The Cornell Countryman 1904-01: Vol 1 Iss 2

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The Cornell Countryman

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CONTENTS JANUARY, 1904

Picking Coffee in Brazil - Frontispiece
The Farmer's Reading Course

I. The Point of View S. W. Fletcher
Irrigation in Humid Districts - E. B. Voorhees
The Coffee Industry of Brazil Ce - i. Fagundes
The New Treatment of Milk Fever in Cows Fames Law
The Ontario Agricultural and Experimental

Union - - - - - - - Fohn W. Gilmore
The Effect of Food upon Civilization
Editorial Comment and Review

Agricultural Teaching in Georgia

Crates for Shipping Apples

The Chicago Live-Stock Show -

The Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil - -

Meeting of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges

and Experiment Stations - - - -

The New Agriculture and a New Earth

Life in the Corn Belt
General Agricultural News
Cornell News

Campus Notes . -

Additions to the Faculty

Former Students -

First Dairy Class, 1894

THE CORNELL COUNTRYMAN is an Illustrate 1 Monthly Magazine, published by the
Agricultural Students of Cornell University.

MANUSCRIPT for publication should be received by the 10th of the month preceding that
in which it is to be published.

SUBSCRIPTION, $1.00 per year, single number 10 cents.

ADVERTISING RATES made known on application. We aim to advertise reliable
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ADDRESS all communications to,

The Cornell Countryman, Ithaca, N. Y,

Some of the Leading Agricultural College Men and Experiment Station Workers
in the United States will contribute to 7he Cornell Countryman. Articles representing
eleven States have been received or are in course of preparation. Can you afford to
miss these ?

(‘Ib 49Vd HHS) ‘IIZVUN NI AHAAOD YNINOId

THE CORNELL COUNTRYMAN

Vol. I

JANUARY, 1904

No. 2

THE FARMERS’ READING COURSE MOVEMENT
1. THE POINT OF VIEW
By S. W. Fletcher

Supervisors of the Cornell Farmers’ Reading Course

HE dominating spirit of the
| times is the spirit of al-
truism—an unselfish interest
in the welfare of others. Most un-
fortunate is the man who looks out
upon the world of to-day and sees
only its selfishness and greed. More
than likely he has the distorted vision
of one whose knowledge of the world
is gleaned chiefly from the columns of
our daily press, with their nauseating
details of crime, scandal, corruption,
sordidness—all that is unlovely in life
put in, colored and amplified; all that
is sweet and unselfish left out. We
hear much about “grinding trusts” and
“soul-less corporations.” Somebody
takes pains to tell us that the law
of competition which governs business
the world over, is “Get the most vou
can and give the least you must.” We
hear that the poor are taxed by the rich ;
that the weak are oppressed by the
strong. In the opinion of many of
these lack-lustre eved, vinegar-faced
philosophers, as life is becoming more
strenuous, it is also becoming more sel-
fish.

This is true only in part. In spite
of the strong currents of selfishness
which are set in motion by the fierce
competition of our modern industrial
system, there are stronger counter-
currents of unselfishness. It is not ego-
tism which leads us to believe that
never before have men and women
been so generally concerned about the
welfare of others. Like the Jewish
lawyer many centuries ago, they are
asking the Great Altruist, “Who is my
neighbor ?” and are trying to follow the
teaching of the parable which He gave
in reply. Never has there been so lit-
tle of sect and caste; so much of fel-
lowship and brotherhood.

This growing spirit of altruism is

manifest not only in persons but also
in communities and peoples. The
wonderful development within the past
few decades of free schools, free li-
braries, free hospitals, free museums
and other public institutions for pro-
moting the happiness and usefulness
of the people, has no other significance
but that the public conscience has been
auickened to a sense of its responsi-
bility toward the individual. Never
has the body politic taken such a sym-
pathetic interest in the welfare of the
individual. This is not the growth
of paternalism or of socialism. It is
the growth of the idea of universal
brotherhood. This idea is nearly 2,000
vears old.

Education has been touched by the
altruistic spirit. For centuries the door
of knowledge was jealously guarded
by monks and doctors. Only the rich
and influential, that is, the few, might
enter therein. Is it very long since
the days when there were considered
to be but four “learned” professions—
law, medicine, theology and teaching?
How many are there now? One bv
one the barriers are being broken down
and the common people are entering
into the possession of their birth-
right—the right to expect and to re-
ceive training in any legitimate voca-
tion which they desire to make their
life work. The establishment of the
Land Grant Colleges of Agriculture
and Mechanic Arts was a signal ad-
vance toward the realization of this
ideal. These institutions have done
more to democracise education than
anv other single factor, and their in-
fluence will continue to be exerted
along this line until every industry in
which men and women are engaged
has been put into pedagogical form.

But the fact remains that the vast

38 The Cornell

majority of people do not go to col-
leges or training schools. Many can-
not; a much larger number will not
Because they either cannot or will m rt,
does our responsibility towards them
cease thereby ? It is the old, old ques-
tion, “Am I my brother's keeper ?”
Shall we say to the ambitious young
man, who is so bound by home ties or
other circumstances that he cannot
to college, “My lad, you are most un-
fortunate. We are very sorry for
you,” and go our w ay? Shall we say
to the unambitious young man, whose
early training and environment
been such that he has no desire to
bring into his life the beauty and
power of education, “Very well. sir
If vou prefer to remain in ignorance it
is vour fault, not ours. and vou must
suffer the consequences?” The spirit
of altruism in education leads us to
try to help each of these men. If they
cannot or will not turn to the light we
must carry the light to them.

The altruism) which has
modern education is expressed in many
ways. The Farmers’ Institute is one
way ; the Home Education work of our
State Library is another. Perhaps it
is best illustrated in called
Universitv Extension Teaching—liter-
ally an effort to extend the inspiration
of University teaching to those who
cannot attend the University. Some
Extension Teaching is conducted by
means of public lectures: by
means of reading courses: by
means of personal visitations. There
is Extension Teaching in the Arts. in
Literature, in the Sciences, and there
is Extension Teaching in Agriculture

The Farmers’ Reading Course move-
ment is a part of the University Fx-
tension Teaching in \griculture. Of
all people the farmer is the hardest to
reach in Extension Teaching. This
is not because he is less eager to learn
than other people, but because he is
a conservative. The nature of his
work and the comparative isolation of
his life tend to make him tenacious of
established ideas and slow to accept in-
novations. Farmers are the creat con-
servative element in our body politic
So it was only natural that the early
efforts in the extension of agricultural

oO
s'

has

seized

what is

some

some

Countryman

education were viewed with suspicion
by many farmers and with derision by
others. But all of this is passing away
We hear less and less about “book-
farming.” “Scientific farming” and
“practical farming” are merging so
rapidly that they will be
onymous terms.

Extension teaching in agriculturs
is of far greater importance than ex-
tension teaching in any other subject
not only because agriculture engages
the attention of so many more people
than any other industry, but also be
cause such a relatively small number
of farmers are so situated that they can
attend agricultural training schools or
The attendance at
our agricultural colleges is rapidly in

SOOT)

SsvVn

colleges. most of
creasing, and one does not need to be
unduly optimistic in order to predict
that before the end of this c ntury th

agricultural course will be
patronized as any other course in th
curriculum ; but even then. most farm
ers will never see the inside of g
walls. They must be reached by ex
tension teaching. \s children they
must be interested in the natural world
around them: in birds, flowers.
and the majestic the
seasons, so that thev mav learn to love
country life and the environment. in
which they are placed. This effort has
been called nature study. \s lads
thev should be shown somethine f the
wonderful alchemy of the how
plants eat and drink: how the farmer
Prospers only when he questions the
soil and studies the plant. Thie tvp

of effort is being introduced as “Tele

mentary Agriculture in the Publie
Schools.” As men. they ch uld be
brought into touch with the vital prob
lems of their profession (1 se this
term advisedly) by means of larmers’
Institutes and Farmers’ Reading

C\ urses,

as largely

Ce lege

stones

procession of

+1
SO,

The Farmers’ Reading Course move-
ment, therefore. is interpreted
from the point of view of altruism. Tt
is but one feature of a general ten
denev in modern education. It is not
conducted for political effect. It has
the rine of earnestness and unselfish
ness. The men who have been identi
fied with it have put their heart into

best

Cit n
1 by

The Cornell Countryman 39

the work, and, in most cases, have not
expected or received any recompense
except the joy of service. The exten-
sion movement, of which it is a part, 1s
bound to grow, because it is the ex-

pression of a truth which must some
time possess the world—a truth to
which a wise man once gave concrete
form in the words,“We that are strong
ought to bear the infirmitiesoftheweak.”

IRRIGATION IN HUMID DISTRICTS
By E. B. Voorhees

Director of the New Jersey Experiment Station

Hie question of irrigation in
the humid districts has re-
cently assumed considerable

importance, and is probably due
chiefly to two causes, first, the
general discussion of the subject of
irrigation, as a result of the action of
the National Government in providing
for the irrigation of certain public
lands in the arid regions; and, second,
to the fact that in the eastern sections
of the humid districts there have been
very radical changes in the character
of the farming. Extensive systems of
farm practice, in which cereal grains
and hay have been the chief crops, have
changed to more intensive systems,
in which market garden crops and
small fruits are more generally grown.
The effect of lack of moisture, due to
short periods of drouth, is more notice-
able in the case of these quick-growing
crops of high commercial value, than
for those whose periods of growth
are longer and whose value is lower,
though possibly the relative effect
would not be far different.

The Amount of Rainfall Not a Guide
as to the Need for Water.—It has
been shown, that while the rainfall in
the humid districts is on the average
sufficient to meet the demands of vege-
tation, it is not altogether a question
of actual rainfall, but a question of its
distribution and character. That is,
if the total rainfall of these districts
were so adjusted as to have the pre-
cipitation at the proper time, and in
such a way as to enable it to be entirely
absorbed by the soil, there could be no
question as to its complete efficiency,
but the rain that falls during the sum-
mer months is often of little service;
the dashing showers do not readi-

ly penetrate the soil when hard
and dry, and a largt proportion
runs off the surface and is lost. Thus
the statements of annual rainfall,
of monthly rainfall, or even of that
during the growing season, are
not safe guides as to possible utiliza-
tion in crop-growing. In a large per-
centage of years, there are longer or
shorter periods during which the de-
ficiency of rainfall is serious, and in
every year there is usually one or more
crops of the wide number now grown,
that materially suffer from lack of
sufficient moisture at the right time.
A slight deficiency of water at critical
periods in the growth and develop-
ment of these high-class crops is often
disastrous, and these short drouths
are of very common occurrence in our
humid districts.

Difficulty of Establishing Irriga-
tion in Humid Districts.—A difficulty
met with in irrigating in the humid
districts, is that the amount of water
required in addition to that annually
precipitated is not readily determined.
because of the variations in the annual
precipitation, as well as in the charac-
ter of it, that is, whether evenly distrib-
uted throughout the growing season,
or whether in heavy storms in which
case the excess is carried away. In
certain vears, very little additional
water may be required, while in cer-
tain others a very large amount, thus
the problem of water requirements is a
much more complicated one than in the
arid regions.

