Journal of Gerontology 1955-10: Vol 10 Iss 4

rticles

yyment older
33: SIT, Feb,

ould be ep.
svening Post,

men can live
26; 30, Feb

the life span
. 1955
olate for re.
8. America,
we belong
it, educ, Ass
irecl, Amer
eichart: Pre.
ument reality
14-346, Feb
‘os =$20,00 4
dot, 16, 1954
ser, best role
Wash., 66
unds, ‘Time,
ty, Business
lions, News
New Repub
ension rights
955.
Time, 65: 64,

old. News

ve you get

March 1955

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

VotuME 10, Number 4

October, 1955

Section A

Biological Sciences and Clinical Medicine

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

VoLuME 10, Secrion A

OCTOBER, 1955

NuMBER 4

COLLAGEN AND ELASTIN IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE
D. A. HALL, Ph.D.,° M. K. KEECH, M.D.,t R. REED, Ph.D.,t H. SAXL, M.Sc.,°
R. E. TUNBRIDGE, M.D.,t M. J. WOOD, B.Sc.t

(From The University of Leeds, Leeds, England)

INTRODUCTION
Pathology

It has long been realized that during the
process of aging, the fibrous components of
skin undergo certain changes. Unna, in his
classical studies of senile skin, believed that
there was some chemical alteration in the
elastic fibers and named the modified struc-
tures “elacin” to distinguish them from the
“elastin” of normal tissue. Unna (42) demon-
strated that much elacin was present in senile
elastosis while the collagen fibrils were much
reduced in amount. This worker was fully
aware that the collagen fibrils in senile elas-
tosis undergo profound changes and _ those
fibrils which had the physical appearance of
collagen but the staining properties of elastica,
he named collastin. On the other hand, those
collagen fibrils which showed the staining re-
actions of elacin were referred to as collacin.

Over the past fifty years pathologists have
confirmed these findings wherein the amount
of elastic-staining material in senile elastosis
increases remarkably, apparently at the ex-
pense of the collagen fibrils. Considerable
confusion has arisen from the general appli-
cation of Unna’s views on senile elastosis to
other conditions. Similar changes have also
been observed in many conditions both of
senile and pathologic skin, particularly where
edema, degeneration, or atrophy are present,
although whether these changes bear any re-
lationship to the phenomena of aging is by
no means certain.

Submitted for publication June 10, 1955.

Published on a grant from the Forest Park Foundation to
the Journal of Gerontology.

©The Nuffield Gerontological Unit.
+Department of Medicine.
tDepartment of Leather Industries.

Strobel (39), in a histologic study of skin of
all age groups, found that the principal
change was in the collagen fibrils. He is of
the opinion that the elastic fibers do not show
any degenerative changes with age, but
merely physical extension and alignment due
to overstretching. Hill and Montgomery (26)
on the other hand found only slight changes
in either the collagen or the elastic fibers of
skin over an age group from birth to 78 years.
Ejiri (14), after a wide and detailed study
of skin of all ages, concluded that senile
changes occur mainly in the elastic fibers and
not in those of collagen. The collagen fibers
seem to decrease in number, being replaced
by much elastic-staining material. Dick (13),
Ma and Cowdry (32), and Tattersall and
Seville (40) have all confirmed this observa-
tion.

The fundamental changes in the fibrous
components of skin during aging, however,
are still a matter of conjecture. Some work-
ers consider that the large amount of elastic
staining material present in exposed areas of
skin in senile patients is indeed true elastin
which has been elaborated in the manner
whereby elastin is normally produced. At the
same time, they recognize that the increase
in elastic-staining material is almost always
accompanied by a decrease in the number of
collagen fibrils. Lansing (31), for instance,
regards the elastic-staining material in senile
elastosis as genuine elastin on the grounds that
in morphology and staining properties it
closely resembles elastin and, moreover, is
digested by the enzyme elastase. The con-
fusion that exists is also shown by his intro-
duction of the phrase “a bizarre type of elas-
tic tissue” to describe this material (31).
Other workers, however, consider that the
elastic-staining material is produced by the
modification of the collagen fibrils present,

388

(1!
for

the

ela

ti
el
h
fi

_p i. «o wt ae e408 @O@ tee Gana <i

IGY

NuMBER 4

y of skin of
> principal

He is of
o not show

age, but
nment due
mery (26)
ht changes
ic fibers of
0 78 years,
iled study
hat senile
fibers and
igen fibers
z replaced
Dick (13),
ersall and
s observa-

1e fibrous
however,
me work-
of elastic
1 areas of
ue elastin
2 manner
d. At the
: increase
st always
umber of
instance,
in senile
unds that
erties it
eover, is
The con-
his intro-
e of elas-
al (31).
that the
| by the

present,

COLLAGEN AND ELASTIN

(15, 41) so providing a rational explanation
for the disappearance of such fibrils and for
the collastin and collacin described by Unna.
Recent electron microscope studies have
further emphasized the difficulties (41). In
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, for example, the
elastic-staining material is morphologically
very similar to aortic elastin. In senile elasto-
sis, on the other hand, the elastic-staining
material is composed mainly of collagen fibrils
in various stages of modification and much
amorphous material, (fig. 4) while in pseu-
doxanthoma elasticum, which is also charac-
terized by variable elastic staining, the fibers
consist of collagen which seems quite intact
and is indistinguishable under the electron
microscope from that of normal dermis.

Morphogenesis of Elastic Tissue

From the morphogenetic aspect the indica-
tions are also vague, since the stages whereby
elastic fibers are elaborated in the organism
have not as yet been clearly defined. In the
first place, there is doubt as to whether or
not elastoblastic cells, specialized in function
to produce elastic fibers only, really exist.
While claims for the existence of such cells
have been put forward at various times,
counter claims suggest that elastic fibers are
derived from the fibroblasts which elabor-
ate the collagen fibrils (20). Again, there is
general agreement that elastic fibers and col-
lagen always develop in association, the
former structures never being found in sites
which are devoid of collagen. “Indeed it
would appear that collagen is a prerequisite
for its formation” (35). A further significant
point is that while both these fibrous struc-
tures are being elaborated during periods of
rapid synthesis, as in fetal and regenerating
tissue, the elastic fibers tend to appear some-
what later than those of collagen. More-
over, elastogenesis is usually associated with
the presence of large amounts of metachro-
matic staining material (35).

X-ray Diffraction Studies

On the basis of X-ray diffraction data, Ast-
bury (3) has classified the fibrous proteins
into two broad groups, the keratin-myosin-
epidermin-fibrinogen (k-m-e-f) group and

389

the collagen group. The members of the
k-m-e-f group, in addition to having common
structural features which yield very similar
and characteristic diffraction patterns, all
manifest long-range elasticity. The members
of the collagen group, in spite of their diverse
origins, also show a characteristic diffraction
pattern, which, however, is quite different
from that of the k-m-e-f group. The members
of the collagen group are also distinguished
in that normally they do not have any long-
range elastic properties, and Astbury (2) con-
siders that they are built from polypeptide
chains in a stereochemically extended con-
figuration.

This structural plan is substantiated by the
fact that following thermal treatment, col-
lagenous fibers may be induced to contract
to a state in which they manifest the long-
range elasticity typical of the k-m-e-f group.
Where does elastin, defined as the protein
found in elastic tissue, fit into this scheme of
classification? Is such a highly elastic protein
better fitted into the k-m-e-f group, whose
members all show elasticity, or does it indeed
belong to the collagen group which normally
does not possess this property? Ordinarily, the
X-ray diffraction pattern of elastin prepara-
tions from ox ligamentum nuchae is not of the
oriented collagen type, rather it is “amor-
phous” or “diffuse.” The typical collagen pat-
tern, is, however, developed on stretching the
material, although whether this is due to col-
lagen fibrils, which are extremely difficult to
remove completely from the elastic fiber, is
still undecided. Astbury assumed that ex-
traneous collagen fibrils were not responsible
for the pattern developed on stretching and
concluded that elastin is a member of the
collagen group. Moreover, in order to ac-
count for its elastic properties, Astbury sug-
gested that elastin was a collagen-type protein
but with a thermal transition point below
ordinary temperatures. “Its polypeptide chains
are normally in a folded state correspond-
ing to that assumed by the other collagen
fibers when they contract at higher tempera-
tures.” Bear (10), however, is of the opinion
that the collagen pattern is due to a trace of
extraneous collagen included as an impurity
in the elastin sample and says “it seems clear
that elastin must be excluded from the col-

390

lagen family.” Thus at the present time it
is difficult to classify elastin with the other
fibrous proteins.

Electron Microscope Studies of Elastic Tissue

Various workers (16, 17, 18, 24, 37, 38, 43,
44) have made electron microscope studies
of elastic tissue, but here again it has proved
difficult to draw conclusions. Elastic fibers
are ill-defined structures and many morpho-
logic types have been found which point to
the complex and variable nature of elastic
tissue. Most workers agree that this tissue is
composed of broad, ill-defined fibers, (show-
ing no regular structural features) which are
usually associated with sheets and fragments
of various sizes and shapes. Moreover, in all
forms of elastic tissue, much amorphous and
dense material is found, together with net-
works of well-defined collagen fibrils.

Studies of the reaction with the enzyme
elastase (24, 30) indicate that the broad, ill-
defined fibers are built from fine, non-striated
fibrils held together by a dense cement sub-
stance. Schwarz and Dettmer, (36), how-
ever, consider that they are built from striated
fibrils, very similar to collagen in appearance.
These authors seem to have taken no adequate
steps to ensure that all extraneous collagen
fibrils were removed from the sample prior
to enzyme treatment and electron microscope
examination, and there is still no definite evi-
dence that the striated fibrils do in fact origi-
nate from within the broad, ill-defined fibers.

From the variety of morphologic data on
elastic tissue, it is difficult to decide what elas-
tin, the entity assumed to be common to all
forms of the tissue, really is. If one disre-
gards the large amount of debris material and
collagen fibrils which are invariably present,
it would seem that elastin is represented by
the broad, ill-defined fibers. If this is indeed
the case, it must be accepted that the elastin is
dual in nature, consisting of fibrils in close
association with a dense, non-fibrous com-
ponent (23). Whatever the correct explana-
tion, the electron microscope studies bring out
very clearly the complex nature of elastic tis-
sue and the fact that elastin, whatever its
true nature, is intimately associated with fi-
brils of collagen.

HALL, KEECH, REED, SAXL, TUNBRIDGE, AND WOOD

Chemical Studies of Elastic Tissue

Chemical characterization of elastic tissye
is equally difficult, in view of the variations
which have been observed.

Little work has been done on the chemical
composition of dermal elastin, but it is sig.
nificant that the reported calcium content
(11, 33) is in conformity with the observations
of Lansing and associates (29) in aortic elas.
tin. It is permissible to consider Lansing’s
(29) observations on the amino acid compo-
sition of young and old elastins and Hall's
(21) observations on the complexity of aortic
elastin as being applicable to elastin from a
number of sites.

Hall (21, 22) showed that human aortic
elastic tissue differed from ox ligament in that
the treatment with boiling 1 per cent acetic
acid, which was adequate for the removal of
all extraneous collagen from the latter tissue,
left a residue in the case of aorta which still
contained a high proportion of amino acids
which were indicative of the presence of a
collagen-like component. The resistance of
this material to solution was not absolute,
however, nor was that of elastin, since both
could be taken into solution in boiling 40
per cent urea solution if the liquor/tissue
ratio and the time of treatment were ade-
quate. There was, moreover, a progressive
difference in solubility as one passed from
collagen through the component intermediate
in amino acid composition to “true” elastin.
Lansing reported that the very amino acids
which formed the basis of the analytic differ-
entiation between collagen, the intermediate
component, and elastin increased in amount
in his elastin preparations with the age of
the subject.

Thus in spite of many different approaches,
our knowledge of elastin and elastic tissue
is most unsatisfactory. All investigators agree
on one point, namely the indication that col-
lagen fibrils are always closely associated with
elastic tissue. It is this intimate inclusion
of such fibrils that leads to the uncertainty
as to whether or not they are extraneous to
the structure of the elastic tissue fiber. In-
deed, Banga (9) on the basis of the obser-
vation of Schwarz and Dettmer (36) has
suggested that collagen fibrils constitute the
core of each elastin fiber. In the face of

such co
to regal
proteins
propert
elabora
bility «
these t
key to
generat
tissue |

Tl

New
has b
dermis
from |
modifi
treatet
time, '
7-10.4
metap
show!
light-1
were
treate
nume
elasti
Figui
able
in or
amor
be se
whic
in ti
or Pp
stain
Furt
guis
blac
Tl
firm
(fig
moc
gree
this
stru
stru
mo
rele
anc

C tissue
riations

hemical

is Sig-
content
‘vations
ic elas.
insing’s
compo-

Hall's
aortic
from a

aortic
in that
acetic
val of
tissue,
h still
acids
of a
ice of
olute,
both
ig 40
tissue
ade-
Ssive
from
diate
astin.
acids
iffer-
diate
jount
e of

ches,
issue
gree
col-
with
sion
inty
s to
In-
ser-
has
the
of

COLLAGEN AND ELASTIN

such confusion investigators have continued
to regard collagen and elastin as two distinct
proteins, with their own intrinsic staining
properties, chemical composition, mode of
elaboration, etc., and have ignored the possi-
bility of an intimate relationship between
these two substances. In our opinion the
key to a better understanding of the de-
generative changes manifested by connective
tissue lies in this very relationship.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
COLLAGEN AND ELASTIN

New evidence bearing on this relationship
has been recently obtained (12). Fresh
dermis as well as collagen substantially free
from ground substance prepared (27) by a
modification of Neuman’s procedure (34)
treated at 37 C. and for various periods of
time, with alkaline buffer solutions (pH range
7-10.4), pancreatic enzymes, and with sodium
metaperiodate solutions at pH 5.0, have been
shown to undergo transformation. Under the
light-microscope, lamellar structures (25)
were observed in both the control and the
treated material (figs. 1-3) but were more
numerous and exhibited a wider variety of
elastic staining properties only in the latter.
Figures 2 and 3 show two directly compar-
able photographs of the treated skin taken
in ordinary and polarized light. Masses of
amorphous material, which stain deeply, can
be seen and are associated with the lamellae,
which are highly anisotropic. Other lamellae
in the treated material stained pale blue
or pink and were anisotropic, while others
stained like elastin and were not anisotropic.
Further structures, histologically indistin-
guishable from elastin in the form of wavy
black-staining fibrils, were observed.

The electron microscope studies also con-
firmed the presence of elastin-like structures,
(figs. 5-8) which seem to be formed by the
modification of collagen fibrils to varying de-
grees; the amorphous material produced in
this process seems to form the elastin-like
structures by deposition on the various fiber
structures present. Chemically also, this
modification of collagen fibrils involves the
release of fragments rich in hydroxyproline
and arginine, in keeping with what is known

391

of the relative amino acid composition of
collagen and elastin. Carbohydrate-protein
links also seem to be involved in the modi-
fication of the collagen fibrils, since material
rich in reducing sugars is also released.

At the present stage there is insufficient
evidence to determine the part played by
polysaccharides in the transformation of col-
lagen. It may be significant, however, that
the release of protein material rich in hydroxy-
proline is always associated with the simul-
taneous release of material containing large
amounts of reducing sugar. Furthermore, the
reagents which bring about the transforma-
tion are precisely those which would be ex-
pected to affect the polysaccharide compo-
nent of the collagen fibrils, viz., alkaline buffer
solutions and periodate solutions.

The possibility that collagen fibrils actually
form an integral part of certain natural elas-
tic structures has already been considered.
Banga (9) and Schwarz and Dettmer (36)
have adduced evidence which supports this
view. In addition some preliminary obser-
vations by the present authors are relevant.
Elastin (ox ligamentum nuchae) was freed
from “extraneous” collagen (as assessed by
electron microscope examination) by treat-
ment with acetic acid. Electron microscope
studies of the reaction between this substrate
and the enzyme collagenase revealed the pres-
ence of collagen-like fibrils which, as would
be expected if they were indeed genuine
collagen, were ultimately completely digested.

Morphologic differences in animal and
human collagen from different age-groups
have been recorded. Using the electron mi-
croscope the width of the collagen fibrils in
rat and human skin, (8, 18) human Achilles
tendon (43) and human sclera (37, 38) has
been found to increase with age. The smaller,
finer fibrils found in the dermis of babies
are separated by a larger amount of amor-
phous material (presumed ground substance )
than the thicker, more closely-packed adult
fibers (17). This increase in ground sub-
stance in young tissue is confirmed by the
amorphous X-ray pattern (19).

There is a growing body of evidence which
indicates that the reactivity of collagen is
also a function of age. Banfield (7) has
found that the solubility of human skin col-

392 HALL, KEECH, REED, SAXL, TUNBRIDGE, AND WOOD

Fig. 2. Fig. 3.

Fics. 1-3, show a frozen section (V.S.) of the dissected dermis treated with alkaline buffer under pressure
(ref. 11). Fixed in phosphate buffered formol-saline, at a pH 7.3 and stained with Hart’s modification of
the Weigert stain.

Fic. 1. Low power view of treated section. The left hand area shows original fibers staining blue,
whereas the newly formed elastin-like material on the right stains brown. Control sections showed only
the blue fibers. X50.

Fic. 2. shows the brown-black amorphous material associated with nonstaining transparent lamellae,
which seem to be coated by this in many regions. Narrow fibrils, which stain black (indicated by arrows),
seem to have been newly formed. X92.

Fic. 3. The same section as fig. 2, photographed in polarized light under comparable conditions. The
lamellae (indicated by white arrow) are highly oriented in regions where they are not coated by the
amorphous material. X92.

]
senile

]
(pH
mate

essure
on of

blue,

only

ellae,
ows),

The
- the

COLLAGEN AND ELASTIN 393

Fig. 4.

Fic. 4. Fresh whole dermis from exposed forearm skin from an adult aged 69 years suffering from
senile elastosis, showing fiber network and amorphous material.

Fic. 5. Fresh whole dermis from the abdomen of a 7 year old child incubated with borate buffer
(pH 8.8) for 22 hours at 37 C. The degenerate collagen is admixed and coated with dense amorphous
material to form elastin-like sheets, similar to those found in pathologic skin (see fig. 4).

HALL, KEECH, REED, SAXL, TUNBRIDGE, AND WOOD

Fic. 6. Control from abdominal skin of an adult aged 36 years to show normal striated collagen fibrils
and filamenting-type elastin.

Fic. 7. Prepared abdominal skin collagen from a 9 year old child incubated with 1 per ceat sodium
metaperiodate in buffer pH 5.0 for one and a half hours at 37 C. Example of typical skin-type elastin
fiber (with component filaments) that was found in increased numbers following this treatment.

COLLAGEN AND ELASTIN 395

Fic. 8. Prepared abdominal skin collagen from an adult aged 36 years incubated with borate buffer
(pH 8.8) for 20 hours at 37 C. Elastin-like sheets intimately mixed with striated collagen fibers (arrows) and
elastin fibers.

fibrils

dium
lastin

396

lagen in 0.01 per cent acetic acid solution,
although marked below the age of one year,
is only moderate up to 30 years and very
low above this age. In the case of human
tendon collagen, the solubility below the age
of one year is also appreciable, but above
this age the collagen is completely resistant
to the acid.

The effect of collagenase on human skin
collagen also becomes less marked with age.
Keech (27) has shown that it is possible to
obtain from prepared collagen fibrils from
infants nearly twice as much soluble nitro-
gen in the reaction mixture as from adults
over the age of 30 years, and from children
aged from 1 to 10 years, one and a half times
as much. Samples from the same _ prepa-
rations of collagen, when modified by alkaline
treatment to produce elastin-like structures,
also show similar gradation in protein ex-
traction figures (12), i.e., the apparent trans-
formation, both morphologic and biochemi-
cal, of skin collagen into “elastin” by alkaline
treatment is much more marked in the child.
Similar results have also been obtained using
fresh whole dermis. Not only do these ob-
servations point to a similarity in the action
of alkali and the enzyme collagenase (28),
but also they may open the way to classi-
fying the various pathologic states of collagen
on the basis of their reaction with collagenase
or with alkali, i.e., the ease with which they
can be transformed into elastin-like structures.

DISCUSSION

The observations mentioned above, indi-
cating the possible in vitro conversion of col-
lagen into elastin, form a useful basis for
discussing connective tissue changes which
occur in vivo.

The possibility of this transformation per-
mits the resolution of many of the difficulties
previously mentioned. The most fundamental
of these and one which has considerable bear-
ing on the morphogenetic approach to con-
nective tissue has been the lack of positive
evidence for the existence of an elastoblast.
There is no longer any need to postulate the
existence of such a cell, if the fibroblast which
elaborates collagen fibrils can produce the
necessary components for the synthesis of
elastin. The chemical differences between

HALL, KEECH, REED, SAXL, TUNBRIDGE, AND WOOD

collagen and elastin, and the fact that ap
in vitro synthesis of the latter is possible from
the partial degradation products of the former
indicate that collagen must be built up of
a group of dissimilar fragments, such as poly.
peptides and polysaccharides. If it is as.
sumed that during the biosynthesis of col-
lagen by the fibroblasts such a heterogenous
group of components is produced, then col-
lagen and elastin can be synthesized by com-
bination of differing selections of these frag.
ments. This, however, is only one possibility,
Since it is known that in vitro degradation of
collagen can provide adequate material for
the synthesis of “elastin,” there is every likeli-
hood that in vivo degradation, by whatever
means it may be effected will afford the same
spectrum of small components from which
elastin can be synthesized by appropriate se-
lection.

The first of these two hypothetical path-
ways, being essentially a synthetic one, would
seem to be the more likely for the normal
production of elastin. However, the second
one, which would seem to be biologically less
probable because it necessitates the break-
down of highly organized collagen fibrils for
the production of another organized struc-
tural unit, “elastin,” is more in accord with
many of the observed facts regarding senile
and degenerate tissue. Since the same type
of structural unit would be used for the pro-
duction of “elastin” either direct from the
products of fibroblastic activity or from de-
graded collagen, the morphologic appearance,
staining behavior and chemical composition
should be similar. Because of this, previous
difficulties in interpreting the elastic-staining
material in senile elastosis as elastin, a bizarre
form of elastin or as modified collagen, are
removed. In addition a rational explanation
is given for elacin, collastin, and collacin, the
“intermediate” states postulated by Unna as
occurring in senile elastosis and other de-
generative conditions.

The diagram on page 397 indicates the two
possible pathways for elastogenesis. One
hypothesis requires the simultaneous produc-
tion of collagen by stages 1 and 2 and elastin
by stage 6. This independent elaboration
would involve the selection of different group-
ings of polypeptide and polysaccharide frag-
ments. The interaction of these two proc-

Colla;
degre
organ

COLL:

Partia
produ

Compl

esses
ratio1
collas
may
the ¢
tissu
Tk
prefc
and
stage
sizec
prod
Ei
for |
diffe
ence
is in
solu
The
Sch’
of «
by »
sult
ing
a

of 1
bas

ren

that an
ale from
> former
t up of
as poly.
- is as-
of col.
enous
len col-
Y cOom-
e frag.
sibility,
ition of
‘jal for
’ likeli.
latever
e same
which
ate se-

path-
would
10rmal
econd
ly less
break-
ils for
struc-
with
senile
- type
> pro-
1 the
n de-
‘ance,
sition
vious
ining
zarre
, are
ation
, the
1a as
- de-

two

One
duc-
astin
ition
oup-
Tag-
roc-

COLLAGEN AND ELASTIN

397

FIBROBLAST

Ny

Protein and polysaccharide

precursors.

1 acid analysis

..

7

During elastogenesis these collagen-like struc-

Total amino
as collagen. Ponte

Selection of certain
specific precursors

Collagen in varying
degrees of
organization

2

tures can be incorporated into the elastin
structure, owing to the spatial proximity
and common source of both types of fiber.

Vv
ELASTIN FIBERS

COLLAGEN FIBRILS
|)
+ ae Under certain conditions a selection of these Elastase
— degradation products can combine, possibly controlled by
with extraneous polysaccharide, e.g., from 9 elastase
4 ground substance. inhibitor.
Complete degradation
{s Vv
ELASTIN DEGRADATION
PRODUCTS

[GELATIN]

esses is, however, not excluded and incorpo-
ration of some of the partially synthesized
collagen fibrils into the structure of elastin
may occur (stage 7). This could account for
the difficulties in obtaining a sample of elastic
tissue entirely free of collagen.

The other possible pathway necessitates the
preformation of collagen fibrils by stages 1
and 2, and their subsequent degradation by
stages 3 and 4, before elastin can be synthe-
sized from a selection of the degradation
products thus obtained (stage 8).

Either of these hypotheses would account
for the variable composition of “elastins” of
different age groups (29) and for the exist-
ence of a component in aortic “elastin,” which
is intermediate in amino acid composition and
solubility between collagen and elastin (21).
They could also explain the observations of
Schwarz and Dettmer (36) on the release
of collagen-like structures from elastic tissue
by the action of elastase, and the similar re-
sult obtained by the present authors, on treat-
ing “elastin” with bacterial collagenase (12).

The problem of classifying elastin into one
of the two groups of fibrous proteins on the
basis of its x-ray diffraction pattern is also
rendered easier. Since it is composed either

directly or indirectly of the products of fibro-
blastic activity as in collagen, it should take
its place in the same group, as Astbury
originally suggested (3). The inclusion of
some collagen fibrils in the elastic tissue fiber
would explain the weak collagen pattern
against a diffuse background, which has some-
times been observed. These fibrils would
align themselves on stretching to give rise
to a strong and more oriented collagen pat-
tern.

The hypotheses also provide a rational ex-
planation of the variety of morphologic forms
of elastic tissue found in the electron micro-
scope studies and the intimate association of
collagen fibrils with this material.

As the age of the subject advances the
amount of elastic staining material in the
tissues increases, while the reactivity of the
collagen toward chemical attack (12) and
enzymatic destruction (27) decreases. The
majority of the collagen fibrils in adult tissue
will, however, have passed through the stage
2 and will be fully mature and hence will
not be available for inclusion in elastic fibers
(stage 7). The variable chemical compo-
sition of senile “elastin” (31) indicates that
such incorporation does occur, and if there

398

are a few partially formed collagen fibrils to
take part in such a co-synthesis, they must
arise by partial degradation of the preformed
fibrils. It seems likely, therefore, that while
both pathways may be operative, the one
involving the breakdown of collagen fibrils
is of greater importance in senile conditions.

Recent work has indicated the importance
of the enzyme elastase and its inhibitors in
the controlled synthesis and degradation of
elastic tissue. In arteriosclerosis, the elastic
fibers of the aortic media undergo marked
changes, especially in organization and in
staining properties. Balo and Banga (4) iso-
lated an enzyme, elastase, capable of com-
pletely digesting elastin and on the basis of
its properties, ascribed the changes in arterio-
sclerosis to its action. Furthermore, the dis-
covery by the same authors (6) that a circu-
lating inhibitor in normal serum was either
completely absent or present in low concen-
tration in arteriosclerosis, seemed to present
conclusive evidence in favor of this view.
However, a comparison of the elastase con-
tent of pancreas from subjects with and with-
out a history of arteriosclerosis (5) showed
that there was an actual decrease in the case
of arteriosclerotics, notwithstanding the fact
that the level of the inhibitor in the serum
was extremely small. These findings seemed
to point to the involvement of elastase in the
synthesis, rather than the degeneration of
elastin, and hence it was impossible to account
for the observed changes in medial elastin
solely in terms of the action of elastase con-
trolled by an inhibitor. Balo and Banga (5)
now consider that the changes are due to a
failure to replace elastin destroyed in other
ways.

The present suggestions regarding the for-
mation of elastin have considerable bearing
on this concept. There is, however, no direct
evidence that elastase is involved in the trans-
formation of collagen into elastin in vitro.
There are difficulties in assessing the effect
of the enzyme near its optimum pH range,
8.7 - 9.2, since within this range the buffer
solution itself is capable of producing elastin-
like structures, which the enzyme presumably
simultaneously destroys. It has been shown,
however, that at lower pH values nearer
neutrality, certain enzyme preparations from
the pancreas are capable of producing elastin-

HALL, KEECH, REED, SAXL, TUNBRIDGE, AND WOOD

like structures from collagen in vitro. Thus
it seems likely that there are present in the
pancreas enzymes capable of bringing about
both the synthesis and breakdown of “elastin,”

The pancreatic fractions which have been
shown to have this power are those contain-
ing both trypsin and chymotrypsin. The bulk
of the evidence is in favor of reaction 3
and/or 4 being concerned with either the
removal or alteration of the polysaccharide
fragment of the collagen (12). Therefore it
does not seem likely that the effects observed
using these pancreatic fractions can be as-
cribed to their proteolytic activity. The
elastin content of any tissue may, however,
be controlled by the presence of other en-
zyme systems. If the factors influencing stage
3 or 4 are deficient, even though only a small
concentration of elastase is secreted by the
pancreas (or permitted to be effective on
account of a high level of circulating inhibi-
tor), the elastin structures would tend to be
destroyed or at least affected. This course
of events could account for the changes ob-
served in arteriosclerosis.

If on the other hand elastase and the factors
influencing stages 1 to 4 are present in normal
concentration, while the amount of inhibitor
is considerably increased, elastin will be pro-
duced at a rate greater than it can be de-
stroyed and true elastosis will ensue. Hall
and Saxl (25) have demonstrated that in the
serum of one case of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
examined, the concentration of inhibitor was
between 50 and 100 times as great as that
in pooled normal serum. The elastosis in
this syndrome is well authenticated by histo-
logic studies while Tunbridge and associates
(41) have shown that the elastic staining
material in this tissue is morphologically simi-
lar to aortic elastin.

In senile elastosis, the necessary assumption
is that the factors governing stages 1, 2, and
3 are active, but the factors or enzymes
governing stage 4 and 7 are not operative.
Thus although collagen is modified, the re-
action does not go to completion with either
the full destruction of collagen or the full
production of elastin but stops at some inter-
mediate stage, characterized by partially de-
graded collagen fibrils and _ elastin-staining
amorphous material.

It hi
ditions
about |
fibrils :
degen¢
genera
reporte
is too «
substa
limina
transfe
whole
terial
groun
vance’
gener:
thems
the p
reacti

Th
from
ratio!
in vit
the fi
origi
tissu
one
from
whet
and
and
of tl

Sc
to tl
in e
and
exp]
whi
can
rem
the:
hist
che
can
arte

Eh

T
diui
Poy
coll
Ma

Thus
in the
about
lastin,”
> been
yntain-
e bulk
tion 3
or the
haride
‘ore it
served
€ as.

The
vever,
r en-
Stage
small
y the
e on
thibi-
‘0 be
Durse
; ob-

ctors
rmal
bitor
pro-
de-
Hall
the
ome
was
that
; in
sto-
ates
jing
mi-

ion
ind
nes
ve,
re-
1er
ull
er-
le-

ng

COLLAGEN AND ELASTIN

It has been mentioned that alkaline con-
ditions seem to be most effective in bringing
about the in vitro modification of the collagen
fibrils and it may be significant that in many
degenerative states of connective tissue, a
general increase in tissue alkalinity has been
reported (for full references see ref. 1). It
is too early to assess the importance of ground
substance in the degenerative process. Pre-
liminary experiments (12) revealed a greater
transformation of collagen to “elastin” in
whole fresh dermis than from prepared ma-
terial which was substantially free from
ground substance. While the hypotheses ad-
vanced here imply that the first stage in de-
generation involves only the collagen fibrils
themselves, it does not necessarily rule out
the participation of ground substance as the
reaction proceeds.

SUMMARY

The in vitro synthesis of elastin-like material
from collagen is used as a basis for the elabo-
ration of two hypothetical schemes for the
in vivo synthesis of “elastin.” Both postulate
the fundamental fact that elastin and collagen
originally derive from the same connective
tissue cell. The two hypotheses differ in that
one supports the direct synthesis of elastin
from the products of fibroblastic activity.
whereas the other requires the prior formation
and subsequent degradation of collagen fibrils
and the synthesis of elastin from a selection
of the fragments.

Some elastin may be synthesized according
to the former hypothesis, while the increase
in elastic staining material observed in senile
and degenerative conditions can be more fully
explained by the latter. The conditions under
which this modification of the collagen fibrils
can be made to occur indicate the possible
removal of polysaccharide. On the basis of
these hypotheses rational explanations of the
histologic, electronmicroscope, x-ray, and bio-
chemical findings on normal connective tissue
can be made, and the specific features of
arteriosclerotic tissue, senile elastosis skin, and
Ehlers-Danlos skin can be explained.

The pancreatic fractions and collagenase (Clostri-
dium welchii) were kindly supplied by Dr. C. G.
Pope of the Wellcome Research Laboratory and the
collagenase (Clostridium histolyticum) by Dr. J. D.
MacLennan.

ut

10,

ui.

13.

14.

15.

16.

399

REFERENCES

Altshuler, C. H., and Angevine, D. M.: Histo-
Studies on the Pathogenesis of Fi-
brinoid. Am. J. Path., 25: 1061-1078, 1949.
Astbury, W. T., and Woods, H. J.: X-ray Studies
of Hair, Wool and Related Fibres. II. The
Molecular Structure and Elastic Properties of
Hair Keratin. Phil. Tr. Roy Soc. A, 232: 333-
394, 1933.

Astbury, W. T., and Bell, F. O.: X-ray Data
on the Structure of Natural Fibres and Other
Bodies of High Molecular Weight. Tabulae
biol., 17: 90-112, 1939.
Balo, J., and Banga, I.:
of Pancreatic Extracts.
387, 1950.

Balo, J., and Banga, I.: Change in the Elastase
Content of the Human Pancreas in Relation to
Arteriosclerosis. Acta Physiol., 4: 187-194, 1953.
Balo, J., and Banga, I.: Elastase and Elastase
Inhibitor. Nature, 164: 491, 1949.

Banfield, W. G.: The Solubility and Swelling
of Collagen in Dilute Acid with Age Variations
in Man. Anat. Rec., 114: 157-172, 1952.
Banfield, W. G.: Width and Length of Collagen
Fibrils during the Development of Human Skin,
in Granulation Tissue and in the Skin of Adult
J. Gerontol., 10: 13-17, 1955.
Thermal Contraction of Collagen and
Nature, 172: 1099-

chemical

The Elastolytic Activity
Biochem. J., 46: 384-

Animals.
Banga, L.:
Its Dissolution with Elastase.
1101, 1953.

Bear, R. S.: Advances in Protein Chemistry, 7:
Academic Press, New York, 1952, page 89.
Brown, H.: The Mineral Content of Human
Skin. J. Biol. Chem., 75: 789-794, 1927.
Burton, D., Hall, D. A., Keech, M. K., Reed, R.,
Saxl, H., Tunbridge, R. E., and Wood, M. J.:
The Apparent Transformation of Collagen Fibrils
into “Elastin.” Nature, 1955, (in press).
Dick, J. C.: Observations on the Elastic Tissue
of the Skin with a Note on the Reticular Layer
at the Junction of the Dermis and Epidermis.
]. Anat., 81: 201-211, 1947.

Ejiri, I.: Studien iiber die Histologie de men-
schlichen Haut. III Mitteilung: Uber die region-
iiren und Altersunterschiede der verschiedenen
Hautelemente mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung
der Altersveriinderung der elastichen Fasern.
Jap. J. Dermat. & Urol., 41: 8-12, 1937.
Gillman, T., Penn, J., Bronks, D., and Roux, M.:
Staining Reactions of Elastic Fibres with Special
References to “Elastotic Degenerations” in the
Human Skin. Nature, 174: 789-791, 1954.
Gross, J.: Structure of Elastic Tissue as Studied
with the Electron Microscope. J. Exper. Med.,
89: 699-708, 1949.

400

17.

18.

19.

to
to

25.
26.

27.

29.

30.

31.

HALL, KEECH, REED, SAXL, TUNBRIDGE, AND WOOD

Gross, J.: A Study of Certain Connective Tissue
Constituents with the Electron Microscope. Ann.
New York Acad. Sc., 52: 964-970, 1950.

Gross, J.: A Study of the Ageing of Collagenous
Connective Tissue of Rat Skin with the Electron
Microscope (Abstract). Am. J. Path., 26: 708,
1950.
Gross, J.:
Some Methods for Its Analysis.
5: 343-360, 1950.

Haas, G. M.: Elastic Tissue.
334-365, 583-613, 1939.
Hall, D. A.:

Connective Tissue Fine Structure and
J. Gerontol.,

Arch. Path., 27:

Elastin from Human Tissue and

from Ox Ligament. Nature, 168: 513-514,
1951.
Hall, D. A.: The Reaction Between Elastase

and Elastic Tissue. 1. The Substrate.
chem. ]., 59: 459-465, 1955.

Hall, D. A., Reed, R., and Tunbridge, R. E.:
Structure of Elastic Tissue. Nature, 170: 264-
272, 1952.

Hall, D. A., Reed, R., and Tunbridge, R. E.:
Electron Microscope Studies of Elastic Tissue.
Exper. Cell Res., 8: 35-48, 1955.

Hall, D. A., and Saxl, H.: Unpublished data.

Hill, R., and Montgomery, H.: Regional Changes
and Changes Caused by Age in the Normal
Skin. J. Invest. Dermat., 3: 231-245, 1940.
Keech, M. K.: The Effect of Collagenase on
Human Skin Collagen, Comparison of Different
Age-Groups and of Cases With and Without
“Collagen Disease.” Yale J. Biol. & Med., 26:
295-306, 1954.

Keech, M. K.: Human Skin Collagen from Dif-
ferent Age-Groups Before and After Collagenase
Digestion. An Electron Microscope Study. Ann.
Rheumat. Dis., 14: 19-50, 1955.

Lansing, A. I., Roberts, E., Ramasarma, G. B.,
Rosenthal, T. B., and Alex, M.: Changes with
Age in Amino Acid Composition of Arterial
Elastin. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol., 76: 714-717,
1951.

Lansing, A. I., Rosenthal, T. B., Alex, M., and
Dempsey, E. W.: The Structure and Chernical
Characterization of Elastic Fibers as Revealed
by Elastase and Electron Microscopy. Anat. Rec.,
114: 555-577, 1952.

Lansing, A. I.: Ageing of Elastic Tissue and
the Systemic Effects of Elastase. Ciba Foun-

Bio-

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

43.

44.

dation Colloquia on Ageing, 1: 88-108, J. & A.
Churchill, London, 1955.

Ma, C. K., and Cowdry, E. V.: Aging of Elastic
Tissue in Human Skin. J. Gerontol., 5: 203-210,
1950.

MacCardle, R. C., Engman, M. F., Jr., and
Engman, M. F., Sr.: Spectrographic Analysis
of Neurodermatitic Lesions. Arch. Dermat. &
Syph., 44: 429-440, 1941.

Neuman, R. E.: The Amino Acid Composition
of Gelatins, Collagens, and Elastins from Dif-
ferent Sources. Arch. Biochem., 24: 289-298,
1949.

Robb-Smith, A. H. T.: Normal Morphology and
Morphogenesis of Connective Tissue, In: Con-
nective Tissue in Health and Disease. Ed., G.
Asboe-Hansen, E. Munksgaard, Copenhagen,
1954, page 29.

Schwarz, W., and Dettmer, N.: Elektronen-
mikroskopische Untersuchung des elastischen
Gewebes in der Media der menschlichen Aorta.
Virchows Arch. f. Path. Anat., 323: 243-268,
1953.

Schwarz, W.: Elektronenmikroskopische Unter-
suchungen iiber die Differenzierung der Cornea

und Sklerafibrillen des Menschen. Zeschr. f.
Zellforsch., 38: 78-86, 1953.
Schwarz, W., and von Pahlke, G.: Elektronen-

mikroskopische Untersuchungen an der Inter-
zellularsubstanz des menschlichen Knochenge-
webes. Ztschr. f. Zellforsch., 38: 475-487, 1953.
Strobel, H.: Die Gewebsverinderungen der
Haut im Verlaufe des Lebens. Arch. f. Dermat.
u. Syph. 186: 636-668, 1948.

Tattersall, R. N., and Seville, R.: Senile
Purpura. Quart. J. Med., 19: 151-159, 1950.
Tunbridge, R. E., Tattersall, R. N., Hall, D. A.,

Astbury, W. T., and Reed, R.: The Fibrous
Structure of Normal and Abnormal Human Skin.
Clin. Sci., 11: 315-331, 1952.

Unna., P. G.: Histopathology of the Diseases of
the Skin. Transl. by Norman Walker, Macmil-
lan, New York, 1896, page 984.

Von Pahlke, G.: | Elektronenmikroskopische
Untersuchungen an der _Interzellularsubstanz
des menschlichen Sehnengewebes. Ztschr. f.
Zellforsch., 39: 421-430, 1954.

Wolpers, C.: Zur elektronenmikroskopishen Dar-
stellung elastischer Gewebselemente. Klin.

Wehnschr., 34: 169-172, 1944.

(Fron

Rea:
ureme
tures |
out th
limitat
terms
which
tained
sues ¢

Mar
Gerar'
phasiz
protei
be in
zyme:
genes
In so
metal
tures,
can |
ment:
plical
The
grow
been
“repl
tend:
turn
“follc
level

meta

Tl
stan
ages

of t

flue

or s

mac

1,00

Su

°7
supp
stitut
and

inde
our

J. & A,

"Elastic
03-210,

T., and
Analysis
mat. &

DOsition
m Dif-
89-298,

gy and

Con-
id. @
hagen,

ronen-
tischen
Aorta,
3-268,

Unter-
Yornea

hr. f.

‘onen-
Inter-
enge-
1953.

der

rmat.

senile
1950,
. A.
brous

Skin.

es of
omil-

ische
tanz

. f

Dar-
<lin.

STUDIES OF GROWTH THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN IN JAPANESE:
GROWTH AND SIZE OF NAILS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP
TO AGE, SEX, HEREDITY, AND OTHER FACTORS*

JAMES B. HAMILTON, HARUMI TERADA, AND GORDON E. MESTLER

(From the Departments of Anatomy, State University of New York, College of Medicine at New York City,
and University of Tokyo Medical Faculty, Tokyo, Japan)

Reasonably accurate and quantitative meas-
urements can be made of the growth of struc-
tures like the nails which proliferate through-
out the lifespan. These studies escape the
limitations of investigations of growth in
terms of increments of height and weight,
which disappear after an adult form is at-
tained, except for cases in which adipose tis-
sues accumulate.

Many scholars, including Muller (49),
Gerard (23) and Needham (53), have em-
phasized the similarity of processes in which
protein molecules are replicated, whether this
be in the production of small units like en-
zymes and antibodies or the reproduction of
genes to form a cell or an entire organism.
In so far as growth of the nail may reflect the
metabolism and growth of other bodily struc-
tures, studies of this integumental appendage
can provide, at any age, quantitative assess-
ments of metabolism and growth that are ap-
plicable to other structures as well as skin.
The existence of a parallel between nail
growth and bodily metabolism in general has
been described by Needham (53) as follows:
“replacement of hair, nails . . . logically ex-
tends to the molecular level, to the ‘metabolic
turnover’ of the biochemist (33) .. .” and
“followed back to its origin at the molecular
level, regeneration becomes identical with the
metabolism of maintenance . . .”

The present communication establishes
standards for the nail growth at successive
ages and analyzes for Japanese subjects some
of the factors which might conceivably in-
fluence or be associated with periods of rapid
or slow growth of nails. Reference will be
made to companion studies of approximately
1,000 Caucasian subjects (29).

Submitted for publication July 11, 1955.

*This study is part of a medical and genetic investigation
Supported by grants H-1497 from the National Heart In-
Stitute and H-397 from the National Institute for Arthritis
and Metabolic Diseases, U.S.P.H.S. The authors are also

indebted to the subjects who took part in this study, and to
our Japanese colleagues, especially Dr. Eiji Inouye.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Subjects consisted of 297 males and 298
females. Their distribution according to age
is shown in figure 12. All individuals were
residents of Toky6 or its environs and were
in good health, as far as could be determined
without detailed investigation, when studied
in May, June, and July of 1954. Some of the
older persons lived in a home for the aged,
but neither these nor any of the other subjects
were institutionalized because of poor health.

An additional study was made in the sum-
mer of 1953 of 27 young members of three
large families, all of whom were Japanese sub-
jects living in Japan. Comprehensive genetic
investigations, including extensive use of ser-
ologic and other methods, strongly suggest
the correctness of the familial relationships
shown in figure 13.

Nail-biters were excluded from this study
since biting of the nails augments the rate of
growth (29, 34,42). The increase in growth
rate that accompanies biting of the nails seems
to be comparable to the increased prolifera-
tive rates observed under other circumstances
when cells are jostled, such as when friction
is applied to the skin (60) or even when tis-
sue cultures are subjected to movement (53).

The procedure used to measure rate of
linear growth of nails is analyzed critically
elsewhere (29). As employed in this study,
it records the distance that an incision made
upon the surface of the nail plate moves dis-
tally over a period of 6 weeks. Measurements
were made with needle-point calipers with
the nail viewed at a magnification of 2X. In
the study of Japanese subjects the nail of the
left thumb was employed and the base of the
corpus unguis utilized as the stationary frame
of reference. In 3 instances the right thumb
was substituted because of amputation or de-
formity of the nail of the left hand. Rates of
nail growth are similar on right and left hands

401

402

regardless of whether the subject is right or
left handed (3, 29, 34, 42).

In most subjects the rate of nail growth of
the thumb differs somewhat from that of other
digits. We have examined the data of Hill-
man and Leogrande (34) for 39 young Cauca-
sian men, finding that the mean rate of growth
for the thumb was 9 per cent slower than that
for the middle finger. In another series (29)
of 6 female and 4 male Caucasian subjects the
nail also grew 9 per cent slower on the thumb
than on the big finger. It was also 9 per
cent slower in a series of 7 male and 14 fe-
male Japanese subjects. This correction fac-
tor of 9 per cent was applied to our data for
Caucasians and for the Japanese families (in
whom the left maximus was the site under
study ).

The thickness of the nail was measured with
micrometer calipers in the midline of clippings
from the free edge of the nail. The proximal
portion of the clippings was utilized since the
distal border of the nail is known to undergo
fragmentation and attrition to the extent that
50 per cent of the nail may be sloughed (3).
A release mechanism prevented undue com-
pression of the nail by the jaws of the mi-
crometer calipers. Debris, especially adherent
epithelial cells, was scraped from the under-
surface of the clippings before measurements
were made of the thickness of the nail. Scrap-
ing was done with a sharp razor blade while
the clipping was examined at a magnification
of 5X.

The length of the nail plate was measured
in the midline of the thumb with needle-point
calipers placed between the hyponychium and
the base of the nail plate. Longitudinal cur-
vature of the nail introduced an error which
was small in magnitude but differed in an
undetermined amount from subject to subject.

The greatest breadth of the nail was also
measured in situ with needle-point calipers.
Because of the medio-lateral curvature of the
nail this value does not represent the true
width of the nail. The extent to which the
measurements differed from the true width
was considerable in some subjects.

The “nail index” is breadth (mm.) + length (mm.)
x 100.

The number of days required for replacement of
the nail plate, ie., for the nail to grow from the
base of the corpus unguis to the hyponychium, was

HAMILTON, TERADA, AND MESTLER

calculated from the length of the nail plate (mm,)
+ daily rate of growth (mm.)

The rate of volumetric growth of nail per day
was calculated by thickness (mm.) * breadth (mm.)
X length grown per day (mm.).

Height of the subjects was measured after
removal of footgear. Weight was recorded
with the subjects either undressed or wearing
a light cloak of known weight.

The thickness of skinfolds was measured
with calipers designed and standardized by
Keys (40). Each jaw has a surface area of
40 sq. mm. The jaws are compressed by a
spring with a constant force of 10 Gm./mm‘’.
The site selected for study was the postero-
median surface of the arm midway between
the elbow and the shoulder, an area accessible
for study and commonly used as one index
of the amount of bodily fat (19, 63).

Growth and function of other integumentary
structures were also studied. Axillary hair
was measured in terms of weight of the full-
grown mass and weight of hair grown per
day as recorded for a period of 6 weeks. The
method for obtaining, cleaning, and drying
the samples has been described (26). The
beard grown during 48 consecutive hours was
collected with a special electric shaver de-
signed to retain the shavings. A detailed pro-
cedure has been devised for cleaning, drying,
and weighing of shavings (28).

Sebum was measured by a method similar
in principle to that described by Jones, Spen-
cer, and Sanchez (37). The incidence and
severity of acne were tabulated in accordance
with categories established by Bloch (7). The
occurrence and extent of common baldness
were classified according to the categories
defined by Hamilton (27).

Titers of ketosteroids in urine collected for
48 consecutive hours were measured accord-
ing to the technique described by Lieberman
and associates (43).

RESULTS

Reliability of measurements. Thickness of
nail clippings from 10 subjects was measured
in three places, the midline (mean of 0.58
mm.) the lateral edge (mean of 0.53 mm.),
and midway between the midline and the
lateral edge (mean of 0.57 mm.). No ap-
preciable error (P = 0.78) is introduced if
the site of the reading is displaced from the

midline
by +:
As s
hours |
ping I
the ra
measu
under
night
crease
5 sub
There
made
prope
Thr
thickr
in the
value:
were
+ 0.(
upon
or go
for tl
same
To
of lin
tance
hypo
inter
readi
The
woul
an a
weel
grov
rates
servi
side
serv
the
redu
T
gro\
a tr
var}
vari
not
und
refi
(56
is n
sub
gro
fou

> (mm.)

per day
1 (mm.)

d after
corded

vearing

asured
“ed by
irea of
l bya
/mm.,
ostero-
tween
essible
index

entary
y hair
e full-
n per
. The
Irying

The
'S was
r de-
1 pro-
rying,

milar
Spen-
» and
lance

The
dness
rOries

d for
cord-
rman

ss of
ured

m.),
the
ap-

d if
the

NAIL GROWTH AND AGE

midline by + 1.0 mm. in small children or
by + 3.0 mm. in adults.

As studied in 6 subjects, desiccation for 24
hours reduced the mean thickness of nail clip-
ping by only 0.01 mm., a difference within
the range of error in duplicate micrometer
measurements made of the same specimen
under identical conditions. Exposure over-
night to a maximally humid environment in-
creased the mean thickness of clippings from
5 subjects by only 0.02 mm. (P = 0.67).
Therefore measurements of the nails were
made without regard to their hygroscopic
properties.

Three readings were taken routinely of the
thickness of each nail clippings as measured
in the midline. In almost all instances the
values agreed within + 0.005 mm. Values
were rejected if they varied by more than
+ 0.02 mm. Rejected samples were found
upon microscopic inspection to have ridges
or gouges. As tested in 18 subjects, the values
for thickness of 3 successive clippings of the
same nail agreed within + 0.01 mm.

To test the reliability of data for the rate
of linear elongation, measurements of the dis-
tance between a scratch on the nail and the
hyponychium were repeated 7 times at minute
intervals on 10 digits. These multiplicate
readings had an average S.E. of + 0.1 mm.
The average error in recording linear growth
would be 3 per cent in a nail which grew at
an average rate of 0.15 mm. per day for 6
weeks. It would be 9 per cent in a nail
growing 0.05 mm. per day for 6 weeks. These
rates of growth represent the extremes ob-
served in this study. Thus it was not con-
sidered necessary to extend the period of ob-
servation in order to increase the distance that
the incision migrated distally and thereby
reduce the possible error in measurement.

The extent to which the value for linear
growth during one period of 6 weeks provides
a true index of the growth of that nail may
vary with the status of the subject. Seasonal
variations have been described (42) but are
not always observed (3, 4, 34). Children
undergo marked seasonal spurts of growth as
reflected in increments of height and weight
(56) and it is possible that seasonal variation
is more pronounced in immature than in adult
subjects. Among adults the rate of nail
growth, as studied in one man, has been
found to be relatively constant in measure-

403

ments at 11 intervals between 15 and 115 days
(29). Hillman and Leogrande (34) found
a mean variation of 0.0035 mm. (range of
zero to 0.016 mm.) in 261 measurements of
99 men. Variation from time to time in the
same individual was marked in only a few of
the males but in a somewhat larger proportion
of females studied in a similar fashion. It is
uncertain whether the tendency to variation
in growth rate in some subjects was due to
internal physiologic factors, or to intercurrent
influences such as mild illness, and differences
in pressure upon the nails as a result of piano
playing. Undoubtedly the rate of nail growth
can be reduced by illness (3), severe starva-
tion (35), and immobilization or paralysis of
the digits (32, 47), and can be increased by
physiologic factors such as pregnancy (25)
and by external stresses such as are incurred
in biting the nails and playing the piano.
The available data do not permit definitive
analysis, however, of the extent to which
time-to-time variation, which is marked in
certain persons especially among females, is
due to internal physiologic factors and how
much is due to external stress directed spe-
cifically on the nails.

Although there are differences from person
to person as to which nails grow fastest and
differences in rate of growth of the various
nails in the same subject, it seems that meas-
urements of one particular nail are as repre-
sentative as values for several nails. The com-
parability of data from person to person, as
studied in 10 subjects at 4 intervals of 6
weeks each (29), was as good when based on
values for one nail (maximus) as when cal-
culated from mean values for 4 nails (pollex,
index, maximus, annulus).

Data for subjects with racquet thumbs*®
were excluded in statistical analyses since the
values were atypical in many respects.

Dimensions of nails. Values for length of
the nail plate increased rapidly during the
first two decades and attained almost their
maximum in the 15-19 year-old group, both
in males and females (figs. 1 and 2). This
~ @Nail en raquette is described in Blakiston’s New Gould
Medical Dictionary (5) as follows: “A dystrophy of the
nail in which the nail, usually that of the thumb, appears
wider than normal, its transverse curvature diminished so
that the nail seems flat. The effect is that of a miniature
tennis racket.” Actually, as shown in the present study, the
deformity is associated with subnormal length. The breadth
of the nail is only slightly greater. Moreover, the racket

phalanx occurs commonly on the big toe as well as on the
thumb.

22 Vise ols Sha HLONI1 ‘eres 5 ca
SESS SRH TSE * waving a.
SSastas sesu X3QNI TIYN

SYVIA | 39V
09 0 09 = «OS Ov o€¢ Oe Ol 0
i 4. L A rt 1 A 1
0
v 8 : iat

dnois a8e Aue 10} sasvioav ul
popnypur jou ore pue yx ue Aq pejussaidai ore quiny}
| | Ye 24} JO AWULIOJap JoyOvI vB YWM syoalqns JoF vyVG
‘Io}feaIaYy} Sepvosp JOJ pue “GI-CT ‘FI-OL ‘“6-S ‘F-T
a . sivoA IOJ SON[VA UvBU YSNOIY? UMBIP sT BAND dy],

ct ae i oe “i Renae ‘soBv SAISsadONS Je [IeUqUINY} Ye sy} JO yapeeiq pue

ae 3° , 8, By "ts ae r cl Yysusl OF sonpea [eNpIAIpur MOUS F 0} [ ‘SBIY

— © coo ° 000

— ° A ® -e— 29 0 < 80° ae ow

@coo © e ——_~o eo ‘
a a a ie ee Lim SUV3A ‘39V
7 ° °
= eRe howe ; > a ee ee oe ek ee oS
° ° ° i. i ¥' i. i i 4 4 0

Q . =

z gg" 5 ° L gj Zz S314

< 4. i. 1 4 1 4 1 1 0 g

T

9 ¢ SJIVWN 7 9 =

x >

a : — an

= ee >

a ; ron

. = ue

c . 7

“ g

S24 4. L 1 1 i i 4 4.

= 0 Zz

< I S31¥N =

= =
° a -
=
=
2°
+ 02 ; , : °
? 2

404

AGT, YEARS

NAIL GROWTH AND AGE 405

corresponds to the age when growth of the
somatic tissues in general was largely com-
pleted as indicated by measurements of bodily
height. Mean values for length of the nail
plate did not change materially in subsequent
decades.

Breadth of the nail plate increased rapidly
during the first two decades and continued
to do so at a slower rate thereafter through
the sixth decade (figs. 3 and 4). Breadth was
significantly greater (P = 0.001) in the sixth

NAIL INDEX
x 100

BREADTH

LENGTH

0 20 30 40 5SO 6 0 80
AGE, YEARS

MM

NAIL

OF

THICKNESS

FEMALES 7

ik oD |. + SS Oo 8. 8
AGE. YEARS

than in the third decade. The gradual in-
crease in breadth with aging may be due to
flattening of the nail or to an increase in di-
mensions of the cells, but studies were not
undertaken to analyze either of these pos-
sibilities.

In subjects with racquet thumbs the mean
length of the nail was 68 per cent of the
average for their respective age groups,
whereas the average breadth was slightly
greater (108 per cent).

180 . . .
160 4 ae . ‘

1404 ° = » oS -

wu?

NAIL PLATE,

1604

OF

1404 ‘

VOLUME

1204 ° °

FEMALES
0 2 0 4 3 © M 8
AGE, YEARS

Fig. 5 is of the curves of mean values per decade for the nail index.

Figs. 6 and 7 show the increase in the thickness of nails throughout life and the greater thickness of nails
in men than in women. A single mean is employed for values for the seventh through the ninth decades.

Figs. 8 and 9 portray the volume of the nail plate. A single mean is employed for the seventh through

the ninth decades.

406

The nail index (fig. 5) decreased rapidly
during the first 114 decades and remained rel-
atively constant thereafter.

Thickness of the nail increased rapidly dur-
ing the first two decades and at a slower rate
thereafter throughout life (figs. 6 and 7). The
difference between values for the third decade
and those for the sixth through the ninth
decades was significant (P = 0.01 in males,
0.001 in females).

Nails were significantly thicker (P < 0.001
in men than in women, as tested from the third
through the ninth decades inclusive.

The volume of the nail plate increased rap-
idly during the first two decades, more slowly
thereafter (figs. 8 and 9). This is due to in-
creases in all three dimensions during the
first two decades and mainly to further in-
creases in thickness and width after the sec-
ond decade.

Rate of Growth of Nails. 1). Linear growth.
Peak values for rate of elongation were
reached in the 10-14 year-old group in both
males and females. After the second decade
the rate of growth declined steadily and
materially (figs. 10 and 11). In compari-
son with values for the second decade this
decrease in rate of growth was statistically sig-
nificant by the fifth and all later decades
(P = 0.01) as tested separately for each sex.
The further decline between the fifth and the
eight decades was also significant in males
(P = 0.002), questionably so in females
(P = 0.02). The lack of further decline in
the ninth decade may be spurious, possibly
the result of the small number of aged sub-
jects available for this study, since the decline
was observed to continue (fig. 12), in studies
of a larger group of Caucasians (29).

The shape of the curve was not altered
significantly at the age for the menopause and
there was no statistically significant difference
(P = 0.60) in rate of growth between 14
menopausal and 22 premenopausal women 40
to 59 years old.

2). Number of days required for replace-
ment of the nail plate, i.e., for movement
of an incision on the nail plate from the base
of the corpus unguis to the hyponychium
(figs. 14 and 15). The curve of increase in
mean number of days required for replace-
ment of the nail plate was steepest in chil-
dren and adolescents, associated in large part

HAMILTON, TERADA, AND MESTLER

with lengthening of the nail plate along with
enlargement of other bodily structures. After
the second decade the time required for re.
placement increased at a slower rate. This
slower replacement of the nail plate with
aging is due mostly to the declining rate of
linear nail growth and little to further elonga-
tion of the nail plate.

The range of time required at each age for
replacement of nails of various lengths can be
estimated from figures 14 and 15, thus de-
fining the greatest intervals during which
measurements can usually be made with a
single marking.

3).. Volumetric growth. The volume of
nail grown per day increased markedly dur-
ing the first two decades: but was relatively
constant from the third through the ninth
decades (figs. 16 and 17). In effect, the de-
cline with aging in rate of linear elongation
was counterbalanced by increments in thick-
ness and breadth.

In calculations of volume, two of the di-
mensions (thickness and linear growth rate)
are more reliable than the third (breadth)
which was not corrected for the amount of
mediolateral curvature. Two-dimensional val-
ues, based on the relatively accurate measure-
ments of thickness < linear growth rate,
showed no change after the third decade ex-
cept in the oldest groups of men in which
there were few subjects. The fact that the
two-dimensional values underwent no change
with age again indicates that the decrease
in rate of elongation is practically counter-
balanced by the increase in thickness.

Lack of relationship of linear growth rate
to size of the nail, bodily mass, and growth
of integumentary appendages which are sec-
ondary sex characters. As tested separately
for males and females in three age groups, be-
fore puberty (1-8 years) and in young (25-34)
and old (70-88) adults, the rate of nail growth
was not significantly correlated with thickness
of the nail, length of the nail plate, bodily
height, bodily weight, nutritional status as as-
sessed in terms of thickness of skinfolds of
subcutaneous fat, degree of development
(weight of full-grown mass) of axillary hair,
rate of growth of axillary hair or beard, and
the incidence and severity of acne and com-
mon baldness.

The rate of linear elongation of nails was

o'-_— *
Q@---0

JAPANESE
JAPANESE

|

\PAIIPACIAN

|

“TIN

j

]

150
40

t™~
_
—_

1OJ
0} pusa

‘(OTP eded ,a}0U}00j vas) xes puv o8¥ Jo soUaNBUT oY} OF UOTPOOIION Joye ApruIey Jey} JO sBuyqis ye
‘soruey TOY} JO OYsto}OVIeYO YMOIS [eu Jo a}e1 OY} WqGIyxe
} SBuyqis (oY ul peyuesaide1) ayewiay pue (yoR[q ur poeyussosdar) apeur yYZoq yey} smoys ET “BIY

onyea uevoul ou} AMOYs SjOquIAs OBL] eayL

*spelqns uvisvoned

pue asouvdef ur Ajreprums spa9001d yyMoIS IeoUT] JO 9}VI Ul BBV YPA\ oUTPap oY} yey} s}soBsns ZI “Sy

"YAOIS [re IeoUT] JO dye UT OBv YPM oUTPep 94} MOYS [TT pue OT ‘S3IY

SUV3A '39V
a a ae 7a SS CU 0 2
4 i iL iL i iL i 0 a
mn
€I F080 ,
a SUV3A ‘39¥
; -
i - 08 =O Se ££ & .€¢°>24
448 2" eT" Ss ae — $39vNad fe
. ° ” a o— B a Il ry ? . rOS0
i ° ° ° os W—+o02723 080"
o es +
=< 0 e <x HOO 2
a o 8 F OV! ° F080
a > r060 S
i P F091 = FO0l
= FOI z=
5 F021 >
& tee fF e2@sna 4 8 v LOE! gg
OS a. oe a a o| $123rans ° LOvl
= Ss} SEsCR?tii (iesi(iai (ia C‘<‘iK:C(CSsS«é CC s«SO'ON . “was
= 7» © 2 2 ws aoe =
SUVA '39¥ °
06 oF 2% 098 OS Ov o o2 oO 0
i rm 1 i i 0 = =
cl ° Foo om =
ne |
= =
F080 = Zz =
— + 3
“Stl F060 SS
32 e
v--- NVISVNVD oor = .
o—— NvISW2NvD| °
o---8 3S3NVdvr| sie
x P 3S 3Nvave | orl =
SleBEtS Sean. -CEBBAGe ATEVAACERERee aah maces
Fee" FSF os £8 pe SErT sg “Hse lT SSeS SSPsS SBESBPRSE SS Steeyve 3

ae” Ul Ue ee Se ee
ee a ——t OO ld ED he BR a re ys Srna Se ge Se
Sosa eg he s=ss Pes Zee ec ESSRS BT A* LSSES ose s osu ds shee E" ax
espe So g= be Tees SE< 8 SSBEL SS SHiBCRec FS SSREBSSSSEFESE BA
ber “S 2 £ ql os
SSERSSSSCS ESSER FSHSESGCE SSERESLES
‘Sepeoep YyyUurU eu? ysnosyy YyquUeAes ey} 40; peAojduisa St uvouUr o[8urs Vv ‘aBe yaa
SUVIA ‘39V Apyaiys A[uo sozuvyo yynois OHJOUNJOA Jo ayer oy} yey} MoUs JT pue gT ‘sory
08 0L 09 0S Ov oe 02 ol 0 ‘Buryieur o[Surs & (HIM parpnys aq Ayyensn
, . . . . . - 4 Geo YMOIS [eu YoryM Sump oun JO Bue] ay} eBe yors 107 @yeoIpur pue 9}ed
LI [Feu 94} JO JusUIs0R|dor Jof permbar skep jo Joquinu ay} MoYs CT pure FT ‘sor aA
SUV3A '39V
08 Ol 09 0S Ov 0€ 02 01 0
e i ry r 1 4 i 4 A 0
. x
° a > SI S3I1WN34
ei =
é m
4 °o
ia e. ~% a
a 5
> =)
M . ~ ~
He: ° e = v
~ . eed
= ° ° + 00 | = >
_ ° e
“ ° onl fa)
4 m
9 = ye
: ‘ ‘
a ~02'| m7
* a ”
a 4 = °
Sy = bd ° ° °
- oO
< 99 = ; “2 9
mS x= °
‘ 2
= Oo >
as _
P 0 i
Z ° z
S °6 > 2
3 P: FOS >
= 2 6 : m
= 2.0 =
< =
0° aa r 001 4
Be) oO
‘ 2 ¢ m
s wre ee “ - 00) = L OSI °
° » He % Pa sf Oo
° e ° ° > Oo
4 «, an s °8 ae <= =
° L. O7° <
“ae : 02"1 : ; : : F002 &
° ° Pa > 2
° 3 ° e F
7
F OF | . ° + OS2
- e .
S 09'1
= ; F OOF
—~ 2 e

50

40
AGE. YEARS

20 3930

10

e rate of volume

mean is employed for the

Fics. 1

with age.

tric growth changes only slightly

seventh through th

6 and 17 show that th

A single

s.

ninth decade

e

NAIL GROWTH AND AGE

only slightly elevated at the 14th year in males
and the 12th year in females, the years in
adolescence when increments in bodily height
and weight were exceptionally great. Final
conclusions cannot be drawn as to the pres-
ence or absence of parallel increases in rates
of growth in nails and other somatic tissues in
the years of peak growth in adolescence, since
measurements of nail growth were restricted
to May through July. This is a time in Japan
when somatic growth is much less rapid than
in autumn.

Aging. Statistically significant changes
with aging included a decrease in rate of
linear growth and increases in thickness, in
breadth of the nail plate (through the sixth
decade), and in the extent of inter-subject
variation in values for some items.

A decrease with aging in rate of linear nail
growth was suggested by Voit’s data (65) for
three subjects of different ages and by Bean’s
study (3) of himself for a decade, but these
suggestions were not supported by the more
extensive studies carried out prior to the pres-
ent report. Le Gros Clark and Buxton (42)
found no difference in growth rate between
the 10th and 23rd years. In Bloch’s data (6),
apparently published only as generalities in
an abstract referring to a supposedly large
but unstated number of subjects, the rate
of elongation increased to reach adult levels
by the third year of life and was maintained
at this rate until the end of the fourth decade.
A further plateau at a slightly reduced rate
was reported for the fifth and sixth decades
with no marked reduction of rates of growth
until the seventh decade. Edwards and
Schott (20) observed no effect of age upon
rate of growth of toenails in 70 subjects of
both sexes 3 to 65 years of age. It would seem
that the present data for Japanese and Cau-
casians provide the only substantial study
throughout the lifespan and proof that reduc-
tions in linear growth rate are statistically
significant. Hillman and Leogrande (34) have
unpublished data for Caucasians in keeping
with the present findings of reduced growth
with aging.

The present data are in harmony with the
decline upon aging in growth of axillary hair
(26) in man and of the pelage in animals
(14, 16, 18) and of the desquamation of

409

epithelium (39). With aging there is a de-
crease in the rate of regeneration of the liver
9, 44, 54) and in its capacity for growth
when cultured in vitro (24). Aging also re-
duces the ability of other tissues to grow in
vitro (22), the capacity for regeneration of
limbs in crustacea (51, 52), and of various
portions of the body in some but not all ani-
mals (58, 69).

In both series of Japanese subjects employed
in the present study, the genetically unre-
lated persons (fig. 10) and the siblings in
three large families who were studied as a
separate project (fig. 13), the rate of linear
growth among males tended to be highest in
the second decade and to decline thereafter.
A similar peak was not observed in female
siblings of the large families (fig. 13). This
“watershed” appearance of the age curve for
values in males, in conjunction with the great-
est sex difference in linear nail growth rate
in the 10-19 year-old group (see below), sug-
gests that the high growth rate for males in
the second decade is real and may be a re-
lection of the marked somatic growth of males
during adolescence. The healing of skin
wounds in man is known to be more rapid
during adolescence than thereafter (55).

The extent of variation of values from sub-
ject to subject, as tested in data combined for
males and females between 20 and 89 years
of age, increased significantly with regard
to days required for replacement of the nail
plate (with the third decade as the frame of
reference, P = 0.01 by 40-59 years and 0.002
by 70-89 years) and thickness of the nail
(P = 0.02 by 40-59 years and 0.002 by 70-89
years), but not with regard to length, width
or volume of the nail plate or volume of nail
grown per day. Shock (61) has reported that
aging is accompanied by greater variation
among subjects in most homeostatic phe-
nomena.

Heredity. Familial tendencies in rate of
linear elongation of nails (fig. 13) seem to be
distinctive. Both male and female siblings
tended to conform to the growth rates that
were characteristic of the family. Five of the
6 parents of the families had low rates as ex-
pected at their age, and did not exhibit the
differences in rates that typified younger mem-
bers of their families.

The difference in mean rate of nail growth

-_

410

between members of the H and I families®
is statistically significant (P = 0.001) even
with this limited number of siblings. The
mean growth rate in the K family is inter-
mediate between those for the H and I fam-
ilies and is significantly different from that
of the I family (P = 0.01) but not the H
family (P = 0.15).

Genetic regulation of the linear growth rate
of nails was also observed in unpublished
studies of identical twins in whom nail growth
was more similar than in fraternal twins or in
unrelated subjects of the same age.

Familial tendencies in rate of linear nail
growth resembled familial tendencies in titers
of urinary ketosteroids+ in some respects but
were not correlated either with the amount of
sebum excreted normally (or after removal
of the oily film from the skin) or with the
rate of growth of axillary hair or beard in the
families.

After adjustment for age,* the degree of
variation (S.D.) among subjects in linear
growth of nails was 0.0135 mm. among sib-
lings of the H family, 0.0076 mm. in the K
family and 0.0078 mm. in the I family. The
degree of variation was significantly greater
(P = 0.005) in the H family than in the K
or I families. The variation between pairs of
siblings from different families was not sig-
nificantly greater, however, than between pairs
within the same family.

The thickness of nail clippings (for mem-
bers of the families who were 18 or more
years of age) was found, after adjustment for
age and sex,* to be greater in the K family
than in the I family (P = 0.005) or in the
H family (P = 0.02).
~ ©The comparison between families was made after ad-
justment of the raw data for differences in the age of sub-
jects and in the rate of nail growth of the digit under
study. The nail growth rate for the big finger, which was
the site used in studies of families and twins, was reduced
9 per cent to correct for the slower growth rate of the
thumbnail (see Materials and Methods). The data for un-
related persons (see figs. 10 and 11) permitted adjustment
to be made for differences in age. With values for the
10-19 year-old group as a base line, the mean rate in
males was 0.002 mm. less at 5-9 years, 0.006 mm. less at
20-32 years. In females it was 0.001 mm. more at 5-9
years and 0.001 mm. less at 20-34 years.

+Familial tendencies in titers of urinary ketosteroids as
studied in members of these families who were 18 to 34 years
of age, corresponded to familial trends in nail growth, in
that values were highest in the H family, intermediate in
the K family, and lowest in the I family. After adjustment
of data for the lower values of ketosteroids in females,
statistically significant differences were observed between the
H and K families (P = 0.007) and the H and I families
(P = 0.001). These familial tendencies in ketosteroid titers,

like those in rate of nail growth, were exhibited by siblings
of both sexes.

HAMILTON, TERADA, AND MESTLER

Sex differences. As tested in subjects of all
ages, the mean value for daily rate of linear
growth of nails was 0.006 mm. faster in males
than in females (P = 0.001). Mean values
per decade tended to be higher in males than
in females until the eighth decade, but only
in the 15-19 year old group was the difference
statistically significant (P<0.001). After the
second decade the tendency to faster growth
in males amounted to 0.003 mm. per day, a
factor of only 3 per cent. From 20 to 69
years of age (i.e., omitting the eighth and
ninth decades when growth was actually less
rapid in males than in females) the sex dif.
ference as tested in 142 males and 155 fe.
males was significant only at the 2 per cent
level.

Sex differences in rate of linear elongation
of nails were not significant in most studies
of Caucasians (20, 29, 42), although for a
limited range of age in young adults slightly
higher rates have been observed in males
(34). There is also a divergence in data for
rate of growth of scalp or bodily hair (16,
31, 50, 57, 66, 67), but the majority of reports
show little or no difference between the sexes.

As tested between 20 and 89 years of age,
values were significantly greater (P<0.001)
in males than in females for volume of the
nail grown per day and. for growth in two
(rate of elongation per day X thickness) and
three dimensions. The greater volume in
males than in females, amounting to 0.18 cu.
mm., or 28 per cent, is due to the fact that
all dimensions of the nail were significantly
greater in males than in females.

No conclusion can be drawn at present as
to whether the greater thickness of nails in
males than in females is due to differences in
size or number of cells. A larger size of cells
in males than in females would be in keeping
with the decrease in cellular size reported
upon castration and the increase induced by
androgenic stimulation not only in sexual or-
gans (48) but also in other tissues and organs
(13, 30, 36, 38, 41).

After adjustment for age the variation in
thickness of nails from subject to subject was
no greater in females than in males, either
among the unrelated persons or among sib-
lings of large families (P>0.i0 for the H
family, 0.025 for the K family, and >0.10 for
the I family).

Com
data.
elongat
aging
Caucas
hibit a
rate of

Elor
Growt
quanti
These
of gre
or can
week
growt!
throus

The
(23, 4
gauge
integu
bodily
a whe
lel be
other
study
summ

Th
statis’
linea
lar te
rates
this «
with
bolis:
has }
ares!
Unp
that

1) in
weig

starv
resul

The

asso

part
whi
eral

T
elor
rapi

Sev

's of all
F linear
1 males
values
es than
it only
ference
ter the
zrowth
day, a
to 69
h and
ly less
‘x dif.
55 fe.
r cent

gation
tudies
for a
ightly
males
ta for
(16,
ports
sexes,
f age,
).001 )
f the
| two
) and
le in
8 cu.
that
antly

nt as
Is in
es in
cells
ping
ted
1 by
l or-
gans

n in
was
ther
sib-
> H
| for

NAIL GROWTH AND AGE

Comparison of Japanese and Caucasian
data. The mean values for daily rate of
elongation and their slopes of decline with
aging (fig. 13) are similar in Japanese and
Caucasians. Adult Caucasians did not ex-
hibit a sustained trend to sex differences in
rate of linear growth.

DISCUSSION

Elongation of nails as an index of growth.
Growth of the nails can be measured in a
quantitative fashion with simple procedures.
These measurements can sum up the amount
of growth over extended intervals of time
or can be limited to periods as short as one
week (2) or a few hours (29). Moreover,
growth of the nails can be _ investigated
throughout the lifespan.

There is biologic and biochemical evidence
(23, 49, 53) that studies of nails can serve to
gauge growth and metabolism not only of
integumental appendages, but also of other
bodily structures and perhaps of the body as
a whole. Delineation of the extent of paral-
lel between the metabolic status of nails and
other structures will require considerable
study, but proof that a parallel exists may be
summarized in the next paragraph.

The present study shows a marked and
statistically significant decline with aging in
linear growth of nails in humans that is simi-
lar to the decrease with age in regeneration
rates in other species (51, 52). Presumably
this decline is part of a body-wide reduction
with age in proliferation (9, 10, 64) and meta-
bolism (44, 62). The growth rate of nails
has been reported (3) also to be slowed as
a result of a body-wide viral infection, mumps.
Unpublished studies of rodents have shown
that linear growth of the nails is decreased:
1) in a graded manner when the gain in body
weight is progressively reduced by partial
starvation; 2) during lactation; and 3) as a
result of administration of antimitotic drugs.
The rate of nail growth can be increased in
association with phenomena affecting other
parts of the body, such as in pregnancy (25)
which is presumably accompanied by a gen-
eral enhancement of growth processes.

The question may be raised as to why linear
elongation did not proceed with much greater
rapidity in children than in young adults.
Several explanations seem possible. One is

411

that the present study was made at a season
of the year when somatic growth is relatively
meager; perhaps higher rates of nail and
somatic growth might be found in parallel at
another season. It is also possible that growth
is proceeding virtually at a maximum through-
out much of the first two or three decades of
life so that during this time gradations are no
more extreme in nail growth rates than in
other physiologic variables like basal metab-
olism (59). It should be noted, too, that if
the rate of elongation of nails is considered
in relation to the smaller dimensions of nails
in children than in adults, the linear growth
rate per unit mass of nails is relatively high in
children.

