nickel    to   the   Amphipod    Allor- 
chestes-Compressa, 
W83-01589  5C 

MONITORING 

A  Design  for  Aquatic  Monitoring  Program*. 
W83-01437  5G 

A    Prototype    Computer    Interactive    Ground 
Water    Monitoring    Methodology    for    Surface 
Water  Impoundments, 
W83-01474  5G 

Ground-Water    Monitoring    at    Santa    Barbara, 
California,    Phase    2-Effects    of    Pumping    on 
Water  Levels  and  Water  Quality  in  the  Santa 
Barbara  Ground-Water  Basin, 
W83-01513  *B 

Experience  in  the  Operation  of  Hydraulic  Struc- 
tures and  Equipment  of  Hydroelectric  Stations, 
W83-01536  8A 

MONTANA 

Quality    of    Streams    in    the    Bull    Mountains 

Region,  South-Central  Montana, 

W83-01407  2K 

Ground  Water  Use  in  an  Energy  Development 

Area:  The  Tongue  River  Basin,   Southeastern 

Montana, 

W83-01508  4B 

State  of  Montana  Activities  in  the  High  Plains 

Cooperative  Program:  1975-1980, 

W83-01636  3B 

MOUNTAIN  LAKES 

Reconnaissance  Water-Balance  Study  of  Lake 

Gregory,  California, 

W83-01512  2H 

MULTIOBJECnVE  PLANNING 

A  New  Look  at  Optimal  Allocation  of  Water 

Resources, 

W83-01484  6A 

An  Approach  to  Solving  A  Basin-Wide  Water 
Resources  Management  Planning  Problem  with 
Multiple  Objectives, 
W83-01574  6A 

An  Approach  to  Optimizing  Reservoir  Oper- 
ation for  Downstream  Aquatic  Resources, 
W83-01739  4A 


SU-16 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


NUTRIENTS 


MUNICIPAL  WATER 

Residential  Water  Demand:  A  Pooled  Time 
Series,  Cross  Section  Study  of  Malmo,  Sweden, 
W83-01482  6D 

MUSKEG 

Watersheds  in  Muskeg  Terrain.  2.  Evaluations 

Based  on  Water  Chemistry, 

W83-01497  2K 

MUTAGENS 

Mutation  in  Ferns  Growing  in  an  Environment 
Contaminated  With  Polychlorinated  Biphenyls, 
W83-01529  5C 

Toxic  Compounds  Formed  by  the  Chlorination 

of  Arizona  Surface  Waters, 

W83-01531  5F 

NATURAL  WATERS 

Bio-Optical  Classification  and  Model  of  Natural 

Waters.  2, 

W83-01594  5  A 


A  Decade  of  Debate:  Air  and  Water, 
W83-01668 


5B 


NEBRASKA 

Report  on  Quality  of  Data  From  the  Dee  Creek 

Watershed,  Lincoln,  Nebraska, 

W83-01458  7B 

NECKAR  RIVER 

The  Neckar  as  Supplier  of  Industrial  and  Backup 
Water  (Der  Neckar  Als  Lieferant  Von  Betriebs- 
Und  Reservewasser), 
W83-01749  5F 

NEVADA 

Hydrologic  Interpretation  of  Shallow  Subsur- 
face Temperature  Data, 
W83-01605  2F 

Quantitative   Evaluation   of  Factors   Affecting 
Flash  Floods  on  Ephemeral  Watersheds, 
W83-01606  2E 

NEW  BRUNSWICK 
Some  Hydrotechnical  Problems  Related  to  the 
Construction  of  a  Causeway  in  the  Estuary  of 
the  Petitcodiac  River,  New  Brunswick, 
W83-01539  4C 

NEW  JERSEY 
Hazardous  Waste  Landfills:  Some  Lessons  From 
New  Jersey, 
W83-01670  5E 

NEW  MEXICO 

Hydrologic  Investigations  and  Data-Collection 
Network  in  Strippable  Coal  Areas  in  Northwest- 
ern New  Mexico, 
W83-01510  7C 

NEW  YORK 

Drainage  Areas  of  New  York  Streams,  by  River 
Basins-A  Stream  Gazetteer:  Part  I~Data  Com- 
piled as  of  October  1980, 
W83-01519  7C 


Is  This  the  Last  Word  on  Love  Canal. 
W83-01592 


5B 


NEW  ZEALAND 

Spatial  and  Temporal  Variability  in  Suspended 

Sediment  Yields  of  North  Island  Basins,  New 

Zealand, 

W83-01477  2J 


A  Soil  Conservator  at  Work, 
W83-01685 

Wet  and  Dry  Years, 
W83-01686 


4D 


2B 


Co-Operation  Cleans  Up  the  Manawatu, 
W83-01687  5G 


Lake  Rotorua,  The  State  of  Eutrophication, 
W83-01688  5C 

Analysis  of  the  Effect  of  Changing  Discharge  on 
Channel  Morphology  and  Instream  Uses  in  a 
Braided  River,  Ohau  River,  New  Zealand, 
W83-01732  4C 

NICKEL 

Acute  Toxicity  of  Chromium,  Mercury,  Molyb- 
denum  and    Nickel    to   the   Amphipod   Allor- 
chestes-Compressa, 
W83-01589  5C 

NIGERIA 

Verification  of  Some  Geohydrological  Implica- 
tions of  Deep  Weathering  in  the  Basement  Com- 
plex of  Nigeria, 
W83-01490  2F 

NILE  RIVER 

ARMA    Model    Identification    of   Hydrologic 
Time  Series, 

W83-01722  2E 

NITRATES 

Arsenic,  Nitrate,  Iron,  and  Hardness  in  Ground 
Water,  Chena  Hot  Springs  Road,  Steele  Creek 
Road,  and  Gilmore  Trail  Areas,  (T.1N.,  R.1E., 
FM),  Fairbanks,  Alaska, 
W83-01516  7C 

Modelling     Nitrate     Concentration     in     Some 

United  Kingdom  Reservoirs, 

W83-01554  5B 

Distribution  of  Mineral  Nitrogen  Under  Native 

Range  and  Cultivated  Fields  in  the  Nebraska 

Sandhills, 

W83-01632  5B 

NJTROAROMATIC  COMPOUNDS 

Determination  of  Nitroaromatic  Compounds  and 

Isophorone      in      Industrial      and      Municipal 

Wastewaters, 

W83-01564  5A 

NITROBENZENE 

Determination  of  Nitroaromatic  Compounds  and 

Isophorone      in      Industrial      and      Municipal 

Wastewaters, 

W83-01564  5A 

NITROGEN 

Relationships  Between  Phytoplankton  Growth 

Rates  and  Nutrient  Dynamics  in  Lake  Norman, 

N.C., 

W83-01526  5C 

An  Empirical  Analysis  of  Phosphorus,  Nitrogen, 
and  Turbidity  Effects  on  Reservoir  Chlorophyll- 
A  Levels, 
W83-01551  5C 

Influence  of  Added  Nutrient  on  the  Seasonal 
Variation  of  Algal  Growth  Potential  of  Mt  Bold 
Reservoir,  South  Australia, 
W83-01590  5C 

Nitrogen     Transformations     During     Aerobic 

Composting  of  Sewage  Sludge, 

W83-01620  5E 

Effects  of  Climate  on  the  Yield  Response  of 

Two   Fescue   Species  to  Water  and   Nitrogen 

Application, 

W83-01674  3F 

NITROGEN  COMPOUNDS 

Analytical  Methods  for  Hazardous  Organics  in 
Liquid  Wastes  From  Coal  Gasification  and  Liq- 
uefaction Processes, 
W83-01565  5A 


NITROGEN  FIXATION 

The  Loch  Eil  Project:  The  Bacterial  Flora  and 
Heterotrophic  Nitrogen  Fixation  in  Sediments  of 
Loch  Eil, 
W83-01593  5C 

NITROSAMINES 

Determination  of  Nitrosamines  in  Industrial  and 

Municipal  Wastewaters, 

W83-01568  5A 

NONPOINT  POLLUTION  SOURCES 

Nonpoint  Source  Pollution  From  PCBS:  Bioa- 
vailability   and    Inactivation    With    Activated 
Carbon, 
W83-01621  5B 

Institutional     Arrangements     For  Controlling 

Nonpoint  Source  Water  Pollution:  Wisconsin's 
Root  River  Watershed, 

W83-01630  6F 

NORTH  CAROLINA 

Relationships  Between  Phytoplankton  Growth 

Rates  and  Nutrient  Dynamics  in  Lake  Norman, 

N.C., 

W83-01526  5C 

Drainage    Systems    for    Land    Treatment    of 

Wastewater, 

W83-01697  5D 

NORTH  DAKOTA 

Hydrologic  Characteristics  and  Possible  Effects 
of  Surface  Mining  in  the  Northwestern  Part  of 
West   Branch   Antelope   Creek   Basin,   Mercer 
County,  North  Dakota, 
W83-01409  4C 

Altered  Hydrology  of  the  Missouri  River  and  Its 
Effects  on  Floodplain  Forest  Ecosystems, 
W83-01603  6G 

NORTHERN  IRELAND 

Concentration,  Fractionation  and  Characteriza- 
tion of  Soluble  Organic  Phosphorus  in  River 
Water  Entering  Lough  Neagh, 
W83-01731  5A 

NORTHWEST  TERRITORIES 

Isotope  Geochemistry  of  Dissolved,  Precipitat- 
ed, Airborne,  and  Fallout  Sulfur  Species  Associ- 
ated    with     Springs     Near     Paige     Mountain, 
Norman  Range,  N.W.T., 
W83-01487  2K 

NORWAY 

A   Model   for  Streamwater  Chemistry  at  Bir- 

kenes,  Norway, 

W83-01733  5B 

NOVA  SCOTIA 

Pollution  by  Arsenic  in  Gold-Mining  District  in 

Nova  Scotia, 

W83-01417  5C 

NUCLEAR  POWERPLANTS 

A  Design  for  Aquatic  Monitoring  Programs, 
W83-01437  5G 

NUMERICAL  ANALYSIS 

Modeling  the  Annual  Thermal  Regime  of  Lake 
Ohrid,  Yugoslavia,  Using  Daily  Weather  Data, 
W83-01664  2H 

NUTRIENTS 

An  Investigation  of  the  Dissolved  Free  Amino 

Acids  and  Their  Relation  to  Phytoplankton  Cell 

Density    in    the    Damariscotta    River    Estuary, 

Maine, 

W83-01426  2L 

The   Enrichment   of  a   Mesotrophic   Lake   by 

Carbon,    Phosphorus   and    Nitrogen    from    the 

Cage   Aquaculture   of  Rainbow   Trout,   Salmo 

Gairdneri, 

W83-01434  5C 


! 