Another matter which prevents ac-
tive interest in the irrigation question
by those directly affected, is the in-
herited tendency to let well enough
alone, and to take the chance upon

40

having a sufficient precipitation for
the annual requirements. Hence, the
adoption of any system of storage and
distribution, which is based upon a
careful study of the water require-
ments and the gains that may be de-
rived from an abundant supply, does
not meet a ready support, and capital
for the building of storage reservoirs
and distributing canals is not easily ob-
tained. In the arid regions, the case
is different; there is no element of
chance; without water, nothing can be

grown, and hence when it can_ be
shown that water can be obtained.

capital is ready to venture, but in the
East any scheme of irrigation involv-
ing considerable expense is not likely
to meet with approval until the farmers
themselves take the initiative and show
that such investments will prove profit-
able. It is for this reason too, that
the experimental inquiries concern-
ing irrigation in these districts have
been carried out ina small wav. When
the work has been done, plants have
been installed at a small expense, and
the areas covered were relatively small,
but these experiment plants have
shown that irrigation is a very profit-
able undertaking.* There are now a
considerable number scattered through-
out the market garden districts, near
the large cities of Boston. New York
and Philadelnhia, and throughout Long
Tsland and New Tersev. These plants
costing from $200 to $2,000, are capa-
ble of providing for the needs of areas
ranging from 2 acres up to 20 or 30
and the water is obtained from wells
or streams, and pumped direct to the
land or into reservoirs, and distributed
as needed. In manv cases in the vicinity
of cities, the cheaper method is to ob-
tain the water direct from the city
supplv. in which case the water is pur-
chased only when needed. and there
is no initial expense for plant. or for
depreciation in value. Those who irri-
gate, state that they would not farm
without a guarantee of waterand regard
it as their best and cheapest insurance.
Methods of Practice.—In irrigation
in the eastern districts. if full dutv of
the water is to be obtained. the land
upon which it is to be applied should
be carefully prepared and measures

The Cornell Countryman

taken to conserve, not only the natural,
but the artificial supplies. The char-
acter of the soil and subsoil, the dis-
tance of the ground water from the
surface, and the slope of the land, are
all factors to be taken into considera-
tion, and both the method of applica-
tion and the quantity used should be
adjusted to meet these conditions. It
must be remembered, that in these
eastern water is not the only
requisite as is the case in the arid dis-
tricts. The ground must first be made
fertile. and because of the larger crops
consequent upon irrigation, there will
be a greater necessity for supplving fer
tilizing materials than if the crop fails
for lack of water once in two or three
vears. The time of applving the water
is also a matter of considerable im
portance in these districts, for it is
atite possible to ruin a crop bv excess
of moisture due to the application of too
large aantities previous to a larg:
precipitation of rain. The amount of
rain and the time of the fall cannot be
foreseen, hence in applications in hu
mid districts, small and freauent ap-
plications are better as a rule than
thorough soakings, as is the practice
in the arid regions. This tendency
to iniurv from irrational applications
of water. is due both to the character
of the crops usually grown under ir
rivations, and to the climate. The ap
plication of a large amount of water
followed by a storm of two or thre
inches of precipitation, and this follow

ed by damp. mugev weather, frequent

Iv results in encouraging the

spread of blights. diseases, rots,
which prove quite
deficiency of water. This is particu
larly true in the case of melons, pota
toes, cucumbers, tomatoes and other
high-class market garden crops. Tt
would not be the case, at least, not in
such a degree, with cereal crops or
grasses. In the work, therefore. the
attempt should be to keen the land
moist. That is. begin irrigation be-
fore the soil gets drv, and add suffi-
cient water to keep it moist. This, of
course, is more expensive than a thor
ough soaking, but danger of injury is
avoided.

*See Bulletins Nos.”
Dept

soils,

rapid
etc.
as disastrous as a

6 ‘and 87,
Agr., Washington, D.C

Office of Exp. Sta

The Cornell Countryman

THE COFFEE INDUSTRY IN BRAZIL

By E. Fagundes, 05

OFFEE belongs to the immense
tropical family (Rubiaceze) to

which also belongs the Peru-
vian bark tree. It is probably a native
of Arabia or Abyssinia. Its name was
given by the Arabians.

Not much is known of the history
of the coffee tree. The Greeks and
Romans were not aquainted with it.
and it is doubtful whether in its native
country it was known before the fif-
teenth century. Toward the end of the
seventeenth centur, some trees were
taken by Wieser to the Botanical Gar-
dens of Amsterdam where they were
planted, and from whence a tree was
obtained by the Paris Botanical Gar-
dens. From this one those found later
in Martinique were obtained, and it
was not long before all the West In-
dies could be supplied with trees from
that country.

About 1742, coffee was introduced
into Brazil, where, owing to the con-
dition of the soil and climate, it was
soon seen that a large crop could easily
be obtained. Everybody that ‘could
began to plant coffee, and its growth
was so rapid that to-day Brazil pro-
duces the largest part of the world’s
coffee cr p.

The following table, furnished by
the Bureau of Agriculture in San Pau-
lo, Brazil, shows the total annual pro-
duction of coffee for the coffee-pro-
ducing countries, counted in bags of
60 kilograms (about 132 pounds):

1880-’90
Brazil . » »«. 11,000,000
Venezuela, Co-
lombia, Mex-
ico, West In-
dies
Asia
Africa, Arabia.

1890-1900
14,840,000

4,575,009
3,810,000
235,000

6,37¢ ),000
2,085,000
398,000

Total 19,620,000 23,693,000

We have reason to think that the
different climates to which the coffee
was carried had some effect on its
quality, for we find that the coffee
from Arabia, the Mocha, has a small.
gray to greenish bean; that from Java

or the West Indies, a large yellow
bean; that from Jamaica is of medium
size, and the bean is greenish; the
Bourbon is small, yellow, almost white ;
the Surinam has the largest bean of all
the varieties, but is of about the same
color as the Bourbon.

In general, all the varieties grow
more or less well in Brazil, but experi-
ence has shown that the Bourbon is the
best. It lives longer and produces a
large crop every vear, so that one can
depend upon it. The coffee tree grows
very well in a place where the tem-
perature ranges from 60 to 90 degrees
Fahrenheit. In most parts of Brazil it
grows better on high Jand, at from
about 1,830 feet above the sea level,
to not much above 2,440 feet. It has
been found that the temperature be-
tween these heights is the one best
suited to the tree, for when planted
above the upper limit the frosts will
kill it, and when planted below the
lower limit, it grows accustomed to
a higher temperature which is not the
one best suited for the plant, and is,
therefore, easily killed by a light frost.
The plant likes a very rich soil full of
organic matter. A heavy, well drain-
ed, loamy soil with some coarse gravel
is ideal. Where this cannot be obtained
a sandy or gravelly loam does fairly
well, bearing uneven crops for not
more than forty years. In an ideal
soil there have been cases where the
plant has reached an age of from
eighty to a hundred years.

In many plantations the trees are
set at the corners of squares of from
10 to 12 feet on a side, but some pre-
fer planting them at the corners of tri-
angles instead of squares. The most
common way of planting is from the
seed. These, five in number, are plac-
ed in a hole one foot square, one seed
at each corner and one in the center
They are then covered with about two
inches of earth and protected by a
wooden crate laid over the holes. The
voung plants are protected from light
frosts that occur on low ground dur-
ing the winter, by further covering the
wood cases with straw or brushwood

42 The Cornell

The plantation is kept free from weeds
The dead plants are renlaced by others
from the nursery, which is a shady,
moist place in the woods, where seeds
are sown and allowed to grow pro-
miscuously. After two years of pro-
tection they are uncovered, for they are
then strong enough to stand any slight
change in the weather.

In Arabia the wild tree attains a
height of 15 to 25 feet, but under cul-
tovation it seldom exceeds Io to 15
feet. A tree one year old is about 20
inches tall. It attains its maximum

height at about six vears.
The dark green leaves and the small,

DRYING

snow-white flowers form a very pleas-
ing sight en When going
through the coffee regions of Brazil.
the traveller’s eye is delighted for hun-
dreds of miles by the only snow he can
in that country—the flowers of
millions of coffee These give
a splendid picture of a field covered
with snow ten to fifteen feet deep. At
other seasons the trees are covered with
a luxuriant dark green foliage, mak-
ing an entirely different picture. Later
the berries begin to show, and it is not
long before thev are of a dark scarlet
color, and are ready for picking. They
ripen in February. The plantation is

masse.

sce

trees.

Countryman

then at its bustest, and one can see
many families of laborers harvesting
the fruit. A cloth is spread under the
tree, and the hand is run from about
the middle towards the outside along
the branches bearing fruit, care being
taken not to injure the leaves at the
tips of the branches. From the cloth
the fruit is carried in carts to the dry
ing vard, where it is spread out on
flat ground or, better still, on cement
yards. Here the fruit is dried by the
action of the sun's rays, it being fre
quently turned over so as to dry
evenly. When the drying
about half complete, the

pr cess 15

coffee is

COFFEE

placed in cement tanks filled
water, so that all impurities are re-
moved. lTrom these tanks it is again
taken to the yard where it is left
until thoroughly dry. Where the
soil is heavy and compact, the fruit is
allowed to fall to the ground when
picked, and left there for two or three
weeks, whence it is taken to the dry
ing ground and run through the pr
cess above described. After the second
drying, it is run through several mills,
which remove the skins enclosing the
seeds or berries, and assort the grains
according to size, form and weight. It
is then shipped in bags of sixty kilo-

The Cornell Countryman 43

grams to the several seaports for ex-
portation.

Coffee, as well as many other ar-
ticles on the market, is subject to a
great deal of adulteration. Chicory is
generally used for the adulteration, as
it is not injurious to health. Any one
can easily detect its presence, because
it unduly darkens the color of the
beverage. Sometimes roasted corn or
beans are used instead of chicory, but
these are still more easily detected, for
they effect the taste and aroma: In
Sumatra the coffee leaves are used in-
stead of the seed for making the bever-
age. They are prepared in a manner
similar to that emploved with tea leaves

When roasted, coffee loses 15 to 25
percent in weight, and gains 30 to 50
percent in bulk. It should not be
roasted after it attains the brown color
that is sufficient to bring out the de-
licious aroma and other qualities. If
the roasting is carried on further, more
or less charring results, and a disagree-
able burnt odor is produced. For use
it must be ground to a very fine pow-
der; for only then can it give out all
its aromatic oil and almost all the nu
tritive substances to the hot water
The beverage can be prepared in many
kinds of apparatus, some of which are
of rather intricate structure. The best
those that give the strongest
beverage and at the same time keep it
free from all sediment. Coffee with a
sediment is not considered good by the

Ones are

Brazilians, who, as a rule, are great
coffee drinkers.

In the tropical countries coffee is
usually drunk pure, as a strong, black
liquid; but it is also used with milk—
three parts of the latter to one of cof-
fee being a good proportion. The
milk and the coffee are mixed and boil-
ed for some minutes producing a much
better beverage than when the milk is
added immediately before serving.

\ much quicker and better method
is the known in Brazil as the
coador method, and in the southern
United States as the drip bag method.
It consists in passing boiling water
over the coffee which is in a cotton
bag, and allowing it to drip slow-
ly. The beverage made in this way
flavor and aroma than
when made in machines or by the com-
mon way of boiling the coffee and
water together.