The purported growth of integumental
structures after death of the organism requires
comment if nail growth is supposed to paral-
lel growth and metabolism of other tissues.
In studies of several tissues including epi-
thelium, Bullough (11, 12) has shown that if
a cell begins to divide before death of the
organism mitosis continues to completion.
New mitoses are not begun. Much of the
supposed growth of integumental append-
ages after death is described by Cowdry (15)
as apparent rather than real, since in actuality
most of the postmortem changes are due to
shrinkage of the soft tissues rather than to
growth of integumental appendages.

The increase in thickness of the nails
throughout adult life may be due to greater
stratification but it seems more likely that it
represents an increase in cell size such as has
been claimed to occur in many different tis-
sues (1, 8, 17, 21, 41, 46, 68). If cells in-
crease in all dimensions, their greater proximo-
distal size would tend to counteract the de-
cline with age in rate of linear elongation of
the nail. If it were assumed that the percent-
age increase in thickness (mean of 12 per
cent in males and 20 per cent in females in
comparisons of the 20 to 29 year-old group
with those 70 to 89 years of age) is due to
greater thickness of the cells and that the
proximo-distal dimension of the cells is in-
creased to a similar degree, the adjusted data
for proliferative rates in the 70 to 89 year-old
group would be 0.068 mm. in males and 0.064
mm. in females; in comparison with the rate
of elongation in the third decade (0.105 mm.
in males, 0.100 mm. in females) the decrease

412

by the seventh and eighth decades would be
35 per cent in males and 36 per cent in fe-
males. The measured decline in linear elonga-
tion was 27 per cent in males and 20 per cent
in females.

An increase in thickness with aging is ob-
served not only in nails but also in hairs of
various sites such as eyebrow, nasal vestibule,
and external ear. This increase in thickness
with aging is proportionally as great in fe-
males as in males as regards nails but not in
hairs of the sites referred to above.

Changes with aging. The steady and sub-
stantial decrease with age in rate of linear
nail growth, the tendency to which is tenta-
tively assumed to begin after sexual matura-
tion, sheds some light on the processes re-
sponsible for aging. One of the chief theories
as to the cause of aging, propounded by Minot
(46) and vigorously championed by later
workers, is that aging is the consequence of
differentiation of cells in that differentiation
results in loss of proliferative properties. Al-
though there is little doubt that differentiation
is accompanied by decreased mitotic rates
(53), a decline in proliferative rates can also
occur with aging of the nail matrix, a struc-
ture that does not seem to differentiate fur-
ther with advancing age. Hence, progressive
differentiation would seem to be neither a
cause nor an accompaniment of the decline
in proliferative rates of the nails.

The decrease in nail growth with aging
does not represent simply a decline in the
function of postmitotic cells such as is ob-
served in skeletal muscle fibers or neurons,
but is an expression of reduction in the ca-
pacity of newly-derived daughter cells to
undergo further proliferation. Essentially,
however, the decrease in function with age
seems to be the same (53) whether it in-
volves metabolic turnover or growth.

Judged by rate of linear elongation of nails,
a decline in growth follows attainment of
high values at about the time of sexual ma-
turation, at least in males. The validity and
magnitude of this peak cannot be appraised
until studies are carried out which take into
account the possibility of seasonal influences
upon growth rates, especially in young or-
ganisms. It seems that at least some aspects
of senescence are initiated or accelerated after
sexual maturation. McCay has (45) used the

HAMILTON, TERADA, AND MESTLER

technique of partial starvation in rats to extend
the prepubertal period to several times its
normal length, with consequent prolongation
of life. After maturation had occurred,
though, starvation no longer prolonged sur.
vival to the same extent observed with starva-
tion prepubertally. The effects of sexual ma-
turation seem to be only additive, however,
for senescence occurs after prepubertal castra-
tion as well as in the intact organism.

One of us (J.B.H.) has expiored the con-
cept that a central feature of many aging
proceesses is a decrease in the ability for repli-
cation of cell constituents (including fune-
tion, replacement and growth of cells). This
decrease is probably, in part, secondary to
changes (22) occurring in tissues and fluids
elsewhere in the body. Fibroblasts, when cul-
tured in vitro, are able to survive long be-
yond the usual lifespan of the animal from
which they were obtained (22), but similar
success with a variety of other tissues has yet
to be reported. At present it is not possible
to define the extent, if any, to which the di-
minution in rate of nail growth with age is
primary, that is, due to changes in the vital
properties of individual cells of the nail.

The distinction between primary changes
(which probably differ in various cells and
with genetic constitution) and secondary
changes (due to influences originating in
other parts of the organism) is crucial to the
understanding of aging processes and may
aid in defining the pathogenesis of diseases
that accompany aging. Perhaps transplants
of nail buds between donors and hosts of dif-
ferent ages would help to clarify which
changes are “normal” (i.e., usual) accompani-
ments of the decline with age in metabolism,
replacement and growth vs. those which are
pathologic.

SUMMARY

Evidence from this and other studies indi-
cates that growth of structures like the nails,
which proliferate throughout the lifespan, re-
flects the function, replacement and growth of
the various other bodily structures. In so
far as such a parallel exists between growth
of the nails and other parts of the body,
simple and reasonably accurate observations
of these superficial structures can provide
quantitative appraisals of the metabolism and
replacement of protoplasm at all ages.

In vie
of the 3
997 ma
years O
the infl
out in |
lies. T
was exa
were Sl
study e

Line:
rapid it
Growth
signific:

The
signific
length
weight
of thic
the sec
beard;
and th
baldne

The
of the
seem 1
eviden
aging i
cause |
pacitie
as evi
aging ©
pacity
cludin:
cells.

The
in the
after.
counte
so tha
chang,

Her
cant it
male ;
the ra
family
that rr:
identi
the sa

1, Al
Ki

extend
ies its
gation
urred,
1 sur-
itarva-
il ma-
vever,
‘astra-

> con-
aging
repli-
fune-
This
ry to
fluids
n cul-
g be-
from
imilar
is yet
ssible
ie di-
ige is
vital

anges
; and
idary
g in
o the
may
eases
lants
f dif-
vhich
pani-
lism,
1 are

indi-
nails,
1, Te-
th of
n so
owth
ody,
tions
vide
and

NAIL GROWTH AND AGE 413

In view of the above considerations, growth
of the nails was studied in healthy subjects,
997 male and 298 female Japanese, 1 to 89
years of age. Supplementary studies to test
the influence of genetic factors were carried
out in 27 young siblings of three large fami-
lies. The reliability of the methods employed
was examined critically and simple procedures
were shown to suffice when the periods of
study extended as long as 6 weeks.

Linear elongation of the nails was most
rapid in the first and second decades of life.
Growth decreased steadily and to a highly
significant extent thereafter.

The rate of linear growth of nails was not
significantly related to thickness of the nail;
length of the nail plate; bodily height or
weight; nutritional status as assessed in terms
of thickness of skinfolds; rate of growth of
the secondary sex characters, axillary hair and
beard; degree of development of axillary hair;
and the incidence or severity of acne and
baldness.

The decline with aging in proliferative rates
of the nail matrix, a structure which does not
seem to differentiate further with aging, is
evidence against the widely held theory that
aging is the consequence of differentiation be-
cause differentiation reduces proliferative ca-
pacities. The present studies are interpreted
as evidence that a central feature of many
aging processes may be a decrease in the ca-
pacity of replication of cell constituents in-
cluding function, replacement and growth of
cells.

The thickness of the nail increased rapidly
in the first two decades, more slowly there-
after. The increase in thickness with aging
counterbalanced the decline in linear growth
so that the volume of nail grown per day
changed but little with aging.

Hereditary factors exert statistically signifi-
cant influences upon rate of nail growth. Both
male and female siblings tend to conform to
the rate of nail growth characteristic of their
family. This is in keeping with the finding
that rate of nail growth was more similar in
identical twins than in unrelated subjects of
the same age.

REFERENCES

1, Arataki, M.: On the Postnatal Growth of the
Kidney, with Special Reference to the Number

to

10.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

and Size of the Glomeruli (Albino Rat).
J. Anat., 36: 399-436, 1926.

Babcock, M. J.: Methods for Measuring Finger-
nail Growth Rates in Nutritional Studies. J.
Nutrition, 55: 323-336, 1955.

Bean, W. B.: A Note on Fingernail Growth.
J. Invest. Dermat., 20: 27-31, 1953.

Berthold, A. A.: Beobachtungen iiber das
quantitative Verhiiltniss der Nagel- und Haar-
bildung beim Menschen. Miiller’s Arch. f. Anat.,
Physiol. u. wissenschaft. Medicin, 156-160, 1850.
Blakiston’s New Gould Medical Dictionary.
Blakiston Co.; Philadelphia, 1949, Ist ed.

Am,

Bloch, A. M.: Etude de la Croissance des
Ongles. Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol., 1: 253-255,
1905.

Bloch, B.: Metabolism, Endocrine Glands and

Skin Diseases with Special Reference to Acne
Vulgaris and Xanthoma. Brit. J. Derm. &
Syph., 43: 61-87, 1931.

Buccianti, L., and Luria, S.: Struttura dei
muscoli voluntari dell’uomo nell senescenza.
Arch. Ital. di Anat. e Embryol., 33: 110-187,
1934,

Bucher, N. L., and Glinos, A. D.: The Effect
of Age on Regeneration of Rat Liver. Cancer
Research, 10: 324-332, 1950.

Bullough, W. S.: Age and Mitotic Activity in
the Male Mouse, Mus musculus, L. J. Exper.
Biol., 26: 261-286, 1949.

Bullough, W. S.: Completion of Mitosis After
Death. Nature, 165: 493, 1950.

Bullough, W. S.: Mitotic Activity in the Tis-
sues of Dead Mice, and in Tissues Kept in
Physiological Salt Solutions. Exper. Cell Res.,
1: 410-420, 1950.
Caridroit, and Szuman:
(36).

Collins, H. H.: Studies of Normal Moult and
of Artificially Induced Regeneration of Pelage on
Peromyscus. J. Exper. Zool., 27: 73-99, 1918.
Cowdry, E. V.: A Textbook of Histology. Lea
and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1950, 4th ed.

Crary, D. D., and Sawin, P. B.: Some Factors
Influencing the Growth Potential of the Skin
in the Domestic Rabbit. J. Exper. Zool., 124:
31-62, 1953.

Dawborn, M. C.: The Nucleo-Cytoplasmic
Ratio of the White Mouse and Its Variation
with Age. Australian J. Exper. Biol. & M. Sci.,
9: 213-226, 1932.

Dry, F. W.: The Coat of the Mouse (Mus
musculus). J. Genetics, 16: 287-340, 1926.
Edwards, D. A. W.:
tribution of Subcutaneous Fat.
270, 1950.

Quoted by J. Jasienki

Observations on the Dis-
Clin. Sc., 9: 259-

414

20.

21.

22.
23.

24,

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

37.

38.

. Jasienski, J.:

Edwards, L. P., and Schott, R. G.: The Daily
Rate of Growth of Toe Nails. Ohio J. Sc., 37:
91-98, 1937.

Eycleshymer, A. C.: The Cytoplasmic and Nu-
clear Changes in the Striated Muscle Cells of
Necturus. Am. J. Anat., 3: 285-310, 1904.
Fischer, A.: Biology of Tissue Cells. Univer-
sity Press, Cambridge, England, 1946.

Gerard, R. W.: Experiments in Microevolution.
Science, 120: 727-732, 1954.

Glinos, A. D.: The Effect of Regeneration on
the Growth Capacity of the Rat Liver in Vitro.
Anat. Rec., 103: 456, 1949.

Halban, K., and Spitzer, M.: Uber das ges-
teigerte Wachstum der Nigel in der Schwanger-
schaft. Monatschr. f. Geburtsh. u. Gyniik., 82:
1-474, 1929.
Hamilton, J. B.:
a Secondary Sex Character, Axillary Hair.
N.Y. Acad. Sc., 53: 585-599, 1951.
Hamilton, J. B.: Patterned Loss of Hair in
Man: Types and Incidence. Ann. N.Y. Aced.
Sc., 53: 708-728, 1951.

Hamilton, J. B., and Mestler, G. E.: Quanti-
tative Measurements of a Secondary Sex Char-
acter in Humans; Growth of a Male Secondary
Sex Character, the Beard (In preparation).
Hamilton, J. B., Mestler, G. E., Myers, R., and
Terada, H.: Rate of Growth of Fingernails
Throughout the Lifespan of Caucasian Males and
Females (In preparation).

Hamilton, J. B., and Montagna, W: The Se-
baceous Glands of the Hamster. I. Morpho-
logical Effects of Androgens on Integumentary
Structures. Am. J. Anat., 86: 191-233, 1950.
Hardy, T. M., and Dolnick, E. H.: Angora
Rabbit Wool Production. U. S. Dept. Agricul-
ture Circular #785: 1-22, 1948.

Head, H., and Sherren, J.: The Consequences
of Injury to the Peripheral Nerves in Man.:
Changes in the Nails Associated with Nerve

Quantitative Measurement of
Ann.

Injuries. Brain, 28: 263-275, 1905.

Hevesy, G.: Radioactive Indicators. Inter-
science Publishers, Inc., N.Y., 1948.

Hillman, R., and Leogrande, M.: Personal
communication.

Physical Modifications of the
Am. J.

Ivanowsky, A.:
Population of Russia Under Famine.
Phys. Anthropol., 6: 331-353, 1923.
Influence de la Castration sur la
Musculature. Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol., 101:
533-537, 1929.

Jones, K., Spencer, M., and Sanchez, S.: The
Estimation of the Rate of the Secretion of Sebum
in Man. J. Invest. Dermat., 17: 213-226, 1951.
Jones, V. E., and Korenchevsky, V.: Effects of
Hormones in Ovariectomized Rats. II. His-

39.

40.
4l.

43.

44,

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

HAMILTON, TERADA, AND MESTLER

tologic Structure of Liver and
Gerontol., 1: 336-344, 1946,
Katzberg, A.: The Influence of Age on the
Rate of Desquamation of the Human Epidemis.
Anat. Rec., 112: 418, 1952.

Keys, A.: Personal communication.
Korenchevsky, V., Paris, S. K., and Benjamin,
B.: Effects of Castration and the Processes of
Aging in Male Rats and Man. J. Gerontol, §
6-32, 1953.

Le Gros Clark, W. E., and Buxton, L. H:
Studies in Nail Growth. Brit. J. Dermat. 50:
221-235, 1938.

Lieberman, S., Dobriner, K., Hill, B. R., Fieser,
L. E., and Rhoads C. P.: Studies in Steroid
Metabolism. II. Identification and Character.
ization of Ketosteroids Isolated from Urine of
Healthy and Diseased Persons. J. Biol. Chem,
172: 263-295, 1948.

Marshak, A., and Byron, R. L., Jr.: The Use
of Regenerating Liver as a Method of Assay,
Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med., 59: 200-209,
1945.

McCay C. M.: Chemical Aspects of Ageing and
the Effect of Diet upon Ageing. In: Prob-
lems of Aging, Lansing, A. I., ed., Williams &
Wilkins, Baltimore, 1952.

Minot, C. S.: The Problem of Age, Growth
and Death. G. P. Putnam, N.Y., 1908.
Mitchell, S. W.: On the Growth of Nails as
a Prognostic Indication in Cerebral Paralysis.
Am. J. Med. Sc., 61: 420-422, 1871.

Moore, C. R., Price O., and Gallagher, T. F.:
Rat-Prostate Cytology as a Testis-Hormone In-
dicator and the Prevention of Castration Changes
by Testis-Extract Injections. Am. J. Anat., 45:
71-107, 1930.

Muller, H. J.: Life. Science, 121: 1-9, 1955.
Myers, R. J., and Hamilton, J. B.: Regenera-
tion and Rate of Growth of Hairs in Man. Ann.
N.Y. Acad. Sc., 53: 562-568, 1951.

Needham, A. E.: Growth and _ Regeneration
in Asellus aquaticus (L) in Relation to Age,
Sex and Season. J. Exper. Zool., 112: 49-78,
1949.

Needham, A. E.: Growth and Regeneration
Rates in Relation to Age in the Crustacea. ].
Gerontol., 5: 5-16, 1950.

Needham, A. E.: Regeneration and Wound-
Healing. Methuen & Co., Ltd., London, 1952.
Norris, J. L., Blanchard, J., and Povalny, C::
Regeneration of Rat Liver at Different Ages.
Arch. Path., 34: 208-217, 1942.
Noiiy, L. Du: Biological Time.
N.Y., 1937.

Palmer, C. E.: Seasonal Variation of Average
Growth in Weight of Elementary School Chil-
dren. U.S. Pub. Health Rep., 48: 211-242, 1933,

Kidneys, J,

Macmillan Co.,

57.

58.

59.

6l.

62.

63.

Se D> A Oh

Pl
e

a. ee ee ee ee ee

Ineys, J,

e on the
epidermis,

Benjamin,
ocesses of
rontol., 8:

5 L. H:
rmat., 50;

X., Fieser,
n Steroid
Sharacter-
Urine of
1. Chem,,

The Use
of Assay,
200-202,

yeing and
: Prob.

illiams &

. Growth
908.
Nails as

Paralysis.

p. Ee
none In-
Changes
nat., 45:

9, 1955.
(egenera-
n. Ann.

neration
to Age,
; 49-78,

sneration
cea. J),

Wound-
n, 1952.
Iny, C.:
it Ages.

llan Co.,
Average

ol Chil-
2, 1933,

57.

58.

59.

61.

62.

63.

. Rubin, L.:

NAIL GROWTH AND AGE

Pickard, J. N.: Further Studies on the Wool
Production of Angora Rabbits. Harper-Adams
Util. Poultry J., 15: 338-342, 1929-1930.
Prizbram, H.: Bemerkungen iiber das_natiir-
liche blaue Steinsalz. IV. Wachstumsgeschwin-
digkeit und Farbe. Sitzungsb. d. k. Akad. d.
Wissensch. Math.-naturw. Cl., Abt. 2A, 143:
499-497, 1934.

Quenouille, M. H., Boyne, A. W., Fisher, W. B.,
and Leitch, I.: Statistical Studies of Recorded
Energy Expenditure in Men. Part I. Basal
Metabolism Related to Sex, Stature, Age, Climate
and Race. Commonwealth Agric. Bur., Tech.
Com. #17, Farnham Royal Bucks, England,
1951.

Hyperkeratosis in Response to
Mechanical Stimulation. J. Invest. Dermat., 13:
313-315, 1949.

Shock, N. W.: Ageing of Homeostatic Mechan-
isms. In: Problems of Aging, Lansing, A. L.,
ed., Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1952.
Shock, N. W., and Yiengst, M. J.: Age Changes
in Basal Respiratory Measurements and Metab-
J. Gerontol., 10: 31-40, 1955.
Sub-

olism in Males.
Skerlj, B., Brozek, J., and Hunt, E., Jr.:

64,

65.

66.

67.

68.

415

cutaneous Fat and Age Changes in Body Build
and Body Form in Women. Am. J. Phys.
Anthropol., 11: 577-600, 1953.

Sulkin, N. M.: A Study of the Nucleus in the
Normal and Hyperplastic Liver of the Rat.
Am. J. Anat., 73: 107-125, 1943.

Voit, E.: Uber die Grésse der Erneuerung der
Horngebilde beim Menschen; die Nigel.
Ztschr. f. Biol., 90: 509-524, 525-548, 549-556,
1930.

Wilde, O.: Uber die Beziehung zwischen
Kérpergewicht, Wollmenge, -dichte, -wachstum,
und -wert bei Angorakaninchen. Ztsch. f.
Ziicht., 40: 407-425, 1938.

Wilson, W. K.: Feeding, Growth and Man-
agement in Rabbit Wool Production. Harper-
Adams Util. Poultry J., 16: 579-583, 1930-1931.
Yannet, H., and Darrow, D. C.: The Effect of
Growth on the Distribution of Water and Elec-
trolytes in Brain, Liver and Muscle. J. Biol.
Chem., 123: 295-305, 1938.

Zeleny, C.: Relation Between Degree of In-
jury and Rate of Regeneration—Additional Ob-
servations and General Discussion. J. Exper.
Zool., 7: 513-561, 1909.

BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART SIZE IN AGING RATS*
BENJAMIN N. BERG, M.D., AND CHARLES R. HARMISON, Ph.D.

(From the Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons
Columbia University, New York, New York)

AS PART of a long-term program on senes-
cence in rats blood pressures were de-
termined in animals of various ages. The
findings are reported in the present paper and
are considered in relation to heart size.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Two hundred and twenty Sprague-Dawley
rats of both sexes, 138 males and 82 females,
were used. The animals were raised in air-
conditioned quarters with constant tempera-
ture, light and humidity. Pulmonary infection
had been practically eliminated from the
colony. The diet consisted of Rockland “D
free” pellets. Growth curves were close to
optimum standards reported by Zucker and
coworkers (5) and reached peaks at 528 days
in males and at 583 days in females (table 1).
Subsequently, cessation of growth and loss of
weight occurred when disease set in. Com-
plete autopsies were performed upon all rats
and the tissues were examined histologically.
Weights of the heart and other organs were
recorded.

Systolic blood pressure was determined in-
directly in the unanesthetized rat by means
of a photoelectric tensometer (4) which meas-
ured volume changes in the hind leg. Animals
in younger age groups were in better con-
dition than older ones but observations on
the latter were made before hind leg weak-
ness or paralysis developed (3). They were
trained to become accustomed to the con-
finement of a holder and readings were made
after experimental conditions were stabilized.
The mean of 3 to 10 satisfactory consecutive
readings was recorded as the systolic pressure

Submitted for publication May 31, 1955.

*This study was aided by Grant H-945 from the National
Heart Institute of the U.S. Public Health Service and by
grants from the Josiah Macy, Jr., Foundation and the Albert
and Mary Lasker Foundation.

Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Geron-
tological Society, Gainesville, Florida, December 28, 1954.

Acknowledgment is made to Doris Munzer, Elizabeth Dei,
ae Calabretta and Dr. Robert B. Berg for technical
assistance.

and studies were usually repeated on suc-
cessive days. Observations included a single
series of determinations in rats of different
ages and several readings at various intervals
(68 days to 144 days) in the same animal.
The total number of readings in all rats was
328. Readings were made by 3 different tech-
nicians with good correlation of values among
them. Accuracy of a single determination
checked simultaneously by 2 observers varied
from 2 mm. to 10 mm. _ Electrocardiograms
were made in 144 animals and the findings
are reported in a separate paper (2).

RESULTS

Blood pressure determinations arranged ac-
cording to age, sex, and body weight are
given in table 1. Except for a single instance
readings in rats under 600 days old were
below 141 mm. (fig. 1). On this basis the
upper limit of normotensive pressure was
fixed at 140 mm. Normotensive levels did not
change with advancing age (table 1). Fre-
quency distribution curves of normotensive
values with means close to 120 mm. were
similar in animals under and over 600 days
old (fig. 2). Considering the relatively small
numbers involved, they fit fairly well into
normal curves. Mean values for male rats
ranged from 116 mm. to 128 mm. At corre-
sponding ages readings were lower in females
and ranged between 114 mm. and 120 mm.
Magnitude of standard deviation reflected
both the degree of physiologic variability and
technical error inherent in the experimental
conditions.

Hypertension was present in 31 per cent
of males 677 days old and over, and in 19
per cent of females at similar ages (table 1).
Mean hypertensive values were about the
same in both sexes. Incidence of hyperten-
sion increased progressively with advancing
age except in the oldest male rats. Highest
frequency was in males at 850 days (46 per

416

140F

BLOOD PRESSURE (mm. Hg)
~
°
oe

°
So

a2
ao
|

—
*4

No.
Blo
Pres:
Dete
nati

*St
TH

Nn suc-
single
ifferent
tervals
inimal,
ts was
t tech-
among
nation
varied
grams
adings

>d ae-
it are
stance
were
is the

was
d not
Fre-
nsive
were
days
small

into

rats
orre-
nales
mm.
acted
- and
ental

cent
n 19
2 1).

the
rten-
cing
thest

per

BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART IN AGING RATS 417

*Standard deviation.
tHypertensive rats over 600 days old.
Figures in parentheses indicate number of rats used for calculation of the respective mean values.

00 ao
By | MALE ° .? ™ 4
aay TOME ° + % : 4 50 [7] ANIMALS UNDER
E oe eee 7 ie | ANIMALS OVER
~ 160+ ° e . *e Phd 4 a 40+ ‘i600 DAYS
w ° e* © 8 ° J = | \
e r js ” oe . fee e eo =
4 140 > v* = - = ; <t 30}
eC A ee, oe ae
Eieok 3. Meese h, Bs? S¥ 50% 4 = 90
oO € 4 off 2 Be 5 . ies ye ff 6 ; 4 ad
8 ° 8s be °° “2 ? 4 2
FY 100} " ° . 2 10
L | Ae? ,
80 1 4 4 rn L 4 1 I AC I A WY 7 7 .
400 600 800 1000 1200 90 100 i0 120 130 40 150 160 170 180 190
AGE (days) BLOOD PRESSURE (mm.Hg)
Fig. 1. Scattergram of blood pressures. Fig. 2. Frequency distribution curves of normo-
tensive blood pressures and incidence of hypertension.
TABLE 1. AGE AND BLoop PRESSURE IN RATs.
Blood Pressure (Mm. Hg)
No. of —
Blood Mean | Mean Body |
Pressure Age of Wt. Normotensive (under 141 Mm.) | Hypertensive (141 Mm. and over)
Determi- Rats (Gm.) 4
nations (Days) | |
| | Incidence
No Mean No. Mean Percentage
Males
| |
18 219 «| = 383 | 18 | 122+ 10.6* 0
36 528 479(32) 35 120+ 7.0 1 144
36 582 470(21) 36 121+ 9.3 0
18 677 458 14 128+ 9.1 4 145 22
24 762 423 18 125+ 9.9 6 156 25
37 850 392(35) 20 125+ 9.7 17 160 46
34 937 331(32) 26 116 + 11.2 8 159 24
203 35t 157 + 13.6 31
Females
| | |
9 338 - 1144+ 9.4 | o |
17 442 | 250(14) 17 15+ 8.5 4
10 583 | 274 10 110+ 5§.1 0
30 633 264 | 118+ 7.7 1 | 161
23 747 263(19) 20 120+ 9.1 3 149 13
12 869 | 241(9) 8 118+ 6.8 4 155 33
24 1022 220(21) 15 114+ 15.2 9 154 38
125 17t 154 + 11.3 19

418 BERG AND HARMISON
TABLE 2, HEART WEIGHT AND BLoop PRESSURE.
| | |
Mean
No. of Mean Age _ | Mean Blood Pressure | Mean Body Mean Heart Wt. | Heart Wt,
Rats (Days) (Mm. Hg) Wt. (Gm.) (Gm.) Body Wt.
Percentage
Males
| | |
18 219 122+ 10.6" | 383 1.12 + .08 29 + .01
24 557 | 119+ 7.6 485 | 1.54 + .18 .32 + .05
ag aliens | m9t120 | 358 | 160+ .30 45+ .10
23t | -~ 1 wees | 363 | «1.64 + .26 47+ 12
Females
‘ : :
24 | 501 113+ 7.6 260 1.08 + .12 40 + .05
17 pe 112 + 13.5 229 1.20 + .26 52 + .09
4 cssiaee i64+169 | 220 | 132+ .3! | 60 + .09
|

*Standard deviation.
tHypertensive rats.

cent) and in females at 1022 days (38 per
cent). Distribution of hypertensive values is
shown in figures 1 and 2.

Data on heart size in relation to age and
blood pressure (table 2) revealed no sig-
nificant difference between actual cardiac
weights in normotensive and hypertensive
males at 903 days compared with weights
at 557 days; the same was true of females
at 990 days and 501 days. However, relative
to body weight, heart size did increase in
older animals of both sexes. The ratio

body weight

heart weight
0.45 per cent in normotensive males and from
0.40 per cent to 0.52 per cent in normotensive
females. The higher percentages in females
as compared with males were statistically sig-
nificant. In male hypertensives the ratio re-
mained essentially the same, but in females
it increased from 0.52 per cent to 0.60 per cent,
a statistically significant increment. Decreas-
ing body weights in older animals led to
higher ratios. Due to disease there was more
variability in senescent rats and this was re-

rose from 0.32 per cent to

Dif-
heart

flected by greater standard deviations.

ferences between means of actual

heart weight
: ratios were statis-

body weight

tically significant at the 3 per cent level.

weights, and

DISCUSSION

The incidence of hypertension herein re-
ported is probably lower than the actual
frequency because of the limited number of
observations and spontaneous fluctuations in
blood pressure which are characteristic of
the hypertensive state. In some rats only a
single series of readings was made and in
others determinations were made at relatively
long intervals.

Certain conditions (1) that develop in
aging rats are possible factors responsible for
higher levels of blood pressure. Renal dis-
ease in the form of chronic nephrosis and
glomerulonephritis is the most probable cause
(although the same degree of renal pathology
is found in normotensive as well as in hyper-
tensive animals). All of the hypertensive rats
had diseased kidneys except 2 females. Le-

sions a]
males t
amined
early ¢
tions W
longing
groups.
583. da:
869 da
more t
normal
remains
ease.
hyperte
Anot
with re
Howev
creatic
arteries
numbe'
the stri
them ¢
with hy
the adi
terior |
about |
in the
In a
myocar
to carc
tricula
cent ri
frequet
the ao
thicket
in mai
aneury

ige

D1

10
12

5
)

Dif-
heart

statis-

L

n re.
ctual
er of
ns in
c of
ily a
d in
ively

> in
» for
dis-
and
ause
logy
per-
rats
Le-

BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART IN AGING RATS

sions appear earlier and are more severe in
males than in females. In 13 male rats ex-
amined at 521 days the kidneys of 10 showed
early changes. Moderate to marked altera-
tions were present in all of the males be-
longing to the 850 day and 937 day old
groups. In contrast, only 1 out of 10 females
583 days ola had an early renal lesion, At
869 days and at 1022 days the kidneys of
more than half of the 82 female rats were
normal or showed minimal abnormalities. The
remainder had moderately severe renal dis-
ease. Both incidence of renal disease and
hypertension increase with advancing age.

Another common condition to be considered
with respect to hypertension is periarteritis.
However, the lesions occur chiefly in the pan-
creatic and mesenteric vessels and the renal
arteries are rarely involved. A considerable
number of spontaneous tumors develop in
the strain of rat used for this study and among
them are 2 neoplasms sometimes associated
with hypertension, viz., pheochromocytoma of
the adrenal medulla and adenoma of the an-
terior pituitary. At present nothing is known
about the functional activity of these tumors
in the rat.

In addition to hypertension, changes in the
myocardium and aorta may also contribute
to cardiac enlargement, particularly left ven-
tricular dilatation and hypertrophy. In senes-
cent rats degeneration and fibrosis are seen
frequently in the heart muscle. Alterations in
the aorta consist of widening of the lumen,
thickening and inelasticity of the wall, and
in many instances dilatation of the arch to
aneurysmal size. Arteriosclerosis and medial

419

alcification of the arterial system are found
to a slight or moderate degree in less than
1 per cent of these animals. Hence, in this
species there can be no possibility that the
hypertension is related to arteriosclerosis,

SUMMARY

Normotensive levels of blood pressure in
aging rats were essentially the same as in
younger animals and were slightly higher in
males than in females. Incidence of hyperten-
sion was greater in males than in females and
increased with advancing age. The same was
true of renal disease which was the most
probable cause for the hypertension.

Heart weight in relation to body weight
increased with advancing age and the ratios
at different ages were higher in females than
in males, Heart size was greater in hyper-
tensive than in normotensive females but not
in males.

REFERENCES

l. Berg, B. N., Lester, J., and Simms, H. S.: Dis-
eases of Old Rats. (Abstract). J. Gerontol., 7:473,
1952.

2. Berg, B. N.: The Electrocardiogram in Aging
Rats. J. Gerontol., 10: 420-423, 1955.

3. Berg, B. N.: Unpublished observations.

4. Kersten, H., Brosene, W. G., Ablondi, F., and

SubbaRow, Y.: A New Method for the Indirect

Measurement of Blood Pressure in the Rat. J.

Lab. & Clin. Med., 32: 1090-1098, 1947.

Zucker, L., Hall, L., Young, M., and Zucker, T. F.:

Quantitative Formulation of Rat Growth. Growth,

5: 415-436, 1941.

wn

THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM IN AGING RATS*

BENJAMIN N.

BERG, M.D.

(From the Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons,
Columbia University, New York, New York)

N A PREVIOUS paper (2) the blood pressure
I and heart size in aging rats were reported.
The present study deals with the electro-
cardiographic findings in these animals.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Electrocardiograms were obtained in 144
rats, 97 males and 47 females. Ages and
weights are recorded in tables 1 and 2. Diet,
growth, and laboratory conditions were de-
scribed previously (2).

After making preliminary blood pressure
readings (2) the rat was put under light anes-
thesia by injecting intraperitoneally a solution
containing 3 mg. nembutal per 100 Gm. rat
weight. With the animal on its back, the legs
were tied to a board and ribbon type copper
electrodes shaped to hold the paws snugly
were applied for 3 limb lead recordings.
These electrodes were soldered to 15 cm. long
plastic covered #23 copper wires which were
attached to alligator clamps connecting with
the terminals of an electrocardiograph of the
type described by Rappaport and Rappaport
(4) for use in small animals. It was a photo-
graphic string machine having an extremely
taut string and amplifier, and a deflection
speed of about 0.0015 second. Immediately
after electrocardiography the rat was killed
by the intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg.
nembutal and a complete autopsy was per-
formed. The heart and other organs were
weighed. Tissues were fixed in Zenker’s fluid
and sections were stained with hematoxylin
and eosin.

Submitted for publication May 31, 1955.

*This study was aided by Grant H-945 from the National
Heart Institute of the U. S. Public Health Service, and by
par 5 from the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, and the Albert
and Mary Lasker Foundation.

Acknowledgement is made to Doris Munzer, Elizabeth Dei,

Matthew Calabretta, and Dr. Robert B. Berg for technical
assistance; to Dr. ene R. Harmison for statistical analyses;
and to Maurice B. Rappa r of the Sanborn Co. of
Cambridge, Mass. for helpfu dvice on electrocardiographic
technique.

RESULTS

The electrocardiogram in the rat was es-
sentially the same as in man except for certain
features that were modified by the faster heart
beat. At corresponding ages the rate was
more rapid in the male than in the female
(table 2). At 557 days the rate in males was
376 while in females 583 days old the heart
beat was 341. In all 3 leads the normal elec-
trocardiogram (fig. 1) showed a positive P
wave, a QRS complex represented by a pos-
itive R wave or occasionally by R and §
waves of about the same amplitude, and a
positive T wave. Leau 1 had a very low
amplitude or was isoelectric except for the
QRS complex. Lead 2 had the greatest amp-
litude and lead 3 was intermediate. Mean
durations of the P-R, QRS and Q-T intervals
were 0.05 sec., 0.01 sec., and 0.09 sec., respec-
tively. Mean amplitude of R in lead 1 was
2.2 mm. The S-T segment and the T wave
could not be measured because the latter over-
lapped the QRS complex and often came off
the terminal portion of the R wave before it
reached the isoelectric line. All measurements
were practically the same in both sexes.

With advancing age the following changes
occurred in the electrocardiogram. The heart
rate decreased in males from a maximum of
376 to 310, and in females from an upper limit
of 341 to 283 (table 2). There was no
change in the P wave. The slower heart rate
was reflected in lengthening of the P-R in-
terval from 0.05 sec. to 0.06 sec. and 0.07 sec.,
and in prolongation of the QRS complex from
0.01 sec. to 0.02 sec. and 0.03 sec. Mean
amplitude of R in lead I was 3.4 mm. Satis-
factory measurements of the Q-T interval were
too few to be significant.

Left axis deviation (fig. 2) occurred in
nearly 60 per cent of all rats over 800 days
old, the incidence being higher in females
(72 per cent) than in males (56 per cent).
Other abnormalities in the electrocardiogram

420

No.
of
Rats

*St
tH

No.
of
Rats

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM IN AGING RATS 421
TaBLE 1. Heart WEIGHT AND Lert Axis DEVIATION.
Mean
Mean Heart Wt. Hypertension
No. Mean Body Mean ——-——— No.| (141 Mm. Hg or | No.]| Left Axis
of Age Wt. Heart Wt. Body Wt. Over) Deviation
Rats (Days) (Gm.) (Gm.) Percentage Percentage Percentage
Vas es- Males
certain —
T heart am | 29 | 383 | 4.12 + .08*| 29+ .01 0 | o
te was m4 | ss7 | 485 |1.544.18| .32+ .05 0 | 0
female 32 s49 | 389 «| 1.62+ 24} 42+ .10 16 | 16
les was 23 | 950 | 351 1.66 + .32 48+ .12 4 | 15
> heart | | =e ia
11 elec- | 20t 36 | 31 56
tive P 8
a pos- Females
and § B
and a | |
y fe 4 | 440 | 250 |1.114 .14] 424.05 | 0} 0
—« 10 | 583 274 | 1.03+ .07| .38+ 02 | 0 | | 0
9 889 243 1 1.27 + .31 53+ .11 zo 7
, anip- 9 | 1085 215 |1.10+ .25} .51+ .10 6 | 6
Mean ay ae
‘ervals | | | | 8st! 44 | 13 72
espec- | | |
1 was =
*Standard deviation.
wave tHypertensive rats over 800 days old.
Over-
ne off / :
: TABLE 2. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM IN RaAtTs.
ore it
ments = l l
| Heart Rate | P-R (Sec.) | QRS (Sec.) Q-T (Sec.) No. with
anges No. | Mean | ; . Left Axis
heart of | Age | | | Devia-
1m. of Rats | (Days) | Mean Range | Mean | Range Mean | Range | Mean | Range tion
limit | — , oa - deine dnetenatnaaneeabaigioniin 7
iS no Males
t rate os : : a ee ES nt TO Ae) ee pe es ee
R in- | | | | | | | | |
' $ec., 18 | 219 353 300-415 0.05 | 0.04-0.06 0.01 0.01-0.02 0.08 | 0.06-0.09 0
from 24 | 557 376 300-480 0.05 0.05-0.06 0.01 0.01-0.02 0.09 0.08-0.10 0
32 851 322 167-438 0.06 0.05-0.10 | 0.02 0.01-0.04 | 16
Mean 23 | 951 | 310 | 230-430 | 0.07 0.06-0.10 | 0.03 | 0.01-0.04 | | 15
Satis- | | |
were
Females
d in 7 Ee a eS se at ge 8 or, ag ee re | | pie aie l
days 17 442 324 | 252-420 0.05 0.04—-0.07 0. 0.01-0.02 0.09 0.08-0.12 0
rales 10 583 341 258-420 0.05 0.05-0.06 0.01 0.01-0.02 0.09 0.08-0.10 0
ont). 11 | 893 | 307 | 234410] 0.06 | 0.05-0.09 | 0.02 | 0.01-0.03 ag
rram 9 1085 | 283 222-375 0.07 0.05-0.08 0.02 0.01-0.03 6

422

BERG

- ana _

Fic. 1. Normal electrocardiogram.
Female rat, 569 days old.

observed occasionally were: sinus arrhythmia,
sinus bradycardia, premature beats, partial a-v
block, and right axis deviation.

Since left axis deviation is usually produced
by left ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation,
the heart weights of rats at different ages were
compared with reference to the electrical axis
(table 1). The findings relative to blood
pressure and heart size were essentially the
same as those reported previously (2). In
terms of actual heart weight there was no
correspondence with left axis deviation. In
males there was no significant difference in
heart size, between rats 557 days old and rats
over 800 days old, yet the electrical axis in
the former was normal while it was shifted
to the left in 56 per cent of older animals.
Also, the electrocardiogram in half of the
849 day old males showed left axis deviation
though the heart weight in these animals (1.63
Gm.) did not differ significantly from the
heart weight of the other half (1.59 Gm.)
with a normal electrical axis. In females too,
actual heart size was essentially the same at
different ages but left axis deviation existed
only in those over 800 days old (72 per cent).

In relation to body weight the heart was
significantly larger in old rats as compared
with younger ones (table 1). Hypertension
was present in 36 per cent of males and in
44 per cent of females over 800 days old.
However, there was no parallelism between

—
tt BdsnnAci Henini

Per

ADNAN

Male

Left axis deviation.
rat, 915 days old.

Fic. 2.

» 110
elevated blood pressure, monet we - ratio,
body weight

and left axis deviation.

DISCUSSION

Inasmuch as the absolute weight of the
heart did not increase significantly with ad-
vancing age, left axis deviation cannot be at-
tributed to actual cardiac enlargement. Rela-
tive to body weight, however, heart size was
greater in older animals, a higher ratio re-
sulting from body weight loss due to disease
(1). On the basis of malnutrition it is pos-
sible that the position of the heart was altered
so that rotation occurred with a concomitant
shift of the electrical axis to the left. Slowing
of the heart rate was also attributable to mal-
nutrition.

Left ventricular strain due to changes in
the cardiovascular system of aging rats may
also contribute to left axis deviation. Fre-
quent findings in the hearts of senescent ani-
mals, particularly in the left ventricle, were
degeneration and fibrosis of the myocardium.
In the aorta there was thickening and inelas-
ticity of the wall, widening of the lumen and
dilatation of the arch, often to aneurysmal
proportions. It is of interest to note that in
humans left axis deviation is the most common

alteration in the electrocardiograms of later
life (3).

The
rat is
change
increas
tervals

1, Bers

ratio,

f the
th ad-
be at-
Rela-
e was
io re-
isease
} pos-
ltered
nitant
wing
. mal-

es in
may
Fre-
t ani-
were
lium.
1elas-
1 and
smal
at in
ymon
later

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM IN AGING RATS 423

SUMMARY
The normal electrocardiogram in the adult
rat is described. With aging the following
changes occur: slowing of the heart rate,
increase in duration of the P-R and QRS in-
tervals, and left axis deviation.

REFERENCES
1, Berg, B. N., Lester, J., and Simms, H. S.; Dis-

to

eases of Old Rats (Abstract). J. Gerontol., 7:
473, 1952.

Berg, B. N., and Harmison, C, R.: Blood Pres-
sure and Heart Size in Aging Rats. J. Gerontol.,
10; 416-419, 1955.

McNamara, R. J.: A Study of the Electrocardio-
gram in Persons over 70. Geriatrics, 4: 150-160,
1949.

Rappaport, M. B., and Rappaport, L: Electro-
cardiographic Considerations in Small Animal In-
vestigations. Am. Heart J., 26: 662-680, 1943.

ALTERATIONS IN

DARK ADAPTATION

AS A FUNCTION OF AGE?

ROSS A. McFARLAND, Pu.D., AND M. BRUCE FISHER, Pu.D.t

(From the Department of Industrial Hygiene, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts)

Everyone is familiar with the ability to
see more clearly after varying periods of time
in the darkness. This phenomenon is known
as dark adaptation. Those who adapt very
poorly almost always experience difficulty in
seeing at night. Considerable variation ex-
ists among individuals, however, and even
within the same individual from time to
time. Preexposure to light, the size and color
of the test stimulus, and the retinal area
stimulated are variables which influence this
function. Night vision is impaired by many
factors, such as vitamin A deficiency, long
exposure to bright sunlight, oxygen want, and
level of blood sugar. It is also well known
that visual acuity decreases under low il-
lumination.

Dark adaptation proceeds in two stages.
The first is very rapid and is over in a few
minutes while the second begins after 6 or 8
minutes and goes on for half an hour or more.
There is sufficient evidence to believe that
the rapid first adaptation represents the be-
havior of the cones of the retina (color vision )
and the delayed or slower second stage of
adaptation, the behavior of the rods (night
vision ).

Vision is considered to be dependent on
the presence of certain light-sensitive pig-
ments in the rods and cones. The pigment
of the rods has been identified. It is called
“visual purple” and is believed to be derived
from vitamin A. The visual pigments when
exposed to light go through a continuous
cycle of destruction and regeneration. Visual
purple is more rapidly destroyed by bright
light than are the pigments of the cones. For
this reason, the cones are more sensitive to
light during the first few minutes after ex-
posure to bright light. As the visual purple
regenerates, the rods become more sensitive.

Submitted for publication June 30, 1955.

Presented at the Seventh Annual Scientific Meeting of the
Gerontological Society, Inc., December 28-30, 1954, Gaines-
ville, Florida.

The statistical computations in this study were made by
Professor P. J. Rulon, Harvard School of Education.

*Sponsored by the Commission on Accidental Trauma of
the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board, Department of
Defense, and supported by funds from the Research and
Development Division, Office of the Surgeon General, De-
partment of the Army.

tOn leave of absence from Fresno State College, Fresno,
California, during 1953-1954.

They can reach a sensitivity about 1,000 to
10,000 times greater than that of the cones
(5, 18).

There are various physiologic factors which
are known to influence one’s ability to see at
night. In addition to a deficiency in vitamin
A, low levels of blood sugar and reduced
amounts of oxygen impair vision at low il
lumination (9, 12, 13, 14). Carbon monoxide,
alcohol, and other substances known to re-
duce the amount of oxygen reaching the tis-
sues have also been found to have an adverse
influence (8, 10, 15, 16). Since it is believed
that there are changes in cerebral circulation
and the oxygen transport system with in-
creasing age, it might be expected that one
would find changes in dark adaptation in
older people. It is the purpose of this paper
to explore further the experimental evidence
and the theoretic implications of this function
in aging.

In previous studies one of us has described
the effects on differential brightness sensitiv-
ity of 1) oxygen deprivation, 2) insulin hypo-
glycemia, and 3) carbon monoxide (12-15),
The effects of altitude, i.e., oxygen want, are
shown in figure 1. Under conditions equiva-
lent to an altitude of only 7,000 feet, the
change in visual sensitivity was signifi-
cant (7).

The concentration of blood sugar is inti-
mately related to the functioning of the cen-
tral nervous system. This is true because glu-
cose is practically the only substance which
can be utilized as a fuel for its metabolism. If
the supply is deficient, the oxidation processes
are slowed, and the effect should be equivalent
to that of a reduced supply of oxygen. The
retina behaves very much like the central
nervous system in regard to its metabolism.
The effects on visual sensitivity were signifi-
cant when the concentrations of blood sugar
dropped following the injection of insulin to
about 65 to 70 mg. and were comparable to
those produced by low oxygen. Figure 2 il-
lustrates these findings (13). In regard to
carbon monoxide, even the small quantities
which may result from the inhalation of
three cigarettes were found to influence the
dark adaptation function adversely (15).

424

M

Some
vision |
mal p
measur
quired
quire 1
also di
this stu
used,
mum |
most r
capacit
The
lows:
appara
off the
expose
stimuli
in pla
sure tl
mm. i
lamber
light v
and ro
and th
main
lowing
imme
light,
every
proxin
the se
of the
wedge
and ir
a flasl
Wh
points
sent s
(thre:
subjec
in the
axis ¢
sensit
axis «
cromi
mean
1,000
scale,
can |
exten
2 illu

ich usetts)

| 000 to

C cones

s which
» See at
vitamin
educed
low il.
noxide,
to re-
the tis.
ulverse
elieved
ulation
ith in-
at one
ion in
paper
idence
nction

cribed
nsitiv-
hypo-
2-15),
it, are
quiva-
t, the
ignifi-

inti-
» cen-
2 glu-
vhich
n. If
"SSeS
alent
The
ntral
lism.
onifi-
ugar
in to
le to
2 il-
d to
‘ities
1 of

the

ALTERATIONS IN DARK

METHODS OF MEASUREMENT

Some of the tests devised to measure night
vision provide a simple estimate of the mini-
mal perceptible intensity of light; others
measure the minimum intensity of light re-
quired to locate an object; still others re-
quire not only location of the test object, but
also discrimination of its form as well. In
this study the Hecht-Schlaer adaptometer was
used. This instrument, which measures mini-
mum perceptible intensities of light, is the
most reliable for determining an individual's
capacity for dark adaptation (6).

The measurements were carried out as fol-
lows: Each subject was connected with the
apparatus by a pair of goggles, which blocked
off the left eye so that only the right eye was
exposed to the bleaching light and to the
stimuli which followed. The head was held
in place with an adjustable chin-rest to as-
sure the proper use of the artificial pupil (3
mm. in size). A light of about 1,500 milli-
lamberts was exposed for three minutes, This
light was bright enough to involve both cone
and rod adaptation separately and adequately
and the exposure long enough to produce the
main effect without boring the subject. Fol-
lowing the initial threshold which was made
immediately after the exposure of the bright
light, additional thresholds were taken about
every 2 minutes for 10 minutes and then ap-
proximately every 3 minutes until the end of
the session, i.e., for 30 minutes. The intensity
of the stimulus was controlled by an optical
wedge. The subject’s task was very simple
and involved reporting whether or not he saw
a flash of light.

When the results are plotted, the various
points on the dark adaptation curves repre-
sent single measurements of light sensitivity
(thresholds) in relation to the intensities a
subject could just barely see as he remained
in the dark. Time is plotted on the horizontal
axis on an ordinary linear scale. The light
sensitivity, however, is plotted on the vertical
axis on a logarithmic scale in terms of mi-
cromicrolamberts (6). On such a scale, 1
means 10 units, 2 means 100 units, 3 means
1,000 units, and so on. With a logarithmic
scale, therefore, a large range of intensities
can be easily plotted which would otherwise
extend over enormous areas. Figures 1 and
2 illustrate these points.

ADAPTATION WITH AGE 425

LOW OXYGEN
MEAN CURVES: 6 SUBJECTS

~

@ CONTROL -AIR
I 13.4% O,~11,500 Ft
TT 11.5% O, ~ 15400 Ft
11 10.1% O, - 18000 Ft

Le] 4a 8 2 16 20 24
TIME IN DARK - MINUTES

The effect of oxygen want on dark adap-
(From McFarland and Forbes, 10)

Fig. 1.
tation,

INSULIN (4 UNITS) AND
t= LOW OXYGEN - 13.2 % 0, (12,000 Ft.)

| SUBJECT: W.F

3
3 6
!
ra
2° |
w |
4 |
z= 4 | 1
j- e
8
a 3 | | |
| | |
2 | | | | |
0 4 8 \2 16 20 24 26 32
TIME IN DARK - MINUTES

Fig. 2. The effect of low blood sugar on dark
adaptation (open circles), and the recovery of sen-
sitivity with glucose (triangles). (From McFarland
and Forbes, 10).

Experimental Subjects—In this study 201
males between the ages of 20 and 60 years
were tested by means of the Hecht-Shlaer
adaptometer described above. All of the
measurements were made by the same experi-
menter (R.M.) and the tests were given in
the morning at the same time and at similar
intervals following meals. An artificial pupil
was used to control the change in pupil size
which is known to vary with age.

RESULTS

The results obtained on an initial group of
188 subjects varying in age from 20 to 47 years
are shown in table 1 (11). The mean curves
for each age group have been plotted in fig-
ure 3.

It is interesting to note that the difference
between the mean final log reading for Group

426

I (age 20-24 yrs.) and Group V (40-47 yrs.) is
0.40 of a log unit. This represents an in-
crease in the intensity of illumination required
by the 40-47 year age group of about 150
per cent. The changes with age are quite
large in this function. For example, critical
ratios between the means of 5 age groups
were found to increase from 3.3 between the
20-24 year and 25-29 vear age groups to 12.9
between the 20-24 year and 40-47 year age
groups.

TABLE 1. NiGHT VISION IN RELATION TO AGE.
Final Log Setting
Mean S.D.
oaianes Gana

Group I (20-24 ee 12 | 2.75 | 0.06
Group II (25-29 yrs.)..... | S55 2.82 | 0.08
Group III (30-34 yrs.) . =| 71 2.87 0.09
Group IV (35-39 yrs.) .. . a 26 3.02 | 0.09
Group V (40-47 yrs.).....| 24 3.15 | 0.12
es | onnewen
Total Group... . <a 188 2.92 0.09

The next step in the experiment was to
extend the study to include more subjects in
the lower and higher age ranges, especially
below 24 and above 47. After the threshold
determinations were made for these subjects
a more elaborate statistical analysis was car-
ried out on the data to determine 1) whether
the differences in final level reached would
increase in a still older age group, 2) whether
the rate of adaptation was related to age, and
3) whether the transition time from cone to
rod vision is more protracted with increasing
age. The results on the first two points are
presented below.

Figure 4 shows the dark adaptation curve
for a typical subject. The type of curve shown
is called inverse logarithmic, and is known
as the die-away, or decay curve. It is the
kind of curve that radio-active elements ex-
hibit in losing their radioactivity. The gen-
eral equation of the curve is y = 10** +C.
For our purposes, this becomes L = 10**** +C
where L is logwpnz L and t is measured in
minutes. In these terms, C represents the
final point of dark adaptation; our interest is

McFARLAND AND FISHER

8 a.
on ssl MEAN CURVES (Sage groups)
z aN
sr ee I 20-24 YEARS
= \ U2s-29 (4
os mW 30-344
= 35-39
Y v 40° a7 w
= 4 | 4 2
: SS
8 I~ ——a |_=
a® i 1 es
; RG Be |
ie) 4 8 12 16 20 24 26 32 36 4%
TIME IN DARK~ MINUTES
Fig. 3. Night vision in relation to age; mean

dark adaptation curves for five age groups. (From

McFarland and associates, 11).

800
7.00 i
CASE NO. 32
AGE 23
C#2.56
6.00+ OT #12.7
ai
=
© 5.00
’ \
400
‘I
3.00 —_
286+——-+—--—-+--—-+}--— mews:
o 5 a. -— -_— Se ho
TIME (MINUTES)
Fig. 4. The dark adaptation curve for an indi-

vidual subject, showing the computed final level of
adaptation (C).

4.0
o FINAL LEVEL OF DARK
w ADAPTATION vs AGE
>
a
= 3.5 +
°
=
° :
° jeg og
ol
4 3.0
<=
=
=
c
WwW
F 25 .
—
Ls
7

20 30 40 50 60
AGE (YEARS)

Fig. 5. Scatter diagram showing the relationship
between age and final level of dark adaptation.

also it
which
C is
dying
By th
subjec
9.56 i
value
tinuec
Thi
each
graph
Figur
C on
zonta
tweel
Seve!
vita
betw
ing Vv
high
adap
equa
The
ever}
0.023
Thre
mult
in a
doul
aday
Tl
at w
the 1
ings
to r
The
proe
the
thre
Tim
to fi
utes
0.05
He
vali
thes
gre:
far
Tin
cau
dist
I
ma

age

I

'
t

eset ace

; mean
(From

30

indi-

el of

ship

ALTERATIONS IN DARK

also in something which can be related to b,
which is concerned with rate.

C is the value the curve is approaching, or
dying away toward. In figure 4, C is 2.56.
By the end of 30 minutes in the dark, the
subject was still improving slightly, and the
9.56 is computed to be his end-point, or the
value he would eventually reach if he con-
tinued in darkness for much longer time.

This terminal value, C, was computed for
each of the 201 subjects, using the standard
graphic method as described by Davis (4).
Figure 5 gives the resulting scatter plot, with
C on the vertical axis and age along the hori-
zontal. A striking relationship is shown be-
tween the final level of adaptation and age.
Seven subjects discovered to be deficient in
vitamin A were excluded. The correlation
between C and age for the 194 cases remain-
ing was calculated to be 0.895, an unusually
high correlation. The average final level of
adaptation is related to age by the following
equation: C = 2.615 +0.023 (Age —20).
The average for 20 year olds is 2.615, and for
every year above 20, the value increases by
0.023. Thus in 13 years, C increases by 0.3.
Three-tenths of a log unit corresponds to a
multiple of 2, so for every increase of 13 years
in age, intensity of illumination must be
doubled to be just seen by the fully dark
adapted eye.

The question may now be raised of the rate
at which the subjects adapted. Determining
the rate of adaptation is difficult because read-
ings during the period of transition from cone
to rod vision may pertain to either system.
The question of rate has hence been ap-
proached through a consideration of how fast
the adaptation curve drops toward the final
threshold level. In this connection “Drop
Time” is used as the measure with reference
to figure 4, as follows: At the end of 30 min-
utes, the subject, with a reading of 2.61, was
0.05 above his computed terminal point, 2.56.
He had reached a point 0.5 above the terminal
value 12.7 minutes earlier. That is, during
these 12.7 minutes his adaptation had _pro-
gressed to a point which was only 1/10th as
far above his terminal point. A short Drop
Time thus means a fast rate of adaptation, be-
cause the subject is more rapidly reducing his
distance above his terminal point.

Drop Times were computed for the 194 nor-
mal subjects and the linear correlation with
age was calculated at —0.137. However, both

ADAPTATION WITH AGE

427

older and younger subjects showed longer
Drop Times than did those in the intermediate
age range, and with this evidence of curviline-
arity, the correlation calculated has little
meaning. The average Drop Times by age
groups are given in table 2.

TABLE 2. MEAN Drop Time IN RELATION TO AGE.
: :
Mean Drop Time
Age (Minutes)
|
50-59. 11.08
40-49... 10.44
30-39. . 10.69
20-29 11.15
DISCUSSION

Similar results have been reported by
Hecht and Mendelbaum (5), who used the
same apparatus. In both this study and ours,
the size of the pupil was controlled with a
3-mm. pupillometer. The variation in dark
adaptation with age, as measured by the final
rod threshold attained, was also studied in a
group of 758 English factory workers, ranging
in age from 14 to 74 yrs. The marked differ-
ences observed in maximum light thresholds
in relation to age were attributed to the di-
minished pupil size in the elderly subjects
(17). In a study of 222 subjects ranging
from 20 to 89 yrs of age, Birren (3) found
significant reductions in pupil size with age
in both light and dark conditions.

Significant changes with age in the light
threshold of the dark-adapted eye have been
reported by Birren, Bick, and Fox (1) in
130 subjects ranging from 18 to 83 years of
age. The Hecht-Shlaer adaptometer was
used, and the pupils of all subjects over 40
years of age were dilated with a mydriatic.
A significant decline in sensitivity of the dark-
adapted eye was noted as age increased. This
decline was most marked in subjects beyond
the age of 60.

Measurements of the rate and level of dark
adaptation were made by Birren and Shock
(2) on 91 subjects aged 40 to 83 years, using
the same apparatus. Although no correlation
was found between age and rate of dark
adaptation, there was a significant decrease in
the final level of adaptation in the older sub-
jects. The results of this study were similar
to those obtained by us for subjects of com-
parable age.

428

According to concepts presented here, the
underlying basis of the physiologic changes
in older subjects related to an interference of
normal metabolic processes within individual
nerve cells of the brain and retina. This in-
terference may operate through a reduced rate
of transference of essential substances to the
metabolizing cells required for normal meta-
bolic processes. Transference may be in-
adequate because of reduced supply, reduced
circulatory delivery, or slower diffusion. The
amount of essential substances which reach
the cells may be reduced because of greater
distances over which diffusion must take place,
reduced permeability, or the presence of inert
substances through which nutrients diffuse

with difficulty (7).

SUMMARY

The conclusions to be drawn from this
study are as follows:

1. There is a consistent decline in ability
to see at low levels of illumination with in-
creasing age under the conditions of this ex-
periment.

2. The final level of dark adaptation is
clearly a function of age. The linear correla-
tion between age and final threshold level is
actually so high it may be used to “predict”
age within narrow limits of error (r = 0.89).
Rate of adaptation may have a curvilinear re-
lationship to age since it is slower both for
younger and older ages than for the inter-
mediate range.

3. The limitation in ability for dark adapta-
tion is quite marked in older subjects and is
believed to be related to certain basic physi-
ologic functions in the nerve cells of the
brain and retina.

4. These findings are of practical signifi-
cance in helping to explain the difficulties ex-
perienced by subjects over 55 to 60 years of
age in driving or flying at night. Serious ques-
tions of safety may be raised if the amount of
available light is further reduced for older
persons through the use of tinted windshields
or colored glasses.

REFERENCES
1. Birren, J. E., Bick, M. W., and Fox, C.: Age
Changes in the Light Threshold of the Dark
Adapted Eye. J. Gerontol., 3: 267-271, 1948.
2. Birren, J. E., and Shock, N. W.: Age Changes
in Rate and Level of Visual Dark Adaptation.
J. Appl. Physiol., 2: 407-411, 1950.

McFARLAND AND FISHER

3. Birren, J. E., Casperson, R. C., and Botwinick, J:

10.

tk:

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

. Davis, D. S.:

Age Changes in Pupil Size.
221, 1950.

J. Gerontol., 5: 216.

Empirical Equations and Nomog-
raphy, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1943.
Hecht, S., and Mandelbaum, J.: The Rela-
tion Between Vitamin A and Dark Adaptation,
J.A.M.A., 112: 1910-1916, 1939.
delbaum, J. Dark Adaptation.
26: 203-239, 1941.

Hecht, S., and Shlaer, S.: An Adaptometer for
Measuring Human Dark Adaptation. J. Optic.
Soc. Amer., 28: 269-275, 1938.

McFarland, R. A.: Anoxia: Its Effects on the
Physiology and Biochemistry of the Brain and
on Behavior. Ch. 22, in: The Biology of
Mental Health and Disease, Report of the
27th Annual Conference of the Milbank Memorial
Fund, Paul Hoeber, Inc., N.Y., 1952.
McFarland, R. A., and Barach, A. L.: The Re-
lationship Between Alcoholic Intoxication and
Anoxemia. Am. J. Med. Sci., 192: 186-198,
1936.

See also Man-
Arch. Ophth.

. McFarland, R. A., Evans, J. N., and Halperin,

M. D.: Opthalmic Aspects of Acute Oxygen
Deficiency. Arch. Ophth., 26: 886-913, 1941.
McFarland, R. A., and Forbes, W. F.: The
Effects of Variations in the Concentration of
Oxygen and of Glucose on Dark Adaptation. J.
Gen. Physiol., 24: 69-98, 1940.

McFarland, R. A., Graybiel, A., Liljencrantz, E.,
and Tuttle, A. D.: An Analysis of the Physi-
ological and Psychological Characteristics of
Two Hundred Civil Air Line Pilots. J. Aviation
Med., 10: 2-52, 1939.

McFarland, R. A., Halperin, M. H., and Niven,
J. I.: Visual Thresholds 15 an Index of Physi-
ological Imbalance During Anoxia. Am. J.
Physiol., 142: 328-349, 1944.

McFarland, R. A., Halperin, M. H., and Niven,
J. I.: Visual Thresholds as an Index of Physi-
ological Imbalance During Insulin Hypoglycemia,
Am. J. Physiol., 145: 299-313, 1946.
McFarland, R. A., Halperin, M. H. and Niven,
J. I.: Visual Thresholds as an Index of the
Modification of the Effect of Anoxia by Glucose.
Am. J. Physiol., 144: 378-388, 1945.

McFarland, R. A., Roughton, F.J.W., Halperin,
M. H. and Niven, J. I.: The Effects of Carbon
Monoxide and Altitude on Visual Thresholds.
J. Aviation Med., 15: 381-394, 1944.
Newman, H. W.: The Effect of Altitude on
Alcohol Tolerance. Quart. J. Stud. on Alcohol,
10: 398-404, 1949.

Robertson, G. W., and Yudkin, J.: Effect of
Age upon Dark Adaptation. J. Physiol., 103: 1-8,
1944,

Wald, G.: Vitamin A in Eye Tissues.
Physiol., 18: 905-915, 1935.

J. Gen.

Sim)
yancin
is littl
where
Becau
eral c!
sirable
proce:
perip!
then |
time «
be di
with
delay
reacti
to be
third
feren
and f
of pa

Sir
using
throt
0.20
visu:
betw
was
Inte
ligh

Inst

ate
foot
key:
chri
driv
reat
E
dist
fing
=e"
and
t

Hea
Ser

inick, Ja
5: 216.

Nomog-
> Rela.
ptation,
0 Man-
Ophth.

ster for
Optic.

on the
in and
gy of
of the
‘morial

ie Re-
1 and
6-198,

perin,
xygen
1,
The
m of

a. &

, By
hysi-
s of
ation

iven,
hysi-
J.

ven,
iysi-
mia,

ven,
the
ose.

rin,

on
lds.

vol,

AGE DIFFERENCES IN FINGER, JAW, AND FOOT REACTION
TIME TO AUDITORY STIMULI*

JAMES E. BIRREN, Pu.D., AND JACK BOTWINICK, Px.D.

(From the Section on Agingt, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland)

Simple reactions of humans slow with ad-
vancing age (1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 11, 15). There
is little evidence, however, which suggests
where the delay in response latency occurs.
Because slowing of responses is such a gen-
eral characteristic of aging it seems most de-
sirable to attempt to define and localize the
processes involved. If age changes in the
peripheral pathways were primarily involved
then it would be expected that the reaction
time of the foot with its long pathways would
be disproportionately slow compared, e.g.,
with the finger or jaw. If in contrast, the
delay were of a constant size for all three
reactions then another explanation would have
to be sought to account for the delay. The
third possible result would be that age dif-
ferences were found between the finger, jaw,
and foot which were variable but independert
of path length.

METHODS

Simple auditory reaction time was measured
using a 1000 cycle tone as a stimulus presented
through ear phones (12). Each stimulus was
0.20 sec. duration and was preceded by a
visual warning or ready signal. The interval
between the ready signal and the stimulus
was randomized between 1 and 6 seconds.
Interval timers were used to control the ready
light, delay interval, and stimulus duration.
Instruction trials were given using the separ-
ate reaction keys for the finger, jaw, and
foot. Micro-switches were used as response
keys and minimum movement broke the
chronoscope circuit. The chronoscope was
driven with a synchronous motor and was
read to 0.01 sec.

Each subject had a total of 150 responses
distributed as 25 each for the following order:
finger, foot, jaw, foot, jaw, and finger. For

Submitted for publication June 26, 1955.

*The assistance of Mr. Joseph Brinley in the collection
and computation of data is gratefully acknowledged.

+Laboratory of Psychology, National Institute of Mental
Health, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health
Service, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

each subject a median reaction time was de-
termined for finger, jaw, and foot reaction
times. The respective split-half reliabilities
were 0.92, 0.96, and 0.94, N’s = 45, 44, and
45. The median value rather than the arith-
metic mean was used as the measure of cen-
tral tendency because of the skewing which
occurs in the distribution of individual mea-
surements.

All subjects were white male. There were
32 young subjects between the ages of 15
and 36 years, and 32 elderly subjects between
the ages of 61 and 91 years. The latter group
consisted of 18 subjects who were full time
employees of the Public Health Service, 9
subjects who were retired independent mem-
bers of the community, and 5 subjects who
were residents of a religious home for the
aged. The young subjects consisted of 24
who were full time employees of the Pub-
lic Health Service and 8 who were religious
research volunteers.

RESULTS

The elderly subjects were significantly
slower than the young subjects for the finger,
foot, and jaw reaction times (table 1). The
age differences were 27, 21, and 29 per cent,
respectively, for finger, jaw, and foot.

In contrast to the statistically significant age
differences in reaction time, no difference was
found between the young and elderly which
increased with the length of the path of the
peripheral nervous system. Thus, for ex-
ample, when the two age groups were com-
pared for the difference in finger and foot
reaction time, there was only a slightly larger
difference for the elderly group, which would
be in the direction of the hypothesis that
greater time is required in peripheral conduc-
tion. The difference, however, was not statis-
tically significant (table 1).

The results indicate that the increment in
reaction time for the elderly group is a con-
stant. With the present methods, the constant
increment in reaction time with advancing age

429 >

430

TABLE 1. SrmpLE Aupirory REACTION TIME OF THE FINGER, JAW, AND Foot In YOUNG AND ELDERLY SUBJECTs,

BIRREN AND BOTWINICK

A
Finger

B c

Jaw

Young Mean*
19-36 years

N = 32 o

. 182

.033

Elderly Mean*
61-91 years

N = 32 o

. 232

-049

Elderly
— Young

Difference .050

t 4.63

p <.01

|
}

<.01 |<. |
li

.194

.039 .019

. 254 —.022

|
055 ; .060 || .041 .032 044

.060 .010 .002 .008

4.96 ‘3 .28 .79
not not

signif. siznif.

not
signif.

*Mean of the individual median measurements, in seconds.

seems to hold both on a relative and on an
absolute basis (fig. 1).

DISCUSSION

There were three possible results obtainable
in this study: (a) that the age differences
between the three forms of reaction would
be of the same magnitude, (b) that the age
differences would be a variable associated
with the length of the peripheral path, and
(c) that the differences would be a variable
but independent of path length. The first
result was obtained. There remains the issue
whether the increment in reaction time with
age is associated with an age change within
the nervous system or in some peripheral fac-
tor common to all types of response, e.g., the
myoneural junction, muscle contraction, or
movement of bone joints.

There is evidence that excitability does not
change with age (5) but this of course does
not describe the time course of the response
which is pertinent here. Delays associated
with the motor synapse and neuromuscular
junction are about 1 msec. which is very short
in the present context (6). Thus, if these
values would change by twofold with ad-
vanced age their total contribution to a re-
action, such as moving a finger, would still

BB cvoercy, n= 32

35 [_] Younes, n=32

20r 7

SECONDS
a

OSPF 7

FOOT JAW FINGER

Fig. 1. Age differences in finger, jaw, and foot
reaction time to auditory stimuli. The heights of the
vertical bars represent the mean reaction time of the
two age groups: young 19-36 years, and elderly 61-91
years. In each instance the age difference in mean
reaction time is statistically significant, whereas the
differences between the type of response, finger, jaw,
and foot are not significant.

be sw
ferent
were
Th
in ref
has ]
tracti
the t
the r
light
rate
was
the ¢
strict
Ther
laten
was
veloc
0.04
the |
In
the |
smal
ther
the
requ
resp
men
a SI
nec
to 2
tim:
tim:
to '
sho:
rest
fact
vol
ical
dist
tril
fac
act
has
age
san
pri
cre
lin
mc
acl
a
ter

SUBJECTs.

.008

.719
not
signif.

| foot
»f the
f the
31-91
mean
s the
jaw,

be small (see also 10, 13, 14). The age dif-
ferences in reaction time in the present study
were 50 to 60 msec.

There is little evidence about age changes
in reflexes and muscle contraction. Kumnick
has presented evidence that pupillary con-
traction is slower in advanced age groups but
the time changes are small compared with
the reaction time results (8). In response to
light stimulation the mean pupil constriction
rate for subjects over the age of 70 years
was about 15 mm. per sec.; for subjects in
the age range 18 to 28 years, the mean con-
striction rate was about 19 mm. per sec.
There seemed to be no age difference in
latency of the pupil constriction although this
was not evaluated quantitatively. Maximum
velocity of constriction was reached about
0.04 sec. in the young subjects and 0.05 sec. in
the older subjects.

In addition to the fact that age changes in
the neuromuscular processes are likely to be
small relative to a voluntary reaction time,
there is the issue that in the present study
the movements of the finger, jaw, and foot
required to effect a response were small. The
response keys were such that the initial move-
ment broke the chronoscope circuit so only
a small portion of the total movement was
necessary to effect the response, i.e., about 1
to 2mm. It is to be noted that the reaction
time of the jaw was longer than the reaction
time of the finger. This finding is contrary
to what might be expected because of the
shorter conduction pathway for the jaw. This
result may be explained in large part by the
fact that the different modes of response in-
volved microswitches with different mechan-
ical arrangements. Slight differences in throw
distances between response keys can con-
tribute to the time measurements. While such
factors influence the direct comparison of re-
action times between modes of response, it
has little relevance to a comparison of the
age groups since the factors would be the
same for both groups. The present study is
primarily concerned with explaining the in-
crease with age in reaction time. Within the
limitations of existing information, it seems
most plausible to regard the slowing of re-
action time, with advanced age as primarily
a phenomenon of the central nervous sys-

tem (2).

AGE AND HUMAN REACTION TIME

SUMMARY

1. Simple auditory reaction time was meas-
ured for the finger, jaw, and foot in young
and elderly subjects. The purpose was to
determine if the elderly subjects show a dis-
proportionate slowing of foot responses com-
pared with the finger and jaw as a test of the
hypothesis that the slowing of reaction time
with advancing age is correlated with path
length of the peripheral nerves.

2. A 1000 cycle tone presented with ear
phones was used as the stimulus. Each stimu-
lus was preceded by a visual ready signal
with a random delay of 1 to 6 sec. (inter-
polated between the ready signal and the
stimulus.) A simple movement of the foot,
finger, or jaw operated the appropriate key.
Each subject gave a total of 150 individual
responses, in the order of 25 each for finger,
foot, jaw, foot, jaw, finger. For each sub-
ject a median reaction time was computed
for finger, foot, and jaw. The corresponding
standard errors of measurement for fifty trials
were, 0.016, 0.012, and 0.015 seconds.

3. The reaction time of the elderly subjects
was significantly slower than the young sub-
jects but there was no relation to the length
of the peripheral nerve path involved. The
mean reaction times for the finger, jaw, and
foot respectively for the young subjects (N =
32) were 0.182, 0.194, and 0.202. The cor-
responding values for the elderly subjects
(N = 32) were 0.232, 0.254, and 0.260. Since
the age differences between the reaction time
means did not significantly increase for the
foot as compared with the finger and jaw, it
may be concluded that the age change in
reaction time is not a variable associated with
the length of the peripheral path. An ex-
amination of the present evidence suggests
that it is plausible to regard the age changes
in response latency as a property of the central
nervous system.

REFERENCES

1. Bellis, C. J.: Reaction Time and Chronological
Age. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med., 30: 801-803,
1933.

2. Birren, J. E.: Age Changes in Speed of Simple

Responses and Perception and Their Significance
for Complex Behavior. Old Age in the Modern
World. E. & S. Livingstone, London, 1955.

3. Birren, J. E., and Botwinick, J.: The Relation
of Writing Speed to Age and to the Senile

432 BIRREN AND

Psychoses. J. Consult. Psychol., 15: 243-249,
1951.

4. Botwinick, J., and Shock, N. W.: Age Differ-
ences in Performance Decrement with Continu-
ous Work. J. Gerontol., 7: 41-46, 1952.

5. Bourliére, F. Excitability and Aging. J. Geron-
tol., 3: 191-195, 1948.

6. Fulton, J. F.: A Textbook of Physiology. W. B.
Saunders, Philadelphia 1955, Chap. 2, Gelfan, S.,
p. 123-158.

7. Goldfarb, W.: An Investigation of Reaction
Time in Older Adults. Teachers College, Colum-
bia University, Contributions to Education, No.
831, New York, 1941.

8. Kumnick, L. S.: Pupillary Psychosensory Res-
titution and Aging. J. Optic. Soc. America, 44:
735-741, 1954.

9. Miles, W. R.: Psychological Aspects of Aging.
In: E. V. Cowdry, ed., Problems of Aging. Wil-
liams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1942.

BOTWINICK

10. Norris, A. H., Shock, N. W., and Wagman, I. H:

At,

13.

14.

15.

Age Changes in the Maximum Conduction
Velocity of Motor Fibers of Human Ulnar Nerves,
J. Appl. Physiol., 5: 589-593, 1953.

Obrist, W. D.: Simple Auditory Reaction Time
in Aged Adults. J. Psychol., 35: 259-266, 1953,
Seashore, R. H., and Seashore, S. H.: Individual
Differences in Simple Auditory Reaction Times
of Hands, Feet, and Jaws. J. Exper. Psychol.,
29: 342-345, 1941.

Sommer, J.: Synchronisierung motorischer Im-
pulse und ihre Bedeutung fiir die neurophysi-
ologische Forschung. Ztschr. f.d. ges. Neurol.
u. Psychiat., 172: 500-530, 1941.

Wagman, I. H., and Lesse, H.: Maximum Con-
duction Velocities of Motor Fibers of Ulnar
Nerve in Human Subjects of Various Ages and
Sizes. J. Neurophysiol., 15: 235-244, 1952.
Welford, A. T.: Skill and Age. Oxford Uni-
versity Press, London, 1951.