SU-17 


NUTRIENTS 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


The  Loch  Eil  Project:  Chlorophyll  a  and  Nutri- 
ents in  the  Water  Column  of  Loch  Eil, 
W83-01442  2L 

Phosphorus  Loading  to  a  Mountain  Reservoir  in 

Southern  California, 

W83-01504  5B 

Relationships  Between  Phytoplankton  Growth 

Rates  and  Nutrient  Dynamics  in  Lake  Norman, 

N.C., 

W83-01526  5C 

Relationships  Between  Lake  Reservoir  Manage- 
ment and  Ambient  Nutrient  Concentrations  in 
Lake  Okeechobee,  Florida, 
W83-01550  5G 

Dynamics  of  Carbon  and  Nitrogen  During  the 
Decomposition  of  Detritus  Derived   from   Es- 
tuarine  Macrophytes, 
W83-01595  2L 

The    Three-Trophic    Level    Estuarine    Model: 
Synergism  of  Two  Mechanistic  Simulations, 
W83-01662  2L 

OBSERVATION  WELLS 

Ground-Water    Monitoring    at    Santa    Barbara, 
California,    Phase    2-Effects    of    Pumping    on 
Water  Levels  and  Water  Quality  in  the  Santa 
Barbara  Ground-Water  Basin, 
W83-01513  4B 

Experience  in  the  Operation  of  Hydraulic  Struc- 
tures and  Equipment  of  Hydroelectric  Stations, 
W83-01536  8A 


OCEANS 

A  Decade  of  Debate:  Air  and  Water, 
W83-01668 


5B 


OHIO 

Ground-Water  Quality  in  the  Vicinity  of  Land- 
fill Sites,  Southern  Franklin  County,  Ohio, 
W83-01521  2F 

OIL  WASTES 

Effects  of  Vegetable  Oil  Factory  Effluent  on  the 
Levels  of  Phosphatases  and  Dehydrogenases  in 
the  Liver  and  Kidney  of  the  Freshwater  Teleost 
Channa  Punctatus  (BL.), 
W83-01639  5C 

OKLAHOMA 

Isolating   the   Random   Rainstorm   Component 

from  Basin  Response  Factors  in  Rainfall-Runoff 

Data, 

W83-01480  2A 

Water-Conserving   Wheat   Irrigation   Schedules 

Based  on  Climatic  Records, 

W83-01675  3F 

ONTARIO 

Modelling  Side-Weir  Diversion  Structures  for 

Stormwater  Management, 

W83-01555  4A 

Occurrence  of  Organotin  Compounds  in  Ontario 

Lakes  and  Rivers, 

W83-01748  5B 

OPERATING  COSTS 

The  Financial  Impact  of  Water  Rate  Changes, 
W83-01656  6C 

OPTICAL  STUDIES 

Bio-Optical  Classification  and  Model  of  Natural 

Waters.  2, 

W83-01594  5A 

OPTIMIZATION 

A  New  Look  at  Optimal  Allocation  of  Water 

Resources, 

W83-01484  6A 


An  Approach  to  Solving  A  Basin-Wide  Water 
Resources  Management  Planning  Problem  with 
Multiple  Objectives, 
W83-01574  6A 

OREGON 

Potential    Hydrologic    Effects    of    Developing 
Coal    and     Other    Geoenergy     Resources    in 
Oregon--A  Review, 
W83-01520  4C 

ORGANIC  CARBON 

Organic    Carbon    Transport    in    the    Columbia 

River, 

W83-01596  5B 

ORGANIC  COMPOUNDS 

An  Assessment  of  the  Potential  of  Major  Meio- 
fauna  Groups  for  Monitoring  Organic  Pollution, 
W83-01429  5A 

Chemical  Spill  Cleanup  Named  Project  of  the 

Year. 

W83-01671  5G 

Processes  Affecting  the  Movement  and  Fate  of 
Trace  Organics  in  the  Subsurface  Environment, 
W83-01700  5B 

Concentration,  Fractionation  and  Characteriza- 
tion of  Soluble  Organic  Phosphorus  in   River 
Water  Entering  Lough  Neagh, 
W83-01731  5A 

ORGANIC  MATTER 

The  Loch  Eil  Project:  Biochemical  Composition 
of  the  Polychaete,  Glycera  Alba  (Muller),  from 
Loch  Eil, 
W83-01431  5C 

The    Loch    Eil    Project:    Sediment    Chemistry, 
Sedimentation  and  the  Chemistry  of  the  Overly- 
ing Water  in  Loch  Eil, 
W83-01439  5B 

The  Loch  Eil  Project:  Effect  of  Organic  Matter 
Input  on  Interstitial  Water  Chemistry  of  Loch 
Eil  Sediments, 
W83-01440  5B 

The  Loch  Eil  Project:  The  Bacterial  Flora  and 
Heterotrophic  Nitrogen  Fixation  in  Sediments  of 
Loch  Eil, 
W83-01593  5C 

Bio-Optical  Classification  and  Model  of  Natural 

Waters.  2, 

W83-01594  5A 

ORGANIC  SOLVENTS 

Organic  Solvent  Regeneration  of  Granular  Acti- 
vated Carbon, 
W83-01613  5D 

ORGANOTIN  COMPOUNDS 

Occurrence  of  Organotin  Compounds  in  Ontario 

Lakes  and  Rivers, 

W83-01748  5B 

OUTFALL  SEWERS 

Effect    of    Sewage    Effluent    on    Dragonflies 
(Odonata)  of  Bulimba  Creek.  Brisbane, 
W83-01581  5C 

OVERLAND  FLOW 

A  Modeling  Scheme  for  the  Study  of  Drainage 
Density, 

W83-01741  2E 

OXIDATION 

Biological  Processes  in  the  Treatment  of  Munici- 
pal Water  Supplies, 
W83-01563  5F 

Accompanying  Measures  Providing  A  Perma- 
nent   Restoration    Success    in    Shallow    Lakes 
(Flankierende  Massnahmen  Zur  Sicherung  Des 
Sanierungserfolges  an  Flachen  Gewassern), 
W83-01584  5G 


THM     Precursors    Removal     Surface    Waters 
Using  Ozone  Hydrogen  Peroxide  Oxidations, 
W83-01626  5F 

Oxidation-Stabilization     Keeps     Sludge     Farm 

Healthy. 

W83-0164O  5D 

OXYGEN  ISOTOPES 

An  Evaluation  of  the  Effectiveness  of  Hydrogen 
and  Oxygen  Isotopes  Used  in  Concert  With 
Chemical  Water-Quality  Parameters  as  Indica- 
tors of  Subsurface  Water  Movement  and  Source, 
W83-01633  5B 

OXYGEN  TRANSFER 

Oxygen   Transfer   Calculations   for   a  Tractor- 
Powered  Paddlewheel  Aerator, 
W83-01619  5G 

OYSTERS 

The  American  Oyster  as  a  Coastal  Zone  Pollu- 
tion Monitor:  A  Pilot  Study, 
W83-01444  5A 

OZONATION 

Toxic  Compounds  Formed  by  the  Chlorination 

of  Arizona  Surface  Waters, 

W83-OI531  5F 

OZONE 

Use  of  Ozone  in  a  Water  Reuse  System   for 

Salmonids, 

W83-01423  5D 

THM     Precursors    Removal     Surface    Waters 
Using  Ozone  Hydrogen  Peroxide  Oxidations, 
W83-01626  5F 

PACIFIC  NORTHWEST 

Prediction    of   Annual    Floods    Generated    by 

Mixed  Processes, 

W83-01493  2E 


PALEOHYDROLOGY 

Paleohydrology  of  Southwestern  Texas, 

W83-01727 


2E 


PARTICLE  SIZE 

Hydraulic    Conductivity    of   Saturated    Porous 
Media  in  Relation  to  Their  Geometrical  Charac- 
teristics, 
W83-01694  2G 

PARTICULATE  MATTER 

Organic    Carbon    Transport    in    the    Columbia 

River, 

W83-01596  5B 

PATH  OF  POLLUTANTS 

Pollution  by  Arsenic  in  Gold-Mining  District  in 

Nova  Scotia, 

W83-01417  5C 

PATHOGENIC  BACTERIA 

Pathogen    Removal    from   Wastewater   During 

Groundwater  Recharge, 

W83-O1701  5D 

PATHOGENS 

Pathogen    Removal    from   Wastewater   During 

Groundwater  Recharge, 

W83-01701  5D 

PEACH  ORCHARDS 

Management  of  Trickle  Irrigated  Orchards  for 

Increased  Water-Use  Efficiency, 

W83-01576  3F 

Management  of  Trickle  Irrigated  Orchards  for 
Increased  Water-Use  Efficiency,  Vol.   1:  Plant 
Responses  of  Drip  Irrigated  Trees  to  Climate 
and  Water  Stress, 
W83-01577  21 

PENNSYLVANIA 

Quality  of  Watershed  Data  From  the  Northeast 

Watershed  Research  Center. 

W83-01452  7B 


SU-18 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


POLLUTANT  IDENTIFICATION 


Sorption   and   Mineral   Equilibria  Controls  on 
Moisture  Chemistry  in  a  C-Horizon  Soil, 
W83-01495  2K 

Oxidation-Stabilization     Keeps     Sludge     Farm 

Healthy. 

W83-01640  5D 

PERCH 

Impact  of  a  Once-Through  Cooling  System  on 
the  Yellow  Perch  Stock  in  the  Western  Basin  of 
Lake  Erie, 
W83-01416  81 

Growth  and  Survival  of  Channel  Catfish  and 

Yellow  Perch  Exposed  to  Lowered  Constant 

and   Diurnally   Fluctuating   Dissolved   Oxygen 

Concentrations, 

W83-01534  5C 

The  Ecological  Effects  of  Log  Salvaging  from 

Reservoirs, 

W83-01575  6G 

PERMEABILITY 

The  Performance  of  Impermeable  and  Perme- 
able  Reinforcement   in    Clay   Subject   to   Un- 
drained  Loading, 
W83-0150O  8D 

The  Permeability  of  a  Melting  Snow  Cover, 
W83-01715  2C 

PERMEABILITY  COEFFICIENT 

Hydraulic   Conductivity   of  Saturated    Porous 
Media  in  Relation  to  Their  Geometrical  Charac- 
teristics, 
W83-01694  2G 

Penetration  Coefficient  in  Porous  Media, 
W83-01695  2G 

PESTICIDE  RESIDUES 

Atrazine  Degradation,  Sorption,  and  Bioconcen- 

tration  in  Water  Systems, 

W83-01607  5B 

PESTICIDES 

Saturator  System  for  Generating  Toxic  Water 

Solutions  for  Aquatic  Bioassays, 

W83-01445  5A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Pesticide   Runoff  Data 
From  the  Soil  and  Water  Management  Research 
Unit,  Riverside,  CA, 
W83-01469  7B 

PETROLOGY 

Sedimentation  in  an  Arid-Zone  Anastomosing 
Fluvial  System:  Cooper's  Creek,  Central  Austra- 
lia, 
W83-01488  2J 

PHENOLS 

Toxic  Compounds  Formed  by  the  Chlorination 

of  Arizona  Surface  Waters, 

W83-01531  5F 

Analytical  Methods  for  Hazardous  Organics  in 
Liquid  Wastes  From  Coal  Gasification  and  Liq- 
uefaction Processes, 
W83-01565  5A 

PHOSPHORUS 

Effect  of  Brown  Bullheads  on  Release  of  Phos- 
phorus in  Sediment  and  Water  Systems, 
W83-01446  5B 

Phosphorus  Loading  to  a  Mountain  Reservoir  in 

Southern  California, 

W83-01504  5B 

Relationships  Between  Phytoplankton  Growth 

Rates  and  Nutrient  Dynamics  in  Lake  Norman, 

N.C., 

W83-01526  5C 


An  Empirical  Analysis  of  Phosphorus,  Nitrogen, 
and  Turbidity  Effects  on  Reservoir  Chlorophyll- 
A  Levels, 
W83-01551  5C 

The  Application  of  Phosphorus  Load-Trophic 
Response  Relationships  to  Reservoirs, 
W83-01552  2H 

Use  of  Phosphorus  Budget  Models  in  Reservoir 

Management, 

W83-01553  5G 

Applicability  of  Phosphorus  Input-Output 
Models  for  Impoundments  with  High  Trophic 
and  Hydraulic  Loading  (Zur  Frage  Kritischer 
Nahrstoffbelastung  Gestauter  Fliessgewasser. 
Grenzen  Der  Ubertragbarkeit  Der  Fur  Seen  und 
Talsperren  Konzipierten  Modelle), 
W83-01583  5C 

Influence  of  Added  Nutrient  on  the  Seasonal 
Variation  of  Algal  Growth  Potential  of  Mt  Bold 
Reservoir,  South  Australia, 
W83-01590  5C 

Concentration,  Fractionation  and  Characteriza- 
tion of  Soluble  Organic  Phosphorus  in  River 
Water  Entering  Lough  Neagh, 
W83-01731  5A 

PHOSPHORUS  REMOVAL 

Measures  to  Control   Eutrophication  in  Swiss 
Midland     Lakes     (Eutrophierungskontrollmass- 
nahmen  an  Schweizer  Mittellandseen), 
W83-01585  5G 

A  Combined  Procedure  of  Phosphate  Elimina- 
tion and  the  Efficiency  of  Additives:  Plants  in 
Berlin  (Verfahrenskombination  Zur  Phosphateli- 
mination  an  Den  Berliner  Seen  Und  Die  Effi- 
zienz  Von  Zusatzstoffen), 
W83-01600  5F 

