Science 1906-07-06: Vol 24

SCIENCE

A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, PUBLISHING THE
OFFICIAL NOTICES AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION
FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.

Fripay, Juuy 6, 1906.

—=—

CONTENTS.

The Formal Opening of the Laboratory of the
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Re-
search :—

A Sketch of the Development of the Rocke-
feller Institute for Medical Research: Dr.

a GF EP Tere e er Tees 1
The Endowment of Research: Dr. WILLIAM
WM b6id 66 os eo RRR Ane ve ccs nc ct benes 6
Address by President Nicholas Murray
BUEN iki tt odin cbetoke pte snap en he a$iins 12
Address by President Charles W. Eliot.... 13

Scientific Books :—
Fine’s College Algebra: Proressor J. Ep-
WU EE, “Ac bseuwhes dees ccnes aren és 18

Societies and Academies :—
The New York Section of the American
Chemical Society: Dr. F. H. Poucu. The
Torrey Botanical Club: C. Stuart GaGerR.. 19

Discussion and Correspondence :—
Intercollegiate Athletics and Scholarship:
PROFESSOR WILLIAM TRUFANT FOSTER.
Note on the Ypsiloid Apparatus of Crypto-
branchus: B. G. SmitH. A Newly-found
Stony Meteorite: Dr. G. P. MERRILL...... 21

Special Articles :—

The Great Catalogue and Scientific Investi-
gation of the Heber R. Bishop Collection
of Jade: Dr. GEORGE FREDERICK Kunz. The
Rock of the Pelée Obelisk and the Condition
of the Volcano in February, 1906: Dr.

ANGELO HIEILPRIN ...... 22. cece wcteeee 23
The Commission for Brain Investigation.... 26
William T. Bedgwick...........cccecccsees 27
Scientific Notes and News..............++: 28
University and Educational News.......... 31

MSS. intended for publication and books, etc., intended for
review should be sent to the Editor of SctzNcE, Garrison-on-
Hudson, N. Y.

THE FORMAL OPENING OF THE LABORA-
TORY OF THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE
FOR reat ta RESEARCH:

A SKETCH OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR
MEDICAL RESEARCH.

FIvE years ago there were in France,
Germany, England, Russia and Japan well-
equipped and endowed institutions for re-

_search in medicine. In this country not

one existed. For pure and applied science,
all our higher institutions of learning had
their laboratories, their corps of instructors
and fellowships, and both opportunity and
encouragement were given to students to
take up original work. But how great the
contrast when we turn to medicine, whose
problems are related not only to the health
but even the life of the race. The poverty
of the resources of the medical institutions
was truly pitiful. Their laboratories were
for the instruction of students and pos-
sessed but little equipment beyond what
was necessary for this end.

It was at this time that a group of five

_ men met in the Arlington Hotel at Wash-

ington just five years ago last week, at the
request of the founder of this institute, to
consider the question of the establishment
of an institution to promote research in
medicine. There could be but one opinion,
and, at the conference only one was ex-
pressed, viz., That the most urgent need
existed and that the time was ripe for the
foundation of such an institution in tais
country.

May 11, 1906.

A hats. tre ake ae

ea ee

bo

Never was a suggestion more warmly
welcomed nor an offer more heartily appre-
ciated by the profession and the medical
press from one end of the country to the
other.

To this group of five, two others were
added a few weeks later, and on June 14,
1901, the institution was formally inecor-
porated as The Rockefeller Institute for
Medical Research, with the seven men re-
ferred to as its board of directors. They
were William H. Welch, T. Mitchell Prud-
den, Christian A. Herter, Theobald Smith,
Hermann M. Biggs, Simon Flexner and L.
Emmett Holt. The same board has been
continued up to the present time. At this
first meeting a pledge of $200,000 was made
to the board to be drawn upon at their dis-
eretion during a period of ten years, it
being understood that this was for prelim-
inary work.

In considering what use should be made
of the funds placed at its disposal to make
them immediately productive of some sci-
entific results, and at the same time to get
a general view of the field, the board de-
cided not to centralize work in a single
place, but to create a number of scholar-
ships or fellowships to be distributed in
existing laboratories throughout the coun-
try. In this way it was hoped several ends
might be attained: first, to enlist the coop-
eration of various investigators in different
places; secondly, to aid some promising
lines of research which could not be con-
tinued for lack of funds; and, finally, to
discover who and where were the persons
who desired to undertake research work
and what were their qualifications.

From a large number of applications re-
ceived, twenty-three grants were made to
eighteen different laboratories in this coun-
try, and three men were sent abroad to
pursue special investigations, two in Ehr-
lich’s laboratory in Frankfurt and one in
Koch’s Institute in Berlin.

SCIENCE.

[N.S. Von. XXIV. No. 601.