In almost every city in Brazil sever-
al coffee houses are found, which sell
the beverage by the cup at any time of
the day and at almost any time of the
night. Here it is dealt out according
to the popular formula—“as black as
ink, as sweet as love, and as hot as

\t night the sound of an or-
chestra is heard. Only the middle and
higher classes of people are to be found
in these houses. They make very con-

one

p ssesses more

venient places for the people to meet
and discuss politics, while they enjoy
their favorite beverage.

THE NEW TREATMENT OF MILK FEVER IN COWS
By James Law

Diy , j \ do

HIS affection has been a steadily
growin dairy

milking
increas-
and more
fatal, so that it has become justly
a cause of dread on the part of
the owners of valuable stock. Its in-
tractable course and uncertain nature
have led to the promulgation of a
variety of theories of its pathology, and
to the designation of it by a number of
different names. In England it has

evil among

herds of advanced
not only

more

breeds. bec

ming

ingly prevalent, but

Stas

I rinary ¢

been known as puerperal fever, and
parturient fever, and, better parturition
fever; in France and Germany as calf
or calving fever (vitulary), again as
parturient collapse, calving paralysis
calving paresis, calving coma, parturi-
tion septicaemia, parturition eclampsia, ete.
Theories of Causation and Nature.
\s the disease follows easy parturi-
tions (not severe ones) Contamine at-
tributed it to the surplus of nerve
force, which was not used up in
calving, and now makes a_ sudden

44 The Cornell

explosion.

The partial
of

the brain is
to the

vessels

bloodless-
attributed by
Billings contraction of the
cerebral under the exagger-
ated excitability of the uterine nerves
But the womb in such cases is in a
condition the opposite of excitable
Hanbner attributes the bloodless brain
to the accumulation of the great mass
of blood in the now empty and flaccid
abdomen. But the womb usually con-
tains little blood, and the bowels ( por-
tal system) are not specially congested
Franck ascribes brain anzemia to exces-
sive plentitude of the elaborate arterial
network at the base of the brain (rete
mirabile), the swelling of which drives
the blood out of all other structures in-
side of the closed box of the cranium
But ewes, goats and sows have equally
elaborate rete mirabilia, yet milk fever
is unknown among them, or in the
males even of cattle, in farrow or even
in breeding cows, apart from the per-
iod of calving. Barlow, Kohne, Car-
sten Harms, Binz, etc., invoke an im-
pairment of the function of the gang-
lionic nerves, and a failure of conduc-

ness

tivity of nerve force, which is pure!y

speculative
cause.

as a primary or main
Violet, Sanson, Campbell and
others look on it as essentially a con-
gestion of the nerve centers, while
Muller and Trasbot allege inflamma-
tion of the same parts.

Apart from all such attempts at ex-
planation on hypothetical bases, there
are certain facts, that have been recog-
nized for a great while, and which no
speculation can controvert: and
doctrine of the disease, which
stand criticism must harmonize
these indisputable facts.

Milk fever is peculiarly a disease of
heavy milking cows, and no other
class of animal has been bred up to
the same exalted standard of great
power of digestion and assilimilation,
and enormous vield of milk. The dis-
order is virtually unknown in scrub or
common herds, while it is common
and deadly in the great milking breed:
—Holstein, Guernsey, Jersey, Alder-
ney, Dutch, Flemish, Ayrshire, Swiss
Norman, red polled and milking short-
horn.

Again it is unknown with the first

any
sha!l
with

Countryman

or second calf, and becomes increasing
ly rare as the animal passes its maxi-
mum of milk yield and enters on the
stage of decline. From six to ten
vears of age furnishes by far the great-
est number of cases.

Heavy and rich feeding prior to and
just after calving renders the diseas«
relatively common and destructive, and
hence the affection can be to a large
extent warded off, by starving for a
fortnight before and a week after calv-
ing.

All of these conditions operate tow-
ard one end, a suddenly induced ple-
thora in the calving cow, and this is
further shown in the small size of the
blood globules, which implies a dense
rich condition of the plasma in which
these float. The sudden contraction of
the womb after the birth, and the more
speedy secretion of the water than of
the solids of the blood tend to the fur
ther concentration of this liquid. Ple-
thora therefore, both as regards excess
and richness of blood, is one of the
most marked and essential conditions
of milk fever.

The absorption of toxic matters has
been growing in favor as an explan-
ation. Lafosse thought poisons were
absorbed from the womb, Adadie and
Kaiser from the intestines, Harten-
stein from the overworked muscles, Al-
lemani and Gratia from the udder
But the womb shows less putrefactive
change in its contents than after a dif
ficult and assisted parturition, and the
muscles are greatly more overworked
in prolonged, obstructed and painful
calving, than in the easy one in which
milk fever habitually occurs. There
seems therefore a strong probabilits
that the source of the poison is to b
found, if at all, in the udder.

Tt has been strongly suspected
though not vet proved, that the source
of the poison is a microbian ferment
and microbes are not uncommon in the
milk ducts apart from. this
The probability of a microbian origin
is greatly favored bv the fact, as noted
by Bissauge and the present writer
that certain hamlets and farms habit
ually furnish cases of milk fever, while
neighboring ones. with the same breeds
and apparently the same management

disease

The Cornell
also, by the observation of
Russell and Wortley Axe, that the
malady will sometimes be suddenly ar-
rested in a herd, by the simple expe-
dient of having the cows moved to a
new and previously unoccupied stable,
for calving and the first nine days
thereafter. The sudden prostration,
muscular weakness, unconsciousness
and coma, are strongly suggestive of a
narcotic poison of microbian origin,
and the rapid and complete recoveries
are equally in keeping with such
theory, the poison having been presum-
abally eliminated or neutralized in the
system. Any marked © structural
change producing equivalent nervous
disorder would make no such rapid im-
provement. Dangerous narcotic poi-
sons (leucomains) may, however, be
generated in the system without an in-
vasion of microbes from outside, as
when ephemeral fever follows on over-
exertion or when the milk becomes
poisonous when unduly retained under
overexertion and excitement. The
suckling is often poisoned under such
conditions, and everything points, as
we shall see under treatment, to the
origin of in the
udder.

escape ,

milk- fever-p 1SsONn

The presence of poisons in the sys-
tem is further shown in the constancy
with which we find sugar in the urine

in these cases. This points very direct-
ly to disordered function of the base
of the brain or liver. It should be
stated that the mere presence of sugar
cannot be looked upon as the cause of
the milk fever, as the elimination of
sugar continues for days after the cow
has virtually recovered and is appar-
ently quite well. The quantity of sugar
in the urine, however, is in ratio with
the violence of the attack, and there-
fore it is an index to the amount of
the real narcotic poison produced in
the system.

A wide variation of temperature from
the normal is another indication of the
violence of the attack, and its gravity.
If much below the normal it implies a
specially depressing narcotic poison
and a probably fatal issue. A slow rise
to (not above) the normal is a favor-
able indication. A rise above the nor-

Countryman 45
mal usually implies inflammatory com-
plications, in the lungs, through in-
halation of food products; in the bow-
els; in the womb or elsewhere. All
such cases are to be dreaded as the
system becomes further depressed by
the toxins furnished by the microbian
invasion of the inflamed part, in ad-
dition to those already furnished froiua
the udder. Such accessory infectious
inflammations may well render unsuc-
cessful the best measures of treatment
The J. Schmidt Treatment.

In 1897 J. Schmidt published his
succesful treatment of milk fever by
the injection of the teats and milk
ducts with a solution of iodide of po-
tassium 7 to grammes in 1 litre
boiled water. The solution must have
been boiled for 15 minutes and cooled
to 40 degrees C. before injecting. The
apparatus for injecting is a_ small
rubber tube, five or more feet in
length, having a milking tube fit-
ted into one end and a_ funnel
into the other. This is to be ren-
dered asceptic by boiling, and kept
there after in a solution of mercuric
chloride (1:1000) until wanted for
use. The udder and teats, the hands
of the operator and assistants, are thor-
oughly washed with soap and water,
rinsed off with boiled water, and then
soaked in a solution of carbolic acid
(2:100). The udder is milked empty
before disinfecting, and is manipulated
after the injection to force the liquid
into all parts of the milk ducts.

As the result of this treatment the
mortality was reduced to 17 per cent
instead of 50 or 70 per cent. under the
old treatment.

The avowed object of Schmidt was
to check secretion in the glands, for
which iodine was especially promising.
He soon advised the introduction of a
little air into the udder to favor the
diffusion of the iodide solution. Others
went a step farther, thus Naudinat
doubled the amount of the iodide solu-
tion injected, and used eserine and pilo-
carpine hypodermically to arouse the
peristalsis of the intestines, and re-
duced the mortality to 5 per cent.

The Injection of Other Liquids.

The great success of the Schmidt
method inspired a number of veterin-

15

40 The Cornell
arians in both Europe and America to
inject the udder with other antiseptic
solutions, all of which proved success-
ful in a high degree. Among the solu-
tions injected were those of ly sol, cre-
sol, chinosol, and common salt. Finally
the injection of simple water, sterilized
by boiling and cooled to blood heat,
proved eminently satisfactory. In the
use of these injections it came to be
recogized that the more fully the udder
was distended the better was the re-
sult.
Injection of Gaseous Agents.

Distension of the udder by gas
was now a very obvious alternative, but
although Schmidt had used some at-
nospheric air along with his iodide so-
lution, the idea of antisepsis had so pre-
occupied the minds of the operators
that for a time those gases only were
used that had some antiseptic power.
Kkortman used etherized air with
Oxygen got into very general
use, first in Switzerland, then in Lon-
don, Canada, and elsewhere, and as the
quarters were well filled with the gas
the mortality practically disappeared
every recovered. The tirst
of the present writer, was a mature
Jersey with a record of three pounds
of butter ' She was attacked
within 12 hours after calving, and the
case should therefore, in time past, have
proved fatal. In one hour she was on
her feet and by next day she had fully

has given her usual

Suc-

cess.

case cast

dally.

recovered, and
heavy yield of milk ever since.
Injection of Sterilized Atmospheric Air
Experiment had advanced so far that
the conclusion was unavoidable that the
value of the injection lay in its quantity
rather than in its quality. The bene-
fit came from the distension of the
udder by overfilling of the milk ducts,
and it mattered litthe what agent was
used, provided that it was bland and
non-irritating. This conclusion was
strengthened by the experience of the
breeders on the island of Jersey. Deal-
ing with a paragon in the production of
milk and butter, they had suffered
heavy losses from milk fever, until they
fell upon the expedient of omitting to
milk out the udder for twenty-four
hours after calving, which had at once
the happiest result. The disease which

Countryman

had been the scourge of high class Jer-
seys was at once “shorn ot its terrors.”

t only remained to fully distend the
udder ot the afflicted cow with ordin-
ary atmospheric air, which had been
robbed of its living germs by filtration,
and the triumph over milk fever be-
came easy and complete. ‘The first case
to which | applied this was a mature
halt-bred Holstein, which had been at-
than twelve hours after
calving, and which had been injected
with Schmidt's iodide solution, yet
eight hours aiterward remained down
unable to rise, in a condition of stupor.
and with no sign of discharge of feces
or urine. On having my attention cail

ed

tacked less

to the case Ll at once fully distended
udder air, m1
taining it by means of tapes tied around

the ends ot the te

the with sterilized
ats, and ina little over
two hours she was up seeking water
and even food, passing faces and urine
freely, and with
face and eves and every pr
\ Lhe tapes Were Now

bright expression ot
OL re
taken

allowed until the
wen the patient ap-
Since that
date she has had the reputation of the
milking herd