Increasing  the  Degree  of  Efficacy  of 
Wastewater  Treatment  (Uber  Die  Erhohung 
Des  Wirkungsgrades  Der  Abwasserreinigung), 
W83-01750  5D 

PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES 

Atom   Pair   Distribution   Functions   of  Liquid 
Water  at  25C  from  Neutron  Diffraction, 
W83-01483  1A 

Chemical  and  Physical  Characteristics  of  Water 

in  Estuaries  of  Texas,  October  1976-September 

1978, 

W83-01514  7C 

PHYTOPLANKTON 

An  Investigation  of  the  Dissolved  Free  Amino 

Acids  and  Their  Relation  to  Phytoplankton  Cell 

Density   in    the    Damariscotta    River   Estuary, 

Maine, 

W83-01426  2L 

The  Loch  Eil  Project:  Chlorophyll  a  and  Nutri- 
ents in  the  Water  Column  of  Loch  Eil, 
W83-01442  2L 

Relationships  Between  Phytoplankton  Growth 

Rates  and  Nutrient  Dynamics  in  Lake  Norman, 

N.C., 

W83-01526  5C 

PILOT  PLANTS 

Upgrading  a  Large  Treatment  Plant-Problems 

and  Solutions, 

W83-01638  5D 

PINE  TREES 

Environmental    and    Physiological    Control   of 
Water  Flux  Through  Pinus-Contorta, 
W83-01537  21 


PIPE  FLOW 

Self-Aerated    Flow   in    Steep,    Partially    Filled 

Pipes, 

W83-01547  8B 

PIPELINES 

Analog  Model  and  Evaluation  of  the  Fountain 
Valley  Rate-Of-Flow  Control  Station, 
W83-01448  8C 

PLANNING 

A  Soil  Conservator  at  Work, 

W83-01685  4D 

PLANT  GROWTH 

Effect  of  Added  Water  and  Acidity  of  Simulated 
Rain  on  Growth  of  Field-Grown  Radish, 
W83-01427  5C 

Response  of  Four   Grain   Legumes   to   Water 
Stress  in  South-Eastern  Queensland.   II.   Plant 
Growth  and  Soil  Water  Extraction  Patterns, 
W83-01690  21 

Response   of  Four  Grain   Legumes   to   Water 
Stress  in  South-Eastern  Queensland.   III.   Dry 
Matter  Production,  Yield  and  Water  Use  Effi- 
ciency, 
W83-01692  3F 

PLANTING  MANAGEMENT 

A  Procedure  for  Minimizing  Required  Tubewell 

Capacity  in  Irrigated  Rice, 

W83-01676  3F 

PLUTONIUM 

Plutonium  and  Americium  Export  to  the  North- 
East  Pacific  Ocean  by  Columbia  River  Runoff, 
W83-01597  5B 

POLAND 

The   Enrichment   of  a   Mesotrophic   Lake   by 

Carbon,    Phosphorus   and    Nitrogen    from   the 

Cage   Aquaculture  of  Rainbow  Trout,   Salmo 

Gairdneri, 

W83-01434  5C 

POLDERS 

Approximate  Solution  of  the  Problem  of  the 

Shape    of   the    Interface    in    a    Semi-Confined 

Aquifer, 

W83-01491  2F 

Analytical  Formulae  for  the  Shape  of  the  Inter- 
face in  a  Semiconfined  Aquifer, 
W83-01492  2F 

POLIOVIRUS 

The  Mechanisms  of  Poliovirus  Inactivation  by 
Chlorine  Dioxide  and  Iodine  and  the  Effects  of 
Cations  on  Halogen  Inactivation, 
W83-01602  5F 

POLLUTANT  IDENTIFICATION 

Spurious  Adsorption  Effects  in  Headspace-Gas 
Determination  of  Hydrocarbons  in  Water, 
W83-01411  5A 

Central  System  for  Monitoring  the  Quality  of 

Water  From  Many  Sources, 

W83-01424  5A 

Proceedings:    Second    Symposium  on    Process 

Measurements  for  Environmental  Assessment, 
February  25-27,  1980, 

W83-01557  5A 

Determination  of  Nitroaromatic  Compounds  and 

Isophorone      in      Industrial      and      Municipal 

Wastewaters, 

W83-01564  5A 

Analytical  Methods  for  Hazardous  Organics  in 
Liquid  Wastes  From  Coal  Gasification  and  Liq- 
uefaction Processes, 
W83-01565  5A 


SU-19 


POLLUTANT  IDENTIFICATION 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


Determination  of  Pesticides  and  PCBS  in  Indus- 
trial and  Municipal  Wastewaters, 
W83-01566  5A 

Determination  of  TCDD  in  Industrial  and  Mu- 
nicipal Wastewaters, 
W83-01567  5A 

Determination  of  Nitrosamines  in  Industrial  and 

Municipal  Wastewaters, 

W83-01568  5  A 

Preconcentration  of  Copper,  Cadmium,  Mer- 
cury and  Lead  From  Sea  and  Tap  Water  Sam- 
ples on  a  Dithiocarbamatecellulose  Derivative, 
W83-01641  5A 

Theoretical  Aspects  of  the  Direct  Titration  of 
Natural  Waters  and  Its  Information  Yield  for 
Trace  Metal  Speciation, 
W83-01642  5A 

Chlorophyll-A  Raw  Water  Quality  Parameter, 
W83-01657  5A 

Concentration,  Fractionation  and  Characteriza- 
tion of  Soluble  Organic  Phosphorus  in  River 
Water  Entering  Lough  Neagh, 
W83-01731  5A 

POLLUTANTS 

Fate  of  Inorganic  Micro-Contaminants  During 

Groundwater  Recharge, 

W83-01702  5B 

Field  Study  of  Organic  Water  Quality  Changes 

During  Groundwater  Recharge  In  the  Palo  Alto 

Baylands, 

W83-01708  5G 

POLYCHLORINATED  BIPHENYLS 

Mutation  in  Ferns  Growing  in  an  Environment 
Contaminated  With  Polychlorinated  Biphenyls, 
W83-01529  5C 

Determination  of  Pesticides  and  PCBS  in  Indus- 
trial and  Municipal  Wastewaters, 
W83-01566  5A 

Nonpoint  Source  Pollution  From  PCBS:  Bioa- 
vailability   and    Inactivation    With    Activated 
Carbon, 
W83-01621  5B 

Absorption   and   Translocation    of  Polychlori- 
nated Biphenyls  (PCBS)  by  Weeds. 
W83-01622  5E 

POLYCYCLIC  AROMATIC  HYDROCARBONS 

Polycyclic    Aromatic    Hydrocarbons    in    Sedi- 
ments, Pore  Water  and  the  Amphipod  Pontopor- 
eia  Hoyi  From  Lake  Michigan, 
W83-01742  5B 

PONDING 

An  Approximate  Integral  Solution  of  Vertical 
Infiltration  Under  Changing  Boundary  Condi- 
tions, 
W83-01714  2G 

POPULATION  DENSITY 

Effect    of    Sewage    Effluent    on    Dragonflies 
(Odonata)  of  Bulimba  Creek,  Brisbane, 
W83-01581  5C 

POPULATION  DYNAMICS 

Zooplankton  Population  Dynamics  During  and 
After  Impoundment  in  a  Small  Reservoir  (James 
Bay,  Quebec), 
W83-01543  2H 

Fouling  Community  Dynamics  in   Lynnhaven 

Bay,  Virginia, 

W83-01578  2L 


PORE  WATER 

Pore  Velocity  Estimation  Uncertainties, 
W83-01736 


2G 


POROUS  MEDIA 

Hydraulic   Conductivity    of   Saturated    Porous 
Media  in  Relation  to  Their  Geometrical  Charac- 
teristics, 
W83-01694  2G 

Penetration  Coefficient  in  Porous  Media, 
W83-01695  2G 

POTENTIAL  WATER  SUPPLY 

Characterization  of  Aquifers  Designated  as  Po- 
tential Drinking  Water  Sources  in  Mississippi, 
W83-01403  4B 

POTENTIOMETRIC  LEVEL 

Simulated  Effects  of  Ground-Water  Develop- 
ment on  the  Potentiometric  Surface  of  the  Flori- 
dan  Aquifer,  West-Central  Florida, 
W83-014O1  6A 

POWERPLANTS 

Impact  of  a  Once-Through  Cooling  System  on 
the  Yellow  Perch  Stock  in  the  Western  Basin  of 
Lake  Erie, 
W83-01416  81 

PRECIPITATION 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
from   the    Northwest    Land    Management    and 
Conservation  Research  Center, 
W83-01449  7A 

Sleepers  River  Research  Watershed,  Danville, 

Vermont, 

W83-01450  7A 

Grassland,  Soil  and  Water  Research  Laboratory, 

Temple,  Texas, 

W83-01451  ?B 

Quality  of  Watershed  Data  From  the  Northeast 

Watershed  Research  Center, 

W83-01452  7B 

Report  on  Quality  of  Precipitation,  Runoff  and 
Erosion  Plot  Data  From  the  Columbia  Plateau 
Conservation  Research  Center, 
W83-01453  ?A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  Data  From  the 
Water     Conservation     Structures     Laboratory, 
Stillwater,  Oklahoma, 
W83-01455  7A 

Acquisition    and    Quality    of   Watershed    Data 
From  the  Southern  Plains  Watershed  and  Water 
Quality  Laboratory, 
W83-01456  ?A 

Quality  of  Watershed  Data  at  the  North  Appala- 
chian   Experimental    Watershed,    Conshocton, 
Ohio, 
W83-01457  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Data  From  the  Dee  Creek 

Watershed,  Lincoln,  Nebraska, 

W83-01458  ?B 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  Data,  USDA 

Sedimentation  Laboratory, 

W83-01459  7A 

North  Central  Watershed  Research  Unit,  Co- 
lumbia, Missouri, 
W83-O1460  ?B 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  North  Central  Soil  Conservation  Re- 
search Laboratory, 
W83-01461  7B 

Quality  of  Watershed  Related  Data  Collected  at 
the  Snake  River  Conservation  Research  Center, 
W83-01463  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From     the     Northwest     Watershed     Research 
Center,  Boise,  Idaho, 
W83-01464  7A 


Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  Data  From  the 

Hawaii  Small  Watershed  Project, 

W83-01465  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Plot  and  Small  Watershed 
Hydrologic  Data  From  the  Southern  Piedmont 
Conservation  Research  Center, 
W83-01466  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  Southeast  Watershed  Research  Labo- 
ratory. 
W83-01467  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  Agricultural/Surface-Mined  Hydrol- 
ogy Research  Group,  Fort  Collins,  Colorado, 
W83-01468  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  Southwest  Rangeland  Watershed  Re- 
search Center, 
W83-01470  7A 

Prediction  of  Irrigation  Water  Demands  in  the 

Southeastern  United  States, 

W83-01608  6D 

State  of  Montana  Activities  in  the  High  Plains 

Cooperative  Program:  1975-1980, 

W83-01636  3B 

A    Simplified    Gamma    Probability    Model    for 
Analysis  of  the  Frequency  Distribution  of  Rain- 
fall in  the  Region  of  Campinas,  SP,  Brazil, 
W83-01677  2B 

The  Mediterranean  Heat  Storage  and  Israeli  Pre- 
cipitation, 
W83-01712  2B 

PRECONCENTRATION 

Preconcentration  of  Copper,  Cadmium,  Mer- 
cury and  Lead  From  Sea  and  Tap  Water  Sam- 
ples on  a  Dithiocarbamatecellulose  Derivative, 
W83-01641  5A 

PREDICTION 

Prediction  of  Mean  Annual  Flows  in  the  Fraser 
River  Catchment,  British  Columbia, 
W83-01479  2E 

Prediction  of  Irrigation  Water  Demands  in  the 

Southeastern  United  States, 

W83-01608  6D 

Development  of  Technical  Site  Selection  Crite- 
ria For  Artificial  Recharge, 
W83-01707  4B 