SPEE

It
facto
vidu:
the |
part
lies i
A te:
diffe
as a
cept
repo
to d
Hen
of d
was
the
ousl
amo
diffe
the
lons

the

per:
con
tive
con
the
bet
diff

n, I. H:
nduction
Nerves,

m Time
5, 1953,
dividual
1 Times
sychol.,

er Im-
ophysi-
Neurol.

n Con-
Ulnar
es and

J

ae

Uni-

SPEED OF RESPONSE AS A FUNCTION OF PERCEPTUAL DIFFICULTY AND AGE*

JAMES E. BIRREN, Px.D., AND JACK BOTWINICK, Pu.D.
(From the Section on Aging,+ National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland)

It has been pointed out that a possible
factor in the slow responses of elderly indi-
viduals is perceptual difficulty (1, 2). Thus
the hypothesis may be formulated that a large
part of the increased response time with age
lies in difficulty in perceiving the stimulus (8).
A test of this hypothesis requires that the age
differences in response time should be studied
as a function of experimentally varied per-
ceptual difficulty (6). Previous studies have
reported results of response time in relation
to difficulty using young adults as subjects.
Henmon (5) described the use of judgments
of differences in two line lengths; the subject
was required to say which of two lines was
the shortest, the right or left of a simultane-
ously present pair which were varied in the
amount of difference in line length. As the
differences between the lines become smaller,
the response time becomes progressively
longer. This method seems ideally suited to
the present problem. If aged individuals have
a perceptual deficit compared with young
persons, then as the stimulus judgments be-
come easier, the aged should become rela-
tively faster in their response times. If in
contrast the deficit is not a perceptual factor,
then there would be a constant age difference
between the response time to large and small
difference in line lengths.

METHODS

Procedure: Forty eight cards, each with
two vertical lines of unequal length were pre-
sented tachistoscopically, one card at a time.
Viewing of the cards was binocular at a dis-
tance of two feet. The exposed area was ap-
proximately 734 in. wide and 7% in. high.
The stimulus lines were vertical and were
black on a white background. Each card had
a standard line 15 mm. wide and 80 mm. long,
and a variable line 15 mm. wide and shorter
than the standard by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20,

Submitted for publication June 26, 1955.

°Grateful acknowledgment is due Mr. Joseph Brinley for
his assistance in the observations and analysis of the data.

tLaboratory of Psychology, National Institute of Mental
Health, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health
Service, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

30, 40, or 50 per cent. The difference between
the standard line and the variable line was
distributed equally at both ends of the
shorter line, i.e., there was not a common base
for the two lines. The lines were separated
by 30 mm. horizontal distance. The 12 dif-
ferences in line length were presented both
on the right and left sides. Each difference
was judged at least twice on the right and
twice on the left side, position responses were
thus equated.

Between judgments the subject viewed a
cross with 25 mm. arms in the geometric
center of the field. At 2.5 sec. prior to the
stimulus, a warning buzzer was sounded for
0.5 sec., to fix the subject’s attention upon the
field. The subject was required to respond as
quickly as he could when the stimulus lines
were presented by saying “right” or “left” to
indicate the side of the shorter line. The vocal
response operated a voice key which inter-
rupted the chronoscope circuit. The response
latency of the subject was measured to the
nearest 0.01 sec. The stimulus cards were
presented for sufficient time to permit the sub-
jects to make a judgment and to verbalize a
response; the stimulus was never longer than
2 sec.

Each of the 12 differences in line lengths
were judged at least 4 times. A median re-
sponse time of the individual subject was de-
rived for each of the 12 differences. The
stability or reliability of the individual re-
sponse measurements is illustrated by the cor-
relation between the medians for the 40 and
50 per cent difference. The correlation for
30 young subjects was 0.75, and the correla-
tion was 0.80 for 43 elderly subjects.

Subjects: The subjects in this study were
30 young individuals aged 19 to 36 years and
43 elderly subjects aged 61 to 91 years. All
subjects were male, white, and selected to
represent a healthy non-hospitalized popula-
tion. The ages of the elderly subjects were
distributed as follows: 27, 60 to 69 years; 9,
70 to 79; 6, 80 to 89 years, and one subject
aged 91. Of these subjects, 29 were employed
full time, 9 were retired and lived in the com-

433

434 BIRREN AND
munity, and 5 were housed in a religious home
for the aged. Of the 30 young subjects, 26
were employed full time, and 4 were religious
research volunteers.

RESULTS

Response time declined as a function of the
difference in line lengths. This relation was
apparent in both the young and elderly sub-
jects (fig. 1). In general, there was an asymp-
totic value for the response time which was
approached at about a 15 per cent difference
in line lengths. For differences in line lengths
greater than 15 per cent, it seems that varia-
tions in the stimulus has little effect upon the
age difference in response time.

If the difference in line lengths is progres-
sively made smaller than a 15 per cent dif-
ference, then the elderly group becomes re-
latively slower compared with the young
group. This result was tested for statistical
significance by taking the difference between
the 1 and 50 per cent stimulus response times
for each subject; the mean difference was
significantly greater for the elderly group,
p<0.01. The mean difference in response
time was 0.47 sec. for the 1 per cent differ-
ences in line lengths and was 0.18 sec. for the
50 per cent difference in line lengths. The
systematic change in the differences of re-
sponse time between the two age groups is
seen in figure 2. For all stimuli the age dif-
ference in response time was significantly dif-
ferent (table 1).

TABLE 1. AGE DIFFERENCE IN SPEED OF RESPO

BOTWINICK

TUTTTTITTTT T T T T

© ELDERLY, N=43
@ YOUNG, N=30

35
T

SECONDS
@ :

sees eeeet L i iL i i
vi es ew BUD 30 40 50
PER CENT DIFFERENCE IN LINE LENGTH

Fig. 1. Speed of response as a function of per-
ceptual difficulty. The ordinate represents the vocal
response time in judging line pairs. The abscissa rep-
resents the percentage difference in the two line
lengths being judged as to which was the shorter,
“right” or “left.” The line graph connects the suc-
cessive mean values for the two age groups.

DISCUSSION

One of the most general behavioral charac-
teristics of aging is slowing of responses. The
importance of this now well established ob-
servation is enhanced by the fact that patients

NSE IN RELATION TO PERCEPTUAL DIFFICULTY.

Percentage Difference in Line Length

|
--
|

Age Group | |
2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50
61-91 years, N = 43 | | |
Mean, sec.......... ji.41 [1.29 [1.22 1.14 |1.10 | .94 | .88 | .77 | .78 | .77 | .76 | .77
EE re 43 | .51 | .43 | .43 | .28 | .24 | .21 | .16 | .17 | .17 | .20 | .20
eee | 066 -078 | .066 | .066 | .043 | .037 | 032 | .025 | .026 | .026 | .031 | .031

19-36 years, N = 30

}

| | |
ae TE + se

|

fee, Oe os | .94
Scape CE Ae ge oe ee
agen Ae eee | .035 | .032 | .028

Mean difference..... | gee ae <a a My A
WO ok we ee

075 fo

-020 | .024 | .017 | .019 | .015

S| .6F | 68 | 40 |. | Oe) ..57 |
3 | .09 | .10 | .08 | .07 | .08 | .10 | .085
-013 | .015 | .019 | .01

.072 | .069 | .049 | 041 | .037 | .029 | .029 | .030 | .036 | .034

f per-

vocal
a rep-
» line
iorter,
> suc-

arac-
The
ob-

ents

PERCEPTUAL DIFFICULTY AND REACTION TIME 435

fe ee T '

wo
T

»
T

iv
'

AGE DIFFERENCE IN RESPONSE TIME, SECS.
+ *

Sewers s i 1

1 1

°o

10 IS 20 30
PER CENT DIFFERENCE IN LINE LENGTH

40 SO

Fic. 2. Age difference in response time as a function of the percentage difference

in line length judged as to which was the shorter.

The ordinate values represent the

mean difference in response time between a young and an elderly group of subjects; the
abscissa represents the percentage difference between the lengths of pairs of lines judged.

with senile dementia show a much greater
slowing of responses than control subjects of
the same age (3). An important problem is,
therefore, the localization of the slowing, both
anatomically and functionally. In this context
the task is to use the present results in an
attempt to demarcate the change within some
narrower functional limits than previously pos-
sible. That is, the task is to specify where in
the total processes beginning with the stimulus
and ending with an appropriate response does
the increment in time with advancing age
occur.

Age changes in visual and auditory acuity
would seem to limit the intensity of stimula-
tion and thus contribute the greater response
time of the elderly. The present results show
that as the stimulus is made difficult, i.e., the
differences in line lengths is made small, that
the elderly are relatively slower than young
subjects. This factor is not the only influence
upon the response time for it was also demon-
strated that as the difference was made suf-
ficiently large, the response time approached
a minimum value. At this minimum level
there was a residual difference between the
response time of the young and elderly which
was statistically significant. A previous study
showed that the slowing was not limited to a

particular mode of response, i.e., finger, foot,
or jaw (4). There is thus no evidence which
would prompt the idea that the elderly are
uniquely slow in vocalization. It is more
parsimonious in view of the evidence to re-
gard the slowness in vocalized responses as
part of a general slowing yet not specifically
defined in site and nature (7).

There is evidence that for word associations
the elderly produce written responses at a rate
which is lower than that expected from their
rate of copying words. “... the lower fluency
of the elderly does not seem to be the result
of simple inability to write quickly enough,
since the elderly wrote fewer words in pro-
portion to their potential writing speed than
did the younger subjects” (1, p. 243). There
is thus further evidence for Welford’s con-
tention that the deficit lies in organizing the
information in the stimulus and relating it to
relevant material from experience (9).

Further research is necessary to define the
precise nature of age change in the relation
of the stimulus to the response and to trans-
late the functional information into the an-
atomic, physiologic, and experiential basis.

SUMMARY
1. The purpose of this study was to de-

cry

436

termine to what extent perceptual difficulty
might be a variable in age changes in re-
sponse time.

2. Young and elderly subjects were re-
quired to judge which of two simultaneously
presented lines was the shorter. The lines
were presented tachistoscopically. Each sub-
ject made a minimum of 48 judgments in a
series of line pairs which differed in length
from 1 to 50 per cent. The subject was re-
quired to respond as quickly as he could when
the stimulus lines were presented by saying
“right” or “left” to indicate the side of the
shorter line. The vocal response of the sub-
ject operated a voice key which interrupted
a chronoscope circuit. The response time
was measured to the nearest 0.01 sec.

3. The subjects where healthy males: The
young group consisted of 30 individuals be-
tween the ages of 19 and 36 years; the elderly
group consisted of 43 subjects between the
ages of 61 and 91 years.

4. A significant difference in response time
between the two age groups was found at all
levels of stimulus difficulty. The response
time of the elderly was relatively slower, how-
ever, when the stimulus difficulty was in-
creased. Thus, the difference in response
time between the young and elderly was 0.47
sec. for a 1 per cent difference in line lengths,
and was 0.18 sec. at a 50 per cent line length
difference.

5. It is apparent that perceptual difficulty

BIRREN AND BOTWINICK

can contribute to the slower response time of
elderly subjects. However, there is a residual
age difference in response time which exists
regardless of ease of the perceptual task in-
volved.

REFERENCES

1. Birren, J. E.: Speed of Simple Responses and

Perception and Their Significance for Complex

Behavior. Old Age in the Modern World, E. & §.

Livingstone, London, 1955.

Birren, J. E., Allen, W. R., and Landau, H. G-;;

The Relation of Problem Length in Simple Ad-

dition to Time Required, Probability of Success

and Age. J. Gerontol., 9: 150-161, 1954.

3. Birren, J. E., and Botwinick, J.: The Relation of
Writing Sneed to Age and to the Senile Psy-
choses. J. Consult. Psychol., 15: 243-249, 1951.

4. Birren, J. E., and Botwinick, J.: Age Differences
in Finger, Jaw, and Foot Reaction Time to
Auditory Stimuli. J. Gerontol.; 10: 429-432, 1955.

to

5. Henmon, V. A. C.: The Time of Perception as a
Measure of Differences in Sensations. Arch.
Psychol., 14: 1906.

6. Kay, H.: Some Experiments in Adult Learning.

Old Age in the Modern World.
stone, London, 1955.

7. Singleton, W. T.: Age and Performance Timing
on Simple Skills. Old Age in the Modern World.
E. & S. Livingstone, London, 1955.

8. Szafran, J.: Experiments in the Greater Use of
Vision by Older Adults. Old Age in the Modern
World. E. & S. Livingstone, London, 1955.

9. Welford, A. T.: Skill and Age. Oxford Uni-
versity Press, London, 1951.

E. & S. Living-

Nu
respo!
there
probl
displa
excep
actior
of the
tomy,
exper
effect
ling
anim:

Th
origit
of th
actio!
be fi
comy

Ca
ll b
freec
obse
the 1
mint
asm
be 1
tinu
cage
corn
couy
of t
Sen:
mov
Pars
cage
to }

Su

eT
berg
ackn
in p
and
Nati

Heal
Serv

time of
‘esidual
h exists
‘ask in-

ses and
r
Jomplex

E. & §.

H. G.:
le Ad-

Success

ition of
e Psy-
, 1951.
2Trences
me to
» 1955.
masa

Arch.

ning.
siving-

‘iming
V orld.

Ise of
odern

Uni-

AGE DIFFERENCES IN STARTLE REACTION TIME OF THE RAT
TO NOISE AND ELECTRIC SHOCK*

JAMES E. BIRREN, Pu.D.
(From the Section on Aging,+ National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland)

Numerous studies have reported slowing of
responses with advancing age in humans but
there has been little attempt to isolate the
problem or to find out to what extent animals
display the same phenomenon. An important
exception is the study of Brody who used re-
action time in connection with his observations
of the effects of hypophysectomy, thyroidec-
tomy, and thyroxin injection in rats (3). The
experimental endocrine variables had little
effect on reaction time in contrast to a doub-
ling of reaction time in the oldest control
animals.

The purpose of this study is to verify the
original observation of Brody for reaction time
of the rat to electric shock and to study re-
action time to a stimulus, noise, which would
be free from local effects which might ac-
company electric shock.

METHODS

Cage: The reaction cage was clear plastic,
ll by 11 by 6% in. The cage permitted
freedom of movement for the rat and easy
observation. After the placement in the cage
the rat would explore continuously for several
minutes and then settle down. In early studies
a small confining cage was used which had to
be rejected because the rats were in con-
tinuous movement to escape. The reaction
cage was mounted in rubber on the 4 base
corners, and the bottom center was flexibly
coupled to a strain gauge. The movements
of the animal were amplified and recorded.
Sensitivity was adjusted so that respiratory
movements were apparent in the records.
Parallel copper tubes formed the floor of the
cage for the rat; the tubes were so spaced as
to permit droppings to fall through and not

Submitted for publication June 26, 1955.

*The assistance of Mr. Joseph Brinley and Mr. Sam Um-
berger in the observations and rat handling is gratefully
acknowledged, as are the suggestions of Dr. Eugene Streicher
in planning the study. The apparatus used was designed
and assembled by the Section on Technical Development,
National Institute of Mental Health.

+Laboratory of Psychology, National Institute of Mental
Health, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health
Service, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

short the shock stimuli. The rat was stimu-

lated when at rest.

Animals: The rats used in this study were
albinos of the Sprague-Dawley strain. They
were maintained in the same colony and were
fed Purina Chow on an ad lib basis supple-
mented twice weekly with lettuce greens and
raw horse meat. All rats were used to
handling.

Noise stimulus: A “white noise,” 20 to
20,000 cycles, was used as the auditory stimu-
lus for the startle response. The stimulus was
52 db. over the ambient noise level, and was
0.10 sec. duration.

Shock stimulus: The electric shock was a
direct current applied to the animal's feet
through the copper tubes forming the cage
floor. The stimulating circuit was designed
to yield a reading of the current flow during
actual stimulation thus eliminating the neces-
sity for controlling the changes in resistance
of the contact of the rat’s feet with the copper
tubing due to changes in moisture or grip.

Response measurement: The response time
was read directly from an electronic scaler
which began sweeping at the initiation of the
stimulus and which was stopped by a move-
ment of the animal. The noise or the shock
usually evoked a startle jerk and then a run-
ning response. The initial movement was
used in the time measurement. At least 7
responses were recorded for each animal. The
median was used as the measure of central
tendency for the individual animal because
of the skewing of the distributions.

An estimate of the reliability of the reaction
time measurement to shock was secured from
an analysis of the data on 97 rats. The first
6 measurements were divided into odd-even
categories and a median of each was ob-
tained. The correlation between the two
split-half medians was 0.63, yielding an esti-
mated r of 0.80 for the median based upon
7 measurements, the minimum number for an
individual animal.

437

438 BIRREN
10 T T T T T T T =F T T T T T T T T T r “7
° o o 807 DAYS
°
ate j ©? 265 DAYS | ots |
°
.O8F 4 .O7r
.O7F 4 O6Fr
)
O6Fr 4 o5r 4
”
OSF 4 2 04+ 4
ro)
Oo
o
204 4 03F 4
z
3S
he
° oF 4 O2- 4
O2- a Ol-F 4
OlrF 7 20 40 60 80 1090 120
AGE IN WEEKS
re) . 2 eam he cen Fig. 2. Age differences in the auditory reaction
MILLIAMPERES time of the rat. The startle stimulus was a white
Fig. 1. Reaction time of the rat as a function of noise of 52 db. The straight line graph connects the

stimulating electric current applied to the feet. In-
dividual measurements of reaction time are plotted
for a young and an old rat. The curve connects
median values for selected stimulus intensities.

The reliability of the auditory reaction time
was more difficult to determine since the ani-
mal would frequently fail to respond to sev-
eral stimuli in a series. It was regarded as a
more appropriate test of reliability therefore
to correlate repeated observations on a group
of animals on two different days. A retest
correlation was made for 55 rats tested be-
tween 1 and 14 days apart. The obtained r
was 0.62.

RESULTS

A significant slowing of reaction to shock
stimuli was found in the oldest rats (table 1).
The difference between the young adult and
old rats amounted to about 29 per cent. There
was no significant relation between reaction
time and body weight or sex of the animals.

The age difference is not due to a differ-
ence in threshold to the shock stimulus since
stimuli above about 0.6 ma. produce no further
decrease in reaction time for young as well as
old rats. The variability in reaction time
changes with the stimulus intensity (fig. 1).

mean reaction time of successive age groups; the ver-
tical line represents plus and minus one standard devi-
ation about the mean. The number of animals in
the successive groups are: 15, 22, 7, 16, and 16.

There was a significant correlation between
age and reaction time to noise (fig. 2). The
difference in reaction time between young
adult rats and the oldest group was about a
100 per cent increase. The correlation be-
tween age and reaction time was 0.67, using
a product moment correlation. If the cur-

AGE DIFFERENCES IN REACTION TIME OF
THE RAT TO ELECTRIC SHOCK.

TABLE 1.

A B C
| |
Age in Weeks. .| 4-9 |} 21-33 85-121
Mean, Sec.....| .028 | .028 | .036
Wee ocey seks | .0039 .0052 .0075
"OD ne 0006 0009 002

ee oes 45 33 13

*Age group C is significantly different, P <.01, from
groups A and B.

vilineal
relatior
and reé

For |
was us
the m
This is
reactio
fails te
activit
respon
as hav
ologic
contril
erate |
tions {
error (
not ol

The
reacti
and s
does
specif
to pe
tensit
howe
age i
parec
of re
Ther
whic!
They
prese
be d
speal
pres
and
Sinc
appe
a us
in a

Tl
olde
sory
expe
nur
stim

in r
beh

db.

leve

action
white
ts the
e ver-
devi-
ils in
16.

veen
The
yung
ut a

be-
sing
cur-

- OF

2m

AGE AND RAT REACTION TIME 439

vilinearity is taken into account using the cor-
relation ratio, y, the correlation between age
and reaction time was 0.73.

For both forms of reaction time the median
was used to represent the central tendency of
the measurements on an individual animal.
This is particularly justified in the case of the
reaction to sound when the animal frequently
fails to respond or, because of his previous
activity, shows a delayed or abortive startle
response. The distributions may be typified
as having a lower limit representing a physi-
ologic minimum for response time. Factors
contributing to the response time do not op-
erate equally in positive and negative direc-
tions from this lower limit, i.e., the Gaussian
error distribution does not apply, and one does
not obtain a normal distribution.

DISCUSSION

There seems to be a significant change in
reaction time of the older rat for both auditory
and shock stimuli. The slowing of response
does not, therefore, seem to be limited to a
specific sensory defect wherein the inability
to perceive the stimulus with sufficient in-
tensity is the primary limiting factor. In part,
however, the somewhat greater slowing with
age in reaction time to auditory stimuli com-
pared with electric shock may be the result
of reduced auditory acuity in some animals.
There were older animals in the present study
which failed to show any response to sound.
They were not, of course, included in the
present results since they were presumed to
be deaf, e.g., they would climb over the loud
speaker whether or not the noise was being
presented whereas the normal rat would jump
and run as soon as the noise was turned on.
Since an appreciable number of older animals
appeared to be deaf, the rat may prove to be
a useful animal in which to study age changes
in audition.

There seems no reason to assume that the
older rat would react more quickly if the sen-
sory stimulation were increased. In the shock
experiments, detailed studies of a limited
number of animals showed that increasing the
stimulation above 0.6 ma. produced no change
in reaction time. The startle and avoidance
behavior of the rat when exposed to the 52
db. noise level was such as to suggest that the
level of stimulation was near noxious or pain-

ful; the rat would immediately turn its head
and start running from the direction of the
sound source.

Since rats display the slowing of reaction
time with advancing age, superficially re-
sembling, at least, the change in humans, (1,
2) it seems desirable to use the rat in attempts
to localize the phenomenon with methods not
possible with humans.

SUMMARY

1. Age changes in the startle reaction time
of the rat to electric shock and noise were
studied in 97 albino rats, Sprague-Dawley
strain.

2. The individual rat was tested by being
placed in a plastic cage mounted in rubber to
which was attached a strain gauge. The out-
put of the strain gauge was amplified and
recorded. Initiation of startle movements of
the rat in response to electric shock or to noise
were measured. The shock stimulus was a
direct current of at least 6 ma.; the auditory
stimulus was a 52 db. white noise. In both
instances the stimulus duration was 0.10 sec.
Only one form of reaction time was measured
for an individual rat on any given day. A
minimum of 7 measurements were made per
animal; the median reaction time was taken
as the measure of central tendency for the
animal.

3. Young adult rats of 11-21 weeks yielded
a mean auditory reaction time of 0.027 sec.
In contrast, rats between the ages of 105-119
weeks had a mean reaction time of 0.056 sec.
The correlation between auditory reaction
time and age was 0.73(»).

4. The age change in reaction time to elec-
tric shock was also significant. The difference
between rats aged 21-33 weeks and rats aged
85-121 weeks was about 29 per cent; a sta-
tistically significant difference.

5. No relation was found between body
weight, sex, and reaction time. The slowing
of reaction time in the rat is not limited to a
specific sensory defect since it was manifest
in the present study in both shock and au-
ditory reaction time. The slowing of reaction
time with age in the rat appears to offer an
opportunity for isolating the nature of the
age change in the nervous system responsible
for the slowing of responses, using experi-
mental methods not appropriate in human

440

studies. Other species might be examined to
ascertain to what extent the slowing of re-
sponses with advancing age is a general char-

acteristic of aging of the mammalian nervous
system.

REFERENCES
1. Birren, J. E., and Botwinick, J.: Speed of Re-

BIRREN

iM)

sponse as a Function of Perceptual Difficulty ang
Age. J. Gerontol., 10: 433-436, 1955.
Birren, J. E., and Botwinick, J.: Age Differences
in Finger, Jaw, and Foot Reaction Time to Au.
ditory Stimuli. J. Gerontol., 10: 429-432, 1955
Brody, E. B.: The Influence of Age, Hypophy.
sectomy, Thyroidectomy, and Thyroxin Injection
in Simple Reaction Time in the Rat. J, Gen,
Physiol., 24: 433-436, 1940.

Th
a fur
and
tem |
is rel
soluk
the s
may

In
have
been
mone
biolo;
fore
anest
able
both
levels
side»
exper
thesia
of SI
detox
mazir
creast
biture
bral «
ticipa
tiate ]
of th
ferenc

Un
rats ]
Hexol
tered

Subm

°The
of Mr.
comput

tLab
Health,
Educati

tB-di

§10-(

These
of the
Pa.

culty and
ifFerences
€ to Au.
32, 1955,
Typophy.
Injection
J. Gen,

THE EFFECT OF AGE AND SEX
ON
THE DURATION OF HEXOBARBITAL ANESTHESIA IN RATS*

E. STREICHER, Pu.D., AND J. GARBUS, B.A.

(From the Section on Aging,+ National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland)

The duration of hexobarbital anesthesia is
a function both of the blood level of the drug
and the sensitivity of the central nervous sys-
tem to the barbiturate. In turn the blood level
is related to liver detoxification rates, and the
solubility of the agent in adipose tissue; and
the sensitivity of the central nervous system
may be modified by pathology.

In rats, sex differences in “sleeping time”
have been observed, and the disparity has
been attributed to the action of the sex hor-
mones on the rate of transformation of the
biologically active material (11). It there-
fore seemed possible that the duration of
anesthesia would be an age-dependent vari-
able because of temporal changes occurring
both in the nervous system, as well as in the
levels of circulating hormones (1, 7, 10). Be-
side the investigation of these relationships,
experiments were performed in which anes-
thesia was prolonged by the administration
of SKF 525A,t a drug which impairs liver
detoxification (2, 4, 5, 6), and also chlorpro-
mazine§ was administered. This drug in-
creases the sensitivity of the brain to bar-
biturates (3), possibly by retarding cere-
bral activity or metabolism (8). It was an-
ticipated that the use of these drugs to poten-
tiate hexobarbital would help to define the site
of the mechanism involved in any age dif-
ferences.

METHOD

Unfasted male and female Sprague-Dawley
rats 1 to 29 months of age were employed.
Hexobarbital sodium (Evipal) was adminis-
tered intraperitoneally at a dose of 75 mg./Kg.

Submitted for publication June 29, 1955.

*The authors wish to acknowledge the technical assistance
of Mr. Joseph F. Brinley, who carried out the statistical
computations.

tLaboratory of Psychology, National Institute of Mental
Health, U. S. Public Health Service, Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare.

tB-diethylaminoethyldiphenylpropylacetate hydrochloride.

§ 10-( y-dimethylaminopropy] ) -2-chlorophenothiazine.

These two compounds were obtained through the courtesy
of the Smith, Kline, and French Laboratories of Philadelphia,
Pa,

and “sleeping time” was measured. It was de-
fined as the elapsed period between the loss
and return of the righting reflex. In other ex-
periments, SKF 525A (15 mg./Kg.) or chlor-
promazine (15 mg./Kg.) was injected intra-
peritoneally 40 minutes prior to the adminis-
tration of hexobarbital.

In a test of the reliability of the data, 30
rats randomly selected with respect to age and
sex were reanesthetized with hexobarbital one
week after the initial observation. The co-
efficient of correlation between the two sets
of sleeping time measurements was 0.95 indi-
cating high reliability and that the inter-ani-
mal variance in sleeping times was based
primarily on constitutional factors and not
upon unknown irregularities in the experi-
mental procedure.

RESULTS

Although sex differences in sleeping time
were virtually absent in 1 month old rats, a
fourfold difference was found in 60 day old
animals (fig. 1). At this age, mean sleeping
time obtained for males was about 0.39 that
of the 1 month mean; and for females, 1.3 the
30-day mean sleeping time. This difference
was found for animals ranging in age up to
2 years, after which age a sex reversal in sleep-
ing time was observed (table 1, fig. 1).

Both SKF 525A and chlorpromazine sig-
nificantly prolonged anesthesia in all groups
of rats (tables 2,3). Their effects were most
pronounced on the sexually mature females.
The effect was to maintain the age and sex
relationships observed with hexobarbital
alone, although the absolute sleeping times
were multiples of the unpotentiated values
(tables 2 and 3).

At the drug dosages employed, experimental
death was encountered more frequently in
the older groups of rats. In all observations,
regardless of the drug or sex, 4 of 161 rats
below 1 year died, whereas 12 of 76 above 1
year died. This difference of 13 per cent in
mortality is significant: P<0.01.

441

442 STREICHER AND GARBUS

TABLE 1. DuRATION OF HEXOBARBITAL ANESTHESIA.

Age | Time + 1 S.D.
(Months) | No. (Minutes)
; |
Male
7 See i
1 12 | 38.7*+ 15.2
2 6 | E62 5.3
6 | 14 15.4+ 5.1
18-22 10 | 17.14 6.2
27-29 | 3t | 62.3*+ 17.8
Female
|
1 12 | 43.0 + 15.2
2 7 56.4 + 13.4
6 11 55.3 + 15.6
18-22 13 57.8 + 20.8
27-29 3 36.0f+ 8.5

*Significantly different from all other groups of
males: p <.05.

Significantly different from 2 month old females:
p <.05.

tOne of 4 animals died during the experiment.

(The sex differences in sleeping time observed in the
1 month old groups and in the 27-29 month old groups were
not statistically significant: p > 0.05. For other paired
age groups the differences were significant: p <0.05.)

SLEEPING TIME

75r
60 ——
a
9
wo 30F
Ww
e
2 3g
= oO ad
24 8 l2 6 20 24 28
AGE IN MONTHS
Fig. 1. Effect of age and sex on the duration of

hexobarbital anesthesia.

DISCUSSION

Age changes in the duration of hexobarbital
anesthesia parallel the reported development
and decline of sex hormone levels in the rat
as indicated either by measurements of re-
productive activity or vaginal smears (9, 12),
Apparently the most important factor under-
lying the observed age and sex differences is
the differential action of androgens to in-
crease, and estrogens to decrease the rate of
hexobarbital detoxification (11). However,
in the older age groups, neurophysiologic or

TABLE 2. Errect oF SKF 525A on THE DURATION OF HEXOBARBITAL ANESTHESIA.

SKF 525A-Time

Age No. Time + 1S. D. ——_—_—— Mortality
(Months) | | SKF 525A Control-Time
Male
< rent a
1 10 233.6*+ 82.4 6.0 1/11
2 | 11 76.9 + 39.5 5.1 0/11
9 14 88.7 + 52.6 5.8 0/11
20 11 | 145.7t+ 94.5 8.5 3/14
| |
Female
1 9 | 277.7*+ 42.7 6.5 1/10
8 4 471.3 + 86.5 8.5 1/5
14 9 508.8 + 90.9 8.8 3/12

*Significantly different from all other groups of same sex: p <.05.

TSignificantly different from 1 and 2 month old males:

p <.05.

d
Z
\

28

iration of

barbital
opment
the rat
of re-
9, 12),
under-
neces is
to in-
rate of
weve},
gic or

EFFECTS OF AGE AND SEX ON ANESTHESIA

443

TABLE 3. ErFect OF CHLORPROMAZINE ON THE DURATION OF HEXOBARBITAL ANESTHESIA.
|Chlorpromazine-Time
Age No, Time + 15S. D. panies Mortality
(Months) Chlorpromazine Control-Time
Male
1 10 125.4*+ 22.8 $.2 0/10
4 11 60.6 + 17.9 4.0 0/11
9 10 49.7 + 19.6 5.2 0/10
20 8 62.7 + 15.3 ey 2/10
Female
a i ai 5 r = eee 7
1 9 143.4*+ 28.2 33 1/10
4 10 288.5 + 123.4 $.1 0/10
14 7 293.7 + 108.6 5.1 3/10
*Significantly different from all other groups of the same sex: p <.05.

neuropathologic factors may be superimposed
upon hormonal influences. This is indicated
by a higher incidence of mortality in the older
animals which in all likelihood succumbed to
barbiturate depression of the respiratory
center. These considerations may also be as-
sociated with the prolonged sleeping time of
the 27-29 month old males which remained
anesthetized approximately twice as long as
the 1 month old sexually immature rats. It
is possible, however, that systemic pathology
may also be involved.

Both SKF 525A and chlorpromazine had
essentially similar effects, i.e., to increase the
duration of anesthesia by several fold, despite
the fact that their mechanisms of action are
reportedly quite dissimilar (2, 3). The re-
sult was to magnify the absolute differences
among the various groups of rats, but the es-
sential relationships established with hexo-
barbital alone remained largely undisturbed,
although relatively larger effects of the two
compounds on the sexually mature females
were found.

SUMMARY
Age and sex differences in the duration of

hexobarbital anesthesia in Sprague-Dawley
rats are described, together with the potenti-

ating effects of SKF 525A and chlorpromazine.
The results are as follows:

1. The duration of anesthesia, “sleeping
time,” in sexually mature females is about 4
times as long as in males of the same age.

2. The sex difference in sleeping time is
not significant in very young or very old rats.

3. Sleeping time apparently parallels sex
hormone levels; mature females sleeping
longer and mature males less than very young
or very old animals.

4. The effect of potentiating drugs is to
increase the sleeping time in all age groups,
but the age and sex relationships remain un-
disturbed.

5. The mortality attributable to the drugs
is greater in the older animals.

An explanation for these results is offered,
based upon the known effects of sex hormones
upon barbiturate anesthesia. In addition, the
role pathologic factors may have in modifying
the response, especially in older animals, is
discussed.

REFERENCES

1. Apogi, E.: Anesthesia in the Aged. In: Lans-
ing, A. IL., Ed., Cowdry’s Problems of Ageing.
Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1952.

Axelrod, J., Reichenthal, J., and Brodie, B. B.:

bo

444

Mechanism of the Potentiating Action of £-
Diethylaminoethyl Diphenylpropylacetate. —_J.
Pharm. Exper. Therap., 112: 49-54, 1954.

Brodie, B. B., Shore, P. A., and Silver, S. L.,
and Pulver, R.: Potentiating Action of Chlor-
promazine and Reserpine. Nature, 175: 1133-
1134, 1955.

Cook, L., Macko, E., and Fellows, E. J.: The
Effect of §-Diethylaminoethyl Diphenylpropyl-
acetate Hydrochloride on the Action of a Series
of Barbiturates and C.N.S. Depressants. J. Pharm.
Exper. Therap., 112: 382-386, 1954.

Cooper, J. R., Axelrod, J., and Brodie, B. B.:
Inhibitory Effects of s-Diethylaminoethyl Di-
phenylpropylacetate on a Variety of Drug Meta-
bolic Pathways In Vitro. J. Pharm. Exper.
Therap., 112: 55-63, 1954.

Cooper, J. R., and Brodie, B. B.: Enzyme Sys-
tems Involved in the Biotransformation of Bar-
biturates. J. Pharm. Exper. Therap., 110: 12,
1954,

a

10.

STREICHER AND GARBUS

Critchley, M.: Aging of the Nervous System,
In: Cowdry, E. V., Ed. Problems of Aging.
Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1942.
Grenell, R. G., Mendelson, J., and McElroy,
W. D.: Effects of Chlorpromazine on Metab.
olism in Central Nervous System. Arch. Neurol.
& Psychiat., 73: 347-351, 1955.

King, H. D.: Life Processes in Grey Norway
Rats During Fourteen Years in Captivity,
American Anatomical Memoirs, No. 17, 19339,
O'Leary, J. L.: Ageing in the Nervous Sys-
tem. In: Lansing, A. L., Ed., Cowdry’s Prob-
lems of Ageing. Williams and Wilkins Co.,
Baltimore, 1952.

Quinn, G. P., Axelrod, J., and Brodie, B. B.
Species and Sex Differences in Metabolism and
Duration of Action of Hexobarbital (Evipal).
Federation Proc., 13: 395-396, 1954.
Slonaker, J. R.: The Effect of Pubescence,
Oestruation and Menopause on the Voluntary
Activity in Albino Rats. Am. J. Physiol., 68:
294-315, 1924.

CERE!
Wrigh
New |
This
ontolo;
report
condu:
under
contai!
cerebr
contai
ology,
circuls
tions
proce
pects
Eac
often
by va
value
lies it
made
whor
fields.
this «
tainec
tive |
editir
ence
dent
infor
does
book
TI
the f
outst
relat
shou
Al
the |
aspe
syste
bein
olisn
conc
ers ¢
if th
inch
oO
lowe
the
dise
use
T
outl
seve
fact

. System,
f Aging.

942,

McElroy,
Metab-

» Neurol,

Norway
aptivity,
1939,

us Sys-
’s Prob-
ns Co,,

B. B.:
sm and
Evipal),

scence,

luntary
ol., 68:

BOOK REVIEWS

CEREBRAL VASCULAR DISEASE, by Irving S.
Wright and E. Hugh Luckey, Grune & Stratton, Inc.,
New York, 1955, 167 pages, $5.50.

This volume represents a valuable addition to ger-
ontologic literature. The publication constitutes a
report of a conference on cerebral vascular diseases,
conducted in January, 1954, at Princeton, New Jersey,
under the chairmanship of I. S. Wright. The book
contains 14 chapters dealing with various aspects of
cerebral vascular disease. Several of these chapters
contain important basic information on the embry-
ology, anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the
circulatory system of the brain, whereas in other sec-
tions the neurologic symptoms, clinical diagnostic
procedures, and pharmacotherapeutic and surgical as-
pects of the cerebral vascular diseases are considered.

Each chapter of the volume is followed by an
often detailed discussion of the particular problem
by various members of the conference. The main
value of the book, in the opinion of the reviewer,
lies in the many significant and concise statements
made by the 34 participants in the meeting, all of
whom must be considered as authorities in their
fields. In accordance with the current practice in
this country the informality of the discussion is re-
tained in the transcript. Although many conserva-
tive readers probably would prefer a more formal
editing of the discussions, the ability of the confer-
ence members to express themselves clearly is evi-
dent throughout the chapters, for which reason the
informal style of the transcript in the present case
does not detract much from the readability of the
book

The participants in the meeting stress the fact that
the field of cerebral vascular disease, in spite of its
outstanding medical and social significance, is as yet
relatively undeveloped. The report of the conference
should help to emphasize this point.

Although one of the chapters in the book deals with
the chemistry of the brain, only the gross chemical
aspects are considered, the reference to the enzyme
systems and metabolic pathways of the brain tissue
being incidental. A thorough treatment of the metab-
olism of brain tissue under normal and pathologic
conditions would have been of great interest to read-
ers engaged in biochemistry, but it is understandable
if this subject was considered to be too extensive to
include in the three day conference.

Only 5 of the 14 chapters in the book are fol-
lowed by a list of literature references. In view of
the undeveloned stage of the field of cerebral vascular
disease it might have been helpful if a more extensive
use of bibliographies had been made.

The book as a whole serves in an effective way to
outline the present state of knowledge and to abolish
several widely held misconceptions. Because of its
factual character and rather extensive reference to

clinical problems the publication should prove most
useful both to gerontologists and geriatricians.
J. E. KIRK

St. Louis, Missouri

SYMPOSIUM ON ATHEROSCLEROSIS, National
Academy of Sciences—National Research Council Pub-
lication 338, Washington, D. C., 1955, 249 pages,
$2.00.

The report of this symposium, conducted March 22
to 23, 1954, under the auspices of the Division of
Medical Sciences, National Academy of Sciences,
National Research Council, constitutes a comprehen-
sive review of the current status of the various prob-
lems pertaining to atherosclerosis. The publication
contains 25 separate papers with literature references
and 5 main summaries. Each paper is followed by
an abstract of the discussion of the subject. These
abstracts are brief and concise and constitute only
about 10 per cent of the total number of pages in
the volume.

In view of the rapid development in recent years
within the field of atherosclerosis the appearance of
a well edited book covering nearly all the areas in
which research is proceeding is of considerable im-
portance. The close adherence to the subject, precise
style, and balanced presentation contribute further
to the value of the publication. It is hoped that
the high quality and low price of this book will re-
sult in its wide distribution both in the United States
and abroad.

J. E. KIRK

St. Louis, Missouri

CIBA FOUNDATION COLLOQUIA ON AGEING,
VOLUME I, AGEING—GENERAL ASPECTS, Ed-
ited by G.E.W. Wolstenholme and Margaret P. Cam-
eron, Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 1955, 255 pages,
$6.75.

This volume contains 16 papers presented at a
symposium in London July 13 to 15, 1954 (immedi-
ately preceding the International Congress on Geron-
tology). The symposium was supported by the Ciba
Foundation of London. Eight of the papers are
from the United States, 7 from England, and 1 from
Norway. There is also discussion by 18 other par-
ticipants, (1 from United States, 7 from the United
Kingdom, 6 from Switzerland, and 1 each from Bel-
gium, Australia, India, and East Germany ).

The papers deal with several aspects of geron-
tology: 4 on physiology, 3 pathology, 3 nutrition,
2 biochemistry, 2 mental, 1 psychology, and 1 on
mortality data. The papers average 11% pages each
in addition to an average of 4 pages of discussion in
fine print. Five of the 16 papers have either a
summary or conclusions.

445

446

The papers are not intended as an exhaustive trea-
tise on gerontology—or any aspect of it. They discuss
advances in selected phases of the subject. Therefore,
the volume constitutes an addition to a library on
gerontology rather than a reference book.

Although printed in Boston, the book was edited
in England. This accounts for the spelling of “age-

ing” with an “e”. In America, the Journal of Ger-

BOOKS

“<

ontology spells it without an “e” in order to be con.
sistent with similar words, such as caging, paging
raging, etc.

HENRY S. SIMMS

Department of Pathology

College of Physicians and Surgeons

Columbia University, New York

BOOKS RECEIVED

Bocks received since May 1 are acknowledged in
the following list:

A Textbook of Medicine, 9th edition, edited by Rus-
sell L. Cecil and Robert F. Loeb, W. B. Saunders
Company, Philadelphia, 1955, 1786 pages, $15.00.

Cerebral Vascular Disease, by Irving S. Wright and
E. Hugh Luckey, Grune & Stratton, Inc., New
York 1955, 167 pages, $5.50 (reviewed in this
issue, page 445).

Ciba Foundation Colloquia on Ageing, Volume I.
Ageing—General Aspects, edited by G. E. W.
Wolstenholme and Margaret P. Cameron, Little,
Brown & Co., Boston, 1955, 255 pages, $6.75
reviewed in this issue, page 445).

Ciba Foundation Colloquia on Endocrinology, Volume
VIII, The Human Adrenal Cortex, edited by G.
E. W. Wolstenholme and Margaret P. Cameron,

Little, Brown &
pages, $10.00.
Clinical Biochemistry, 5th edition, by Abraham Can-
tarow and Max Trumper, W. B. Saunders Com-

pany, Philadelphia, 1955, 738 pages, $9.00.

Medical Progress, edited by Morris Fishbein, Mec-
Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1955, 346
pages, $5.00.

The Practice of Dynamic Psychiatry, by Jules H.
Masserman, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadel-
phia, 1955, 790 pages, $12.00.

The Psychiatrist and the Dying Patient, by K. R.
Eissler, International Universities Press, New
York, 1955, 338 pages, $5.00.

Symposium on Atherosclerosis, National Academy of
Sciences—National Research Council Publication
338, Washington D. C., 1955, 249 pages, $2.00
reviewed in this issue, page 445).

Company, Boston,

be con-
paging,

ons

5, 655

m Can-
s Com-
J

n, Mc-
5, 346

les H,
hiladel-

K. RB.
New

emy of
lication
$2.00

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

VoLuME 10, NUMBER 4

Ocroser, 1955

Section B

Psychological and Social Sciences,
Social Work and Administration

VoLuME 10, Section B

OCTOBER, 1955

NuMBER 4

AGE AND PERFORMANCE OF TWO WORK GROUPS*
HOWARD MAHER, PH.D.

(From the Department of Psychology, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa)

uring World War II, American industry

found itself dipping deep into its labor
reserve. Much of this reserve was made up
of older persons, almost two and a half million
more workers 45 and older being in the labor
force in 1945 than under “normal” pre-war
conditions. Estimates of future population
indicate that much of industry’s manpower
will have to come from older ranks; by 1975,
persons 45 years old and over will consti-
tute nearly half of all persons over 20 years
of age (1). In the event of national emer-
gency, older persons will again have to be
employed in great numbers.

This study seeks to examine some of the
assets and liabilities of the older worker, as
well as criteria by which he is judged. The
orientation is in terms of criteria actually
used in a manufacturing concern of 5000 em-
ployees to judge its sales and supervisory
personnel.

METHOD

1. Supervisory Personnel. Three measure-
ments were officially used by the Company
to judge its supervisory personnel—nomination
data or rankings by superiors as to general
merit, forced-choice ratings, and graphic
ratings. The analyses presented here deal
mainly with the ratings, since they give more
description than the ranked data which were
used to establish the relative worth of the
two rating devices. Primary emphasis was
given to the forced-choice data in view of
its higher validity as established against the
nomination data.

Validity was computed in two ways. First,
forced-choice ratings were correlated with
unanimous placement by nominators in the
extreme thirds of their rankings. For the
150 cases obtained, the resulting biserial and
point-biserial coefficients were .86 (.66 when
corrected for widespread classes) and .68
respectively. All are significant at the .01
level. Secondly, in a procedure designed to
~ Submitted for publication July 20, 1955.

®*This investigation was supported by a grant from the
Ohio State University Development Fund, and was part of

a program of research for the doctorate, under the direction
of Dr. S. L. Pressey.

minimize the relationship, the product-mo-
ment correlation between forced-choice scores
and average nomination score for 369 ratings
was found to be r = .50. This is also signifi-
cant at the .01 level. The forced-choice in-
strument would thus seem to have validity
for the age comparisons to follow.

The reliability would also seem adequate,
the odd-even correlation for the 369 ratings
being r = .93. (This coefficient is extrapolated
via Spearman-Brown formula.) Again, the
correlation with an equivalent forced-choice
form was r = .92.

Among the advantages for the forced-choice
technique, as listed by Richardson (2), is its
tendency to force a rater to describe rather
than evaluate, and, in so doing, to provide
for a more accurate description of a man
than can be obtained where description is
linked directly to a score. The scale used
was composed of 160 items arranged in 12
blocks of 5 alternatives each, the rater’s job
being to pick the most and least descriptive
items in each block. For the purpose of age
analysis, the 87 subjects aged 50 and over
were compared with the 114 less than 35
years of age on each of the items. The find-
ings later presented are based upon the num-
ber of items showing significant age differ-
ences as well as upon the nature of these
differences.

As previously mentioned, the Company also
used a graphic rating scale in evaluating its
supervisory personnel. This scale consisted
of 9 subscales, each representing a different
aspect of work performance, and each scor-
able on a 5 point basis. Although the graphic
device had lesser validity than the forced-
choice one, it still seemed worth while for
purposes of age analysis. Its biserial cor-
relation with unanimously nomina‘ted high
and low criterion cases was found to be .65
(.42 when corrected for widespread classes).

2. Sales Personnel. Three work measure-
ments were also available for salesmen. One
of these was a nomination score equivalent
to the one used with supervisory personnel.
The nominators, in this instance, were sales

448

mana:
g dif
availa
able,
amou
quire
in th
the n

Fir
be m
ratin:
form:
of th
stanc
three
form

Pers
resp
scale
spon
ally
betw
Und
all «
Tir
5d
only
that
bety
may

diffe

TABI

Exp
Gen
Rou
Org:

Rel
Init
Pro:

—=—=
MBER 4

ict-mo-
» scores
ratings
signifi-
ice in-

validity

>quate,
ratings
olated
n, the
choice

choice
, is its
rather
rovide
. man
ion is
used
in 12
’s job
iptive
f age
over
in 35
find-
num-
liffer-
these

7 also
ig its
sisted
erent
scor-
iphic
rced-
» for
cor-
high
> 65
ses).
sure-
One
lent
nel.
sales

AGE AND PERFORMANCE

management of the Company. In addition,
9 different sales performance records were
available. These were objectively measur-
able, concerning such evidence of merit as
amount of sales, amount of supervision re-
quired, etc. They were especially valuable
in that each had significant correlation with
the nomination data.

Finally, where sales performance could not
be measured objectively, management made
ratings on the more intangible aspects of per-
formance. Fifteen graphic rating scales, most
of them significantly related to nomination
standing, constituted the evidence. For all
three measurements, the relationship of per-
formance to age is herein presented.

RESULTS

1. Age and Performance of Supervisory
Personnel. As shown above, there are 320
responses possible on the forced-choice rating
scale. It was found that 71 of these re-
sponses, or only 22 per cent, showed statistic-
ally significant differences (.05 level or less)
between younger and older _ supervisors.
Under the forced-choice design, however, not
all of the responses carry a score. Of the
71 responses showing age differences, in fact,
25 do not have score weights. Consequently,
only 45 of the possible 320 items are such
that they may be termed valid discriminators
between younger and older supervisors. It
may be contended, therefore, that valid age
differences are quite small.

TABLE 1. NUMBER OF ITEMS FAVORING YOUNGER AND
OLDER SUPERVISORS IN RATIONAL GROUPINGS.

Items Items
Category Favoring | Favoring | Total

| Young | Old
Experience... .. cea 2 5 i
General attitude...... 3 0 3
Routine performance. . 4 0 4

Organizing and Plan- |

en ea atte a -.% 1 7
Relations with others. . 10 0 10
Initiative and drive. .. 13 2 15
Promotabilitv...... .. 25 0 25
Se Soe eter 63 8 71

OF TWO WORK GROUPS 449

Where differences do exist, however, they
reveal interesting patterns. When three psy-
chologists and three personnel managers of
the Company sorted the items, it was found
that they fell mainly into 7 logical categories.
By comparison of the scores obtained by
younger and older subjects in each of the
groupings, characteristic age patterns were
discovered. As shown in table 1, the older
supervisor has only one advantage, e. g.,
“Education, Training, and Experience.” The
items here classified portray the older worker
as having somewhat better job knowledge,
training, and experience.

The older supervisor has slightly less value
than younger ones on “General Attitude,”
“Routine Performance,” and “Organization
and Planning.” He is even less favorably
appraised on “Initiative” and “Relations with
Others,” but he rates lowest, as compared
with the younger, on items which were
grouped under the general heading of “Pro-
motability’—as “wants to advance,” “can de-
velop along any line,” “will become more
and more valuable,” “worth training for the
future,” and other items apparently not de-
scriptive of the present job worth of older
employees. The finding is especially serious
in that all of the promotability items carry
weights in the scale, whereas fewer than half
of the remaining age-significant items carry
such weights.

TABLE 2. MEAN SCORES OF DECADE AGE GROUPS ON

EACH OF 9 GRAPHIC SCALES AND THE TOTAL
GRAPHIC SCALE.

Age

Rating Characteristics
\25-34|35—44 |45-54|55-64

Quality of work..... sie sh ea ow eee ete
Cont CUMIN. 6. 25 20s. | 3.9 14.01 3.9) 4.2
Planning and organizing work.| 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.9
Decision making. . . 4.1/4.1 )3.9 | 4.3
OS ee 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.8
Cooperation... . .. 4.1/4.1]3.9]| 4.4
Delegation........... 3.313.813.3134
Ability to advance....... ‘ 3.7.13:,7)-3.2 | 3.0
Education and experience . 4.1 | 4.0} 4.1 | 3.9

| 3.9} 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.9
| |

Total epete . 3... 5...

450 MAHER

Table 2 shows the mean scores (5 is high
and 1 low) for each of 4 age groups. Exami-
nation of the trends shows the older super-
visor excelling younger ones on cooperation
and cost control. Other characteristics show
no clear trends with age, except for the pre-
viously noted decline in ability to advance
or promotability. On the graphic scale as
on the forced-choice one, we again find a
condition which may exist more as a function
of the years of service remaining to a man
than in terms of his present job worth.

2. Age and Performance of Sales Personnel.
Three appraisals were available for salesmen:
Nomination scores, production records, and
graphic ratings. Nomination scores of sales-

TABLE 3. MEAN NOMINATION STANDARD SCORES
(M = 30; SD = 10) By AGE Group, SALESMEN Vs.
SALES SUPERVISORS VS. OTHER SUPERVISORS.

|

RE ae | |

| Age
aes ee bebe:
Group | | | | N
| 25-34 | 35-44 | 45-54 | 55-64 |
Salesmen......... | 25.9 | 30.3 | 33.0 | 34.1 | 472
Sales supervisors. .| 25.4 | 29.1 | 30.6 | 22.8 | 59
Non-sales super- | | |
WHOS... ess | 29.2 | 32.0 | 30.0 | 27.1 | 402

men, as shown in table 3, show a positive
relationship with age. However, older super-
visors (both sales and non-sales) are not
rated as high as younger ones.

Positive relationships hold also for sales
production records and graphic ratings. Table
4 shows data for 129 salesmen for whom
full-year production records were available
and who were unanimously placed in high
or low criterion groups by sales management
in a nomination procedure.

Table 5 shows results for 176 salesmen who
were both rated and placed in one of the
nomination criterion groups. In both tables,
the coefficients shown for criterion group
standing (r.) are point-biserials; those for age
(r.) are product moment coefficients.

In table 4, older salesmen are seen to have
higher total sales as well as higher sales of
the two components of total sales, i. e.,
specialty and bulk sales. (Correlations of

TABLE 4. CORRELATIONS OF CERTAIN INDICATIONS oF
EFFICIENCY OF 129 SALESMEN WITH GENERAL
APPRAISAL BY SUPERIORS (r-.) AND
WITH AGE (r,).

Efficiency Measurement ee i.
Total sales....... en ee rhe ae 68 | 28
Total sales as % of district average. . . | 82 .33
Specialty sales as % of district average 74 30
Bulk sales as % of district average...| .70 | .27
Supervision required. ..... Seiees ssf. ook,
% Travel expenses to sales..........| —.37 | —.16
% Total sales to territory potential...| 42 2g
Sales objective set.......... eee oo |
% Objective met....... any | .34 | 31

.17 are significant at the .05 level, correlations
of .23 at the .01 level). They also realize
more of the objective set by management and
of the territory potential. As an additional
advantage, they require less supervision. The
r. column of the table shows these same
efficiency measures to be of value as judged
by criterion group standing.

Examination of the age—graphic scale re-
lationships in table 5 reveals something of
the reason for the higher value of these older
salesmen. For the 176 cases involved, cor-
relations of .16 and .21 are significant at the

TABLE 5. CORRELATION OF RATINGS OF 176 SALESMEN
BY SUPERIORS WITH GENERAL APPRAISAL
(r.) AND AGE (ra).

Rated Characteristic ee ee
Individual drives....... Recs : .79 24
New product sales............. Sei 00
a ee | .79 26
Stock inventory work......... Soe 22
Display work......... eae ae 27
Record keeping............. ae 20
Equipment care........ SNS PR ag, 01
Route conformity........ 31 — .09
Time spent on job..... Eire Ss Be 22
Planning sales presentation......... .58 .09
Selection of “push” items...........} .49 .07
Market need appraisal..............] .56 ee
Customer relations............. sae 55 30
Product knowledge............... | .
Physical stamina........... res | — .23

05 at
age ¢
produ
ries O
requil
chara
older
highe
appra
for tl
the ne
In vi
seem
woulc
older
but, ]
excel

As
data,
comp
trary
cases
Whet
into |
this |
the e
assig)
men
that
the ]
accot
ment
sales:
set fi

Th
the «
conc
betw
(tab!
and
lead
may
taine
not ;
age
of ge
same

O1
terpr
lecti
only
thror
Ever
be

[ONS OF
AL

Ta

.28
.33
.30
|
—' 2
— 16
.22
Al
3

itions
salize
t and
‘ional

The
same

dged

e re-
ig of
older

cor-
t the

SMEN

—e
S \
on NMRA SS

Mo MR bh bo
So

-~

AGE AND PERFORMANCE

05 and .01 levels, respectively. The largest
age correlation found is between age and
product knowledge. Since the Company car-
ries over 1000 items in its catalog, a man may
require years to get to know the technical
characteristics of the majority of them. The
older salesman is also rated significantly
higher in customer relations and market need
appraisal. The only significant disadvantage
for the older salesman, in fact, appears in
the negative correlation with physical stamina.
In view of the other findings, this does not
seem to be any great handicap. Indeed this
would seem to be an area of work where
older men often may not only hold their own
but, perhaps, through greater experience even
excel younger ones.

DISCUSSION

As indicated by both production and rating
data, older salesmen are here found more
competent than younger ones. Their arbi-
trary retirement at age 65 means in many
cases a substantial loss to the Company.
Whether sales are measured in total or broken
into their components, the older salesman in
this Company is still found superior. That
the explanation does not lie in management's
assigning more desirable territories to older
men in former years is shown by the fact
that the older are still superior even when
the potential of the territory is taken into
account. Table 4 also shows that manage-
ment has not particularly pampered its older
salesmen. Note that higher objectives are
set for them and are met by them.

The only explanation for the superiority of
the older salesmen, as far as these data are
concerned, may be found in the correlation
between age and rating of product knowledge
(table 5, r = .59). The vast product line
and the technical nature of the line would
lead one to expect that years of experience
may be required for proficiency to be at-
tained. This experience interpretation would
not seem to detract from the validity of the
age findings. The writer knows of no way
of getting years of experience without, at the
same time, aging.

One other explanation may modify the in-
terpretation somewhat. It may be that se-
lective retention enters into the’ picture, i. e.,
only the better salesman may survive, either
through self-choice or management action.
Even in this case, however, an argument may
be presented, if not for hiring of older men,

OF TWO WORK GROUPS 451
at least for retention of the successful older
salesman past the present fixed retirement
age as established in Company policy. In
short, the sales area of the Company would
seem to be one in which older men may
operate more efficiently than younger ones.

The age implications of the supervisory data
seem to exist mainly in the nature of systems
used to evaluate older personnel. In view
of the fact that few items were found to
show valid age differences, older supervisors
compared favorably to younger ones on two
different merit rating systems. However, on
Promotability characteristics of both scales
they show considerable decrement. Here the
discount is probably far more in terms of the
few years left for advancement than on
present competency. This particular rating
scale characteristic, in other words, would
seem logically inappropriate for judging older
workers. There is the additional implication
that any rating scale must be studied carefully
if it is to be used in aiding administrative
decisions such as retention or transfer of older
workers.

SUMMARY

The study brings together a variety of
appraisals of sales and supervisory employees
in a large manufacturing concern.

Rating forms seemed unfairly to rate down
older supervisors on items involving promota-
bility. Older men may rate lower on such
items merely because they are shortly to be
retired, rather than as a reflection of present
job worth.

Older salesrnen were found superior in
both sales and rated competency. The find-
ing would seem to argue against a fixed re-
tirement age for salesmen of this particular
Company. Their advantage would seem to
reside in their years of experience in a com-
plex operation.

It is concluded that industrial policy re-
garding the older worker may often require
critical review and that the older worker may
have been undervalued in several respects.

REFERENCES

1. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employment and
Economic Status of Older Men and Women.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.,
1952.

2. Richardson, M. W.: Forced-Choice Performance
Reports: A Modern Merit Rating Method. Per-
sonnel, 26: 205-212, 1949.

RESEARCH PROBLEMS IN GERONTOLOGY
FRANKLYN N. ARNHOFF, Ph.D.

(From the University of Nebraska College of Medicine and Nebraska Psychiatric Institute, Omaha, Nebraska)

U Is WELL known that with increasing age
the body begins to undergo changes which
are generally accepted as representing a de-
teriorative process. The general observations
regarding these changes have been investi-
gated and documented by numerous practi-
tioners and scientists who have built a wealth
of literature on the physiologic, anatomic, and
histologic changes occurring in this age pe-
riod. Unfortunately, however, these changes
have nct been found to correlate in any mean-
ingful manner with the psychologic and social
changes which may occur in this same age
period. It is a well known fact, for example,
that the characteristic senile plaques found in
the cortex and other areas of the aged brain
bear no meaningful relationship to mental
changes, this having been demonstrated in
non-psychiatric as well as psychiatric brains
(17). There is little disagreement, however,
that this wealth of literature describes changes
that occur to a greater or lesser extent in all
individuals as they become older. On the
other hand, an examination of the psychia-
tric and psychologic literature on gerontology
reveals no such agreement even as to the
changes that may occur in these areas. The
assumption seems to be, however, that regard-
less of the degree of physiologic deteriora-
tion, there is a concomitant mental deteriora-
tion which, ipso facto, is due to age (3). This
negative assumption has been the a priori
stimulus for a considerable amount of re-
search and investigation which has attempted
to demonstrate empirically that the older per-
son is the mental as well as the physical in-
ferior of the younger individual. To this
writer's knowledge, it is only recently that any
studies have been conducted which demon-
strate that an old person is at least as ef-
ficient in some ways as his younger com-
petitor (19). None are known which have
attempted to demonstrate a superiority in any
area.

When the gerontologic literature is exam-

Submitted for publication May 14, 1955.

ined it is immediately apparent that most of
our data have been obtained from studies of
aged inmates of mental institutions and homes
for the senile and infirm. It is from this type
of population that generalizations are made
regarding old people in general. Extremely
scant data are available as to the functioning,
“normal” aged individual, a point whose im-
portance cannot be minimized. The consider-
ation and care given to the control of sam-
pling factors by Havighurst (10) are not only
rare but almost non-existent. Even if we are
willing to ignore many of the variables and
reasons for institutionalization during this age
period, we certainly cannot overlook the pos-
sible differences in motivation and self-con-
cept between independent and _ institutional-
ized persons, which even on a logical basis
would seem to play a great role. Mason (14,
15) in her recent studies investigated these
factors and demonstrated their importance for
consideration, theory, and future research.
Motivation and its effects and ramifications
regarding personality as we measure it have
been widely investigated and must certainly
be considered when dealing with people
about whom such negative feelings are rife,
and who, in so many instances, manifest these
same feelings about themselves (14).

Not only are we prone to generalize far be-
yond our data, as well as to ignore the differ-
ences in populations with which we are deal-
ing, but we set out to investigate our subjects
with a variety of techniques and methods
which have not been demonstrated to be valid
instruments for use with aged populations.
Whether or not these techniques are ade-
quate for the purpose and whether they meas-
ure the same factors all along the age con-
tinuum is for the most part overlooked, de-
spite repeated cautions by many writers in
this area as early as 1941 (2, 6,9).

The problem of the possible inability of our
instruments to tap the same resources as we
go up the age scale has been given consider-
able attention regarding the measurement of
intelligence, and little elsewhere. The curve
of intelligence has been demonstrated to reach

452

a peak
of life
after.
show i
onstrat
ing ge!
to the
not be
pared
and is,
It is nc
ment,
does 0
there |
perien
$0 see
(9) st
as to
in me
outsid
efficie
onstra
out th
either
to the
currin
ured |
decre!
to be
is the
In
using
peate:
ously
that t
ured
the f
perio
and 1
jects
far a:
still, |
ontol
appl)
level:
longi
At
to m
and
izing
or n
strate
older

any |

braska)

ost of
ies of
10mMes
; type
made
emely
ning,
e im-
sider-
sam-
t only
re are
s and
is age
> Pos-
f-con-
ional-
basis
. (14,
these
-e for
sarch.
itions
have
tainly
eople
rife,
these

ir be-
liffer-
deal-
yjects
thods
valid
tions.
ade-
neas-
con-
, de-
rs in

f our
Ss we
ider-
ot of
“urve
each

RESEARCH PROBLEMS IN GERONTOLOGY

a veak between the second and third decade
of life (11, 29) and to start its decline there-
after. As age increases, however, test scores
show increasing variability, which, while dem-
onstrating the caution to be exercised in mak-
ing general statements, gives further strength
to the argument that the same functions may
not be measured (9). The oldster when com-
pared with younger persons shows a decline
and is, therefore, considered to be less efficient.
It is not this writer’s intent to deny that decre-
ment, as measured by these standard tests,
does occur. What is decried is the fact that
there is no provision for measurement of ex-
perience and wisdom, and no attempt to do
so seems forthcoming. Furthermore, Dennis
(9) states, “. . . little attention has been paid
as to whether the tasks which are included
in mental tests are tasks which also occur
outside the testing situation.” The decreased
efficiency in life situations remains to be dem-
onstrated adequately. Dennis further points
out that no tests have been devised which
either Jemonstrate the oldster to be superior
to the younger man or evidence increases oc-
curring after the second decade. As meas-
ured by psychologic tests, even the absolute
decrement in performance has been shown
to be lessened when power rather than speed
is the important consideration (22).

In a recent study, Bayley and Oden (4),
using Terman’s gifted people as subjects, re-
peated the power tests used 12 years previ-
ously with these same subjects. It was found
that the type of knowledge and ability meas-
ured by these tests increased with age. While
the facts that these subjects were quite su-
perior in intelligence and, therefore, atypical,
and that the upper age extreme of the sub-
jects was only 50 years are not overlooked as
far as their direct applicability is concerned,
still, the implications of these findings for ger-
ontology are obvious. It is only a step to
apply these findings to older persons at other
levels of intelligence and to conduct further
longitudinal work with such tasks.

At this point it is considered worth while
to mention the difference between statistical
and practical significance, which in general-
izing from research findings is often confused
or neglected. Rarely has it been demon-
strated that the differences obtained between
older and younger groups on some task have
any practical meaning despite the highly sig-

453

nificant statistical differences obtained. While
this criticism is certainly not peculiar only
to this area, it is of considerable importance
if gerontologic research is to have any value
or effect in dispelling some of the fallacious at-
titudes toward older persons. A study by
Obrist (18) investigating simple reaction time
with groups of subjects 18-39, 65-75, and 76-
86 years old yielded mean reaction times to an
auditory stimulus of 0.122, 0.131, and 0.145
seconds, respectively. While these differences
are statistically significant, their practical im-
plications remain to be demonstrated and
would seem to apply only to the most specific
and atypical situations. It is of interest to
note that even with such a simple task the dif-
ferences between subjects within an age group
were considerable, with up to 15 per cent of
the oldest group having reaction times equal-
ing or bettering the mean of the youngest
group, findings which certainly demonstrate
the fallacy in thinking of a typical older per-
son or in generalizing that the older person
has necessarily “slowed down.”

The problem of identity of measurement by
tests along the age continuum is given con-
siderable weight in this discussion as it is of
paramount importance in any discussion of
the personality of the aged and research in
this area. Many stereotyped ideas exist as to
what the aged nerson is like and are often the
negative starting points for investigation. In
1946 Klopfer (13) examined 50 subjects above
the age of 60 by means of the Rorschach test.
Twenty of the subjects were non-institution-
alized and 30 were residents of institutions.
From the obtained protocols conclusions were
drawn about the personalities of these peo-
ple based on the usual, accepted interpreta-
tive meanings of Rorschach variables. Simi-
lar studies have since appeared (1, 7, 20), and
all drew conclusions about the personalities
of their subjects based upon usual Rorschach
interpretations. Caldwell (6) took such in-
terpretations to task and attempted to exam-
ine their validity, presenting data of her own
along with her comments and cautions. She
pointed out that while the fairly consistent
results obtained on these various research
studies indicate that the test is measuring the
same thing in these various samples, the ques-
tion remains as to what is being measured.
“The assumption is made that the rationale of
the test variables does not change with age,

i
454

and, since different profiles are found at dif-
ferent age levels, these must represent changes
within the individual” (6). Such a conclu-
sion remains to be tested. The results of Cald-
well’s study indicate correlations between sup-
posed personality factors and intelligence in
this age group as well as indications that many
of the factors supposedly influenced by age
are less affected by age per se than they are
by other variables as yet unknown. Even
more important, however, are her reminders
that the Rorschach is, after all, primarily a
perceptual task, and that perceptual differ-
ences may exist independent of personality,
possibly on a physiologic basis. Despite the
considerable research demonstrating the rela-
tionship between personality and perception,
the two terms are not synonomous.

While the developmental personality is of
importance in psychiatry, in the area of ger-
ontology it is often overlooked or only paid
lip service for research purposes. Some con-
sideration is being given this important factor
despite the considerable difficulties encoun-
tered due to impaired memories of subjects,
death of respondents, etc. In a recent study
Sands and Rothschild (21), although ad-
mittedly presenting inadequately controlled,
gross data, formulated a socio-psychiatric the-
ory of reactions to aging which is based upon
life-long personality patterns. If followed up
and tested by controlled experiments, this
could lead to a contribution of considerable
import.

The personality of the individual prior to
old age, and its influence upon his reactions
to encroaching senility is not a new concept
by any means. As Plato observed, “He who
is of a calm and happy nature will hardly feel
the pressure of old age, but to him who is of
an opposite disposition, youth and old age are
equally a burden.” How true this may be,
and the mechanisms involved, must be sub-
jected to research and investigation rather
than be accepted at face value.

As most studies in this area are cross-sec-
tional rather than longitudinal, the results ob-
tained demonstrate age differences rather than
age changes, a point overlooked in our gen-
eralizations from research data (9, 23). Fur-
thermore, Dennis (9) has pointed out that
people who are 75 years old today differ in
many other respects besides age from those
who are 25. While we may equate groups of

ARNHOFF

old and young subjects on such usual variables
as education, intelligence, and socio-economic
background, overlooking the fact that our cul-
ture has changed drastically in the last fifty
years fails to consider the vast differences in
meaning and experience for these variables,
Matching groups on such factors as the above
seems fruitless and leads to the erroneous se-
curity of believing that we have controlled
variables which may still have considerable
influence upon our data. Wechsler (30) in
standardizing his revised adult intelligence
scale takes cognizance of this and has pre-
pared tables which enable the older person
to be compared with his age peers. Ade-
quate studies exist which demonstrate the ef.
fects of cultural differences on personality and
on various psychologic tests such as the Ror-
schach. Such drastic changes as have occurred
in the last half century may in many respects
be tantamount to having developed in dif-
ferent cultures as far as the comparison of old
and young persons is concerned. With regard
to psychologic tests, particularly projective
tests, many of the differences between young
and old may be accounted for on the basis of
different experiences common to the respec-
tive groups (8).

The physical changes associated with the
aging process and the concomitant increase in
somatic complaints and ailments are for un-
known reasons overlooked in gerontologic re-
search, unless it is these factors themselves
which are under investigation. Cerebrovascu-
lar accidents and arteriosclerotic changes, as
well as various other neurologic conditions,
are ignored, while supposed differences found
in intelligence and personality between old
and young groups are attributed to the aging
process. It must be admitted that in this
respect the psychologist is far more guilty
than his psychiatric colleagues. Visual acuity,
which is known to have a considerable in-
cidence of decrement with age, was not con-
trolled, for example, in any of the Rorschach
studies mentioned, despite the visuopercep-
tual nature of this task. It is of further in-
terest to note that there is evidence to suggest
that color vision may deteriorate with ad-
vanced age (5, 12, 26), although the con-
founding of the evidence with differences in
visual acuity leaves this still uncertain. It
remains a possibility to consider, especially
when the subject’s reactions to color on cer-

tain p
tions f
sonalit
The
lems |
and n
ceptec
menta
of int
vestig
sound
The
creas¢
result
ulatio
who |
probl
grour
sent 1
whic
least
reseal
ble a
tensi\
them:
and t
tende
the «
inves
of th
who,
main
tudir
dem«¢
sorel
such
for t
statis
(25)
area.
evoli
(27,
sore]
neg]
the «
and

W
able
logic
little
are
assu

variables
‘COonomic
our cyl-
last fifty
ences in
ariables,
e€ above
EOUS se-
ntrolled
iderable
(30) in
lligence
1as_ pre-
person
. Ade.
the ef.
lity and
he Ror-
ccurred
espects
in dif.
1 of old
regard
jective
young
asis of
respec-

ith the
ease in
or un-
gic re-
aselves
vascu-
SES, as
litions,
found
n old
aging
n this
guilty
icuity,
le in-
t con-
chach
ercep-
er in-
iggest
h ad-
con-
ses in
>. HE
cially
1 cer-

RESEARCH PROBLEMS IN GERONTOLOGY

tain psychologic tests has important implica-
tions for the evaluation and assessment of per-
sonality.

The shortcomings and methodologic prob-
lems discussed here are certainly not novel
and merely represent the application of ac-
cepted concepts and procedures of experi-
mental investigation to a relatively new area
of interest. The newness of this area of in-
vestigation, however, is no excuse for ignoring
sound experimental procedures.

The average life span in this country has in-
creased considerably in the last half century,
resulting in an increasing segment of our pop-
ulation at the upper end of the age continuum
who present an economic as well as a social
problem. Factual information about this age
group is still meager. As individuals they pre-
sent many problems, feelings, and difficulties
which are more or less distinctive or are at
least emphasized by age. Our techniques and
research procedures must, therefore, be flexi-
ble and modified to meet these needs. Ex-
tensive research is needed not just on the aged
themselves but, most pressingly, on techniques
and tools which are standardized on and in-
tended for use with older subjects. While
the difficulties are considerable, subjects for
investigation must be recruited from the ranks
of the non-hospitalized, non-psychiatric aged,
who, despite their advanced years, are still
maintaining independent function. Longi-
tudinal studies, which in the final analysis will
demonstrate intra-individual age changes, are
sorely needed. Many of the newer methods
such as self-sorts (16, 24) which are devised
for the study of the individual case, and the
statistical methods devised for clinical use
(25) seem particularly promising for this
area. Utilization of such tools can lead to the
evolution of valid theories, which as Watson
(27, 28) has indicated are quite lacking and
sorely needed in this area and have been
neglected in the attempt to answer some of
the questions raised by the increasing pressure
and demands of a purely service orientation.

SUMMARY

While there is considerable literature avail-
able regarding the psychiatric and psycho-
logic changes occurring with advanced age,
little agreement exists as to what these changes
are or what they mean. A priori, it is often
assumed that aging is accompanied by meas-

455

urable and meaningful mental deterioration,
and this negative assumption is the starting
point for much of the research in gerontology.
An examination of the literature reveals that
most information has been obtained from se-
nile inmates of mental institutions and homes
for the aged and that the findings from such
studies have been generalized to the aged at
large. From the standpoint of scientific meth-
odology and control, gerontologic research has
lagged behind in terms of uncritical use of
unstandardized tools and tests, poor sampling
procedures, and failure to control pertinent
variables which may have far more influence
on the experimental findings than age per se.
Various aspects of gerontologic research
have been discussed, shortcomings noted, and
some suggestions made for improvement in
future experimental designs and planning.

REFERENCES

1. Ames, L. B., Learned, J., Metroux, R. W., Wal-

ker, R. N.: Rorschach Responses in Old Age.

Hoeber-Harper, New York, 1954.

Balinsky, B.: An Analysis of the Mental Factors

of Various Age Groups from Nine to Sixty.

Genet. Psychol. Monogr., 23: 191-234, 1941.

3. Barker, L. F.: Physical Changes in Old Age
and their Effects upon Mental Attitudes. In:
G. Lawton (Ed.), New Goals for Old Age.
Columbia University Press, New York, 1943.

4. Bayley, N., and Oden, M. H.: The Maintenance
of Intellectual Ability in Gifted Adults. J.
Gerontol., 10: 91-107, 1955.

5. Boice, M. L., Tinker, M. A., and Paterson, D.
G.: Color Vision and Age. Am. J. Psychol.,
61: 520-526, 1948.

6. Caldwell, B. McD.: The Use of the Rorschach
in Personality Research with the Aged. J.
Gerontol., 9: 316-323, 1954.

7. Davidson, H. H., and Kruglow, L.: Personality
Characteristics of the Institutionalized Aged. J.
Consult. Psychol., 16: 5-12, 1952.

8. Dennis, W.: Cultural and Developmental Fac-
tors in Perception. In: R. R. Blake and G. V.
Ramsey (Eds.), Perception—An Approach to
Personality. Ronald Press, New York, 1951.

9. Dennis, W.: Age and Behavicr: A Survey of
the Literature. USAF School of Aviation Medi-
cine Project No. 21-0202-007, Report No. 1,

to

1953.
10. Havighurst, R. J.: Problems of Sampling and
Interviewing in Studies of Old People. J.

Gerontol., 5: 158-167, 1950.

11. Howell, R. J.: Changes in Wechsler Subtest
Scores with Age. J. Consult. Psychol., 19: 47-
50, 1955.

456

12. Kleemeier, R. W.:

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

The Relationship Between
Orth-Rater Tests of Acuity and Color Vision in
a Senescent Group. J. Appl. Psychol., 36: 114-
116, 1952.

Klopfer, W. G.: Personality Patterns of Old
Age. Rorschach Res. Exch., 10: 145-166, 1946.
Mason, E. P.: Some Correlates of Self-Judg-
ments of the Aged. J. Gerontol., 9: 324-337,
1954.

Mason, E. P.: Some Factors in Self-Judgments.
J. Clin. Psychol., 10: 336-340, 1954.

Mowrer, O. H.: Psychotherapy. Ronald Press,
New York, 1953.
Noyes, A. P.: Modern Clinical Psychiatry. W.

B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1953.

Obrist, W. D.: Simple Auditory Reaction Time

in Aged Adults. J. Psychol., 35: 259-266, 1953.
Peterson, R. L.: Older Workers and Their Job
Effectiveness. Geriatrics, 10: 34-38, 1955.
Prados, M., and Fried, E.:
in the Older Age Groups.
3: 113-120, 1947.

Sands, S. L., and Rothschild, D.: Sociopsy-
chiatric Foundations for a Theory of the Re-

Personality Structure
J. Clin. Psychol.,

25.

26.

27.

29.

30.

ARNHOFF

actions to Aging. J. Nerv. & Ment. Dis., 116:

233-241, 1952.

. Schaie, K. W., Rosenthal, F., and Perlman, R,

M.: Differential Mental Deterioration of Fap.
torially “Pure” Functions in Later Maturity, J,
Gerontol., 8: 191-196, 1953.