At the end of the first year’s work, it
was evident to the directors that while
much could be accomplished by individual
workers carrying on their investigations in
separate laboratories, widely scattered, the
highest results in research could not be
secured in this manner. Existing institu-
tions did not afford adequate facilities for
many phases of investigation which were
of the greatest importance. Again, the
heads of these institutions, although in
many instances men of great ability, were
so taken up with their duties as teachers as
to leave comparatively little of either time
or energy to devote to research work. It
was gratifying to find that there were a
large number of earnest men and women
in America anxious to devote themselves
to this branch of science; but it was quite
clear that very few possessed the breadth
of education combined with the technical
training requisite for independent work.
The directors, therefore, were united in the
conviction that, although many important
investigations might be fostered by contin-
uing the plan of foreign grants, great prog-
ress was not possible in this way, and that
this could be secured only by centralizing
the most important lines of work in a fixed
place, under a competent head or series of
heads, and with special equipment. In
other words, the institute must have a lab-
oratory of its own with its own staff of
workers who should devote their entire time
to research.

These conclusions and the considerations
upon which they were based were, there-
fore, placed before the founder, who at the
second annual meeting, in June, 1902, made
another and larger gift to the institute, to
enable the board of directors to acquire
land and erect a laboratory building in
which to begin the work of organization
along the broader lines contemplated.

The first question to be decided was
where such an institute should be located.

Jury 6, 1906.]

After due consideration of the advantages
offered in other cities, New York was unani-
mously selected as possessing greater ad-
vantages than were elsewhere to be found
in America. The next step was to find a
suitable site; one which should be ade-
quate, not only to present needs, but for
future expansion; near enough to the cen-
ter of the city to be accessible, and yet
sufficiently removed to secure for its work-
ers the freedom from needless interrup-
tions and the quiet necessary for scientific
pursuits.

After a prolonged search, the committee
on site reported in October, 1902, in favor
of the Schermerhorn property, fronting
East River at East 66th and 67th Streets,
as meeting to a remarkable degree all the
requirements. This entire property was
purchased by Mr. Rockefeller a few months
later, and a plot comprising twenty-six and
a half city lots, upon which the present
building stands, was deeded to the insti-
tute. Work was immediately begun upon
plans for a laboratory building.

The next great question was the cheice
of a scientific director. After looking over
the entire field in America and Europe, the
board could find no one possessing the
qualifications to so high a degree as one of
its own members, Dr. Simon Flexner, who
was prevailed upon to resign his position
as professor of pathology in the University
of Pennsylvania, and assume the director-
ship of the scientific work in the new lab-
oratory. Dr. Flexner began his work July
1, 1903, and spent the following year in
Europe, studying various questions con-
nected with institutions for research, espe-
cially those of organization, construction
and equipment. He also acquired the
nucleus of a library for the institute.

Eighteen months and much careful
thought were spent in completing the plans
for the present laboratory building. Dur-
ing this time five of the directors visited

SCIENCE. 3

Europe, in order to profit by the experi-
ence of other institutions of a similar char-
acter. Final plans were adopted June 13,
1904; and a few weeks later contracts were
let, ground was broken for the new build-
ing and December 3 of the same year the
cornerstone was laid.

It was quite clear to the directors that
it was unwise to delay commencing work
until the new laboratory was completed.
It was decided to take steps at once to get
together a nucleus of a future laboratory
staff; that it was best that a beginning
should be made with a small program, a
few problems, in a small building, so that
the institute should be in a position for a
natural organic growth and development
and avoid the dangers incident to rapid
expansion. A building at the corner of
Lexington Avenue and 50th Street was
leased and fitted up for temporary use. In
that place, in October, 1904, work was be-
gun and continued for eighteen months
until the completion of the new building a
few weeks ago.

The staff at first consisted only of the
director and four other workers. It has,
however, been gradually increased until, at
the time of removal, it numbered nine
persons.

One of the most difficult problems pre-
sented to the board has been to secure a
staff of scientific workers. Heads of lab-
oratories and their assistants in this coun-
try are, almost without exception, men
trained for the work of instruction rather
than that of investigation. Many applica-
tions for positions in the institute have
been received from England, France and
Germany, but the feeling of the directors
has been that it was the American type of
mind, with its genius for practical results,
that was wanted, and this has made the
board doubtful as to the wisdom of choos-
ing European heads for any of its de-
partments. Many young men and women

t SCIENCE.

were found in this country with evident
capacity, yet few possessed necessary train-
ing which should fit them to work inde-
pendently. With each year’s experience
the conviction has steadily grown that the
institute must in large measure train its
own staff, selecting from the promising
young applicants such as gave evidence of
a special fitness and giving them subse-
quently such training both here and abroad
as would fit them for their special work.

To get in close touch with such a class,
a number of resident scholarships and fel-
lowships have been created. For these
thirty-one applications were received dur-
ing the present year and five have been
awarded. This plan, if suecessful, will be
continued and from this corps, from time
to time, will be reeruited the future work-
ers of the institute.

The present organization provides for
the following departments: pathology, bac-
teriology, physiological and pathological
chemistry, physiology, comparative zool-
ogy. To these it is expected that a depart-
ment of pharmacology and experimental
therapeuties will soon be added.