NMISe

COVE

.
|

off, but
following day, w

peared to be perfectly well.

best milker in the heavy

[his case is an example ot many
others in many different hands, so in
variably successful that there is good
warrant for the frequently
made, that there need be little or no
apprehension of a fatal result, in even

assertion

y are
promptly subjected to treatment. The
modern treatn ike magic and
seems to hardly admit of failure.
Economic Value of This Treatment.
The ; the treatment 1s
very far reaching. Milk fever has long
been the tf the best dairy
herds. Not only the best herds, but the
best cows in these herds suffered, and
the latter were lost to the owner at the
very time when they were promising
the highest remunerative returns. In
this way the maximum value was con-
tinually being cut down, and the herd
came to be made up of the less valuable,
the less productive, and the less remun-
erative animals. Iéxcellence and hign
yield were continually being scaled
down, and the more intelligent and suc-

; aaa Se ; ;
severe cases of milk fever, if they

lent acts like

economy ol

scourge of

The Cornell Countryman 47

er- cessful the owner might be in grading cases of infective mammitis. How
ae his stock up to a high standard, the many more such cases will develop if
the heavier were his losses. Not only so, this treatment shall become a popular
lin- but the element of heredity has come domestic resort, applied by the dairy-
een in to restrict the improvement in the man in all sorts of surroundings, and
on, herds, and to keep this below the stand- with little or no antiseptic precaution ?
be- ard which they were justly entitled to This result is inevitable, but we may
ase reach under intelligent skill, selection feel some consolation in the thought,
ure and management. ‘The cows that have that even so, the mortality and loss
at- attained to an unprecedentedly heavy must be far less than it has been in the
ter yield, under judicious breeding and past, when at least half the animals at-
ted management would produce a larger tacked by milk fever died.
yet proportion of similar high class off- To obviate such dangers entirely,
vn spring, and were the most likely to the treatment must be applied under
OF, bring forth those that would excel careful measures of asepsis, such as are
ces themselves even, so that, in the absence used in all work in the bacteriological
il of a serious drawback, the constant ap- laboratory. From one who has not had
led preciation of the herd, under judicious — the privilege of such laboratory train-
re- supervision, is a foregone conclusion. ing, be he veterinarian or layman, we
nad But so long as great success in such im- cannot expect perfect results, but we
yer provement, was the signal for the de- can at least lessen the evils by giving
ter struction of the most valuable products, full instructions as to the precautions
ine the best milking cows, by this disease. necessary.
ot great individual advancement could First. Provide an elastic rubber ball
r only be rare, and a general advance to and tubes furnished with valves to di-
en the highest standard became a virtual rect the current of air as in a common
the impossibility. Davidson syringe.
ip- lf, on the other hand, we can guar- Second. On the delivery tube place
lat antee the recovery of even the most a cylinder of tin, or other metal, made
he strongly predisposed animal from milk in two parts which telescope within
rd fever we have laid the foundation of a each other, making an airtight joint,
ny general grading up, while applied upon and pack this cylinder with sterilized
in the dairy herds generally would in- cotton. On each end of the cylinder
od crease their value to an almost incal- have a projection in the form of a fine
tly culable extent. [Every advance in ex- tube on which the rubber tubes are
no cellence is a permanent gain, and as the _ fitted.
en cow of the highest standard can be Third. In the free end of the rub-
ire counted on to live out her days, and to ber tube leading from the cylinder, fit
he produce a full complement of equally a milking tube to be inserted into the
nd high class offspring all dairy herds _ teat.

can soon be raised to this enviable con- Fourth. Sterilize this entire appar-
nit dition. atus by boiling for 15 minutes, and,
is Dangers of the Treatment and Need of — without touching the milking tube,
ny Special Precautions. wrap it in a towel which has been ster-
ry We must not shut our eyes to the — ilized in a water bath, or in live steam,
he inevitable abuse and danger of the new — and dried and ironed.
nil treatment. The main danger is the Fifth. On reaching the patient,
he introduction of germs into the udder, draw no milk from the teats, but wash
ng and the setting up of infective inflam- them and the udder thoroughly with
In mation in the gland. Readers will re- warm soap suds, rinse off with well
n- call the show cows in Toronto a few boiled (and cooled) water, and apply
rd vears ago, the udders of which were to the teats, and especially their tips,
le fatally infected by milk injected to a 5 per cent. solution of creolin or ly-
1 make a false show in the prize ring. sol, taking great care that the teats are
ri Already in Europe and in the hands allowed to touch nothing until the in-
od of veterinarians the Schmidt treat- jecting apparatus is placed in use. As

ment has induced a small proportion of

the cow is usually down, the udder

48 The Cornell Countryman

may be rested on a cushion or steril-
izedcotton, or a sterile towel.

Sixth. All being ready the appara-
tus is produced, great care being taken
to keep the milking tube from touching
any object but the teat, and the middle
of the teat being held between the fin-
ger and thumb of the left hand the
teat tube is inserted into the milk duct
with the right. Meanwhile the assist-
ant manipulates the rubber ball until
the quarter is as full as it will hold,
when the tube is withdrawn and held
by its attached end, while the teat is
tied with a tape to prevent the escape
Of the air.

Seventh. The tube is now dipped in
strong creolin or carbolic acid, rinsed
off in water that has been boiled, and is
used on the second teat as on the first,
and in turn on the third and fourth,
until all four “uarters are thoroughly
distended and teats tied.

Kighth. The recumbent cow is to
be kept on her breast bone, and with
the head elevated even if it should be
y to pack her around with
straw bundles or to suspend the head
by a halter. Lying on her side is liable
to develop fatal bloating.

Ninth. If in two hours the cow is
not on her feet, nor looking brighter
and more intelligent, if she has passed
no manure nor urine, and if the air
has become absorbed, leaving the udder
less tense, the injection of the bag may
be repeated under the same scrupulous
and rigid antiseptic precautions as at
first. This may be repeated later if
necessary. In all cases, but especially
in severe ones, it is well to keep watch
of the cow for twenty-four hours, and
if there is any indication of a return
of the attack to repeat the treatment by
udder distension.

necessary

Tenth. It is the common experience
that when the cow gets on her feet or
very shortly after, the bowels will move
freely and the urine will be discharged
copiously, indicating a resumption of
the normal nervous functions, and fur-
nishing one of the best guarantees of
complete success. If such motions are
wanting or limited in amount, the pa-
tient should be the more carefully
watched, so that the earliest symptoms
of relapse may be detected, and the
treatment renewed.

Complications,

Complications must be met accord-
ing to their nature. Bloating may re-
quire puncture of the rumen, evacua-
tion of the gas and the introduction of
ammonia solution or other anti-fer-
ment. Inhalation of food-matters into
the windpipe and lungs, causing bron-
chitis or pneumonia may demand anti-
septic inhalants or even solutions, but
is very liable to prove fatal. Injuries
to the back or limbs may lead to a
helpless condition of one or both hind
limbs, which must be met according
to its nature. Congestions or infections
of the udder, womb, bowels, brain or
other organs must be dealt with ac-
cording to indications. If possible the
case should be in the hands of an ac
complished veterinarian, who is not
only a trained bacteriologist, but a
man of experience and skill in other
respects. In the absence of such an
one, the enormous mortality of the dis-
ease, when left to itself or treated ac-
cording to the now obsolete methods
would fully warrant an instant resort
to the treatment by sterilized air, even
at the risk of a small percentage of
complications and fatalities.

lence
et or
nove
reed
hn of
fur-
Ss of
; are
| pa-
fully
oms

the

The Cornell

THE ONTARIO UNION
By John W. Gilmore.

The 25th annual meeting of the
Ontario Agricultural and Experimen-
tal Union was held at the Ontario Ag-
ricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, on
December 7th and 8th.

This is the pioneer organization of
its kind. It was established 25 years
ago for the purpose of keeping the
alumni of the Agricultural College in
close touch with the activities of their
alma mater, and with each other, and
also to encourage and aid them in the
continuation of their chosen lines of
work. As it has grown in age and in-
fluence, the interests of the farmers cf
the province have been knit into the
life and activities of the College until
now these interests are united and all
work in harmony for the advancement
of agriculture.

During the past few years several
organizations with similar objects
have been established mainly in
New York, Ohio, Illinois and Neb-
raska. Delegates from these or-
ganizations were invited to at-
tend the convention at Guelph, but
only the Agricultural Experimenters
League, ot N.. Y., responded. Two
speakers from the United States were
on the program, Miss Martha Van
Rensselaer, of Cornell, and Mr. W. J.
Spillman, Agrostologist, U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture.

C. A. Zavitz, director of co-operative
experiments, reported that in 1902,
3,135 experimenters were engaged in
this line of work in Ontario, whiie
this year the number had increased
to 3,845 and the work was more effi-
ciently done. The co-operative exX-
periment work was very satisfactory
this vear because of the deep interest
the farmers had taken in it, and be-
cause of the training in judgment they
received regarding the relation of
crops to environment. Many speakers
united to make an interesting and in-
structive program. The agricultural
and economic conditions in Ontario
differ materially from those in New
York, and the union is working along
lines somewhat different from our

Countryman 49

work, yet is it very evident that
through the agency of the experiment-
al Umon substantial and lasting good
is being accomplished. For intensity
of effort and harmony of agencies en-
ed their work is admirable.

‘he meeting closed Tuesday even-
ing, when somewhere in the neighbor-
hood of 1,000 alumni with their wives,
and others interested in Ontario’s ag-
riculture, sang ““God Save the King.”
After having partaken of a sumptuous
supper seasoned with toasts, Presi-
dent Mills turned upon the point that
the time is now ripe for the experi-
menters to give their attention to the
development, by selection and breed-
ing, of the crops which they have so
long tested for yield and adaptation t
environment. Lveryone went away
with the feeling that this year’s meei-
ing was the best yet.

gag

THE EFFECTS OF FOOD UPON
CIVILIZATION

In a recent address at a meeting at
Palo Alto, Cal., the seat of Stantord
University, Professor I. P. Roberts
of Cornell University spoke of the
effect of food upon civilization, show-
ing that those nations which used the
most concentrated foods, which give a
reserve of mental power, have attained
the highest civilization. The Ameri-
cans lead the world because they use
more milk, butter sugar, fruit and
wheaten bread than any other nations.
The Turk, for instance, uses only one-
tenth the sugar and one-fortieth of
the butter that Americans use. No
savage or barbarian people can be civil-
ized until their food is improved.
Neither can breeds of animals be im-
proved without care in the food used.

Milk and butter are the most perfect
foods, giving, in concentrated forms
that are easy of digestion, all the ele-
ments needed. Butter, he said, is con-
centrated sunshine, and sunshine stim-
ulates, as may be shown by the super-
ior physical appearance of Californians.

Dr. Roberts showed plainly the
necessity for the use of milk as food,
and for the utmost care in producing
and dispensing milk.—Chicago Record-

Herald.