Shock, N. W.: Gerontology. In: C. P. Stone
(Ed.) Annual Review of Psychology. Vol. 2,
Annual Reviews, Inc., Stanford, Calif. 1951,
Stephenson, W.: The Study of Behavior. Uni-
versity of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1953.
Symposium: Statistics for the Clinician. J. Clin,
Psychol., 6: 1-76, 1950.

Tiffin, J.: Industrial Psychology.
Prentice-Hall, New York, 1947.
Watson, R. I.: Historical Perspectives on Psy-
chological Work in Gerontology in the United
States. Paper read at the International Congress
on Gerontology, London, 1954.

Watson, R. I.: The Personality of the Aged:
A Review. J. Gerontol., 9: 309-315, 1954.
Wechsler, D.: The Measurement of Adult In-

(2nd Ed.)

telligence. (3rd Ed.) Williams & Wilkins,
Baltimore, 1944.

Wechsler, D.: Wechsler Adult Intelligence
Scale. Psychological Corp., New York, 1955.

EVALU
the prol
rt of
Health
Nationa
Institute
Health,
publicat
Washin
The |
analysis
the fiel
self pr
complis
some Cc
need al
The bi
projects
hygiene
with m
discussi
is useft
mental

MORB
OF TI
plorato
Marta
Found:
Data
flicted

ners an

Bool
the foll

Aging
Sout
Univ
vers
page

Evaluc
lem
of |
Hea
Nat
tion
of I
Ser
ing
$2.(
allo
mai
pag

dis., 116;

‘Iman, R,
of Fae.
urity, J,

P. Stone
Vol. 2,
1951,
or. Uni-
B.
J. Clin,

id Ed.)

on Psy.
United

ba
~On gress

» Aged:
54,

lult In-
Wilkins,

lligence
, 1055.

BOOK REVIEWS

EVALUATION IN MENTAL HEALTH, a review of
the problem of evaluating mental health activities, re-
port of the Subcommittee on Evaluation of Mental
Health Activities, Community Services Committee,
National Advisory Mental Health Council, National
Institute of Mental Health, U. S. Department of
Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service
publication No. 413, Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C., 1955, 292 pages $2.00.

The first 60 pages present a keen and challenging
analysis of the status of evaluation of programs in
the field of mental health. The report concerns it-
self predominantly with the measurement of ac-
complishment in mental health programs, although
some consideration is also given to measurement of
need and to assessment of methods of measurement.
The bulk of the book consists of abstracts of 984
projects or published papers in the field of mental
hygiene. While relatively few of the references deal
with mental hygiene of older people, the introductory
discussion of evaluation in the field of mental hygiene
is useful for anyone who is planning research on the
mental health of adults or of old people.

ROBERT J. HAVIGHURST
Committee on Human Development
University of Chicago

MORBIDITY IN THE MUNICIPAL HOSPITALS
OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, report of an ex-
ploratory study in hospital morbidity reporting, by
Marta Fraenkel and Carl L. Erhardt, Russell Sage
Foundation, New York 1955, 229 pages, $4.50.

Data on specific morbidity, the state of being af-
flicted with a specific disease, are essential to plan-
ners and administrators of medical, hospital, and pub-

lic health programs. Heretofore information on mor-
bidity has been derived from mortality _ statistics,
mandatory reporting of certain diseases by physicians,
and special health surveys, each of which has limita-
tions.

In an attempt to close at least part of this gap of
morbidity knowledge, the authors, who are directors
of the statistical services of the Department of Hos-
pitals and the Department of Health, conducted a
pilot study of over 120,000 patients discharged from
31 general and special hospitals in the New York
municipal hospital system during a six month period
in 1952.

Demographic and diagnostic information, as well
as length of stay, type of surgical intervention, and
outcome on discharge were recorded on a special re-
port form from the patients’ charts. The tabulated
data form the basis of numerous tables by diagnostic
categories, by sex, color, and age, by condition on
discharge and length of hospital stay. Fifty-six of
these tables are published and explained in the text.

Recognizing the limitations of hospital morbidity
reporting and the weaknesses of a pilot study con-
fined to the municipal hospitals of a large city caring
almost exclusively for the indigent group, the authors
advance arguments to support their thesis that hos-
pital morbidity data are valuable in public health
administration, community planning for medical care,
and hospital administration.

They recommend gradual development of a perma-
nent city-wide hospital morbidity reporting system, to
include ultimately voluntary and proprietary as well
as municipal hospitals in New York.

DAVID LITTAUER, M.D.,
Executive Director
Jewish Hospital of St. Louis

BOOKS RECEIVED

Books received since May 1 are acknowledged in
the following list:

Aging and Retirement, a report on the Fifth Annual
Southern Conference on Gerontology held at the
University of Florida, December 28-30, 1954, Uni-
versity of Florida Press, Gainesville, 1955, 142
pages, paper bound, $2.00.

Evaluation in Mental Health, a review of the prob-
lem of evaluating mental health activities, report
of the Subcommittee on Evaluation of Mental
Health Activities, Community Services Committee,
National Advisory Mental Health Council, Na-
tional Institute of Mental Health, U. S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
Service publication No. 413, Government Print-
ing Office, Washington, D. C., 1955, 292 pages,
$2.00 per copy; a discount of 25 per cent will be
allowed on all orders for 100 or more copies to be
mailed to one address (reviewed in this issue,
page 457).

La Gerocultura, Especialidad Nueva de la Sanidad
Nacional, su estudio, necesidad y organizacién, by
Gonzalo Piédrola Gil, Graficas Gonzalez, Madrid,
1955, 86 pages, paper bound.

Morbidity in the Municipal Hospitals of the City of
New York, report of an exploratory study in hos-
pital morbidity reporting, by Marta Fraenkel and
Carl L. Erhardt, the Russell Sage Foundation, New
York, 1955, 229 pages, $4.50 (reviewed in this
issue, page 457).

Social Problems, edited by T. Lynn Smith, Chapter
4 (pp. 96-123): Problems of Aging and the Aged,
by Irving L. Webber, Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New
York, 1955, 517 pages, $4.75.

The Field of Social Work, 3rd ed., by Arthur E. Fink,
Everett E. Wilson, and Merrill B. Conover, Chap-
ter 13 (pp. 435-477): Social Services for the
Aged, Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1955,
629 pages, $5.25.

457

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

VoLuME 10, NuMBER 4
Ocroser, 1955

Section C

Organization Section
Index to Current Periodical Literature
Author Index to Current Periodical Literature
Index to Volume 10

OCTOBER, 1955

ee

VoLuME 10, Section C NuMBER 4
President Ollie A. Randall (New York) Past President Anton J. Carlson (Chicago)
President-elect William B. Kountz (St. Louis ) Treasurer John Esben Kirk (St. Louis )

Secretary Nathan W. Shock (Baltimore )

Program of the Eighth Annual Scientific Meeting of the
Gerontological Society, Inc.

October 27-29, 1955

SHERATON-BELVEDERE HOTEL
Baltimore, Maryland
F. D. Zeman, General Program Chairman

H. Semer, Local Arrangements Committee Chairman
J. A. Hamixton, Section on Biological Sciences
A. A. HELLBAum, Section on Clinical Medicine
Wiuma T. Donanve, Section on Psychological and Social Sciences
J. Wem, Section on Social Work and Administration

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 27
8:30-9:30 a.m., Registration
Morning Session, 10:00 a.m. - 12:30 p.m.—Charles Room

General Session: Basic Considerations—Medical and Social Problems of the Aging and the
Aged

Chairman: F. D. Zeman, Chief, Medical Services
Home for Aged and Infirm Hebrews, New York

RANDALL, OLLIE A.—(Community Service Society, New York; President of the Gerontological
Society ). Opening Remarks.
DearporFF, Neva—( Health Insurance Plan New York). Statistical Background.

STEBBINS, E.—( Director, Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Balti-
more). Public Health Problems.

Monroe, R.—( Director, Geriatric Clinic, Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, Boston). The Phy-
sician’s Responsibility.

ScoTTLAND, C.—(Commissioner, Social Security, Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare, Washington, D. C.). Social and Economic Problems.

Ope, C. E.—(Coordinator, Projects for Older Workers, U. S$. Department of Labor, Wash-
ington, D. C.). Employment and Employability.

12:30-2:00 p.m., Separate Luncheon Meetings for each Professional Section and the General
Member Section of the Society

($3.00 per plate. Tickets to be obtained on registration. Location of luncheon meetings
will be posted at Registration Desk.)

458

Cha

SODER

BERG,

SILVE!

Rupz!

S@RE!

ANDR

Marl

PARE

Byor

ZEN
Ep\

Fin

Pa
Sa

MBER 4

the

ical

ORGANIZATION SECTION 459
Afternoon Sessions, 2:00-4:30 p. m.—Simultaneous Section Meetings

Section on Biological Sciences—Room 222
Chairman: J. A. Hamicton, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California

SopERWALL, A. L., and BrirENBAKER, A. L.—( Department of Animal Husbandry, Cornell
University, Ithaca). Reproductive Capacities of Different Age Hamsters (Cricetus au-
ratus, Waterhouse ).

Berc, B. N.—(College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York). Mus-
cular Dystrophy in Aging Rats.

SILVERSTONE, F. A., BRANDFONBRENER, M., SHock, N. W., and Yrencst, M. J.—( Section on Ger-
ontology, National Heart Institute, Bethesda, and the Baltimore City Hospitals, Balti-
more). Age Differences in Glucose Tolerance and the Response to Insulin.

Rupzinska, Maria A.—( Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York). Differences
Between Young and Old Organisms in Tokophyra infusionum.

SORENSEN, L. B., and Kirk, J. E.—( Division of Gerontology, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis). The Effect of Age on the Fumarase Activity of the Human Aorta
and Pulmonary Artery.

AnprEw, W.—( Department of Anatomy, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem,
North Carolina). A Comparison of Age Changes in the Kidney of the Rat and of Man.

Marrazzi, A. S., and Hart, E. R.—(Clinical Research Division and Neurology Branch, Chemical
Corps Medical Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, Maryland). The Nature and Ac-
tion of the Tranquilizing Drugs.

PaRFENTJEV, I. A.—( Department of Microbiology, Yale Unversity School of Medicine, New
Haven). Age and Susceptibility to Infections in Mice.

ByjorKsTEN, J., and Gorruies, H.—( Bjorksten Research Foundation, Madison, Wisconsin). A
Common Molecular Basis for the Aging Syndrome.

Section on Clinical Medicine: Everyday Problems in the Care of the Elderly
(meeting to be held jointly with the Maryland Academy of General Practice )

Red Room

Chairman: L. Krause, Professor of Medicine, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, Baltimore

ZeMAN, F. D.—(Chief, Medical Services, Home for Aged and Infirm Hebrews, New York).
General Therapeutic Considerations.

Epwarps, C. R.—( Professor of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Balti-
more). Surgery in the Aged.

FINESINGER, J.—( Professor of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Balti-
more). Aspects of Psychiatry.

FERDERBER, M.—( Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh). Rehabilitation.

Section on Psychological and Social Sciences—Room 218

Presented by the National Institute of Mental Health
Chairman: J. E. Bmren, Chairman, Research Committee on Aging, National Institute
of Mental Health, Bethesda

Panel: The Extramural Program

Sapir, P.—( Chief, Research Grants and Fellowshins Branch, N.I.M.H., Bethesda). The Place
of Aging in Grants and Fellowships.

460 JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

WiuiaMs, R.—(Sociologist, Professional Services Branch, N.I.M.H., Bethesda). Special Proj-
ects of the Professional Services Branch.

KraM_er, M.—(Chief, Biometrics Branch, N.I.M.H., Bethesda). Gerontologic Problems of Men-
tal Hospital Populations.

Havpert, H.—(Chief, Publications and Reports Section, N.I.M.H., Bethesda). Information
Services on Mental Health Problems of Later Life.

Panel: The Intramural Program

Kety, S.—(Associate Director in Charge of Research, N.I.M.H. and N.I.N.D.B., Bethesda),
Age Changes in Cerebral Metabolism and Circulation.

STREICHER, E.—( Psychologist, Section on Aging, N.I. M. H., Bethesda). Research Activities of
the Section on Aging.

Pern, S.—( Psychiatrist, Clinical Investigation, N.I.M.H., Bethesda). Psychiatric Evaluation
of the Elderly with Emphasis on Depressive States.

Section on Social Work and Administration: General Aspects of Growing Old—Blue Room
Chairman: J. Wet, Executive Director, The Montefiore Home, Cleveland Heights

Botwinick, J.—(Section on Aging, Laboratory of Psychology, National Institute of Mental
Health, D.H.E. & W., Bethesda). Principles and Concepts in the Psychologic Aspects
of Aging.

LinvEN, M.—( Director, Division of Mental Health, Philadelphia Department of Public Health;
Regional Director Commonwealth Mental Health Center, Philadelphia). Psychiatric
Elements in Aging.

FRAENKEL, Marta—( Assistant to the Commissioner, Department of Hospitals, New York).
Medical Elements in Aging.

Hunp ey, J. M.--( National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, Bethesda). Nutri-
tional Elements in Aging.

GoopaN, J. I.--( Medical Director, County Nursing Home, Cleveland). Observations on
Nutrition in the Aging.

4:30-6:00 p. m. Visits to institutions in Baltimore will be arranged for those
who have special interests.

(See Registration Desk)

Evening Session, 8:30 p. m., Reception for the members of the Gerontological Society by
the Medical Chirurgical Faculty of the State of Maryland and the
Baltimore City Medical Society

Chairman: G. H. Yeacer, President
Medical Chirurgical Faculty of the State of Maryland, Baltimore

Greetings: A. R. Koontz, President, Baltimore City Medical Society
Oxiie A. RANDALL, President, Gerontological Society, Inc.
W. S. Stone, Dean, University of Maryland School of Medicine
P. Barp, Dean, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Address: | Education for Gerontology, F. C. Swarrz, East Lansing, Michigan

Following the program refreshments will be served by the Ladies Auxiliary of the Medical
Chirurgical Faculty and the Baltimore City Medical Society.

LANSL
DoNA

Hoss:

FREE!
LORG!

12:

Gou

GEY

Roc

Roc
Son

Sul

AL

Cr

ial Proj.
of Men-

rmation

hesda).,
ities of

uation

Room
rights

Aental
spects

ealth;

liatric
ork),

Nutri-

y by

cal

ORGANIZATION SECTION

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 28
Morning Session, 9:00 a.m. - 12:00 noon—Charles Room

General Session: Whither Gerontology? Current Research Needs
Chairman: E. L. Bortz, Philadelphia

Lansinc, A. I.—( Professor of Anatomy, Emory University, Atlanta). Biology.

DonaHvE, WitMa T.—(Institute for Human Adjustment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor).
Psychology.

Hoss, G. W.—(Chairman, National Committee on Aging of the National Social Welfare As-
sembly; Vice-President, First National City Bank of New York). Social Sciences.

FREEMAN, J. T.—(Philadelphia). Clinical Medicine.

Lorcr, I.—( Professor of Educational Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New
York). Prospects for the Future.

12:00 p. m., Luncheon Meeting, Council of the Gerontological Society, Inc.—Room 220

Afternoon Sessions, 2:00-4:30 p. m., Simultaneous Section Meetings
Section on Biological Sciences—Room 222
Chairman: M. Lanpowne, Baltimore City Hospitals, Baltimore

GotpsLoom, A. A., Exper, H. B., and DanisHersky, I—(New York Medical College, Metro-
politan Medical Center, Bird S$. Coler Hospital Division, New York). Newer Clinical
and Laboratory Studies in the Aged. XI. Chemical Studies of the 80-100 Year Old
Group.

Gry, G. O.—(Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Balti-
more). Cellular Growth Responses in Relation to Age.

Rocers, J. B., and Taytor, R. C.—(Department of Anatomy and Department of Pathology,
University of Louisville School of Medicine). Pathology and Behavior of Senile Guinea
Pigs.

RocksTEIN, M.—(Assistant Professor of Physiology, New York University, New York). Some
Biochemical Aspects of Aging in Insects.

SONNEBORN, T. M.—(Department of Zoology, Indiana University, Bloomington). Inheritance
of Effects of Parental Age in Paramecium.

Sutkin, N. M.—( Department of Anatomy, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem,
North Carolina). Mucoprotein in Nerve Cells of the Dog and Its Alterations During
Aging.

ALBANESE, A. A., Hiccons, R. A., Orto, Louise, ZAVATTARO, Dorotuy M., MALoney, Mary O.,
and Rosenguest, Mure. E.—St. Luke’s Convalescent Hospital, Greenwich, Connecti-
cut). Dietary and Metabolic Inter-Relationships in the Aged.

Cuarriper, H. A.—( Department of Biology, New York University, New York). Studies of
Effects of Aging on the Adrenal and Pituitary Glands of the Golden Hamster.

Section on Clinical Medicine: Old Age and Chronic Illness
(meeting to be held jointly with the Commission on Chronic Illness )

Red Room

Chairman: D. W. Roserts, Executive Director
Commission on Chronic Illness, Baltimore
Taysack, M.—( Director, Statistical Section, Baltimore City Health Department). Variations
in the Prevalence of Chronic Illness and Disability in Different Age Groups.
WarTeErRHOUSE, ALICE—( Division of Public Health Methods, Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Washington, D. C.). Assessing the Home Care Program for the Aged
Chronically Il.

462 JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

FREEMAN, RutH—( Associate Professor of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of
Hygiene, Baltimore). Making Bedside Nursing Care Available to the Patient at Home,

Co.LeMaNn, J. B.—( Vice-President, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore). The Function of the
General Hospital in the Care of the Long-Term Patient.

Lewis, W. H., Jn.—( Assistant Attending Physician, Memorial Center for Cancer, New York),
Impact of Chronic Illness on Practice of Medicine.

Read by Title:

SEIDEL, J., GuzMAN, M. F., and Horsman, R. K.—( Veterans Administration Hospital, Kerr
ville, Texas). Congenital Hemolytic Anemia Treated at the Age of Sixty.

Section on Psychological and Social Sciences—Room 218

Symposium: Patterns of Personal and Social Adjustment in Aging in Retrospect and
Prospect

Chairman: M. E. Linnen, Director, Division of Mental Health, Department of Pub-
lic Health, Philadelphia

Von Meninc, O.—( Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh). Comparative Ger-
ontologic Aspects of Human Cultures.

ALBRECHT, RutH—( Department of Home Economics, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn),
Metamorphosis of the Family in the Human Life Cycle.

TuckMAN, J.—( Division of Mental Health, Philadelphia Department of Health, Philadelphia),
The Self-Image in Aging.

KLEEMEIER, R.—(Moosehaven Research Laboratory, Orange Park, Florida). Group Living as
Prophylaxis and Treatment.

Go.prars, A. I.—(Home for the Aged and Infirm Hebrews of New York, New York). Ration-
ale for Psychotherapy with Older Persons.

Section on Social Work and Administration: Care of the Mental Abnormalities
In the Elderly—Blue Room

Chairman: Grorcia McCoy, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Washington, D. C.

MATHIASEN, GENEVA—( Secretary, National Committee on Aging, National Social Welfare As-
sembly, New York). Standards of Sheltered Care.

Methods of Treatment:

Dasco, M.—( Medical Director, Goldwater Memorial Hospital, New York). Medical and Re-
habilitation Services.

Fotkorr, J. P.—( Executive Director, Levindale Hebrew Home and Infirmary, Baltimore).
Psychiatric Nursing.

Gotp, J.—( Executive Director, Orthodox Jewish Home for the Aged, Chicago). Care of the
Senile in the Institution and in the Community.

Lanpav, GerTRUDE—( Executive Director, William Hodson Community Center, New York).
Social Activities.

BowEN, GEORGENE—( Director, Education-Recreation for Older People, Health and Welfare
Council, Philadephia). Recreation for the Aged in Different Cultures.

SALAMONE, A.—( Director, Adult Education Center, St. Louis University, St. Louis). A Good
Adjustment.

Addre

Show

ACKE

KLEE

PorE

Dur

PAPE

GRE!

Wo!

Con

chool of
it Home.
om of the

v York).

I, Kerr.

ect and
of Pub-
ive Ger-
uburn).
2Iphia),
iving as

Ration-

ire As-

nd Re-
more ).
of the
York).

‘elfare

Good

ORGANIZATION SECTION 463

4:30-5:30 p.m., Business Meeting of the Gerontological Society, Inc.—Red Room
Chairman: Otte A. RANDALL, New York
6:30-9:30 p. m., Annual Dinner, Hotel Sheraton-Belvedere—Charles Room
($5.00 per Plate. Tickets at Registration Desk)
Chairman: H. Sewer, Baltimore

Addresses: Tue HonorasLe THomas D’ALEssANDRO, Mayor of Baltimore
Tue Honoras_e THEoporE McKe pin, Governor of Maryland
Miss Outre A. RANDALL, Presidential Address
Jupce Tuomas J. S. Waxter, Director, Maryland State Department of Public Wel-
fare.—Maryland Faces the Problem of the Aged.
Showing of New Films: 1) A Place to Live
2) Geriatric Rehabilitation

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 29

Morning Sessions, 9:00 a. m. - 12:00 noon—Simultaneous Section Meetings

Section on Biological Sciences—Room 222

Chairman: J. A. Rocers, Department of Anatomy, University of Louisville School of
Medicine, Louisville

AcKERMANN, P. G., Toro, G., and Kountz, W. B.—( Division of Gerontology, Washington Uni-
versity School of Medicine, St. Louis). Thyroid Activity in Elderly Individuals as Indi-
cated by Radioiodine Uptake and Other Studies.

Kiremeiern, R. W., Ricu, T. A. and Justiss, W. A.—(Moosehaven Research Laboratory,
Orange Park, Florida). The Effects of Alpha-2-piperdyl Benzhydrol Hydrochloride
(Meratran) on Psychomotor Performance in a Group of Aged Males.

Pore, F., Lunsrorp, Wanpa, and McCay, C. M.—( Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell
University, Ithaca). Attempts at Parabiotic Union Between Hamsters of the Same Age
and Between Young and Middle-Aged Rats.

Dury, A.—(Dorn Laboratory for Medical Research, Bradford Hospital, Bradford, Pennsyl-
vania). Immediate Effects of Growth Hormone and Epinephine on the Lipid Partition
and Phospholipid Turnover in Plasma, Liver, and Aorta of Rabbits.

Parez, |. W.—(Laboratory for Biological Research, Columbus State Hospital, Division of
Mental Hygiene and Correction, Columbus, Ohio). Some Factors Related to Senile
Changes in the Brain.

Greens. att, I. J., and Lerrine, J.—(Messinger Research Laboratory, Beth-E] Hospital, Brook-
lyn). The Fall in Human Sera Lipids Following Ethionine Ingestion.

Wotrre, J. B., PRAESENT, K., and Cristner, Nancy—( Valley Forge Heart Institute and Hos-
pital, Fairview Village, Pennsylvania, and Wolffe Clinic, Philadelpha). Hyperplasia of
the Suprarenal Glands and Kidneys Experimentally Induced by a Fraction of a Renal
Extract. A Preliminary Report.

Commons, R. R.—( University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles). The Effect of
Thyroxine on Serum Protein Bound Iodine.

Section on Clinical Medicine

Medical Grand Rounds, with Dr. McG. Harvey, Professor of Medicine,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

10:00 a.m.—Hurd Hall

464 JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

Section on Psychological and Social Sciences: Research and Methodology—Room 218

Chairman: WiuMa T. Donanve, Chairman, Division of Gerontology, Institute of
Human Adjustment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

BrapsHaw, H.—-( Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus). Differentia
of Superior as Contrasted to Problem Old People.

Aupripce, G. J.—( Michigan State University, East Lansing). The Role of Older People in a
Florida Retirement Community.

VERNIER, CLAIRE M.—( Veterans Administration Center, Martinsburg, West Virginia). Com-
parative Analysis of Personality Factors in a Geriatric Group Associated with Return
to Community Living Versus Continued Residence in a Sheltered Institutional Setting,

Wattace, W. L.—(The Psychological Corporation, New York). How the Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale Was Standardized for Older Persons.

Busse, E. W.—Barnes, R. H., and Couen, L. D. (Department of Psychiatry, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina). The Effects of Variables of Subiects and Methods in Geron-
tologic Research.

Botwinick, ].—BRINLEY, J. F., and Birren, J. E. (National Institute of Mental Health, Beth-
esda). Age Differences in Reaction Time Readiness.

Osrist, W. D.—and Henry, C. E.—( Institute of Living, Hartford, Connecticut). The Relation
of EEG to Brain Syndrome in Aged Patients.

Reats, W. H.—( Professor of Adult Education, Washington University, St. Louis). What It
Is Like to Be Old.

Kuuien, R. G.—(Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse). Adult Age
Trends in Attitudes.

Pressey, S. L.—(Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus). Types of
Work Older People Can Do Best.

Read by Title:

Anprus, Rutu, and Benjamin, R.—(Cold Spring Institute, Cold - Spring - On - Hudson, New
York). Evidence of Change and Growth in Older People: A Report on the First
Two Groups at the Cold Spring Institute.

Section on Social Work and Administration: The Role of Welfare Agencies in
Providing Services to the Aged—Blue Room

Chairman: C. Trssirrs, Committee on Aging, Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare, Washington, D. C.

ApraMs, A. J.—(Director, New York State Joint Legislative Committee on Problems of
the Aging, Newburg). The Congress of the United States and Our Aged.

The Role of the Public Agency:

Conen, W.—(Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D. C.).
Rosinson, H.—( Director, Public Welfare, State of Ohio, Columbus).

Waxter, T. J. S.—(Director, Maryland State Department of Public Welfare, Baltimore).
Greve, Bett—(City Welfare Director, Cleveland).

Levine, H.—(Consultant, Department of Public Welfare, City of New York). Mental Health
and the Public Agency.

The Role of the Private Agency:

ZeLpitcH, M.—( Director, Social Planning Department, Council of Jewish Federations and
Welfare Funds, New York).

Prog

Loce

Li

n 218
itute of
Ferentia
le ina
Com-
Return
setting,
Adult

versity,
Geron-

Beth-
elation
hat It
t Age

es of

New
First

Wel-

s of

alth

and

ORGANIZATION SECTION 465

12:00 noon - 2:30 p. m., Closing Luncheon: Summary of Meetings by Section
Chairman—Jubilee Room

($3.00 per plate. Reservations to be made at Registration Desk.)

Program Committee, Eighth Annual Scientific Meeting:
Dr. F. D. Zeman, Chairman, New York.
Dr. J. A. Hamuvron, Biological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California,
Dr. A. A. Hetipaum, Clinical Medicine, University of Oklahoma School of Medicine, Oklahoma
City.
Dr. Wi.ma T. Donanve, Psychological and Social Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Dr. 1. Wem, Social Work and Administration, Cleveland.
Dr. O. J. Kaptan, General Members, San Diego State College, San Diego.
Dr. I. Lonce, General Sessions, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York.
Dr. W. C. McKay, In., General Sessions, University of Connecticut, Storrs.

Local Arrangements Committee, Eighth Annual Scientific Meeting:

Dr. H. Semen, Chairman, Baltimore.

Miss Estuer Lazarus, City Director, Public Welfare Department, Baltimore.

Junce T. J. S. Waxren, State Director, Welfare Department, Baltimore.

Mr. G. Manser, Executive Secretary, Council of Social Agencies, Baltimore.

Mr. D. L. B. Frincet, State Director, Department of Employment Security, Baltimore.

Dr. H. WiiuiaMs, Commissioner of Health, Baltimore City Health Department, Baltimore.

Miss Frances Morvon, Executive Director, Citizens Planning and Housing Association, Baltimore.

Mr. H. Froeicuer, Citizens Planning and Housing Association, Baltimore.

Mr. E. J. Lierrz, Secretary, Nursing Homes Association of Maryland, Catonsville.

Mr. R. Wuison, President, Kenesaw Rest Home, Baltimore.

Mr. H. G. Frirz, Chief, State Department of Health, Division of Hospital Services, Baltimore.

Dr. D. Roserts, Director, Commission on Chronic Illness, Baltimore.

Dr. P. Barp, Dean, Iohns Hopkins University Schoo! of Medicine, Baltimore.

Dr. W. M. Wine, Associate Professor, Public Health Administration, Johns Hopkins University School
of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore.

Dr. !. E. Moore, Associate Professor of Medi:ine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore.

Dr. B. F. Cuow, Associate Professor of Biochemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene
and Public Health, Baltimore.

Dr. W. S. Stone, Dean, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore.

Dr. J. C. Krantz, Jr., Professor of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine,
Baltimore.

Dr. W. R. AmMbBerson, Chairman, Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore.

Dr. G. H. Yeacrr, President, Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of the State of Maryland, Baltimore.

Dr. A. R. Koontz, President, Baltimore City Medical Society.

Mr. R. BALL, Deputy Director, Old Age and Survivors Insurance, Baltimore.

Miss Neora Larson, Chief, Program Planning, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Balti-
more.

Dr. W. L. Fieck, Manager, Veterans Hospital, Baltimore.

Local Arrangements Committee, Members at Large:

Dr. L. Krause, Professor of Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore.
Mr. T. A. VANSANT, Director, Adult Education, Baltimore.

Mr. J. Fotxorr, Executive Director, Levindale-Hebrew Home and Infirmary, Baltimore.

Mrs. Mivprep ATKINSON, Executive Secretary, Federation of Churches, Baltimore.

FatHer Wisk, Loyola College, Baltimore.

Mr. I. P. McMiLian, Executive Director, Baltimore City Hospitals, Baltimore.

466 ORGANIZATION SECTION

Abstracts of Papers

Section on Biological Sciences

Thyroid Activity in Elderly Individuals as Indicated
by Radioiodine Uptake and Other Studies.
P. G. ACKERMANN, G. Toro, AND W. B. Kounvtz,
Division of Gerontology, Washington University,
School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.

Radioiodine uptake studies were made on more
than 200 individuals, most of them over the age of
50; basal metabolic rate and serum cholesterol de-
terminations were also made. The correlation of
these data with the age and health of the patient
will be described.

Dietary and Metabolic Inter-Relationships in the

Aged.

A. A. ALBANEsE, R. A. Hiccons, Louise Ortro, Dor-
otuy N. Zavattraro, Mary O. MALONEY, AND
Muriex E. Rosenquest, Nutritional Research Lab-
oratory, St. Luke’s Hosnital, New York, New York,
St. Luke’s Convalescent Hospital, Greenwich, Con-
necticut, and Miriam Osborn Memorial Home, Rye,

New York.

Serial studies on 192 aged women (69-95 years )
over a period of 5 years disclosed that their average
daily caloric intake is 1895 + 102. The percentile
caloric distribution on a_ self-selected regimen is:
proteins, 14; carbohydrate, 45; and fat, 41. On this
diet little or no changes in body weight were noted.
The hemoglobin and plasma protein levels initially
were in the normal range and remained so during
the course of the study. Electrophoretic measure-
ments of the plasmas of 150 of the women showed
relatively normal A/G ratios, with some diminution
of the alpha, and alpha: globulins. Despite the
somewhat higher intake of fat calories the blood cho-
lesterol levels of this group fell well within the ac-
cepted norms. Positive nitrogen balances were main-
tained by these women on daily intakes of 47 to 63
Gm. of protein. However, when daily caloric intake
was reduced below 1300, negative nitrogen balances
developed on a daily protein intake of less than 50
Gm. Examination of individual records failed to
disclose any significant reduction in metabolic rate
or nutrient requirements over the 5 year period of
study.

A Comparison of Age Changes in the Kidney of the
Rat and of Man.°

W. Anprew, Department of Anatomy, Bowman
Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North
Carolina.

Histologic study of senile human kidneys has in
general verified the changes accepted as occurring

*Part of a general program on age changes sponsored by
the Wistar Institute of Anatomy under the Executive Director,
Dr. Edmond J. Farris, and supported by the Samuel S.
Fels Fund.

in man in old age in the “normal” involution of
these organs. Such changes include extensive vascu-
lar alteration, particularly arteriolosclerosis, and elimi-
nation of the glomeruli by a process of fibrosis. The
glomeruli thus affected are no longer functioning
units but can be identified structurally, Some details
of change in other parts of the human nephron
are described. Parallel study of the kidney of the
Wistar Institute rats shows much less evidence of
fibrosis of glomeruli, although these structures take
on a “senile aspect,” with much thickened basement
membranes. Vascular change is not marked in the
senile rat kidney. Definite changes are seen in the
various portions of the nephron, including specific
cellular alterations. The question as to whether
altered cells should be termed “oncocytes” is dis-
cussed. “Colloid” in the lumen of the tubules is
found in 100 per cent of the kidneys of senile rats
examined,

Muscular Dystrophy in Aging Rats.

B. N. Bere, College of Physicians and Surgeons,
Columbia University, New York, New York.

With advancing age rats develop a form of mus-
cular dystrophy that is the chief contributory cause
of death in senescence. The disease is ushered in
by hind leg weakness and a straddling gait. The
flank muscles become atrophied and within 6 weeks
to 8 weeks after the onset of symptoms the hind
limbs are paralyzed. Microscopically the striated mus-
cles (gastrocnemius and adductor) show varying de-
grees of degeneration and necrosis. Evidence of
regeneration is also present.

The symptoms and histologic findings are similar
to those observed in vitamin E-deficient rats. How-
ever, the animals are kept on a diet consisting of
Rockland ‘D free’ pellets which contain 3.2 mg. alpha
tocopherol, a supplement adequate for excellent
growth and fertility. The dystrophy appears earlier
in males (700 days) than in females (800 days).
From 800 to 900 days of age, 83 per cent of males
and 27 per cent of females develop muscle lesions,
while in rats over 1,000 days old the disease is
found in 100 per cent of animals of both sexes.

Experiments are under way to determine whether
the muscular dystrophy of aging rats is related to a
vitamin E deficiency despite an amount in the dict
considered to be adequate according to current
bioassay standards. It is possible that the require-
ments for maintaining the integrity of striated mus-
cle increase with age.

A Common Molecular Basis for the Aging Syndrome.
J. Byorksten and H. Gorrtuies, Bjorksten Research
Foundation, Madison, Wisconsin.

A satisfactory scientific definition of aging has not
been accepted because of the vast areas of biochemi-

cal ar
and si
indivi
comm
found
ative,
and v
aging
and p
seeab

The
has n
for a
can |
by c¢
and |

Th
result
of th
ment
quen
body

of th

Imme
ph
Tu
A.
Br
Be
meta
to tl
that
horn
In
body
adm
6 h
grou
or p
epin
spec
pho:
ately
T
tivit
Epi
com
este
con
diffe
the
nific
that
131
turr
43 |
G
incl
live
neu
phe
of

cen

ion of

vascu-
elimi-

The
tioning
details
»phron
of the
we of
s take
ement
in the
n the
cific
iether
; dis.
les is
> rats

eons,

mus-
ause
d in
The
eeks
hind
yus-
de-

of

ilar
OWw-
of
pha
ent
lier
Ss).
les
ns,

is
ier

ict

ORGANIZATION SECTION 467

cal and physiologic knowledge still to be discovered
and studied. Aging has many facets which influence
individuals in apparently various manners. If a
common cellular or molecular denominator could be
found and demonstrated experimentally to be oper-
ative, many, if not all, of the apparently unrelated
and variable manifestations presently ascribed to the
aging syndrome could be more logically examined
and possibly practical solutions achieved in the fore-
seeable future.

The progressive protein immobilization hypothesis
has merit as a fundamental molecular denominator
for aging. The consequence of such a mechanism
can be predicted on a biochemical basis and_ tested
by comparison with known or suspected physiologic
and pathologic changes or symptcms.

The pathologic basis for the degenerative diseases
resulting from the fundamental biochemical aspects
of the hypothesis can be illustrated by the develop-
ment of atherosclerosis. The physiologic conse-
quences of atherosclerosis in the remainder of the
body serves then as a cause of many other symptoms
of the aging syndrome.

Immediate Effects of Growth Hormone and Epine-
phrine on the Lipid Partition and Phospholipid
Turnover in Plasma, Liver, and Aorta of Rabbits.

A. Dury, Dorn Laboratory for Medical Research,
Bradford Hospital, Bradford, Pennsylvania.

Because of the possibility that an altered lipid
metabolism, particularly in the aorta, may be related
to the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis, it is essential
that the nature and sites of influence of certain
hormones on lipid metabolism be elucidated.

In the present study epinephrine in oil (1 mg./Kg.
body weight) or growth hormone (5 mg./Kg.) was
administered subcutaneously to groups of rabbits
6 hours before they were sacrificed. Two more
groups received an equal volume of peanut oil
or physiologic saline and served as controls for the
epinephrine and growth hormone-treated rabbits, re-
spectively. A dose of approximately 5 mc. radioactive
phosphate (P) was given intravenously immedi-
ately after the hormone or placebo injection.

The lipid partition and phospholipid specific ac-
tivities in liver, plasma, and aorta were determined.
Epinephrine injection resulted in significantly elevated
concentrations of plasma phospholipid and total lipid,
ester cholesterol, and neutral fat in the liver. The
concentrations of all aortic lipid fractions were not
different from control values. Specific activities of
the plasma, liver, and aorta phospholipids were sig-
nificantly elevated. Of especial interest was the fact
that the rate of aortic phospholipid turnover was
131 per cent greater than the controls while the
turnover of liver phospholipids was greater only by
43 per cent.

Growth hormone injection resulted in significantly
increased levels of all lipid fractions of plasma and
liver. The greatest changes were found in the
neutral fat fraction of liver and plasma, and the
phospholipid, free and ester. cholesterol fractions
of plasma. On the other hand, the total lipid con-
centration in the aorta was significantly depressed;

this primarily was due to a 25 per cent decrease in
the neutral fat content from the control level. The
P™ data in this group indicated that the rate of liver
phospholipid turnover was probably significantly in-
creased (p=0.05) while the turnover of plasma phos-
pholipid was markedly increased (200 per cent).
The aortic phospholipid specific activity was not dif-
ferent from the controls.

These findings indicate that one of the modes of
immediate epinephrine influence upon lipid metab-
olism is an increased rate of phospholipid turnover
in liver, plasma, and aorta, but only a moderate ef-
fect upon lipid mobilization. Growth hormone
seemed to show an early marked effect upon lipid
mobilization and only a moderate effect upon liver
and plasma phospholipid synthesis. Moreover, in
contrast to epinephrine’s effect on aortic phospholipid
turnover, there was no indication of such an action
by growth hormone on this tissue site.

Newer Clinical and Laboratory Studies in the Aged.
XI. Chemical Studies of the 80-100 Year Old
Group.

A. A. Gotpsioom, H. B. Emer, and I. DANISHEF-

sky, New York Medical College, Metropolitan Medi-

cal Center (Bird S. Coler Hospital Division), New

York, New York.

A 5-year study of 500 subjects aged 13 to 100
years, with emphasis on the 80-100 year age group
(100 patients) will be reported. Blood lipids, ultra-
centrifuge lipoprotein determinations, paper electro-
phoresis will be correlated with clinical status, electro-
cardiograms, ballistocardiograms, and x-ray findings.

A “threshold” is found to occur in the 60-75 year
group, following which there is a reversal of certain
biochemical and/or physical processes.

Aided by a grant from the Sophie D, Cohen and William
W. Cohen Foundation.

The Fall in Human Sera Lipids Following Ethionine

Ingestion.

I. J. GREENBLATT AND J. Letrine, Messinger Re-

search Laboratory, Beth-El Hospital, Brooklyn,

New York.

Popper, and later Chaikoff, had shown that a de-
crease in the level of serum cholesterol and lipopro-
teins in the experimental animal occurs when fed
ethionine. This interesting substance formerly held
to be a toxic anti-metabolic, is now considered to
exert its effects by acting as an anti-methionine agent.

Five volunteers, 3 males and 2 females in normal
health were permitted their normal diets, except that
dl-ethionine was ingested at a level of 6 to 9 Gm. per
day, 2 to 3 Gm. three times a day.

Two control sera lipoproteins and cholesterol levels
were taken and then the feeding of ethionine con-
tinued for 12 days. The drug was discontinued and
blood samples were collected on the 19th and 28th
day after the beginning of the experiment.

One female subject showed no definite changes
in serum lipids. The other 4 subjects showed a vary-
ing, but sharp decline of their sera lipoproteins and
cholesterol levels, which began to rise after ces-
sation of the ingestion of the drug.

468 JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

The Effects of Alpha-(2-Piperidyl Benzhydrol
Hydrochloride (Meratran) on Psychomotor Per-
formance in a Group of Aged Males.

R. W. KieeMerer, T. A. Ricu, ANp W. A. JustTiss,

Moosehaven Research Laboratory, Orange Park,
Florida.

The effects of Meratran on the performance on
a battery of 13 psychomotor tests were noted. Sub-
jects were 22 male residents (average age 75.68) of
a fraternal home for the aged. During the week pre-
ceeding the testing 2 mg. of Meratran were adminis-
tered orally to each subject daily. On alternate weeks
placebos were given as controls. The battery was
given twice under the experimental condition and
twice under the control condition. Included were
tests of visual perception, sorting, tapping, verbal
output, time estimation, figure drawing, and hand
strength. Although there was a general tendency
for increase in amount of production on the iests
under the experimental condition, in only the last 3
tests did the group performance under the drug
condition seem to be significantly altered.

Some Factors Related to Senile Changes in the
Brain.

J. W. Parez, Laboratory for Biological Research,
Columbus State Hospital, Division of Mental Hy-
giene and Correction, Columbus, Ohio.

A gradual loss of some facile functions of the
nervous system is common in old age. Neural
functions such as reception, transmission, and re-
tention are involved. Conditions associated with
these functional deficits are found in nerve cells
and blood vessels of the brain. Lipofuscin granules
which occupy cytoplasm of nerve cells in the thalamus
and cerebral cortex seem to be dead remains of
primitive mycotic organisms which frequent the blood
stream, walls of blood vessels, nerve cells, hypophysis
cerebri, and adrenal glands. Their presence as
originally living organisms was demonstrated in our
laboratory in several hundred cases by phase micros-
copy at 970x magnification. These zoospores when
motile enter the cytoplasm of nerve cells where
they cause visible damage to neurofibrils. These
latter act as tape recorders for nerve impulses con-
ducted by a so-calied fluid membrane along them.
Disturbances of perception, memory, and disorienta-
tion, may be attributed to this damage. Actual
destruction of nerve cells, more often of granule
cells, is common in senile brain disease. A new crop
or outbreak of mycotic zoospores is accompanied by
nervous disturbances, often leading to psychosis, when
severe. Another feature is gliosis, a metabolic change
caused by some by-product acting on supporting
tissue through which cerebral fluid flows. Sclerotic
patches in blood vessels are formed by deposits of
dead organisms. Thrombosis is another feature.

The life cycle of zoospores has three stages.
The zoospores occur first in red blood corpuscles as
statoblasts; 4 strains are recognized. New cultures
from submicroscopic forms in filtrates can be grown

in serum broth at high temperatures (45 C.). Proto-
plast is a cell-like structure that produces filaments
and globules. Globules sporulate as a fungus and
start new colonies. Resemblance to insect viruses
is more than casual. Lantern slides will illustrate
nerve cell damage.

Age and Susceptibility to Infections in Mice.

I. A. ParFENTJEV, Department of Microbiology, Yale
Universtiy School of Medicine, New Haven, Con-
necticut.

Continuing our earlier studies (1953) we have
compared the susceptibility of mice of different ages
to exposure to influenza virus as well as to certain
gram-negative bacteria. For our studies we used
female mice of the CFW strain: young weanlings
10-12 Gm., mature mice of about 20 Gm., and old
ex-breeders of 30-32 Gm. weight. In experiments
with gram negative bacteria we observed that after
inoculations with 1.5 billion live cells of Proteus
OX19, 67 per cent of the mature mice survived as
compared with a 17 per cent survival rate among the
old ex-breeders. Similar results were observed with
Pasteurella multocida. However, due to the high
virulence of this organism for mice, for inoculation
we used only a few hundred organisms. From such
an inoculum, 96 per cent of the mature mice sur-
vived in contrast to 5.7 per cent of the old ex-breed-
ers. The lethal dose of Shigella endotoxin was much
larger for young, mature 18 Gm. mice, than for the
old ex-breeders (1954). All the old ex-breeding mice
died from the dose of Shigella endotoxin (0.08-0.4
mg.), and even from a dose as low as 0.003 mg. a
large number of them succumbed. Contrary to this,
of young mature females, 60 per cent survived an
injection of 0.5 mg. of Shigella endotoxin and all
survived 0.1 mg. and smaller amounts. The reverse
effect of aging was observed in the studies of sus-
ceptibility of mice to influenza virus. After intra-
nasal administration of the virus in a dilution of
1:10,000, 94 per cent of the mature mice survived,
but only 27 per cent of the weanlings. In a series
of special experiments we were able to demonstrate
that in the state of hypersensitivity, in our work in-
duced by vaccination with H. Pertussis vaccine (Par-
fentjev, Goodland, and Virion, 1947) we were able to
increase the susceptibility of mice of all ages to the
above described gram-negative bacteria and to virus.

This gerontologic study supports our previous
statement (Partfentjev, 1953), that hypersensitivity
is of significance in the etiology of infectious diseases.

The results of these and previous experiments
suggest that statistical studies of the frequency dis-
tribution of infectious diseases at different ages
could be supplemented by skin tests with antigens of
various disease agents. In man the skin tests would
be a counterpart of injection experiments with animals.

This investigation was supported (in part) by research
grant from the National Cancer Institute of the National
Institutes of Health, Public Health Service.

Patho

a
T
Lo

Th
400
of ci
ducti
of sé
will
anim
porte

Diff
T

M
M

U
end
bry
con
Thi
enc

I
that
whi
org
Th

old
org
4 |
an
ex:

Proto-
filaments
gus and

Viruses
Illustrate

y, Yale
n, Con-

e have
nt ages
certain
e used
anlings
nd old
riments
t after
Proteus
ved as
ng the
1 with
» high
ulation
1 such
e sur-
breed-
much
or the
’ mice
)8-0.4
ng. a
. this,
‘dan
d all
verse
sus-
intra-
n of
ived,
eries
trate
< in-
Par-
le to
the

irus.

ious
vity
ISeS.
ents
dis-
'Zes
; of
uld

als,

irch
mal

ORGANIZATION SECTION 469

Pathology and Behavior of Senile Guinea Pigs.

J. B. Rocers, Department of Anatomy, and R. C.
TayLor, Department of Pathology, University of
Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.

The longevity of guinea pigs in a colony of about
400 individuals maintained under different systems
of caging will be reported. Observations on repro-
ductivity, diet habits, training, hearing, and vision
of senile (surviving more than 1095 days) animals
will be reported. The tissue pathology of organs of
animals dying in the senile age group will be re-
ported.

Differences Between Young and Old Organisms in
Tokophrya infusionum®

Maria A. Rupzinska, Rockefeller Institute for
Medical Research, New York, New York.

Unlike most protozoa, Tokophrya multiplies by
endogenous budding, forming a succession of em-
bryos. The parent organism retains its identity and
continues to reproduce for several days to weeks.
This way of reproduction permits studies of differ-
ences between young and old organisms.

In observations on living organisms it was found
that the body of the young Tokophrya is pyriform,
while the old is irregular in shape. The young
organism averages 30 uw and the old 60 u in diameter.
The number of tentacles decreases greatly in the
old organism (from 60 to 15 and less). The young
organism is able to produce an embryo every 2 to
4 hours, while the old one is unable to reproduce.

More detailed information was obtained from fixed
and stained preparations and thin-sectioned material
examined under the electron microscope. In such
a study it was found that the most significant
changes due to aging occur in the macronucleus.
The macronucleus, which is surrounded by a double,
perforated membrane, is spherical in the young
organism and irregular, often loboid, in the old
individual. The Feulgen positive, dense chromatin
bodies examined by electron microscopy appear as
a spongework composed of many fine (90A) fila-
ments. In the old Tokophrya some of the bodies
develop an internal cavity, enlarge, elongate, become
less dense, and reveal a regular pattern in their
structure arranged in parallel arrays. The number
of chromatin bodies is about 40 to 50 in the young
organism and is over 300 in the old one. The
matrix in which the chromatin bodies are suspended
is fairly homogeneous in the young organism, while
in the older it becomes fibrous. The size of the
polyploid macronucleus, which changes greatly dur-
ing the life span, is about 5 uw in diameter in the
young and over 20 uw in the old. In thin sections
of old organisms, narrow, deep invaginations formed
by the double nuclear membrane may be noticed.
In the young organism only one macronucleus is
present, while in the old one 2 to 4 macronuclei
may be found. It is significant in this connection,

~ ®Supported by a grant from The National Heart Institute
#H-1350(C2).

that two nucleated cells have been also found in
some organs of old mice (Andrew, 1955).

Age Differences in Glucose Tolerance and the Re-
sponse to Insulin.

F. A. Sm_verstone, M. BRANDFONBRENER, N. W.
Suock, and M. J. Yrencst, Section on Gerontology,
National Heart Institute, National Institutes of

Health, P.H.S., D.H.E.&W., Bethesda, Maryland,

and the Baltimore City Hospitals, Baltimore, Mary-

land.

While there are several reports of decreased glucose
tolerance in older people who are not sick, little is
known regarding the meaning of this change. Does
reduced tolerance mean reduced cell uptake of sugar;
is there a deficiency of insulin; is there less response
to insulin; are there simply fewer cells in older
individuals to metabolize glucose or-is there some-
thing different about the cells present?

Thirty-five carefully screened male subjects, 23
to 86 years of age, were given an intravenous glu-
cose tolerance test (GTT) and glucose-insulin toler-
ance test (GITT), using 50 ml. of 50 per cent
glucose and 5 units of HGF Insulin/M*® of body
surface. Venous blood was sampled at 5-minute
intervals and analyzed by the Nelson-Somogyi method.
Analyses of the blood glucose concentrations be-
tween 10 and 60 minutes after the injection in-
cluded linear curves and rate measurements based
on semilog plots of glucose concentration and time.
The latter were constructed in terms of (a) the
“rate” of fall (K) of the total measured glucose
concentration, and (b) the true rate of fall (K,)
of the increment in concentration above an asymptote
(c) computed for each individual. K (or c) for
GTT minus K (or c) for GITT is taken as an
index of the response to insulin, A K (or A c) in each
subject.

Significant age differences were found in the
manner of disappearance of injected glucose, either
with or without added insulin. Insulin had a sig-
nificantly greater effect in younger subjects.

Reproductive Capacities of Different-Age Hamsters
(Cricetus auratus, Waterhouse ).°

A. L. SopeRWALL and A. L. BriITENBAKER, De-
partment of Animal Husbandry, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York.

One aspect of a program dealing with “Senescence
Studies in Reproductive Physiology of the Golden
Hamster” considers the factor of reproductive capaci-
ties of senescent animals compared with young adults
of both sexes.

In the 24 month normal life span of the golden
hamster the age of 15 months and older is con-
sidered for our purposes as typical of senescence.
Histologic evidence favors this time designation.
Younger animals used were from 4 to 8 months of
age.

*Supported by Grant G-4213, National Institute of Health,
U. S. Public Health Service.

470 JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

Matings were made between 4 groups listed as:
a.) senescent males x senescent females
b.) senescent males x young females
c.) young males x senescent females
d.) young males x young females

The result of such matings with the number and
percentage of successes is shown in the following

table:

Num- Suc- % Suc-

Animals ber cesses cess
Senescent males x senescent females 29 10 34.5
Senescent males x young females 26 7 26.9
Young males x senescent females 15 8 53.0
Young males x young females 38 22 58.0
Total matings 108 47 43.5

It appears from the data thus far obtained that
the senescent males have the poorest showing through-
out. Behavioral estrus cycles displayed by the fe-
males of both age groups show no significant differ-
ence in over 200 cycles observed as to average
length and range in hours of heat (senescent, 19.32,
range 13.5-24.0; young 20.09, range 13.5-26.0 hours).

Inheriance of Effects of Parental Age in Paramecium
T. M. SONNEBORN, Department of Zoology, Indi-
ana University, Bloomington, Indiana.

In Paramecium aurelia, as in higher organisms, the
life cycle starts with fertilization (conjugation or
autogamy), ends with death after 125 days or less,
and is marked by progressive changes in vigor or
vitality (measured in several ways). New sexual
generations may be obtained from parents of any
age,—the range 7 to 120 days being covered in the
experiments. Series of successive sexual generations,
each from parents of the same age (7 days in one
series, older and sti!! older in other series), have been
observed for cumulative, transmissible effects of
parental age. Three classes of sexual offspring arise
at autogamy: (1) the vigorous, which have normal
life cycles; (2) the subnormal, to various degrees;
and (3) the lethals, which die within 4 days. The
frequency of vigorous offspring decreases from 99.4
per cent when the parents are 7 days old to zero
when the parents are 80 days old or older; conversely,
the frequency of lethals rises from 0.4 per cent to
100 per cent; and the frequency of subnormals rises
from 0.2 per cent (7 day parents) to a peak of 28
per cent (67 day parents) and declines to zero (80
day and older parents). Vigorous offspring arising
from such parents do not transmit effects of parental
age, no matter what age it may be; but subnormal
offspring do. Moreover, parents so old as to yield
only lethal offspring at autogamy can, by conjuga-
tion with the young, yield both vigorous and sub-
normal offspring. Breeding analysis demonstrates
that both of these classes of old-by-young hybrids
carry abnormal nuclei derived from the old parent.
The nuclear damage, resulting from the residence of
the nucleus in old cytoplasm, is extensive—as great
as from exposure to high doses of X-irradiation—
and of similar nature: chromosomal aberrations.

The Effect of Age on the Fumarase Activity of the
Human Aorta and Pulmonary Artery.

L.. B. S@RENSEN and J. E. Kirk, Division of Geron-
tology, Washington University School of Medicine,
St. Louis, Missouri.

In a previous publication from this department (T.
J. S. Laursen and J. E. Kirk, J. Gerontol., 10: 26-30,
1955) the presence of fumarase in human aortic
tissue was reported; it was noted that the enzyme
activity tended to decrease with the age of the sub-
jects from whom the samples were derived. The
present study was undertaken with the purpose of
investigating the correlation between age and the
fumarase activity of the aorta and pulmonary artery
on a large number of samples.

Determination of the fumarase activity was car-
ried out on homogenates of fresh arterial tissue by
measurement of the quantities of 1-malic acid formed
from fumarate. A macro modification of the fluoro-
metric procedure of Lowry and associates was em-
ployed; 106 samples of the descending thoracic aorta
and 94 samples of the pulmonary artery were in-
cluded in the study. The age of the individuals
from whom the samples were obtained ranged be-
tween 1 month and 92 years.

The measurements revealed a significant decrease
in the fumarase activity of both the aorta and pul-
monary artery with age. The mean quantities of
l-malic acid formed by the aortic homogenates (mg.
l-malic acid/Gm. wet tissue/hour) were as follows:
0-9 years, 14.6; 10-19 years, 12.1; 20-29 years, 12.1;
30-39 years, 11.0; 40-49 years, 8.9; 50-59 years,
7.8; 60-69 years, 7.4; 70-79 years, 7.1; and 80-92
years, 6.8. For the homogenates of the pulmonary
artery the corresponding average values were: 18.6;
17.1; 26.4; 18.2; 14.7; 12.3; 11.9; 12.2; and 8.4.
The pulmonary artery in all instances showed a
higher fumarase activity than the aorta from the
same subject. The coefficient of correlation: age/1-
malic acid formation was -0.63 (t=8.26, N—106)
for the aortic samples, and -0.48 (t=5.26, N=94)
for the samples of the pulmonary artery.

The investigation was supported by a grant (PHS-891)
from the National Heart Institute of the National Institutes
of Health, Public Health Service.

Mucopotein in Nerve Cells of the Dog and Its Alter-
ations During Aging’.
N. M. Sutxin, Department of Anatomy, Bowman
Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North
Carolina.

The cytoplasm of autonomic and sensory ganglion
cells of senile dogs include a PAS positive non-granu-
lar deposition (except one dog in which this sub-
stance appeared granular) which is mucoprotein in
nature and which does not occur in young animals
or in neurones of the central nervous system in any
age group (Sulkin, 1955).

Following the method of Kramer and Windrum

*Supported by a grant from the Institute of Neurological
Diseases and Blindness, Public Health Service.

(195:
conce
blue
an ac
chror
Se
tain
seem
dog
was
over,
clud

Th

be

of the

7eron-
licine,

it (T,
26-30,
aortic
zyme
sub-
The
se of
| the
irtery

car-
e by
rmed
10TO-

em-
aorta
: in-
luals

be-

ease
pul-
; of
mg.
WS:
2.1;
ars,
)-92
lary
8.6;
8.4,

La
the
/1-

16 )

14 )

1)

ites

ORGANIZATION SECTION 471

(1953) sections of nervous tissue were treated with
concentrated sulfuric acid and stained with toluidin
blue to determine whether sulfation would produce
an acid mucopolysaccharide which would stain meta-
chromatically.

Senile ganglion cells treated in this manner con-
tain a cytoplasmic metachromatic deposition which
seems homologous to the PAS deposition. The single
dog whose ganglion cells contained PAS granules
was characterized by metachromatic granules. More-
over, neurones of the central nervous system, in-
cluding anterior horn cells, Purkinje cells, pyramidal

cells, and others contained fine dispersions of meta-
chromatic granules. Examination of neurones of
young dogs (3 months to 5 years) indicated that cells
in all parts of the nervous system contained these
granules. Additional evidence for this phenomenon
was obtained with the use of the periodic acid—
aldehyde-fuchsin technique and by aldehyde-fuchsin
staining following sulfation.

It is concluded that canine neurones contain a
mucoprotein, which, except in senile ganglia, is in-
sufficiently concentrated to be demonstrated by the
PAS method.

Section on Clinical Medicine

Congenital Hemolytic Anemia Treated at the Age
of Sixty.
J. Seme,* M. F. GuzMan,j and R. K. HorsMan,t
Veterans Administration Hospital, Kerrville, Texas.

The case history and treatment of a 60 year old
World War I veteran is presented. On admission to
the hospital the primary cause of symptoms was
thought to be chronic pulmonary tuberculosis. Upon
further study, however, it was found that he was
suffering from congenital hemolytic anemia and that
definitive therapy had never been given. Sple-
nectomy was performed three months after admission

to our hospital and after careful study of the
patient’s case. All sputum cultures during the pa-
tient’s stay in the hospital were negative for acid
fast bacilli and there was no x-ray change during
his stay in the hospital. It is believed that the
clinical improvement shown by the patient was pri-
marily due to definitive therapy undertaken for con-
genital hemolytic anemia, after many years of known
symptoms.

*Chief, Surgical Service.
tAss’t. Chief, Surgical Service.
tChief, Medical Service.

Section on Psychological and Social Sciences

The Role of Older People in a Florida Retirement
Community.

G. J. Atprivce, Michigan State University, East
Lansing Michigan.

The purpose of this study was to examine the
social aspects of aging in a small retirement com-
munity in central Florida. The hypothesis tested
was that in a community developed under the
aegis of older people, the role of older people may
be exvected to be different in such dimensions as
social participation and social control. The differ-
ences may be exvected to be in the direction of a
role which brings both social approval and_ personal
satisfaction.

Persons 60 years of age and over were considered
older. St. Cloud, Florida, an all-white community
of 3,000 with 50 ver cent over 60 was selected for
study because it was developed as a_ retirement
community, its population having 4 times as large
a proportion of older people as was found in the
population of the United States. During the sum-
mer of 1951, a representative sample of 245 older
people was interviewed, as well as persons from
other age groups and at least one officer from all
of the secular and most of the religious organizations.
Formal and informal group activities were observed
and participated in, and organizational records and
other secondary sources read. All data were con-
sidered in relation to the older people in the com-
munity and the role they lived.

St. Cloud was found to be a migration-developed
community in which the clubs and organizations play
a primary role in providing social support and recog-
nition for older people. The numerical dominance
of older people in St. Cloud’s adult population and
in the membership and leadership of most organiza-
tions contributed to their position of strength and
influence. The relatedness of social participation and
social control was particularly evident; the older
people achieved control of the community through
control of its organizations, without carrying direct
administrative responsibilities.

Many of St. Cloud’s older people used these organ-
ized social outlets. Many older people augmented,
and others replaced formal with informal partici-
pation. For almost half, informal participation repre-
sented their only form of social relationships. Some
of these relationships were stable and continuing,
such as neighborhood cliques. Others tended to be
floating contacts, such as were typical of the Post
Office, shopping trips, and the downtown green
benches.

Largely, St. Cloud had become adapted to its
higher proportion of older people. The process of
adaptation was facilitated by and expressed through
the development of certain services, facilities, and
customs. At the same time resentment of the
presence and influence of so many older people was
found, especially among the young who tended to
resolve their conflict by leaving St. Cloud when

able.

472 JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

It was concluded that, in contrast to the usual
role of older people in the United States, the position
of older people in St. Cloud was socially approved
and personaily satisfying. Their solidarity was re-
inforced through the formal organizations which they
controlled, and through informal social relationships
with persons of like age and interests. Control of
these organizations led to control of the community’s
structure and functioning, and would be a crucial
factor in the possible development of an adult edu-
cation program. Finally, despite areas of conflict,
particularly between the young and the old, the
community has become accommodated to its older
people.

Evidence of Change and Growth in Older People:
A Report on the First Two Groups at the Cold
Spring Institute.

Rutn Anprus,® and R. BenyAMin,t The Cold
Spring Institute, of the Walt Foundation, Inc.,
Cold Spring-On-Hudson, New York.

Two groups of men and women over 55, totalling
22, each experienced for the period of a year a
stimulating and supportive program of living as resi-
dents of the Cold Spring Institute. Change and
growth were studied by means of a variety of
psychologic, medical, and physical tests and exami-
nations and a special battery of blood chemistries,
at the beginning and end of the term of residence.
In addition to these objective tests and examinations,
continuous records were kept by the staff, and tape
recordings made of all registrant group discussions.
The analysis of these data gives evidence of change
in such areas as the following:

Depression was lessened.
Self esteem and sense of identity was increased.
Relating to others became easier and more free.

Attention was better directed and sustained; speed of per-
formance increased; intellectual performance improved.
Acceptance, understanding and expression of difference in-

d with cx itant decrease in prejudice.

Fears were lessened.

Enjoyment in use of body increased.

Reality contact was improved—less projection.

Heightened blood pressure was reduced up to 30 mm.
systolic and 16 mm. diastolic.

Vital capacity increased.

Hemoglobin increased up to 2.5 Gm.

Height increased.

Blood chemistry outside the normal range returned to well
within normal limits.

Instances of distressing chronic low back pain upon entrance
entirely disappeared.

Cases of anemia were alleviated.

Neuromuscular coordination improved markedly.

Greater physical energy was available and used.

The program of living which contributed to this
change and growth is described in detail.

*Director.
tAssociate Director.

Age Differences in Reaction Time Readiness.

J. Borwinick, J. F. Brinvey, and J. E. Birren,
Section on Aging, Laboratory of Psychology, Na-
tional Institute of Mental Health, National Insti-
tutes of Health, D.H.E. & W., Bethesda, Maryland.

Problem: The purpose of this study was to de-
scribe age differences in the relation between speed
of response and the time interval between a warning
signal and a reaction stimulus. This description of
age differences in response readiness is one aspect
of the problem of measuring age changes in the in-
tensity and time course of response expectancy as
a function of age.

Procedure: Reaction time measurements were made
on 54 male subjects; 27 aged 61-83 years, and 27
aged 18-36 years. For each subject 50 finger re-
action time measurements were made in a random-
ized pattern of 8 time intervals between warning
and reaction signal. The 8 time intervals were 1,
1%, 2, 2%, 3, 4, 5, and 6 seconds. The warning
signal was a light illuminated for 0.5 sec. and the
reaction signal was a 1000 cycle tone of 0.2 sec.
duration presented with ear phones. Median re-
action time measurements were computed for each
subject for each time interval. The data were
analyzed by an analysis of variance.

Results: (1) There were age differences in total
reaction time.

(2) In addition, there was a significant relation
between reaction time and length of the delay inter-
val in both age groups.

(3) The relation, however, was different in the
two age groups. That is, the time course of re-
sponse readiness changed with age. With a 1 sec.
delay interval, the mean reaction time for the elderly
was .31 sec., whereas for the,6 sec. delay, it was
.22 sec. The corresponding values for the young
subjects were .21 sec. and .18 sec., respectively.

Differentia of Superior as Contrasted to Problem
Old People.

H. BrapsHaw, (Sponsored by S. L. Pressey) De-
partment of Psychology, Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio.

The paper summarizes a phase of a larger study
having to do with the intensive case-study investi-
gation of superior old people. The individuals stud-
ied had been selected by informal nomination of
several people who knew them well, and carefully
studied not alone through personal interviews but
also in terms of a variety of evidence obtained over
a period of time. Sundry individuals were also
studied who were roughly of the same general socio-
economic and occupational groups, but who were
judged to present problems of adjustment or person-
ality. The paper reports an attempt to contrast
the last named group with individuals considered
especially superior as regards circumstances and
characteristics which seemed most differential.

In general, the contrast has emphasized, as im-
portant for a satisfactory old age, (a) opportunity
to maintain some status in terms of recognized use-
fulness, as shown either by continued work or other
accomplishment of a service type. Also fairly differ-
ential in most cases was (b) a situation such that
the older person was largely independent in his or
her mode of living, and (c) informed and under-

standi
Samp
cation
be gi
ment
Journ
writte
vestig

to th
trol
clusi
must
cult
stud
from
emp
mad
Roc
pers
and
in |
note
tion
the
upo
T
the
tion
mot
find
7
pro
par
ten

He:

T

- to de-
n speed
warning
ition of
aspect
the in-
ancy as

e made
and 27
ger re-
andom-
varning
vere |,
varning
nd the
.2 sec,
an re-
r each

were

n total

elation
inter-

in the
of re-
1 sec.
Iderly
t was
young
ly.

oblem

) De-
orsity,

study
vesti-
stud-
n of
fully
but
over
also
ocio-
were
rson-
trast
lered
and

im-
inity
use-
ther
ffer-
that
; or
der-

ORGANIZATION SECTION 473

standing orientation regarding problems of age.
Sample cases and further details, and certain appli-
cations in planning programs for older people, will
be given. This paper is largely in further develop-
ment of a study reported some years ago in the
Journal of Gerontology by the sponsor, which used
written reports rather than the extensive case in-
vestigations of the present research.

The Effects of Variables of Subjects and Methods in
Gerontologic Research®

E. W. Busse, R. H. Barnes, and L. D. ConHeEn,
Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School
of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.

Research design and the selection of subjects in
the area of gerontology requires constant attention
to the recognition of variables which affect the con-
trol group as well as the experimental group. Con-
clusions, particularly those involving generalizations,
must take into account the widely different sub-
cultural influences upon the elderly person. Our
studies, which include subjects over the age of 60
from two widely separated geographic locations,
emphasize the point that generalizations must be
made with caution. The subjects studied in the
Rocky Mountain area included 5 groups of elderly
persons divided according to socio-economic, cultural,
and medical status. Important differences were found
in these groups, while some similarities were also
noted. Our current studies in the southeastern por-
tion of the United States reveal even more strikingly
the extent of the influence of culture and climate
upon the elderly subjects.

The influences are wide-spread and appear in
the psychologic test material, the psychiatric examina-
tion, social adjustment, attitudes towards physicians,

motivation in participating as a volunteer, and physical *

findings.

This paper will provide a review of our research
project in reporting the results in specific instances,
particularly the differences between groups with at-
tention to the influencing variables.

*Supported by a grant from the National Institute of Mental
Health (U.S.P.H.S.).

The Relation of EEG to Brain Syndrome in Aged
Patients.

W. D. Osrist and C. E. Henry, Institute of
Living, Hartford, Connecticut.

Electroencephalograms were obtained on 120 psy-
chiatric natients, ranging in age from 65 to 95 years.
All of the patients were new admissions at two
mental hospitals, where complete histories, laboratory
studies, and physical and mental examinations were
obtained. The diagnostic classification of the Ameri-
can Psychiatric Association was used as a basis for
comparing different patients. Those showing evi-
dence of brain syndrome (memory loss, disorientation,
intellectual deterioration) were compared with those
who showed a minimum of such signs. The former
group consisted mostly of patients with advanced

generalized arteriosclerosis or neurologic evidence of
brain disease. The latter group was composed mostly
of patients with affective or paranoid disturbances
and only a minimum of intellectual impairment. In
such cases, psychogenic factors seemed to be pre-
dominant.

A striking difference was observed in the electro-
encephalograms of the two groups, as revealed by
both manual and electronic frequency analysis. Those
with brain syndrome showed a high percentage of
abnormally slow rhythms and much diffuse theta
and delta activity. Those with primarily psychogenic
disorders had normal electroencephalograms in a
large proportion of cases. Focal EEG disturbances
were less satisfactory in differentiating the groups
than were generalized abnormalities. It is con-
cluded that electroencephalography may be of value
in the differential diagnosis of brain syndrome in
aged patients.

Types of Work Older People Can Do Best.

S. L. Pressey, Department of Psychology, Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio.

The usual attitude regarding employment of older
people seems to be that in every field some decline
in effectiveness is to be anticipated. In contrast,
the material summarized in this paper indicates that
there are sundry types of work which older people
can do better than middle-aged or younger persons.

The above position is based on numerous instances
located in several surveys of the activities of old
people in several! localities. For instance, an elderly
physician continued to serve only his long-standing
patients, his practice thus becoming largely geriatric
and his competence doubly relevant because of his
long acauaintance with them and his own age. An
elderly lawyer who was a life-long resident of his
city specialized in local property problems and in
wills. A 97-year-old entomologist wrote a history
of his field. A retired dean directed surveys of in-
stitutions of higher learning; to this work he brought
broad exverience and obvious lack of any personal
ambition since his own career was over. A retired
clergyman served as part-time assistant pastor, spe-
cializing in visits to shut-ins. An elderly saleswoman,
part-time, nevertheless made the most sales in her spe-
cialty shon because of older customers who thought
she especially understood their problems. It is be-
lieved that old people should be especially useful in
both service to oldsters and in research regarding age.

Systematic publicizing of such possibilities and
guidance so directed should contribute to morale in
age and add usefulness to many fine old people.

What Is It Like To Be Old.

W. H. Reats, Professor of Adult Education, Wash-
ington University, St. Louis, Missouri.

One is ant to carry in his mind the unpleasant
pictures of old age given by those who, like Shake-
speare or Byron, had not actually experienced it and
therefore did not know much about it.

474 JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

What will it be like to be old is a question that
will be on the minds of most of us sooner or later.
And it will not be the same for all: for those with
and without sufficient means, for the strong and the
infirm, for those who have been in leadership po-
sitions, and those who have not.

This paper is an attempt to find out how success-
ful older people regard their later years. It dis-
cusses the statements of Cicero, Duff Cooper, Somer-
set Maugham, and others. Their views and the
views of a select group of successful retired business
leaders are reported in this study.

Cicero listed 4 liabilities commonly attributed to
age, then stated that these need not necessarily
hinder one from having a very happy old age. In
fact, he and others have pointed out that old age
in itself brings many compensations not possible
earlier.

A questionnaire was submitted to a group of re-
tired executives, about 50 in number, members of
Experience, Incorporated. These men were asked to
give their attitudes toward old age. The majority
believed that their later years were at least as happy
and perhaps even happier than their earlier ones.
Only two complained.

Comparative Analysis of Personality Factors in a
Geriatric Group Associated with Return to Com-
munity Living Versus Continued Residence in a
Sheltered Institutional Setting.

CiamE M. VERNIER, Veterans Administration Cen-
ter, Martinsburg, West Virginia.

One phase of the general geriatric problem which
has attracted increasing attention is the care of the
dependent aged. Because of its Domiciliary Pro-
gram for veterans chronically disabled and unable
to earn a living, the Veterans Administration has
been directly concerned with many aspects of this
problem. In relation to future development of the
program, an integrated inter-disciplinary research
study was initiated at Martinsburg VA Center.

As nart of this research program all new ad-
missions to the Domiciliary during the calendar year
1952 were seen in a screening program which in-
cluded medical examination, laboratory tests, physi-
cal fitness tests, psychologic tests, and interviews
by Social Service. Over 200 cases were screened
during this period; approximately half were in the
age range of 60 or older.

Three groups of 25 cases each were identified:

1) members who were admitted for the first time
and continue to remain; 2) members who had one
or more previous admissions to the Domiciliary and
returned again to the community; 3) members who
were admitted for a first time, returned to the com-
munity in less than a year, and continued to remain
in the community.

All three groups were matched in terms of age,
race, intellectual level, socio-economic status, and
degree and kinds of physical disability.

Scores from three projective tests, selected on the
basis of a preliminary factor analysis, were tabulated
for the three groups and the statistical reliability
of the differences determined.

The results suggest that certain identified person-
ality factors play a critically important role in the
differential living arrangements chosen by older in-
dividuals.

How the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale was
Standardized for Older Persons.

W. L. Wattace, The Psychological Corporation,
New York, New York.

In conjunction with the national standardization of
the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, a sample of
persons over 60 years of age was tested in a special
study. A probability sample of older individuals was
drawn from the population in Metropolitan Kansas
City. Of the 649 persons so identified, field examiners
were successful in administering the Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale to 475.

The methods used by the examiners to gain the
cooperation of the subjects varied somewhat but
were remarkably successful. The experiences gained
in gathering the data should prove to be of value
to others seeking to carry out research in geron-
tology.

The results were studied for the age groups 60-64,
65-69, 70-74, and 75 and over. Evidence was
elicited indicating that the norms based on_ this
sample are appropriate for use with persons of
similar age throughout the country. With these
norms, the mental ability of older persons can be
compared with that of their age peers.

Sex differences were also studied, as were the
effects of standard time limits versus unlimited time
for responses to test auestions. Finally, comparisons
were made both for over-all performance and for
specific abilities among various age groups ranging
from 16 to over 75 years.

The ¢

A.
isla

bur

An
fectir
of th
withi
tion;
aging
befor
geror
appr
com]

Recr
Gi

ati
cil

of 1
land
the

and
in t

nent
and
war
the
sche
hon
bee
lost
par
nee

Sta
It :
lost
but
the
Bri
net

of

tar
elc
ali
ha

m

ol
th

first time
had one
iary and
ers who
the com-
> Temain

of age,
us, and

on the
ibulated
liability

Person-
in the
der in-

€ was
ration,

ion of
ple of
pecial
Is was
cansas
niners
Adult

1 the

but
ained
value
eron-

)-64,
was
this

; of

hese

- be

the
ime
ons
for
ring

ORGANIZATION SECTION 475

Section on Social Work and Administration

The Congress of the United States and Our Aged.

A. I. ApraMs, Director, New York State Joint Leg-
islative Committee on Problems of the Aging, New-
burgh, New York.

An analysis is presented of major legislation af-
fecting the aging that came before the first session
of the 84th Congress: attitudes of party leaders
within the U. S. Congress toward old age legisla-
tion; pressures upon Congress in the field of the
aging; major issues affecting the aged that will come
before the next session of Congress; the stake of
gerontology in Congressional hearings dealing with
appropriations for research are presented. The age
composition of the current Congress is set forth.

Recreation for the Aged in Different Cultures.

GEOoRGENE E. BowEN, Director, Education-Recre-
ation for Older Peovle, Health and Welfare Coun-
cil, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

The Gerontological Tour of Europe in the summer
of 1954 gave the opportunity of visiting the native
lands of many of America’s senior citizens; to observe
the cultural patterns and practices there; to compare
and evaluate them in the light of American experience
in the field of recreation.

The forms of recreation the present older Conti-
nental European know are centered around the family
and the community. However, the devastation of
war, the spread of industrialization, the isolation of
the aged in refugee camps and in some housing
schemes have torn many of them away from their
home communities. On the Continent it has not
been discovered how to help aged persons replace
lost friendships and restore to them opportunities to
participate in community life. Never has their social
need been generally recognized.

Industrialization in England and in the United
States long ago changed our pattern of living.
It scattered and transplanted families. Older people
lost not only the holiday gatherings of their families
but also the community recreation forms in which
they once took part. Under these circumstances, older
Britons and Americans have long suffered for the
need of companionship and a more satisfying way
of life in their later years.

The world in general is not yet aware of the thera-
peutic value of a leisure-time program, or its impor-
tance to the spiritual and physical well-being of
elderly human beings. The possibilities of person-
ality development in the atmosphere of enjoyment
have but dimly been perceived.

Home, family, and community have been lost to
many older people around the world. An objective
analysis indicates how traditions and folk ways of the
old and new worlds can be combined to help restore
these values.

Psychiatric Elements in Aging.

M. E. Linpen, Director, Division of Mental Health,
Philadelphia Department of Public Health; Re-
gional Director, Commonwealth Mental Health
Center, Philadelphia.

In addition to the normal psychologic needs of the
aging it is found that there are essentially 4 groups
of psychiatric conditions in later maturity: (1)
Chronic brain syndrome, dementia vera of senility,
(2) Senile psychosis, (3) Psychosis with cere-
bral arteriosclerosis, (4) Other psychiatric condi-
tions in the senium.