PRESSURE  HEAD 

Transient   Conditions   in   the   Transition   From 
Gravity  to  Surcharged  Sewer  Flow, 
W83-01541  8B 

PRETREATMENT  OF  WATER 

Appropriate  Technology  to  Improve  Drinking 

Water  Quality  in  Mosul,  Iraq, 

W83-01646  5F 

Simple  Water  Treatment  Processes  (With  Spe- 
cial Reference  to  Filtration  and  Disinfection), 
W83-01649  5F 

PRICE  RIVER  BASIN 

Salt  Loading  from  Efflorescence  and  Suspended 

Sediments  in  the  Price  River  Basin, 

W83-01617  5B 

PROGRAMMING 

Unit  Hydrographs  Via  Nonlinear  Programing, 
W83-01719  2A 

Reliability    Programing    in    Reservoir   Manage- 
ment. 3.  System  of  Multipurpose  Reservoirs, 
W83-01735  *A 


SU-20 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


RESERVOIRS 


PROJECT  PLANNING 

Water  Resources  Management  Scheme  in  the 
South  Cotentin  (Un  Schema  D'Amenagement 
Des  Ressources  En  Eau  Le  Sud  De  La  Pres- 
qu'Ile  Du  Contentin), 
W83-01648  6B 

PROTOZOANS 

Bioassay  of  the  Toxicity  of  Natural  and  Effluent 
Waters  Using  Cultures  of  Protozoa, 
W83-01443  5A 

PUBLIC  HEALTH 

The  Influence  of  Modern  Water  Supply  and 
Wastewater  Treatment  Systems  on  Water  Qual- 
ity in  Micronesia, 
W83-01631  5F 

PUBLIC  OPINION 

A  Paper  Tiger:  The  Safe  Drinking  Water  Act, 
W83-01653  6E 

PUBLIC  PARTICIPATION 

State  of  Montana  Activities  in  the  High  Plains 

Cooperative  Program:  1975-1980, 

W83-01636  3B 

PUBLIC  RELATIONS 

Information  dissemination  Techniques:  Current 

Practices  of  Water  Institutes, 

W83-01616  10D 

PUERTO  RICO 

A  Modeling  Scheme  for  the  Study  of  Drainage 

Density, 

W83-01741  2E 

PULP  AND  PAPER  INDUSTRY 

The  Loch  Eil  Project:  Biochemical  Composition 
of  the  Polychaete,  Glycera  Alba  (Muller),  from 
Loch  Eil, 
W83-01431  5C 

The   Loch   Eil    Project:    Sediment   Chemistry, 
Sedimentation  and  the  Chemistry  of  the  Overly- 
ing Water  in  Loch  Eil, 
W83-01439  5B 

The  Loch  Eil  Project:  Effect  of  Organic  Matter 
Input  on  Interstitial  Water  Chemistry  of  Loch 
Eil  Sediments, 
W83-0144O  5B 

The  Loch  Eil  Project:  The  Bacterial  Flora  and 
Heterotrophic  Nitrogen  Fixation  in  Sediments  of 
Loch  Eil, 
W83-01593  5C 

PUMPING  PLANTS 

Analog  Model  and  Evaluation  of  the  Fountain 
Valley  Rate-Of-Flow  Control  Station, 
W83-01448  8C 

PUMPING  RATE 

Aspects  of  Aquifer  Test  Error  Analysis, 
W83-01624  2F 

PURIFICATION 

Biomass  of  Heterotrophic  and  Autotrophic  Or- 
ganisms as  a  Function  of  Mode  of  Discharge 
(Surface  or  Submerged)  of  Sewage  in  the  Black 
Sea, 
W83-01414  5C 

RADIOACTIVE  WASTES 

A  Eulerian-Lagrangian  Numerical  Scheme  for 
the  Dispersion-Convection  Equation  Using  Con- 
jugate Space-Time  Grids, 
W83-01618  5B 

Tracer  Movement  in  a  Single  Fissure  in  Granitic 

Rock:   Some   Experimental   Results  and   Their 

Interpretation, 

W83-01725  5B 


RADIOACTIVITY 

The  Role  of  Aquatic  Weeds  in  Maintaining  Sur- 
face Water  Quality, 
W83-01601  5G 

RADISHES 

Effect  of  Added  Water  and  Acidity  of  Simulated 
Rain  on  Growth  of  Field-Grown  Radish, 
W83-01427  5C 

RAIN 

A   New  Cryoscopic   Method  for  Determining 
Raindrop  Size  Without  a  Calibration  Curve, 
W83-01678  2B 

RAINFALL 

Water-Conserving  Wheat  Irrigation  Schedules 

Based  on  Climatic  Records, 

W83-01675  3F 


Wet  and  Dry  Years, 
W83-01686 


2B 


Unit  Hydrographs  Via  Nonlinear  Programing, 
W83-01719  2A 

RAINFALL  INTENSITY 

An  Assessment  of  the  Performance  of  Federally 

Regulated  Sedimentation  Ponds, 

W83-01610  5G 

RAINFALL-RUNOFF  RELATIONSHIPS 

Hydrologic  Data  for  Urban  Studies  in  the  San 
Antonio,  Texas  Metropolitan  Area,  1979-80, 
W83-01402  7C 

The  Loch  Eil  Project:  Simulation  of  the  Hydrol- 
ogy and  Sediment  Inputs  to  Loch  Eil, 
W83-01441  2A 

Isolating   the   Random   Rainstorm   Component 

from  Basin  Response  Factors  in  Rainfall-Runoff 

Data, 

W83-01480  2A 


Urban  Rainfall-Runoff-Quality  Data  Base, 
W83-01569 


7C 


Developing  A  New  Deconvolution  Technique 
to  Model  Rainfall-Runoff  in  Arid  Environments, 
W83-01627  7C 

Role  of  Infiltration  in  Storm  Water  Manage- 
ment, 
W83-01634  2A 

RANGELAND 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  Southwest  Rangeland  Watershed  Re- 
search Center, 
W83-01470  7A 

RANGELANDS 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From     the     Northwest     Watershed     Research 
Center,  Boise,  Idaho, 
W83-01464  7A 

RAPID  INFILTRATION 

Infiltration    Land    Treatment    of    Stabilization 

Pond  Effluent, 

W83-01570  5D 

RECLAIMED  WATER 

Groundwater  Recharge  -  Case  Studies;  Cedar 
Creek   Wastewater   Reclamation   and   Ground- 
water Recharge  Facility,  Nassau  County,  New 
York, 
W83-01703  4B 


Reliability  of  Water  Factory  21, 
W83-01704 


Groundwater  Recharge  Operations  in  Califor- 
nia, 
W83-01706  4B 

REGENERATION 

Organic  Solvent  Regeneration  of  Granular  Acti- 
vated Carbon, 
W83-01613  5D 

REGRESSION  ANALYSIS 

Low-Flow   Characteristics   of  Streams   in   the 
Central  Wisconsin  River  Basin,  Wisconsin, 
W83-01406  2E 


Beware  of  Spurious  Self-Correlations, 
W83-01713 


7C 


5D 


Selecting  Treatment  Processes  to  Meet  Water 

Reuse  Requirements, 

W83-01705  4B 


An  Analysis  of  Input  Errors  in  Precipitation- 
Runoff  Models  Using  Regression  With  Errors  in 
the  Independent  Variables, 
W83-01723  2A 

REGULATIONS 

An  Investigation  of  Foreign  By-Pr  oduct  Coke 
Plant  and   Blast  Furnace  Wastewater  Control 
Technology  and  Regulation, 
W83-01559  5D 

A  Paper  Tiger:  The  Safe  Drinking  Water  Act, 
W83-01653  6E 

Hazardous  Waste  Landfills:  Some  Lessons  From 

New  Jersey, 

W83-01670  5E 

RELIABILITY 

Reliability   Programing   in   Reservoir   Manage- 
ment. 3.  System  of  Multipurpose  Reservoirs, 
W83-01735  4A 

REMOTE  SENSING 

An    Inexpensive    Remote   Snow-Depth   Gauge 
Based  on  Ultrasonic  Wave  Reflection  From  the 
Snow  Surface, 
W83-01498  7B 

RESERVOIR  OPERATION 

Use  of  Phosphorus  Budget  Models  in  Reservoir 

Management, 

W83-01553  5G 

A  Stochastic  Dynamic  Programing  Model  for 

the  Operation  of  the  Mediterranean-Dead  Sea 

Project, 

W83-01728  4A 

An  Approach  to  Optimizing  Reservoir  Oper- 
ation for  Downstream  Aquatic  Resources, 
W83-01739  4A 

RESERVOIR  OPERATIONS 

Proceedings  of  the  National  Workshop  on  Res- 
ervoir Systems  Operations. 
W83-01635  6A 

RESERVOIR  SYSTEMS 

Proceedings  of  the  National  Workshop  on  Res- 
ervoir Systems  Operations. 
W83-01635  6A 

RESERVOIRS 

Structure  and  Composition  of  Flooded  Soils  of 

the  Kremenchug  Reservoir, 

W83-01428  2H 

Zooplankton  Communities  of  a  New  Pumped 

Storage  Reservoir, 

W83-01475  2H 

Geometric  Variations  in  Reservoir  Water  Qual- 
ity. 
W83-01481  5G 

Phosphorus  Loading  to  a  Mountain  Reservoir  in 

Southern  California, 

W83-01504  5B 


SU-21 


RESERVOIRS 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


The    Application    of   Predictive    Mathematical 
Models  of  Reservoir  Ecology  and  Water  Qual- 
ity. 
W83-01542  2H 

Zooplankton  Population  Dynamics  During  and 
After  Impoundment  in  a  Small  Reservoir  (James 
Bay,  Quebec), 
W83-01543  2H 

An  Empirical  Analysis  of  Phosphorus,  Nitrogen, 
and  Turbidity  Effects  on  Reservoir  Chlorophyll- 
A  Levels, 
W83-01551  5C 

The  Application  of  Phosphorus  Load-Trophic 
Response  Relationships  to  Reservoirs, 
W83-01552  2H 

Modelling     Nitrate     Concentration     in     Some 

United  Kingdom  Reservoirs, 

W83-01554  5B 

Applicability  of  Phosphorus  Input-Output 
Models  for  Impoundments  with  High  Trophic 
and  Hydraulic  Loading  (Zur  Frage  Kritischer 
Nahrstoffbelastung  Gestauter  Fliessgewasser. 
Grenzen  Der  Ubertragbarkeit  Der  Fur  Seen  und 
Talsperren  Konzipierten  Modelle), 
W83-01583  5C 

Influence  of  Added  Nutrient  on  the  Seasonal 
Variation  of  Algal  Growth  Potential  of  Mt  Bold 
Reservoir,  South  Australia, 
W83-01590  5C 

Thoughts  on  Using  the  Results  of  the  OECD- 
Monitoring  Program  in  Lake  Protection  (Ge- 
danken  Zur  Ubertragung  Der  Ergebnisse  Des 
OECD-Untersuchungs-Programmes  in  Die 
Praxis  Des  Seenschutzes), 
W83-01599  5G 

Some  Effects  of  Langmuir  Circulation  on  the 
Quality  of  Water  Resource  Systems, 
W83-01666  2H 

Reliability   Programing   in   Reservoir   Manage- 
ment. 3.  System  of  Multipurpose  Reservoirs, 
W83-01735  4A 

RESISTANCE 

Resistance  Coefficients  From  Velocity  Profiles 

in  Ice-Covered  Shallow  Streams, 

W83-01540  2C 

RESOURCES  DEVELOPMENT 

A  Chance-Constrained  Programming  Model  of 

Water  Allocations  in  Utah, 

W83-01615  6D 

REVEGETATION 

Simulation  of  the  Revegetation  Potential  of  Coal 

Mines  in  Semi-Arid  Climates, 

W83-01611  21 

REVERSE  OSMOSIS 

Lower   Net   Pressure   Reverse  Osmosis   Mem- 
branes and  Systems-Cost  and  Performance  Ad- 
vantages and  Limitations, 
W83-01612  3A 