50

The Cornell Countryman

G. F. WARREN, Editor

SCOTT H. PERKY, Associate Editor
R. W. CURTIS, o
G.N.LAUMAN, § Alumni Editors
MARY C. SHEPPERSON, }
C.S. WILSON, Assistant Editors
W. R. DUNLOP, )

CHRISTIAN BUES, Business Manager

W. I. THOMPSON, )
L. F. AYER, (Assistant Managers
P. E. CLAPP, )
JANUARY, 1904

: The present general as-
Agricultural hh = .
Teaching in sembly of Georgia has
Georgia

enacted a law requiring
the elements of agriculture to be taught
in the public schools.

This is a step

in the right direction. The majority
of the people of the state earn their
living farm, and it is
the

children should prepare them for the

the
that

on only

proper education of their

life that they must lead. But there are
difficulties in the way of accomplish-
ing this. The greatest of which is to
find teachers with the training that
would fit them to teach the

of agriculture.

elements
The University of Georgia offers a
three months’ course of instruction in
the winter, and a two months’ course
in the summer, to prepare teachers for
this work. Georgia is abreast of the
new educational ideas. She has a great
problem to solve, and we are eagerly
watching to see her victorious.

— The high price and short-
Shipping

age of apple barrels this
Apples

fall

inconvenience. In

has caused some

the
end, however, it may prove beneficial,

+

growers great
for it has forced the growers to ship
their best stock in boxes. This form
of package may seem strange to apple

The Cornell

Countryman

erowers, but it is being used more and

more every year, and is sure to grow
in favor. The size of the package is
more convenient than a barrel, for the
latter is more than the city customer
wants, and there are too many apples
in a barrel to carry well without bruis-
Select sells better in small

ing. fruit

packages.

The Chicago Phe urth Internation
Live Stock al Live Stock [expos
Show : ol . Woe
tion was held in Chicago
last month. This is the greatest live
stock show in the world, and is said 1

bring more people to Chicago than
any other event except the World's
Fair. It is pre-eminently a show of
neat-producing animals, but the in
terest in horses, particularly of the

draft tvpe, is increasing. Some of the
best, perhaps the best, draft horses ia
world were exlnbited

tiie

The ve r\ active part t iken by the ag

~~

ricultural colleges is noteworthy. Near
ly everv agricultural college of the
Middle West sent a large delegation ot

students. Some groups numbered

over 100. But the colle

ges were there

as competitors as well as visitors. The

;

Breeders’ Gazette says, ** Champion

1

ships galore fell to the bullocks from

these institutions. Specifically speak
ing, the Shorthorn, the Angus and the
grade championships went to colleges,
and the grand championship and_ re
serve also. Then four of the beef car-
cas prizes also fell to college entries.
Remarkable things were done by coi

1

lege swine and sheep.” In fact, some
of the exhibitors are beginning to feel
it a hardship to have to compete with

The best

thing about this showing is that it will

the “impractical professors.”

call the attention of many a farm boy

to the work of the colleges.

The agricultural colleges of Iowa,

re and

crow

or the
tomer
ipples
bruis-

sinall

The Cornell

Minnesota, Kansas, Ohio and South
Dakota sent teams to Chicago to com-
The Spoor

trophy, a bronze cast of a bull, goes to

pete in judging stock.

the best team. The Iowa college has
held this for two years. There are
also $500 to be divided among the

twelve students making the best indi-
vidual scores.

The Mexican cotton boll

weevil is at present one

The Mexican
Cotton Boll
Weevil of the most discussed
problems in southern agriculture. This
pest came into Texas from Mexico
about ten years ago and soon began to
attract attention. It has since spread
over much of Texas and threatens the
cotton-growing industry of the whole
South. Something of its importance
can be seen from the fact that the state
offers $50,000 to anyone who can de-
vise a practical means of exterminat-
ing it. A convention of some 1,200
farmers met at Dallas the first part of
November to consider ways and means
of averting the danger to the cotton
interests.

In a letter published in Science Dr.
Howard says that if the legislature of
Texas had acted upon the advice given
by the Division of Entomology in 1897,
the pest could have been confined to a
small area in southern Texas and
possibly might have been exterminated
He also states that experimental de-
monstrations have shown that a fair
crop can be grown in spite of the wee-
vil. This fall a crop of from a half
bale to one bale per acre was harvested
from controlled land, while in = ad-
joining territory the average crop did
not exceed one bale to from six to
fifteen acres.

The methods that have given best re-
sults in fighting it are, growing early

Countryman 51
varieties and planting early, late cul-
tivation, the destruction of the stalks
as soon as the crop is gathered. The
growing of other crops is also recom-
mended, not only to avoid the weevil,
but because it will pay to have a more
diversified agriculture.

One of the editors had
the pleasure of attend-
ing the

Meeting of the
A. A. C. and
> & seventeenth
annual’ convention of the Associa-
tion of American Agricultural Col-
leges and Experiment Stations, heid
at Washington. There were over two
hundred present, nearly all of whoin
were men having positions in agri-
cultural colleges or experiment sta-
tions. This number was surely repre-
sentative of all the different agricul-
tural divisions in the United States
On glancing over the list of delegates,
one might question whether any state
or territory were not represented.
Matters that attracted much interest
and discussion were Bulletin 22 of the
U.S. Bureau of Soils, military educa-
tion in land grant colleges, and agri-
cultural education in land grant col-
leges. The much talk of “bulletin 22”
was the subject of some unfavorable
criticism. It evidently furnishes a
large field for contention between the
soil phy sicist and the soil chemist ; for.
unchallenged, it would shift the empha-
sis from the chemical to the physical
side of soil study and operations. It
had its severest critic in Professor
Ik. W. Hilgard, who sent in an
able address to be read. Dr. H. W.
Wiley, chief of the Bureau of Chemis-
try, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
told of the intelligent nature of the in-
vestigations, and of the care with which
the conclusions were drawn. The
opinion of the more unfavorable critics
is that conclusions were too hastily

i)

The Cornell

ul

drawn, and were grounded on insuf-
ficient and particularly favoring results
of investigations.

The expression in regard to military
education was prettv generally to the
effect that it had fallen below the stan-
dard of the time
given to instruction being very much

a few vears ago;
and the character of that in-

What

needed is more generosity on the part

lessened,
struction being inferior. is
of the government, and the detailing
of President
Atherton’s remark in regard to con-

that the War

Department details a man for instruc-

efficient instructors.

ditions is significant
which he

The

instructor should be recognized as one

tion in some institution, of

usually comes to take charge.

of the faculty, and should understand
his position among the rest.

The discussion relative to agricultur-
al education was concerned with details
and curricula very largely to the exclu-

sion of broad principles and move-
ments. Director A. C. True, as head
of a committee, reported on methods

il-

lustrating by many charts a very com-

of teaching agriculture in colleges ;
prehensive system. Discussion on the
matter of teaching agriculture in the

rural schools came as a corollary to the

main discussion, and many appeared

only then aware that there was any
It

as if they were being pushed by the

movement in this regard. seemed

movement rather than they pushing ii.

The association instructed its execu-
tive committee to ask Congress for an
increased appropriation for the experi-
ment stations. Each state now gets
215,000, an amount much too small to
meet the present needs.

The meeting evoked considerable in-
terest ; but is is a question whether, on
the whole, the subjects for address and

discussion were usually of sufficient

Countryman

general interest or comprehensive and
broad enough to awaken the enthusi-
asm and spontaneity that surely might
obtain among such men and at such
a meeting.

The New Again we feel inclined
Farmer anda = {0 €Xxpress Our apprecia-
New Earth

of the World's
IVork, which is doing so much to ele-

tion

vate agriculture in the opinion of its

many readers, and to the

encourage
farmer, student and experimenter.

December’s number has two articles
The first, “The
New lfarmer and a New Earth,” is the

beginning of a series by Professor 1

on agricultural topics.

T. Galloway, Chief of the Bureau of

Plant Industry, U.S. of

The article has a highly

Department
\griculture.
optimistic strain, showing the remark-
able revolution which agriculture has
undergone, the

to nation

immense advan
the

provements in ideals and methods.

and

tages the of

n
\

profusion of pictures contrasting the

great 1

new with the old, adds illustration to

affirmation to convince one of the pro
The
man in the laboratory is given great
credit

gress and dignity of farming.
and the man on the farm is com
mended for his adaptibility and pro-
eressiveness,

It is an improved agriculture more
than that

America the wonder of the world. The

anything else has made
tiller of the soil owes his emancipa-
tion to the improved agriculture and
all that it brings with it. Rice is pro
duced on immense acreages where it
was thought it would not grow, and
has brought wealth to a_ heretofore
Within the last three

years Russian wheat has been grown

poor country.

with great success in the dry plain
country of the Northwest, and
will probably

this

year supply enough

eC an]
thusi-
night

such

lined
ecia-
rld’s
ele-
f its
the

icles
The
the

seminola to render the heretofore large
importation unnecessary. Seminola is
the flour used in macaroni manufac-
ture. Dairying and the animal indus-
try of the South have been greatly
benefited by science.

These are examples of the results
of investigation and effort on the part
of “men trained to see, to learn, and to
do.” “Agriculture is now a diversified
industry. The modern farm-
er is concerned with large areas of
land. * * * The up-to-date farmer
must have a system, and this must be
correlated and harmonized with the
surroundings.” The farmer must have
business intelligence as well as farm-
ing intelligence. Intuitive foresight
may be successful, but it is too uncer-
tain. “It is the man who does things
and knows why he does them, who

reaches the top.”

Life in T. N. Carver, professor
the of economics in Harvard
Corn Belt University, writes the
other article, “Life in the Corn Pelt.”
December’s CouNTRYMAN mentions
Professor Carver’s November article
“Corn Growing and the Corn Grow-
ers,” in which he describes his trip on
horseback through the corn belt. The
present article deals with social and
economic conditions in the corn belt.
The western farmer is observed to
be well informed, especially in the poli-
tics of his state; but he lacks acquaint-
ance with manv of the essentials of cul-
ture. THe is keen at buving and selling,
and evinces a fair proficiency in the
business and technical sides of his oper-
ations. In the corn belt we have a
condition of things not usual to less
prosperous agricultural sections. There
the abler men stay on the farms, while
the town and small ¢’ »opulations are
made up of men inefficient physically

The Cornell Countryman 53

or mentally, and of retired farmers
A class of “tired” farmers live in the
towns, and should be sharply distin-
guished from the “retired,” who have
made a success of farming. Farm life
is certainly superior to town life in the
corn belt.

There is no serious labor problem
“The typical farm hand is a young un-
married man, usually the son of a
farmer living in the neighborhood—
though frequently a foreign immigrant
—who ‘works out’ for a few years
merely to get money enough to begin
farming on his own responsibility on
a rented farm. Under such conditions
it would be manifestly impossible to or-
ganize a successful labor union among
farm hands. This scarcity
of farm labor, however, in no way in-
terferes with the success of corn gTrow-
ing.” Riding plows and other ma-
chines make it possible for small boys
and even girls to accomplish a great
deal of the farm work. “On a typical
corn farm there is no season which is
pre-eminently the busy season, unless
the corn-plowing has fallen behind be-
cause of wet weather.” Corn is recog-
nized as the most profitable crop; but
since with a given labor force only so
much corn can be grown, and there is
need of no more labor force to grow
several other crops in addition, wheat
and oats are grown considerably
“Thus the farmer in the corn belt has
practically eliminated the labor prob-
lem.” There is practically no problem
of domestic service. “Every farmer's
wife expects to do her own work.”