While the aged have essentially threefold require-
ments, sociologic, physiologic, and psychologic, these
are manifested in psychical activity. Socio-dynamic
factors of setting aside isolation and neglect consti-
tute social rejection, either real or. imagined, to
which the aging individual reacts by an intrapsychic
panic state. This may eventuate in tightened de-
fenses or loss of defenses. In both instances in-
trapsychic regression takes place. Regression can
occur to any level of previously experienced psycho-
logic development. Regression may be complete.
The stages of arrest are diagnostic of certain neurotic
elements which have lain dormant throughout life.
The process of regression is reversible in many in-
stances. Therapeutic programs must be aimed at
diagnostic entities if treatment is to be effective.

A Good Adjustment.

A. SALAMONE, Director, Adult Education Center
St. Louis Universitu, St. Louis, Missouri.

Happiness and good health in the later years
depend on neace of mind which in turn comes
from a sense of being well adiusted.

In terms of planning your life, this poses the
need for developing a blueprint of living in line
with your desires. A person must begin early in
life to discover his proper niche at which he can
achieve his best possible personal satisfaction.

The nace of life today creates tensions. Man
needs to achieve inner poise and to create new
levels of self-discipline, if he is to live creatively
in the midst of modern confusion.

We have to decide whether we really believe in
the work we are presently doing in regards to
our aged, or whether we are only guessing.

Modern science has provided machines which have
eliminated many of the personal tasks required in
the past that helned build self-discipline and _per-
sonal interest in living; if we have failed to discipline
ourselves to do what we ought to do to achieve
and to develop other interests, then we have paid
too high a price for our modern conveniences.

In order to fully understand the present day man,
especially older man as a living, reacting being, new

476 JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

concepts and methods must be adapted by psychology
and the social sciences.

We need a new basic theory in psychotherapy that
will enable us to deal with the real and pressing
problems of modern man.

Too many of our present day psychoanalytic groups
seem to be devoting more time and energy to de-
fining dogma and buttressing their fortresses rather
than to a creative search for new theories, especially
concerning longevity, which will lead to new truth.

I believe that today we have the greatest crop

of college students in our history. The role of the
college student will be that of the leader of the
future . . . yet we are not training enough of them
to assume leadership in dealing with problems that
many of our present day persons will be faced
with in their later years. We are not training our
present day college graduates on methods for meet-
ing their own old age problems.

A good adjustment—putting a round peg in a
round hole—that makes for a satisfactory life . . .
and not a major maladjustment, frustration, fear,
worry, and chronic unhappiness.

148:

148!

148:

148

148

148

148

148

14!

14:

14

14

14

INDEX TO CURRENT PERIODICAL LITERATURE

14849,

14850.

14851.
14852.
14853.
14854.

14855.

14856.
14857.
14858.

14859.
14860.

14861.

NATHAN W. SHOCK

Gerontology Section
National Heart Institute
National Institutes of Health

The subject categories are those in A Classified Bibliography of Gerontology and
Geriatrics by Nathan W. Shock published by Stanford University Press, Stanford, California
(1951). Only major headings are used and the Roman numerals correspond to those
given in the bibliography. In so far as possible, references are classified according to organ
systems. Thus most of the material on Geriatrics will be found under the organ system
involved in the disease. Cross references are indicated by number at the end of each
section. When available, abstract references are given (B.A.—Biological Abstracts: P.A.—
Psychological Abstracts: and P.I.—Population Index). Abbreviations for journals are
those used in A World List of Scientific Periodicals Published in the years 1900-1933, 2nd
Edition. For journals not listed, abbreviations were devised according to the general rules
used in the above source. It is impossible to cover all journals and list all papers concerned
with aging and the aged. Authers and publishers are requested to call attention to pub-
lications or to send reprints to the Gerontology Section, Baltimore City Hospitals, Baltimore
24, Maryland. The assistance of the Forest Park Foundation, Peoria, Illinois, in the prep-

aration of these materials is gratefully acknowledged.

GERONTOLOGY

Antognetti, L.:
della vecchiaia.
Benjamin, B.:

Introduzione alla _fisiologia
Athena, 20: 339-342, 1954.
The aging population. Mon.

gerontological research. In: 8rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in
the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 622-627.

: 14862. International Association of Gerontology,
. sey yoo nag Hith. Lab. Sero., Lond., London, 1954, 3rd Congress: Old age in the
carson toate orld. E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
Benmussa, S.: La_ gerontologie. Tunisie pe — be po er
Méd., 42: 1085-1102, 1954 pete a: PP-

Sond Fe aga = Seles 4 14863. Luzzatto, F.: Ultime considerazioni sulla
Binet, L., and F. Bourliére: Symposium sur la vecditaie, Leugealtl, @ (4), 14 1
biologie du vieillard. Pr. méd., 62: 765, 1954. 14864. McC 1 LL J M. H k ads - -
Brandeberry, J.: Our responsibility to the > ey ee Ne Sones: Seen ee ee
aging. Nurs. Outlook, 3: 44-46, Jan. 1955. Hoyt, et. al., (Editors): The changing fam-
Burstein, S. R.: The historical background ily and its dependents. Part III, in: Ameri-
of gerontology. Geriatrics, 10: 189-193, 1955. — Income and Its use, Harper, N. Y., cae
Comfort, A.: The biology of old age. In: xxii, 362 pp. Abstr: P. I., 21: No. 1108, 1955.
Mu. I. Jolsioon M. Abercrombie. and G. E, 14865. Medawar, P. B.: The definition and meas-
Fogg (Editors ) New Biology Penquin urement of senescence. In: G. E. W. Wol-
i liliniitn April 1955 No. 18, pp. stenholme and M. P. Cameron, (Editors),
9-33. F : 7 ’ Ciba Foundation Colloquia on Ageing. .Vol.
Cowdry, E. V.: Ageing; a world problem. I. General Aspects, J. & A. Churchill Ltd.,
Scientia, 89: 114-121, 1954. Abstr: P. A., London, 1955, pp. 4-15.

29: No. 3767, 1955. 14866. Myers, R. J.: Accuracy of age reporting in
Donahue, W., and C. Tibbitts: European the 1950 United States census. J. Amer.
approaches to aging. Publ. Hlth. Rep., statist. Ass., 49: 826-831, 1954. Abstr: P. &
Wash., 70: 581-584, 1955. 21: No. 2357, 1955.

Fleming, C.: Social and individual sig- 14867. Parkes, A. S.: Preservation of tissue in vitro
nificance of ageing. Nature, Lond., 174: 682, for the study of ageing. In: G. E. W. Wol-
Oct. 1954. stenholme and M. P. Cameron, (Editors),
Gaustad, V.: Gerontologic progress in Ciba Foundation Colloquia on Ageing. Vol.
Norway. Geriatrics, 10: 248-251, 1955. I. General Aspects, J. & A. Churchill Ltd.,
Henschen, F.: La verdadera naturaleza del London, 1955, pp. 162-172.

envejecimiento. Pr. méd., 19: 231-235, 1954. 14868. Quartaroli, A.: La vecchiaia fisiologica dal

Hirsch, S.: Senescence, entropy, and cyber-
netics; a clarification of basic concepts in

477

punto di vista chimico-fisico. Giardini Ed.,

Pisa, 1954, 112 pp.

478

14869.

14870.

14871.

_

14872.

14873.

14874.

14875.

14876.

14877.

14878.

14879.

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

Rhode Island Committee on Ageing: Prob-
lems of ageing citizens. Proc. 7th Ann. Inst.
Prob. Govt., Univ. R. I., Kingston, Oct. 26,
1954, 36 pp.

Wolstenholme, G. E. W., and M. P. Cameron
(Editors): Ciba Foundation colloquia on
ageing. Vol. I. General aspects. J. & A.
Churchill Ltd., London, 1955, xii, 255 pp.
Anonymous: What Dr. Osler really said.
Sci. Amer., 92: 243, 1905.

See also No. 14885.
BIOLOGY OF AGING

. CELLULAR BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY

(includes plants )

Andrew, W.: Changes in mitochondria in
various tissues with ageing of the organism.
In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London,
1954, Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S.
Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, p. 157.
Kirk, J. E., and T. J. S. Laursen: Diffusion
coefficients of various solutes for human
aortic tissue. With special reference to vari-
ation in tissue permeability with age. J.
Geront., 10: 288-302, 1955.

Laursen, T. J. S., and J. E. Kirk: Diffusion
coefficients of carbon dioxide and glucose
for a connective tissue membrane from in-
dividuals of various ages. J. Geront., 10:
303-305, 1955.

Moltke, E.: Wound healing influenced by
thyroxine and thyrotrophic hormone; a tensio-
metric study. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol., N. Y.,
88: 596-599, 1955.

Nihei, T., T. Sasa, S. Miyachi, K. Suzuki, and
H. Tamiya: Change of photosynthetic ac-
tivity of Chorella cells during the course of
their normal life cycle. Arch. Mikrobiol., 21:
156-166, 1954.

Pitzurra, M.: Durata del tempo di latenza
in relazione all’eta della cultura madre,
Nouvi ann. Igiene Microb., 5: 177-180, 1954.
Wolf, A.: (Demonstration of dying cells in
growing culture.) Chekh. Biol., 3: 147-151,
1954.

Ziffren, S. E.: The problems of burns in
the aged. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp.
555-559.

See also Nos. 15055, 15091, 15109, 15122,
15360.

IV. LoNGEvity

(case reports, drugs, heredity, marriage,

14880.

occupation, and sex differences )
Biriukova, R. N.: (The Soviet public health

protection and longevity.) Med. Sestra,
Moskva, 11: 7-11, Nov. 1954.

14881. Dunbar, F.: The long-lived; ageing and ill-
ness. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp.
412-420.

14882. Glass, B.: The genetic background of
chronic diseases. (Editorial). J. chronic
Dis., 2: 96-103, 1955.

14883. Rode, E. A.: Prudential mortality experience
by sex. Trans. actuar. Soc. Amer., 6: (14),
48-60, 1954. Abstr: P. I., 21: No. 2095,
1955.

14884. Shurtleff, D.: Mortality and marital status,
Publ. Hlth. Rep., Wash., .70: 248-252, 1955.

14885. Simms, H. S., and B. N. Berg: Factors con-
trolling longevity. Geriatrics, 10: 229-231,
1955. Also in: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern
World, E. & S. Livingston Ltd., London,
1955, pp. 619-622.

See also No. 15460.

IV-C. Lonceviry: Comparative Physiology

14886. Andrejew, A.: Metabolisme intermédiaire
des Mycobactéries; disparition des cyto-
chromes des bacilles tuberculeux en fonction
de lage de la culture; étude spectroscopique.
C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 148: 995-996, 1954.

14887. Binet, L.: Fattori di senescenza in patologia
comparata. (Abstract). Riv. Geront. Geriat.,
5: 28, 1955.

14888. Chabaud, A. G.: Sur le cycle évolutif des
spirurides et de nématodes ayant une biologie
comparable; valeur systématique des carac-
téres biologiques. Ann. parasit., 29: 358-425,
1954.

14889. Clarks, J. M., and M. J. Smith: Hybrid
vigour and longevity in Drosophila sub-
obscura. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp.
628-630.

14890. Comfort, A.: Absence of a parental age
effect upon the longevity of the fruit fly
Drosophila subobscura. In: 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in
the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, p. 628.

14891. Donaldson, H. H.: The rat; data and refer-
ence tables for the albino rat and the Norway
rat. Memoirs of Wistar Inst. Anat. Biol.,
Phil., 2nd Ed., 1924, xiv, 469 pp.

14892. Garnham, P. C.: The life history of the
malaria parasite. Lect. Sci. Basis Med., 2:
323-333, 1952-53.

14893.

14894

14895

1489(

1489

1489

148

149

14¢

1

Sestra,

and ill.
>eront,,
World,
55, pp.

nd of
shronic

rience
(14),
2095,

status,

1955,
$ con-
)-231,
ront.,
odern
ndon,

liaire
-yto-
tion
que.
954.
ogia
iat.,

des
gZie
ac-
25,

rid
tb-

ge
ly
it.
in

14893.

14894.

14895.

14896.

14897.

14898.

14899.

14900.

14901.

14902.

14903.

14904.

14905.

14906.

14907.

INDEX TO CURRENT PERIODICAL LITERATURE

Helmke, R.: Uber die Beeinflussung der
inaktivierenden Wirkung der Wellenliinge
2537 A auf streptomyces griseus-Spren durch
Kiilte und physiologisches Altern. Zbl. Bakt.,
162: 100-103, 1955.

King, H. D.: Life processes in gray Norway
rats during fourteen years in captivity. Amer.
anat. Mem., No. 17, 5-77, 1939.

King, H. D., and H. H. Donaldson: Life
processes and size of the body and organs
of the gray Norway rat during ten generations
in captivity. Amer. anat. Mem., No. 14, 5-
106, 1929.

Schoenherr, K. E.: Untersuchungen iiber die
Lebensdauer von Typhusbakterien in Sauer-
kraut. Arch Hyg., Berl., 138: 511-514, 1954.
Silberberg, R., M. Silberberg, and S. Riley:
Life span of “yellow” mice fed enriched diets.
Amer. J. Physiol., 181: 128-130, 1955.
Simitch, T., Z. Petrovitch, and D. Chibalitch:
La longévité des kvstes d’Entamoeba dysen-
teriae dans les denrées alimentaires. Arch.
Inst. Pasteur T’Algerié, 32: 305-308, 1954.
Vogel, H., and J. Faledo: Uber den Lebens-
zyklus der Lanzettegels, Dicrocoelium dendri-
ticum, in Deutschland. Z. Tropmed. Parasit.,
5: 275-296, 1954.

See also No. 15108.

IV-H. Loncevity: Mortality Rates

Freudenberg, K.:
corrected cancer mortality. )
9: 1240-1242, 1954.
Hamilton, H. C.: Health progress in North
Carolina from 1940-1950 as measured by age-
adjusted mortality tables. N. C. St. Coll.
Raleigh, 1954, Prog. Rep. RS-21, 8 pp. Abstr:
P. I., 21: No. 2099, 1955.

Hammond, E. C.: Smoking and death rates.
S. Dak. J. Med., 8: 16-23, 1955.
Iversen, S.: Human cancer and age.
J. Cancer, 8: 575-584, 1954.

Kretz, J.: Die Krebssterblichkeit der Wiener
Wohnbevilkerung im Jahre 1952. Krebsarzt,
8: 217, 1953.

Mancuso, T. F., E. M. MacFarlane, and J. D.
Porterfield: The distribution of cancer mor-
tality in Ohio. Amer. J. publ. Hith., 45:
58-70, 1955.

Metrop. Life Insur. Co.: Trends in respira-
tory cancer mortality. Statist. Bull. Metrop.
Life Insur. Co., 35: 3-6, Oct. 1954. Abstr:
P. I., 21: No. 2121, 1955.

Rice, M. E., and C. Powell: Life tables for
Mississippi, 1930, 1940, 1950, abridged.
Miss. St. Coll., 1954, Soc. Sci. Stud., Demogr.
Series 1, 34 pp. Abstr: P. I., 21: No. 2103,
1955.

(A new calculation of
Arztl. Wschr.,

Brit.

14908.

14909.

14910.

14911.

14912.

14913.

14914.

14915.

14916.

14917.

14918.

479
Schlomka, G.: Uber Médglichkeiten einer
statistischen Alternscharakteristik auf Grund
von Morbiditiitszahlen. Z. Altersforsch., 8:
318-336, 1955.

Tromp, S. W.: Statistical study of the possi-
ble relationship between mineral constitu-
ents in drinking-water and cancer mortality
in the Netherlands (period 1900-1904).
Brit. J. Cancer, 8: 585-594, 1954.

U. S. Department of Health, Education and
Welfare. Public Health Service. National
Office of Vital Statistics: Death and death
rates for 64 selected causes; United States,
each division and state, Alaska, Hawaii,
Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands, 1952. Vit.
Statist., Spec. Rep., 40: (5), 105-128, 1954.
Abstr: P. I., 21: No. 2400, 1955.

U. S. Department of Health, Education and
Welfare. Public Health Service. National
Office of Vital Statistics: United States life
tables; 1949-1951. Vit. Statist., Spec. Rep.,
41: (1), 1-32, 1954. Abstr: P. I., 21: No.
2105, 1955.

U. S. Department of Health, Education and
Welfare. Public Health Service. National
Office of Vital Statistics: Mortality from
each cause United States; 1951-1953. Vit.
Statist., Spec. Rep., National Summaries, 42:
(4), 57-85, 1955.

Anonymous: ‘Tuberculosis mortality in Fin-
land. Bull. World Hlth. Org., 12: 211-246,
1955.

IV-I. Lonceviry: National Groups

Austria. Statistisches Zentralamt: Die Sterbe-
fille und Todesursachen im Jahre 1953.
Statist. Nachr., 9: 394-398, 1954. Abstr: P.
I., 21: No. 2110, 1955.

Brazil. Conselho Nacional de Estatistica:
A mortalidade da_ populagaéo _ paulista.
Estudos Demograficos No. 92, Rio de Janeiro,

2nd Ed., 1954, 16 pp. Abstr: P. 1., 21:
No. 2075, 1955.
Brazil. Conselho Nacional de Estatistica:

Tdbuas de sobrevivéncia para o Municipio
de Sado Paulo, segundo a mortalidade do
periodo 1949-1951. Estudos Demograficos
No. 100, Rio de Janeiro, 1954, 10 pp. Abstr:
P. I., 21: No. 2096, 1955.

Canada. Dominion Bureau of Statistics:
Vital statistics; 1953.. Queen’s Printer,
Ottawa, 1955, 134 pp. Abstr: P. I., 21:
No. 2387, 1955.

Costabile-Barnabei, M.: Dati _indicativi

statistici sull’andamento della mortalita tra
la popolazione itzliana. Gior. Geront., 3: 104-
119, 1955.

480

14919.

14920.

14921.

14922.

14923.

14924.

149235.

14926.

14927.

14928.

14929.

14930.

14931.

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

Costa Maia, J.: Exemplos de tabelas de
sobrevivéncia da populacéo portuguesa.
Centro Estud. Demograf., No. 8, 1954, pp.
95-105. Abstr: P. 1., 29: No. 2097, 1955.
El Salvador. Direccién General de Esta-
distica y Censos: Tabla de vida abreviada
para la Republica de El Salvador. Afos
1949-1951. Bol. Estad., No. 13, 26-30, Jan.-
Feb. 1954. Abstr: P. 1., 29: No. 2098, 1955.
England. Birmingham. Central Statistical
Office: Abstract of statistics; No. 3, 1953-
1954. The Office, Birmingham, 1954, xiv,
140 pp. Abstr: P. I., 21: No. 2429, 1955.
Germany. Federal Republic. Statistisches
Bundesamt: Die Sterbefille im Jahre 1953
nach Todesursachen, Alter und Geschlecht.
Wirtsch. u. Stat., 6: 570-573, 1954. Abstr:
P. I., 21: No. 2114, 1955.
Gramm, H.: Sterblichkeit,
und Lebensalter.
365, 1955.

Great Britain. General Register Office. Eng-
land and Wales: The Registrar General’s
statistical review of England and Wales for
the year 1953. Part I. Medical tables. H.
M. Stationery Office, London, 1954, x, 366
pp. Abstr: P. I., 21: No. 2427, 1955.

Great Britain. Ministry of Health: Report
of the Ministry of Health for the year ended
31st December 1953. Part II. On the state
of the public health . . . Command 9307.
H. M. Stationery Office, London, 1954, vi,
262 pp. Abstr: P. 1., 21: No. 2428, 1955.
Metrop. Life Insur. Co.: Mortality trends
here and abroad. Statist. Bull. Metrop. Life
Insur. Co., 35: 3-5, Sept. 1954. Abstr: P. I.,
21: No. 2076, 1955.

Norway. Statistisk Sentralbyra: (Life tables
according to the mortality experience of 1946-
1950.) Norges Offisielle Statist., XI, 182,
1-66, 1954. Abstr: P.I., 21: No. 2101, 1955.
Pressat, R.: Vues générales sur la mortalité
francaise depuis la guerre. Population, 9:
477-506, 1954: Abstr: P. I., 21: No. 2078,
1955.

Ros Jimeno, J.: Mortalidad y esperanza de
vide. Rev. int, Soviol., 11: (43), 79-103,
1953. Abstr: P. I., 21: No. 2104, 1955.
Schmidt-Lange, W.:
Lebensfrage Europas.
96: 337-338, 1954.
Statistical Office of the United Nations:
Demographic yearbook — 1954. United Na-
tions Publication, N. Y., 6th Ed., 1954, xiii,
729 pp.

See also Nos. 15164, 15453.

Todesursachen
Z. Altersforsch., 8: 348-

Volkshygiene und die
Miinch. med. Wschr.,

14932.

14933.

14934.

14935.

14936.

14937.

14938.

14939.

14940.

14941.

14942,

14943.

14944,

V. METABOLISM
Barillari, F.: Sull’azione proteo-anabolica
del testosterone in prostatopazienti. Rip,
Geront. Geriat., 5: 18-27, 1955.
Daum, K., W. W. Tuttle, A. Weber, M. T.
Schumacher and J. Salzano: Calcium and
phosphorus utilization in older men, J,
Amer. dent. Ass., 31: 149-151, 1955.
Garcia, P., C. Roderuck, and P. Swanson:
The relation of age to fat absorption in adult
women together with observations on con-
centration of serum cholesterol. J. Nutrit.,
55: 601-609, 1955.
Johnston, L. C., and L. M. Bernstein: Body
composition and oxygen consumption of over-
weight, normal, and underweight women.
J. Lab. clin. Med., 45: 109-118, 1955.
Lorenzi, G. L., and B. De Bernard: Studi
sulla biochimica dell’ossificazione. IV.
Contenuto di cocarbossilasi nella cartilagine
metafisaria e nel sangue del coniglio in re-
lazione all’eta. Boll. Soc. ital. Biol. sper.,
30: 451-453, 1954.
Malm, O. J., R. Nicolaysen, and L. Skjelkvale:
Calcium metabolism in old age as related
to ageing of the skeleton. In: G. E. W.
Wolstenholme and M. P. Cameron, (Editors),
Ciba Foundation Colloquia on Ageing. Vol.
I. General Aspects, J. & A. Churchill Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 109-125.
Patton, M. B.: Further experiments on the
utilization of calcium from salts by college
women. J. Nutrit., 55: 519-526, 1955.
Richet, C.: La ration protidique chez
Yadulte. Sem. Hép. Paris, 31: 132-134, 1955.
Roberts, P. H., C. H. Kerr, and M. A. Ohl-
son: Nutritional status of older women —
nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus retentions of
nine women. J. Amer. diet. Ass., 24: 292-
299, 1948.
Schulze, W.: Protein metabolism and _re-
quirement in old age. In: 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in
the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 122-127.
Shock, N. W., D. M. Watkin, and M. J.
Yiengst: Metabolic aspects of ageing: In:
3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S.
Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 127-137.
See also Nos. 14951, 14977, 15082.

VI. Nutrition
Bonessa, C., and E. Pannaggi: II glutammato
di sodio nella dieta del vecchio. (Abstract).
Gior. Geront., 3: 180, 1955.
Finzi, M.: Vitamine E senescenza.
geront., 4: 188-191, 1954.

Acta

1494

14941

1494

149:

149

14¢

14

14

nabolica

. = -RRiv,

> ee
um and
en, J,

Vanson:
n adult
m con-
Nutrit.,

Body
f over.
vomen,

Studi
IV.
ilagine
in re-
sper.,

kvale:
elated
S. W.
itors ),
Vol.
Ltd.,

n the
lege

chez
1955.
Ohl-
n —
is of

292-
Te-
Int.

e in
itd.,

ato

cta

14945.

14946.

14947.

14948.

14949.

14950.

14951.

14952.

14953.

14954.

14955.

14956.

INDEX TO CURRENT PERIODICAL LITERATURE

Kaplan, L., J. H. Landes, and J. Pincus: The
nutritional status of noninstitutionalized aged
persons. Geriatrics, 10: 287-290, 1955.
McCance, R. A., and E. M. Widdowson:
A fantasy of ageing and the bearing of nu-
trition upon it. In: G. E. W. Wolstenholme
and M. P. Cameron, (Editors), Ciba Founda-
tion Colloquia on Ageing. Vol. I. General
Aspects, J. & A. Churchill Ltd., London,
1955, pp. 186-194.

McCay, C. M.: Bridging the gap between
research and gerontological nutrition. In:
3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S.
Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 99-106.
McCay, C. M.: Research areas in geron-
tology nutrition that are now neglected. In:
G. E. W. Wolstenholme and M. P. Cameron,
(Editors), Ciba Foundation Colloquia on
Ageing. Vol. I. General Aspects, J. & A.
Churchill Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 173-185.
Reid, M. E.: Urinary excretion of ascorbic
acid by guinea pigs at different ages. J.
Nutrit., 35: 619-627, 1948.

Silberberg, M., and R. Silberberg: Diet and
life span. Physiol. Rev., 35: 347-362, 1955.
Silberberg, R., and M. Silberberg: Life span
of mice fed a high fat diet at various ages.
Canad. J. Biochem. Physiol., 33: 167-173,
1955.

Sinclair, H. M.: Too rapid maturation in
children as a cause of ageing. In: G. E. W.
Wolstenholme and M. P. Cameron, (Editors),
Ciba Foundation Colloquia on Ageing. Vol.
I. General Aspects, J. & A. Churchill Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 194-208.

Sinclair, H. M.: The dangers of overfeeding.
In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London,
1954, Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S.
Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 106-113.
Sperling, G., F. Lovelace, L. L. Barnes, C.
A. H. Smith, J. A. Saxton, Jr., and C. M.
McCay: Effect of long time feeding of
whole milk diets to white rats. J. Nutrit.,
55: 399-414, 1955.

Widdowson, E. M., and R. A. McCance:
The response of well-nourished old men to
starvation and of under-nourished old men
to unlimited food. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 113-122.

Young, C. M., C. F. Streis, and B. J. Greer:
Food usage and habits of older workers.
Arch. industr. Hyg. & occup. Med., 10: 501-
511, 1954.

See also Nos. 14897, 14934, 14978, 14985,
15402.

14957.

14958.

14959.

14960.

14961.

14962.

14963.

14964.

14965.

14966.

14967.

14968.

14969.

X. THEORIES

Biirger, M.: Altern und Krankheit. Zahn-
drztl. Rdsch., 64: 2-5, 1955.

Korenchevsky, V.: Autointoxications and
processes of ageing. Texas Rep. Biol. Med.,
12: 1006-1036, 1954.

ORGAN SYSTEMS

I. BLoop

Angeli, G., G. Tedeschi, and F. Cavazzuti:
Il tasso dei basofili del sangue periferico nel
soggetto normale, valutato con un nuovo
metodo di conta diretta. Progr. med.,
Napoli, 10: 742-745, 1954.

Creyx, M., J. Levy, H. Destrem, and A. L.
Buznic: Sur trois cas d’anémie de Biermer
chez des vieillards. J. Méd.. Bordeaux, 131:
1253-1256, 1954.

Eadie, G. S., and I. W. Brown, Jr.: The

potential life span and ultimate survival of

fresh red blood cells in normal healthy
recipients as studied by simultaneous Cp™
tagging and differential hemolysis. J. clin.
Invest., 34: 629-636, 1955.

Hollingsworth, J. W.: Lifespan of fetal
erythrocytes. J. Lab. clin. Med., 45: 469-
473, 1955.

Hollingsworth, J. W., and D. R. Hollings-
worth: Study of totul red cell volume and
erythrocyte survival using radioactive chro-
mium in patients with far advanced pulmon-
ary tuberculosis. Army Med. Serv. Graduate
Sch., Walter Reed Army Medical Center,
Proj. #6-59-12-027, Aug. 1954, Subtask No.
18, pp. 1-7.

Hudson, A. E. A.: Fragility of erythrocytes
in blood from swine of two age groups.
Amer. J. vet. Res., 16: 120-122, 1955.
Kiczak, J., and Z. Wroblewska: (Normal
leukocyte count in the peripheral blood in
adults.) Polsk. Tygod. lek., 10: 110-113,
1955.

Mollison, P. L.: The life-span of red blood-

cells. Lect. sci. Basis Med., 2: 269-286,
1952-53.

Reynafarje, C., N. I. Berlin, and J. H.
Lawrence: Red cell life span in acclimati-

zation to altitude. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol., N.
Y., 87: 101-102, 1954.

Stecher, G.: Art und Verlaufsform der
Leukiimien in verschiedenen Lebensaltern.
Z. Altersforsch., 8: 336-343, 1955.

Van Dyke, D. C., C. W. Asling, N. I. Berlin,
and R. G. Harrison: Failure of cobalt to
influence the life span of the erythrocyte.
Proc. Soc. exp. Biol., N. Y., 88: 488-489,
1955.

482

14970.

14971.

14972.

14973.

14974.

14975.

14976.

14977.

14978.

14979.

14980.

14981.

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

I-A. BLoop: Chemistry
Ackermann, P. G., H. J. Buehler, G. Toro,
and W. B. Kountz: Serum cholesterol,
phospholipid and lipoprotein levels in elderly
male subjects. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol., N. Y.,
88: 447-448, 1955.
Altschul, R.: Lowering of serum cholesterol
by ultraviolet irradiation. Geriatrics, 10: 208-
212, 1955.
Antonini, F. M.: Serum glycolipoproteins,
polysaccharides, and heparinoid substances in
old age and atherosclerosis. In: 3rd Cong.
Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age
in the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone
Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 522-523.
Antonini, F. M.: The §/a ratio of plasma
lipoproteins from youth to old age in human
and experimental atherosclerosis. In: 3rd
Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S.
Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, p. 523.
Antonini, F. M., L. Salvini, and A. Sordi:
The effect of heparin on serum lipids and

lipoproteins in human and _ experimental
atherosclerosis. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the

Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 523-524.

Dunlap, J. S.: The effect of age and preg-
nancy on bovine blood protein fractions.
Amer. J. vet. Res., 16: 91-95, 1955.

Eiber, H. B., A. A. Goldbloom, O. Deutsch-
berger, I. Chapman, and W. R. Loewe: An
outline of the newer methods of study of
atherosclerosis; with emphasis on the 80-100
year group. Geriatrics, 10: 213-220, 1955.
Gillum, H. L., A. F. Morgan, and D. W.
Jerome: Nutritional status of the ageing.
IV. Serum cholesterol and diet. J. Nutrit.,
55: 449-468, 1955.

Gillum, H. L., A. F. Morgan, and F. Sailer:
Nutritional status of the ageing. V. Vitamin
A and carotene. J. Nutrit., 55: 655-670, 1955.
Goldbloom, A. A.: Newer clinical and
laboratory studies in the aged. V. Lipido-
gram by paper electrophoresis in normal pa-
tients 80-100 years of age; a preliminary
report. Amer. J. digest. Dis., 22: 51-58, 1955.
Goldbloom, A. A., and H. B. Eiber: Newer
clinical and laboratory studies in the aged.
VI. Serum lipids, lipoproteins and athero-
genic index in “normal” subjects 80-100 years
of age. J. Amer. geriat. Soc., 3: 367-380,
1955.

Herbeuval, R., G. Cuny, M. Manciaux, and
J. Hansen: The study of the distribution of
blood protein fractions in 200 aged subjects.
In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London,

14982.

14983.

14984.

14985.

14986.

14987.

14988.

14989.

14990.

14991.

14992.

14993.

14994.

14995.

1954, Old Age in the Modern World, E. & §.
Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 574-
578.

Hill, R. M., and V. Plasma
albumin, globulin and fibrinogen in healthy
individuals from birth to adult life. J. Lab.
clin. Med., 26: 1838-1849, 1941.

Hobson, W.: Some studies of blood bio-
chemistry in the elderly. In: 3rd Cong.
Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age
in the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone
Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 384-392.
Jakobsen, P. E., and J. Moustgaard: Unter-
suchungen iiber die Serumproteine _ bei
Schweinen von der Geburt bis zur Gesch-
lechtsreife. Nord. vet. Med., 2: 812, 1950.
Morgan, A. F., H. L. Gillum, and R. I.
Williams: Nutritional status of the aging.
III. Serum ascorbic acid and intake. J.
Nutrit., 55: 431-448, 1955.

Morgan, A. F., M. Murai, and H. L. Gillum:
Nutritional status of the aging. VI. Serum
protein, blood nonprotein nitrogen, uric acid
and creatinine. J. Nutrit., 55: 671-685, 1955.
Nitsch, W.: Uber den Ejiweissegehalt des
menschlichen Blutserums (zur Kritik einer
Methode). Z. ges. innere Med., 3: 540-542,
1948.

Orlowski, T., and B. Kleczkowski: (Blood
protein level in normal males.) Polsk. arch.
Med. Wewn., 24: 63-70, 1954.

Parfentjev, I. A., and M. L. Johnson: The
plasma protein pattern and its significance i
geriatrics and cancer diagnosis. Geriatrics,
10: 232-238, 1955.

Polson, A.: Variation of serum composition
with the age of horses as shown by electro-
phoresis. Nature, Lond., 152: 413-414, 1943.
Rechenberger, J., and G. Hevelke: Die
Tagesrhythmik des Serumeisenspiegels in
ihrer Abhingigkeit vom Lebensalter. Z.
Altersforsch., 8: 343-347, 1955.

Smith, M. J., and K. W. Taylor: Blood con-
centrations of pyruvic and a-ketoglutaric
acids in normal people and diabetic patients.
Lancet, 1: 27, 1955.

Trevorrow, V., M. Kaser, J. P. Patterson, and
R. M. Hill: Plasma albumin, globulin, and
fibrinogen in healthy individuals from birth
to adulthood. II. “Normal” values. J.
Lab. clin. Med., 27: 471-486, 1942.
Viergiver, E.: The concentration of urea
nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid in the
serum of normal individuals. Bull. Ayer clin.
Lab., 4: (21), 61-66, 1954.

Wilkinson, C. F., Jr.: Effects of lipotropes
and sitosterol on the level of blood lipids
and the clinical course of angina pectoris.

Trevorrow:

14996

14997

1499!

1499

150€

1501

15

15

, EL & §.
yp. 574.

Plasma
healthy
J. Lab.

od bio-
l Cong.
Md Age
ingstone

Unter-
ie bei
Gesch-
, 1950.
R. =
aging,
we. §

sillum:
Serum
c acid
1955.
lt des
einer
0-542,

Blood
arch,

The
ice in
itrics,

sition
sctro-
1943,

Die
; in

Z.

con-
taric
ents.

and
and
virth

J.

rea
the
Tin.

pes
ids
ris.

INDEX TO CURRENT PERIODICAL LITERATURE

J. Amer. geriat. Soc., 3: 381-388, 1955.
See also Nos. 14932, 14934, 14986, 15077.

III. CarpIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

(blood vessels, blood pressure, hypertension,
blood volume, veins, and arteriosclerosis )

14996.

14997.

14998.

14999.

15000.

15001.

15002.

15003.

15004.

15005.

Antonini, F. M., L. Salvini, and A. Sordi:
Relationship between lipoproteins, heparinoid
substances in plasma, and the pathogenesis
of atherosclerosis. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 521-522.

Bonessa, C., and U. Milla: Ricerche sulla
permeabilita capillare nel vecchio con il
metodo di Amsler e Huber. (Abstract).
Gior. Geront., 3: 180, 1955.

Canepa, R.: Trattamento dell’ipertensione
dell’eta senile con jodio associato a vitamina
C. Riv. Geront. Geriat., 4: 245-255, 1954.
Dacso, M. M.: Changes in the circulation
of the hemiplegic extremities; an experimental
and clinical study. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 492-499.

Droller, H., J. Pemberton, C. Roseman, and
J. Grout: Cardiovascular disease in a random
sample of elderly people. Brit. med. J., 2:
968, 1952.

Epstein, F. H., and E. P. Boas: The prev-
alence of manifest atherosclerosis among
randomly chosen Italian and Jewish garment
workers; a preliminary report. J. Geront.,
10: 331-337, 1955.

Franklin, K. J.: The last half-millimetre, or
the blood capillaries. In: 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in
the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 476-492.

Greppi, E.: The temporal arthritis (Horton’s
disease) in the aged. In: 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in
the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 519-521.

Grollman, A.: The interrelationship of hyper-
tension, arteriosclerosis, and the ageing proc-
ess. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp.
517-519.

Hartroft, W. S.: The premature ageing of
the cardiovascular system produced in young
rats by dietary choline deficiency. In: 3rd
Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S.

15006.

15007.

15008.

15009.

15010.

15011.

15012.

15013.

15014.

483

Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 475-
476.

Lansing, A. I.: Ageing of elastic tissue and
the systemic effects of elastase. In: G. E.
W. Wolstenholme and M. P. Cameron, (Edi-
tors), Ciba Foundation Colloquia on Ageing.
Vol. I. General Aspects, J. & A. Churchill
Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 88-108.

McMillan, G. C., L. Horlick, and G. L. Duff:
Cholesterol content of aorta in relation to
severity of atherosclerosis; studies during
progression and retrogression of experimental
lesions. Arch. Path., Chicago, 59: 285-290,
1955.
Norgaard, A.:
sons of full physical fitness. )
Stockholm, 53: 311-313, 1955.
Rinzler, S. H., J. Travell, and D. Karp: De-
tection of coronary atherosclerosis in the
living animal by the Ergonovine stress test.
Science, 121: 900-902, 1955.

Scanu, A.: Possibilita e limiti dell’impiego
dell’eparina in piccole dosi nel trattamento
della malattia ateriosclerotica umana. Gior.
Geront., 3: 155-168, 1955.

Scanu, A., and §. Schiano: Tentativo di
applicazione della reazione di nagler alla
diagnostica sierologica della malattia atero-
Acta geront., 4: 179-187,

(Blood pressure in older per-
Nord. Med.,

sclerotica umana.

1954.
Vega Diaz, F.: Algunos problemas clinicos
de la _ cardiopatologia senil. II Cong.

Nacional Geront. y Geriat., Valencia, July
1954, 375 pp.

Vergani, L.: Aspetti
parato cardiovascolare senile.
(4), 19-22, 1954.
Anonymous: A medicacao preventiva da
hipertensao dos velhos. Med. cirurg. Pharm.,
Rio de J., 223: 533-534, 1954.

See also Nos. 14873, 14995, 15036, 15170,
15292.

semeiologici dell’ap-
Longevita, 4:

IlI-G. CarpriovascuLaR SystEM: Heart

(heart, anatomy and physiology, heart disease,
coronary artery disease, and myocardial disease )

15015.

Barbareschi, G.: Arteriosclerosi coronarica;
studio istopatologico con particolare riferi-
mento all’apparato elastico. Gior. Geront., 3:
195-225, 1955.

A cardio-

15016. Borges, V. V., and P. Schlesinger:
patia reumatica ands os 40 anos de idade.
Arq. brasil Med. nav., 44: 373-382, 1954.
15017. Burton, C. R.: Anticoagulant therapy in

fresh infarction of the heart. J. Amer. geriat.
Soc., 3: 226-231, 1955.

484

15018.

15019.

15020.

15021.
15022.

15023.

15024.

15025.

15026.

15027.

15028.

15029.

15030.
15031.
15032.

15033.

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

Cesarman Vitis, T., E. Sahagin De La Parra,
and C. J. Sanchez Pena: El corazén en la
edad avanzada. Arch. Inst. Cardiol. México,
24: (2), 158-174, March 1954.

Clawson, B. J.: Syphilitic cardiac deaths in
over fifty thousand autopsies. Minn. Med.,
33; 437-440, 1950.

Frhr, H., and B. Kress: Das Altersherz.
Dtsch. med. J., 3: 373, 1952.
Gillmann, H., and W. Vogel: Uber das

Elektrokardiogramm im Greisenalter. Dtsch.
med. Wschr., 80: 283-285, 1955.
Gregorezyk, K.: (Electrocardiography in
aged.) Polsk. Tygod. lek., 9: 1186-1189,
1954.

Kazmeier, F., W. Schild, and W. Schild:
Zur Frage des Einflusses der durch die
Keimdriisenhormone und durch Alterungs-
vorgiinge bedingten Gefissverinderungen auf
das Ballistokardiogramm. Zbl. Gyndk., 76:
2027-2032, 1954.
Kitchell, J. R.:
with coronary atherosclerosis.
Ass., 48: 31-37, 1955.

Kohler, H., and G. Dirksen: Uber Zellveriin-
derungen in den Herzganglien des Haus-und
Wildschweines und deren Bedeutung. Dtsch.
tierérztl. Wschr., 61: 174, 1954.

Olbrich, O., E. Woodford-Williams, and D.
Webster: The measurement of cardiac out-
put in the aged with sodium fluorescein. In:
3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 499-517.
Rodstein, M.: The diagnosis of cardiac hy-
pertrophy in the aged; clinical pathological
correlations in 55 individuals. Amer. J. med.
Sci., 229: 525-533, 1955.

Schlegel, R.: Uber die Verteilung ver-
schiedener Herzformen auf Alter und Ge-
schlecht. Miinch. med. Wschr., 96: 1159-
1161, 1954.
Schnur, S.:
cardial infarction.
tient’s age to prognosis.
41; 294, 1954.

Starr, I.: Normal standards for amplitude
of ballistocardiograms calibrated by force.
Circulation, 11: 914-926, 1955.

Stroud, W. D.: Patients with healed myo-
cardial infarction should work. Geriatrics,
10: 184-188, 1955.

Vega Diaz, F.: Problemas cardiovasculares
de los estados de choque en el anciano.
Folia clin. int., 4: (11), 1-18, 1954.
Zimmermann-Meinzingen, O., E. Wustinger,
and K. Hofbauer: Die Altersgruppierung
und dispositionelle Faktoren des akuten Myo-

Management of the patient
J. Okla. med.

Mortality rates in acute myo-
III. The relation of pa-
Ann. intern. Med.,

15034.

15035.

15036.

15037.

15038.

15039.

15040.

15041.

15042.

15043.

15044.

kardinfarktes. Wien. med. Wschr.,

1007-1010, 1954.

104;

See also Nos. 15133, 15180.

IV. CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND CARTILAGE

Delaunay, A.: Le vieillisement du tissu con-
jonctif et des substances intercellulaires,
Concours méd., 77: 435-436, 1955.

Hall, D. A.: The mineral requirements of
the elastase-elastin system. In: 3rd Cong,
Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age
in the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone
Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 165-171.

Wood, G. C.: Some properties of the col-
lagen component of elastic tissue and _ their
change with age. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 157-164.

See also Nos. 14874, 14936, 15099, 15108,
15116, 15130, 15357.

V. ENpbOcCRINE SysTEM
(includes sex glands and climacteric )

Assus, A., and J. Morali: A propos d’une
hémorragie utérine aprés la ménopause. Bull.
Féd. soc. gyn. obst. fr., 6: 475-476, 1954.

Bernhard, P.: Die klimakterische Fettsucht
und ihre Behandlung. Med. Mschr., 8: 793-
797, 1954.

Blumenthal, H. T.: Influence of weight

(age) diet and dosage on response of thy-
roid and parathyroid glands of male guinea
pig to potassium iodide; effect of this sub-
stance on adrenal gland. Endocrinology, 31:
226-236, 1942.

Blumenthal, H. T.: Aging processes in the
endocrine glands of various strains of normal
mice; relationship of hypophyseal activity to
aging changes in other endocrine glands. J.
Geront., 10: 253-267, 1955.

Bomski, H.: (Age, sex and occupation of
patients with Addison-Biermer’s anemia.)
Polsk. Tygod. lek., 10: 981-991, 1954.
Boot, L. M., and O. Miihlbock: The ovarian
function in old mice. Acta physiol. pharm.
neerl., 3: 463-464, 1954.

Eckstein, P.: The duration of reproductive
life in the female. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 190-199.

Freeman, H., G. Pincus, F. Elmadjian, and
L. P. Romanoff: Adrenocortical reactivity
in aged schizophrenic patients. In: G. E.

15045

15046

15047

1504!

15

151

E

ssu con-
llulaires,

ents of
| Cong.
Md Age
ngstone

he col-
d their
Assoc.
in the
> Led,

15108,

d’une

Bull.

tsucht
793-

veight
~ thy-
uinea

sub-

1, SI:

1 the
rmal
ty to

J

n of
ria. )

rian
rm.

tive
soc.

the
td.,

and
vity
E.

15045.

15046.

15047.

15048.

15049.

15050.

15053.

15056.

15057.

15058.

INDEX TO CURRENT PERIODICAL LITERATURE

W. Wolstenholme and M. P. Cameron,
(Editors), Ciba Foundation Colloquia on
Ageing. Vol. I. General Aspects, J. & A.
Churchill Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 219-247.
Gayet-Hallion, T., and I. Bertrand: Varia-
tion, suivant lage, de l’induction mitogéné-
tique dans le corps thyroide du rat. Arch.
Sci. phys. nat., 8: 279-285, 1954.

Greenblatt, R. B.: Metabolic and psycho-
somatic disorders in menopausal women.
Geriatrics, 10: 165-169, 1955.

Hamburger, C.: Six years’ daily 17-keto-
steroid determinations in one subject; sea-
sonal variations and independence of volume
of urine. Acta endocrinol., 17: 116-127, 1954.
Hartl, F., and C. Fischer: Morphologische
Veriinderungen an der Adenohypophyse des
Menschen und ihre Beziehungen zu Leben-
salter, Geschlecht und Konstitution. Z. Al-
tersforsch., 8: 301-308, 1955.

Hess, E., R. B. Roth, and A. F. Kaminsky:
Is there a male climacteric? Geriatrics, 10:
170-173, 1955.

Heupke, W., and G. Meyerheim:
krankheit und Lebenserwartung.
med. Wschr., 96: 1303-1305, 1954.
Kambe, S., S. Yamamoto, T. Nakanishi, and
K. Ito: Pineal body tumor in a sixty year
old man. Gann, Tokyo, 45: 326-327, 1954.
Kinsell, L. W.: Emergency and prophylactic
corticoid therapy in individuals past 50. J.
Amer. geriat. Soc., 3: 285-291, 1955.
Kléppner, K.: Thekazellgeschwulst Dauer-
blutungen in der Menopause und Fibromyom
des Uterus bei 69 jahriger Patientin mit
Zeichen von Verjiingung. Medizinische,
Stuttgart, 47: 1576-1577, 1954.

Krag, C. L.: The community health as-
pects of diabetes mellitus among older people.
In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London,
1954, Old Age in the Modern World, E. &
S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 547-
552.

Krohn, P. L.: Tissue transplantation tech-
niques applied to the problem of the ageing
of the organs of reproduction. In: G. E. W.
Wolstenholme and M. P. Cameron, (Editors),
Ciba Foundation Colloquia on Ageing. Vol.
I. General Aspects, J. & A. Churchill Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 141-161.

Kiichel, O., and V. Hruska: (Contribution
to the clinic of thyrotoxicosis in the aged.)
Cas. Lék. &es., 93: 1337-1339, 1954.

Kiihne, P., and H. Billion: Die Altersregres-
sion der Schilddriisenfunktion im Radiojod-
test. Arztl. Wschr., 10: (3), 62, 1955.
Lichtwitz, A., and J. Crepeaux: L’impianto
ormonale polisteroide; cura della menopausa

Zucker-
Miinch.

15059,

15060.

15061.

15062.

15064.

15065.

15066.

15067.

15068.

15069.

15070.

15071.

15072.

485

senescente. (Abstract). Riv. Geront. Ger-
iat., 5: 30-31, 1955.

Lugg, J. W., and J. M. Bowness: Renal ex-
cretion of 17-ketosteroids by members of
some ethnic groups living in Malaya. Nature,
Lond., 174: 1147-1148, 1954.

McGavack, T. H., J. Chevalley, and S. Pear-
son: Variations in the response of individuals
of different ages to an antithyroid compound
(methimazole). In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 202-211.

Mapp, L. M.: Ovarian tumors in Honolulu,
Hawaii; their racial frequency and age dis-
tribution. Hawaii med. J., 14: 218-220, 1955.
Martensson, J.: Cardiovascular and_ renal
findings in longstanding diabetes mellitus. A
study of 221 patients surviving at least 15
years. Acta med. scand., 138: 94-107, 1950.
Masters, W. H.: Rationale of sex steroid re-
placement in the “neutral gender.” J. Amer.
geriat. Soc., 3: 389-395, 1955.

Molitor, K.: Die Frau im Klimakterium.
Dtsch. Gesundhwes., 9: 1411-1417, 1954.

Neber, H.: Bestehen Beziehungen zwischen

einem Leberschaden und_ klimakterischen
Beschwerden? Zbl. Gyndk., 76: 1948-1951,
1954.

Pascual del Roncal, F.: Accién del propi-
onato de testosterona (perandren) sobre el
estado psiquico de los ancianos. Rev. Med.
Cienc. afines, 9: 654-685, 1951.

Pearson, S., and T. H. McGavack: The ef-
fect of age upon the relative gonadal adreno-
cortical activity of the male. J. Geront., 10:
312-314, 1955.

Raffy, A.: E-vitamin es klimakérium.
Hetil., 95: 1213-1216, 1954.

Richter, H. M., J. M. Mora, and D. H. Wag-
ner: One-stage thyroidectomy for thyro-
toxicosis in the aged. Surg. Gynec. Obstet.,
69: 178-182, 1939.

Robinson, A. M.: The excretion of 17-
ketosteroids in men of different age-groups
with special reference to prostatic cancer.
Brit. J. Cancer, 2: 13-17, 1948.

Rubin, B. L., R. I. Dorfman, and G. Pincus:
17-ketosteroid excretion in ageing subjects.
In: G. E. W. Wolstenholme and M. P.
Cameron, (Editors), Ciba Foundation Col-
loquia on Ageing. Vol. I. General Aspects,
J. & A. Churchill Ltd., London, 1955, pp.
126-140.

Salmon, J. J., R. I. Walters, and S. H. Geist:
Use of estrogens in the treatment of dysuria
and incontinence in postmenopausal women.
Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec., 42: 845-851, 1941.

Orv.

486

15073.

15074.

15075.

15076.

15077.

15078.

15079.

15080.

15081.

15082.

15083.

15084.

15085.

15086.

15087.

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

Saxton, J. A., and L. Loeb: Thyroid stimu-
lation and gonadotropic hormones of the
human anterior pituitary gland at different
ages and in pregnant and lactating women.
Anat. Rec., 69: 261-279, 1937.

Scheuer, F.: Die klimakterischen Arthrosen.
Miinch. med. Wschr., 96: 1156-1158, 1954.
Schmiemann, R.: Ist eine kausale Behand-
lung klimakterischer Stérungen médglich?
Medizinische, Stuttgart, 41: 1372-1374, 1954.
Starr, P.: Homeostasis in older people; with
special reference to thyroid and adrenal func-
tions in stress. Geriatrics, 10: 174-183, 1955.

Starr, P.: Thyroxine therapy in preventive
geriatrics. J. Amer. geriat. Soc., 3: 217-225,
1955.

Stefensen, K. A.: Albuminuria in diabetes
and its relation to age at onset of diabetes.
Danish med. Bull., 1: 200-203, 1954.

Stoll, P., and H. G. Bach: Zur Bedeutung
der Blutung in der Menopause. Dtsch. med.
Wschr., 79: 1559-1561. 1954

Tapfer, S.: Klimakterische Beschwerden
und ihre Behandlung. Wien. med. Wschr.,
105: 24-28, 1955.

Taylor, W. E., K. Caughran, and B. Hill:
Diabetic detection survey during entrance
physical examinations at a small college; pre-
liminary report. J. Lancet, 74: 247-252,
1954.

Watkins, D. M., J. M. Parsons, M. J. Yiengst,
and N. W. Shock: Metabolism in the aged;
the effect of stanolone on the retention of
nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, and calcium
and on the urinary excretion of 17-keto, 11-
oxy, and 17-hydroxy steroids in eight elderly
men on high and low protein diets. J. Ger-
ont., 10: 268-287, 1955.

Zapparoli, G. C.: La menopausa dal punto
di vista psicologico. . Riv. sper. Freniat. An-
trop., 78: 297-312, 1954.

See also No. 14932.

VI. Gastro-INTESTINAL SysTEM
Andresen, A. F.: The problem of gall-stones
in the aged. Med. Times, N. Y., 83: 46-56,
1955.

Bauer, W. H.: Old age changes in human
parotid glands with special reference to pe-
culiar ‘cells in uncommon salivary gland tu-
mors. J. dent. Res., 29: 685, 1950.
Brotherus, J. V.: Acute appendicitis in old
persons. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, p.
560.

Bugyi, B.: (Gastropathies in aged.) Fogorv.
szemle, 47: 177-180, 1954.

15088.

15089.

15090.

15091.

15092.

15093.

15094.

15095.

15096.

15097.

15098.

15099.

15100.

15101.

15102.

15103.

Byrne, R. V.: Diagnosis of polyps of the
rectum and colon. Geriatrics, 10: 262-264,
1955.

Cavalieri, U.: Le ripercussioni geriatriche
degli interventi laparatomici. Gior. Geront.,
3: 233-238, 1955.

Church, L. E.: Age changes in the nucleus
of salivary glands of Wistar Institute rats,
Oral Surg., 8: 301-314, 1955.

Franzini, C., R. Sorrentino, and P. Mezzetti:
Sul comportamento del rapporto citoplasma-
tico-nucleare determinato su sezioni di fegato
di topi albini cancerizzabili seguiti dalla nas-
cita alla senescenza; nota _ preventiva.
Tumori, 40: 433-439, 1954.

Glenn, F., and D. M. Hays: The age factor
in the mortality rate of patients undergoing
surgery of the biliary tract. Surg., Gynec.
Obstet., 100: 11-18, 1955.
Hiltebrandt, C.: Die
Schlussbisslage zahnloser Kiefer.
Welt, 9: 446-451, 1954.
Karpisek, J.: (Peptic ulcer in the aged.)
Gastroentegologia, 4: 22-30, 1950.

Mahlo, A.: Das Altersgeschwiir und die Al-
tersgastritis. Medizinische, Stuttgart, 3: 105-
107, 1955.

Noer, R. J.: Diverticular disease of the
colon. Geriatrics, 10: 221-224, 1955.

Petra, V.: Zur Klinik und Prognose der
Hepatitis epidemica alter Leute. Z. ges. in-
nere Med., 9: 1250-1252, 1954.

Schubert, G. E.: Die Appendicitis im hé-
heren Lebensalter. Med. Klinik, 49: (46),
1840-1842, 1954.

Seige, K., and G. Klein: Untersuchungen
iiber die Funktion der Ohrspeicheldriise. II.
Mitteilung der Amylasegehalt des Parotisse-
kretes in den verschiedenen Altersstufen. Z.
Altersforsch., 8: 309-317, 1955.

Southwick, H. W., D. P. Slaughter, and J.
A. Bollinger: Idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric
stenosis in an elderly adult. [Illinois med.
J., 107: 139-141, 1955.

Tauchi, H., and T. Morikawa: (On the na-
ture of senile atrophy of liver and spleen in
comparison with non-senile atrophy.) Nagoya
med, J., 2: 80-89, 1954. (English summary,
pp. 1-12).

Winter, C. C.: Prostatic carcinoma involv-
ing the rectum; the problem of differentiation
from other malignant lesions. Calif. Medi-
cine, 82: 85-90, 1955.

See also Nos. 14934, 15065.

Bestimmung = der
Zahnéirztl.

VII. KipNey

Binet, L., C. Laroche, and G. Mathe: Con-

15104

15105

1510€

1510

1510

151¢

151)

15]

15

; Of the
262-264,

riatriche
Geront,,

nucleus
te rats,

ezzetti:
plasma-
| fegato
lla nas-
yentiva,

> factor
rgoing
Gynec.

r der
ndrztl.

aged. )

lie Al-
: 105-

f the

> der
S. in-

1 hé-

(46),

ingen
Il.
tisse-

; me

a f.
loric
med.

na-
n in
oya

olv-
tion

odi-

15104.

15105.

15106.

15107.

15108.

15109.

15110.

15111.

15112.

15113.

15114.

15115.

15116.

INDEX TO CURRENT PERIODICAL LITERATURE

tributo allo studio del rene senile. (Abstract).
Riv. Geront. Geriat., 5: 28-30, 1955.
Eckerstrém, S.: The problem of urinary in-
continence in old age. In: 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 544-545.

Landi, A.: Il rene nella senescenza del cane.
Gior. Geront., 2: 539-544, 1954.

Olbrich, O., and D. Webster: Renal func-
tion in prostatism. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in .the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 545-546.

Thung, P. J.: Age changes in the mouse
kidney. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp.
150-154.

Verzar, F.: Compensatory hypertrophy of
kidney and adrenal in the lifespan of rats.
In: 38rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London,
1954, Old Age in the Modern World, E. &
S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 139-
150.

VIII. Lympuatic SystEM

Silberberg, M., and R. Silberberg: Role of
age in estrogen-induced lymphoid tumors of
mice. Arch. Path., Chicago, 47: 340-349,
1949.

Oakberg, E. F.: Distribution and amount of
lymphoid tissue in some of the splanchnic
nerves of chickens in relation to age, sex, and
individual constitution. Poult. Sci., 29: 420-

436, 1950.

IX. MuscuLar SysTEM

Bick, E. M.: The physiology of the aging
process in the musculoskeletal apparatus.
Geriatrics, 10: 274-277, 1955.

Gerstle, M., Jr.: Myasthenia gravis; remarks

on age incidence; report of a case. Calif.
west Med., 30: 113-114, 1929.
Hiner, R. L., and O. G. Hankins: The

tenderness of beef in relation to different
muscles and age of the animal. J. Anim. Sci.,
9: 347-353, 1950.

Schiavetti, L., and E. Cerimele: Fisiopa-
tologia del muscolo striato nelle malattie
reumatiche. Reumatismo, Milano, 6: 38-47,
1954.

Schwarz, G. A., and G. King:
lar diseases of later maturity. Part I.
atrics, 10: 197-207, 1955.

Wilson, G. D., R. W. Bray, and P. H. Phil-
lips: The effect of age and grade on the

Neuromuscu-
Geri-

15117.

15118.

15119.

15120.

15121.

15122.

15123.

15124.

15125.

15126.

15127.

15129.

15130.

15131.

15132.

487

collagen and elastin content of beef and
veal. J. Anim. Sci., 13: 826-831, 1954.

See also No. 15489.

X. Nervous SystEM
(neurology )
Bahov, J.: Un cas de maladie de Parkinson
guéri. Lyon méd., 86: 361-363, 1954.
Barlen, F.: Die Behandlung des Parkin-
sonismus mit einem neuen Belladonna-Alka-

loid. Medizinische, Stuttgart, 7: 254-255,
1955.
Berris, H.: Parkinsonism; preliminary re-

port on two new antiparkinsonian agents. J.
Lancet, 74: 245-246, 1954.

Brain, W. R.: Cerebral lesions in old age.
In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London,
1954, Old Age in the Modern World, E. &
S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 395-
401.

Brisotto, P.: Incoordinazione accessuale
senile di riflessi al guigulo. Minerva otor-
inolar., Torino, 4: 293-295, 1954.

Brody, H.: Organization of the cerebral cor-
tex. III. A study of aging in the human
cerebral cortex. J. comp. Neurol., 102: 511-
556, 1955.

Browder, E. J., and H. A. Kaplan: Con-
cerning the neural mechanism of Parkinsonian
tremor. J. Neurosurg., 11: 578-582, 1954.
Cavalieri, U.: Le malattie del sistema ner-
voso senile. Longevitd, 4: (4), 3-12, 1954.
de Leonardis, L.; Il pigmento giallo del
piede della terza circonvoluzione frontale
nelle varier eta della vita. Monit. zool. ital.,
56: (Suppl), 264-266, 1948.

Droller, H.: Deaths and survivals of elderly
patients suffering from hemiplegia. Med. Pr.,
—: 514-516, June 1, 1955.

Eitinger, L.: Presenile dementia (Alzheim-
er’s and Pick’s diseases). Acta psychiat.
Neur. scand., 29: 411-421, 1954.

. Fazekas, J. F., J. Kleh, and F. A. Finnerty:

Influence of age and vascular disease on cere-
bral hemodynamics and metabolism. Amer.
J. Med., 18: 477-485, 1955.

Godina, G.: Mutamenti dei neuroni dei
gangli simpatici di animali domestict durante
laccrescimento e nella senescenza. Monit.
zool. ital., 57: (Suppl.), 83-86, 1950.

Graves, J., and H. E. Himwich: Age and
the water content of rabbit brain parts.
Amer. J. Physiol., 179: 205-208, 1954.
Halliday, G. G.: Parkinson’s diseases. J.
Kans. med. Soc., 55: 721-730, 1954.
Kuhlenbeck, H.: Some _ histologic age
changes in the rat’s brain and their rela-

488

15133.

15134.

15135.

15136.

15137.

15138.

15139.

15140.

15141.

15142.

15143.

15144.

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

tionship to comparable changes in the human
brain. Confinia neurologica, Basel, 14: 329-
342, 1954.

Morgurgo, M., C. Serra, and G. Mars: Sull
’analisi comparativa dei dati elettroencefalo-
grafici ed elettrocardiografici in pazients di eta
senile. Minerva med., Roma, 46: 361-364,
1955.

Muller, O. H.: The effect of age on the
protein concentration of cerebrospinal fluid
of “normal” individuals and patients with
poliomyelitis and other diseases. Amer. J.
med. Sci., 5: 510, 1954.

Mundy-Castle, A. C.: An analysis of cen-
tral responses to photic stimulation in nor-
mal adults. EEG clin. Neurophysiol., 5: 1-22,
1953. Abstr: P. A., 29: No. 1927, 1955.
Nielsen, J. M., and S. L. Marvin: Parkin-
sonism and trauma. Bull. Los Angeles neurol.
Soc., 19: 193-196, 1954.

Obrist, W. D., and L. F. Bissell: The elec-
troencephalogram of aged patients with
cardiac and cerebral vascular disease. J.
Geront., 10: 315-330, 1955.

Pampiglione, G., and F. Post: The value
of electroencephalographic examination in
elderly psychiatric patients with suspected
brain lesions. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in .the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 430-433.

Robinson, R. A.: The correlation between
EEG abnormality and senile arteriosclerotic
organic deterioration. In: 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 433-437.

Rossini, R., R. Reggiani, and G. Zanocco:
Rilievi elettroencefalografici nell’atrofia cere-
brale. Riv. Patol. nerv. ment., 75: 378-390,
1954.

Rusk, H. A.: Early management of the para-
plegic patient. U.S. Armed Forces med. J.,
6: 157-161, 1955.

Russell, W. R.: Diseases of the spinal cord
and peripheral nerves in old people. In:
3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 401-403.
Sack, H., and H. G. Handrick: Zur Patho-
genese und Therapie des Schlaganfalles.
Medizinische, Stuttgart, 1: 12-21, 1955.
Schwab, R. S., M. E. Chafetz, and S. Walker:
Maintaining two voluntary motor activities
at the same time; normal values and its im-
pairment in Parkinson’s disease. Trans. Amer.
neurol. Ass., (79th Meet.), —: 216-220,
1954.

15145.

15146.

15147.

15148.

15149.

15150.

15151.

15152.

15153.

15154,

15155.

15156.

XI.

Schwab, R. S., and E. M. Chapman: The
value of depressing with radioactive iodine
the thyroid function of selected patients with
Parkinson’s disease. Trans. Amer. neurol,
Ass., (79th Meet.), —: 117-121, 1954.
Shimoda, Y., N. Hanazono, A. Koizumi, A,
Murakami, K. Kodowaki, and T. Tanaka:
EEG changes and age factor. II. The fre-
quency analysis, topographical abnormality
and paroxysmal discharges on the EEG of
normal children in from 4 to 15 years of age.
Folia psychiat. neurol. japon., 8: 202-203,
1954.

Silverman, A. J., E. W. Busse, and R. H.
Barnes: Studies in the processes of aging;
electroencephalographic findings in 400 el-
derly subjects. EEG clin. Neurophysiol., 7:
67-74, 1955.

Sjéqvist, O.: Surgery in Parkinson’s disease.
Zbl. Neurochir., 14: 16-21, 1954.

Sulkin, N. M.: The occurrence, distribution
and nature of PAS-positive substances in the
nervous system of the senile dog. In: 3rd
Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 156-157.
Vogt, C., and O. Vogt: Uber Wesen und
Ursache des Alterns der Hirnzelle. Forsch.
Fortschr. dtsch. Wiss., 21-23: 61-62, 1947.
Weihs, E.: Zur Euphyllinbehandlung der
Apoplexie. Dtsch. med. Wschr., 79: (40),
1493, 1954.

Wesselius, L. F.: Psychotherapy in the
treatment of organic brain disorder following
cerebral vascular accident. Bull. Menninger
Clin., 18: 97-106, 1954. Abstr: P. A., 29:
No. 2912, 1955.

Winter, R.: Euphyllin zur Behandlung des
Schlaganfalles in der taglichen Praxis. Wien.
med. Wschr., 105: 37-38, 1955.

Ziegler, D. K., and F. Torres: Parsidol in
the treatment of Parkinsonism. Neurology, 5:
197-200, 1955.

Zier, A., and L. J. Doshay: Treatment of
Parkinsonism with pagitane hydrochloride;
results in 142 patients. Neurology, 4: 682,
1954.

Anonymous: Stellate ganglion block and
apoplexy. J. Amer. med. Ass., 157: 1219,
1955.

See also Nos. 15110, 15500.

REACTIONS OF THE Bopy As A WHOLE

(allergy, anoxia, anesthesia, anthropometry, drugs,
exercise, immunity, sleep, and temperature

15157.

regulation )

Astrand, P.-O.: A study of capacity for hard

15158.

15159.

15160

15161

15162

1516¢

1516:

1516:

1516

1516

151€

151

15]

15

The
iodine
ts with
neurol,
4,
mi, A,
anaka;
ne fre-
‘mality
EG of
of age,
2-203,

R. H.
aging;
0 el-
ee

sease,

ution
n the
3rd
1954,
Liv-
-157.
und
rsch,
947.
der

40),

the
ving
anger
29:

des
ien.

in

poe

of
de;
82,

nd
19,

15158.

15159.

15160.

15161.

15162.

15163.

15164.

15165.

15166.

15167.

15168.

15169.

15170.

15171.

15172.

15173.

15174.

INDEX TO CURRENT PERIODICAL LITERATURE

muscular work of 17 to 19-year-old male

youths. Arbeitsphysiologie, 15: 251-254,
1953.

Ausherman, H. M.: Anesthesia for the
elderly patient. Sth. med. J., Birmingham,
48; 130-134, 1955.

Boehmig, A.: Konstitutionstypen und Al-
tersleistungen beim Sport. Dtsch. med.
Wschr., 79: (36), 1344-1346, 1954.
Boehmig, A.: Uber Gewichts- und Alters
kKlasseneinteilung. Dtsch. med. Wschr., 80:
(5), 194-195, 1955.

Brabetz, V.: Was kann das Cytotoxische
Serum leisten? Hippokrates, 25: (19), 620-
621, 1954.

de Feélice, S.:
des Frangaises.
1317-1319, 1954.

Dodd, R. B.: Anesthesia for the elderly.
Amer. Surg., 21: 262-267, 1955.

Dublin, L. I: The influence of weight on
certain causes of death. Hum. Biol., 2: 159,
1930.

Dublin, L. I., and H. H. Marks: Mortality
of women according to build — experience in
standard issues. Proc. Amer. life Insur. Med.
Dir., 25: 203, 1939.
Flach, A., and G. Voss:
ung im héheren Alter.
517, 1954.

Fliickiger, E., and F. Verzar: Lack of adap-
tation to low oxygen pressure in aged ani-
mals. J. Geront., 10: 306-311, 1955.
Garn, S. M., and R. V. Harper: Fat ac-
cumulation and weight gain in the adult male.
Hum. Biol., 27: 39-49, 1955.

Gaustad, V.: (Insomnia in aged.) .Tidssk.
norske LaegeForen., 74: 743-744, 1955.
Gonzales Cruz, A.: Modificaciones de la
presién venosa con el esfuerzo en personas
sanas de edad geriatrica. Med. esp., 32:
124-129, 1954.

Gonzales Cruz, A.: El indice de Schneider
y el producto amplitud-frecuencia en per-
sonas sanas de edad geridtrica. Med. esp.,
32: 271-275, 1954.

Gross, L.: Susceptibility of suckling-infant,
and resistance of adult, mice of the C3H and
of the C57 lines to inoculation with AK
leukemia. Cancer, 3: 1073-1087, 1950.
Hirschman, G. E.: Anesthesia problems in
the geriatric patient. J. Amer. osteop. Ass.,
54; 284-288, 1955.

Hollcroft, J. W., E. Lorenz, M. Matthews,
and C. C. Congdon: Long-term survival
following X irradiation and the irradiation
of the a particles from radon and its decay

Recherches sur l’anthropologie
C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 239:

Uber die Curarisier-
Chirurg., 25: 514-

15175.

15176.

15177.

15178.

15179.

15180.

15181.

15182.

15183.

15184.

15185.

15186.

15187.

15188.

15189.

489

products. J. nat. Cancer Inst., 15: 1059-
1069, 1955.

Johnson, J. B.: The problem of the aging

face. Plastic & Reconstr. Surg., 15: 117-121,
1955.
Koons, R. A.: Anesthetic management of

the aged for fractured hip surgery. Geri-
atrics, 10; 225-228, 1955.

Kornfeld, W..: Durchschnittswerte
fiir die anthropometrische Analyse von Kér-
perbau und Entwicklung. Oster. Z. Kinder-
heilk. u. Kinderfiir., 10: 71-88, 1954.

Lehr, D.: Problems of chemotherapy in the
older age group. J. Amer. geriat. Soc., 3:
355-366, 1955.

Maguire, R. X., and K. A. Merendino: Ef-
fect of age on mechanism of death and abil-
ity to tolerate acute hypothermia in dog.
Arch. Surg., Chicago, 70: 367-373, 1955.
Master, A. M., and H. L. Jaffe: Physiologic
effects of obesity upon the heart; the inci-
dence of obesity in coronary disease. J.
Amer. geriat. Soc., 3: 299-305, 1955.
Norris, A. H., and N. W. Shock: Age dif-
ferences in the efficiency of manual exercise
in males. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern
World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London,
1955, pp. 214-220.

Neuere

Pett, L. B.: A Canadian table of average
weights. Canad. med. Ass. J., 72: 12-14,

1955.

Rosenbaum, S.: Heights and weights of the
army intake. J. roy. statist. Soc., 117: 331-
347, 1954. Abstr: P. I., 21: No. 2219, 1955.
Saxen, E. A.: On the factor of age in the
production of subcutaneous sarcomas in mice
by 20-methylcholanthrene. J. nat. Cancer
Inst., 14: 547-569, 1953.

Sheldon, W. A.: Atlas of men; a guide for
somatotyping the adult male at all ages.
Harper & Brothers, N. Y., 1954, xvi, 357 pp.
Abstr: P. A., 29: No. 1908, 1955.

Skerlj, B.: Further evidence of age changes
in body form based on material of D. A. W.
Edwards. Hum. Biol., 26: 330-336, 1954.
Springer, E.: Zur Praxis und Theorie der
Bogomoletzkuren; Erfahrungen mit CSB
(Cytotoxisches Serum Berna bei Chronisch-
kranken in der Anstalt). Praxis, 43: 1022-
1025, 1954.

Trotter, M.: Adjustment for ageing in stat-
ure estimates from long bones. In: 3rd
Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, p. 155.
Upton, A. C., and J. Furth: Spontaneous
and radiation-induced pituitary adenomas of

490

15190.

15191.

15192.

15193.

15194.

15195.

15196.

15197.

15198.

15199.

15200.

15201.

15202.

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

mice. J. nat. Cancer Inst., 15: 1005-1021,
1955.

Verzar, F., and E. Fliickiger: Lack of
adaptation to low oxygen pressure in aged
animals. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern
World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London,
1955, pp. 524-532.

Wittich, F. W.: Respiratory allergies and
their modifications in patients over 45 years
of age. J. Amer. geriat. Soc., 3: 239-247,
1955.
Anonymous:
diminuzione di peso.
194, 1954.

See also Nos. 14902, 14935, 15038.

La resistenza dell’obeso alla
Acta geront., 4: 192-

XII. RepropuctiveE SysteEM

(ovaries, testis, see Endocrine System )
Bash, W. H.: Differential fertility in Madi-

son County, New York; 1865. Milbank mem,
Fd. quart. Bull., 33: 161-186, 1955.

Eddy, R. W.: Gynecology in the elderly
patient. Ohio St. med. J., 44: 1210-1212,
1948.

Gause, R. W.: Geriatric gynecology at the
New York Hospital. Obstet. Gynec., 5: 423-
430, 1955.

Heady, J. A., C. Daly, and J. N. Morris:
Social and biological factors in infant mor-
tality. II. Variation of mortality with
mother’s age and parity. Lancet, 1: 395-397,
1955.

Heady, J. A., C. F. Stevens, C. Daly, and
J. N. Morris: Social and biological factors
in infant mortality. IV. The independent
effects of social class, region, the mother’s
age and her parity. Lancet, 1: 499-503,
1955.

McCullough, M.: Vaginal plug for pro-
cidentia in elderly women. Lancet, 1: 491,
1955.

Mace, J., Jr., and L. Maryanov:
uterus in an elderly multigravida.
med. J., 4: 18-20, 1955.

Morris, J. M.: Gynecologic carcinoma in
the older patient. J. Amer. geriat. Soc., 3:
259-269, 1955.

Mihlbock, O.: Hypertrophy of secondary
sex organs in old female mice. In: 3rd
Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.. London, 1954, Old
Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Living-
stone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 199-202.
Ortavant, R.: Contribution a l’étude de la
durée du processus spermatogénétique du
Bélier a Vaide du “P. C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris,
148: 804-806, 1954.

Myomatous
Maryland

15203.

15204.

15205.

15206.

15207.

15208.

15210.

15211.

15212.

15213.

15214.

15215.

Peretz, A., and K. Fuchs: Pregnancy and

delivery in elderly primiparae. Harefuah,

48; (2), 23-26, 1955.

Piccioni, V.: Il parto nelle primipare at-

tempate. Clin. Ostet. Ginec., 56: 249-267,

1954.

Williamson, P. J., and C. H. Lake: The

elderly primipara. Obstet. Gynec., 5: 37-42,

1955.
XIII.

RESPIRATORY SysTEM

Bates, D. V., and R. V. Christie: Effects of
ageing on respiratory function in man. In:
G. E. W. Wolstenholme and M. P. Cameron,
(Editors), Ciba Foundation Colloquia on
Ageing. Vol. I. General Aspects, J. & A.
Churchill Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 58-68.

Bour, H.: Remarques sur le poumon des
viellards. Concours méd., 77: 439-440, 1955.
Cade, R., and W. F. Miller: A comparison
of the effects of intermittent positive pressure

(IPPB), bronchodilators alone, and IPPB
plus nebulized bronchodilators in patients
with chronic pulmonary disease. Proc. clin.

Res., 2: 135, 1954.

Ferris, B. G., Jr., and C. W. Smith: Maxi-
mum breathing capacity and vital capacity
in female children and adolescents. Pedia-
trics, 12: 341-352, 1953.

Fleischhans, B., M. Neumann, J. Klima, V.
Barta, V. Kvasnitka, and M. Maxa: (Chronic
bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema in
farmers.) Cas. Lék. ées., 94: 158-163, 1955.
Fowler, W. S., H. F. Helmholz, Jr., and R.
D. Miller: Treatment of pulmonary emphy-
sema with aerosolized bronchodilator drugs
and intermittent positive pressure breathing.
Proc. Mayo Clin., 28: 743, 1953.

Fry, D. L., R. V. Ebert, W. W. Stead, and
C. C. Brown: The mechanics of pulmonary
ventilation in normal subjects and in patients
with emphysema. Amer. J. Med., 16: 80-97,
1954.

Goudriaan, J. C.: The treatment of broncho-
pneumonia in the aged. In: 3rd Cong.
Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age
in the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone
Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 552-555.
Graimprey, J.:
en spirographie.
657, 1954.
Great. Britain. Ministry of Health: Mor-
tality and morbidity during the London fog
of December 1952. H. M. Stationery Of-
fice, London, Rpts. Publ. Hlth. & Med. Sub-
jects, 1954, No. 95. Abstr: P. I., 21: No.
2115, 1955.

Les valeurs dites normales
Rev. méd. Nancy, 79: 648-

1522

1522

1522

15:

*y and
refuah,

ire at-
19-267,

The
37-49,

cts of
In:
neron,
la on
& A,
68.
1 des
1955.
irison
‘ssure
IPPB
tients
clin.

Maxi-
acity
edia-

ee
ronic
| in
955.
1 R.
phy-
rugs
ing.

and
lary
ents

-97,

ho-
ng.
ige
one

les

18-

or-
ow
)f-
b-

15216.