How  to  Solve  Solid  Waste  and  Drinking  Water 

Problems  Simultaneously, 

W83-01667  3A 

REVIEWS 

Health  Effects  of  Drinking  Water  Disinfectants 

and  Disinfectant  By-Products, 

W83-01740  5C 

REYNOLDS  NUMBER 

Vertical    Turbulent    Diffusion    in    Air-Driven 

Water  Flows, 

W83-01532  8B 


RHODE  ISLAND 

The    Three-Trophic    Level    Estuarine    Model: 
Synergism  of  Two  Mechanistic  Simulations, 
W83-01662  2L 

RICE 

A  Procedure  for  Minimizing  Required  Tubewell 

Capacity  in  Irrigated  Rice, 

W83-01676  3F 

A  Field  Study  on  Leaf  Water  Potential,  Tran- 
spiration and  Plant  Resistance  to  Water  Flow  in 
Rice, 
W83-01689  2D 

A  Volumetric  Lysimeter  System  for  Use  with 
Puddled  Rice  and  Its  Rotational  Crops, 
W83-01698  7B 

RICHARDS  EQUATION 

An  Approximate  Integral  Solution  of  Vertical 
Infiltration  Under  Changing  Boundary  Condi- 
tions, 
W83-01714  2G 

RD7ARIAN  ECOSYSTEMS 

Altered  Hydrology  of  the  Missouri  River  and  Its 
Effects  on  Floodplain  Forest  Ecosystems, 
W83-01603  6G 

RIPARIAN  RIGHTS 

Vermont  Water  Law  -  A  Survey  and  Primer, 
W83-01628  6E 

RIPPLES 

Stability  of  Bedforms  in  a  Tidal  Environment, 
W83-01430  2J 

RISKS 

An  Approach  to  Risk  and  Uncertainty  in  Bene- 
fit-Cost Analysis  of  Water  Resources  Projects, 
W83-0174S     '  6B 

RIVER  BASINS 

Spatial  and  Temporal  Variability  in  Suspended 

Sediment  Yields  of  North  Island  Basins,  New 

Zealand, 

W83-01477  2J 

Drainage  Areas  of  New  York  Streams,  by  River 
Basins-A  Stream  Gazetteer:  Part  I-Data  Com- 
piled as  of  October  1980, 
W83-01519  7C 

A  Modeling  Scheme  for  the  Study  of  Drainage 

Density, 

W83-01741  2E 


Co-Operation  Cleans  Up  the  Manawatu, 
W83-01687 


5G 


RIVER  BEDS 

Stability  of  Armour  Layers  in  Rivers, 
W83-01548 


2J 


RIVER  FLOW 

Optimal  Choice  of  Type  and  Order  of  River 

Flow  Time  Series  Models, 

W83-01724  2E 

RIVERS 

Draft   Staff  Report   for   Fact-Finding   Hearing 
Zayante  Creek/Lower  San  Lorenzo  River  and 
the  Upper  San  Lorenzo  River  Instream  Benefi- 
cial Use  Protection  Program. 
W83-01527  6A 

Shropshire  Groundwater  Scheme  Begins, 
W83-01530  4B 

Applicability  of  Phosphorus  Input-Output 
Models  for  Impoundments  with  High  Trophic 
and  Hydraulic  Loading  (Zur  Frage  Kritischer 
Nahrstoffbelastung  Gestauter  Fliessgewasser. 
Grenzen  Der  Ubertragbarkeit  Der  Fur  Seen  und 
Talsperren  Konzipierten  Modelle), 
W83-01583  5C 

Organic    Carbon    Transport    in    the    Columbia 

River, 

W83-01596  5B 


ROAD  CONSTRUCTION 

Some  Hydrotechnical  Problems  Related  to  the 
Construction  of  a  Causeway  in  the  Estuary  of 
the  Petitcodiac  River,  New  Brunswick, 
W83-01539  4C 

RUNOFF 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
from    the   Northwest    Land    Management    and 
Conservation  Research  Center, 
W83-01449  7A 

Sleepers  River  Research  Watershed,  Danville, 

Vermont, 

W83-O1450  7A 

Grassland,  Soil  and  Water  Research  Laboratory, 

Temple,  Texas, 

W83-01451  7B 

Quality  of  Watershed  Data  From  the  Northeast 

Watershed  Research  Center, 

W83-01452  7B 

Report  on  Quality  of  Precipitation,  Runoff  and 
Erosion  Plot  Data  From  the  Columbia  Plateau 
Conservation  Research  Center, 
W83-01453  7A 

Discharge  Ratings  of  a  Santa  Rita  Flume,  Water 

Conservation  Structures  Laboratory,  Stillwater, 

Oklahoma, 

W83-01454  7B 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  Data  From  the 
Water    Conservation     Structures     Laboratory, 
Stillwater,  Oklahoma, 
W83-01455  7A 

Acquisition    and    Quality    of   Watershed    Data 
From  the  Southern  Plains  Watershed  and  Water 
Quality  Laboratory, 
W83-01456  7A 

Quality  of  Watershed  Data  at  the  North  Appala- 
chian   Experimental    Watershed,    Conshocton, 
Ohio, 
W83-01457  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Data  From  the  Dee  Creek 

Watershed,  Lincoln,  Nebraska, 

W83-01458  7B 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  Data,  USDA 

Sedimentation  Laboratory, 

W83-01459  7A 

North  Central  Watershed  Research  Unit,  Co- 
lumbia, Missouri, 
W83-01460  7B 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  North  Central  Soil  Conservation  Re- 
search Laboratory, 
W83-01461  7B 

Quality  of  Watershed  Related  Data  Collected  at 
the  Snake  River  Conservation  Research  Center, 
W83-01463  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From     the     Northwest     Watershed     Research 
Center,  Boise,  Idaho, 
W83-01464  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  Data  From  the 

Hawaii  Small  Watershed  Project, 

W83-01465  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Plot  and  Small  Watershed 
Hydrologic  Data  From  the  Southern  Piedmont 
Conservation  Research  Center. 
W83-01466  7A 


SU  22 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


SEDIMENTATION  BASINS 


Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  Agricultural/Surface-Mined  Hydrol- 
ogy Research  Group,  Fort  Collins,  Colorado, 
W83-01468  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  Southwest  Rangeland  Watershed  Re- 
search Center, 
W83-01470  7A 

Influence  of  Forest  and  Rangeland  Management 
on  Anadromous  Fish  Habitat  in  Western  North 
America;  3.  Timber  Harvest, 
W83-01572  4C 


RURAL  AREAS 

Malaysia  Malaisie. 
W83-01647 


3B 


Rural  Water  Supply  and  Sanitation  in  Sri  Lanka, 
W83-01659  6D 

Comparative  Study  on  Organic  Constituents  in 
Polluted  and  Unpolluted  Inland  Aquatic  Envi- 
ronments-IV.  Indicators  of  Hydrocarbon  Pollu- 
tion for  Waters, 
W83-01710  5B 

SACRAMENTO  RIVER 

Development  of  Curves  that  Represent  Trends 
in  Selected  Hydraulic  Variables  for  the  Sacra- 
mento River  at  Butte  City,  California, 
W83-01404  2E 

SAFE  DRINKING  WATER  ACT 

A  Paper  Tiger:  The  Safe  Drinking  Water  Act, 
W83-01653  6E 

SALINE-FRESHWATER  INTERFACES 

Approximate  Solution  of  the  Problem  of  the 

Shape    of   the    Interface    in    a    Semi-Confined 

Aquifer, 

W83-01491  2F 

Analytical  Formulae  for  the  Shape  of  the  Inter- 
face in  a  Semiconfined  Aquifer, 
W83-01492  2F 

Finite  Element  Simulation  of  a  Saltwater/Fresh- 
water Interface  With  Indirect  Toe  Tracking, 
W83-01717  2F 

SALINE  WATER  INTRUSION 

Ground-Water    Monitoring    at    Santa    Barbara, 
California,    Phase    2-Effects    of   Pumping    on 
Water  Levels  and  Water  Quality  in  the  Santa 
Barbara  Ground-Water  Basin, 
W83-01513  4B 

Finite  Element  Simulation  of  a  Saltwater/Fresh- 
water Interface  With  Indirect  Toe  Tracking, 
W83-01717  2F 

SALT  EFFLORESCENCE 

Salt  Loading  from  Efflorescence  and  Suspended 

Sediments  in  the  Price  River  Basin, 

W83-01617  5B 

SALT  LOADING 

Salt  Loading  from  Efflorescence  and  Suspended 

Sediments  in  the  Price  River  Basin, 

W83-01617  5B 

SAMPLING 

Central  System  for  Monitoring  the  Quality  of 

Water  From  Many  Sources, 

W83-01424  5A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  Southwest  Rangeland  Watershed  Re- 
search Center, 
W83-01470  7A 

Detritus  Abundance  and   Benthic   Invertebrate 
Catch    in    Artificial    Substrate    Samples    From 
Mountain  Streams, 
W83-01503  7B 


Proceedings:    Second    Symposium  on    Process 

Measurements  for  Environmental  Assessment, 
February  25-27,  1980, 

W83-01557  5A 

SAN  ANTONIO 

Hydrologic  Data  for  Urban  Studies  in  the  San 
Antonio,  Texas  Metropolitan  Area,  1979-80, 
W83-01402  7C 

SAND 

Flume    Experiments    on    Lower-Flow-Regime 

Bed  Forms  in  Coarse  Sand, 

W83-01489  2J 

SAND  FILTERS 

Appropriate  Technology  to  Improve  Drinking 

Water  Quality  in  Mosul,  Iraq, 

W83-01646  5F 

Simple  Water  Treatment  Processes  (With  Spe- 
cial Reference  to  Filtration  and  Disinfection), 
W83-01649  5F 

SAND  WAVES 

Stability  of  Bedforms  in  a  Tidal  Environment, 
W83-01430  2J 

SANITATION 

Rural  Water  Supply  and  Sanitation  in  Sri  Lanka, 
W83-01659  6D 

SATURATOR  SYSTEMS 

Saturator  System  for  Generating  Toxic  Water 

Solutions  for  Aquatic  Bioassays, 

W83-01445  5A 

SAUDI  ARABIA 

A    Groundwater    Resources    Databank    in   the 

Kingdom  of  Saudi  Arabia, 

W83-01499  7C 

SCHELDT  RIVER 

Conservative  Behaviour  of  Dissolved  Lithium  in 

Estuarine  Waters, 

W83-01598  2L 

SCOTLAND 

An  Assessment  of  the  Potential  of  Major  Meio- 
fauna  Groups  for  Monitoring  Organic  Pollution, 
W83-01429  5A 

The  Loch  Eil  Project:  Biochemical  Composition 
of  the  Polychaete,  Glycera  Alba  (Muller),  from 
Loch  Eil, 
W83-01431  5C 

The    Loch    Eil    Project:    Sediment    Chemistry, 
Sedimentation  and  the  Chemistry  of  the  Overly- 
ing Water  in  Loch  Eil, 
W83-01439  5B 

The  Loch  Eil  Project:  Effect  of  Organic  Matter 
Input  on  Interstitial  Water  Chemistry  of  Loch 
Eil  Sediments, 
W83-01440  5B 

The  Loch  Eil  Project:  Simulation  of  the  Hydrol- 
ogy and  Sediment  Inputs  to  Loch  Eil, 
W83-01441  2A 

The  Loch  Eil  Project:  Chlorophyll  a  and  Nutri- 
ents in  the  Water  Column  of  Loch  Eil, 
W83-01442  2L 

The  Loch  Eil  Project:  The  Bacterial  Flora  and 
Heterotrophic  Nitrogen  Fixation  in  Sediments  of 
Loch  Eil, 
W83-01593  5C 

SEASONAL  DISTRIBUTION 

Effects  of  Climate  on   the  Yield   Response  of 

Two   Fescue   Species  to  Water  and   Nitrogen 

Application, 

W83-01674  3F 


SEASONAL  VARIATION 

Environmental    and    Physiological    Control    of 
Water  Flux  Through  Pinus-Contorta, 
W83-01537  21 