“As applied to country districts, the
great question is—and it is by far the
most important and far-reaching ques-
tion relating to rural life in America—-
can we ultimately develop a rural pop-
ulation with a high standard of living
or must the land continue to pass into
the hands of a population with a low

wn

standard of living, but great industry ?

This is a question which goes to the
very foundations of American civiliza-
tion. Upon its answer depends the
question whether the rural districts
the great seed-bed of our population
or of any population, for that matter
shall be the home of a cultured, pro-
gressive, liberal-minded people, or cf
a ‘peasant-minded’ people.

“The corn belt is the most consider
able area in the world where agricul-
This
prosperity is, moreover, healthful and
natural.

ture is uniformly prosperous.

The people engag-
ed in the corn-growing industry are an
independent, progresive class, drawing
their sustenance from the soil, and not
from other people.”

Dr. Carver received his Ph. D. at
a student here

he rowed on the crew.— Editors

GENERAL AGRICULTURAL
NEWS

The University and Experiment Sta-
tion of Wvoming has received as a gift
from the State Board of Charities t
penitentiary buildings and farm = in
Laramie. This adds to the college and
station equipment a farm of 320 acres,
situated on the Laramie River,
buildings costing originally
$100,000.

1
bit

and
about

The new live-stock and grain-judg
ing pavilion at the lowa College is near
ing completion. It
building, built of
two stories high,
be used

is an octagonal
pressed brick and
The lower floor will
for ammal husbandry work,
and the upper floor for the judging
of and demonstrations upon corn and
grain. The building will cost
completed about $15,000.

when

The special course in Agriculture,
which has been given at the Scientific
School of Yale University for twenty-
five has been discontinued on
account of the retirement of Professor
Brewer.-—Science.

vears,

4 The Cornell Countryman

The Idaho College and Station has
decided to add an agronomist to its
staff to take up work in plant breeding
and soil physics. <A_ bacteriological
laboratory will also be established.

* *

The Iowa Agricultural College of-
fers a two weeks’ course in judging,
feeding, breeding and management of
live stock, beginning January 4. The
work is intended for busy men who
cannot take an extended course in ag-
riculture. This is the fourth year that

it has been given. It has proved so

popular that accommodations have
been made for 1,000 students. One
of the features of the work is a

slaughter test in which animals repre-

senting the various beef tvpes are in-

spected on foot, then killed, cut up,
and discussed.
*k x
The Bureau of Soils has fifteen

parties in the field, in the
The S¢

SCcasons,

southern and
parties are
working in
and in the south
of nin

western
shifted with the
the north in summet

States,

in winter. A party

on the storage r

\rizona. Most

is working
servoir problem in
of the parties consist

of two men. The Bureau has mapped
34,000,000 acres at an average cost I

$3.10 per square mil

\t the close of the last session of thi
English Hous
introduced making agricultural

] tsecmltursal
norticuitural

of Commons a bill was
i 1
and
instruction

rural and

compulsor\

schools in semi-rural

1

event in the deve 1Op
ment of horticulture in thi
place December 10
horticultural building
The « xercises were at-

\n interesting
University
of Missouri took
When the new
was dedicated.
tended bv the state fruit growers in a
body. civen repre-
senting the educationalandcommercial
sides of horticulture. Professor Craig
eave the former, and J. Ti. Hale the
latter. The building is a substantial
stone structure, costing $40,000, It is
built by the state.

\ddr« sses were

ving,
nt of
The
who
1 ag-
that
(| SO
have
(One

The Cornell Countryman

CORNELL NEWS

CAMFUS NOTES

In 1892 the University herd of Hol-
steins gave an average annual yield of
273 pounds of butter fat, equal to 318
pounds of butter. In 1902 the de-
scendants of these same cows gave an
average annual product of 301 pounds,
equal to 351 pounds of butter.

Within the last year the University
farm has been much changed. The
Board of Trustees has given to the
Athletic Association 55 acres from the
south side of the old farm. Twenty-
two acres on the east part of this will
be made into an athletic field. The 33
acres bordering Garden Avenue will be
a play ground for tennis, lacrosse
cricket, ete., where any one may in-
dulge in the game that he likes. The
Trustees have more than made up for
this reduction by the purchase of ad
ditional land east of the old farm. The
new portions are the Mitchell farm of
108 acres, the Preswick farm of 56
acres and the Behrend farm of 44
acres. These changes give a farm of
248 acres, of which 92 acres is arable,
Q3 acres pastures, 49 wood and waste
land. TPBesides this, they have leased
another farm of 94 acres.

a 2

The first annual meeting of the Ag-
ricultural E-xperimenter’s League of
New York will be held January 8-9
Secretary Wilson of the United States
Department of Agriculture or his rep
resentative will be here. Director
Bailey will speak, and reports of the
vear’s experiments will be given,

\mong other courses given by the
horticultural department, is one deal
ing with the construction of various
tvpes of modern greenhouses. Through
the generosity of some of the leading
horticultural builders and = manufac-
turers of greenhouse material we have
been enabled to give a very practical
course of instruction in this line. At
present there is in course of construc-
tion a curvilinear, iron framed house,
which was furnished by the Lord &

Lurnham Co. of Irvington, N. Y. We
have also on hand two other houses of
different styles, furnished by the Dil-
lon Construction Co. of Bloomsburg.
Pa., and A. T. Stearns Lumber Co. of
Boston, Mass., which will be erected
soon. Other companies have ex-
pressed their desire to furnish houses
of their type of construction when
the class is ready to erect them. Ar-
rangements have been made so that
students interested in this work can
carry it on throughout the year with
profit. :

Professor Wing has purchased six-
teen steer calves froin the west. There
are five Herfords, five Galloways, three
Shorthorns and three Angus. All are
high grades. They will be used for
instruction purposes and for feeding
experiments. The high price of meat
has caused a growing interest in beef
cattle in the East. These, added to the
Holsteins and Jerseys of the dairy give
us a representative herd.

The normal institute mentioned in
the last number of the CouNTRYMAN
was held from November 3oth till De-
cember ith. There were ten sessions
in all, in which were engaged six-
teen professors and instructors, in-
cluding Dr. Jordan, of Geneva, and
Mr. Flanders assistant =commis-
sioner of agriculture. The = sub-
jects of instruction were: bovine and
human tuberculosis, soil chemistry.
soil investigation, the importance of
water in plant production, the char-
acteristics of soils, the improvement
of field crops, forage and soiling crops.
recent experiments with alfalfa and
other legumes, pastures and meadows
progress in plant breeding, synopsis
of experiments with dust spray, trou-
blesome insects of the vear, spraying
to destroy wild mustard, foundation
principles of animal breeding, milk
sanitation, the horse, and agricultural
law. Two social evenings were en-
joved at the homes of Director Bailey
and Professor Craig.

There were about thirty in atten-

56 The Cornell

dance, whose names follow:
Dawley, director; Fred S. Arnold,
Alva Agee, Professor S. A. Beach,
C. E. Chapman, H. E. Cook, J. D.
Clegg, J. G. Curtis, Chas. M. Day,
Emmons Dunbar, John Ennis, Profes-
sor Eustace, Andrew Elliott, Dr. E
P. Felt, Fred. E. Gott, Professor H
A. Harding, Hon. John Hamilton, T
A. Hoverstad, John Jeannin, Jr., Pro-

F. E

fessor P. G. Parrot, Geo. T. Powell,
Prof. F. H. Stewart, Geo. A. Smith,
Dr. C. D. Smead, F. A. Sirrine, F

G. Tice, Edward Van Alstyne, Henry

Van Dreser, Jared Van Wagnen
Jared Van Wagnen, Jr., J. O. Wads-
worth, D. P. Witter, J. S. Wood-
ward.

Director Bailey and Professors Hunt
and Pearson gave addresses at the
New York State Dairymen’s Associa-
tion. This association passed a reso-
lution asking the State Legislature to
provide a building for the College of
Agriculture.

x * *

Professor Stone is getting out a
bulletin on spraving for the eradica-
tion of mustard. The co-operative
experiments with the copper sulphate
spray have been entirely successful.

It has saved many dollars for those
using it.
* * *

A new feature is being started in
connection with the poultry depart-
ment. A Cornell Poultry Associa-
tion has been formed. It is the pur-
pose to hold a poultry show each year.
Students will choose fowls from the
University flock and will fit them for
the show. Awards will be made to
those who present the best fowls.

x * *

An incubator house is now being
constructed. When it is completed
it is thought that Cornell will have as
good an equipment for poultry work
as anv college in the country. Profes-
sor Rice and the students are doing
much of the work of construction.

x x x as

\ ginseng bed has been established
and will be further added to next
spring. The various problems that

Countryman

confront the ginseng grower will be
studied.
‘2 4

Among the numerous experiments
being conducted with potatoes, is one
that has for its object the improve-
ment of the quality.

xk ok x

G. W. Bush, ’07, was called home
on account of the death of his father
He will not be able to return for some
time, if at all this year.

*x* * *

Scott H. Perky, Sp. Agr., associate
editor of Tne CouNtTRYMAN, is about
to start on an extended trip through
the West Indies and Southern United
States, where he will study rural con-
ditions. Articles written irom these
countries will appear in this magazine

* * *

G. N. Lauman spent his Christmas
vacation in Florida.
* *

Professor A. D. Selby, botanist of
the Ohio Agricultural College, Woos-
ter, Ohio, visited us in the early part
of December.

Professor J]. W. Decker of the
Ohio State University Agricultura!
College visited the University on his
return from the New Hampshire
Dairvmen’s convention.

ADDITIONS TO THE FACULTY
With the reorganization of the Col-
lege of Agriculture several notable ad-
ditions have been made to the faculty
and brief sketches of these men will
certainly be of interest to all former
students. These additions are:
Thomas Forsyth Hunt, professor of
agronomy and manager of the Uni-
versity farms. Professor Hunt re-
ceived his preliminary education at the
reeport, Illinois, high school, and
took his bachelor’s degree in science
at the University of Illinois in 1884.
After graduation he held in succession
the positions of assistant to the Illinois
State Entomologist, assistant in Ag-
riculture at the University of Illinois,
and assistant to the Illinois Experi-

rill be

ments
IS one
TOVE-

he me
ather,
some

Ciate
about
ough
nited
con-
these
Zine

tmas

st of

(hOs-

part

the
ura}
Nis
hire

The Cornell Countryman

ment Station, and in 1891 he was ap-
pointed professor of agriculture in
the Pennsylvania State College. The
following year he was called to the
professorship of agriculture in the
Ohio State University, which position
he has held until the time of his pres-
ent appointment, having, in the mean-
time, filled the office of dean of the
College of Agriculture and Domestic
Science of Ohio State University since
its establishment in 1896, and that of
registrar of the Graduate School of
Agriculture. He received his master’s
degree in science from the University
of Illinois in 1&92, and in June, 1902,
the same institution conferred upon
him the honorary degree of D.Agr.
Professor Hunt is a member of the
Societv for the Promotion of Agricul-
tural Science, and has taken an active
interest in the Association of Agricul-
tural Colleges and Experiment Sta-
tions, having been indentified with a
number of its imnortant committees.
His numerous publications have em-
bodied the results of his many and ex-
tensive investigations in the field of
agriculture and allied subjects.