15217.

15219.

15220.

15223.

15224.

15226.

INDEX TO CURRENT PERIODICAL LITERATURE

Uber die Hiiufigkeit der letalen
Beitr. Klin.

Grosse, H..:
Tuberkulose beim Erwachsenen.
Tuberk., 112: 121-130, 1954.

Hastings, O. L.: Intermittent positive pres-
sure breathing in chronic diseases of the lung;
the A. D. Becker Memorial Lecture, 1954.
J. Amer. osteop. Ass., 54: 349-351, 1955.

Ingegnieros, S., M. Repaci, and L. Vergani:
Reazione anticorpale nei soggetti anziani in
seguito a vaccinazione anti-influenzale. (Ab-
stract). Gior. Geront., 3: 181-182, 1955.

Motley, H. L., and R. H. Smart:
emphysema; physiologic factors in diagnosis
J. Amer. geriat.

Pulmonary

and advances in therapy.
Soc., 3: 316-329, 1955.
Needham, C. D., M. C. Rogan, and I. Mc-
Donald: Normal standards for lung volumes,
intrapulmonary gas-mixing, and maximum
breathing capacity. Thorax, 9: 313-325, 1954.
Ragaini, S., and F. Mandler: Ulteriori
rilievi anatomo-patologici sulla frequenza
della tubercolosi Osped. maggiore,
42: 366-373, 1954.

Riley, R. L., A. Himmelstein, H. L. Motley,
H. M. Weiner, and A. Cournand: Studies
on the pulmonary circulation at rest and dur-
ing exercise in normal individuals and in pa-
tients with chronic pulmonary disease. Amer.
J. Physiol., 152: 372, 1948.

Sartorelli, E., and S. Ingegnieros: Valu-
tazione della funzionalita respiratoria nei sog-
getti anziani mediante l’ossimetria arteriosa

senile.

in lavoro. (Abstract). Gior. Geront., 3: 181,
1955.
Sartorelli, E., S. Ingegnieros, and G. Martelli:
Sulla frequenza e = gravita dell’enfisema
polmonare senile. Gior. Geront., 3: 129-136,
1955.

Scarrone, L. A., R. Levin, and A. L. Barach:
Variations in the vital-capacity measurement
in patients with bronchial asthma and pul-
monary emphysema. N. Engl. J. Med., 252:
(2), 57-59, 1955.

Simpson, T.: Acute respiratory. infections
in emphysema; an account of 118 cases.
Brit. med. J., 1: 297, 1954.

Tala, P., M. J. Karvonen, J. Patiala, and J.
V. Lieto: Normal values for vital capacity
and maximum breathing capacity in Finnish
subjects. Ann. Med. intern. Fenniae, Hel-
sinki, 43: 270-280, 1954.

Wilson, R. H., W. Hoseth, and M. E.
Dempsey: The effects of breathing 99.6%
oxygen on pulmonary vascular resistance and
cardiac output in patients with pulmonary
emphysema and chronic hypoxia. Ann.
intern. Med., 42: 629-637, 1955.

15229.

15230.

15231.

15232.

15233.

15234.

491

Yamada, N., and K. Tatai: Vital capacity,
maximum breathing capacity and maximum
breathing rate in healthy male adults. Jap.
J. Physiol., 4: 246-250, 1954.

See also No. 15206.

XIV. SENsE ORGANS AND PERCEPTION

Del comportamento del
Ann.

Boles-Carenini, B.:
senso cromatico in relazione all’eta.
Ottalm. clin. Ocul., 80: 451-458, 1954.
Covell, W. P.: Noise-induced hearing loss
and presbycusis. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 403-409.

Droller, H., and J. Pemberton: Vertigo in
a random sample of elderly people living
in their homes. J. Laryng., 67: 689, 1953.
Forsius, H.: Arcus senilis corneae; its clini-
cal development and relationship to serum
lipids, proteins and _ lipoproteins. Acta
ophthal., Kbh., —: (42), 1-78, 1954.
Friedman, A. P.: Headache; diagnosis and
treatment. J. Amer. geriat. Soc., 3: 399-
415, 1955.
Goldhan, U.:
Lebensalter.
1955.

Lange, F.: Uber die Pupillomotorik im Alter.
Klin Mbl. Augenheilk., 124: 76, 1954.
Lavagna, L: Cataratta e senescenza. (Ab-
stract). Riv. Geront. Geriat., 5: 31-32, 1955.
Leydhecker, W., and P. Niesel: Statistische
Berechnung der physiologischen Grenzwerte
bei Glaukom-Belastungsproben. Klin. Mbl.
Augenheilk., 125: 458-467, 1954.

Mitsui, Y., C. Tanaka, and K. Yamashita:
Changes in the constitution with age. Its
influence on the clinical symptoms of con-
Amer. J. Ophthal., 39: 540-546,

Exophthalmometerwerte und
Z. Altersforsch., 8: 365-369,

junctivitis.
1955.
Orma, E.: Vertigo and dizziness in old
people. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern
World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London,
1955, pp. 409-412.

Siirala, U.: Uber den Bau und die Funktion
des Ductus und Saccus endolymphaticus bei
alten Menschen. Z. Anat. EntiwGesch.,
111: 246-265, 1942.

Szafran, J.: Experiments on the greater use
of vision by older adults. In: 3rd Cong.
Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age
in the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone
Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 231-235.

See also Nos. 15258, 15477.

492

15243.

15244.

15245.

15246.

15247.

15248.

15249.

15250.

15251.

15252.

15253.

15254.

15255.

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

XV. SKELETAL SYsTEM

Anderson, T. P.: Management of degener-
ative joint disease of the knee. Arch. phys.
Med., 36: 154-159, 1955.

Cugurra, F.: Sullo studio della permeabilita
articolare in vivo. Arch. ital. Sci. Farmacol.,
4: 277-282, 1954.

F¥lemming, C.: Orthopaedic surgery in the
elderly. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern
World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London,
1955, pp. 560-562.

Scaglietti, O: Lombo-arthrite et lombo-
sciatalgie. Acta orthopaed. belg., 20: 372-
385, 1954.

Warren, M. W.: The management of the
elderly double amputee. In: 3rd Cong.
Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age
in the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone
Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 562-570.

See also No. 15397.

XV-A. SKELETAL SystEM: Bone

Barnes, L. L., and C. M. McCay: Bone
tumours by radioactive calcium. In: 3rd
Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S.
Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, p. 180.
Bohatirchuk, F.: Macro-roentgenographical
and _histo-roentgenographical (micro-radio-
graphical) data on the adaptation of human
skeleton to the ageing of the body. In:
3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London,
1954, Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S.
Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 155-
156.

Ciarpaglini, L.: Considerazioni attuali e
rilievi intorno alla malattia ossea di Paget.
Radiolog. med., 40: 976-1106, 1954.

Cobb, W. M.: The age incidence of suture
closure. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, p.
155.

Deakins, M. L.: Changes in the composition
of bone with age. J. dent. Res., 27: 758,
1948.

Doberauer, W.: Ergebnisse genagelter
Schenkelhalsbriiche bei Menschen hohen
Alters. Klin. Med., Wien, 9: 381-390, 1954.
Henschen, F.: I] cranio del vecchio nell’uomo
e nella donna. Riv. Geront. Geriat., 5: 1-17,
1955.

Hunter, R. B.:
in aging people.
265-266, 1955.

Prognosis for fractured hips
Northw. Med., Seattle, 54:

15256. Knese, K. H., D. Voges, and I. Ritschl:

15258.

XV-E.
15261.

15262.

15263.

15264.

15265.

15266.

15267.

15268.

15269.

15270.

Untersuchungen iiber die Osteon-und Lamel-
lenformen in Extremititenskelet des Erwach-
Z. Zellforsch., 40: 323-360, 1954.

senen.

. Pafiella-Casas, M., J. Monteys, D. Ferrer, F,

Manchon, and G. Hernandez: Osteoporose
sénile. Concours méd., 77: 436-439, 1955,
Pietruschka, G.: Zur Frage der Augen-
verinderungen bei der Ostitis deformans
Paget in Beziehung zur Arteriosklerose. Klin.
Mbl. Augenheilk., 125: 171-183, 1954.
Schrage, W.: Beitrag zur hormonalen Thera-
pie des Morbus Paget. Medizinische, Stutt-
gart, 1: 46-47, 1955.

Stewart, T. D. Metamorphosis of the joints
of the sternum in relation to age changes in
other bones. Amer. J. phys. Anthrop., 12:
519-535, 1954.

SKELETAL SystEM: Arthritis and Rheumatism®

Ball, J.: Rheumatoid arthritis and _poly-
arthritis nodosa. Ann. rheumat. Dis., 13:
277-290, 1954.

Borkenhagen, R., and A. Elfenbaum: Den-

tine dysplasia associated with rheumatoid
arthritis and hypervitaminosis D. Oral Surg.,
8: 76-81, 1955.

Caramanian, M. K.: Polyarthrities aigués et
infections des voies respiratories supérieures;
la prophylaxie. Sem. Hép. Paris, 31: 490-
500, 1955.

Castelli, D., and V. Daneo: Sul comporta-
mento del complemento e delle sue frazioni
nell’artrite reumatoide e sui rapporti
col fattore emoagglutinate. Reumatismo,
Milano, 6: 346-355, 1954.

Cobb, S., W. R. Merchant, and J. E. Warren:
An epidemiologic look at the problem of
classification in the field of arthritis. J.
chronic Dis., 2: 50-54, 1955.

Coulon, R., R. Charlier, and L. Vanders-
missen: Action de la cystéinamine sur une
codyn., 99: 474-480, 1954.

Daneo, V., and G. Einaudi: Comportamento
dei polisaccaridi proteici nelle malattie reuma-
tiche. Reumatismo, Milano, 6: 316-321,
1954.
Dresner, E.:
rheumatoid arthritis.
111, 1955.

Ebaugh, F. G., Jr., R. E. Peterson, G. P.
Rodnan, and J. J. Bunim: The anemia of
rheumatoid arthritis. Med. Clin. N. Amer.,
—: 489-498, March 1955.

Gamp, A., E. J. Kirnberger, and A. Bopp:
Untersuchungen iiber Kreatin-Stoffwechsel-

suoi

Aetiology and pathogenesis of
Amer. J. Med., 18: 74-

*Selected references.

1527)

1527:

1527

1527

Ritschl;
Lamel-
rwach-
54.
Ter, F,
yporose
1955.
Augen-
ormans

Klin.

Thera-
Stutt-

joints
ges in
‘> ae

itism®

poly-
» Ie

Den-
1atoid
Surg.,

és et
ures;
490-

orta-
zioni
porti
ismo,

rren:
n of

} E

lers-
une

ento
ima-

321,

15271.

15275.

15276.

15277.

15278.

15280.

15284.

INDEX TO CURRENT PERIODICAL LITERATURE

stérungen bei chronischem Gelenkrheumatis-
mus. Z. Rheumaforsch., 13: 387-394, 1954.
Gamp, A., and H. Oswald: Das Bluteiweiss-
bild in der klinischen Beurteilung chronisch
rheumatischer Erkrankungen. Z. klin. Med.,
151: 397-406, 1954.

Gedda, P. O.: On amyloidosis and other

causes of death in rheumatoid arthritis. Acta
med. scand., 150: 443-452, 1955.
Houli, J., and H. Monteiro Marinho: Bone
marrow in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann.
rheumat. Dis., 13: 327-330, 1954.
Jawetz, E., and E. V. Hook: Differential

sheep cell agglutination test in rheumatoid
arthritis. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol., N. Y., 70:
650-653, 1949.

Jones, R. S., V. Carter, and J. DeW. Rankin:
Rheumatic-like lesions in the guinea-pig; a
correlation of toxic, anaphylactogenic, anthro-
pathic and chemical properties of certain
crude polysaccharides from Klebsiella pneu-
moniae type B. Brit. J. exp. Path., 35: 519-
527, 1954.

Kalliomaki, L.: Correlation of the erythro-
cyte sedimentation rate and gold complica-
tions in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. rheumat.
Dis., 13: 336-337, 1954.

Lloyd-Roberts, G. C.: Osteoarthritis of the
hip; a study of the clinical pathology. J.
Bone Jt. Surg., Brit. Ed., 37-B: (1), 8-47,
1955.

Ludwig, A. O.: Psychiatric considerations
in rheumatoid arthritis. Med. Clin. N. Amer.,
—: 447-458, March 1955.

Mathieu, P. W., J. Delarue, and V. Barré:
Aux confins du rhumatisme et de la goutte;
une banale histoire d’arthrite du poignet.
Rev. Rhumat., Paris, 21: 693-694, 1954.
Mettier, S. R.: Rheumatoid arthritis; diag-
nosis in peripheral joint affliction. Calif.
Medicine, 82: 181-185, 1955.

O'Neill, D.:
rheumatism.
66, 1955.
Pike, R. M., S. E. Sulkin, and H. C. Cogge-
shall: The hemagglutination test for rheuma-
toid arthritis. Med. Clin. N. Amer., —:
379-391, March 1955.

Pohl, W.: Klinische Beobachtungen iiber
nervale Einfliisse beim Rheumatismus. Med.
Klinik, 49: 1686-1689, 1954.

Polley, H. F.: The diagnosis and treatment
of rheumatoid spondylitis. Med. Clin. N.
Amer., —: 509-528, March 1955.

Ravina, A.: Conceptions modernes sur la
prophylaxie du rhumatisme articulaire aigu.
Pr. méd., 63: 3-4, 1955.

Discussion on psychogenic
Proc. roy. Soc. Med., 48: 65-

15286.

15289.

15292.

15293.

15294.

15295.

15298.

15299.

15300.

15301.

. Scholz, H., and C. Steffen:

493

Reynolds, W. E., and C. L. Short: The
clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis.
Med. Clin. N. Amer., —: 365-577, March
1955.

Robecchi, A., and V. Daneo: Observations
cliniques et expérimentales sur la réaction de
Waaler-Rose en rhumatologie. Rev. Rhumat.,
Paris, 21: 829-840, 1954.

Saxl, A.: Arthritis und spastische Gelenk-
skontraktur. Wien. klin. Wschr., 66: 688-
691, 1954.

Scharff, O., and R. Pohl: Zur Pathogenese
und Therapie der Periarthritis humeroscapu-
laris. .Wien. klin. Wschr., 66: 688-691, 1954.
Die Bedeutung
der Reaktionslage des Organismus fiir die
Entwicklung und die Therapie der rheuma-
tischen Gelenkserkrankungen.. Klin. Med.,
Wien., 9: 479-492, 1954.

Scopinaro, D., R. Rivano, and S. Solari:
Quelques aspects des perturbations du métab-
olisme musculaire dans la polyarthritie chroni-
que évolutive. Rew. Rhumat., Paris, 21: 841-
845, 1954.

Serra-Peralba, A., and P. Barcelo: La per-
meabilidad capilar en las afecciones reuma-
ticas. Rev. esp. Reumat., 5: 363-367, 1954.
Stecher, R. M.:
ritis. Med. Clin.
March 1955.
Sundt, P. E.:

Hereditary factors in arth-
N. Amer., —: 499-508,

Discussion on psychogenic

rheumatism. Proc. roy. Soc. Med., 48: 66,
1955.

Tegner, W.: Discussion on psychogenic
rheumatism. Proc. roy. Soc. Med., 48: 69-
70, 1955.

Auto-sensi-
Rev.

Toussant, J., and G. Gaudin:
bilitsation et polyarthrities chroniques.
Rhumat., Paris, 21: 880-881, 1954.

Vorlaender, K. O., W. Fitting, and H.

Blankenheim: Auto-Allergie und Rheuma-
tismus. Z. Rheumaforsch., 13: 276-296,
1954.

Wahl, R.: Polyarthrites aigués et infections
des voies respiratories supérieures; strepto-
coques et rhumatismes. Sem. Hép. Paris, 31:
479-484, 1955.

Wilson, H., R. Fairbanks, C. McEwen, and
M. Ziff: Studies on the metabolism of
adrenal cortical steroids in the synovial cavity
in rheumatoid arthritis, Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci., 61: (Art. 2), 502-510, 1955.

Zhekov, S.: Chronic arthritis following
Salmonella toxin infection.) Suvrem. med.,
5: 70-74, 1954.

Ziff, M., J. Simson, E. Sculle, A. Smith, J.
Shatton, and D. Mainland: Aminotripepti-

494

15302.

XV-E. SKELETAL SyYsTEM:

15303.

15304.

15305.

15306.

15307.

15308.

15309.

15310.

15311.

15312.

15313.

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

dase content of synovial fluid in arthritic dis-
J. clin. Invest., 34: 27-34, 1955.

(Activities of the Seventh In-
Klin.

eases.
Anonymous:
ternational Congress on Rheumatism. )
med., Mosk., 32: 9-18, 1954.

Arthritis and
Rheumatism Therapy®

Bilka, P. J., and M. H. Weil:
therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.
Med., 42: 638-643, 1955.
Bohman, F.: Gold treatment in rheumatoid
arthritis with some notes on hormone-gold
and hormone-salazopyrin therapy. Acta
genet., Basel, 5: (Suppl.), 1-164, 1954.
Boland, E. W.: Present status of hydro-
cortisone as a therapeutic agent in rheuma-
toid arthritis. Part II. Use of cortisone,
hydrocortisone, and certain synthetic steroids
in systemic diseases. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,
61: (Art. 2), 349-357, 1955.

Boland, E. W.: Experiences with 9-alpha-
fluorohydrocortisone acetate in rheumatoid
arthritis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 61: (Art 2),
591-598, 1955.

Boland, E. W., and N. E. Headley: Pre-
liminary clinical trials with 9-alpha-fluoro
hydrocortisone acetate in rheumatoid arth-
ritis. Ann. rheumat. Dis., 13: 291-296, 1954.
Bollet, A. J., and J. J. Bunim: The impor-
tance of serial joint x-rays in the evaluation
of treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Med.
Clin. N. Amer., ——: 439-445, March 1955.
Bunim, J. J., R. L. Black, A. J. Bollet, and
M. M. Pechet: Metabolic effects of meta-
cortandralone and metacortandracin. Ann.
N. Y. Acad. Sci., 61: (Art. 2), 358-368, 1955.
Bunim, J. J., M. M. Pechet, and A. J. Bollet:
Studies on metacortandralone and metacortan-
dracin in rheumatoid arthritis; antirheumatic
and hormonal

Gold-hormonal
Ann. intern.

potency, metabolic effects,
properties. J. Amer. med. Ass., 157: 311,
1955.

Bunim, J. J., M. Ziff, and C. McEwen:
Evaluation of prolonged cortisone therapy in
rheumatoid arthritis; a four-year study.
Amer. J. Med., 18: 27-40, 1955.

Dillon, R. N., and J. J. Majnarich: Rheuma-
toid arthritis. II. Specific therapy. Northw.
Med., Seattle, 54: 156-161, 1955.

Duff, I. F., W. D. Robinson, W. M. Mikkel-
sen, and N. H. Chatelin: Intra-articular
hydrocortisone in rheumatoid arthritis; clini-
cal and laboratory studies. Med. Clin. N.
Amer., —: 413-437, March 1955.

*Selected references.

15314.

15315.

15316.

15317.

15318.

15319.

15320.

15321.

15322.

15323.

15324.

15325.

15326.

15327.

15328.

Erlsbacker, O., A. Papp, and H. Geisberger:
Beitrige zur Stickstoffostbehandlung. I. Die
Stickstoffostbehandlung akuter und _ chroni-
scher Gelenksaffektionen. Klin. Med., Wien,
9: 410-416, 1954.

Frankl, R., and G. Golz: Durchblutungs-
férderung und Gefiissabdichtung als Therapie
rheumatischer Prozesse. Medizinische, Stutt-
gart, 40: 1361-1362, 1954.

Golz, G.: Behandlungsergebnisse des chroni-
schen Rheumatismus mit Butazolidin. Medi-
zinische, Stuttgart, 44: 1480-1482, 1954.
Gray, J. W., and E. Z. Merrick: The clinical
evaluation of meticorten in rheumatoid arth-
ritis and allied conditions. J. Amer. geriat.
Soc., 3: 337-344, 1955.

Gutman, A. B., and T. F. Yii: Prevention
and treatment of chronic gouty arthritis. J.
Amer. med. Ass., 157: 1096-1102, 1955.
Herzog, H. L., A. Nobile, S. Tolksdorf, W.
Charney, E. B. Hershberg, P. L. Perlman, and
M. M. Pechet: New antiarthritic steroids.
Science, Wash., 121: 176, 1955.

Hill, D. F.: Basic treatment in rheumatoid
arthritis. Med. Clin. N. Amer., —: 393-
403, March 1955.
Holbrook, W. P.: Cortisone, ACTH and
phenylbutazone in long-term therapy of
rheumatoid arthritis. Med. Clin. N. Amer.,
—: 405-412, March 1955.

Hollander, J. L.: The use of intra-articular
hydrocortisone; its analogs, and its higher
esters in arthritis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,
61: (Art. 2), 511-516, 1955.

Hollander, J. L., E. M. Brown, Jr., R. A.
Jessar, L. Udell, N. Smukler, and M. A.
Bowie: Local anti-rheumatic effectiveness
of higher esters and analogues of hydro-
cortisone. Ann. rheumat. Dis., 13: 297-301,
1954.

Howell, T. H.: Relief of rheumatic pains
with diethylamine salicylate cream; a clinical
trial. Brit. J. phys. Med., 18: 62-63, 1955.
Huffman, E. R., G. M. Wilson, C. J. Smyth,
and R. Hill: Metabolic effect of phenyl-
butazone in gouty and non-gouty arthritis.
Ann. rheumat. Dis., 13: 317-323, 1954.

Isorni, P.: Polyarthrities aigués et infections
des voies respiratories supérieures; la chimio-
thérapie. Sem. Hép. Paris, 31: 501-505
1955.

Nursing care of the arthritic
Amer. J. Nurs., 55: 429-

Jaschik, E. O.:
patient at home.
432, 1955.
Kalliomaki, L.: Role of various surgical
operations in the history of patients with
rheumatoid arthritis. Ann rheumat. Dis., 13:
341-343, 1954.

15329

15330

15331

15332

15333

1533+

1533:

1533)

1533

1533

1538

1534

1534

berger:
I. Die
chroni-
Wien,

itungs-
ierapie
Stutt-

‘hroni-
Medi-
4,
linical
arth-
zeriat.

ention
a:
5.
f, W.
, and
roids.

atoid

393-

and
r of

mer.,

oular
gher
Sci.,

;

A.
ness
dro-

301,

ains
ical
55.
yth,
ayl-
itis.

ons
\io-

itic
29-

cal
ith
3:

15329.

15330.

15331.

15332.

15333.

15334.

15335.

15336.

15337.

15338.

15339.

15340.

15341.

15342.

15343.

INDEX TO CURRENT PERIODICAL LITERATURE

Kinsell, L. W.: Suppressive as compared
with analgesic hormonal therapy in patients
with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. rheumat.
Dis., 13: 307-311, 1954.
Kruel, N., and H. L. Winter:
des Rheumatismus mit Togal.
9: 11-13, 1955.

Lowman, E. W., S. Miller, P. R. Lee, H.
Stein, R. King, and L. Heald: Psycho-social
factors in rehabilitation of the chronic
rheumatoid arthritic. Ann. rheumat. Dis.,
13: 312-316, 1954.

OReilly, T. J.: Treatment of rheumatoid
arthritis with organic copper compounds.
Brit. med. J., 1: 150, 1955.

Piguet, B.: Polyarthrities aigués et infections
des voies respiratories supérieures; le traite-

Sem. Hép. Paris, 31: 505-

Zur Therapie
Med. Mschr.,

ment hormonal.
517, 1955.
Smyth, C. J., and E. R. Huffman: Gouty
arthritis — diagnosis and treatment. Med.
Clin. N. Amer., —: 543-561, March 1955.
Solomon, W. M., W. J. Zeiter, and P. A.
Nelson: Comprehensive physical medicine
and rehabilitation for degenerative joint dis-
eases. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, p.
70.
Sommer, D.:
ment des rhumatismes.
3792-3795, 1954.
Stepantschitz, G., and E. Kresbach: Rheuma-
behandlung mit Rosskastanien-Wirkstoffen
(Venostasin.) Z. Rheumaforsch., 13: 266-
275, 1954.

Sunblad, L., N. Egelius, and E. Jonsson:
Action of hydrocortisone on the hyaluronic
acid of joint fluids in rheumatoid arthritis.
Scand. J. clin. lab. Invest., 6: 295-302, 1954.
Takino, M.: Fluorescent substances taken
from fluorescent bacteria for the care of the
rheumatism of the joints and arthralgia.
Ther. Umschau, Bern., 11: 125-128, 1954.
Toone, E. C., Jr.: Phenylbutazone (buta-
zolidin). Bull. rheumat. Dis., 5: 83-84, 1955.
Toone, E. C., Jr., and R. Irby: Effect of
cortisone in the long-term treatment of
rheumatoid arthritis; observation of thirty-
five patients over a three-year period. Amer.
J. Med., 18: 41-50, 1955.

Van Gelderen, H.: Les injections intraarticu-
d’hydrocortisone dans les affections
Acta orthopaed. belg., 20: 398-

L’ergothérapie dans le traite-
Sem. Hop. Paris, 30:

laires
articulaires.
409, 1954.
Ward, L. E., and P. S. Hench: Effects of
aldosterone (electrocortin), 9-alpha-fluoro-
hydrocortisone acetate, and 1-dehydrocorti-

15344.

15345.

15346.

15347.

15348.

15349.

15350.

15351.

15352.

15353.

15354.

15355.

15356.

15357.

495

sone (metacortandracin) in rheumatoid arth-
ritis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 61: (Art. 2),
620-635, 1955.

West, H. F., and G. R. Newns: Treatment
of rheumatoid arthritis by prolonged stimula-
tion of the adrenal cortex. Lancet, 1: 578-
580, 1955.

XV-E. SKELETAL SysTEM: Gout

Bartels, E. C.: Gout—now amenable to con-
trol. Ann. intern. Med., 42: 1-10, 1955.
Bishop, C., R. Rand, and J. H. Talbott:

Rate of conversion of isotopic glycine to
uric acid in the normal and gouty human
and how this is affected by vitamin E and
folic acid. Metabolism—clin. & exp., 4: 174-
182, 1955.

Buzard, J., C. Bishop, and J. H. Talbott:
The fate of uric acid in the normal and
gouty human being. J. chronic Dis., 2: 42-
49, 1954.
Hoffman, W. S.:
management of gout.
—: 307-318, 1955.
Junkersdorf, J.: Zur Pathogenese und Thera-
pie der Gicht unter besonderer Beriicksichti-
gung von Butazolidin. Medizinische, Stutt-
gart, 42: 1355-1358, Oct. 1954.

Kunziker, H.: Beitrag zur Therapie der
Gicht mit Butazolidin. Z. Rheumaforsch.,
13: 296-307, 1954.

Muller, A. F., and W. Bauer:
métabolique de la goutte.
Wschr., 84: 1403-1409, 1954.
Preziosi, P.: Sulla terapia attuale della gotta.
Rif. med., 67: 417-418, 1953.

Segal, S., and J. B. Wyngaarden: Plasma
glutamine and oxypurine content in patients
with gout. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol., N. Y., 88:
342-345, 1955.

Talbott, J. H.: The metabolic defect of gout.
Med. Clin. N. Amer., —: 529-542, March
1955.

Zumoff, B.: Failure of folic acid to affect
uric acid metabolism in a case of gout.
Metabolism—clin. & exp., 4: 80-81, 1955.
Anonymous: Control of gout. J. Amer. med.
Ass., 157: 1127, 1955.

Modern advances in the
Med. Clin. N. Amer.,

Le probléme
Schweiz. med.

XVI. SKIN AND INTEGUMENT

Andrew, W.: To study the lymphocytes in
the normal epidermis of laboratory animals
and of human beings at different ages and
also under some experimental conditions in
which the amount of proliferative activity of
the epidermis is changed either in the di-
rection of increased proliferation or in the

496

15358.

15359.

15360.

15361.

15362.

15363.

15364.

15365.

15366.

15367.

15368.

15369.

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

direction of suppression of proliferation. Of-
fice Naval Res., Jan. 1953—Dec. 1954, Tech.
Rep., #3, pp. 1-5.

Baer, R. L., and L. Schwarzschild: Selected
allergic skin diseases in older persons. Geri-
atrics, 10: 265-273, 1955.

Bean, W. B.: The changing incidence of
certain vascular lesions of the skin with age-
ing. In: G. E. W. Wolstenholme and M.
P. Cameron, (Editors), Ciba Foundation
Colloquia on Ageing. Vol. I. General As-
pects, J. & A. Churchill Ltd., London, 1955,
pp. 80-87.

Billingham, R. E., L. Brent, P. B. Medawar,
and E. M. Sparrows: Quantitative studies
on tissue transplantation immunity. I. The
survival times of skin homografts exchanges
between members of different inbred strains
of mice. Proc. roy. Soc., (Biol. Sci.), 143:
(910), 43-58, 1954.

Bloom, R. E., S. Woods, and N. Nicolaides:
Hair fat composition in early male pattern
alopecia. J. investig. Dermat., 24: 97-101,
1955.

Flegel, H.: Die Behandlung der Alopezie
mit Hypophysen-Frischzellen. Derm. Wschr.,
130: 1263-1266, 1954.

Lewis, B. L., and H. Montgomery: The
senile nail. J. investig. Dermat., 24: 11-18,

1955.
Lewis, G. K.: The surgical treatment of
wrinkles. Arch. Otolaryng, Chicago, 60: 334,
1954.

Malaspina, A., and M. L. Tognacca: Modifi-
cazioni istologiche ed istochimiche del derma
di topi albkini di differente eta; osservazioni
citovolumetriche preliminari. Tumori, 40:
429-432, 1954.

Von Albertini, A.: Study of maturation of
the epidermis epithelium in relation to ageing
and cancer formation. In: 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in
the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 179-180.

Zorzoli, G.: Ricerche sulla morfologia delle
ghiandole cerununose dell’uomo nelle varie
eta. Arch. ital. Anat. Embriol., 53: 117-129,
1948.

See also No. 15175.

XVII. UroceniraL SystEM
(includes prostate )

Budniok, R., H. G. Stoll, and G. Altvater:
Organspezifische Chemotherapie des Prostata-
Karzinoms. Dtsch. med. Wschr., 80: (4),
143-146, 1955.

Carroll, G., and R. V. Brennan: Endocrine

15370.

15371.

15372.

15373.

15374.

15375.

15376.

15377.

15378.

15379.

15380.

15381.

15382.

15383.

15384.

therapy in carcinoma of the prostate. J,
Amer. med. Ass., 157: 581-583, 1955.
Cordonnier, J. J.: Total cystectomy and
management of carcinoma of the urinary
bladder. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern
World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London,
1955, p. 546.

Davis, E., and L. W. Lee: Progress in
the perineal prostatectomy; results in 2050
consecutive patients. J. Urol., 73: 142-154,
1955.

Deming, C. L., B. M. Harvard, Jr., and J. E.
Sokal: Experiences with cortisone in manage-
ment of far-advanced carcinoma of prostate.
Trans. Amer. Ass. gen-urin. Surg., 46: 63-75,
1954.

Fergusson, J. D.:
prostatic cancer.

Irradiation therapy for
Brit. J. Urol., 26: 347-349,

1954.
Ferulano, O., and A. Mannelli: I] comporta-
mento dell’apparato muscolo-elastico della

prostata in condizioni normali e patologische.
G. ital. Chir., 10: 749-776, 1954.

Fischer, M. I., A. O. Tikkala, and C. A.
Mawson: Zinc, carbonic anhydrase, and
phosphatase in the prostatic glands of the
rat. Canad. J. Biochem. Physiol., 33: 181-
190, 1955.

Frank, I. N.: A cytologic evaluation of the
prostatic smear in carcinoma of the prostate.
J. Urol., 73: 128-138, 1955.

Gunn, S. A., T. C. Gould, S. S. Ginori, and
J. G. Morse: Selective uptake of Zn™ by
dorsolateral prostate of rat. Proc. Soc. exp.
Biol., N. Y., 88: 556-558, 1955.

Hennig, O.: Neuere anatomische und physio-
logische Erkenntnisse iiber Prostata und
Blasennauslass in ihrer Bedeutung fiir opera-
tive Eingriffe. Z. Urol., 47: 457-477, 1954.
Herbst, W. P., Jr.: Factors involved in the
management of prostatic obstruction. J.
Amer. med. Ass., 157: 579-580, 1955.
Holst, S. F.: Behandling av prostatahyper-
trofi. Tidssk. norske LaegeForen., 74: 774-
778, 1954.

Hudson, P. B., A. L. Finkle, and J. A.
Hopkins: Prostate cancer. VI. Mortality
rate of radical surgery for adenocarcinoma
of the prostate. J. Urol., 73: 139-141, 1955.
Lesser, M. A., S. N. Vose, and G. Dixey:
Effect of testosterone propionate on the pros-
tate gland of patients over 45. J. clin. En-
docrinol. & Metab., 15: 297-300, 1955.
Longley, J.: Sarcoma of prostate and blad-
der. J. Urol., 73: 424-429, 1955.
McDonald, H. P., and W. E. Upchurch:

1538:

15381

1538

1538

1538

153¢

153$

153!

153!

15.

orta-
della

sche.

and
the
181-

the
fate,

and

by
exp.

sio-
und
Ta-
54.
the

er-

74-

lity
ma

15385.

15386.

15387.

15388.

15389.

15390.

15391.

15392.

15393.

15394.

II. and III.

15395.

15396.

15397.

15398.

15399.

INDEX TO CURRENT PERIODICAL LITERATURE

Treatment of prostatic calculi. J. Amer. med.
Ass., 157: 787-788, 1955.

Morales, P. A., H. Brendler, and R. S. Hotch-
kiss: The role of the adrenal cortex in
prostatic cancer. J. Urol., 73: 399-409, 1955.
Rusche, C., and H. L. Jaffe: Treatment of
prostatic carcinoma with radioactive colloidal
chromic phosphate (P*); a preliminary re-
port. J. Urol., 72: 466, 1954.

Scott, W. W.: Results obtained by en-
docrine control therapy followed by radical
perineal prostatectomy in twenty-five selected
cases of advanced carcinoma of prostate. J.
Urol., 72: 504, 1954.

Scott, W. W.: Role of pituitary in normal
and abnormal prostatic growth. Trans.
Amer. Ass. gen-urin. Surg., 46: 33-39, 1954.
Valk, W. L., and R. H. Owens: Endocrine
inhibition as related to carcinoma of the
prostate. J. Urol., 72: 516, 1954.
Weyrauch, H. M., R. P. Beames, and M. L.
Rosenberg: Histopathology of prostatic cor-
tex following transurethral prostatectomy.
Surg., Gynec. Obstet., 100: 175-178, 1955.
Wilson, T. S.: Incontinence of urine in the
aged. Lancet, 2: 374-377, 1948.

GERIATRICS

I. GENERAL ORIENTATION

Bowman, K. M.: Review of psychiatric pro-
gress 1954; alcoholism; geriatrics. Amer. J.
Psychiat., 111: 527-530, 1955.

Knudson, A. B .C.: Geriatrics — potential

unlimited. Geriatrics, 10: 296-
297, 1955.

Stieglitz, E. J.:
aging; a therapeutic objective.

10: 151-157, 1955.

( Editorial ).

Constructive medicine in
Geriatrics,

MeEpIcAL CARE AND DIAGNOsIS

Abramson, A. S.: Rehabilitation in geriatric
practice. Canad. med. Ass. J., 72: 327-334,
1955.

Allan, R.: My impression of geriatric nursing.
Canad. Nurse, 51: 60-61, 1955.

Baker, F.: Physical medicine in treatment
of degenerative joint disease. J. Amer. med.
Ass., 157: 492-493, 1955.

Cameron, G. R.: Some remarks on the patho-
logical basis of ageing. In: G. E. W.
Wolstenholme and M. P. Cameron, (Editors),
Ciba Foundation Colloquia on Ageing. Vol.
I. General Aspects, J. & A. Churchill Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 16-31.

Cooper, A. R.: The health hazards of the
senior executive. Brit. J. indust. Med., 12:
71-72, 1955.

15400.

15401.

15402.

15403.

15404.

15405.

15406.

15407.

15408.

15409.

15410.

15411.

15412.

15413.

15414.

497

Copping, G. A.: Some problems of the aged
in medical practice. Canad. Nurse, 51: 15-
16, 1955.

De Lucas, C.:

La hidroclimatologia en la

vejez. Med. esp., 31: 37-41, 1954.
Destrem, H.: A propos des thérapeutiques
de la sénescence; association vitaminique

acide nicotinique-thiamine. Sem. Hép. Paris,
31: 219-222, 1955.

Ferderber, M. B., and G. P. Hammill: An
effective comprehensive program for geriatric
patients. J. Amer. med. Ass., 157: 407-413,
1955.

Fleetwood, J. F.: Fact and fancy in the
ageing mind. J. Irish med. Ass., 36: 99-105,

1955.

Fraenkel, M.: Hospital care needed by aged
people. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955,
pp. 541-544.

Guild, W. R., and R. J. Mansfield: Physical

fitness of executives at a U. S. naval ship-
yard. Arch. Industr. Hlth., 11: 121-122, 1955.
Homburger, F.: The medical care of the
aged and chronically ill. Little, Brown &
Co., Boston, 1955, 253 pp.

Kort, K: Special aspects of the nursing
care of the aged. Canad. Nurse, 51: 22-24,
1955.

Meislin, J.: Psychiatric aspects of physical
medicine and rehabilitation; therapist-patient

relationship. Arch. phys. Med., 36: 25-30,
1955.

Milne, K. J. G.: The importance of the case
conference. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.

Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the Mod-
ern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., Lon-
don, 1955, p. 97.

Pemberton, J.: The measurement of health
in groups of elderly living at home. In:
3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 364-374.
Plenk, H., and F. Stengel: Die Arztliche
Betreuung im Altersheim Lainz und _ ihre
Wandlung seit den 50 Jahren des Heimbe-
standes. Wien. klin. Wschr., 66: 906-908,
1954.

Shaw, P. H. S.: The value of a special local
authority medical appointment. In: 3rd
Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, p. 96.
Sherwood, K. K.: Therapeutic technics in
geriatric practice. Northw. Med., Seattle,
54: 262-264, 1955.

498

15415.

15416.

15417.

15418.

15419.

15420.

15421.

15422.

15423.

15424.

15425.

15426.

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

Siegal, W., R. E. Plunkett, and B. Z. Locke:
Case findings from routine chest roentgeno-
grams; mass surveys of communities versus
general hospital admissions. J. Amer, med.
Ass., 157; 435-440, 1954.

Sister Mary Francis: The aged in hospital.
Canad, Nurse, 51; 21-22, 1955.

Walsh, R. C.: Medical care of old people
at home. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern
World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London,
1955, pp. 80-84,

Wray, R. P.: Chronic disease factor in pub-
lic assistance. Publ. Hlth. Rep., Wash., 70:
91-93, 1955.

IV. Disease

(chronic, infectious, and mental )

Anderson, W. F.; A clinical study of the
patients attending a consultative health cen-
tre for old people at Rutherglen, Scotland.
In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London,
1954, Old Age in the Modern World, E. &
S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 534-
540.

Aub, J. C., and H. L. Lombard: Cancer in
old age. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp.
173-179.

Barnes, R. H., E. W. Busse, and A. J. Silver-
man: The interrelationship between psychic
and physical factors in the production of
mental illness in the aged. N. C. med. J.,
16: 25-28, 1955.

Baruk, H.: Some fundamental principles of
neuropsychiatry of the elderly. In: 3rd
Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 420-427.
Bettag, O. L. (Director): The aged and
aging in Illinois. II. The mentally deficient.
Dept. Publ. Welf., Statist. Res. Sect., Illi-
nois, March 1955, Res. Study 68-2, 54 pp.
(Mimeogr. )

Brooke, D. F.: Long term illness.
med. J., 51: 1-7, 1955.

Collins, S. D., K. S. Trantham, and J. L.
Lehmann: Sickness experience in selected
areas of the United States; data on illness,
by severity, for 100 diagnoses collected by
periodic canvasses of households with 100,000

W. Vz.

person-years of observation. Publ. Hlth.
Monogr., 25: 1-96, 1955.
Commission on Chronic Illness: The com-

mission adopts further recommendations on
care of the long-term patient. Chron. IIl.
News Lett., 6: (6), 1-11, 1955.

15427,

15429.

15430,

15431.

15432.

15433.

15434.

15435.

15436.

15437.

15438.

Conwell, D. V., C. J. Kurth, and P. G,
Murphy: Use of psychological tests in de-
termining the prognosis and treatment needs
in geriatric mental illnesses, In: 3rd Cong,
Int. Assoc, Geront., London, 1954, Old Age
in the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone
Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 450-457.

Ginzberg, B.: Psychiatric and psychological
techniques in the treatment and
ment of elderly psychotics. In: 3rd Cong,
Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age
in the Modern World, KE. & S. Livingstone
Ltd., London, 457-463,

Grosse, H.: Age distribution of cancer. Z,
Altersforsch., 8: 244-254, 1955.
Hiifner, H., and S. Wieser:
hirnatrophischer Prozesse Erwachsener mit
Glutaminsiure. Dtsch. Wschr., 79:
(42), 1570-1571, 1954.

Harrower, M. R.: Medical and psychological
teamwork in the care of the chronically ill.
Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill, 1955,
244 pp.
Himler, L. E.:
in psychiatric illness of the aged. In: 3rd
Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 466-472.
Hoff, H., and H. Tschabitscher: Prophylaxis
and treatment of psychoses in the aged. In:
3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 463-466.
Hoffman, J. L., and L. Konchegul: Clinical
and psychological observations on psychiatric
patients treated with reserpine; a preliminary
report. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 61: (Art. 1),
144-149, 1955.

Hopkins, B.: Comparison between transient
and permanent states of altered consciousness
in elderly patients. In: 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in
the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 437-441.

James, G., and H. E. Hilleboe: Evaluation
during the development of a public health
program in chronic disease; the Albany
Cardiovascular Health Center. Amer. J. publ.
Hith., 45: 140-150, 1955.

Kay, D. W., V. Norris, and F. Post: A
study of prognostic indicators in the psychoses
of the elderly. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 441-444.

Kay, D. W., and M. Roth: Physical illness
and post-mortem findings in relation to dif-
ferent psychiatric groups aged 60 and over

manage-

44
1955, pp.

Zur Therapie

med,

Factors influencing prognosis

1543

1544

1544

1544

1544

r. &
n de.
needs
Cong,
| Age

istone

ogical
nage-
Cong,
Age
‘stone

Z,

rapie
mit

79;

“ical
y ill.

955,

nosis
3rd
954,
Liv-
472.
laxis
In:
954,
Liv-
B,
ical
itric
lary

1),

ient
1cS8
Int.

in
td.,

ion
lth

any
tbl.

ses
oc.
the
d.,

CSS

if-

15439.

15440,

15443,

15444,

15445.

15446.

15447.

15449.

15450.

INDEX TO CURRENT PERIODICAL LITERATURE 499

admitted to a county mental hospital, In:
3rd Cong. Int, Assoc, Geront,, London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, B. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 444-450.
Kramer, M,, H, Goldstein, R. H. Israel, and
N. A, Johnson; An historical study of dis-
position of first admissions to a State mental
hospital; the experience of the Warren State
Hospital during the period 1916-1950, War
ren State Hosp., Warren, Pa, ii, 51 pp.
Leavell, H, R.; Chronic disease and the be-
havioral sciences. (Editorial). J.
Dis., 2: 113-118, 1955,

chronic

Letterer, E.: Alter und Krankheit. Désch.
med. Wschr., 79: (40), 1473-1475, 1954.
Linden, M. E.; The. significance of dual

leadership in gerontologic group psycho-

therapy; studies in gerontologic human re-

lations, Int. J. group Psychother., 4: 262-273,
1954. Abstr: P. A. 29: No, 2536, 1955.

Mars, G., and M,. Morpurgo: — Sul trattamento
di aleune sindromi neuropsichiche dell’eta
senile con clorpromazina. Gior, Geront., 3:
226-232, 1955.

Mever, A., D. Leigh, and C. E. Bagg: A
rare presenile dementia associated with corti-
cal blindness (Heidenhain’s syndrome). J.
Neurol., Neurosurg. Psychiat., 71: 129-133,

1954. Abstr: P. A., 29: No. 2810, 1955.
Mills, I. J.: Facilities inventory for chronic
sickness. Publ. Hith. Rep., Wash., 70: 93,
1955.

Persson, L.: (Chlorpromazine in therapy of
arteriosclerotic psychosis and senile demen-
tia) Nord. Med., Stockholm, 53: 235-237,
1955.

Rindge, M. E.:
incidence of poliomyelitis. J. infect. Dis., 96:
101-103, 1955.

Roberts, D. W., and D. E. Krueger: One in
Hospitals, Chicago, 29:

Note on the age and sex

8 is a longterm case.
59-62, 1955.

Rogers, J. B., and R. C. Taylor: The effect
of age on the induction of sarcomas by
methylcholanthrene in guinea-pigs. In: 3rd
Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 181-182.
Rusk, H. A., and M. M. Dacso: The dy-
namic approach to the care of the chronic.
Hospitals, Chicago, 29: 63-65, 1955.

Sainz, A. A.: The use of reserpine in ambu-
latory and hospitalized geriatric psychotics.
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 61: (Art. 1), 72-77,
1955.

Schinz, H. R., and T. Reich: Die Allters-

disposition der Karzinome in der Schweiz

15456,

15458,

15459.

15460.

15461.

15462.

15463.

15464.

15465.

1952. Dtsch. med. Wschr., 79:
1372, 1954,

Schinz, H. R., and T,
lungen = der

(36), 1369-

Reich; Die Wand-
Karzinomgefiihrdung in der
Schweiz seit der Jahrhundertwende und deren
Erkliirung durch vorgetiiuschte Altersdispo-
sition, Dtsch. med. Wschr., 79: (51), 1893-
1895, 1954.

Skolnik, A. M.: Estimated prevalence of long-
term disability; 1954. Soc. Sec. Bull., 18:
20-21, June 1955,

Stern, K.: Reactive depressions in later life.
In: P. H. Hock and J. Zubin, Depression, pp.
144-152, Abstr: P. A., 29: No. 2840, 1955.
Stolte, J. B.: (Metastasizing carcinoma as
a chronic disease.) Geneesk. Gids., 32: (24),
455-457, 1954.

Strong, L. C.: Gerontologic studies of cancer
in mice and men, In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 182-188.

Tasher, D. C., and M. W. Chermak: The
use of reserpine in shock-reversible patients
Ann. N. Y.
1955.

Second Session. House:

and shock-resistant patients.
Acad. Sci., 61: (Art. 1), 108-116,
U. S. 83rd Congress.
Health inquiry; the toll of our major dis-
eases, their causes, prevention, and control.
U. S. Govt. Print. Off., Wash., 1954, 206 pp.
Abstr: P. A., 29: No. 1102, 1955.

Zeman, F. D.:
eases of later life.
1955.
Anonymous: Care of chronically ill patients.
J]. Amer. med. Ass., 157: 953-955, 1955.

The long-term and the chron-
Med. J. Aust., 42: 143-144,

Genetic factors in the dis-
J. chronic Dis., 2: 11-27,

Anonymous:
ically ill patient.
1955.

See also Nos. 14882, 15200, 15398, 15478,
15480, 15494, 15498, 15589, 15593, 15651.

V. PRE-MATURE AGING
( progeria )

Clément, R.:
progeria de Gilford.
1955.

Sarma, A. V. S.:
Antiseptic, 49: 870-874,

Sénilité précoce et nanisme;
Pr. méd., 63: 155-157,

Simmonds’ disease and
progeria. 1952.

VII. SurcEry
Campbell, D. C., Jr., and H. T. Langston:
Intrathoracic surgical procedures in patients
past the age of 60. J. Amer. geriat. Soc., 3:
330-336, 1955.

500

15466.

15467.

15468.

15469.

15470.

15471.

15472.

15473.

15474.

15475.

15476.

15477.

15478.

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

Cavalieri, U.: Le ripercussioni geriatriche
degli interventi laparatomici. (Abstract).
Gior. Geront., 3: 182, 1955.

Cutler, C. W., Jr.: Surgical indications and
surgical management in the aged. WN. Y.
St. J. Med., 55: 489-494, 1955.

Fior, R., and C. Calearo: Prognosi chirurgica
delle neoplasie cervico-facciali in soggetti
anziani. (Abstract). Gior. Geront., 3: 182,
1955.

Spangler, H., and H. Wild: Ein Beitrag zur
Chirurgie im Alter. Klin. Med., Wien, 9:
469-479, 1954.

Thomas, E. G., T. W. Ledwich, and A. J.
Hunnicutt: The fluid, electrolyte and nu-
tritional management of the elderly surgical
patient. J. Amer. geriat. Soc., 3: 311-315,
1955.

See also Nos. 15092, 15245.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES

Bartlett, F.: Psychological aspects of age-
ing. In: G. E. W. Wolstenholme and M. P.
Cameron, (Editors), Ciba Foundation Col-
loquia on Ageing. Vol. I. General Aspects,
J. & A. Churchill Ltd., London, 1955, pp.
209-218.

Batchelor, I. R. C.: The management and
prognosis of suicidal attempts in old age.
In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London,
1954, Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S.
Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 472-473.
Birren, J. E.: Age changes in speed of sim-
ple responses and perception and their sig-
nificance for complex behavior. In: 8rd
Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 235-247.
Bokslag, J. G.: (Effects of age and sex
and the influence of the examiner on results
of the Liischer test.) Ned. Tijdschr. Psychol.,
9: 497-516, 1954.

Burt, C.: The differentiation of intellectual
ability. Brit. J. educ. Psychol., 24: 76-90,
1954. Abstr: P. A., 29: No. 2206, 1955.
Busse, E. W., R. H. Barnes, A. J. Silverman,
G. M. Shy, M. Thaler, and L. L. Frost:
Studies of the process of aging; factors that
influenced the psyche of elderly persons.
Amer. J. Psychiat., 110: 897-903, 1954.
Abstr: P. A., 29: No. 2293, 1955.

Colgan, C. M.: Critical flicker frequency,
age, and intelligence. Amer. J. Psycholl.,
67: 711-713, 1954.

Conwell, D. V., C. J. Kurth, and P. G.
Murphy: Use of psychologic tests in de-
termining prognosis and treatment in geriatric

15479.

15480.

15481.

15482.

15483.

15484.

15485.

15486.

15487.

15488.

15489.

15490.

15491.

15492.

15493.

mental illnesses. J. Amer. geriat. Soc., 3;

232-238, 1955.

Desai, M. M.: The relationship of the
Wechsler-Bellevue verbal scale and_ the
progressive matrices _ tests. J. consult.

Psychol., 19: (1), 60, 1955.

Dorken, H., Jr.: Psychometric differences
between senile dementia and normal senescent
decline. Canad. J. Psychol., 8: 187-194, 1954,
Ginzberg, R.: Psychological and somatic as-

pects. Amer. J. digest. Dis., 15: 339-346,
1948.

Howell, R. J.: Changes in Wechsler subtest
scores with age. J. consult. Psychol., 19:
47-50, 1955.

Husen, T.: La validité des interviews par

rapport a l’dge au sexe et a la formation des
interviewers. Travail hum., 17: 60-67, 1954.
Abstr: P. A., 29: No. 2326, 1955.

Ikin, A. G.: Psychological problems of ma-
turity. Pastoral Psychol., 5: (43), 49-54,
1954. Abstr: P. A., 29: No. 2295, 1955.
Jones, H. E.: Age changes in adult mental
abilities. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp.
267-274.

Kay, H.: Some experiments on adult learn-
ing. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp.
259-267.

Keeling, D. C.: Advisory services for old
people in the United Kingdom. In: 3rd
Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old
Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Living-
stone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 601-603.
Kehrer, F. A.: Uber das psychische Altern
des Menschen. Dtsch. med. Wschr., 79:
(42), 1553-1555, 1954.

Kjerland, R. N.: Age and sex differences in
performance in motility and strength tests.
Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., 60: 519-522, 1953.
Abstr: P. A., 29: No. 2068, 1955.
Lazarsfeld, S., and A. Kadis: L’ “age
critique” est-il un Age critique? Psyché, 9:
152-163, 1954. Abstr: P. A., 29: No. 3770,
1955.

Lewis, A.: Mental aspects of ageing. In:
G. E. W. Wolstenholme and M. P. Cameron,
(Editors), Ciba Foundation Colloquia on
Ageing. Vol. I. General Aspects, J. & A.
Churchill Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 32-57.
Linden, M. E.: Emotional problems in
aging. Jewish soc. Serv. Quart., 31: 80-89.
1954.

Loefving, B.: The diagnostic value of some
memory tests with selected groups of senile

15494

1549°

1549¢

1549

1549

1549

155

155¢

1551

155i

155

155

Soc., 3;

of the
nd the
consult,

ferences
¢nescent
4, 1954,
atic as-
39-346,

subtest
al, 19;

Ws par
ion des
, 1954,

of ma-
49-54,
955.

mental
eront.,
World,
35, pp.

learn-
eront.,
W orld,
5, pp.

or old
/ 3rd
4, Old
siving-
503.

Altern
»» @9e

ces in
tests.
1953.
’ “Age
hé, 9:
3770,

In:
1eron,
a on
& A.

is in
0-89.

some
senile

15494.

15495.

15496.

15497.

15498.

15499.

15500.

15501.

15502.

15503.

15504.

15505.

15506.

INDEX TO CURRENT PERIODICAL LITERATURE

patients. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp.
427-430.

Lovett Doust, J. W., R. A. Schneider, G. A.
Tolland, M. A. Walsh, and G. B. Barker:
Studies on the physiology of awareness. The
correlation between intelligence and anoxemia
in senile dementia. J. nerv. ment. Dis., 117:
383-397, 1953. Abstr: P. A., 29: No. 1258,
1955.

Maggi, A., and I. Keklikian: (Psychological

and endocrine factors in aging.) Dia méd.,
26: 2093-2098, 1954.
Maleci, O., and G. Pessina: Su alcune

elaborazioni del punteggio Wechsler-Bellevue
in soggetti normali della provincia di Padova.
Riv. Patol. nerv. ment., 75: (2), 391-411,
1954.

Mason, E. P.: Some factors in self-judg-
ments. J. clin. Psychol., 10: 336-340, 1954.
Abstr: P. A., 29: No. 3772, 1955.

Nyssen, R.: Introduction a l’étude des re-

lations entre linvolution de lintelligence et
la démence. Acta neur. psychiat. belg., 54:
809-830, 1954.

Pacaud, S.: Experimental research on the
ageing of psychological functions. In: 3rd
Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 279-290.
Reitan, R. M.: The distribution according
to age of a psychologic measure dependent
upon organic brain functions. J. Geront., 10:
338-340, 1955.

Scoville, W. B.: Orbital undercutting in the
treatment of psychoneuroses, depressions and
senile emotional states; psychiatric and physi-
ologic results of fractional lobotomy in the
milder emotional illnesses. Dis. nerv. Syst.,
15: 324-334, 1954.

Singer, S. L., and B. Steffire: Age differ-
ences in job values and desires. J. counsel.
Psychol., 1: 89-91, 1954. Abstr: P. A., 29:

No. 2617, 1955.

Singleton, W. T.: Age and performance
timing on simple skills. In: 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in
the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 221-231.

Stoll, W. A.: Value and detriment of senile
mental changes. Schweiz. med. Wschr., 84:
922, 1954.

Stresses in middle life
Geriatrics,

Thompson, L. J.:
from the psychiatrist’s viewpoint.
10: 162-164, 1955.

Verzar-McDougall, J.:
tests in young and old rats. In:

Learning and memory
3rd Cong.

15507.

15508.

15509.

15510.

15511.

15512.

15513.

15514.

15515.

15516.

15517.

501

Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age
in the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone
Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 247-259.

Vickery, F. E.: A study of personal counsel-
ling needs of senior citizens. In: 3rd Cong.
Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age
in the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone
Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 603-605.

Watson, R. H. J.: The effects of age and
experience on the performance of the white
rat on a test of emotionality. Bull. Brit. psy-
chol. Soc., 23: 6, 1954. Abstr: P. A., 29:
No. 2091, 1955.

Wechsler, D.: The measurement and evalu-
ation of intelligence of older persons. In:
3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 275-279.
Wilson, D. C.: The influence of emotional
attitudes on the aging process. J. Amer.
geriat. Soc., 3: 292-298, 1955.

See also Nos. 14866, 14881, 15455, 15554,
15557, 15609.

SOCIAL & ECONOMIC ASPECTS

I. ACCIDENTS

Droller, H.: Falls among elderly people
living at home. Geriatrics, 10: 239-244, 1955.
Droller, H.: Falls and accidents in a random
sample of elderly people living at home. In:
3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 374-384.
Metrop. Life Insur. Co.: Fatal accidents
among men at the working ages. Statist. Bull.
Metrop. Life Insur. Co., 35: 5-8, Sept. 1954.
Abstr: P. 1., 21: No. 2076, 1955.

Wain, H., H. E. Samuelson, and F. M.

Hemphill: An experience in home injury
prevention. Publ. Hlth. Rep., Wash., 70:
554-560, 1955.

III. DEMOGRAPHY

Alves, E.: A composicao por idade da popu-
lacao do Brasil e de suas diferentes partes.
Rev. brasil. Estatist., 25: 155-164, 1954.
Abstr: P.1., 21: No. 2209, 1955.

Alves Morgado, N.: Da razao dos sexo e
da distribuicfo etdria no censo da popu-
lagéo nao civilizada da Guiné Portuguesa
de 1950. Centro Estud. Demogréf., Revista,

No. 8: 69-93, 1954. Abstr: P. I., 21: No.
2210, 1955.
Brazil. Laboratério de Estatistica: Illus-

tracao da influéncia da mortalidade e da
natalidade sébre a composicao por idade da

502

15518.

15519.

15520.

15521.

15522.

15523.

15524.

15525.

15526.

15527.

15528.

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

populacio. Rev. brasil. Estatist., 25: 193-
198, 1954. Abstr: P.I1., 21: No. 2001, 1955.
Canada. Dominion. Bureau of Statistics:
Population estimates by marital status, age
and sex for Canada and provinces, 1952 (and
including revised estimates by marital status
and sex, 1942-1950). Queen’s Printer, Ottawa,
1954, 8 pp. Abstr: P. 1., 21: No. 2064, 1955.
Chen, C.-S.: Population and settlement in
Formosa. Tijdsch. Econ. soc. Geogr., 45:
176-180, 1954. Abstr: P. 1., 21: No. 2016,
1955.

Dominican Republic. Direccién General de
Estadistica.: Comentarios sobre algunos de
los resultados obtenidos por el tercer censo
nacional de poblacién. Informaciones Es-
tadisticas Dominicanas, March 1954. Abstr:
P. I., 21: No. 2212, 1955.

Durand, J. D.: Demographic background in
developed and under-developed countries. In:
3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 32-45.
Germany. Federal Republic. Statistisches
Bundesamt.: Die Wohnbevélkerung des
Bundesgebietes nach Alter und Geschlecht
am 31.12.1953 im Vergleich zu 1949.
Wirtsch. u. Stat., 6: 472-473, 1954. Abstr:
P. I., 21: No. 2213, 1955.

Great Britain. Colonial Office: Report on
St. Helena for the years 1952-1953. H. M.
Stationery Office, London, 1954, Colonial Re-
port, 30 pp. Abstr: P. 1., 21: No. 2034, 1955.
Lemieux, O. A.: Changes in the population
pattern as revealed by the 1951 census.
Canad. J. publ. Hlth., 45: 524-532, 1954.
Portugal. Instituto Nacional de Estatistica.:
Andlise de alguns indicadores demogrdficos.
The Institute, Estudos No. 22, Lisboa, 1953,
52 pp. Abstr: P. 1., 21: No. 2102, 1955.
Spain. Instituto Nacional de Estadistica.:
Movimiento natural de la _ poblacién de
Espana, aio 1950. - The Institute, Madrid,
1952, viii, 108 pp. Abstr: P. I., 21: No.
2419, 1955.

Switzerland. Ejidgendéssisches _ Statistisches
Amt.: Statistisches Jahrbuch der Schweiz,
1953. Birkhauser, Basel, 1954, x, 628 pp.
Abstr: P. 1., 21: No. 2422, 1955.
University of Chicago. Chicago Community
Inventory: Demographic and socio-economic
characteristics of the population of the city
of Chicago and of the suburbs and urban
fringe; 1950. The University, Chicago, 1954,
v, 30 pp.

IV. Economic PROBLEMS

15529. Epstein, L. A.; Economic resources of per-
sons aged 65 and over. Soc. Sec. Bull., 18:
3-19, June 1955.

15530. Morgantini, A. M.: Caratteri demografici e
sociali di un gruppo di dipendenti dello Stato,
Rass. Statist. Lavoro, 6: 231-263, 1954. Abstr;
P.1., 21: No. 2284, 1955.

15531. Rucker, A. W.: Economic challenge of
longevity. Harv. Bus. Rev., 32: 94-102, 1954,
Abstr: P. 1., 21: No. 2285, 1955.

15532. U.S. Social Security Administration: Age of
the population and per capita income, by
state, 1953. Soc. Sec. Bull., 17: 20-22, Dec.
1954. Abstr: P. I., 21: No. 2286, 1955.

15533. Anonymous: Old-age benefit in current-
payment status; December 31, 1954. Soc.
Sec. Bull., 18: 21-22, June 1955.

IV-B. Economic ProsLtemMs: Employment

15534. Abrams, A. J.: Discrimination against older
workers in various countries. In: 3rd Cong.
Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age
in the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone
Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 291-295.

15535. Baker, W. J.: Part-time employment of the
aged. Soc. Sec. Bull., 18: 4-11; 22, March
1955.

15536. Clark, F.: Later working life in the build-
ing industry in Britain. In: 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in
the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 303-305.

15537. Daric, J.: Survey of the employment of
elderly workers in France. In: 3rd Cong.
Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age
in the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone
Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 295-299.

15538. David, P., and R. Baxt: Employment for
pensioners. Soc. Casework, 36: 162-165,
1955.

15539. Densford, K. J.: Professional opportunities
for the older nurse. Geriatrics, 10; 294-295,
1955.

15540. De Vergottini, M.: I problemi dell’occupa-
zione. Longevitd, 4: (4), 24-32, 1954.

15541. Edwards, H. K.: The aged and retiring pilot.
J. Aviat. Med., 26: 73-75, Feb. 1955.

15542. Fleming, C.: Age composition of the British
iron and steel industry. In; 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in
the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 300-302.

15543. Holt, N. F.: Age and employment. Per-
sonnel pract. Bull., 10: 19-29, 1954. Abstr:
P. A., 29: No. 3097, 1955.

1554:

1554

1554

1554

ut
Ht

155:

155

155

15:

; of per-
sull., 18;

grafici e
lo Stato,
|. Abstr:

nge of
2, 1954,

Age of
me, by
12, Dec.
1955.
current-
. Soc.

nt

st older
| Cong.
Id Age
ngstone

of the
March

build-
ig. Int.
Age in
e Ltd.,

ant of

Cong.
d Age
gstone

nt for
2-165,

inities

4-295,

cupa-
"
pilot.
ritish
. Int.
ge in
Ltd.,

Per-
\bstr:

15544.

15545.

15546.

15547.

15548.

15549.

15550.

15551.

15552.

15553.

15554.

15555.

15556.

15557.

15558.

INDEX TO CURRENT PERIODICAL LITERATURE 503

Johnston, F.: Management and the employ-
ment of older workers. In: 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in
the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 325-328.

Kirchner, W. K., and M. D. Dunnette:
Survey of union policy toward older workers.
J. person. Adm. & Industr. Rel., 1: 156-158,
1954. Abstr: P. A., 29: No. 3769, 1955.
Kirchner, W. K., and M. D. Dunnette: At-
titudes toward older workers. Personnel
Psychol., 7: 257-265, 1954. Abstr: P. A., 29:
No. 3161, 1955.

Lehman, H. C.: Jobs for those over sixty-
five. J. Geront., 10; 345-357, 1955.
McFarland, R. A.: Aging is airman’s great-
est foe. Aviat. Wkly., 62: 108, Jan. 17, 1955.
Mathiasen, G.: Practices in American in-
dustry. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp.
312-316.

Moen, B. D.: The ages of dentists; 1954. J.
Amer. dent. Ass., 50: 330-334, 1955.
Moss, L.: A sample survey of older people
and their employment in Great Britain in
1950. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp.
353-360.

Parukh, S. K.: Old age and employment. J.
voc. educ. Guid., 1: 35-37, 1954. Abstr:
P. A., 29: No. 2297, 1955.

Peterson, R. L.: Effectiveness of older
workers in a sample of American firms. In:
3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 316-320.
Pressey, S. L.: The older psychologist; his
potentials and problems. Amer. Psychol., 10:
163-165, 1955.

Roberts, A.: British trade union attitudes to
the employment of older men and women.
In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London,
1954, Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S.
Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 320-325.
Rosenfeld, L. S., and M. E. Altenderfer:
Physicians in public health. Publ. Hlth. Rep.,
Wash., 70: 384-392, 1955.

Scott, W. G.: Counselling and placing older
workers. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp.
330-331.

Shenfield, B. E.: Employment prospects for
older workers in Great Britain. In: 3rd
Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,

Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 305-312.

15559. Sister St. Kevin: Employment among older
people. Canad. Nurse, 51: 26-28, 1955.

15560. Spealman, C. R., and P. T. Bruyere: The
changing age distribution of pilots holding
first class medical certificates. J. Geront., 10:
341-344, 1955.

15561. U. S. Department of Health, Education and
Welfare. Social Security Administration.
Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance.
Division of Program Analysis: Quarterly
summary of earnings employment and bene-
fit data. The Division, Baltimore, Feb. 1955,
Vol. 14, 24 pp.

15562. U. S. Department of Health, Education and
Welfare. Social Security Administration.
Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance.
Division of Program Analysis: Workers with
insured status on January 1, 1955. The Di-
vision, Baltimore, Feb. 24, 1955, Anal. Note
77, 3 pp.

15563. U. S. Department of Health, Education and
Welfare. Social Security Administration.
Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance.
Division of Program Analysis. Economic
Studies Branch: Applicants for account
numbers; October-December 1954. The Di-
vision, Baltimore, March 31, 1955, 4 pp.

15564. U. S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Em-
ployment Security: Services for older work-
ers — the need for developing work opportu-
nities. Emplym. Sec. Rev., 21: Nov. 1954.

15565. Welford, A. T.: Problems and methods of
further research. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the Mod-
ern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London,
1955, pp. 333-338.

See also No. 15483.

IV-C. Economic ProsLeMs: Retirement and
Pensions

(See also Social Security )

15566. Brower, F. B.: Insurance for retired em-
ployees. Mgmt. Rec., 17: 104-107, 1955.

15567. Hyman, A. S.: Status emeritus. Science,
121: 613, 1955.

15568. Institute of Actuaries: The growth of pen-
sions rights and their impact on the national
economy. J. Inst. Actu., 80: (Pt. II., 355),
141-288, 1954. Abstr: P. I., 21: No. 2283,
1955.

15569. Kennedy, W. D.: Retirement plans. Ford
Times, 42: 1-64, Sept. 1950.

15570. Marshall, A. D.: Beginning our lifetime vo-
cation. Amer. econ. Sec., 11: 22-29, Dec.
1954.

. Donahue, W.:

. Donahue, W.:

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

. Pingstone, G. W.: Retirement _ benefit
schemes in relation to the employment of
older men and women. In: 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 331-333.

. Richardson, I. M.: Influence of the home
on decisions about retirement. In: 3rd
Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 328-330.

V. EpvucaTION

. Andrus, R.: The Cold Spring project; the
value of a small residential group in the study
of change and growth in college graduates
over 60. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, p.
616.

. Bond, B. W.: Health education for or-
ganised groups of older adults; a govern-
mental health agency programme. In: 3rd
Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old
Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Living-
stone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 613-615. Also
in: Geriatrics, 10: 89-91, 1955.

. Carlson, A. J.: Can continuous adult educa-
tion add more life to the later years? In:
3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 610-611.
Educational approaches to
aging. Merrill-Palmer Quart., 1: 57-67, 1955.
Action programme in educa-
tion for later maturity. In: 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, p. 617.

. Kaplan, O. J.: Communication of health
knowledge to older persons by radio and
television. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp.
611-613.

. Reals, W. H.: Programmes for the ageing
in American universities. In: 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in
the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, p. 615.

VI. Houstinc ANp CARE

Bartlett, L.: A home for the aged makes
use of community resources. In: 3rd Cong.
Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age
in the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone
Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 591-592.

15581.

15582.

. Evans, G.:

. Good, J. M.:

. Hamrin, G.:

. Herz, K. G.:

. Hill, M. N.:

. Krag, C. L.:

. Levy, M. G.:

. Mackenzie, M.:

. Mayall, M. M.:

Bologna, S.: From Connecticut to Colon-
acce. Connecticut center in Italy. America,
92:338-339, Dec. 25, 1954.

California. Assembly Interim Committee on
Social Welfare: The nonpsychotic seniles
and related problems. The Committee, Sac-
ramento, 1955, 109 pp.

Comprehensive care of old
people; the role of the local authority wel-
fare department. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the Mod-
ern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London,
1955, pp. 84-95.

Residential care of old people
in Canada. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the Mod-
ern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London,
1955, pp. 583-584.

Special training for matrons
of homes for the aged in Sweden. In: 3rd
Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S. Liv-
ingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 587-589.
Everyday problems in a home
for the aged. Jewish soc. Serv. Quart., 31:
224-232, 1954.

Homes for old people in Eng-
land. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp.
585-587.

Current trends in the insti-
tutional care of the aged in the United
States. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern
World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London,
1955, pp. 580-583.

Syracuse focuses attention on
the aged and chronically ill. Chron. Ill.
News Lett., 6: (5), 1; 4, 1955.

Housing problems of the
aged. Canad. Nurse, 51: 25-26, 1955.

I work in a nursing home.
Amer. J. Nurs., 55: 67-68, 1955.

. National Social Welfare Assembly. National

. Solon, J., and A. M. Baney:

Committee on Aging: Bridging the gap be-
tween existing practices and desirable goals
in homes for the aged and nursing homes.
The Committee, N. Y., 1954.

Ownership and
Publ. Hlth. Rep.,

size of nursing homes.
Wash., 70: 437-444, 1955.

. South Dakota. Legislative Research Council.

Senile Survey Committee: Report of the
Senile Survey Committee to the Executive
Board of the South Dakota Legislative Re-
search Council. The Committee, Pierre, S.
D., Oct. 1954, 27 pp.

‘
Yolon-
erica,

ee on
eniles
Sac-

old
wel-
Assoc.
Mod-

ndon,

eople
Assoc.
Mod-
ndon,

itrons
3rd
1954,
Liv-
89.
home
1» Ole

Eng-
ront.,
‘orld,
, pp.

insti-
nited
ront.,
odern
ndon,

nm on

>
F the
ome.

ional
p be-
goals
omes.

» and
Rep.,

uncil.
t the
utive
» Re-
aS:

INDEX TO CURRENT PERIODICAL LITERATURE 505

. Stone, E.: Private nursing homes for the

chronically ill in USA. In: 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in
the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 589-590.

. Taietz, P.: Administrative practices and per-

sonal adjustment in homes for the aged.
Cornell Univ. Agri. Exp. Sta., 1953, Bull.
No. 899, 39 pp. Abstr: P. A., 29: No. 2299,
1955.

. Townsend, G. W. H.: Making the most of

institutional accommodation for the elderly.
In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London,
1954, Old Age in the Modern World, E. &
S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 76-80.

. Weil, J.: The effects of work on the physi-

cal and mental health of the older citizens
in a home for the aged. In: 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 590-591.

. Welfare Council of Metropolitan Los Angeles,

Committee on Problems of the Aging:
Housing for the aging; findings and recom-
mendations on protective care facilities in Los
Angeles County. The Council, Los Angeles.
1954, 23 pp.

See also No. 15412.

VIII. Mepicar Care

. Cowan, N. R.: An advisory health clinic

for old people. In: 38rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 96-97.

. Gaustad, V.: Scheme for co-ordinated hos-

pital and home services for the aged in Oslo.
In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London,
1954, Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S.
Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 68-69.
Kintner, Q.: The government scheme for
medical care of the indigent aged patients
in Washington. Northw. Med., Seattle, 53:
1262, 1954.

. Sheldon, J. H.: The old age aspects of

social medicine. J. R. Inst. publ. Hlth. Hyg.,
18: 9-15, 1955.

. Turnbull, F. A.: Medical care for the old-

age pension group in B. C. Northw. Med.,
Seattle, 53: 1260, 1954.

See also No. 15612.

IX. SocrtaL PRoBLEMsS

(includes social adjustment )

. Abrams, M.: Reflections on survey tech-

niques. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,

London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp.
360-364.

. Balducci, D.: I 40 anni. The Author,

Paggio, 1954, xi, 281 pp.

. Barron, M. L.: A survey of a cross-section

of the urban aged in the United States. In:
3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S.
Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 340-
349.

. Burgess, E. W.: Human aspects of social

policy. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955,
pp. 49-58.

Fitzelle, G. T.: Strength of opinion as an
indication of philosophy of life; the relation-
ship between strength of opinion and adjust-
ment. J. Amer. geriat. Soc., 3: 306-310,
1955.

Healey, D.: Aged in distress. New Repub-
lic, 131: 3-4, Dec. 20, 1954.

Karsten, A.: Psychological aspects. In: 3rd
Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S.
Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 58-60.
Norway. Old People’s Health Committee:
(Our ageing population.) Norske Geron-
tologiske Skrifter, Oslo, 1955, No. 1, 54 pp.
Price, A. H.: Problems of the aging popu-
lation. Harper Hosp. Bull., 12: 161-168,
1954.

Sauvy, A.: The historical and sociological
basis. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955,
pp. 28-32.

. Sebaoun, J.: Les problémes posés par l’aug-

mentation de la longévité. Canad. Nurse, 51:
17-21, 1955.

. Sheldon, J. H.: The social philosophy of

old age. (presidential address). In: 3rd
Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S.
Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 15-26.
Also in: Lancet, 267: 151-155, 1954.
Simon, F.: Problémes économiques et so-
ciaux de la réadaptation. Sem. Hép. Paris,
30: 3773-3776, 1954.

. Titmuss, R. M.: Some fundamental assump-

tions. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp.
45-49.

. Van Zonneveld, R. J.: Medical and social

sample survey of the aged in the Nether-
lands: In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955,
pp. 349-353.

. Webber, I. L.: Problems of aging and the
aged. Chap. 4, in: T. L. Smith, (Editor),
Social Problems, Thomas Y. Crowell Co.,
N. Y., 1955, pp. 96-123.

See also Nos. 14857, 15670.

X. SoctaL Groups

. Alvarez, W. E.: The duration of widow-
hood. (Editorial). Geriatrics, 10: 294,
1955.

. Deardorff, N. R.: The religio-cultural back-
ground of New York City’s population. Mil-
bank mem. Fd. quart. Bull., 33: 152-150,
1955.

. Ferguson, E. B.: The religious basis for
the interdependence of the disciplines con-
cerned with ageing. In: 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in
the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 607-608.

. U. S. Department of Health, Education and
Welfare. Public Health Service. National
Office of Vital Statistics: Divorces and an-
nulments; detailed statistics for reporting
areas, 1953. Vit. Statist., Spec. Rep., Nat.
Summaries, 42: (2), 24-42, 1955.

. U. S. Department of Health, Education and
Welfare. Public Health Service. National
Office of Vital Statistics: Marriages; detailed
statistics for reporting areas, 1953. Vit.
Statist., Spec. Rep., Nat. Summaries, 42:
(5), 89-116, 1955.

XI. Soctat Security

. Altmeyer, A. J.: The development of social
security in the United States. Bull. Soc.
Sec. Assoc., Geneva, Dec. 1954, pp. 447-462,
. Axel, R.: Trends and relationships in public
assistance in the United States, 1940-1952;
a statistical analysis. Govt. Affairs Found.,
N. Y., 1954, 73 pp. Abstr: P. I., 21: No.
2282, 1955.

. Belgium. Ministére du Travail et de la
Prevoyance Sociale. Office National de Sé-
curité Sociale: Neuviéme Rapport Annuel—
1953. The Office, Brussels, 1954, 171 pp.
. Berlioz, C.: Rhumatisme et sécurité sociale.
Sem. Hép. Paris, 30: 3765-3768, 1954.

. Brackmann, K.: Handbuch der Sozialver-
sicherung; eine Systematische Darstellung.
Bad Godesberg, Asgard-Verlag, 4th Ed., 2
vols.