Influence  of  Added  Nutrient  on  the  Seasonal 
Variation  of  Algal  Growth  Potential  of  Mt  Bold 
Reservoir,  South  Australia, 
W83-01590  5C 

Estimation  of  ARMA  Models  with  Seasonal  Pa- 
rameters, 
W83-01716  2E 

SEAWATER 

Biomass  of  Heterotrophic  and  Autotrophic  Or- 
ganisms as  a  Function  of  Mode  of  Discharge 
(Surface  or  Submerged)  of  Sewage  in  the  Black 
Sea, 
W83-01414  5C 

SEDIMENT 

Model   for  Simulating   Runoff  and   Erosion  in 

Ungaged  Watersheds, 

W83-01604  4D 

SEDIMENT  CONTROL 

An  Assessment  of  the  Performance  of  Federally 

Regulated  Sedimentation  Ponds, 

W83-01610  5G 

SEDIMENT  TRANSPORT 

Stability  of  Bedforms  in  a  Tidal  Environment, 
W83-01430  2J 

Stability  of  Armour  Layers  in  Rivers, 
W83-01548  2J 

Resistance  to  Flow  in  Alluvial  Channels, 
W83-01549  2J 

Plutonium  and  Americium  Export  to  the  North- 
East  Pacific  Ocean  by  Columbia  River  Runoff, 
W83-01597  5B 

Bank  Stability  and  Channel  Width  Adjustment, 

East  Fork  River,  Wyoming, 

W83-01729  2J 

SEDIMENT  YIELD 

The  Loch  Eil  Project:  Simulation  of  the  Hydrol- 
ogy and  Sediment  Inputs  to  Loch  Eil, 
W83-01441  2A 

SEDIMENTARY  PETROLOGY 

Flume    Experiments    on    Lower-Flow-Regime 

Bed  Forms  in  Coarse  Sand, 

W83-01489  2J 

SEDIMENTATION 

The    Loch   Eil    Project:    Sediment    Chemistry, 
Sedimentation  and  the  Chemistry  of  the  Overly- 
ing Water  in  Loch  Eil, 
W83-01439  5B 

Sedimentation   in  an  Arid-Zone  Anastomosing 
Fluvial  System:  Cooper's  Creek,  Central  Austra- 
lia, 
W83-01488  2J 

Laboratory  Experiments  as  an  Aid  to  Lake  Res- 
toration Decisionmaking, 
W83-01507  5G 

Appropriate  Technology  to  Improve  Drinking 

Water  Quality  in  Mosul,  Iraq, 

W83-01646  5F 

Some  Effects  of  Langmuir  Circulation  on  the 
Quality  of  Water  Resource  Systems, 
W83-01666  2H 

SEDIMENTATION  BASINS 

An  Assessment  of  the  Performance  of  Federally 

Regulated  Sedimentation  Ponds, 

W83-01610  5G 


SU-23 


SEDIMENTOLOGY 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


SEDIMENTOLOGY 

Paleohydrology  of  Southwestern  Texas, 
W83-01727 


2E 


SEDIMENTS 

Pollution  by  Arsenic  in  Gold-Mining  District  in 

Nova  Scotia, 

W83-01417  5C 

Structure  and  Composition  of  Flooded  Soils  of 

the  Kremenchug  Reservoir, 

W83-01428  2H 

The  Loch  Eil  Project:  Biochemical  Composition 
of  the  Polychaete,  Glycera  Alba  (Muller),  from 
Loch  Eil, 
W83-01431  5C 

The  Loch  Eil  Project:  Effect  of  Organic  Matter 
Input  on  Interstitial  Water  Chemistry  of  Loch 
Eil  Sediments, 
W83-01440  5B 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
from    the    Northwest    Land    Management    and 
Conservation  Research  Center, 
W83-01449  7  A 

Grassland,  Soil  and  Water  Research  Laboratory, 

Temple,  Texas, 

W83-01451  7B 

Report  on  Quality  of  Precipitation,  Runoff  and 
Erosion  Plot  Data  From  the  Columbia  Plateau 
Conservation  Research  Center, 
W83-01453  7A 

Discharge  Ratings  of  a  Santa  Rita  Flume,  Water 

Conservation  Structures  Laboratory,  Stillwater, 

Oklahoma, 

W83-01454  7B 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  Data  From  the 
Water     Conservation     Structures     Laboratory, 
Stillwater,  Oklahoma, 
W83-01455  7A 

Acquisition    and    Quality    of   Watershed    Data 
From  the  Southern  Plains  Watershed  and  Water 
Quality  Laboratory, 
W83-01456  7A 

Quality  of  Watershed  Data  at  the  North  Appala- 
chian Experimental  Watershed,  Conshocton, 
Ohio, 

W83-01457  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Data  From  the  Dee  Creek 

Watershed,  Lincoln,  Nebraska, 

W83-01458  7B 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  Data,  USDA 

Sedimentation  Laboratory, 

W83-01459  7A 

North  Central  Watershed  Research  Unit,  Co- 
lumbia, Missouri, 
W83-01460  7B 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  North  Central  Soil  Conservation  Re- 
search Laboratory, 
W83-01461  7B 

Laboratory  Tests  of  Water  Level  Recorders  and 
Broad-Crested  V-Notch  Weirs  from  the  St.  An- 
thony Falls  Hydraulic  Laboratory,  Minneapolis, 
Minnesota, 
W83-01462  7B 

Quality  of  Watershed  Related  Data  Collected  at 
the  Snake  River  Conservation  Research  Center, 
W83-01463  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  Data  From  the 

Hawaii  Small  Watershed  Project, 

W83-01465  7A 


Report  on  Quality  of  Plot  and  Small  Watershed 
Hydrologic  Data  From  the  Southern  Piedmont 
Conservation  Research  Center, 
W83-01466  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  Southeast  Watershed  Research  Labo- 
ratory. 
W83-01467  7A 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From  the  Agricultural/Surface-Mined  Hydrol- 
ogy Research  Group,  Fort  Collins,  Colorado, 
W83-01468  7A 

Atrazine  Degradation,  Sorption,  and  Bioconcen- 

tration  in  Water  Systems, 

W83-01607  5B 

Asbestos  Analysis  Case  History:  Surface  Water 

Supplies  in  Southern  California, 

W83-01655  5B 

Local  Redistribution  and  Partial  Extraction  of 
Heavy  Metals  in  Bottom  Sediments  of  an  Estu- 
ary, 
W83-01661  5B 

Polycyclic    Aromatic    Hydrocarbons    in    Sedi- 
ments, Pore  Water  and  the  Amphipod  Pontopor- 
eia  Hoyi  From  Lake  Michigan, 
W83-01742  5B 

SEEPAGE  LINES 

Experience  in  the  Operation  of  Hydraulic  Struc- 
tures and  Equipment  of  Hydroelectric  Stations, 
W83-01536  8A 

SEMIARID  CLIMATES.  •PLANT  WATER 
POTENTIAL 

Yield  and  Growth  Responses  of  Kenaf  (Hibiscus 
Cannabinusl)  in  a  Semi-Arid  Tropical  Environ- 
ment to  Irrigation  Regimes  Based  on  Leaf  Water 
Potential, 
W83-01672  3F 

SEMIARID  LANDS 

Simulation  of  the  Revegetation  Potential  of  Coal 

Mines  in  Semi-Arid  Climates, 

W83-01611  21 

SENSITIVITY  ANALYSIS 

Determination  of  Sensitivity  of  Water  Quality 
Parameters  for  Stream  Pollution  Control, 
W83-01413  5G 

SEPARATION  TECHNIQUES 

Concentration,  Fractionation  and  Characteriza- 
tion of  Soluble  Organic  Phosphorus  in  River 
Water  Entering  Lough  Neagh, 
W83-01731  5A 

SEPTIC  SLUDGE 

Legal  Battle  Over  Septage  Disposal, 
W83-01650  5E 

SEPTIC  TANKS 

Effects  of  Septic  Tank  Systems  on  Environmen- 
tal Quality, 
W83-01438  5B 

SESTON 

Adsorption  Characteristics  of  Seston  in  Irriga- 
tion Water:  Implications  for  the  Use  of  Aquatic 
Herbicides, 
W83-01580  5B 

SEWAGE  SYSTEMS 

Rural  Water  Supply  and  Sanitation  in  Sri  Lanka, 
W83-01659  6D 

SEWERS 

Transient   Conditions   in   the  Transition   From 
Gravity  to  Surcharged  Sewer  Flow, 
W83-01541  8B 


SHEAR  STRESS 

Discharge   Assessment   in   Compound   Channel 

Flow, 

W83-01533  8B 

SIMULATION 

Quantitative    Evaluation   of  Factors   Affecting 
Flash  Floods  on  Ephemeral  Watersheds, 
W83-01606  2E 

Prediction  of  Irrigation  Water  Demands  in  the 

Southeastern  United  States, 

W83-01608  6D 

Simulation  of  the  Revegetation  Potential  of  Coal 

Mines  in  Semi-Arid  Climates, 

W83-01611  21 

SITE  SELECTION 

Development  of  Technical  Site  Selection  Crite- 
ria For  Artificial  Recharge, 
W83-01707  4B 

SLUDGE  BANK 

Accompanying  Measures  Providing  A  Perma- 
nent   Restoration    Success    in    Shallow    Lakes 
(Flankierende  Massnahmen  Zur  Sicherung  Des 
Sanierungserfolges  an  Flachen  Gewassern), 
W83-01584  5G 

SLUDGE  COMPOSTING 

Nitrogen     Transformations     During     Aerobic 

Composting  of  Sewage  Sludge, 

W83-01620  5E 

SLUDGE  DIGESTION 

Autoheated,    Aerobic   Thermophilic    Digestion 

With  Air  Aeration, 

W83-01560  5D 

SLUDGE  DISPOSAL 

Nitrogen     Transformations     During     Aerobic 

Composting  of  Sewage  Sludge, 

W83-01620  5E 

Oxidation-Stabilization     Keeps     Sludge     Farm 

Healthy. 

W83-01640  5D 

SLUDGE  DRYING 

Engineering  Assessment  of  Hot-Acid  Treatment 
of  Municipal  Sludge  for  Heavy  Metals  Removal. 
W83-01561  5E 


Nitrogen     Transformations     During 
Composting  of  Sewage  Sludge, 
W83-01620 


Aerobic 


5E 


SLUDGE  TREATMENT 

Engineering  Assessment  of  Hot-Acid  Treatment 
of  Municipal  Sludge  for  Heavy  Metals  Removal. 
W83-01561  5E 

SMALL  WATERSHEDS 

Report  on  Quality  of  Plot  and  Small  Watershed 
Hydrologic  Data  From  the  Southern  Piedmont 
Conservation  Research  Center, 
W83-01466  7A 

SNOW 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  and  Plot  Data 
From     the     Northwest     Watershed     Research 
Center,  Boise,  Idaho, 
W83-01464  7A 

SNOW  COVER 

The  Permeability  of  a  Melting  Snow  Cover, 
W83-01715  2C 

SNOW  DEPTH 

An    Inexpensive   Remote    Snow-Depth    Gauge 
Based  on  Ultrasonic  Wave  Reflection  From  the 
Snow  Surface, 
W83-01498  7B 


SU  24 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


STREAM  DISCHARGE 


SOCIAL  ASPECTS 

Institutional     Arrangements     For     Controlling 
Nonpoint  Source  Water  Pollution:  Wisconsin's 
Root  River  Watershed, 
W83-01630  6F 

SODIUM  SULFATE 

Salt  Loading  from  Efflorescence  and  Suspended 

Sediments  in  the  Price  River  Basin, 

W83-01617  5B 

SOIL  ABSORPTION  CAPACITY 

Pathogen   Removal   from   Wastewater   During 

Groundwater  Recharge, 

W83-01701  5D 

SOIL  BANKS 

Simulation  of  the  Revegetation  Potential  of  Coal 

Mines  in  Semi-Arid  Climates, 

W83-01611  21 

SOIL  CONSERVATION 

A  Soil  Conservator  at  Work, 

W83-01685  4D 

SOIL  CONTAMINATION 

Nonpoint  Source  Pollution  From  PCBS:  Bioa- 
vailability   and    Inactivation    With    Activated 
Carbon, 
W83-01621  5B 

Absorption    and   Translocation   of  Polychlori- 

nated  Biphenyls  (PCBS)  by  Weeds. 