Ravmond Allen Pearson, professor
of dairv industrv. Professor Pearsor
was born in Indiana, but removing tq
the East he graduated from the Tthaca
High School. and entered Cornell Uni-
versity, graduated from the agricul-
tural course in 1894, and later secured
the master’s degree. During his senior
vear he assisted in the laboratory in-
struction of the first dairy course given
in the Universitv. After graduation,
he engaged in the milk business in
Philadelphia, but when the Dairv
Division of the National Department
of Agriculture was organized with
Major H. FE. Alvord as chief, Profes-
sor Pearson was made assistant chief,
which position he held until 1902. He
then became general manager of the
Walker-Gordon Laboratory Company,
a concern with headauarters in New
York and operating branches in six-
teen large cities, that makes a specialty
of modified milk for infant feeding and
high class milk for domestic purposes.
Professor Pearson is Fellow of the
American Association for the Advance-

ment of Science, and has contributed
several important bulletins and reports
to dairy literature.

Jay A. Bonsteel, professor of soil
investigation, secured his preparation
for college work at Franklinville, N. Y.
He was graduated with the degree of
B. S. from Cornell University in 1896,
and held the position of assistant in
geology for three years. In 1898 he
secured employment on the Maryland
Geological Survey, and pursued a
a course leading to the degree of Ph.D.
at Johns Hopkins University, where he
was graduated in 1901. He has been
emploved as field assistant scientist in
the Bureau of Soils of the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture since June,
1899, and is assigned by the Bureau of
Soils to carry on the soil investigation
work at Cornell. Professor Bonsteel’s
publications have been issued through
the annual reports of the Bureau of
Soils.

James Edward Rice, assistant pro-
fessor of poultry husbandry, was
born in Illionis but was brought up
on a farm in Washington County,
N. Y. His preparatory education
was at the Granville Military Acade-
my. He entered Cornell University
in 1886, and graduated in the course
in agriculture in 1890. For three years
1e was a graduate student and assistant
in agricuiure, and during this time
gave the first definite course of in-
struction in poultry husbandry ever
given in an American agricultural col-
lege. Most of the time since 1893
Profesor Rice has been engaged in
poultry, fruit and truck farming,
at Yorktown, N. Y., in connection
with his brother-in-law, under the
firm name of White & Rice. The
firm has obtained an enviable reputa-
tion as a producer of high class pro-
ducts. For the past ten years Profes-
sor Rice has taken an active part in
Farmers’ Institute work, and has been
a regular lecturer in New York each
vear. He has also spoken in New Jer-
sey, Maryland, Minnesota, Connecti-
cut, Rhode Island and Pennsylvania.
His contributions to the agricultural
press have been numerous and impor-
tant.

S. W. Fletcher, assistant professor

The Cornell

of extension teaching in agriculture.
Professor Fletcher was born on a Mas-
sachusetts farm, graduated from the
Massachusetts Agricultural College in
1896, then became assistant horti-
culturist at the Experiment Station of
the same state. In 1897-’98 he was a
fellow in horticulture in the University,
and assisted in instruction in the Ex-
tension Department until 1900, when
he became professor of horticulture in
the Washington State College at Pull-
man. In October, 1902, he became
horticulturist of the West Virginia
Experiment Station, which position he
has resigned to come to Cornell.

John Main Trueman, assistant in
animal husbandry and dairy indus-
try takes the place left vacant by the
resignation of Mr. James A. Foord,
who is now professor of agriculture
in Delaware College. Mr. Trueman is
a native of Nova Scotia, and a gradu-
ate of the Agricultural School at
Truro. He graduated from Cornell
University in Agriculture, 1895. He
was for two years instructor in dairy
husbandry in the South Dakota Ag-
ricultural College, and since then has
been manager of a large dairy farm in
south eastern Pennsylvania, and of a
gentleman’s country place near Scran-
ton.

Frazer, instructor = in
agronomy and_ superintendent of
the University farm, was born in
England, took a _ short course in
dairving at the Worleston Dairv
Institute, Cheshire, England, 1895-6.
Graduated with first place at the
Cheshire Agricultural and Horticul-
tural College, Holmes Chapel, Eng-
land, June, 1808. He has secured the
following diplomas and medals: Fel-
lowship, life-membership and diploma
(with first place) of the Highland Ag-
ricultural Society of Scotland in April,
1808; silver medal, free life-member-
ship and diploma, Royal Agricultural
Society of England, May, 1898; medal
and honors’ certificate in Agriculture,
Science and Art Department, London,
June, 1898; national diploma in
dairying, September, 1898. Since then
he has been engaged in various forms
of farm and experimental work, and

Samuel

Countryman

in giving agricultural instruction.

Robert S. Northrup, instructor in
horticulture, comes to us from North
Dakota Agricultural College, where he
had been assistant in horticulture and
forestry for two years. He graduated
at the Michigan Agricultural College
in Igor.

James A. Bizzell, assistant chemist
to the Experiment Station, graduated
at the North Carolina College of Ag-
riculture and Mechanic Arts in 1895,
and received his M.S. in 1900, From
1895 to 1901 he was instructor in
chemistry and assistant in the experi-
ment station of his alma mater. In
1901, he came to Cornell as fellow in
chemistry, received his Ph.D., and was
appointed to his present position last
June.

With the addition of these new men
there have also been numerous promo-
tions and transfers.

Professor Bailey, as is well known,
became director of the College and
Ixperimant Station and Dean of the
Faculty. He relinquishes the profes-
sorship of horticulture and becomes
professor of rural economy.

Professor Wing’s chair has been
divided, he retaining the professorship
of animal husbandry.

Professor Craig is transferred from
the professorship of extension teach
ing in agriculture to that of horti
culture.

Mr. G. N. Lauman becomes secre-
tary of the College and instructor in
rural economy.

Mr. G. W. Cavanaugh is promoted
from assistant chemist of the Experi
ment Station to assistant professor in
chemistry in its relation with agri-
culture.

Mr. John L.

Stone is promoted to
assistant professor of agronomy in
charge of extension work.

FORMER STUDENTS

’89, B. S. Agr.—Geo. H. Davidson
is on his farm at Millbrook, N. Y.
He is one of the most noted Shropshire
breeders in the United States.

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The Cornell Countryman 59

‘94, B. S. Agr.—Harry Hayward,
after graduating was appointed pro-
fessor of dairy husbandry in the Penn-
syivania State College. He received
his master’s degree in oI, in absentia,
and December, ‘02, was made profes-
sor of animal husbandry at the New
Hampshire Agricultural College. Last
May he was appointed assistant chief
of the dairy division, Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C. He
resigned this position in July, and is
now farm superintendent of Mr.
Moody's school, Northfield, Mass.

‘96 B.S. Agr.—Leroy Anderson ’y7
M. S. Agr., ’02, Ph.D. Mr. Ander-
son was Professor Wing’s assistant
in dairy husbandry until the summer
of 1901, when he went to Berkeley to
develop the department of dairy hus-
bandr} at University of California.
He returned to receive his doctor’s de-
gree in June, ’02, and was immediately
called to the directorship of the Cali-
fornia Polytechnique School at San
Luis Obispo. Professor Anderson
still occupies this position.

’97, B. S. A.—James Wheaton
Clark is assistant agent of W. O.
Wadsworth, Geneseo, N. Y. Mr.
Clark used to ring the chimes in his
student days at Cornell. His brother,
Willard W. Clark, F. E. ’o02, is a for-
ester in the Philippines in the employ
of the U. S. government.

‘98, B. S. A.—John Gilmore spent
two vears in China, taught agriculture

Honolulu, and was director of the
government experiment works in the
island of Negros. Mr. Gilmore em-
bodied the results of some of his work
in the island of Negros in a prelimin-
ary report on “Commercial Fibers of
the Philippines,” published as Bulle-
tin 4 by the Philippine Bureau of Ag-
riculture. Last fall Mr. Gilmore re-
turned to Cornell as assistant in agri-
culture.

98, B. S. A.—H. C. McLallen,
M.S. in Agr., has lately been appoint-
ed assistant in agriculture in the New
Mexico College of Agriculture and
Mechanic Arts at Mesilla Park, New
Mexico. He married Miss Helen
Macgregor, November 25th.

‘98. Sp. in Agr—Edgar Salinger

is manager of the “Plasmon” factory
at Briarcliff Manor, N. Y.

‘98, Winter Dairy.—C. A. Grant is
manager of a large creamery at Ful-
ton, Kansas.

98, M. S. Agr.—In the last mail J.
I. Higgins of Manoa Valley received
his commission from the Department
of Agriculture as U. S. Horticulturist
He has joined the staff of the Experi-
ment Station. Mr. Higgins is a grad-
uate of Cornell University, and an ex-
pert in his line-—The Pacific Com-
mercial Advertiser, Honolulu.

‘oo, B. S. in Agr.—L. C. Corbet, ‘96
M.S. in Agr., Horticulturist of Bureau
of Plant Industry, is the author of a
bulletin on “Cranberry Culture,” re-
cently published by the Department of
Agriculture.

‘oo, B. S. A.—Franklin Sherman,
Jr., who is State Entomologist for
North Carolina, was married May
12th, ’03, to Grace Berry, of Ashgrove,
Fairfax County, Va.

‘oo, Graduate Work.—L. A. Clin-
ton, "89, B. S. Michigan Agr. Col.
Mr. Clinton came to Cornell in the
fall of 1899 as Professor Roberts’ as-
sistant in agriculture. During the
past year he has been director of the
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment
Station, which position he accepted in
November, 1902.

rc 0, B. S. A.—Otto F. Hunziker, ’or,
M. S. in Agr., was appointed instruc-
tor in bacteriology in the Cornell Vet-
erinary College, but now holds an im-
portant position with the Scranton
Condensed Milk Co., of Ellicottville,
N. F.

‘oo, M. A.—Jacob G. Lipman, ‘98,
B. S. Rutgers. Mr. Lipman received
his Ph.D. at Cornell, June, ’03, and is
now soil chemist and bacteriologist at
the New Jersey Agricultural Experi-
ment Station.

‘oo, A. M.—C. O. Simpson was for
three years in the employ of the Gov-
ernment under Dr. L. O. Howard, en-
tomologist. He is now in South Africa.
holding the position of Government
Entomologist of the Transvaal, with
a salary of $5,000 a year. This is one
of the many cases that illustrate how
foreign governments are securing our

60 The Cornell

best scientists by offering them better
salaries than they can get at home.

‘oI, Sp. Agr.—H. S. Stone is farm
manager of the Sailors’ Snug Harbor
New Brighton, N. Y.

‘or, Sp. Agr.—B. C. White is en-
gaged in agricultural work at Olyph-
ant, Lackawanna county, Pa.