France. Ministére du Travail et de la
Sécurité Sociale: Rapport sur l’Application

de la Législation de Sécurité Sociale. Im-
primerie des Journaux Officiels, 1954, 96 pp.
Hewitt, E. S.: The co-ordination of federal
social security with public employee retire-
ment plans. County Off., (Wash.), 20: 68-
72, March 1955.

. International Labor Organization. European

Regional Conference: The financing of so-
cial security. Int. Labor Off., Geneva, 1954,
154 pp.

Kimmel, L. H.: Is the federal old-age and
survivors insurance trust fund valid? Nat.
Tax J., 7: 327-341, 1954.

. Larson, N.: The service aspects of the OASI

program. Publ.’ Welfare, 13: 8-12, 1955.

. Myers, R. J.: The purpose of a retirement

test in an old-age security system. Bull.
Int. Soc. Sec. Ass., —: 463-473, Dec. 1954.
Nelson, G. R. (Editor): Freedom and wel-
fare; social patterns in the northern countries
of Europe. Ejnar Munksgaard, 1953, 539

Pp.

. Rosati, L. S.: Guida Nazionale degli In-

stituti di assistenza e ricovero. Amministra-
zione per le attivita assistenziali italiane e
internazionali, Roma, 1954, 685 pp.

Roth, J.: Old age insurance and welfare
in Switzerland. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 62-65.

Scott, W. C., and D. W. Smith: Social
security amendments. Amer. J. Nurs., 55:
296-299, 1955.

U. S. Congress. House. Committee on Ways
and Means. Subcommittee on Social Se-
curity: Social security after 18 years; a
staff report. U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Wash.,
1954, 72 pp.

U. S. International Labour Office: Systems
of social security. The Office, Washington,
1954, 106 pp.

. Willcox, A. W.: The contributory principle

and the integrity of old-age and _ survivors
insurance. Industr. & Labor Relations Rev.,
8: 331-346, Apr. 1955.

. Winter, K. H.: Gedanken eines Amtsarztes

zur Sozialversicherung. Off. GesundhDienst.,
16; 251-254, 1954.

. Anonymous: Your new social security.

Changing Times, 9: 7-14, Feb. 1955.

. Anonymous: Reappraisal of social security.

J. Amer. med. Ass., 157: 849-852, 1953.

XII. Socrau Service AND SoctaAL Work

(recreation and rehabilitation )

15647. Astbury, B. E.: History of provision for

the aged in Britain. In: 3rd Cong. Int.

In-
5 pp.
deral
etire-

> 68-

pean
f so-
1954,

and
Nat.

IASI
95.
ment
Bull.
1954.
wel-
itries
539

In-
istra-
ne e

Ifare
ssoc.

the
Ltd.,

zton,
ciple
ivors

tev.,

rztes
nst.,

rity.

rity.
3.

. James, B.:

INDEX TO CURRENT PERIODICAL LITERATURE 507

Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in
the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 71-74.

Benton, J. G., D. A. Covalt, G. G. Deaver,
and H. A. Rusk: Residency training pro-
gram in physical medicine and rehabilitation.
Arch. phys. Med., 36: 160-163, 1955.
Blyth Brooke, C. O. S.: Sheltered workshop
in a London borough. In: 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in
the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 599-601.

Briggs, M. L.: Volunteer recreation workers
help the chronically ill. Nurs. Outlook, 3:
46-48, 1955.

California (State of). Inter-Departmental
Coordinating Committee on Aging. (G. K.
Wyman, Chairman): Report of activities;
1954. The Committee, Sacramento, Jan. 31,
1955, 13 pp.

Chalfen, L.: Planning leisure-time activities
of the aging. Geriatrics, 10: 245-247, 1955.
Coste, F., and G. Illouz: Prévention des
rechutes des affections rhumatismales par in
réadaptation. Rev. Rhumat., Paris, 21: 762-
768, 1954.

Good, J. M.: Programs for the aged in
Canada. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront.,
London, 1954, Old Age in the Modern World,
E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, p.
69.

. Greene, L. B., and J. Sokolow: Rehabili-

tation in the older age group. Postgrad.
Med., 17: 43-44, 1955.

H. M. Queen Elizabeth. Thé Queen Mother
(Patron): The National Corporation for the
Care of Old People. 7th Ann. Rep., London,
1954, 48 pp.

Houston, R. W.: The responsibility of the
community to the aged. N. Y. St. J. Med.,
55: 486-489, 1955.

Hunt, M. O.: The range of public welfare
services to older people. Amer. Publ. Welf.
Ass., Chicago, 1954, 10 pp.

Iowa State College of Agriculture and Me-
chanic Arts. Extension Service. Economics
and Society: Senior citizens and their in-
terests; challenging view of a senior citizen.
Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, April 1,
1955, P. S. 382. 1, 2, 3, 14 pp.

The part played by voluntary
organisations in welfare work for the aged
in England. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 597-599.

Jones A. C.: Problems of rehabilitation in
the aged. Clin. Med., 61: 617, Aug. 1954.

15662.

Kansas. Topeka. State Department of So-
cial Welfare. Division of Public Assistance:
Activities in nursing homes; a handbook for
volunteers. The Division, Topeka, Kansas,
1955, 73 pp.

Kaplan, J.: The significance of group activity
on psychogenic manifestations of old people.
In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London,
1954, Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S.
Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 596-597.
Kimmel, D. G.: Homemaker service for older
people. Amer. Publ. Welf. Assoc., Chicago,
April 1955, 15 pp.

Kountz, W. B.: The role of club women
in gerontology. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 605-606.

Kuplan, L.: California moves ahead. Aging,
No. 17, 1-3, May 1955.

Kuplan, L.: The community and the senior
citizen in California. In: 3rd Cong. Int.
Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in
the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 594-595.

Landau, G.: Vacation programs for older
people; 1950-1952. William Hodson Com-
munity Center, Bronx, N. Y., 15 pp.
Landau, G.: The restoration of group esteem
through social group work. In: 3rd Cong.
Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954, Old Age
in the Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone
Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 595-596.

McKain, W. C., Jr.: Report of the Con-
necticut Commission on the potentials of
the aging. Conn. Comm. on the Potentials
of Aging. Hartford, Conn., Dec. 1954, 125 pp.
Millet, J.: Problémes de la réadaptation.
Un. méd. Can., 83: 1126-1131, 1954.

New York City. Welfare and Health Coun-
cil; New York City—1955-1965; a report to
the community. The Council, N. Y., 1955,
37 pp.

Pascoe, A.: The role of the caseworker
in a neighborhood club for people. Jewish
soc. Serv. Quart., 30: 430-436, 1954. Abstr:
P. A., 29: No. 2298, 1955.

Pemberton, A. M.: Helping older people
who have been in mental hospitals. Amer.
Publ. Welf. Ass., Chicago, Sept. 1954, 16 pp.
Porsman, V. A.: Statistical results of re-
habilitation in “The Old People’s Town” in
Copenhagen. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 571-574.

Posner, W.: New developments in case
work with the aged. In: New Horizons

. Rancati, A.:

. Rothchild, S.:

. Rusk, H. A.:

. Strong, G. F.:

. Toussaint, J.:

. Zelditch, M.:

. Anonymous:

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

for Casework with the Aged. Welfare &
Health Council of New York City, N. Y.,
1955, pp. 1-9. (Mimeogr. )

Il servizio sociale e gli inabili.
Longevita, 4: (4), 13-15, 1954.

. Randall, O. A.: A national programme for
older people; United States of America. In:
3rd Cong. Int. Assoc. Geront., London, 1954,
Old Age in the Modern World, E. & S.
Livingstone Ltd., London, 1955, pp. 65-68.
Sixty-five and over; Golden
Age Club, Dorchester, Massachusetts. Com-
mentary, 18: 549-556, Dec. 1954.
Rehabilitation of chronically
disabled people. World med. J., 2: 8-9,
1955.

. Snyder, R. M.: Volunteer program for older
persons; senior citizens service corps, New
York City. Recreation, 47: 582-583, Dec.
1954.

Rehabilitation. Canad. med.
Ass. J., 72: 247-252, 1955.

La rééducation des rhuma-
tisants aux Etats-Unis. Rhumatologie, 5:
248-251, 1954.

. U. S. Department of Health, Education and
Welfare. Committee on Aging: Aging; a
community responsibility and opportunity.
U. S. Govt. Print. Off., Wash., 1955, 20 pp.
. Wayne, G. J.: Work as therapy with special
reference to the elderly. Ment. Hyg., Albany,
39: 79-88, 1955.

. Weisbach, K.: Rehabilitationsprobleme. Klin.
Med., Wien, 9: 506-512, 1954.

. Williard, H. S.: Occupational therapy for
elderly persons. In: 3rd Cong. Int. Assoc.
Geront., London, 1954, Old Age in the
Modern World, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.,
London, 1955, pp. 606-607.

Re-examination of social or-
ganization and agency structure in relation
to new developments in case work for the
aged. In: New Horizons for Casework with
the Aged. Welfare and Health Council of
New York City, N. Y., 1955, pp. 1-7,
(Mimeogr. )

Adventures in living after 60.
Welf. Fed., Cleveland, Oct. 1954, 18 pp.

See also Nos. 15031, 15395, 15576, 15594.

MISCELLANEOUS

. Butigen, W. H.: Don’t grow old. Vantage
Press, N. Y., 1953, 107 pp.

. Chisholm, C.: Retire and enjoy it. Phoenix
House, Ltd., London, 1954, 240 pp.

15692.

. Sauerwein, E-.:

. Davis, M.:

. Desmond, T. C.:
. Fadiman, C.:

. French, W. F.:

. Hobby, O. C.:

. Princi, A. R., and J. P. Mitchell:

. Raskin, E.:

. Safford, H. B.:

. Spicer, B. C.:

. Stare, F. J.:

. Stare, F. J., and J. A. Shea:

. Swanson, G.:

. Valentry, D.:

. Anonymous:

. Anonymous:
. Anonymous:

. Anonymous:

Colby, E., and J. G. Forrest: Ways and
means to successful retirement. B.C. Forbes
& Sons Publ. Co., Inc., N. Y., 249 pp.

pH-Veriinderungen _ bei
alternden Aniisthesielésungen. Dtsch. zahn-

drztl. Z., 10: 63-68, 1955.
See also No. 14867.

IV. Misce.Laneous: Popular Articles

How to live to be 100. Good
Housekeeping, 140: 157-160, April 1955.

. Desmond, T. C. Pitfalls of the later years.

Today’s Hlth., 32: 22-23, Nov. 1954.
Sound approach to old
Today’s Hlth., 33: 48-51, Jan. 1955.
Party of one; on being fifty.
Holiday, 17: 6, Feb. 1955.

Young ideas keep some
oldsters going. Saturday Evening Post, 227:
10, March 26, 1955.

Are you getting your share
Amer. Mag., 159: 21,

age.

of social security?
April 1955.

Life
doesn’t end at forty-five. Cath. World, 180:
246-251, Jan. 1955.

How old is old? Excerpt from
many worlds; seen and unseen. Sci. Digest,
37: 9-12, Jan. 1955.

Tell me, doctor; dropping
of the pelvic organs. Ladies Home J., 72:
39, Feb. 1955.

How young America lives
at seventy-five! Ladies Home J., 72: 107-
110, Jan. 1955.

Overeating shortens life; inter-
view. U. S. News, 38: 50-54, Jan. 7, 1955.
How to live
longer and like it. McCalls, 82: 82, Jan.
1955.

Should a woman tell the
truth about her age? Reader's Dig., 66: 91-
92, Jan. 1955.

Staying young’s their business.
Amer. Mercury, 80: 47-50, April 1955.
Aged need amino acid en-
riched bread or cereal. Sci. News Lett.,
Wash., 66: 373, Dec. 11, 1954.

Chances of living to 100. Sci.
News Lett., Wash., 66: 383, Dec. 11, 1954.
Livelier at seventy-five and up.
Newsweek, 44: 55, Dec. 13, 1954.

Find enzyme that controls
aging. Sci. News Lett., Wash., 67: 9, Jan.
1, 1955.

INDEX TO CURRENT PERIODICAL LITERATURE

Anonymous: Too old at forty-five? America,
92: 369, Jan. 8, 1955.

Anonymous: How to retire and stay active.
Nations’ Bus., 43: 94, Jan. 1955.
Anonymous: Life begins at sixty. America,
92:. 634-635, March 19, 1955.

15715.

15716.

15717.

509

Anonymous: After 45 it is hard to get a
job. U. S. News, 38: 88-91, April 1, 1955.
Anonymous: How to ease into retirement;
age center of New England. Business Wk.,
—: 66-69, April 2, 1955.

Anonymous: Facts weight.

about

your

Reader’s Dig., 66: 23-25, April 1955.

Author Index to Current Periodical Literature
(JAN UARY—APRIL—JULY—OCTOBER 1955 )

A

Abel, E., 13428
Abeles, H., 14375.
Abelmann, W. H., 14235.
Abely, P., 13463.
Abildskov, J. A., 13530.
Abrams, A. J., 15534.
Abrams, M., 15605.
Abramson, A. S., 15395.
Ackerman, P. G., 13374,
13375, 14970.
Adams, G. F., 14548.
Adams, H. B., 13816.
Adams, R., 14650.
Adams, W. E., 12874.
Addicks, I. S., 14758.

Adler, & 12769.
Adorni, E. O., 12741.
Agostini, 13801.
Ahmad, Q. S., 13079.
Aiken, C. E., 13569.
Akers, D. S., 14682.
Alad’ina, A. N., 12688.
Alameri, E., 14481.
Albanese, A. A., 12703.
Albeaux-Fernet, M., 12770,
12771.
Albrecht, A. D., 13817.
Albrecht, R., 13955, 14046.
Albrieux, A. S., 13705.
Alcala Llorente, E.,
14542, 14372.
Alegre Marcet, M., 12936.
Alexander, C., 12620.
Alfano, G. S., 14648.
Algeria. Service de la Statis-
tique Generale, 13868.
Alino Testor, J. A., 14279.
Allan, R., 15396.
Allard, A., 13101.
Allen, E. B., 13909.
Allen, E. N., 14774.
Almado, C. A., 14121.
Alpert, L. K., 14267.
Altenderfer, M. E.,
15556.
Altmeyer, A. J., 15626.
Altschul, R., 14971.
Altvater, G., 15368.
Alvarez, W. E., 15621.
Alves, E., 15515.
Alves Morgado, N., 15516.
Alyea, W. S., 13688.
Amer, L. B., 13834.
American Assembly, 13962.
American Nurses Association,
13895.
Amsler, R., 12875.
Amulree, L., 13046.
Ancetti, A., 14416.
Anderson, J. T., 13423.
Anderson, O., 14091.
Anderson, R. J., 13762.
Anderson, T. P., 15243.
Anderson, W. F., 15419.
Anderson, W. O., 14671.
Andosca, J. B., 12876, 13010.
Andrejew, A., 14886.
Andresen, A. F., 15084.
Andrew, N. V., 13727.

14327,

13031,

Reference is given to serial numbers

Andrew, W., 13293, 12572.
15357.

Angel Nores, M., 14063.

Angeli, G., 14959.

Anglem, T. J., 14573.

Angolo. Reparticfio Técnica
de Estatistica Geral,
13869.

Anson, B. J., 12745, 13468.

Antognetti, L., 12772, 13503,
13465, 13402, 13464,
13403, 13404, 14849.

Antonini, F. M., 14175,
14196, 14201, 14972,
14973, 14974, 14996.

App, A. J., 13172.

Appelget, J., 12629.

Aprison, M. H., 14299.

Arcadi, J. A., 14522.

Arens, L., 12727.

Argentina. Direccion General
de Estadistica, 14122.

Arieti, S., 13466.

Arkins, L., 13813.

Avlet, J., 13467.

Armbrust-Figueiredo, J.,
13524.

Armitage, P., 13786.

Armstrong, B. W., 14407.

Armstrong, D., 14328.

Arndt, H. C. M., 14745.

Arnett, J. H., 14376.

Arnold, W. O., 13598.

Aron, E., 14483.

Arsov, D., 14484.

Arthur, J. K., 13203.

Artusio, J. F., Jr., 12848.

Arviddsson, U. B., 13424.

Askar, A. M., 14966.

Asling, C. W., 14969.

Assereto, G., 14181, 14274.

Assus, A., 15037.

Astbury, B. E., 15647.

Astrand, P.-O., 15157.

Atherden, S. M., 13487.

Atkinson, S., 14574.

Aub, J. C., 15420.

Auger, C., 13787.

Ausenbachs, A., 14437.

Ausherman, H. M., 15158.

Australia. Parliament, 14672.

Austria. Statistiches Zentra-
lamt, 12673, 14649,
14914.

Avogaro, P., 14377.

Axel, R., 15627.

Ayre, J. E., 13735, 14530.

Azul, L., 14393.

Azzario, P., 14378.

Baader, E. W., 14459.
Babcock, M. J., 14161.
Baber, R. E., 13950.
Babnew, D., Jr., 13896.
Bach, H. G., 15079.
Bachi, R., 13835.
Bader, H., 13504.
Biider, H., 13589.
Baer, M. F., 14830.

Baer, R. L., 15358.

Bagg, C. E., 15444.

Baggio, G. C., 12849.
Baggio, G. F., 12738.
Baguena Candela, J., 14249.
Baguena Candela, R., 14249.
Bahner, F., 14348.

Bahov, J., 15117.

Baisi, F., 13434.

Bajocchi, E., 12817.

Baker, F., 15397.

Baker, W. J., 15535.
Balaguer-Vintrdé, I., 14575.
Balassi, G. P., 12773.

Balch, D. R., 13204.
Balducci, D., 15606.
Balestrieri, A., 12824.

Ball, J., 15261.

Ballanger, R., 13731, 14524.
Ballew, J. W., 14268.
Balogh, F., 12774.

Baney, A. M., 13782, 15593.
Banfield, W. G., 13714.
Banning, M. C., 13205.

Barach, A. L., 14379, 14382,

15225.
Baranski, S., 13295.
Barbareschi, G., 12689,
14300, 15015.
Barber, H. S., 13661.
Barberi, B., 13355.
Barbier, J., 14485.
Barcelo, P., 15292.
Barcelé Torrent, P., 12936.
Bargeton, D., 13407.
Barillari, F., 14932.
Barker, G. B., 15494.
Barker, W. F., 13426.
Barlen, F., 15118.
Barnes, L. A., 14160.
Barnes, L. L., 14954, 15248.

Barnes, R. H., 15147, 15421,

15476.
Barone, A. M., 13433.
Barr, D. P., 14176.
Barré, V., 15279.
Barrett, H. S., 13810.
Barron, M. L., 15607.
Barry, G. R., 14202.
Barta, V., 15210.
Bartels, C. C., 13723.
Bartels, E. C., 15345.
Barthel, D. W., 13545.
Bartlet, J. E. A., 14417.
Bartlett, F., 15471.
Bartlett, L., 15580.
Barucci, M., 13047.
Baruk, H., 15422.
Bash, W. H., 15193.
Bassani, A., 14224.
Bastai, P., 1403 34.
Batchelor, I. R. C., 15472.
Bates, D. V., 15206.
Batterman, R. C., 12799.
Bauer, C. W., 14821.
Bauer, W., 12735, 12914,

15351.
Bauer, W. H., 15085.
Baumgartner, P., 12916.
Baumgartner, W., 12724.
Baurys, W., 13728.
Baxt, R., 15538.

510

Bayer, F., 14460.

Bayley, N., 13836.

Beadles, R. O., 13729.

Beames, R. P., 15390.

Bean, W. B., 13698, 15359,

Bearzy, H. J., 13526.

Beauregard, J. M., 13648.

Becker, F., 13038.

Becker, H., 13527, 13676.

Bedford, T., 14714.

Beemer, A. M., 12634.

Beerstecher, D. M., 13555.

Beeton, M., 12621.

Béguet, M., 12630.

Bejarans, J., 13206.

Belbin, R. M., 13102.

Belgium. Ministere du Tra-
vail et de la Prevoyance
Sociale. Office National de
Securite Sociale, 15628.

Bell, G. O., 13376.

Bell, R. H., 13468.

Bellim, M., 12998.

Bellini, E., 14380.

Bello, D., 12896.

Bellomo, A., 12758.

Belmone, A., 12703.

Belonoschkin, B., 13590.

Belsky, J. B., 14394.

Beltran Baguena, M., 14381.

Beneventi, F. A., 13730.

Benjamin, B., 14850.

Benmussa, S., 14851.

Bennett, B., 13803.

Bennett, G. K., 13133, 13910.

Bennett, H. S., 12775.

Benton, J. G., 13561, 14225,
15648.

Berber Gutiérrez, S.,

Berconsky, I., 14226.

Berens, C., 14418.

Berg, B. N., 14885.

Berg, G., 13941.

Bergami, G., 13416.

Berger, J., 13469.

Bergeron, M., 14784.

Bergler, E., 14006.

Beria, L., 14726.

Berlin. Landesversicherung-
sanstalt, 14759.

Berlin, N. I., 14167,
14967, 14969.

Berlioz, C., 13963, 14737,
15629.

Berman, E. F., 13505.

Bermuda. Medical and Health
Department, 12658.

Bernhard, P., 15038.

Bernhard, W., 13870.

Bernstein, L. M., 14935.

Berrill, N. J., 13207.

Berris, H., 15119.

Berry, E. L., 13818.

Berry, E. R., 13825.

Berry, G. P., 14576.

Berry, J. D., 12743.

Berthoud, E., 13326.

Bertrand, I., 15045.

Bessiére, R., 12841.

Best, M. M., 12728.

Best, R. R., 13039.

Besusso, P. C., 13788.

13777.

14168,

fealth

Bethell, F. H., 12725.
Bettag, O. L., 15423.
Beyer, A., 12937, 14512.
Beyer, J., 13451.
Beyer, M. F., 14775.
Beyron, H. L., 13506.
Bharucha, R., 13377.
Bhave, L. S., 14425.
Bhende, Y. M., 14203.
Biaggi, L., 13933.
Biaso, B., 14281.
Bibus, B., 12977.
Bick, E. M., 12905, 15111.
Bickel, W. H., 12917.
Bickerman, H. A., 14382.
Bickford, J. A., 13011.
Bidder, G. P., 13307.
Bideway, E., 13178.
Biggers, J. D., 13470.
Bilewicz, S., 13308.
Bilka, P. J., 15303.
Billeter, E., 13344.
Billig, O., 14650.
Billingham, R. E., 15360.
Billion, H., 15057.
Binaghi, A. C., 14063.
Binet, L., 14852, 14887,
15103.
Biondo, B., 13179.
Biriukova, R. N., 14880.
Birke, G., 12978.
Birren, J. E., 15473.
Bishop, C., 12937, 14512,
15346, 15347.
Bissell, L. F., 15137.
Bisteni, A., 14195.
Bjorkman, S., 12659.
Black, R. L., 14463, 15309.
Blades, B., 14408.
Blain, H. R., 12956.
Blane, C., 13463.
Blanchard, W. O., 14197.
Blankenheim, H., 15297.
Blatt, H., 13577.
Blaustein, A., 14169.
Blech, W., 13649.
Blivin, B., 14831.
Bloom, R. E., 15361.
Bluestone, E. M., 13753,
13789, 13763, 13942.
Blumberg, N., 12906.
Blumenfeld, I., 14438.
Blumenthal, H. T., 13471,
14256, 15039, 15040.
Blyth Brooke, C. O. S.,
15649.

Boas, E. P., 13435, 15001.
Bodechtel, G., 12825.
Bodenheimer, A. R., 13570.
Bohmer, G., 13528.
Boehmig, A., 15159, 15160.
Béttner, H., 14170.
Bogash, M., 12983, 13741.
Bogdonoff, M. D., 12690.
Boger, W. P., 14505.
Bogomoletz, V., 13208.
Bohan, E. M., 13518.
Bohatirchuk, F., 15249.
Bohman, F., 15304.
Bokslag, J. G., 15474.
Boland, E. W., 12938,
15305, 15306, 15307.
Boles-Carenini, B., 15230.
Bollet, A. J., 15308, 15309,
15310.
Bollinelli, R., 14227.
Bollinger, J. A., 15100.
Bologna, S., 15581.
Boman, K., 13837, 13838.
Bomski, H., 15041.
Bonati, B., 12776.
Bond, B. W., 14638, 15574.
Bond, F. A., 13950.
Bondy, P. K., 13751.

AUTHOR INDEX

Bonessa, C., 14449, 14943,
14997.

Bonnet, D., 12841.

Bonnet, P., 14461.

Bonnin, M., 14257.

Bonomo, E., 13650, 13651.

Boot, L. M., 15042.

Booth, G., 13324.

Bopp, A., 15270.

Borges, V. V., 15016.

Borisov, D., 14152.

Borkenhagen, R., 15262.

Borth, R., 13472.

Bortz, E. L., 12704, 14035.

Boselli, A., 14449.

Botelho, S. Y., 12821.

Botterell, E. H., 12826.

Boulding, K. E., 13951.

Bour, H., 15207.

Bourg, M., 13591.

Bourliére, F., 13275, 14852.

Bowers, J. E., 13741.

Bowie, M. A., 15323.

Bowman, K. M., 13754,
13839, 15392.

Bowness, J. M., 15059.

Boyce, F. F., 12800, 12877.

Boyd, D. P., 13450.

Boyd, E. M., 14074.

Boyd, L. J., 14180.

Boylston, B. F., 14462.

Bozian, R. C., 13755.

Brabetz, V., 15161.

Bracken, F., 13982.

Brackmann, K., 15630.

Bradess, V. A., 13413.

Bradford, L. P., 13927.

Bradford, M. L., 14573.

Brain, R., 14301, 15120.

Branchi, P. P., 12819.

Brandeberry, J., 14853.

Brantigan, O. C., 14383.

Bray, R. W., 15116.

Brazil. Conselho Nacional de
Estatistica, 13356, 13357,
13871, 13872, 14123,
14124, 14125, 14700,
14915, 14916.

Brazil. Instituto Brasileiro de
Geografia ee Estatistica.
Servico Nacional de Recen-
seamento, 13080.

Brazil. Laboratério de Es-
tatistica, 15517.

Brebant, V., 13081.

Breckenridge, E., 13983.

Bredland, R., 14258.

Bree, M. A., 13507.

Brehm, W. F., 13581.

Brendler, H., 15385.

Brendstrup, P., 12729.

Brennan, R. V., 15369.

Brent, L., 15360.

Brewer, D. W., 12878.

Brewer, G. I., 13473.

Brewster, A. W., 13162.

Brezina, E., 14329.

Bridges, W., 12631.

Briggs, M. L., 13190, 15650.

Brinegar, W. C., 13014,
14285.

Brisotto, P., 15121.

Bristol Local Medical Com-
mittee, 13160.

Brito, A., 14036.

Britton, J. H., 13911.

Britton, J. O., 13911.

Brobeil, A., 13529.

Brock, J. F., 12727, 14776.

Brody, H., 15122.

Broglie, M., 13677.

Bromley, D. B., 13048.

Brooke, D. F., 15424.

Brothers, C. R., 13325.

Brotherus, J. V., 15086.
Browder, E. J., 15123.
Brower, F. B., 15566.
Brown, C. C., 15212.
Brown, E. M., 12984, 13678,
15323.
Brown, H., 13561.
Brown, I. W., Jr., 14961.
Brown, J. B., 13819.
Brown, P. J., 14520.
Brown, R. A., 12731.
Brown, T. M., 14577.
Brown, W., 14251.
Brozek, J,. 14651,
Bruce, W. C., 12827.
Brugsch, H. G., 13769.
Brull, L., 13756.
Brunetta, A., 14302.
Bruni, B., 14259.
Brush, B. E., 14288.
Bruyere, P. T., 15560.
Bryson, K. D., 13680.
Buchan, J. F., 13706.
Buchborn, E., 13707.
Bucht, H., 12962.
Buck, C., 13805.
Buckwalter, J. A., 13040.
Budniok, R., 15368.
Buehler, H. J., 14970.
Buendia, R., 14543.
Biirger, M., 13276, 13378,
13474, 14957.
Bugyi, B., 15087.
Bull, J. P., 12616, 13294.
Bullock, J. A., 14475, 14478.
Bunim, J. J., 14463, 14479,
14486, 15269, 15308,
15310, 15311.
Burch, G. E., 13530.
Burdette, R. I., 12930.
Burgdorf, A. L., 13790.
Burgess, E. W., 15608
Burgos, R, 14388.
Burkert, S., 14523.
Census Department,
15472.
Burn, R. A., 14419.
Burney, T. E., 13567.
Burns, E. M., 13180.
Burstein, S. R., 14854.
Burt, C., 15475.
Burton, C. R., 15017.
Busnelli, C., 14738.
Busse, E. W., 15147, 15421,
15476.
Butigen, W. H., 15690.
Buxton, C. L., 13475.
Buzard, J., 15347.
Buznic, A. L., 14960.
Byers, C. O., 13380.
Byrne, R. V., 15088.
Bywaters, E. G., 12918.

Cc

Caccialanza, P., 12967.

Cade, R., 15208.

Cades, H. R., 13209.

Cahalane, V. H., 12801.

Calazel, P., 14227.

Caldwell, B. McD., 13049,
14652.

Calearo, C., 15468.

California. Assembly Interim
Committee on Social Wel-
fare, 15582.

California. Community Wel-
fare Council, 13153.

California. Department of Fi-
nance, 12660, 13874.

California. Department of In-
dustrial Relations and Di-
vision of Labor Statistics
and Research, 13912.

511

California (State of). Inter-
Departmental Coordinating
Committee on Aging,
15651.

California. University of,
14699.

Callaghan, J. C., 12826.

Callahan, A., 14420.

Callahan, J. J., 12908.

Callan, J. R., 14549.

Callow, A. D., 13425.

Cameron, G. R., 15398.

Cameron, J. L., 13476.

Cameron, L. E., 12656.

Cameron, M. P., 14870.

Campbell, D. C., Jr., 15465.

Campbell, I., 13984.

Campbell, J. L., 13747.

Campbell, R. M., 12974.

Campironi, E., 14777.

Canada. Department of Na-
tional Health and Welfare,
14760.

Canada. Dominion Bureau of
Statistics, 14092, 14917,
15518.

Canadian Welfare Council,
14037.

Cander, L., 12821.

Canepa, R., 13764, 14998.

Canessa, M., 13410.

Cannon, J. A., 12617, 13426.

Capaldo, A., 12739, 12740,
14192.

Carabasi, J. R., 13598.

Carabulea, M., 12791.

Caramainian, M. K., 15263.

Caramati, A., 14439.

Cardoso, J. M., 14393.

Carey, J. W., 14038.

Carimele, E., 15114.

Carinena, J., 14384.

Carlson, A. J., 15575.

Carosso, B., 13599.

Carp, L., 14820.

Carroll, B. E., 13765.

Carroll, D. G., 14385, 14407.

Carroll, G., 15369.

Carroll, R. S., 14007.

Carter, V., 15275.

Casademont, -M., 12936.

Casati, A., 14440.

Cass, L. J., 12705.

Cassagneau, J., 14227.

Castellani, A., 14513.

Castellaro, A..M., 14442.

Castelli, D., 15264.

Castillo DeLucas, C., 14550.

Cate, W. R., Jr., 14280.

Cattell, R. B., 13508.

Caughran, K., 15081.

Cavalieri, U., 13164, 13277,
13840, 14578, 14746,
14778, 15089, 15124,
15466:

Cavazzuti, F., 14959.

Central African Statistical Of-
fice, 13875, 14126.

Centry, R. W., 14497.

Cesarman Vitis, T., 15018.

Ceylon. Department of Cen-
sus and Statistics, 14093,
14094, 14127.

Chabaud, A. G., 14888.

Chafetz, M. E., 14579,
14663, 15144.

Chaivox, A., 13749.

Chalfen, L., 15652.

Chambers, R., 13964.

Chambers, W. R., 12828.

Chang, Y. O., 14198.

Chapman, C. B., 13572,
13578, 14300.

Chapman, C. L., 12777.

512

Chapman, E. M., 15145.
Chapman, I., 14180, 14976.
Chapman, O., 13436.
Charache, H., 14580.
Charchansky, N., 12919.
Charlier, R., 15266.
Charney, W., 15319.

Chase, H. B., 14520.

Chatagnon, Cc. 14581.

Chatagnon, P., 14581.

Chatelin, N. H., 15313.

Chen, C.-S., 15519.

Chene, P., 12601, 12802.

Cherkasky, M., 14551.

Cherry, R. L., 13600.

Chevalley, J., 15060.

Chibalitch, D., —

Chieffi, M., 14

Child, C. M., 13300, 13310,
13311.

Chiorboli, E., 14487.

Chirico, M., 13651.

Chisholm, C., 15691.

Chope, H. D., 14162.

Chow, B. F., 12706, 14163.

Christie, G. 3., 12920.

Church, H. N., 14161.

Church, L. E., 15090.

Ciarpaglini, L., 15250.

Cibrie, P., 13965.

Ciocco, Z., 13943, 14582.

Cipolla, E. B., 12741.

City of Oakland. Mayor’s
Semuittien on Aging,
13985.

Clampitt, R. R., 13067.

Claringbold, P. J. 13470.

Clark, F. G., 14002, 15536.

Clarke, G. M., 13319.

Clarks, J. M., 14889.

Clawson, B. J., 15019.

Clay, H. M., 13050.

Clayborne, M., 13681.

Clémens, R., 13952.

Clément, R., 15463.

Clements, E. M., 14331,
14332.

Clemmesen, J., 14583.

Cleveland Welfare Federa-
tion. The Occupational
Planning Committee,
13103.

Clifton, E. E., 13725.

Clow, H. E., 13909.

Cobb., S., 15265.

Cobb, W. M., 12622, 15251.

Cobbs, B., 14584.

Coburn, W. P., 12985.

Codecasa, A., 13601.

Coe, M. H., 14779.

Coggeshall, H. C., 15282.

Cohen, A., 14233, 14701.

Cohen, C., 12731.

Cohen, J. D., 12705.

Cohen, W. J., 13181.

Cohn, A. E., 12618.

Cohn, H. D., 14563.

Cohn, J. E., 14385.

Colby, E., 15692.

Colcock, B. P., 13509,
13510.

Cole, W. H., 13820.

Colgan, C. M., 15477.

Colgin, R. W., 13841.

Coller, F. A., 13041.

Collet, M. E., 14260.

Collins, D. H., 13652.

Collins, S. D., 14585, 15425.

Colombia. Contraloria Gen-
eral de la _ Republica,
14128.

Colombo, U. M., 13966,
13967

Colp, R., 13045.

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

Comar, C. L., 12695, 12696.

Comfort, A., 12602, 14855,
14890.

Commission on Chronic IIl-
ness, 13791, 15426.

Compere, E. L., 13653.

Congdon, C, C., 15174.

Connecticut Society on Ger-
—< 13986.

Connell, W. F., 12742.

Conrad, S. w., 14333, 14334.

Constable, K., 13534.

Constant, M. ‘. 12691.

Constantinoff, V. B., 13326.

Conwell, D. V., 15427,
15478.

Cook, M. W. J., 14702.

Cooper, A. R., 15399.

Cooper, I. S., 12829, 13531,
14303.

Cooper, M., 13028, 14586.

Copeland, A. B., 13823.

Copello, F., 14335.

Copeman, W. S., 12939,
13682.

Copenhagen, W. J., 13312.

Coplan, M. M., 14530.

Coppers, G. H., 13154.

Copping, G. A., 15400.

Coppinger, N. W., 13624.

Corda, M., 12879.

Cordaro, M., 13766.

Cordonnier, 3. J., 15370.

Cornet, H. A., 14386.

Cornia, G., 13617.

Corti, L., 14228.

Coscarelli, L., 13573.

Cosin, L., 13767.

Costa, P. J., 13751.

Costa, U., 14181.

Costa, Y., 13705.

Costa Bertani, G., 14429.

Costa Maia, J., 14919.

Costabile-Barnabei, M.,
14918.

Coste, F., 13708, 15653.

Cottet, J., 14177.

Coulon, R., 15266.

Council of Aging’s Institute
on Nursing Home Care,
13987.

Cournand, A., 15222.

Covalt, D. A., 15648.

Covell, W. P., 15231.

Coventry, M. B., 12917.

Cowan, N. R., 15600.

Cowdry, E. v., 14856.

Cox, H., 12731.

Coyer, A. B., 12940.

Coyle, H., 14039.

Crain, S. M., 14304.

Cramer, A., 13326.

Crampton, C. W., 13811,
14008, 14832.

Crandall, L. S., 12632.

Cregan, J. C., 13661.

Crenshaw, G. L., 14387.

Crepeaux, J., 15058.

Cretin, M. A., 12954.

Creyx, M., 14960.

Crittenden, J. O., 13674.

Croner, F., 13897.

Crowder, F., 13104.

Crowell, S., 14075.

Crozier, W. J., 14076.

Cryan, E., 13934.

Cuerrier, J. P., 12633.

Cugurra, F., 15244.

Cuny, G., 14186, 14981.

Cutler, C. W., Jr., 13821,
15467.

Cutler, J. C., 14618.
Cutler, S. J., 14587.
Gyvin, K., 14315.

D

Da, R., 14036.
Dacso, M. M., 13191, 13768,
13988, 14999, 15450.
Daddi, G., 12879.
Dahlgren, K. G., 13299.
Dailey, A., 14009.
D’Alonzo, C., 14552.
Dal Ri, L., 14281.
Daly, C., 15196, 15197.
Dandekar, V. M., 14425.
Daneo, V., 13654, 15264,
15267, 15287.
D’Ardes, V., 12830.
Darget, B., 13731.
Darget, R., 14524.
Daric, J., 15537.
Daum, K., 13698, 14933.
Daumézon, G., 13842.
David, K., 13313.
David, L., 14010.
David, P., 15538.
David-Chaussé, F., 13709.
David-Chaussé, J., 13709.
Davidoff, L. M., 14430.
Davidson, C. S., 12692.
Davidson, H., 13051.
Davies, H. R., 12941.
Davis, E., 15371.
Davis, G. K., 12695.
Davis, M., 15694.
Dawber, T. B., 13411.
Deakins, M. L., 15252.
de Alencastro, G. G., 13683.
Deardorff, N. R., 15622.
Dearing, C. L., 13913.
Deaver, G. G., 15648.
de Baudouin, G., 13463.
De Bellis, L., 14178, 14261,
14262.
DeBernard, B., 14936.
De Bonis, U., 12880.
Debray, M., 13684.
Décourt, L., 14487.
de Félice, S., 15162.
De Finetti, B., 13327.
De Franco, F., 13052.
De Gennes, L., 14336.
De Grada, G., 12884.
De Grailly, R., 12707.
De Jong, B. T., 13769.
de Jongh, D. K., 13532.
de Jorio, G., 13944.
DeLalla, O., 13412.
DeLalla, O. F., 13408,
13411, 13448.
Delamare, J., 12759.
Delarue, J., 15279.
Delaunay, A., 15034.
De Lavergne, E., 12721.
Delavignette, R., 13165.
Delaware. Old Age Welfare
Commission, 14761.
Delaware. Welfare Council
of, 13278.
Del Buono, G., 12740,
14192

Del Corral Saleta, J. M.,
14040

de Leonardis, L., 15125.

Delore, P., 12994.

De Lucas, C., 15401.

Deming, C. L., 13751, 15372.

Dempsey, M. E., 15228.

Demuth, G. S., 14077.

Denmark, Ministry of Labour
and Social Affairs, 13989.

Denmark. Sundhedsstyrelsen,
14095.

Dennis, W., 13843.

Densen, P. M., 13942, 14532

Densford, K. J., 15539.

Denti, N., 14727.

Depaoli, M., 14337.

Department of Public Wel- Dubli

fare, 13792.
de Pedrini, P., 12778.

Dertouzos, D. M., 13134.

De Ruyter, J., 13625.

Desai, M. M., 15479.
Deschamps, P., 13135.

De Seze, S., 12942.
D’Eshougues, J. R., 13666.
Desjardome, E. J., 14805.
Desmond, T. C., 12603,

13990, 14883, 15695,

15696.

Desmons, F., 12970.
Despeyroux, L., 14553.
Destrem, H., 12604, 12707,

13574, 14960, 15402.

De Torres, M., 14364.
Deuel, H. J., Jr., 12693.
Deutschberger, O., 13436,

14180, 14976.
De Vergottini, M.,
Deveze, M., 14179
De V Weir, J. B., 14182.
de Watteville, H., 13472.
Dick, V. S., 13732.
Dickgiesser, F., 13655.
Dickmann, G. H., 14305.
Dietrich, M., 13001.

Di Girolamo, L., 12778.

DiLallo, R., 12703.

Dillon, R. N., 12943, 15312.

DiLorenzo, F., 13415.

Dirksen, G., 15025.

Dixey, G., 15382.

Dobbie, R. P., 13041.

Doberauer, W., 15253.

Dodd, R. B., 15163.

Dodds, C., 12939.

Dodds, E. C., 13279.

Dodge, H. W., 12831.

Doerfler, L. G., 14421.

Déring, H., 14306.

Dorken, H., Jr., 15480.

Doerner, A. A., 13561.

Doff, S. D., 13161, 14410.

Dogliotti, G. C., 14034.

Dohan, F. C., 13674.

Dole, V. P., 14338.

Doll, E. A., 13053.

Doll, R., 13300, 13786.

Dominican Republic. Direc-
cién General de Estatistica,

15520.

Domonkos, A. N., 13713.
Donahue, W. A., 13148,
13155, 13898, 13920,
14857, 15576, 15577.

Donaldson, H. H., 14891,

14895.

Donnelly, J., 13793.
Dorfman, R., 13899, 15071.
Dormer, B. A., 12634.
Dornier, R., 13428.

Dorsey, J. M., 14041.
Doshay, L. J., 12832, 13533,

13534, 15155.

Dos Reis, F. M., 14554.
Duswald, A. M., 12869.
Douglas, G. F., 13592.
Douglas, G. W., 12863.
Dowdeswell, W. H., 12635.
Downey, M., 13733.
Doyle, H. M., 13210.
Dragsted, P. J., 12910.
Drake, F. R., 13525.
Dresner, E, 15268.
Dreyfus, G., 14339.
Droller, H., 15000, 15126,

15232, 15511, 15512.
Dubbelman, C. P., 13202.
Dube, R. B., 14187.

Dubey, V. D., 14199.

15540.

irec-
stica,

148,

Dublim, L. I., 14328, 14673,
15164, 15165.
DuBois, A., 13358.
Ducuing, J., 14227.
Duff, G. L., 15007.
Duff, I. F., 15313.
Dufrenoy, J., 13379.
Duggins, O. H., 12968.
Dukelow, D. A., 13211.
DuMonceau De Bergendal,
13105.
Dunbar, F., 14881.
Duncan, C. H., 12728.
Duncan, J. O., 13054.
Dunlap, J. S., 14975.
Dunn, W. L., 13602.
Dunne, A., 14838.
Dunnette, M. D., 13106,
15545, 15546.
Duran-Reynals, F., 13575.
Durand, J. D., 15521.
Durando, C., 12871.
Duren, A., 13358.
Dury, A., 12730.
Dusseau, E. M., 13320.
Duthie, D. A., 12973.
Duthie, J. J., 12944, 13685.

E

Eadie, G. S., 14961.

Eaves, L., 13107.

Ebaugh, F. G., Jr., 15269.

Ebert, R. V., 15212.

Eckerstrém, S., 14525,
15104.

Eckles, C. H., 14450.

Eckstein, P., 15043.

Eddy, R. W., 15194.

Eder, A., 14653.

Edington, G. M., 14229.

Edwards, B. E., 13477.

Edwards, C. N., 12979.

Edwards, H. K., 15541.

Edwards, J. C., 12833.

Edwards, M. C., 14823.

Efimova, S. A., 12779.

Egelius, N., 15338.

Egidius, H., 13055.

Eglius, N., 13656.

Ehalt, W., 14780.

Ehrenberg, R., 13429.

Eiber, H. B., 13436, 14180,
14976, 14980.

Eichelberger, L., 14253.

Eik-Nes, K., 14277.

Einaudi, G., 15267.

Eisfelder, H. W., 14340.

Eitinger, L., 15127.

Ekbom, K. A., 12834.

Elfenbaum, A., 15262.

El-Khanagry, H., 12700.

Elliott, H. A., 13408.

Ellis, L. B., 14235.

Ellwood, M. J., 13554.

Elmadjian, F., 14263, 15044.

Elman, R., 14642.

El Salvador. Direccién Gen-
eral de Estadistica y Cen-
sos, 14920.

Elwood, M. J., 14317.

Ely, J. O., 13389, 13390.

Emerson, K., Jr., 12872.

Emge, L. A., 12864.

Emmrich, R., 13649.

Endler, F., 12945.

England. Birmingham. Cen-
tral Statistical Office,
14921.

England and Wales. Gen-
eral Register Office, 12661,
13012, 13082, 13301.

England and Wales. Reg-
istrar General, 13083.

Engleman, E. P., 12946,
12964.

AUTHOR

Enos, W. F., 13451.
Enterline, P. E., 13762.
Epifanio, C., 14388.

Epstein, F. H., 13435, 15001.
Epstein, J. A., 14430.
Epstein, L. A., 13892, 15529.
Erb, P., 14282.

Erlendsson, F., 14341.
Erlsbacker, O., 15314.
Erugis, G., 13618.
Esclavissat, M., 14227.
Eufinger, H., 12980.

Evans, G., 15583.

Evans, J. A., 13603, 13822.
Everhart, G. G., 13136.
Eversole, U. H., 13576.
Evrard, E, 13108.

F

Faber, V., 12921.
Fadiman, C., 15697.
Fairbanks, R., 15299.
Falcao, J., 14899.
Faleg, G., 14441.
Fantini, S., 14224.
Farman, C. H., 13181.
Fattu, N. A., 13844.
Fawns, H. T., 12922.
Fazekas, J. F., 12835,
15128.
Fazio, B., 14181.
Fearnley, M. E., 12939.
Federation Employment Serv-
ice, 13109.
Federici, N., 14674.
Federov, M. V., 14060.
Federspiel, C. F., 13409.
Feifel, H, 13056, 13991.
Feinstein, J. Y., 12999.
Feldman, M. B., 14781.
Feldstein, M., 14422.
Fenner, K., 14488.
Ferderber, M. B., 15403.
Ferey, D., 14307.
Ferguson, E. B., 15623.
Fergusson, J. D., 12981,
15373.
Fernandez Del Vallado, P.,
14500.
Fernandez Munoz, J., 12995,
14389, 14847.
Ferracuti, F., 13057.

Ferroir, J.,

Ferstl, A., 12923.

Ferulano, O., 15374.

Fidanza, V., 13415, 13416.

Fidler, G. S., 13992.

Figueroa-Colon, J., 13741.

Filippone, A., 12819.

Filogama, G., 13654.

Finkle, A. L., 13020, 13737,
13738, 15381.

Finland. Tilastollinen, 14096.

Finn, M. H. P., 13016.

Finnerty, F. A., Jr., 12835,
15128.

Finzi, M., 14944.

Fiolle, J., 12605.

Fior, R., 15468.

Firor, W. M., 13696.

Fischer, C., 15048.

Fischer, E., 13634.

Fischer, F. W., 13441.

Fischer, M. I., 15375.

Fischer, R., 14003.

Fisher, E. D., 12836.

Fisher, M., 14042, 14782.

Fisher, M. B., 13115.

Fisher, R. A., 12635.

Fisk, G. H., 14703.

Fiske, V. M., 14260.

Fitting, W., 15297.

INDEX

Fitzelle, G. T., 15609.
Fitzgerald, R. P., 14251.
Fitzpatrick, W. F., Jr., 14599.
Fivaz, L., 14514.

Fjeld, S. P., 14574.

Flach, A., 15166.

Flax, H. J., 13536.

Fleetwood, J. F., 15404.

Flegel, H., 15362.

Fleischhans, B., 12881,
15210.

Fleming, C., 14043, 14858,
15245, 15542.

Flint, T. J., 14304.

Flocks, R. H., 14326.

Flodmark, S., 12850.

Flood, F. T., 13409.

Florentin, A. A., 14277.

Florian, F., 13699.

Florida. University. Institute
of Gerontology, 13914.

Fluck, P. H., 13212.

Fliickiger, E., 15167, 15190.

Flynn, L. M., 13770.

Fogher, L., 13799.

Fojucki, E., 12932.

Foley, R. E., 13450.

Follenius, E., 12619.

Follis, R. H., Jr., 12909.

Font, J., 14283, 14284.

Forcella, I. G., 14442.

Ford, E. B., 12635.

Ford, L. T., 14447.

Ford, T. R., 14716.

Forestier, J., 14489.

Forgus, R. H., 14654.

Forman, J., 13577.

Forrest, J. G., 15692.

Forsham, P. H., 12964.

Forsius, H., 15233.

Forster, W., 14588.

Fossati, P., 13812.

Foster, F. P., 13823.

Foti, M., 14365.

Fouad, M., 13178.

Fournier, A. M., 12926.

Fournier, P., 13606.

Founry, L., 14308.

Fowler, W. S., 15211.

Fraenkel, M., 15405.

France. Direccion de Ja Sta-
tistique Generale, 14675.
France. Institut National de
la Statistique et des Etudes

Economiques, 12674,
12675.

France. Institut National d’-
Etudes Démographiques,
13359.

France. Ministére de la
Santé Publique, 13328,
14097.

France. Ministere du Travail
et de la Securite Social,
15631.

Francis, E., 13213.

Franco, S. C., 14230.

Francon, J., 12780.

Frank, B. L., 13394.

Frank, I. N., 15376.

Frank, N. R., 14235.

Franke, K., 14390.

Frankel, S. A., 13215.

Frankl, R., 15315.

Franklin, K. J., 15002.

Franksson, C., 12978.

Franzini, C., 15091.

Fraser, R. S., 13572, 13578,
14300.

Fraser Roberts, J. A., 14207,
14208.

Frazier, T. M., 13621.

Fredell, E. W., 12946.

Frederik, W. S., 12705.

Freeman, H., 14263, 15044.

513

Freeman, J. G., 14574.

French, C. E., 13579.

French Equatorial Africa.
Haut - Comissariat. Statis-
tique Générale, 13084.

French, W. F., 13214, 15698.

Freudenberg, K., 12676,
13302, 13329, 14066,
14900.

Freyria, C., 13968.

Frhr, H., 15020.

Friedberg, R., 13478.

Friedman, A. P., 15234.

Friedman, M., 13380.

Friedmann, E. A., 13137.

Friedmann, H. C., 13479.

Friend, J., 14391.

Fritzell, Y., 13360.

Fromer, J. L., 13824.

Frost, L. L., 15476.

Fry, D. L., 15212.

Fryer, M. P., 13819.

Fuchs, G., 13484.

Fuchs, K., 15203.

Fuqua, M. E., 14153.

Furth, J., 15189.

Furtenbach, W., 14490.

Fusi, G., 12816, 13642.

G

Gabba, A., 14728.

Gabr, M., 13814.

Gabriele, A. B., 13058.

Gadel, M. S., 13110.

Gaglio, M., 13657.

Gakkel, L. B., 13784, 13845.

Galan Porras —, 13480.

Galante, N., 13445.

Gallini, R., 14228.

Gama, G., 13788.

Gamp, A., 15270, 15271.

Gandal, C. P., 12636.

Garcia, H., 13410.

Garcia, P., 14934.

Garetto, G., 12758.

Garn, S. M., 14515, 15168.

Garnham, P. C., 14892.

Garrett, F. H., 13037.

Garrow, J. S., 14171.

Garry, R. C., 14182.

Gassan, P., 14553.

Gates, L. O., 14161.

Gatewood, V. H., 13388.

Gaudiano, P., 13689.

Gaudin, G., 15296.

Gaurys, W. M., 13575.

Gause, R. W., 15195.

Gaustad, V., 13758, 14739,
14859, 15169, 15601.

Gayet-Hallion, T., 15045.

Gayral, L., 14308.

Gazmuri, R., 13410.

Gedda, P. O., 15272.

Geiger, H. B., 12956.

Geiger, J., 13697.

Geill, T., 14589, 14590.

Geisberger, H., 15314.

Geisler, M. A., 14251.

Geist, S. H., 15072.

Geller, H. F., 13734.

Genton, M., 13013.

Germany. Federal Republic.
Bavaria. Statistisches Lan-
desamt, 14129.

Germany. Federal Republic.
Statistisches Bundesamt,
14676, 14922, 15522.

Germany. West Berlin. Sta-
tistisches Landesamt,
13361, 14130, 14677.

Gershon-Cohen, H., 12906,
14443.

Gerstle, M., Jr., 15112.

Gewalli, N., 13686.

514

Ghiringhelli, G., 13617.
Ghormley, R. K., 12917.
Gialdroni-Grassi, G., 13604.
Giaquinto, M., 14392.
Gibba, A., 14527.
Gibraltar. Chief Medical Of-
ficer, 14131.
Gibson, E. C., 14528.
Gibson, J. J., 13661.
Gibson, T. C., 14231.
Gilbertson, E., 14783.
Gilfillan, R. S., 12743.
Gill, D. G., 13846.
Gilliam, A. G., 13332.
Gillies, M. T., 12637.
Gillmann, H., 15021.
Gillum, H. L., 14183, 14184,
14977, 14978, 14985,
14986.
Gingras, G., 14784.
Gini, C., 13876.
Ginori, S. S., 15377.
Ginzberg, R., 13014, 14285,
15428, 15481.
Giobbi, A., 13601.
Gjessing, H. G. A., 13626.
Glass, B., 14882.
Glazer, W. F., 13412.
Glazier, F. W., 13411,
13448.
Gleason, I. O., 12933.
Gleeson, G. A., 13035,
14618.
Glemmesen, J., 14591.
Glenn, F., 14287, 15092.
Glyn, J. H., 12939.
Godina, G., 15129.
Godts, P., 13481.
Godwin, W. L., 14754.
Gofman, J. W., 12708,
13408, 13412, 13448.
Goldbloom, A. A., 13436,
14180, 14976, 14979,
14980.
Gold Coast. Government Sta-
istician, 14678.
Gold Coast. Medical Depart-
ment, 12677.
Golden, J. B., 12787.
Goldfain, E., 13687.
Goldfarb, A. I., 14592.
Goldfien, A., 12964.
Goldhan, U., 15235.
Goldmann, F., 13945.
Goldner, M. G., 12731.
Goldstein, A. E., 14529.
Goldstein, H., 15439.
Goldstein, M. S., 12662.
Goldwater, L. J., 13663.
Goldzeiher, M. A., 13715.
Golz, G., 15315, 15316.
Gomes, S. C., 13491.
Gondim, J. C., 14264.
Gonzales Cruz, A., 14200,
15170, 15171.
Good, J. M., 15584, 15654.
Good, M. G., 12924.
Goode, J. V., 14643.
Goodman, J. I., 14342.
Goodson, W. H., Jr., 13688.
Goodwin, W. E., 13740,
14533.
Gorham, L. W., 12763.
Gorse, J., 12802.
Gortner, W. A., 12744.
Gosch, J., 13482.
Gosselin, M. C., 14821.
Gottron, H. A., 12969.
Gottsegen, G., 12781.
Goudriaan, J. C., 15213.
Gould, C. A., 14679.
Gould, R. G., 13437.
Gould, T. C., 15377.
Govoni, A., 12803, 12817.

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

Gowans, J. D. C., 13679.

Graberg, E., 14593.

Grad, B., 12804.

Graettinger, J. S., 12766.

Graf de la Rosée, B., 13627.

Graham, M., 12638.

Graimprey, J., 15214.

Gram, M. R., 13422.

Gramm, H., 14923.

Grassi, C., 13604.

Graves, J., 15130.

Graves, J. W., 12815.

Gray, J. W., 15317.

Graybiel, A., 12766.

Great Britain. Board of
Trade, 14132.

Great Britain.
fice, 15523.

Great Britain. General Regis-
ter Office. England and
Wales, 14924.

Great Britain.
Health, 13156,
15215.

Great Britain. National Cor-
poration for the Care of
Old people, 14785.

Green, T. W., 12964.

Greenaway, J. M., 14214.

Greenblatt, I. J., 13413.

Greenblatt, R. B.,. 14594,
15046.

Greene, H. S. N., 12796.

Greene, L., 13561.

Greene, L. B., 13195, 15655.

Greenhouse, S. W., 14587.

Greenleigh, L. F., 13847.

Greer, B. J., 14956.

Grégoire, F., 13611.

Gregorezyk, K., 15022.

Gregory, L. J., 14288.

Greig, H. W., 12745.

Greppi, E., 14044, 14045,
14201, 14595, 15003.

Grether, E. T., 13098.

Griep, A. H., 14202.

Griffin, J. E., 13771.

sriffin, M. A., Jr., 13015.

Griffin, "V. R., Jr., 13015.

Grifone, J. W., 12760.

Grinschpun, S., 14596.

Grizi, G., 13434.

Grobe, H., 14597.

Grollman, A., 15004.

Gros, J., 13537

Gross, D., 12761.

Gross, H., 13059.

Gross, L., 15172.

Gross, M., 13016.

Grosse, H., 12882, 15216,
15429.

Grout, J., 15000.

Gruenberg, E. M., 13017.

Grundfest, H., 14304.

Grundmann, G., 14003.

Grunewald, K., 13055.

Guard, H. R., 14203.

Guerra, C., 12741.

Guidi, G., 14309.

Guild, W. R., 15406.

Guillaume, A. C., 14204.

Gullickson, T. W., 14450.

Guillon, J., 12782.

Gumpert, M., 14011.

Gunn, S. A., 13735, 14530,
15377.

Guralnick, L., 13300.

Gurney, N. L., 13848.

Gutman, A. B., 15318.

Gyri, W., 14474.

Colonial Of-

Ministry of
14925,

H
H. M. Queen Elizabeth. The

Queen Mother (Patron),
5656.

Haas, L. L., 14431.
Habib, Y. A., 12700.
Hadorn, W., 14343.
Haebisch, H., 14393.
Hifner, H., 15430.
Hagan, T. L., 13331.
Hagen, H., 14205.
Haggart, G. E., 13690.
Hagnell, O., 13796.
Hahn, T., 14310.
Haiti. Institut Haiteien de
Statistique, 13362.
Haldane, J. B. S., 12639.
Hale, J. B., 12640.
Hall, D. A., 15035.
Hall, W. C., 14202.
Halliday, G. G., 15131.
Ham, M. P., 13381.
Hama, H., 13877.
Hamblen, E. C., 13815.
Hamburger, C., 15047.
Hamby, W. B., 13538.
Hamill, K., 13138.
Hamilton, D. M., 13018.
Hamilton, H. C., 14901.
Hamilton, M., 14206, 14207,
14208.
Hammarsten, G., 13658,
13659.
Tiammer, G., 14344.
Hammerschmidt, A., 13878.
Hammill, G. P., 15403.
Hammond, E. C.,
14902.
Hammond, G., 13690.
Hammond, W., 14544.
Hamrin, G., 15585.
Hanan, B. T., 14189.
Hanan, R., 13580.
Hanazono, N., 15146.
Handrick, H. G., 15143.
Hankins, O. G., 15113.
Hannay, P. W., 12973.
Hansard, S. L., 12695,
12696.
Hansen, J., 13658, 14981.
Hanssen, P., 14555, 14556.
Hansson, K. G., 12822.
Hardwick, D. C., 13716.
Harnett, W. L., 13019.
Harper, R. V., 15168.
Harris, R., 12746, 12763.
Harris, S. B., 14491.
Harrison, R. G., 14969.
Harrower, M. R., 15431.
Hart, F. D., 12947.
Hart, H., 14098.
Hart, J. F., 13088.
Harter, F., 13655.
Hartfall, S. J., 14465.
Harth, J. A. P., 13001.
Hartl, F., 15048.
Hartroft, W. S., 15005.
Hartstein, M., 14345.
Hartung, E. F., 12956,
14506.
Harvard, B. M., Jr.,
15372.
Harvey, H. I., 12851.
Haskin, H. H., 12641.
Hastings, O. L., 15217.
Hauch, E. W., 12883.
Havighurst, R. J.,
14046.
Hawkins, W. W., 14185.
Haydu, G. G., 12925.
Hayes, M. A., 14286.
Haylett, R. R., 14729.
Hays, D. M., 14287, 15092.
Headley, N. E., 15307.
Heady, J. A., 13455, 15196,
15197.

13303,

13751,

13137,

Heald, L., 15331.
Healey, D., 15610.
Hebbert, F. J., 14232.
Hecht, S., 14078.
Heck, C. V., 14444,
Heckel, N. J., 13736.
Hediger, H., 12642.
Hedri, E., 13042.
Heeres, P. A., 14557.
Hegna, H., 12907.
Heinen, H., 13452.
Heinen, W., 13452.
Heiskell, C. L., Jr., 14394.
Hejtmancik, M. R., 12762.
Hellbaum, A. A., 14475.
Helmholz, H. F., Jr., 13614,
15211.
Helmke, R., 14893.
Hemphill, F. M., 15514.
Hench, P. S., 15343.
Henderson, A. L., 14588.
Henderson, E. D., 12917.
Hennig, O., 15378.
Hennigar, G. R., 12785.
Henning, M. P., 14466.
Henry, L., 12866.
Henschen, F., 14860, 15254.
Herbeuval, R., 14186, 14981.
Herbst, W. O., Jr., 15379.
Hernandez, G., 15257.
Herraiz, F. R., 13438.
Herrman, G. R., 12762,
14537.
Herrmann, K. O., 14346.
Herron, P. W., 14156.
Hershberg, E. B., 15319.
Herz, K. G., 15586.
Herzog, H. L., 15319.
Heslin, A. S., 14100.
Hess, E., 14786, 15049.
Hettig, R. A., 14047.
Heupke, W., 15050.
Hevelke, G., 13439, 14209,
14991.
Hewitt, D., 14721.
Hewitt, E. S., 15632.
Hickey, B. B., 13733.
Hicks, J. T., 13742.
Higgins, C. C., 14361.
Higgons, R. A., 12703.
Hill, A. B., 13300.
Hill, B., 15081.
Hill, D. F., 15320.
Hill, F. J., 13762.
Hill, M. N., 15587.
Hill, R., 15325.
Hill, R. M., 14982, 14993.
Hilleboe, H. E., 14998,
15436.
Hiller, J., 14344.
Hiltebrandt, C., 15093.
Himler, L. E., 15432.
Himmelstein, A., 15222.
Himwich, H. E., 14299.
Hindley-Smith, J. D., 14492.
Hiner, R. L., 15113.
Hines, T. F., 13993.
Hirsch, S., 14861.
Hirsch, W., 13511, 14445.
Hirschman, G. E., 15173.
Hirvonen, H., 14367.
Hirvonen, L., 14366, 14367.
Hiscock, I., eed
Hissashi, —., 1429.
Hitt, H. L., "13088. 14740.
Hjem, H. M., 13935.
Hjorth, N., 12910.
Hobbs, G. E., 13805.
Hobby, O. C., 15699.
Hobson, W., 14983.
Hochrein, M., 12837.
Hodges, R. E, 13698.
Hodgson, P., 13825, 13818.
Holler, T., 12951.
Hortnag, W., 13644.

Hortni
Hofba
Hoff, |
Hoftb:
Hoffm
Hoffm
Hoffm
Hoftm
Hoftm

Hortnagl, W., 12912.
Hofbauer, K., 15033.
Hoff, H., 15433.
Hoffbauer, C., 13314.
Hoffman, E. F., 13332.
Hoffman, H. D., 13946.
Hoffman, J. L., 15434.
Hoffman, M., 14558.
Hoffman, W. S., 15348.
Hofstetter, H. W., 12897.
Hoge, E. B., 14787.
Hohman, B., 13807.
Holan, L., 13594.
Holbrook, W. P., 15321.
Holden, L. W., 14243.
Holla, W. A., 13004.
Hollander, J. L.,
13674, 13678,
15322, 15323.
Hollcroft, J. W., 15174.
Hollender, H. H., 13215.
Hollingsworth, D. R., 14963.
Hollingsworth, J. W., 14962,
14963.
Hollister, L., 14599.
Holman, D. B., 14516.
Holmberg, G., 13581.
Holmdahl, D. E., 13635.
Holmes, E. G., 13395,
13421.
Holmes, R. H., 13451.
Holopainen, T. E., 14471.
Holst, S. F., 15380.
Holt, N. P., 15543.
Holzman, R. S., 13139.
Homburger, F., 15407.
Honig, L. J., 12811, 14289.
Honolulu Council of Social
Agencies, 13193.
Honolulu Redevelopment
Agency, 13605.
Hoobler, S. W., 14202.
Hook, E. V., 15274.
Hooks, J. M., 14864.
Hooper, J. W., Jr., 12785.
Hopkins, B., 14311, 15435.
Hopkins, J. A., 13737,
15381.
Hopp, W. B., 13315.
Horanyi, B., 12838, 14514.
Horlick, L., 15007.
Horn, D., 13303.
Hornseth, md.

12948,
14493,

13879.
Horrox, G., 12783.
Horwitz, I. B., 12911.
Hoseth, W., 15228.
Hossack, J. R., 14788.
Hotchkiss, R. S., 15385.

Houcke, E., 13396, 13539,
13606.

Houghton, B. C., 14655.

Houli, J., 15273.

Houston, R. W., 15657.

Howell, R. J., 14655, 15482.

Howell, T. H., 13001, 13607,
13691, 13772, 14559,
15324.

Howes, D. W., 14347.

Hoxter, G., 13414.

Hoyt, E. E., 14864.

Hruska, V., 15056.

Huber, H., 14312.

Hudson, A. E. A., 14964.

Hudson, P. B., 13020, 13737,
13738, 15381.

Hueber, E. F., 12963.

Huerkamp, B., 12898.

Huet, J. A., 13797.

Huffman, E. R., 15325,
15334.
Huffman, M. N., 13687.
Hugg, A. E., 13929.
Hughes, T., 14560.
Hugo, A. J., 14789.

Hult, L., 13636.

AUTHOR INDEX

Hunnicutt, A. J., 14644,
15470.

Hunt, M. O., 15658.
Hunt, T. E., 14467.
Hunter, R. B., 15255.
Huriez, C., 12970.
Hurlburt, F. W., 14494.
Hurlock, E. B., 13060.
Hurxthal, L. M., 12783.
Husen, T., 15483.
Huston, E. J., 14074.
Hutcheson, J. M., Jr.,
Hyman, A. S., 15567.

12762.

I

Iakovlev, S. I., 14220.

Ikin, A. G., 15484.

Illouz, G., 15653.

India. Director General of
Health Services, 12678.
India. Ministry of Health.
Directorate General of

Health Service, 13363.

India. Superintendent of Cen-
sus Operations, 13881,
13882.

Ingalls, T. H., 12716.

Ingegnieros, s., 12747,
13282, 15218, 15223,
15224.

Ingelfinger, F. J., 12805.

Inghram, M., 14004.

Ingle, D. J., 19784.

Ingraham, H. S., 14048.

Inhram, R. H., 13579.

Innerfield, I., 14193.

Institute of Actuaries, 15568.

International Association of
Gerontology, London, 1954,
3rd Congress, 14862.

International Labor Organi-
zation. European Regional
Conference, 15633.

International Labour Office,
13111, 13969.

Iob, V., 13818, 13825.

Iowa State College of Agri-
culture and Mechanic Arts.
Extension Service. Eco-
nomics and Society, 15659.

Irby, W. R., 13702, 15341.

Ireland. Central Statistics Of-
fice, 13956.

Irvins, J. C., 12917.

Isakov, I. I., 14220.

Isémein, L., 12926, 12927.

Ishibashi, H., 12949.

Ishmael, W. K., 14475.

Iskrant, A. P., 14099.

Isorni, P., 15326.

Israel, R., 14395, 15439.

Italy. Instituto Centrale di
Statistica, 14136.

Ito, K., 15051.

Iversen, S., 14903.

J
Jackson, C. H. N., 14079.

Jacobsen, C., 14600.

Jacqueline, F., 13643.

Jantti, K., 13002.

Jaffe, H. L., 15180, 15386.

Jaffe, N. B., 14313.

Jago, G. C., 13325.

Jakob, A., 14344.

Jakobsen, P. E., 14984.

Jalavisto, E., 12606, 12717,
13002, 13281, 13837,
13838.

James, B., 15660.

James, G., 14100, 15436.
Janes, J. M., 12917, 13645.
Janson, P., 13717.

Janz, D., 14348.

Japan. Jinko Modai Kenkyu-
sho, 13364.

Japan. Ministry of Welfare.
Division of Health and
Welfare Statistics, 14137.

Japan. Prime Minister’s Of-
fice. Bureau of Statistics,
13883.

Japan.
12866.

Jaschik, E. O., 15327.

Jawetz, E., 15274.

Jaworski, A. A., 13554,
14317.

Jeanneau, P., 14581.

Jeffrey, M. R., 14468.

Jennings, G. H., 13710.

Jensen, H., 14205.

Jentzer, A., 14531.

Jerome, D. W., 14977.

Jessar, R. A., 12948, 15323.

Jesserer, H., 12912, 13644.

Jewett, H. J. 14532.

Jodin, R., 13773.

Johr, P., 12852.

Johansen, G. F., 14730.

Johnson, E. C., 14187.

Johnson, H. P., Jr., 12964.

Johnson, J., 13608, 15175.

Johnson, M. L., 14989.

Johnson, N. A., 15439.

Johnson, W. O., 13282.

Johnston, C. G., 13043.

Johnston, E., 13112, 13113.

Johnston, F., 15544.

Johnston, L. C., 14935.

Johnstone, R. T., 14704.

Joiner, B. A., 13040.

Jones, A. C., 15661.

Jones, A. W., 14660.

Jones, E. R., 13395.

Jones, H. E., 15485.

Jones, L. W., 13086.

Jones, M. L., 14166.

Jones, R. S., 15275.

Jonsson, E., 13658, 13659,
15338.

Jordan, P., Jr., 13043.

Jérgensen, B. B., 13718.

Josephs, C., 13692.

Josephy, H., 13021.

Jost, H. M., 13020.

Joulivet, B., 13463.

Jousse, A. T., 12826.

Juhos, D., 13483.

Jundersdorf, J., 15349.

Welfare Ministry,

K

Kallqvist, I., 13609.
Kalant, O. J., 14265.
Kalbak, K., 14469.
— L., 15276,
15328
Kallmann, =e —
Kambe, S., 1505
Kaminsky, A. F., "15049.
Kammandel, H., 14541.
Kansas. Topeka. State De-
partment of Social Wel-
fare. Division of Public
Assistance, 15662.
Kaplan, H. A., 14314,
15123.
Kanplan, L., 14945.
Kaplan, O. J., 14722, 14748,
15578, 15663.
Kapos, E., ag
Kara, A., 1356
Karnofsky, D. ad 13022.
Karp, D., 15009.

Karpisek, J., 15094.
Karsten, A., 15611.
Karvonen, M. J., 15227.
Kaser, M., 14993.

Kattus, A. A., 14223.

Kaufman, D., 12735, 12914.

Kaufman, J. J., 13740,
14533.

Kay, D. V., 15437, 15438.

Kay, H., 15486.

Kay, S., 12785.

Kazmeier, F., 14234, 15023.

Keech, M. K., 12971.

Keeling, D. C., 15487.

Keen, J. A., 14446.

Kehrer, F. A., 15488.

Keizer, S. A., 14220.

Keklikian, I., 15495.

Kelemen, G., 14297.

Keller, M., 13469.

Kellett, C. E., 14470.

Kelly, M., 13693.

Kelty, K. C., 12965.

Kemp, M. D., 13027.

Kemsley, W. F., 14349.

Kennedy, W. D., 15569.

Kent, H., 13774.

Kepp, R. K., 13484.

Kermorgant, Y., 14350.

Kern, R. A., 14749.

Kerr, C. H., 14940.

Kersley, G. D., 13661.

Kettl, H., 12867.

Key, J. A., 14447.

Keys, A., 13333, 13453,
13415, 13416, 13417,
13418, 13460, 14247.

Keys, M. H., 13415, 13416,
13417, 13418.

Khamin, M. N., 13512.

Kheim, T., 13375.

Kiczak, J., 14965.

Kiefer, L., 14601.

Kiernander, B., 13994.

Kilgore, A. R., 14562.

Kimmel, L. H., 15634.

Kimura, M., 13370.

King, D., 13930.

King Edward’s Hospital Fund
for London, 13775.

King, G., 15115.

King, H. D., 14894, 14895.

King, H. F., 14656.

King, J. A., 13848.

King, J. T., 14298.

King, M. B., 14101.

King, R., 14792, 15331.

Kinsell, L. W., 14266,
15052, 15329.

Kintner, Q., 15602.

Kirchner, W. K., 13106,
15545, 15546.

Kirk, J. E., 12732, 13296,
13383, 13385, 14164,
14198, 14210, 14217,
14873, 14874.

Kirnberger, E. J., 15270.

Kisskalt, K., 12679.

Kitchell, J. R., 12760, 15024.

Kittredge, W. E., 12983.

Kjellberg, S. R., 13454.

Kjerland, R. N., 15489.

Klages, W., 13540.

Klaumann, B. F., 14394.

Kleczkowski, B., 14988.

Kleemeier, R. W., 13061.

Kleh, J., 15128.

Klein, E., 13384.

Klein, G., 15099.

Klein, R., 14491.

Klima, J., 15210.

Klingensmith, P. O., 13485.

Klingman, W. O., 12839.

Kléppner, K., 15053.

516

Klopp, C. T., 13023.
Knapp, B. I., 13468.
Knese, K. H., 15256.
Knight, A. A., 14510.
Knobloch, H., 13430.

Knudson, A. B. C., 13003,

15393.
Knudson, H. L., 14731.
Koch, E. W., 13405.
Koczur, J. L., 14810.
Kodowaki, K., 15146.
Koechlin, P., 13546.
Kohler, H., 15025.
Koeppe, H. W., 13541.
Kohn, L. A., 14602.
Kohn, R. M., 12763.
Koizumi, A., 15146.
Komatu, B., 13628, 13629.
Komatu, H., 13630.
Konchegul, L., 15434.
Kono, M., 12949.
Koons, R. A., 15176.
Kopeé, S., 12709.
Korenchevsky, V., 14958.
Kornfeld, W., 15177.
Kort, K., 15408.
Korteweg, R., 13610.
Kosambi, D. D., =
Kosmak, G. W., 14368.
Kotsovsky, D., 13983, 13397,
14351.
Kotzur, G., 13398.
Kountz, W. B., 13375,
14970, 15665.
Kowalski, H. J., 14235.
Krag, C. L., 15054, 15588.
Kraheck, G., 13440.
Kramer, M., 15439.
Kraul, M. A., 13675.
Kress, B., 15020.
Kresbach, E., 15337.
Kretz, J., 14904.
Kroetz, C., 13441.
Krohm, J., 12748.
Krohn, P. L., 15055.
Krost, H., 13694.
Krueger, D. E., 15448.
Kruel, N., 15330.
Kruglov, L., 13051.
Krumm-Heller, C., 13407.
Krupp, M. A., 12946,
12964.

Krusen, F. H., 13947, 14561.

Kubie, L. S., 14603, 14604.

Kubo, I., 12643.

Kiichel, O., 15056.

Kéhnan, —., 14517.

Kiihne, P., 15057.

Kuhle, A. A., 14762.

Kuhlen, R. G., 13849.

Kuhlenbeck, H., 15132

Kuhns, J. G., 12928.

Kulezycka, B., 14423.

Kumate Rodriguez, J.,
12734.

Kumnick, L. S., 14424.

Kunziker, H., 15350.

Kuplan, L., 15666, 15667.

Kurland, L. T., 13024,
13025.

Kurlander, A. B., 13026,
13765, 14099.

Kurth, C. J., 15427, 15478.

Kurth, L. E., 12745.

Kurtz, S. M., 13513.

Kutash, S. B., 13059, 13062.

Kuzell, W. C., 14495.

Kvasnicka, V., 15210.

L

LaCapere, J., 14432.
Lacassie, R., 13542.
Lacroix, P., 12697.
Ladwig, H. A., 14318.

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

Laine, V. A., 13662, 14471.

Laird, L., 13915.

Laird, R. L., 13320.

La Joie, W. J., 13776.

Lake, C. H., 15205.

Lambrev, Z. L., 14518.

Lancaster, H. O., 12680,
13334, 14049, 14102.

Landau, G., 14790, 15668,

15669
Landauer, A. B., 12624.
Landauer, W., 12624.
Landells, J. W., 12922.
Landes, J. H., 14945.
Landi, A., 15105.
Landscheide, M., 14657.
Lane, E. A., 13004.
Lane, W. H., Jr., 13442.
Lange, F., 15236.
Lange, L., 12961.
Langner, F. W., 13027.
Langston, H. T., 15465.
Lansbury, J., 12935.

Lansing, A. I., 12644, 15006.