W83-01622  5E 

SOIL  EROSION 

Mapping  Soil  Erosion  by  Rainfall  for  Regional 

Environmental  Planning, 

W83-01412  2J 

SOIL  LOSS 

Report  on  Quality  of  Watershed  Data  From  the 

Hawaii  Small  Watershed  Project, 

W83-01465  7A 

SOIL  PROPERTIES 

Spruce  Plantation  Effects  on  Soil  Moisture  and 

Chemical  Element  Distribution, 

W83-01691  21 

SOIL  WATER 

Evaluating  the  Saturated  and  Unsaturated  Hy- 
draulic Conductivity  of  Soils, 
W83-01471  2G 

Physical  Controls  of  Water  Movement  in  the 

Unsaturated  Zone, 

W83-01486  2G 

Prediction  of  Irrigation  Water  Demands  in  the 

Southeastern  United  States, 

W83-01608  6D 

Simulation  of  the  Revegetation  Potential  of  Coal 

Mines  in  Semi-Arid  Climates, 

W83-01611  21 

Distribution  of  Mineral  Nitrogen  Under  Native 

Range  and  Cultivated  Fields  in  the  Nebraska 

Sandhills, 

W83-01632  5B 

Spruce  Plantation  Effects  on  Soil  Moisture  and 

Chemical  Element  Distribution, 

W83-01691  21 

Response  of  Four   Grain   Legumes   to   Water 
Stress  in  South-Eastern  Queensland.   III.   Dry 
Matter  Production,  Yield  and  Water  Use  Effi- 
ciency, 
W83-01692  3F 

Penetration  Coefficient  in  Porous  Media, 
W83-01695  2G 

An  Approximate  Integral  Solution  of  Vertical 
Infiltration  Under  Changing  Boundary  Condi- 
tions, 
W83-01714  2G 


SOIL  WATER  MOVEMENT 

Evaluating  the  Saturated  and  Unsaturated  Hy- 
draulic Conductivity  of  Soils, 
W83-01471  2G 

SOIL-WATER-PLANT  RELATIONSHIPS 

Environmental    and    Physiological    Control    of 
Water  Flux  Through  Pinus-Contorta, 
W83-01537  21 

Spruce  Plantation  Effects  on  Soil  Moisture  and 

Chemical  Element  Distribution, 

W83-01691  21 

SOLAR  ACTIVITY 

Wet  and  Dry  Years, 

W83-01686  2B 

SOLID  WASTES 

How  to  Solve  Solid  Waste  and  Drinking  Water 

Problems  Simultaneously, 

W83-01667  3A 

SOLUBILITY 

Saturator  System  for  Generating  Toxic  Water 

Solutions  for  Aquatic  Bioassays, 

W83-01445  5A 

SOLUTE  TRANSPORT 

A  Stochastic-Convective  Transport  Representa- 
tion of  Dispersion  in  One-Dimensional  Porous 
Media  Systems, 
W83-01718  2F 

Multicomponent     Equilibrium     Chemistry     in 

Groundwater  Quality  Models, 

W83-01747  5B 

SORGHUM 

Absorption   and    Translocation    of   Polychlori- 

nated  Biphenyls  (PCBS)  by  Weeds. 

W83-01622  5E 

Using  Leaf  Temperature  to  Assess  Evapotran- 

spiration  and  Advection, 

W83-01679  2D 

SORPTION 

Sorption   and   Mineral   Equilibria  Controls   on 
Moisture  Chemistry  in  a  C-Horizon  Soil, 
W83-01495  2K 

Processes  Affecting  the  Movement  and  Fate  of 
Trace  Organics  in  the  Subsurface  Environment, 
W83-01700  5B 

Tracer  Movement  in  a  Single  Fissure  in  Granitic 

Rock:   Some   Experimental   Results  and   Their 

Interpretation, 

W83-01725  5B 

Multicomponent     Equilibrium     Chemistry     in 

Groundwater  Quality  Models, 

W83-01747  5B 

SOUTH  CAROLINA 

The  American  Oyster  as  a  Coastal  Zone  Pollu- 
tion Monitor:  A  Pilot  Study, 
W83-01444  5A 

Water  Resources  Data,  South  Carolina,  Water 

Year  1981. 

W83-01525  7C 

SOYBEANS 

Absorption    and    Translocation    of  Polychlori- 

nated  Biphenyls  (PCBS)  by  Weeds. 

W83-01622  5E 

SPATIAL  DISTRIBUTION 

Effects  of  Length,  Locality  and  Tissue  Type  on 
Mercury  and  Cadmium  Content  of  the  Commer- 
cial Scallop,  Pecten-Alba  Tate,  from  Port-Phillip 
Bay,  Victoria, 
W83-01418  5B 


SPECIES  DIVERSITY 

Effect    of    Sewage    Effluent    on    Dragonflies 
(Odonata)  of  Bulimba  Creek,  Brisbane, 
W83-01581  5C 

SPRINGS 

Isotope  Geochemistry  of  Dissolved,  Precipitat- 
ed, Airborne,  and  Fallout  Sulfur  Species  Associ- 
ated    with     Springs     Near     Paige     Mountain, 
Norman  Range,  N.W.T., 
W83-01487  2K 

SPRUCE  TREES 

Spruce  Plantation  Effects  on  Soil  Moisture  and 

Chemical  Element  Distribution, 

W83-01691  21 

SRI  LANKA 

Rural  Water  Supply  and  Sanitation  in  Sri  Lanka, 
W83-01659  6D 

ST.  LAWRENCE  RIVER 

Conservative  Behaviour  of  Dissolved  Lithium  in 

Estuarine  Waters, 

W83-01598  2L 

ARMA    Model    Identification    of    Hydrologic 

Time  Series, 

W83-01722  2E 

STABILIZATION 

Oxidation-Stabilization     Keeps     Sludge     Farm 

Healthy. 

W83-01640  5D 

STAGE-DISCHARGE  RELATION 

Development  of  Curves  that  Represent  Trends 
in  Selected  Hydraulic  Variables  for  the  Sacra- 
mento River  at  Butte  City,  California, 
W83-01404  2E 

STATE  JURISDICTION 

State    Officials    Sound    Off   on    Most-Pressing 

Water-Quality  Issues, 

W83-01654  6E 

STEEL  INDUSTRY 

An  Investigation  of  Foreign  By-Pr  oduct  Coke 
Plant  and   Blast   Furnace  Wastewater  Control 
Technology  and  Regulation, 
W83-01559  5D 

STOCHASTIC  HYDROLOGY 

A  Stochastic  Dynamic  Programing  Model  for 
the  Operation  of  the  Mediterranean-Dead  Sea 
Project, 

W83-01728  4A 

STORM  RUNOFF 

Hydrologic  Data  for  Urban  Studies  in  the  San 
Antonio,  Texas  Metropolitan  Area,  1979-80, 
W83-01402  7C 

Role  of  Infiltration  in  Storm  Water  Manage- 
ment, 
W83-01634  2A 

STORM  WASTEWATER 

Modelling  Side-Weir  Diversion  Structures  for 

Stormwater  Management, 

W83-01555  4A 

STORMS 

Isolating   the   Random    Rainstorm   Component 

from  Basin  Response  Factors  in  Rainfall-Runoff 

Data, 

W83-01480  2A 

STORMWATER  RUNOFF 

Model   for  Simulating  Runoff  and   Erosion  in 

Ungaged  Watersheds, 

W83-01604  4D 

STREAM  DISCHARGE 

Low  Flows  of  Massachusetts  Streams, 
W83-01528  2E 


- 


SU-25 


STREAM  EROSION 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


STREAM  EROSION 

Bank  Stability  and  Channel  Width  Adjustment, 

East  Fork  River,  Wyoming, 

W83-01729  2J 

STREAM  POLLUTION 

Pollution  by  Arsenic  in  Gold-Mining  District  in 

Nova  Scotia, 

W83-01417  5C 

Effect    of    Sewage    Effluent    on    Dragonflies 
(Odonata)  of  Bulimba  Creek,  Brisbane, 
W83-01581  5C 

STREAMFLOW 

Development  of  Curves  that  Represent  Trends 
in  Selected  Hydraulic  Variables  for  the  Sacra- 
mento River  at  Butte  City,  California, 
W83-01404  2E 

Low-Flow   Characteristics   of  Streams   in   the 
Central  Wisconsin  River  Basin,  Wisconsin, 
W83-01406  2E 

Watersheds  in  Muskeg  Terrain.  2.  Evaluations 

Based  on  Water  Chemistry, 

W83-01497  2K. 

Reconnaissance  Water-Balance  Study  of  Lake 

Gregory,  California, 

W83-01512  2H 

Influence  of  Forest  and  Rangeland  Management 
on  Anadromous  Fish  Habitat  in  Western  North 
America;  6.  Silvicultural  Treatments, 
W83-01571  5C 

Influence  of  Forest  and  Rangeland  Management 
on  Anadromous  Fish  Habitat  in  Western  North 
America;  3.  Timber  Harvest, 
W83-01572  4C 

ARMA    Model    Identification    of    Hydrologic 

Time  Series, 

W83-01722  2E 

Identification  of  Multivariate  Time  Series  and 

Multivariate  Input-Output  Models, 

W83-01734  2E 

STREAMFLOW  FORECASTING 

Low-Flow    Characteristics   of  Streams   in   the 
Central  Wisconsin  River  Basin,  Wisconsin, 
W83-01406  2E 

A  Comparison  of  Four  Streamflow  Record  Ex- 
tension Techniques, 
W83-01721  2E 

STREAMS 

Quality    of    Streams    in    the    Bull    Mountains 

Region,  South-Central  Montana, 

W83-01407  2K 

Drainage  Areas  of  New  York  Streams,  by  River 
Basins-A  Stream  Gazetteer:  Part  I-Data  Com- 
piled as  of  October  1980, 
W83-01519  7C 

Draft   Staff  Report   for   Fact-Finding   Hearing 
Zayante  Creek/Lower  San  Lorenzo  River  and 
the  Upper  San  Lorenzo  River  Instream  Benefi- 
cial Use  Protection  Program. 
W83-01527  6A 

A  Model  of  Mercury  Contamination  in  a  Wood- 
land Stream, 
W83-01663  5C 

A   Model   for  Streamwater  Chemistry  at   Bir- 

kenes,  Norway, 

W83-01733  5B 

STRESS 

Temporal  Patterns  in  the  Structure  of  Macro- 
benthic  Communities  of  An  Australian  Estuary. 
W83-01579  2L 


STRIP  MINES 

An  Assessment  of  the  Performance  of  Federally 

Regulated  Sedimentation  Ponds, 

W83-01610  5G 

SUBMERGED  LOGS 

The  Ecological  Effects  of  Log  Salvaging  from 

Reservoirs, 

W83-01575  6G 

SUBSURFACE  TEMPERATURE 

Hydrologic   Interpretation  of  Shallow  Subsur- 
face Temperature  Data, 
W83-01605  2F 

SUCCESSION 

Successional    Patterns  of  Plants,   Invertebrates 

and  Ducks  in  a  Man-Made  Lake, 

W83-01433  2H 

SULFATES 

A   Model   for  Streamwater  Chemistry  at   Bir- 

kenes,  Norway, 

W83-01733  5B 

SULFUR  CYCLE 

Isotope  Geochemistry  of  Dissolved,  Precipitat- 
ed, Airborne,  and  Fallout  Sulfur  Species  Associ- 
ated    with     Springs     Near     Paige     Mountain, 
Norman  Range,  N.W.T., 
W83-01487  2K. 