‘02, M. S. in Agr.—Robert E. East-
man, ‘oo, B. S. A., Kansas Agricul-
tural College. During the summer of
1902 Mr. Eastman was employed by
Miller Brothers on their large peach
farm at Pawpaw, West Virginia. He
was then called to Hampton Institute
as landscape gardener and field assist-
ant in horticulture. He is now back
at the Kansas Agricultural College,
where he was appointed assistant in
horticulture, September, 1903.

‘o2, Sp. in Agr.—Harry E. Crouch
was well known during the three years
that he was at Cornell. He took

charge of the Polled-Jerseys in the
Model Dairy at the Pan-American Ex-
position, and is now herdsman at the
University of Illinois.

‘02, Sp. in Agr.—Ear! D. Crocker is

applying
Sennett, N. Y.

’o2, B. S. A.—George W. Hosford
is assistant in agriculture at Hamp
ton Institute, Hampton, Virginia.
B.S. A—T. M. Sewards is vice
president, and T. F. Sewards, his
brother, is secretary of the A. H.
Schultze Co., 198 West Broadway,
New York City.

‘02, B. S. A.—Charles H. Kraatz is
on his farm at Akron, N. Y. Recently
he has been testing cows for Professor
Wing at Wycoff’s, Navarino, N. Y.

’o2, B. S. A.—Charles W. Wen-
bourne is secretary of the Horse World
Co., publishing the Horse World, Buf-
falo, N. Y.

’03, Ph.D.—E. P. Sandsten, B. S.
and M. S. at University of Minnesota.
Mr. Sandsten is now profesor of hor-
ticulture in the University of Wiscon-
sin.

03, Sp. Agr.—D. C. Stanion sailed
for England on December toth to pur-
chase Cheshire hogs for Mr. Huson of
the Kalorama Farm, Penn Yan, N. Y.

his agricultural theories at

02,

Countryman

He will also make purchases for other
parties.

FIRST DAIRY CLASS, 1894

Earl B. Willey, 223 Front Street,
San Fransisco, Cal., has been in dairy
work for the past four years.

G. W. Breckenridge, Stacy Basin,
Oneida County, N. Y., followed the
business of butter and cheese making
at Higginsville and Fonda, N. Y. until
the fall of 1901. He then bought a
farm of near Stacy Basin
and is now actively engaged in farm-
ing.

J. E. Dorman,

200 acres

7 Thalia, Princess
Anne county, Va. After leaving Ith-
aca Mr. Dorman ran a creamery in
New Jersey for a vear, but left this to
take charge of a model dairy farm near
Philadelphia, where he remained for
three years. He then accepted his pres-
ent position as manager of an 1,800
acre truck and dairy farm, which has
also extensive ovster beds on the Lynn-
haven River. Mr. Dorman says that
his training at Cornell has been a
great help to him. Every move he
has made has been in response to an
increase in salary until at the present
time it amounts to $1,500 a year. He
adds that the most important event
that has happened to him since the
winter of 1894, is his marriage in 1899
to Miss Katherine Fredricks of Wash-
ington, D. C. Thev have a son that
he hopes one day will be a student at
Cornell.

Herbert Hoopes, V. M. D., Bynum,
Hartford county, Maryland, was the
youngest man in the dairv class of
1894. He had charge of their home
creamery until the fall of 1896, when
he entered the Veterinary Department
of the University of Pennsylvania
graduated in 1899, and has since been
practicing, with headquarters at
home, where he has a dairy of 200
registered Jerseys. Dr. Hoopes was
married two years ago this January.

Peter Langwell, Wolcott, N. Y
Rockford, Tll., is Mr. Langwell’s old
home, but Wayne County has been the
scene of his labors for the past nine
years. He has been with the Sodus

4

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The Cornell Countryman

|
Co-operative Creamery Co., since the |
company started. H. B. Douglas, who
was a student in the dairy school, is
their butter maker at Wolcott, and
A. S. Chaplin, graduate of Wisconsin’s
dairy school, holds the same position
at Sodus. Mr. Langwell is secretary
treasurer and manager of the com-
pany’s plants, and is a busy man.

George L. Lucas, Pawling, N. Y.
was in a butter factory before coming
to Cornell, and since 1894 has con-
tinued to follow the milk and it pro-
ducts. He made butter until 1898, and
then went into the bottling business
He is now in charge of one of the
large bottling plants of the Slawson-
Decker Co., located 64 miles from New
York in a rich farming section of the
Harlem valley. Mr. Lucas employs
nine men, and ships about 9,000 quarts
of bottled milk daily.

Frederick H. Merry, Verona, N. Y
During the year of 1899 Mr. Merry
was in the employ of James P. Brown's
Sons of Utica, N. Y., dealers in cheese
both for home and export trade. His
main work was visiting the factories
and inspecting the cheese. Since 1894
with the exception of the year men-
tioned, Mr. Merry has been in charge

of the butter and cheese making in the |

G. Merry cheese factory and creamery

located at Verona, N. Y.

(TO BE CONTINUED.)

OAKHILL STOCKFARM,

CANASTOTA, N. Y.

(Established 30 years).

Jersey Cattle, bred for butter. Cheshire Swine,
bred for prolificacy, lean meat, and quick maturity
Poultry for beauty and utility, including Rose-comb,
Brown and White Leghorns. and all kinds of Ducks.

R. D. BUTTON & SON.

G. F. Morgan

THE NEW GORNELL UNIVERSITY PHOTOGRAPHER

Try him and see what he can do. Cam-
pus Views, Lantern Slides, and all kinds of
reproduction work his specialty.

Phone 169 or address 127 Gascadilla Place,
Ithaca, N. Y.

PRIME
COTTON SEED
MEAL

Is the best and most profitable
food for cattle and sheep

Reports from the principal Agricul-
tural Experiment Stations show
the great value of Cotton Seed Meal
for feeding. The farmer gets back
the cost of the Meal in the increased
value of manure for fertilizing pur-
poses. It is of special value in feed-
ing milch cows.

It Makes

More Milk
Richer Cream
Firmer Butter

Cottonseed meal is enriching the
food of dairy cattle all over the
world, more than two hundred
thousand tons being exported an-
nually for this and kindred uses.

A large quantity goes back to
the fields every year as a fertilizer,
its richness in nitrates giving it
special value as a plant food. Asa
special aid to the tobacco raiser
it is unequaled for producing the
color, quality and texture of leaf
that is most desired by buyers and
handlers of ‘tthe weed.”

For sale by all dealers in feed.
Pamphlets mailed free on applica-
tion to

THE AMERICAN COTTON OIL C0,

27 Beaver St.,
NEW YORK, N. Y.

If you appreciate THe CoUNTRYMAN, mention us to advertisers.

The Cornell Countryman

Ask the most success-
ful poultrymen.

Peep-0’-Day
BROODERS

have been on the market
l2 years. Used exclu-
sively on the best farms in
America. Catalogue free.
Made only by

Cornell Incubator Mfg. Co., Box 57, Ithaca, N. Y.

EAST HOMER, N. Y., Sept. 21, 1903.
Cornell Incubator Mfg. Co.

Gentlemen: I received your shipment of three
No. 2 Peep-O’-Day Broodors in O. K. condition, and
I am pleased to say that I think they are the best
brooders manufactured.

Yours very truly,
FRED HOWE.

Incubator Advancement

Cornell Incubator—heated and ventilated in
Nature's way. Always gets proper moisture
lines at the right time.
Result: Most vigorous
chicks ever hatched
artificially Gold Medal
—Highest Award—Pan
American Exposition,
Catalogue free. Made
only by

CORNELL INCUBATOR MFG. CO. }
Box 57 Ithaca, WN. Y.

Cornell Incubator Mfg. Co.
Ithaca, N. Y.: Dear Sirs-
We putthe Cornell Incu-
bator to trial twice; Ist time hatched all but four
fertile egas; 2nd time all but one fertile egy, the
strongest chicks we ever hatched in incubators.

Your very truly, J. D. WILCOX & SON,
Worcester, N. Y. Sept. 26, 1903.

THE AMERICAN FANCIER

Issued Every Week at Johnstown, N. Y.

If you are Interested in Thoroughbred Poultry and wish to keep posted on all matters
pertaining to the fancy, ours is the paper for you. It is edited by J. H. Dreven-
STEDT, the well known judge of Poultry.

Address: THE AMERICAN FANCIER,
JOHNSTOWN,

NEW YORK.

THE CHICK IS WILLING

——— i aT to do its part all right if you give him a fair chance,
P > Tag but he really ought to have that chance. Give us the
= egg, a fairly good egg, and then watch the

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Does Oo 0 At the Cutter Mean
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more, and increases capacity 33% %.

1903 “OHIO” Blower Elevators 4

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Our absolute guarantee goes with every machine. Made by -\
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lf 30u appreciate ‘THe CoUNTtRYMAN, mention us to alvertisers.

The Cornell Countryman

Cypress Greenhouses
Cypress or Yellow Pine

SEL. OS

WRITE FOR INFORMATION.

. T. STEARNS LUMBER CO.

BOSTON, MASS.

SLUG SHOT KILLS INSECTS
For Bugs and
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TWEMLOW'S

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EN - i ,
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house leaks, send for sample cards.

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Manufacturers and Handlers
Dairy Creamery Apparatus and Supplies.

D. H. BURRELL & CO.

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If you appreciate ‘THe COUNTRYMAN, mention us to advertisers.

64 The Cornell Countryman

Greenhouses and Conservatories

erected complete with our Patent Iron Construction.

Special attention given to designing and locating
ranges of glass to harmonize with surroundings.

Plans and estimateson application.

Material of all Kinds Ready for Erection.
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Prices upon application

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Greenhouse Construction Catalogue, and Greenhouse Heating and Ventilating Cata
logue mailed from New York Office on receipt of 5 cents postage for each.

America’s Leading - Horse Importers.

A RECORD OF SUPERIORITY NEVER APPROACHED.

At the International Live Stock Exposition 1903 one of our 2200 pound stal
lions won First prize and Championship. One of our sensational acting Coach
stallions won First prize and Championship. Four Percherons won First in collec-
tion. In the classes where we competed our stallions won more First prizes than

the stallions of any of our competitors.
At the great annual Show of France held at Evreux
June 1903, our stallions won first, second, third and
fourth prizes in every Percheron stallion class; also won
first as best collection.
At the show of the Societe Hippique Percheronne de
France held at Nogent-le-Rotrou from June 1903, our
stallions won every first prize, over forty prizes inall. Two
groups were made up of our exhibit, on which we won
first and second.
At the Iowa state fair our Percheron stallions won
three first prizes and first in collections.
At the Minnesota state fair our French Coach stallions
, won every possible first prize and grand sweepstakes.
At the Ohio state fair our stallions won fourteen first prizes out of a possible
fifteen.

At the Indiana state fair our Percherons won three first prizes. Our French
Coachers won every possible prize.

At the Kansas state fair our Percherons and French Coach stallions won
every first prize including grand sweepstakes.

At the American Royal, held in Kansas City, Oct. 19 to 25, our Percheron
stallions won every first prize. One of our Percherons won championship. Five of
our Percherons won first as best collection. Our French Coach stallions were equal-
ly successful, winning every first prize.

If your neighborhood is in need of a good stallion, let us hearfrom you.

McLAUGHLIN BROS.,

St. Paul, Minn. Columbus, Ohio. Kansas City, Mo.

If you appreciate THe CouNTkYMAN, mention us to advertisers.

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