Lapalme, J., 13611.
Larence, J. H., 14967.
Laroche, C., 12720, 15103.
Laroche, G., 12720.
Laroque, P.. 13182.
Larson, N., 15635.
Larson, S. F., 13468.
Larsson, T., 13798.
Lasser, R. P., 12731.
Latta, M. J., 13744.
Laurent, F., 13708.
Laurent, M., 12721.
Lauricella, E., 12786.

Laursen, T. J. S., 13296,

13383, 13385, 14198,
14210, 14217, 14873,
14874.
Lauson, H. D., 12787.
Lautner, A., 13582.
Lavagna, L., 15237.
Lawrence, J. H., 14167,
14168.
Lazarsfeld, S., 15490.
Lazzarini, L., 14645.
Leake, C. D., 14605, 14606,
14607.
Leavell, H. R., 15440.
Leberman, P. R., 12983,
13741.
LeCren, E. D., 13316.
Ledbetter, P. V., 14211.
Lederer, L. G., 14089.
Ledwich, T. W., 15470.
Lee, H. C., 14167.
Lee, L. J., Jr., 13950.
Lee, L. W., 15371.
Lee, P. R., 14792. 15331.
Lee, R. M., 14080.
Lee, R. Vv. 14741.
Leech, E. L., 14396.
Leenhardt, P., 12806.
Leftwich, W. B., 12891.
Leggo, C., 13113.
Lehman, H. C., 13850,
15547.
Lehman, M., 13114.
Lehmann, A., 13140, 14763.
Lehmann, J. L., 15425.
Lehr, D., 15178.
Lehtinen, L., 12959.
Lehtinen, M., 14472.
Leigh, D., 15444.
L’Eltore, G., 12884.
Lemieux, O. A., 15524.
Lenggenhager, K., 12984.
Lenggenhager, R., 14519
Lenobel, M. I., 12911.
Leomard, J., 13834.
Leonard, V. C., 14185,
Leonardi, O., 13657.

Leoni, G., 13543.
Leprat, J., 12788.
Leriche, R., 14448.
Lesage, —., 14764.
Lesser, M. A., 15382.
Lestradet, H., 14352.
Letterer, E., 15441.
Levernieux, J., 12942.
Leverton, R., 13422.
Levin, M. L., 14791.
Levin, R., 15225.
Levitt, A., 12607.
Levy, J., 14960.
Levy, M. G., 15589.
Lew, E. A., 13335.
Lewis, A., 15491.
Lewis, B. L., 15363.
Lewis, D. W., 14218.
Lewis, G. K., 15364.
Lewis, J. M., 13729.
Lewis, W. F., 13742.
Leydhecker, W., 15238.
Lhermitte, J., 14067.
Lich, R., 13743, 14534,
14535.
Lichtwitz, A., 15058.
Lide, L. D., Jr., 12899.
Lieberman, A. L., 13028.
Lieberman, L. L., 13695.
Liebow, A. A., 12752.
Liedstrand, E., 13141.
Lieto, J. V., 15227.
Lilga, H. V., 12807.
Lillo, H., 14454.
Lima, M. C., 14487.
Lincoln, J., 13216.
Lind, J., 13454.
Lindahl, A., 14480.
Lindemann, J., 13429.
Linden, M. E., 14012,
15442, 15492.
Lindhart, M., 14138.
Linford, R. J., 14103.
Lintz, R. M., 12950.
Lipscomb, R., 12914.
Little, J. A., 13419.
Littlefield, W., 14601.
Liverpool Personal Service
Society, 13166.
Llopis Llorente, R., 14397.
Lloyd-Roberts, G. C., 15277.
Lo, W. B., 12900.
Locke, B. Z., 15415.
Lockwood, W. V., 13851.
Lodenkimper, H., 13284.
Loeb, L., 15073.
Loerving, B., 15493.
Lénroth, H., 13454.
Lévgren, O., 12929, 12966.

Loewe, W. R., 13436, 14976.

Logan, W. P. D., 13336,
14068.
Lohmann, D., 14236.
Loken, A. C., 14315.
Lombard, H. L., 15420.
Lombardo, G., 13452.
Long, E. R., 14608.
Longley, J., 15383.
Longmire, W. J., Jr., 12617.
Longwell, M., 14835.
Loosen, H., 13452.
Lopez, A., 13831.
Lorenz, E., 15174.
Lorenze, E. J., 13995.
Lorenzi, G. L., 14936.
Lorge, I., 13071, 13072,
13073, 13862, 13863.
Lorimer, F., 14680.
Loube, S. D., 14267.
Louhi, H. A., 14187.
Love, J. G., 12831.
Lovelace, F., 14954.
Lovenati, M., 13799.
Lovett Doust, J. W., 15494.

Lowman, E. W., 14792,
15331.
Lowenberg, R. I., 13427.
Lucas, A. M., 14082.
Luckerbauer, H., 12963.
Ludwig, A. O., 15278.
Ludwig, K. A., 13664.
Lugg, J. W., 15059.
Luisada, A. A., 12764.
Luizi, E. G., 12663.
Luke, J. C., 14212.
Lumpkin, W. R., 13696.
Lundquist, G., 13142.
Lunenfeld, V., 13472.
Lupis, M., 13618.
Lutterbeck, H., 14502.
Luzes, P., 14316.
Luzzato, F., 14863.
Luzzatti, G., 12998.
Lykkebo, T., 13514.

M

McAfee, D. K., 12745.
McBride, J. M., 13496,
14369.
McCamman, D., 13162.
McCance, R. A., 12698,
14946, 14955.
McCara, E., 13063.
McCarthy, H. L., 14793.
McCartney, J. L., 14609.

McCay, C. M., 12710, 13377,

14947, 14948, 14954,
15248.
McClendon, J. F., 1443.
McClure, C. T., 14421.
McConnell, J. L., 14864.
McConnell, W. J., 12645.
McCormick, W. E., 14428.
McCoy, G. F., 13194.
McCullough, M., 15198.
McDanald, E. C., Jr., 14610.
McDonald, D. F., 12985,
13744.
McDonald, H. P., 15384.
McDonald, I., 15220.
MacDonald, S. A., 13745,
14536.
MacDonell, W. R., 12681.
MacDougall, J. A., 14717.
Mace, J., Jr., 15199.
McEwen, C., 14473, 14486,
15299, 15311.
McFarland, R. A., 13115,
13852, 15548.
McFarlane, E. M., 14905.
McGavack, T. H., 12789,
14541, 15060, 15067.
McGoey, P. F., 14213.
McGovern, V. J., 14214.
Machover, S., 14314.
McHugh, R. B., 13064.
McInnes, R. J., 14732.
—e . J., 13854,
14658
Mack, M. J., 13005.
McKain, W. C. Jr., 15670.
McKee, J. W., 13637.
Mackenroth, G., 13884.
MacKinnon, P. C. B., 12793.
Mackintosh, J. M., 13285.
MacKenzie, D. A., 13645.
Mackenzie, M., 15590.
Mackey, W. A., 12840.
Maclachlan, J. M., 13167.
MacMahon, B., 12716.
McMillan, G. C., 15007.
McNeely, W. F., 14235.
Maconi, G., 14398.
McPherson, W. K., 13087.
Macy, R. W., 13317.
Madeira, J. L., 14681.
MagaraSevic, M., 12749.

Maggi
Maglic
Magui
Mahar
Maher
Mahlo
Mahor
Maier,
Mainl:
Mainz
Maior
Majim
Majna
153
Malas
Malbc
14€
Malec
Malm
Malor
Manc
Mane
14!
Manc
Mand
Mand
Mand
Mand

10.

Maggi, A., 15495.
Magliocca, R., 13486.
Maguire, R. X., 15179.
Mahan, B. E., 14050.
Maher, B. A., 13544.
Mahlo, A., 15095.
Mahoney, F. I., 13545.
Maier, W., 13885.
Mainland, D., 15301.
Mainzer, F., 12844.
Maiorov, F. P., 13853.
Majima, Y., 13366.
Majnarich, J. J., 12943,
15312.
Malaspina, A., 15365.
Malboysson Correcher, E.,
14669.
Maleci, O., 15496.
Malm, O. J., 14936.
Maloney, W. F., 14247.
Manchon, F., 15257.
Mancioux, M., 14186,
14981.
Mancuso, T. F., 14905.
Mandel, E. E., 13409.
Mandel, L., 13382.
Mandel, P., 12702, 13382.
Mandl, F., 14474.
Mandler, F., 15221.
Mane, R., 13970.
Manguin, C. W., 13600.
Mann, W. A., 13018.
Mannelli, A., 15374.
Mannes, M., 14794.
Manning, G. W., 12765.
Mansfield, R. J., 15406.
Manyai, S., 12726.
Mapp, L. M., 15061.
Marangoni, P., 13612.
Marchand, L., 12841, 13065,
13546.
Marche, J., 12601.
Mariani, M., 14353.
Marks, H. H., 14328, 15165.
Marks, M., 13195.
Markus, H. C., 12654.
Marmorston, J., 13724.
Marquis, J. E., 14765.
Marra, A., 12885.
Marrian, G. F., 13487.
Mars, G., 12701, 14051,
14399, 14400, 14449,
14453, 15133, 15443.
Marshall, A. D., 15570.
Marshall, S. F., 13515.
Marson, F. G. W., 12608,
14507.
Martell, J., 13547.
Martelli, G., 15224.
Martin, A. W., 13544.
Martin, J. D., Jr., 14165.
Martin, R., 14311.
Martinaglia, G., 12634.
Martinetti, L., 13387.
Martinez Elizondo, P.,
12734.
Martinez Ramén, E., 14401,
14402, 14572.
Martius, H., 12790.
Martuzzi, M., 14405.
Marvin, S. L., 15136.
Maryanov, L., 15199.
Mason, E. P., 13066, 15497.
Mason, G. D., 13637.
Mason, R. M., 13711.
Mason-Hohl, E., 14052.
Massa, M., 14728, 14766,
14767.
M husetts State Housing
Board, 13936.
Massarelli, A., 13613.
Master, A. M., 15180.

Masters, W. H., 14268,
15063.

Matera, R. F., 13548.

Mathe, G., 15103.

Mather, E., 13088.

Mather, K. F., 14721.

Mathiesen, G., 14705,

15549.

Mathieu, P. W., 15279.

Mathivat, A., 14177.

Matthews, M., 15174.

Mattioni, C., 14733.

Mauldin, W. P., 14682.

Maurer, J. E., 13743.

Mauritius. Central Statisti-
cal Office, 14139.

Mauro, G., 14392.

Mawson, C. A., 15375.

Maxa, M., 15210.

May, R., 14611.

Mayall, M. M., 15591.

Mayer, A., 13286.

Mayer, E., 12890.

Mazzi, G., 14281.

Mazzoni, G., 13183.

Mease, J. A., Jr., 14496.

Mech, E. V., 13844.

Medawar, P. B., 13287,
14865, 15360.

Meislin, J., 15409.

Meissner, F., 13044.

Melgar Pacchiano, L.,

13777.

Melvin, P. D., 14530.

Mendoza, H. C., 13418.

Menge, W. O. 13304.

Menon, M. D., 12646.

Merchant, W. R., 15265.

Merendino, K. A., 15179.

Meriel, P., 14227.

Merlen, J. F., 13396, 13539,
13812.

Merrell, M., 14612.

Merrick, E. Z., 15317.

Messina, G., 14271.

Metchnikoff, E., 13406.

Métraux, R. W., 13834.

Metrop. Life Insur. Co.,
12664, 12665, 12666,
13075, 13076, 13116,
13305, 13337, 13338,
13365, 13865, 13866,
14906, 14926, 15513.

Mettier, S. R., 15280.

Mettler, H., 14304.

Mexico. Instituto del Seguro
Social, 14768.

Meyer, A., 15444.

Meyerheim, G., 15050.

Meyers, G. S., 12647.

Meyers, R., 13530, 14613,
14614.

Mezzetti, P., 15091.

Michael, C., 13948.

Michaud, M., 14795.

Michel, D., 14215, 14237.

Micheli, M., 12853.

Michigan. Commission to
Study Problems of Aging.
12609.

Michigan State Medical So-
ciety. Geriatric Commit-
tee, 13759.

Michon, P., 12721.

Miedema, J. J., 14796.

Mifka, P., 13549.

Miglior, M., 13631.

Mikkelsen, W. M., 15313.

Milani, L., 13498, 13593.

Milberg, I. L., 13719.

Milla, U., 14997.

Miller, R. D., 12886, 13614,
14497, 15211.

Miller, S., 14792, 15331.

AUTHOR INDEX

Miller, W. F., 14404, 15208.
Miller, W. H., 13473.
Millet, J., 15671.
Millis, J., 14370.
Miils, I. J., 15445.
Milne, K. J. G., 15410.
Milum, V. G., 14081.
Mines, J. L., 14269.
Mininni, G., 14196.
Ministére de la France
d’Outre-Mer, Service des
Statistiques, 12675.
Minon, J. L. R., 13418.
Mintz, B., 13663.
Minuto, N., 12812.
Minvielle, C., 13537.
Miradoli, E., 13601.
Mirengoff, W., 13117.
Mirone, L., 12733.
Mises, J., 13546.
Mitchell, J. P., 14013,
15700.
Mitchem, J. C., 13855.
Mithoefer, J. C., 13826,
14646.
Mitsui, Y., 15239.
Miyachi, S., 14876.
Miyhoefer, J., 13826.
Mizushima, H., 13306,
13366.
Moeller, H. E., 13217.
Moen, B. D., 15550.
Mohr, E. W., 13318.
Moine, M., 12625, 14108.
Molitor, K., 15064.
Mollison, P. L., 14966.
Molnar, J., 12774.
Moltke, E., 14875.
Monahan, T. P., 13173.
Monaldi, V., 12887.
Mondy, N. I., 13386.
Mongeau, M., 14784.
Mongin, M., 13550.
Montagna, W., 14520.
Montanari, M., 12824.
Monteiro Marinho, H.,
15273.
Monteys, J., 15257.
Montgomery, H., 12750,
15363.
Moore, D. J., 13317.
Moore, J. E., 14615.
Mora, J. M., 15069.
Morales, P. A., 15385.
Morali, J., 15037.
Morawetz, F., 12963.
Mordecai, A., 13029.
Moreau, L., 14405.
Morel, F., 13551, 13552.
Morettini, A., 14254.
Morgan, A. F., 14183,
14184, 14977, 14978,
14985, 14986.
Morgan, H. J., 14238.
Morgantini, A. M., 15530.
Moriarty, J. D., 13800.
Morikawa, T., 14293,
15101.
Moritzsch, P., 13516.
Moriyama, I. M., 14109.
Morley, F., 13218.
Morpurgo, M., 14449,
15133, 15443.
Morr, —., 13842.
Morris, E. M., 14197.
Morris, J. N., 13455, 15196,
15200.
Morrison, M. M., 12711.
Morrissey, A. B., 14797.
Morrow, A. E., 14836.
Morrow, E. J., 14211.
Morse, J. G., 15377.
Mortara, G., 13367, 13368,
13856.

517

Mortara, M., 13387.
Moseley, A. J.., 13115.
Moss, L. D., 12730, 15551.
Mostafa, A. H., 13814.
Motheral, J. R., 13961.
Motley, H. L., 15219,
15222.
Mouchot, P., 12759.
Moustgaard, J., 14984.
Movius, J. H., II, 13553.
Mowbray, R. M., 14659.
Moyer, C, A., 13297.
Miichke, D., 13511.
Miihlbock, O., 15042, 15201.
Miiller, E., 12951.
Miiller, F., 13456.
Miinster, L., 13760.
Muller, A. F., 15351.
Muller, O. H., 13554,
15134.
Mundy-Castle, A. C., 13555,
15135.
Munn, M. G., 14552.
Munoz Ferrer, F., 14371.
Murai, M., 14986.
Murakami, A., 15146.
Muret, __., 13749.
Murphy, P. G., 15427,
15478.
Murray, F. J., 13664.
Murray, H. A., Jr., 12618.
Murthy, S. A. S., 13118.
Myers, R. J., 12667, 12718,
13971, 14684, 14717,
14866, 15636.

N

Nagler, J. H., 13006.

Naide, M., 13443.

Nakanishi, T., 15051.

Nakayama, T., 12949.

Narducci, U., 13615.

Nasset, E. S., 13388.

Natenshon, A. L., 12952.

National Committee on the
Aging, 13937.

National Council of Social
Welfare, 14750.

National Old People’s Wel-
fare Committee, 13099,
14799.

National Social Welfare As-
sembly, 14734, 15592.

Natoli, A., 13486.

Neal, W. M., 14450.

Nealis, C. H., 14562.

Neber, H., 15065.

Needham, C. D., 15220.

Neel, J. L., 14483.

Negroni, G., 12842.

Nelson, G. R., 15637.

Nelson, H., 13143.

Nelson, P. A., 15335.

Nelson, R., 14800.

Nepmiluev, V. F., 14060.

Neri Serneri, G., 14254.

Nester, H. F., 13765.

Nettelbladt, E., 13656.

Neu, H. N., 14318.

Neumann, M., 15210.

Neustadt, D. H., 13697.

Neuwirth, E., 14433.

New York City. Mayor’s Ad-
visory Committee for the
Aged, 14751.

New York City. Welfare and
Health Council. Commit-
tee for Suggested Stand-
ards for Intake in Volun-
tary Homes for the Aged,
13157, 15672.

New York State Employment
Service. Department of
Labor, 13119.

518

New Zealand. Census and
Statistics Department,
12682, 14685, 14686.

Newns, G. R., 15344.

Niceley, P., 13746.

Nicolaides, N., 15361.

Nicolas-Chares, —., 14581.

Nicolaysen, R., 14937.

Nicholson, D., 12979.

Nicholson, P. J., 13144.

Nielsen, J. M., 15136.

Nielson, A., 14341, 14583.

Niemineva, K., 14366,
14367.

Niesel, P., 15238.

Nigeria. Department of Sta-
tistics, 13089.

Nigrelli, R. F., 12648.

Nihei, T., 14876.

Nilsby, I., 13055.

Niquet, G., 13857.

Nitsch, W., 14987.

Nizard, —., 13842.

Nobile, A., 15319.

Noer, R. J., 15096.

Nordstrém, O., 13090.

Norgaard, A., 15008.

Norris, A. H., 15181.

Norris, J. N., 15197.

Norris, V., 15437.

Norway. City of Oslo,
13997.

Norway. Old People’s Health
Committee, 15612.

Norway. Statistisk Sentral-
byra, 12683, 13091,
13916, 14927.

Notestein, F. W., 13092.

Nougier, L. R., 14687.

Novak, E. R., 14270.

Nowy, H., 14354.

Nyssen, R., 15498.

oO

Oahu Health Council, 13193.

Oakberg, E. F., 14082,
15110.

Obé, G., 14537.

Oberhelman, H. A., 13827.

O’Brien, R. M., 12913.

Obrist, W. D., 12843,
15137.

O’Connor, S., 13583.

Oden, M. H., 13836.

Oelhert, G., 13484.

Orstrém, A., 12929.

Ohlson, M. A., 14940.

Oka, M. J., 12953.

Olansky, S., 14618.

Olbrich, O., 15026, 15106.

Oliver, J. A., 12649, 12650.

Oliver, W. A., 13564.

O’Neill, D., 15281.

Ono, M., 12949.

Opdyke, M., 12915.

O'Reilly, T. J., 15332.

Organization for European
Economic Cooperation,

13900.
Origlia, D., 14801.
Orlowski, T., 14988.
Orma, E., 15240.
Ornstein, E., 12684.
Orr, J. K., 14320.
Orr, L. M., 13747.
Ortavant, R., 15202.
Orthner, F., 14616.
Ortiz Marquez, J., 14195.
Orto, L., 12703.
Oswald, H., 15271.
Ott, B. 13569.
Ottati, C., 13689.
Ottesen, J., 14172.

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

Owens, R. H., 15389.

Owens, W. A., 13067.

Owens, W. A., Jr., 13064,
13068.

Owings, R. H., 13409.

Oyama, J., 13580.

P

Pacaud, S., 15499.
Packard, J. M., 12766.
Padovani, E., 13498, 13593.
Paepper, P., 14837.
Patiala, J., 15227.
Page, H. G., 13093.
Palmer, E. D., 12808.
Palmer, L. S., 14450.
Pampiglione, G., 15138.
Pan, J. S., 14752.
Panama, Republic of, 14140.
Panella, I., 14271.
Panella-Casas, M., 15257.
Pannaggi, E., 14943.
Paoletti, G., 13077.
Papez, B. B. 13457.
Papez, J. W., 13457.
Papp, A., 15314.
Paraguay. Direccion General
de Estadistica y Censos,
14688.
Parfentjev, I. A., 14989.
Parhon, C. I., 12791.
Parini, F., 12820.
Parkes, A. S., 14867.
Parks, J. W., 13455.
Parrella, M., 13616.
Parsons, F. M., 12986.
Parsons, J., 12690, 15082.
Parukh, S. K., 15552.
Pasargiklian, M., 12879,
13617.
Pascoe, A., 15673.
Pascual del Roncal, F.,
15066.
Pasquet, P., 13666.
Pasquet, V., 13666.
Passerelli, E. W., 14510.
Passoni, E., 14014.
Pasternack, M., 13331.
Patch, B. W., 13120.
Patek, A. J., Jr., 14290.
Patno, M. E., 13030.
Patrassi, G., 13431.
Patrick, D. R., 14475.
Patrono, V., 12778.
Pattee, C. J., 14326.
Patterson, C., 14004.
Patterson, J. P., 14993.
Patton, M. B., 14153,
14938.
Patton, R. E., 14100.
Paul, W. D., 13698.
Payne, F. L., 13490.
Payne, R. W., 14475,
14478.

Péano, M., 13491.
Pearce, J. J., Jr., 13134.
Pearlman, P. L., 15319.
Pearson, K., 12621.
Pearson, S., 12789, 15060,
15067.
Pechet, M. M., 15309,
15310, 15319.
Peck, H. B., 14617.
Pedroni, F., 13901.
Peers, J. H., 14618.
Peffer, N., 13219.
Pélissier, M., 12806.
Pellissier, L., 12888.
Pemberton, A. M., 15674.
Pemberton, J., 15000
15232, 15411.
Pena Y De La Pena, E.,
12734.

Pende, N., 14355.
Pendse, G. S., 14425.
Pennell, M. Y., 13031.
Penningroth, P. W., 13069.
Pennington, A. W., 12855.
Péquignot, H., 13963.
Percival, G. H., 12973,
13720.
Perera, G. A., 14216.
Peretz, A., 15203.
Perino, F. R., 13548.
Perkins, C. B., 12651.
Perkins, V., 14802, 14803,
14804.
Perlman, G. E., 12735,
12914.
Perlmutter, A., 12652,
13319.
Perloff, W. H., 12792.
Perrier, F., 12793.
Perrini, F., 14742.
Perrott, G. St. J., 13031.
Perry, H. M., 13519.
Perry, L. B., 13950.
Persson, I., 15446.
Pesek, I., 13422.
Pessina, G., 15496.
Peters, H., 14306.
Peters, J. J., 14618.
Peterson, C. G. J., 14083.
Peterson, R. E., 1526%.
Peterson, R. L., 13121,
14707, 14708, 15553.
Petra, V., 15097.
Petragnani, G., 12722,
13761.
Petranyi, G., 14545.
Petrovitch, Z., 14898.
Pett, L. B., 15182.
Petta, R., 13616.
Pette, H., 12844.
Pfundner, E., 13699.
Phelan, J. J., 12746.
Philippides, D., 14455.
Phillips, A. J., 14110.
Phillips, D. L., 13917.
Phillips, E. II, 13411,
14084.
Phillips, H T., 14563.
Phillips, O. M., 14743.
Phillips, P. H., 12691,
15116.
Picchio, A. A., 14451.
Picciolo, D., 13778.
Piccioni, V., 15204.
Pickering, G. W., 13444,
14206, 14207, 14208.

Pickett, K. G., 14331, 14332.

Piédrola Gil, G., 14735.
14822.
Pieroni, P. F., 14255.
Pietruschka, G., 15258.
Piguet, B., 15333.
Pike, R. M., 12930, 15282.
Pilz, A., 14498.
Pincus, G., 14263, 14945,
15044, 15071.
Pingeot, J., 12668, 13972.
Pingstone, G. W., 15571.
Pinkerton, A. C., 14805.
Pirodda, A., 13631.
Pirtkien, R., 13665.
Pitkanen, A., 13828.
Pitkin, W. B., 14015.
Piton, R., 13591.
Pittman, H. S., 12889.
Pitzurra, M., 14877.
Pizon, P., 13638, 13779,
14511.
Plagwitz, H., 13675.
Plantin, L. O., 12978.
Plauchu, M., 14356.
Plenk, H., 15412.
Plumlee, M. P., 12696.

Plunkett, E. R., 13815,
15415.
Podder, K. C., 14689.
Pohl, R., 15289.
Pohl, W., 15283.
Political and Economic Plan-
ning, 14718.
Polley, H. F., 15284.
Polonio, P., 14619.
Polonovski, C., 12809.
Polson, A., 14990.
Pommatu, E., 14356.
Pool, J. L., 13032.
Poole, J. C., 13420.
Popenoe, P., 13222.
Poppen, J. L., 14319.
Popper, H. L., 12751.
Porsman, V. A., 15675.
Portella, A., 13556.
Porter, R. J., 13320.
Porterfield, J. D., 14905.
Portugal. Instituto Nacional
de Estatistica, 13369,
15525.
Porzia, E., 12842.
Posner, C., 12794.
Posner, W., 15676.
Post, F., 15138, 15437.
Potter, H. W., 14639.
Powell, C., 14907.
Preda, E., 12791.
Prendergast, L. J., 14526.
Prescott, E. A., 13780.
Press, P., 14406.
Pressat, R., 14928.
Pressey, S. L., 14660, 15544.
Preston, R. L., 12823.
Prévot, A. R., 14499.
Preziosi, P., 15352.
Price, A. H., 15613.
Price, P. H., 14740.
Priest, R. J., 14288.
Princeton University, 14719.
Princi, A. R., 15700.
Prinsloo, T., 13555.
Prior, C., 14538.
Prosperi, P., 14194.
Przedpeski, S., 12810.
Pugh, T. F., 12716.
Puig, Leal, J., 14500.
Pupi, R. E., 14272.
Pushkin, W., 12996.

Q
Qamada, K., 14239.
Quade, K., 13886.
Quadri, A., 14564.
Quartaroli, A., 14868.

R

Rabiner, A., 14314.
Rabischong, P., 12721.
Rackemann, F. M., 14823.
Radosavljevié, D., 14769.
Raffaele, J. F., 14272.
Raffle, P. A. B., 13455.
Raffy, A., 15068.
Rafsky, H. A., 12712, 12811.
Rafstedt, S., 14188.
Ragaini, S., 12820, 14399
14400, 15221.
Ragan, C., 14501.
Raghavachari, S., 14064.
Ramond, F., 12987.
Ramos, A. V., 13491.
Rancati, A., 14723, 15677.
Rancati, G. B., 12776.
Rand, R. W., 14320, 15346.
Randall, J. H., 12868.
Randall, O. A., 15678.
Rankin, J., 14232, 15275.
Rapaci, M., 12701.
Rappaport, I., 12890.
Raskin, E., 15701.

Rasor, E
Rasori,
Ratnoff,
Raven, |
Ravich,
Ravin, /
Ravina,
Rawlins
Rawls, '
Ray, E.
Raynau
Read, F
Reade,
Reals, \
Reboul,
Rechen!
Rechtm
Reda, ¢
Redel, |
Redi, R
Redkey
Redon,
Redslot
Reese,
Reggia
Reich, |
1545
Reich '
Reicha:
Reid, I
Reid, }
Reimer
Reisne!
Reiss, |
Reitan,
Reiter,
Reiter,
Reitler
Renau
Renna
Repaci
Repon
Resear
nor
Reuter
Reves:
Revici
Reyna
149
Reyno
Rhode
Age
Riabo
Ricci,
Riccia
Rice,
Richa
Richa
Richa
Riche
Riche
Richt
Riesn
Riley,
Riley
15:
Riley
Rind;
Rinel
Ring,
Rinzl
Riva
Rive
Robb
Robb
Robt
Robe
Robe
Robe

Rasor, E. A., 14684,

Rasori, C., 14727.

Ratnoff, O. D., 14290.
Raven, R. W., 14647.
Ravich, R. A., 12818.
Ravin, A. U., 14223, 15285.
Ravina, A., 14111.

Rawlins, A. G., 13632.

Rawls, W. B., 13145.

Ray, E. H., 13748.
Raynaud, R., 13666.

Read, R. C., 14173.

Reade, V., 13772.

13931, 15579.
749.

Reals, W. H.,
Reboul, —., 1
Rechenberger, J., 14991.
Rechtman, A. M., 14452.
Reda, G. C., 13801.
Redel, J., 14177.
Redi, R., 13445.
Redkey, ‘i, oa 14806.
Redon, 71 927.
Redslob, be 2901.
Reese, A. 4 12902.
Reggiani, R., 15140.
Reich, T., 13339, 15452,
15453.
Reich W,,. J., 12869.
Reichart, R. R., 14838.
Reid, D. D., 14070.
Reid, M. E., 14949.
Reimer, D., 14807.
Reisner, H., 13557.
Reiss, F., 12974.
Reitan, R. M., 15500.
Reiter, P. J., 13163.
Reiter, R., 14065.
Reitler, R., 12856.
Renaud, M., 14291.
Rennaes, S., 13594.
Repaci, M., 15218.
Repond, A., 14640.
Research Council for
nomic Security, 13033.
Reuter, U. H., 13569.
Revesz, G., 14661.
Revici, E., 12818.
Reynafarje, C., 14168,
14967.
Reynolds, W. E., 15286.
Rhode Island Committee on
Ageing, 14869.
Riaboff, P. J., 13750.
Ricci, P., 14403.
Ricciardi, S., 13057.
Rice, M. E., 14907.
Richardson, E. M., 13674.
Richardson, I. M., 15572.
Richardson, J. L., 14240.
Riches, E. W., 14539.
Richet, C., 14939.
Richter, H. M., 15069.
Riesman, D., 13174.
Riley, C. V., 14085.
Riley, R. L., 14385, 14407.
15222.
Riley, S., 14897.
Rindge, M. E., 15447.
Rineheart, R. E., 13712.
Ring, M. D., 14582.
Rinzler, S. H., 15009.
Rivano, R., 15291.
Rivero Arrarte, P., 14808.
Robb, G. P., 13458.
Robb, W. A., 12988.
Robbins, C. L., 14620.
Robecchi, A., 15287.
Robersi, A. S., 14453.
Roberts, A., 15555.
Roberts, C. G., 13455,
14070.
Roberts, D, W.,
14565, 14621,
15448.

Eco-

13007,
14622,

AUTHOR INDEX

Roberts, G. W., 12870.

Roberts, H., 13422.

Roberts, J., 13762.

Roberts, J. A. F., 13444,
14206.

Roberts, P. H., 14940.

Robertson, M. A., 13809.

Robinson, A. M., 15070.

Robinson, C. E., 14494.

Robinson, H. M., 13721,
14476.

Robinson, R. A., 15139.

Robinson, R. C., 13721.

Robinson, W. D., 15313.

Rocher, —., 12954.

Rochet, C., 13558.

Rockstein, M., 14086, 14155,
14156.

Rode, E. A., 14883.

Roderuck, C., 14934.

Rodnan, G. P., 15269.

Rodriquez, A. A., 14810.

Rodstein, M., 15027.

Roe, M. A., 14053.

Roemer, G. B., 13660.

Roemmele, P., 13829.

Roemmele, P. M., 12988.

Rogan, M. C., 15220.

Rogers, A. M., 14566.

Rogers, J. B., 15449.

Rohmer, F., 14455.

Roma, M., 14253.

Romanoff, L. P., 14263,
15044.

Rook, A., 12626.

Ropes, M. W., 12735, 12914.

Rosati, L. S., 15638.

Rose, D. L., 13688.

Roseman, C., 15000.

Rosenbaum, S., 15183.

Rosenberg, M. L., 15390.

Rosenberg, M. Z., 12752.

Rosenfeld, A. J., 13700.

Rosenfeld, L. S., 15556.

Rosenman, R. H., 13380.

Rosenow, G., 13432.

Rosenthal, M., 13740, 14533.

Ros Jimeno, J., 14929.

Rosner, S., 13559.

Ross, D. N., 14508.

Ross, M., 13858, 14016.

Ross, M. H., 13389, 13390.

Ross, S. S., 13918.

Rossing, P., 14502.

Rossini, C., 12892.

Rossini, R., 15140.

Rossitti, G., 13492, 14273.

Rostalski, M., 14357.

Roth, J., 15639.

Roth, M., 15438.

Roth, R. B., 15049.

Rothschild, S., 15679.

Rothermich, N. O., 13667.

Rothman, S., 12975.

Roussow, G., 12633.

Routh, J. I., 13698.

Royer, M., 14770.

Rozanova, V. D., 14241.

Rubenstein, W., 12869.

Rubin, A., 13490.

Rubin, B. L., 15071.

Rucker, A. W., 15531.

Rudhe, U., 13454.

Ruiz, L. P., 13560.

Rumble, L., Jr., 13584.

Rusche, C., 15386.

Rusk, H. A., 12845, 13191,
13561, 13768, 14225,
14811, 15141, 15450,
15648, 15680.

Russek, H. I., 13561, 14242.

Russell, M. E., 13487.

Russell, W. R., 15142.

Russo, G., 13340.

Rykert, H. E., 13419.
Ryser, W., 13887.

Ss

Sablinski, J., 14112.
Sacchitelli, F., 13722.
Sack, H., 15143.
Sackler, A. M., 12736.
Sackler, M. D., 12736.
Sackler, R. R., 12736.
Sadgwick, R. M., 13220.
Sadler, C., 14017.
Sall, H., 14623.
Saetti, G. C., 13499.
Safford, H. B., 15702.
Sahagin De La Parra, E.,
15018.
Sahanek, O., 14662.
Sailer, F., 14978.
Sainz, A. A., 15451.
Salles, P., 13639.
Salmon, J. J., 15072.
Salvi, A., 12776.
Salvini, . 14974, 14996.
a hg . g°
Salzberg, A , 14408.
Samuels, L. on "14977.
Samuelson, H. BE. 15514.
Sanazzari, P., 14274, 14275.
Sanchez, Pena, C. J., 15018.
Sander, G., 12623.
Sanders, R. H., 12736.
Sandes, S. G., 12795.
Sanes, S., 14476.
Sanger, W. T., 14812.
Sani, G., 13595.
Sanquirico, G., 12812.
Sarachaga, R., 13705.
Sargaison, E. M., 13158.
Sarma, A. V. S., 15464.
Sartorelli, E., 15223, 15224.
Sasa, T., 14876.
Sather, J. H., 12813.
Sato, Y., 13957.
Sauerwein, E., 15693.
Saunders, W. W., 12946.
Sauvy, A., 13888, 14071,
15614.
Savage, C. L., 14813.
Savage, O., 12939.
Savitsky, E., 12713.
Sawahata, T., 12949.
Sawtelle, W. E., 12815.
Sawyer, W. H., 14160.
Saxen, E. A., 15184.
Saxl, A., 13640, 15288.
Saxton, J. A., Jr., 14954,
15073.
Saxton, J. H., Jr., 12796.
Scaff, A. H., 13950.
Scaglietti, O., 15246.
Scamuura, V., 14476.
Scanu, A., 15010, 15011.
Scardi, V., 13415.
Scardigli, G., 13008.
Scarrone, L. < 15225.
Scarzella, R., 12738.
Schiifer, W., 12989.
Schaffarzick, R. W., 14495.
Schalback, K., 14358.
Scharff, O., 15289.
Schauffler, G. C., 14372.
Schaus, R., 14210, 14217.
Scheele, L. A., 14624.
Schenk, M., 12757.
Scheuer, F., 15074.
Schiano, S., 15011.
Schiavetti, L., 15114.
Schieve, J. F., 12754.
Schild, W., 14234, 15023.
Schimert, G., 13562.
Schinz, H. R.,

13341, 13342, 13343,

12669, 13339,

13344,
15453.
Schirmer, K., 13669.
Schirmeyer, R., 13675.
Schlegel, B., 14170.
Schlegel, R., 15028.
Schlesinger, P., 15016.
Schliack, V., 13493.
Schlomka, G., 13668, 14908.
Schlossman, K., 13672.
Schlueter, F. E., 14497.
Schmid, J., 12923, 13699.
Schmid, S., 12955.
Schmidt, H., 12856, 12857.
Schmidt, W., 13694.
Schmidt-Lange, W., 14930.
Schmidt-Ueberreiter E.,
12945.
Schmidt-Voigt, J., 12825.
Schmiemann, R., 15075.
Schmitt, R. C., 14814.
Schneider, R. A., 15494.
Schneiderman, M. A., 14587.
Schnur, S., 13459, 15029.
Schobel, B., 14409.
Schoenfeld, H., 13034.
Schoenherr, K. E., 14896.
Schoger, G. A., 14434,
14815.
Scholz, G. C., 13331.
Scholz, H., 15290.
Schraer, H., 12906.
Schrage, W., 15259.
Schriter, G., 13668.
Schubert, G. E., 15098.
Schubert, R., 14409.
Schultz, E., 14516.
Schultz, S., 14588.
Schulz, F.-H., 12610.
Schulze, W., 12699, 14941.
Schumacher, M. T., 14933.
Schwab, R. S., 14663, 15144,
15145.
Schwartz, I. L., 14338.
Schwartz, S., 12956.
Schwartz, S. S., 13028.
Schwarz, G. A., 15115.
Schwarz, W., 13446.
Schwarzschild, L., 15358.
Sciagra, A., 14254.
Scopinaro, D., 12772, 13402,
13403, 13404, 13464,
13465, 15291.
Scott, E. M., 14189.
Scott, L. D. W., 12840.
Scott, R., 13867.
Scott, W. C., 15640.
Scott, W. G., 15557.
Scott, W. W., 12990, 15387,
15388.
Scoville, W. B., 15501.
Sculle, E., 15301.
Sebaoum, J., 15615.
Sebrell, W. H., Jr., 13399.
Sedgwick, C. E., 13517,
13723.
Segal, S., 15353.
Segraves, J. E., 12908.
Seidenfeld, M. A., 14625.
Seidler, E., 13393.
Seifert, H., 13670, 14477.
Seige, K., 15099.
Seitelberger, F., 13563.
Seitz, P, F., 13859.
Sekla, B., 14157.
Selby, S., 14515.
Selle, W. A., 13637.
Sellers, E. A. 14265.
Semisch, C. W., III, 14218.
Semitch, T., 14898.
Sendberg, A. A., 14277.
Seng, P., 14370.
Senger, C. M., 14087.
Senis, F., 12885.

13889, 15452,

520

Serino, G. S., 13518.

Serra, C., 15133.
Serra-Peralba, A., 15292.
Seulberger, P., 14306.
Severinghaus, C. W., 12814.
Sevringhaus, E. L., 12787.
Scyss, R., 14435.

Shafer, J. K., 13035.
shallenberger, P. L., 13519.
Shanklin, W. M., 12797.
Shanoff, H. M., 13419.
Sharp, C. M., 14410.
Sharp, M. E., 13733.
Shatton, J., 15301.

Shaw, P. H. S., 15413.
Shea, J. A., 14166, 15705.
Shearer, M. C., 14243.

Sheldon, J. H., 13953, 15603,

15616.
Sheldon, W. A., 15185.
Shelton, E. K., 13494.
Shenfield, B. E., 15558.
Shepard, R. H., 14407.
Shepard, W. P., 14113.
Sheps, C. G., 13781.
Sheridan, F. P., 13564.
Sherwood, K. K., 15414.
Shetlar, C. L., 14478.

Shetlar, M. R., 14475, 14478.

Shillibeer, H. A., 14005
Shimoda, Y., 15146.
Shindell, S., 13168, 13938.

Shinfuky, N., 14626.
Shirkova, G. I., 14321.

Shock, N. W., 12611, 12690,

13391, 14627,
15082, 15181.
Short, C. L., 15286.

Shulman, L. E., 14612.
Shurr, M. L., 13999.
Shurtleff, D., 14884.
Shtriter, V. A., 13447.
Shvartsman, A. L., 12723.
Shy, G. M., 15476.
Siegal, W., 15415.

Siirala, U., 15241.
Sikkema, S. H., 14243.

14942,

Silberberg, M., 12653, 12915,

13641,
14897,
15109.

Silberberg, R., 12653, 12915,
13641, 14276, 14436,
14897, 14950, 14951,
15109.

Silhol, P., 14816.

Siliquini, P. N., 12871.

Silliato, F., 14426.

Silver, L., 14338.

Silverman, A. C., 13554,
14317.

Silverman, A. J., 15147,
15421, 15476.

Simerville, C. L., 14838.

Simmons, W. D., 12851,

2858.

14276,
14950,

14436,
14951,

Simms, H. S., 13298, 14885.

Simon, A., 13564.

Simon, F., 15617.

Simonds, W. H., 14628.

Simonson, E., 13460.

Simpson, T., ogg

Simson, J., 1530

Sinclair, H. M., 14952,
14953.

Sinclair, J., 14824, 14825,
14826, 14827.

Singer, S. L., 15502.

Singleton, Ww. T., 14664,
15503.

Sinha, J. N., 13596.

Sister Mary Francis, 15416.

Sister St. Kevin, 15559.

Sisti, M. A., 13618.

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

Sivadon, A., 14709.

Sivadon, P., 13546.

Sjégren, H., 14269, 14630.

Sjégren, T., 13798

Sjéqvist, O., 15148.

Sjéstrand, T., 13146.

Skerlj, B., 15186.

Skjelkvale, “., 14937.

Sklaroff, D. M., 12906.

Skolnik, A. M., 15454.

Slack, H. G., 14158.

Slate, H. M., 12627.

Slattery, R. V., 14244.

Slaughter, D. P., 15100.

Sloan, A. W., 14182.

Small, J. C., Jr. 12931,
14503.

Smart, R. H., 15219.

Smieton, M., 13902.

Smith, A., 15301.

Smith, C. A. H., 14954.

Smith, C. W., 15209.

Smith, D. W., 15640.

Smith, H., 14018.

Smith, J. F., 13221, 13919.

Smith, L. L., Jr., 12629.

Smith, L. M., 13031.

Smith, M. A., 14197.

Smith, M. D., 13381.

Smith, M. J., 14889, 14992.

Smith, O. W., 12872

Smith, R. S., 13222,

Smith, R. T.. 12859, 14505.

Smith, S., 13802.

Smith, T. L., 14690.

Smith, W. M., Jr., 13175.

Smukler, N., 15323.

Smuth, G. H., 14114.

Smyth, C. J., 15395, 15334.

Snabl, P., 14546

Snyder, R. M., 15681.

Sobel, H., 13724.

Sobota, S., 12932.

Sofin, R., 14788.

Sofio, G. S., 14233.

Sokal, J. E., 13751, 15372.

Sokoloff, L., 12933,
14479.

Sokolow, J., 15655.

Solari, S., 15291.

Solomon, W. M., 14567,
15335.

Solon, J., 13782, 15593.

Someya, Y., 12949.

Sommer, D., 15336.

Sordi, A., 14974, 14996.

Soroker, S. B., 13009.

Sorokina, Z. A., 13646.

Sorrentino, R., 15091.

Sorribes-Santamaria, V.,
14245, 14631.

Soto-Hall, R., 14454.

Souders, C. R., 13816.

South Dakota. Legislative Re-
search Council. Senile Sur-
vey Committee, 15594.

Southern Rhodesia. Central
African Statistical Office,
14141, 14691.

Southwick, H. W., 15100.

Souza-Santos, H. L., 14828.

Souza Santos, P., 14828.

Sowder, W. T., 12628.

Sowry, G. S., 13444, 14206,
14207, 14208.

Spain, D. B., 13413.

Spain. Instituto Nacional de
Estadistica, 15526.

Spang, K., 12767.

Spangler, H., 15469.

Sparrows, E. M., 15360.

Spealman, C. R., 15560.

Speciani, L. O., 13619.

Speck, E., 14185.

14463,

Speigelman, M., 13345.
Spence, A. W., 13070,
13495.
Sperling, G., 14954.
Spicer, B. C., 15703.
Spiegl, F. V., 14359.
Spier, I. R., 13725.
Spina, G., 14411.
Spinley, B. M., 14753.
Spohn, R. R., 13123.
Springer, E., 15187.
Sproul, E. E., 13020, 13737.
Squire, J. R., 12616.
Stahler, N., 13321, 14061.
Stainer, M. W., 13395.
Stamer, S., 13597.
Stampfli, K., 14246.
Standish, S., Jr., 13803.
Stanier, M. W., 13421.
Stanley, J. P., 13223.
Stanton, J. E., 14710.
Stare, F. J.,
15705.
Starfinger, W., 13461.
Starnes, W. L., 14549.
Starr, I., 15030.
Starr, P., 15076, 15077.
Statistical Office of the
United Nations, 14931.
Stattmann, K., 12923.
Stead, W. W., 15212.
Stearns, W. F., 14000.
Stecher, G., 14968.
Stecher, R. M., 12934.
14437, 15293.
Stefensen, K. A., 15078.
Steffen, C., 15290.
Steiger, E., 13288.
Steigman, F., 13520.
Stein, H., 14792, 15331.
Steinbrocker, O., 13695.
Steiner, P. E., 14632.
Steinmann, B., 12753.
Steinthorsson, E., 12979.
Stengel, F., 13196, 15412.
Stepanek, P., 13565.
Stepantschitz, G., 13671,
15337.
Stern, K., 15455.
Stern, W. E., 14320.
Steve, S., 13973.
Stevens, C. F., 15197.
Stevenson, I., 14568.
Stewart, A., 14628.
Stewart, J. D., 14648.
Stewart, T. B., 13322.
Stewart, T. D., 15260.
Stieglitz, E. J., 15394.
Steinen, G., 13284.
Stillman, N. P., 13298.
Stocks, P., 13346.
Stokes, D., 13224, 14019.
Stoll, H. G., 15368.
Stoll, P., 15079.
Stoll, W. A., 14665, 15504.
Stolte, J. B., 15456.
Stone, C. T., 13830.
Stone, E., 15595.
Storch, S., 12768.
Storvick, C. A., 14187.
Stout, A. P., 13020, 13737.
Strangeways, W. M., 12698.
Streis, C. F., 14956.
Strisower, B., 12708, 13411,
13412, 13448.
Strobel, H., 13726.
Strong, G. F., 15682.
Strong, L. C., 12719, 15457.
Stroud, W. D., 15031.
Struppler, A., 12846.
Stuart-Harris, C. H., 13620.
Studdiford, W. E., 12863.
Stunkard, H. W., 14088.
Sturm, W., 13701.

14166, 15704,

Suczek, R. F., 12860.

Sugahara, T., 12949.

Sugar, H. S., 13633.

Sugihara, H., 12949.

Sulkin, N. M., 14322, 15149,

Sulkin, S. E., 12930, 15282.

Sullivan, B. H., Jr., 14601.

Sullivan, D. A., 14197.

Sunblad, L., 15338.

Sundt, P. E., 15294.

Surikov, M. P., 12688.

Surinam, + 14142.

Suslova, M. M., 13853.

Sutherland, A. M., 13496.

Sutton, B. B., 13567.

Suzuki, K., 14876.

Svartz, N., 12957, 13672.

Swahn, B., 13416, 14188.

Swans, P., 13422.

Swanson, G., 15706.

Swanson, P., 14934.

Swartout, H. O., 14115.

Royal Social Board (Swe-
den), 12714.

Sweden. Statistiska Central-
byran, 14692.

Sweden. The State Insti-
tute for Health Preven-

(People’s Health),

12714.

Swift, R. W., 13579.

Swinton, N. W., 12815.

Switzerland. Ejidenossis ches
Statistiches Amt.,
15527.

Switzerland. Zurich Canton.
Statistisches Bureau, 14693.

Swyer, G. I., 13497.

Szafran, J., 15242.

Szanto, P. B., 14510.

Szemzé, G., 13521, 14292.

Szendréi, Z., 12737, 12774.

T

Taback, M., 13621.
Tachi, M., 13890.
Tachikawa, K., 13370.
Taietz, P., 15596.
Takahashi, E., 14072.
Takino, M., 15339.
Tala, P., 15227.

Tallaat, M., 12700.
Talbott, J. H., 12937, 14509,
14512, 15346, 15347,

15354.
Tamiva, H., 14876.
Tamplin, A. R.,
13411, 13412, 13448.
Tanaka, C., 15239.
Tanaka, T., 15146.
Tancinco-Yambao, G., 13831.
Tang, Z. T., 12768.
Tanganyika. East African
Statistical Department,
14144, 14694.
Tapfer, S., 15080.
Tarrell, P., 13197.
Tasher, D. C., 15458.
Tatai, K., 15229.
Taubert, R., 13622.
Tauchi, H., 14293, 15101.
Taviani, P. E., 13891.
Taylor, E. E., 13781.
Taylor, H. L., 13423, 14247.
Taylor, K. W., 14992.
Taylor, M. G., 13949.
Taylor, R. C., 15449.
Taylor, S., 13289.
Taylor, Ww. E., 15081.
Tedeschi, G., 14959.
Tegner, W., 15295.
Teilum, G., 14480.
TeLinde, R. W., 13498.
Telkka, A., 14472.

14143,

12708,

Tellez, Gi
Temple |
of Eco
Resear«
Bureau
Securit
Tepe, H.
Terman, |
Terzian, |
Testori, E
Thaler,
Thaysen,
Thévenet
Thevenoz
Thewlis,
13784
Thiebaut
Thiemey
Thiers, F
Thomas,
Thomas,
Thomley
Thomps¢
Thomps¢
Thomser
Thomsor
Thorn, }
Thorner,
Thung, |
Tibbitts,

Tellez, Giron, E., 12734.

Temple University. Bureau
of Economics and Business
Research and Pennsylvania
Bureau of Employment
Security, 13903.

Tepe, H. J., 13392.

Terman, L. M., 13860.

Terzian, L. A., 13321, 14061.

Testori, E., 14248.

Thaler, M., 15476.

Thaysen, J. H., 14338.

Thévenet, A., 12806.

Thevenoz, F., 14489.

Thewlis, M. W., 13783,
13784.

Thiebaut, F., 14455.

Thiemeyer, J. S., Jr., 12958.

Thiers, H., 14461.

Thomas, E. G., 15470.

Thomas, L., 12859, 15505.

Thomley, M. W., 13747.

Thompson, D. E., 13068.

Thompson, D. J., 13943.

Thomsen, K. A., 12903.

Thomson, J. L., 14323.

Thorn, N. A., 14338.

Thorner, R. M., 14410.

Thung, P. J., 15107.

Tibbitts, C., 13147,
14020, 14857.

Tichy, H., 13670, 14477,
14817.

Tietze, K., 13499.

Tikkala, A. O., 15375.

Tilton, G., 14004.

Titmuss, R. M., 15618.

Toch, H., 13861.

Tégemann, F. J., 13392.

Tognacca, M. L., 15365.

Tolksdorf, S., 15319.

Tolland, G. A., 15494.

Tolmach, J. A., 13719.

Tommasini, A., 13462.

Toone, E. C., 13702, 15340,
15341.

Torelli, D., 12701.

Tormo Alfonso, V., 14249.

Toro, G., 13374, 13375,
14970.

Torre, M., 12738.

Torres, F., 1F 34.

Torres Patoni, J., 13777.

Torresini, A., 13169, 14054,
14055, 14744.

Toussant, J., 15296.

Towers, R. P., 14412, 14427.

Townsend, G. W. H., 15597.

Trantham, K. S., 15425.

Traum, A. H., 14251.

Traut, E. F., 14510.

Trautner, K., 14540.

Travell, J., 15009.

Trevalthan, R. D., 13585.

Trevor, J. C., 12861.

Trevorrow, V., 14982, 14993.

Trifilio, A., 13020, 13738.

Trew, J. A., 14467.

Trimble, H. G., 12891.

Trinidad and Tobago. Gov-
ernment, 14145.

Tromp, S. W., 14909.

Trotter, M., 15188.

Trib, C. L. P., 14771.

Treuting, W. L., 14641.

Truevtseva, G. V., 12798.

Tschabitscher, H., 15433.

Tuckman, J., 13071, 13072,
13073, 13862, 13863.

Tufts, M., 14504.

Tumminello, B., 12892.

Tunduyv, Sh. S., 13623.

Tunisia. Service des Statis-
tiques, 12685.

13148,

AUTHOR INDEX

Turkey. Istatistik Genel Mii-
diirliigii, 13371.

Turnbull, F. A., 15604.

Turner, H., 13198.

Turner, L. W., 12935.

Tuttle, E., 13400.

Tuttle, W. W., 13855,
14933.

Tyler, F. H., 14277.

U

Uccheddu, A., 12893.

Udell, L., 13678, 15323.

Ubelhér, R., 12991.

Ueda, M., 13372.

Ufer, J., 14278.

Union of South Africa. Of-
fice of Census and Statis-
tics, 12686, 13094.

United Nations. Department
of Social Affairs, 13199.

United Nations. Population
Division, 13095.

United Nations.
General, 14711.

Upchurch, W. E., 15384.

Upton, A. C., 15189.

Usilton, L. J., 13035.

U. S. Board of Trustees.
Federal Old-Age and Sur-
vivors Insurance Trust
Fund, 13184.

U. S. Bureau of the Census,
13096, 14695, 14696,
14697, 14724, 14725,
14755, 14756, 14757.

U. S. Congress. House. Com-
mittee on Ways and
Means, 13185, 13186,
13187, 15641.

U. S. Congress. Senate. Com-
mittee on Financing,
13974.

U. S. Congress. Senate. Com-
mittee on Labor and Pub-
lic Welfare. Special Sub-
committee on Railroad Re-
tirement Legislation,
13149.

S. Department of Com-
merce. Civil Aeronautics
Administration, 14712.

. S. Department of Health,
Education and Welfare,

13932, 15684.

. S. Department of Health,
Education and Welfare.
Bureau of Old-Age and
Survivors Insurance. Divi-
sion of Program Analysis,
15561, 15562, 15563.

. S. Department of Health,
Education and Welfare.
Division of State Merit
System, 13920.

U. S. Department of Health,
Education and Welfare.
Office of Vocational Reha-
bilitation. Division of Re-
search and_ Statistics,
13200.

U. S. Department of Health,
Education and Welfare.
Public Health Service. Di-
vision of Public Health
Methods, 13036.

U. S. Department of Health,
Education and Welfare.
Public Health Service. Na-
tional Office of Vital Sta-
tistics, 12670, 12873,
13078, 13349, 13350,
13351, 13352, 13353,
13958, 13959, 13960,

Secretary

14910, 14911,
15625, 15642.

U. S. Department of Health,
Education and Welfare.
Social Security Administra-
tion, 13100, 13125, 13126,
13188, 13893, 13904,
13905, 13906, 13975.

U. S. Department of Labor.
Bureau of Employment Se-
curity, 13127, 15564.

U. S. Department of Labor.
Women’s Bureau, 13128,
13129.

U. S. 83rd Congress. Second
Session. House, 15459.
U. S. Executive Office of the
President. Committee on
Retirement Policy for Fed-

eral Personnel, 13921.

U. S. International Labor Of-
fice, 15642.

U. S. National Office of Vital
Statistics, 13347, 13348.
U. S. Social Security Admin-

istration, 15532.

University of Chicago. Chi-
cago Community Inven-
tory, 15528.

University of Florida, 13290.

University of Wisconsin. In-
dustrial Relations Center,
13124.

Uram, J. A., 13579.

Vv

Vainio, K. J., 14471.

Valaquex, T., 14195.

Valentry, D., 15707.

Valk, W. L., 15389.

Vallarino, G., 14335.

Vallejo-Freire, A., 14720,
14828.

Van Cleave, H. J., 12654,
14089.

Van Denmark, R. E., 14456,
14457.

van der Flier, R. W., 13419.

Vandersmissen, L., 15266.

van der Vaart, H. R., 13291.

Van Dyke, D. C., 14969.

Van Gelderen, H., 15342.

Van Lint, A., 13922.

Van Loon, E. J., 12728.

Van Ooosten, J., 14090.

Van Riper, H. E., 14001.

Van Swol, E., 13171.

Van Thiel, P. H., 12655.

Van Zonneveld, R. J., 15619.

Varley, G. C., 13323.

Vecchi, G. P., 13449.

Vega Diaz, E., 14219, 15012,
15032.

Ventura, O. S., 13097.

Veraguth, P., 13643.

Vergani, L., 15013, 15218.

Verges, G., 12936.

Vernon, H. M., 14714.

Verzar, F., 15108, 15167,
15190.

Verzar-McDougall, J., 15506.

Vickery, F. E., 15507.

Vieg, J. A., 13950.

Viergiver, E., 14994.

Vilo, Coro, A., 14148.

Vincenzi, M., 14736.

Virkkunen, M., 12959.

Vischer, A. L., 13292,
13804, 14056.

Vivanco, F., 13418.

Vivien, J., 12619.

Vlahovitch, B., 13537.

Vogel, H., 14899.

Vogel, M. T., 14541.

14912,

Vogel, W., 15021.

Voges, D., 15256.

Vogt, C., 15150.

Vogt, O., 15150.
Volynskii, Z. M., 14220.
Von Albertini, A., 15366.
von Jokl, E., 13586.

von Kress, H. F., 13587.
Von Vexkiill, T., 12846.
Vorlaender, K. O., 15297.
Vose, S. N., 15382.

Voss, G., 15166.

Vottero, R., 14356.
Vraa-Jensen, G., 13566.
Vrzal, V., 14662.

Ww

Wadsworth, G. R., 14190,
14221.
Wadsworth, J. A. C., 12902.
Wafer, J. G., Jr., 14250.
Wager, O., 14481.
Wagner, D. H., 15069.
Wagner, H., 14460.
Wagner, R. R., 13583.
Wagner, W., 12904.
Wahl, R., 15298.
Wain, H., 15514.
Wajchenberg, B. L., 13414.
Wakefield, H., 14222.
Walden, P., 14073.
Walker, A. R. P., 13424.
Walker, H. C., Jr., 14360.
Walker, K., 12612, 12613.
Walker, R. N., 13834.
Walker, S., 14663, 15144.
Walsh, H. E., 12862.
Walsh, M. A., 15494.
Walsh, R. C., 15417.
Walter, K., 13785.
Walters, R. I., 15072.
Walther, H., 14521.
Walther-Biiel, P. D., 14633.
Wanklin, J. M., 13805.
Ward, L. E., 15343.
Ward, W., 13222.
Warren, A., 13727.
Warren, J. E., 15265.
Warren, K. W., 13832.
Warren, M. W., 15247.
Warum, F., 13669.
Wasmuth, C. A., 13588,
14361.
Wathen, J. D., 12728.
Watkins, D., 13150, 14982,
15082.
Watson, B. A., 14159.
Watson, D., 14468.
Watson, K., 14005.
Watson, R. H. J., 15508.
Watson, R. I., 13074, 14652,
14666.
Wayne, E. J., 14223.
Wayne, G. J., 15685.
Webber, I. L., 13176, 13923,
15620.
Weber, A., 14933.
Weber, F. P., 14174.
Weber, R. A., 12617.
Webster, D., 15026, 15106.
Webster, R. C., 14057,
14115.
Webster, S. J., 12934.
Wechsler, D., 15509.
Wehmeyer, P., 14191.
Weihs, E., 15151.
Weil, J., 13159, 15598.
Weil, M. H., 15303.
Weill, J. D., 12702.
Weinberg, T., 14529.
Weiner, H. M., 15222.
Weisbach, K., 15686.
Weissberg, J., 12789.
Weissenbach, R. J., 14511.

522

Weitbrecht, H. J., 12847.

Welch, C. E., 13522.

Welfare Council of Metropoli-
tan Los Angeles. Commit-
tee on Problems of the Ag-
ing, 15599.

Welford, A. T., 15565.

Wells, G. C., 12976.

Wellwood, L., 13808, 14117.

Wenk, M., 13707.

Werch, S. C., 12997.

Werner, W., 12671.

Wertenberger, G. E., 14260.

Wesman, A. G., 14667.

Wesselius, L. F., 15152.

West, E. F., 13647.

West, H. F., 12960, 15344.

Westergren, A., 13673.

Westlund, K. B., 13025.

Weyrauch, H. M., 15390.

Wheatley, G. M., 14328.

White, P. D., 13416.

White, R., 13189.

Widdowson, E. M.,
14955.

Wieser, S., 15430.

Wiesinger, K., 13130.

Wild, H., 15469.

Wilde, H., 14413.

Wildi, E., 13552.

Wilens, s. L., 14479.

Wilkinson, C. F., Jr., 14995.

Wilkinson, R. J., 13523.

Willcox, A. W., 15643.

Williams, C. H., 14160.

Williams, E. H., Jr., 13354,
14410.

Williams, H. N., 14569.

Williams, R. I., 14184,
14985.

Williams, R. R., 14463.

Williams, T. H., 13752.

Williamson, P. J. 15205.

Williard, H. S., 15687.

14946,

JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

Willie, C. V., 13177.
Willner, G., 13806.
Wilmanns, H., 12992.
Wilmot, V. C., 14187.
Wilson, D., 14512, 15510.
Wilson, G. D., 15116.
Wilson, G. M., 15325.
Wilson, H., 14473, 15299.
Wilson, L. E., 12946.
Wilson, R. H., 15228.
Wilson, T. S., 15391.
Wilson, W. P., 12754,
13807.
Winebrenner, D. K., 13976.
Winfield, G. A., 13808,
14117.
Wingo, W. J., 12656.
Winn, J. A., 14324.
Winsbury-White, H. P.,
12993.
Winter, C. C., 15102.
Winter, H. L., 15330.
Winter, K. H., 15644.
Winter, R., 15153
Wise, C. S.,
Wishart, M., 14182.
Witkin, L., 12835.
Wittich, F. W., 15191.
Wittlinger, G., 12961.
Wolan, C. T., 13738.
Wolf, A., 14878.
Wolf, O., 13675.
Wolfenden, H. H., 12672.
Wolff, G. E., 13037.
Wolfle, D., 14374.
Wolfson, A., 13833.
Wolstenholme, G. E. W.,
14870.
Wood, G. C., 15036.
Woodford-Williams, E.,
15026.
Woodroffe, G. E., 12657.
Woods, F. M., 14530.
Woods, S., 15361.

12755, 13201.

Worden, R. E., 14818,
14819.
Worisek, F. R., 13202.
Wray, R. P., 15418.
Wrba, H., 13393.
Wright, B. A., 14634.
Wright, G. J., Jr., 13500.
Wright, I. S., 14325.
Wright, M. E., 14635.
Wright, R. C., 14189.
Wroblewska, Z., 14965.
Wiist, G., 14294.
Wustinger, E., 15033.

Wyner, J. H., 13151, 13924.

Wyngaarden, J. B., 15353.
Wyse, D. M., 14326.

x
Xuereb, G. P., 13501.

Y

Yamada, N., 15229.
Yamagiri, K., 12949.
Yamamoto, S., 15051.
Yamashita, K., 15239.
Yarmon, M., 13114.
Yarrow, M. W., 14452.
Yater, W. M., 14251.
Yeager, C. L., 13564.
Yeoman, W., 13703.
Yiengst, M. J., 13391,

14942, 15082.
Yoshida, T., 12949.
Yoshioka, H., 13373.
Young, C. M., 14956.
Young, H. H., 12917.
Young, R., 14515.
Yii, H. H., 14187.
Yii, T. F., 15318.

Z

Zabban, M., 12756.
Zaccarelli, B., 12803.

Zacco, M., 13674.

Zakon, S. J., 14058.

Zanalda, A., 12738.

Zankel, H. T., 13567.

Zanocco, G., 15140.

Zanoli, R., gow

Zapparoli, G. C., 15083. !

Zarling, V. R., 13568. TI

Zeifer, H., 13045. ar

Zeiter, W. J., 15335. face ty

Zelditch, M., 15688.

Zelenka, A., 13182.

Zeman, F. D., 12757, 15460.

Zhekov, S., 15300.

Ziegler, D. K., 15154.

Zieglitz, W., 12898.

Zier, A., 13534, 15155.

Ziff, M., 14473, 14482, ARNHO
14486, 15299, 15301, 4
15311.

Ziffren, S. E., 13040, 14062, AUTHO
14879.

Zimmerman, S. P., 14458.

Zimmermann-Meinzingen, O.,
15033.

Zinina, N. V., 13845.

Zinoli, L., 14275.

Zinsser, H. H., 14497.

Zintel, H. A., 12750.

Ziobrowski, F., 13728.

Ziskind, M. M., 14414.

Ziv, W., 12614.

Zohman, B. L., 13561,
14242.

Zollo, M., 13462.

Zorkendorfer, W., 14415.

Zorn, B., 13675.

Zorzoli, A., 14295.

Zorzoli, G., 15367.

Zuckerman, R., 14195.

Zukel, W. J., 14197.

Zumoff, B., 15355.

Zwangwill, O. L., 13864.

ANDRE

BIsSsE!
BLUM

Index to Volume 10

The page numbers of all original articles published in the JourNAL oF GERONTOLOGy are set in bold

face type.

A

ANDREW, W.—Amitotic Division in Senile Tissues as
a Probable Means of Self-Preservation of Cells.

ArnuHorF, F. N.—Research Problems in Gerontology.
452.

AUTHOR INDEX TO CURRENT PERIODICAL LITERATURE
—N. W. Shock. 511.

B

BanFieELp, W. G.—Width and Length of Collagen
Fibrils During the Development of Human Skin,
in Granulation Tissue and in the Skin of Adult
Animals. 13.

BayLey, N.—and M. H. Oden. The Maintenance of
Intellectual Ability in Gifted Adults. 91.
Berc, B. N.—The Electrocardiogram in Aging Rats.

420.
—and C. R. Harmison. Blood Pressure and Heart
Size in Aging Rats. 416.
BrrkEN, J. E.—Age Differences in Startle Reaction
Time of the Rat to Noise and Shock. 437.
—and J. Botwinick. Age Differences in Finger,
Jaw, and Foot Reaction Time to Auditory Stim-
uli. 429.
—Speed of Response as a Function of Perceptual
Difficulty and Age. 433.

BissELL, L. E.—(See.Obrist, W. D.)

BLUMENTAL, H. T.—Aging Processes in the Endocrine
Glands of Various Strains of Normal Mice: Re-
lationship of Hypophyseal Activity to Aging
Changes in Other Endocrine Glands. 253.

Boas, E. P.—(See Epstein, F. H. )

Booxs REcEIvEp—88, 109, 189,

Book REvIEws—

Cerebral Vascular Disease, by I.
Luckey (J. E. Kirk). 445.

Ciba Foundation Colloquia on peeing. Vol. I, Aging—
General Aspects, edited by G. W. Wolstenholme and
M. P. Cameron (H. S. Simms). Py

Das Alter als Schicksal und Erfiillung, 3rd ed.,
Vischer (G. Haurowitz). 359.

Education for Later Maturity, edited by W. T. Donahue
(W. H. Reals). 220.

Evaluation in Mental Health, P.H.S. Publication No. 413
(R. J. Havighurst). 457.

Geriatric Medicine, 3rd ed., edited by E. J. Stieglitz (M.
W. Warren). 188.

Geriatric Nursing, 2nd ed., by K
cox). 358.

Les Abeilles, by A. Caillas (T. S. Gardner). 188.

Morbidity in the Municipal Hospitals of the City of New
York, by M. Fraenkel and C. L. Erhardt (D. Littauer).
457.

New York City’s Senior Citizens, by the Mayor’s Advisory
Committee for the Aged (M. L. Barron). 109.

Older Women as Office Workers, Bulletin of the Women’s
Bureau No. 248 (G. F. McCoy). 220.

Parental Age and Characteristics of the Offspring, vol. 57,
art. 5, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
(E. Jalavisto). 86.

221, 359, 446, 457.

S. Wright and E. H.

by A. L.

Kathleen Newton (J. Wil-

Rorschach Responses in Old - by L. B. Ames, J.

Learned, R. W. Metraux, and R. N. Walker (B. McD.
Caldwell). 108.

Study of Occupational Retirement, Dept. Sociology and
Anthropology, Cornell University (C. Tibbetts). 109.

Symposium on Atherosclerosis, National Academy of Sciences
—National Research Council Publication 338 (J. E. Kirk).
445.

Symposium on Problems of Gerontology, edited by R. S.
Goodhart (M. K. Horwitt). °

Senile Aged Problem in the United States, by D. C. Tom-
kins (L. Lowley). 359.

Botwinick, J.—(See Birren, J. E.)

BrozeEk, J.—Personality Changes with Age: An Item
Analysis of the Minnesota Multiphasic Person-
ality Inventory. 194.

BRUYERE, P. T.—( See Spealman, C. R. )

Byers, S. O.—(See Friedman, M.)

Cc

Cuanc, Y. O.—T. J. S. Laursen, and J. E. Kirk. The
Total Nicotinic Acid and Pyridine Nucleotide
Content of Human Aortic Tissue. 165.

Corpincer, N. W.—The Relationship Between Criti-
cal Flicker Frequency and Chronologic Age for
Varying Levels of Stimulus Brightness. 48.

E

Epstein, F. H.—and E. P. Boas. The Prevalence of
Manifest Atherosclerosis Among Randomly Cho-
sen Italian and Jewish Garment Workers. 331.

F

Fisuer, M. B.—(See McFarland, R. A.)

Fiicxicer, E.—and F. Verzar. Lack of Adaptation
to Low Oxygen Pressure in Aged Animals. 306.

Forp, T. R.—(See McMahan, C. A.)

FRIEDMAN, M.—R. H. Rosenman, and S. O. Byers.
Deranged Cholesterol Metabolism and Its Possible
Relationship to Human Atherosclerosis: A Re-
view. 60.

G

Garsus, J.—(See Streicher, E. )
Gram, M. R.—( See Swanson, P. )

H

Hau, D. A.—M. K. Keech, R. Reed, H. Saxl, R. E.
Tunbridge, and M. J. Wood. Collagen and Elas-
tin in Connective Tissue. 388.

Hamiiton, J. B.—H. Terada, and G. E. Mestler.
Studies of Growth Throughout the Lifespan in
Japanese: Growth and Size of Nails and Their
Relationship to Age, Sex, Heredity, and Other
Factors. 401.

523

524 JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY

Harmison, C. R.—( See Berg, B. N.)
Howe tt, R. J.—Sex Differences in Educational In-
fluences on a Mental Deterioration Scale. 190.

I

InDEx TO CURRENT PERIODICAL LITERATURE—N. W.
Shock. 113, 227, 360, 478.
K
Keecu, M. K.—(See Hall, D. A.)
Kinc, H. F.—The Response of Older Rural Crafts-
men in Individual Training. 207.
Kirk, J. E.—and T. J. S. Laursen. Dehydrogenase Ac-
tivities of Human Aortic Tissue Determined with
the Triphenyl Tetrazolium Technique. 18.
—Diffusion Coefficients of Various Solutes for Hu-
man Aortic Tissue. With Special Reference to
Variation in Tissue Permeability with Age. 288.
—and R. Schaus. Studies on the Succinic Dehy-
drogenase of Human Aortic Tissue. 178.
(Also see Chang, Y. O., Laursen, T. J. S., and
Schaus, R. )

L

LaursEN, T. J. S.—and J. E. Kirk. Diffusion Coeffi-
cients of Carbon Dioxide and Glucose for a Con-
nective Tissue Membrane from Individuals of
Various Ages. 303.

—The Presence of Aconitase and Fumarase in
Human Aortic Tissue. 26.
(Also see Chang, Y. O., Kirk, J. E., and Schaus,
R.)
LenMan, H. C.—Jobs for Those Over Sixty-Five. 345.
LEVERTON, R.—( See Swanson, P. )

Lioyp, L. E.—and C. M. McCay. The Utilization of
Nutrients by Dogs of Different Ages. 182.

M

Mauer, H.—Age and Performance of Two Work
Groups. 448.

McCay, C. M.—(See Lloyd, L. E.)

McFar.anp, R. A.—and M. B. Fisher. Alterations in
Dark Adaptation as a Function of Age. 424.

McGavack, T. H.—(See Pearson, S.)

McManan, C. A.—and T. R. Ford. Surviving the
First Five Years of Retirement. 212.

MEsTLER, G.—(See Hamilton, J. B. )

N

Norris, A. H.—N. W. Shock, and M. J. Yiengst. Age
Differences in Ventilatory and Gas Exchange Re-
sponses to Graded Exercise in Males. 145.

O

Osrist, W. D.—and L. E. Bissell. The Electroen-
cephalogram of Aged Patients with Cardiac and
Cerebral Vascular Disease. 315.

Outver, W. S.—( See Sheridan, F. P.)
ORGANIZATION SECTION—222, 459.

4

Parsons, J. M.—(See Watkin, D. M.)

Pearson, S.—and T. H. McGavack. The Effect of
Age upon the Relative Gonadal Adrenocortical
Activity of the Male. 312,

Prsek, I.—(See Swanson, P. )

R

REEp, R.—( See Hall, D. A.)

Rerran, R. M.—The Distribution According to Age of
a Psychologic Measure Dependent upon Organic
Brain Functions. 338.

Roserts, H.—( See Swanson, P. )

RosENMAN, R. H.—(See Friedman, M.)

S

Sax., H.—(See Hall, D. A.)

Scuaus, R.—J. E. Kirk, and T. J. S. Laursen. ‘The
Riboflavin Content of Human Aortic Tissue. 170.
(Also see Kirk, J. E.)

SHERIDAN, F. P.—C. L. Yeager, W. A. Oliver, and A.
Simon. Electroencephalography as a Diagnostic
and Prognostic Aid in Studying the Senescent
Individual. A Preliminary Report. 53.

Suocx, N. W.—and M. J. Yiengst. Age Changes in
Basal Respiratory Measurements and Metabolism
in Males. 31.

—Index to Current Periodical Literature. 113, 227,
360, 478.

—Author Index. 511.
(Also see Norris, A. H., and Watkin, D. M.)

Srwon, A.—( See Sheridan, F. P.)

SPEALMAN, C. R.—and P. T. Bruyere. The Chang-
ing Age Distribution of Pilots Holding First Class
Medical Certificates. 341.

STREICHER, E.—and J. Garbus. The Effect of Age
and Sex on the Duration of Hexobarbital Anes-
thesia in Rats. 441.

SuLtxin, N. M.—The Properties and Distribution of
PAS Positive Substances in the Nervous System
of the Senile Dog. 135.

Swanson, P.—R. Leverton, M. R. Gram, H. Roberts,
and I. Pesek.—Blood Values of Women: Cho-
lesterol. 41.

T
Terapa, H.—(See Hamilton, J. B. )
TunsBRIDGE, R. E.—(See Hall, D. A.)

Vv
VerzaAR, F.—(See Fliickiger, E. )

Ww

Watkin, D. M.—J. M. Parsons, M. W. Yiengst, and
N. W. Shock. Metabolism in the Aged: The
Effect of Stanolone on the Retention of Nitrogen,

Woop

INDEX TO VOLUME 10

Potassium, Phosphorus, and Calcium and on the z
Urinary Excretion of 17-Keto, 11-Oxy, and 17- bia SS oe ee
Hydroxy Steroids in Eight Elderly Men on High Lecce 07 sy ig eg = a Shock. N. W
and Low Protein Diets. 268. and Watkin. D. M ) en a ee
Z
Zorzo.it, A.—The Influence of Age on Phophatase
Activity in the Liver of the Mouse. 156.

Wesman, A. G.—Standardizing an Individual Intel-
ligence Test on Adults: Some Problems. 216.

Woop, M. J.—(See Hall, D. A.)

First Annual Medical Symposium

CLINICAL ASPECTS OF THE
AGING PROCESS

with special reference to

Neurology, Psychiatry, Nutrition, and Cardiology
Philadelphia, October 23, 1955

The Home for the Jewish Aged, 5301 Old York Road, Philadel- |

phia 41, Pennsylvania, will sponsor the First Annual Medical
Symposium on Clinical Aspects of the Aging Process, with
special reference to Neurology, Psychiatry, Nutrition, and Car-

diology.

The Symposium will be held at the Home on Sunday, October 23,
from 10:00 a. m. to 4:00 p. m. Dr. Nathan Blumberg will be
Chairman.

The participants on the three panels will be as follows:

Neurology and Psychiatry: Dr. Matthew Moore (Chairman);
Dr. Maurice E. Linden, Dr. Abraham Rabiner

Nutrition: Dr. Robert S. Goodhart (Chairman), Dr. Donald
M. Watkin, Dr. Hertha Sorter

Cardiology: Dr. James B. Donaldson (Chairman), Dr. Ray-

mond Harris, Dr. Simon Dack

All interested physicians are cordially invited to attend.

5040