SURFACE  RUNOFF 

Report   on   Quality   of  Pesticide   Runoff  Data 
From  the  Soil  and  Water  Management  Research 
Unit,  Riverside,  CA, 
W83-01469  7B 

SURFACE  WATER 

Quality    of    Streams    in    the    Bull    Mountains 

Region,  South-Central  Montana, 

W83-01407  2K 

Hydrology  of  the  Coal-Resource  Areas  in  the 
Upper  drainages  of  Huntington  and  Cottonwood 
Creeks,  Central  Utah, 
W83-01408  5C 

Hydrologic  Characteristics  and  Possible  Effects 
of  Surface  Mining  in  the  Northwestern  Part  of 
West    Branch   Antelope   Creek   Basin,    Mercer 
County,  North  Dakota, 
W83-014O9  4C 

Hydrologic  Investigations  and  Data-Collection 
Network  in  Strippable  Coal  Areas  in  Northwest- 
ern New  Mexico, 
W83-01510  7C 

Summary  of  Ground-Water  and  Surface-Water 
Data    for    City    of    Pensacola    and    Escambia 
County,  Florida, 
W83-01511  7C 

Reconnaissance  Water-Balance  Study  of  Lake 

Gregory,  California, 

W83-01512  2H 

Drainage  Areas  of  New  York  Streams,  by  River 
Basins-A  Stream  Gazetteer:  Part  I-Data  Com- 
piled as  of  October  1980, 
W83-01519  7C 

Water  Resources  Data,  South  Carolina,  Water 

Year  1981. 

W83-01525  7C 

SURFACE  WATER  'GROUNDWATER 

Water  Resources  Data,  Colorado,  Water  Year 
1981.  Volume  3.   Dolores  River  Basin,   Green 
River  Basin,  and  San  Juan  River  Basin. 
W83-01522  7C 

SURFACE  WATER  RECORDS 

A  Comparison  of  Four  Streamflow  Record  Ex- 
tension Techniques, 
W83-01721  2E 


SUSPENDED  SEDIMENTS 

Spatial  and  Temporal  Variability  in  Suspended 

Sediment  Yields  of  North  Island  Basins,  New 

Zealand, 

W83-01477  2J 

Salt  Loading  from  Efflorescence  and  Suspended 

Sediments  in  the  Price  River  Basin, 

W83-01617  5B 

SUSPENDED  SOLIDS 

Some  Effects  of  Langmuir  Circulation  on  the 
Quality  of  Water  Resource  Systems, 
W83-01666  2H 

Role    of   Bacterial    Extracellular    Polymers    in 
Metal  Uptake  in  Pure  Bacterial  Culture  and  Ac- 
tivated Sludge-II.  Effects  of  Mean  Cell  Reten- 
tion Time, 
W83-01711  5D 

SWEDEN 

Successional    Patterns  of  Plants,   Invertebrates 

and  Ducks  in  a  Man-Made  Lake, 

W83-01433  2H 

Residential  Water  Demand:  A  Pooled  Time 
Series,  Cross  Section  Study  of  Malmo,  Sweden, 
W83-01482  6D 

Tracer  Movement  in  a  Single  Fissure  in  Granitic 

Rock:   Some   Experimental   Results  and   Their 

Interpretation, 

W83-01725  5B 

SWITZERLAND 

An  Extended  Channel  Model  for  the  Prediction 
of  Motion  in  Elongated  Homogeneous  Lakes. 
Part  3,  Free  Oscillations  in  Natural  Basins, 
W83-01544  2H 

Measures  to  Control   Eutrophication   in   Swiss 
Midland     Lakes     (Eutrophierungskontrollmass- 
nahmen  an  Schweizer  Mittellandseen), 
W83-01585  5G 

SYMPOSIUM 

Proceedings:    Second    Symposium    on    Process 
Measurements   for   Environmental   Assessment, 
February  25-27,  1980, 
W83-01557  5A 

SYSTEMS  ANALYSIS 

Determination  of  Sensitivity  of  Water  Quality 
Parameters  for  Stream  Pollution  Control, 
W83-01413  5G 

Proceedings  of  the  National  Workshop  on  Res- 
ervoir Systems  Operations. 
W83-01635  6A 

TECHNOLOGY  TRANSFER 

Proceedings  of  the  National  Workshop  on  Res- 
ervoir Systems  Operations. 
W83-01635  6A 

TEMPORAL  DISTRIBUTION 

Temporal  Patterns  in  the  Structure  of  Macro- 
benthic  Communities  of  An  Australian  Estuary, 
W83-01579  2L 

TENNESSEE 

Geometric  Variations  in  Reservoir  Water  Qual- 
ity. 
W83-01481  5G 

Water-Level  Data  for  Wells  in  Burial  Ground  5. 

Oak    Ridge    National    Laboratory,    Tennessee. 

1975-1979, 

W83-01524  7C 

TEXAS 

Hydrologic  Data  for  Urban  Studies  in  the  San 
Antonio,  Texas  Metropolitan  Area.  1979-80, 
W83-01402  7C 


SU-26 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


UPFLOW  REACTORS 


Chemical  and  Physical  Characteristics  of  Water 

in  Estuaries  of  Texas,  October  1976-September 

1978. 

W83-01514  7C 

Management  of  Trickle  Irrigated  Orchards  for 

Increased  Water-Use  Efficiency, 

W83-01576  3F 

Management  of  Trickle  Irrigated  Orchards  for 
Increased  Water-Use  Efficiency,  Vol.   1:  Plant 
Responses  of  Drip  Irrigated  Trees  to  Climate 
and  Water  Stress, 
W83-01577  21 

An  Analysis  of  Input  Errors  in  Precipitation- 
Runoff  Models  Using  Regression  With  Errors  in 
the  Independent  Variables, 
W83-01723  2A 


Paleohydrology  of  Southwestern  Texas, 
W83-01727 


THE  NETHERLANDS 

Approximate  Solution  of  the  Problem  of  the 

Shape    of   the    Interface    in    a    Semi-Confined 

Aquifer, 

W83-01491  2F 

Analytical  Formulae  for  the  Shape  of  the  Inter- 
face in  a  Semiconfined  Aquifer, 
W83-01492  2F 

THERMAL  DISCHARGE 

Observations  of  Behavioural  Responses  of  Fish 

to  Environmental  Stress  in  Situ, 

W83-01410  5C 

THERMAL  GRADIENT 

Hydrologic  Interpretation  of  Shallow   Subsur- 
face Temperature  Data, 
W83-01605  2F 

THERMAL  POLLUTION 

Observations  of  Behavioural  Responses  of  Fish 

to  Environmental  Stress  in  Situ, 

W83-01410  5C 

THERMAL  POWER 

Digester  Gas  Utilization  and  Heat  Recovery  in 

Medium-Sized  and  Small  Wastewater  Treatment 

Plants      (Faulgasverwertung      Und      Warmer- 

uckgewinnung  in  Mittleren  und  Kleinen  Klaran- 

lagen). 

W83-01746  5D 

THERMAL  STRATIFICATION 

Modeling  the  Annual  Thermal  Regime  of  Lake 
Ohrid,  Yugoslavia,  Using  Daily  Weather  Data, 
W83-01664  2H 

THERMAL  STRESS 

Observations  of  Behavioural  Responses  of  Fish 

to  Environmental  Stress  in  Situ, 

W83-01410  5C 

THIN  FILMS 

Heavy  Metal  Enrichment  in  the  Surface  Micro- 
layer  of  the  Nepean-Hawkesbury  River  System, 
W83-01582  5B 

TIDAL  EFFECTS 

Groundwater-Level  Variation  During  Semidiur- 
nal Spring  Tidal  Cycles  on  A  Sandy  Beach, 
W83-01587  2F 

TILE  DRAINAGE 

Report  on  Quality   of  Pesticide   Runoff  Data 
From  the  Soil  and  Water  Management  Research 
Unit,  Riverside,  CA, 
W83-01469  7B 

TIME  SERIES  ANALYSIS 

Estimation  of  ARMA  Models  with  Seasonal  Pa- 
rameters, 
W83-01716  2E 


A  Comparison  of  Four  Streamflow  Record  Ex- 
tension Techniques, 
W83-01721  2E 

ARMA    Model    Identification    of    Hydrologic 

Time  Series, 

W83-01722  2E 

Optimal  Choice  of  Type  and  Order  of  River 

Flow  Time  Series  Models, 

W83-01724  2E 

Identification  of  Multivariate  Time  Series  and 

Multivariate  Input-Output  Models, 

W83-01734  2E 

TIME  SERIES  ANLAYSIS 

Groundwater-Level  Variation  During  Semidiur- 
nal Spring  Tidal  Cycles  on  A  Sandy  Beach, 
W83-01587  2F 


2E       TIN 


Occurrence  of  Organotin  Compounds  in  Ontario 

Lakes  and  Rivers, 

W83-01748  5B 

TITRATION 

Theoretical  Aspects  of  the  Direct  Titration  of 
Natural  Waters  and  Its  Information  Yield  for 
Trace  Metal  Speciation, 
W83-01642  5A 

TOXICITY 

Acute  Toxicity  of  Chromium,  Mercury,  Molyb- 
denum  and   Nickel   to   the   Amphipod    Allor- 
chestes-Compressa, 
W83-01589  5C 

Health  Effects  of  Drinking  Water  Disinfectants 

and  Disinfectant  By-Products, 

W83-01740  5C 

TRACE  ELEMENTS 

Trace  Element  Characterization  of  Coal  Wastes 

-  Fifth  Annual  Progress  Report, 

W83-01558  5G 

An  Evaluation  of  the  Effectiveness  of  Hydrogen 
and  Oxygen  Isotopes  Used  in  Concert  With 
Chemical  Water-Quality  Parameters  as  Indica- 
tors of  Subsurface  Water  Movement  and  Source, 
W83-01633  5B 

TRACE  METALS 

Preconcentration  of  Copper,  Cadmium,  Mer- 
cury and  Lead  From  Sea  and  Tap  Water  Sam- 
ples on  a  Dithiocarbamatecellulose  Derivative, 
W83-01641  5A 

Theoretical  Aspects  of  the  Direct  Titration  of 
Natural  Waters  and  Its  Information  Yield  for 
Trace  Metal  Speciation, 
W83-01642  5A 

TRACERS 

Tracer  Movement  in  a  Single  Fissure  in  Granitic 

Rock:    Some   Experimental    Results   and   Their 

Interpretation, 

W83-01725  5B 

TRANSITION  FLOW 

Transient   Conditions   in   the   Transition   From 
Gravity  to  Surcharged  Sewer  Flow, 
W83-01541  8B 

TRANSMISSIVITY 

Effects   of  Kriging   and   Inverse   Modeling   on 
Conditional    Simulation    of   the    Avra    Valley 
Aquifer  in  Southern  Arizona, 
W  8  3-0 1720  2F 

TRANSPIRATION 

A  Field  Study  on  Leaf  Water  Potential,  Tran- 
spiration and  Plant  Resistance  to  Water  Flow  in 
Rice, 
W83-01689  2D 


TRICKLE  IRRIGATION 

Management  of  Trickle  Irrigated  Orchards  for 

Increased  Water-Use,  Efficiency, 

W83-01576  3F 

Management  of  Trickle  Irrigated  Orchards  for 
Increased  Water-Use  Efficiency,  Vol.   1:  Plant 
Responses  of  Drip  Irrigated  Trees  to  Climate 
and  Water  Stress, 
W83-01577  21 

TRIHALOMETHANES 

Treatment  Technology   to   Meet   the   Drinking 
Water  Standards  for  Trihalomethanes  for  Jack- 
son, Mississippi;  Part  II,  Chloramines  as  Alter- 
nate Disinfectants:  State-of-the-Art  Review, 
W83-01623  5F 

Treatment  Technology  to  Meet   the  Drinking 
Water  Standards  For  Trihalomethanes  For  Jack- 
son, Mississippi, 
W83-01625  5F 

THM     Precursors    Removal    Surface    Waters 
Using  Ozone  Hydrogen  Peroxide  Oxidations, 
W83-01626  5F 

TROPHIC  LEVEL 

The  Application  of  Phosphorus  Load-Trophic 
Response  Relationships  to  Reservoirs, 
W83-01552  2H 

Thoughts  on  Using  the  Results  of  the  OECD- 
Monitoring  Program