The fully organized staff will consist of
a chief director and a head for each of the
different departments. Each head will
have his associate and corps of assistants.
The heads of departments, associates and
first assistants, it is expected, will constitute
the permanent staff of the institute. The
other workers will be less closely attached.
Besides, there are contemplated scholar-
ships and fellowships for workers who may
come for a limited period; and finally, it
is expected to provide for a limited number
of voluntary workers who will be given the
facilities of the institute for working out,
under supervision, their own problems.

While the purpose of the institute will
be research, not instruction, it can not fail
to exert a considerable influence in medical
education, since many of those who will

[N.S. Vor. XXIV. No. 601.

receive their training within its walls will,
doubtless, go elsewhere to assume positions
of responsibility in teaching institutions.

The present scientific staff consists of
fourteen persons; the laboratory building,
when fully equipped, will furnish facili-
ties for about fifty workers.

Much work must always be done in the
fundamental subjects of chemistry, biology,
physiology and pathology, for upon these
basie sciences future discoveries in medical
science must largely rest. While fully
realizing the importance of these and lib-
erally providing for them in its laboratory,
the institute aims at the same time to keep
close to the practical side, and will en-
deavor to apply the latest discoveries in
science to problems connected with the pre-
vention and eure of disease. In order that
the greatest good can be accomplished
along these lines, the board realizes that a
hospital closely affiliated with the institute
is indispensable. Only in this way is it
possible for those who work in the labora-
tory to appreciate the relation of their re-
sults to the problems of practical medicine.
The hospital need not be large, but should
be fully equipped. Such a hospital it is
hoped may soon be added to the institute,
in which the closest kind of scientific study
may be given to obseure diseased condi-
tions.

From the very beginning, the institute
has sought not to monopolize the field, but
to cooperate in all possible ways with exist-
ing agencies for medical research in this
country. It has cooperated with the Health
Department of New York in the study of
the conditions surrounding the production
and distribution of the milk supply of the
city, and the effects of milk upon the health
of the children in the tenements; also with
the commission appointed by the city in
1904, to study the prevalence of the acute
respiratory diseases, and with that appoint-
ed in 1905 to investigate cerebro-spinal

Jury 6, 1906.]

meningitis. It has united with Harvard
University in sending a man to Manila to
study certain phases of smallpox. With
the same end in view, also, it has made
grants each year to assist important in-
vestigations which were being carried on
in various places.

While it has been impossible to aid more
than a small proportion of the even suit-
able ones asking for assistance, still an
average of twenty grants has been made
each year, and much excellent work done
which otherwise could not have been under-
taken.

With the opening of a central laboratory
for research in New York, these foreign
grants will necessarily become a less impor-
tant part of the work. It is not, however,
the intention of the institute to discontinue
them altogether. The board hopes always
to be ready, with a grant of money or by
sending a trained man, to assist in the solu-
tion of any important emergency problem
which may arise in connection with the
public health in any part of the country.

The work done entirely or in part under
the auspices of the institute and published
in various scientific journals has been col-
lected in volumes of reprints; four such
volumes of about five hundred pages each
having already been issued, two in 1904
and two in 1905; a fifth volume is now in
press. The need of a special organ of pub-
lication was early felt by the board and in
1904 negotiations were opened with the
editor of the Journal of Experimental
Medicine with a view to transferring its
control to the institute. This has been
accomplished.

In February, 1905, the institute took
charge of the publication of this journal,
under whose auspices it has since been is-
sued. In it are published not only the
work of the institute, but also other scien-
tifie contributions of a similar nature.

In the five volumes of reprints appear

SCIENCE. 6

137 original papers; they may be classified
under the following heads: There were 50
papers relating to etiology, or the causation
of disease; 28 relating to pathology; 12 to
bacteriology ; 22 to physiology; 8 to chem-
istry; 9 to toxicology; 7 to experimental
therapeutics, and 1 to pathological anat-
omy.

Among the most important researches
in point of the attention which has been
given to them may be mentioned: 21 papers
upon dysentery and diarrhceal diseases;
5 papers upon milk; 4 papers upon small-
pox; 12 upon various pathological condi-
tions of the blood; 3 upon diabetes; 5 upon
trypanosomiasis, and 6 upon snake venom.
The other topics are widely distributed
over the field of scientific medicine.

To many, five years may seem a long time
to be taken up with the work of prelimi-
nary organization. Many difficulties have
been encountered and many perplexing
questions have come up for decision. It
has been the policy of the board of direct-
ors to proceed deliberately, and no step
has been taken until a conviction regarding
the wisdom of it was practically unan-
imous.

To outline the development of an insti-
tution which should secure the highest pos-
sible efficiency has been no easy task.
European models have aided greatly, but
it was believed that what was needed in
America was an institution different in
many important respects from those of
Europe. While many years will be re-
quired for the full development of the
institute, the board has felt that the general
policy should be reflected from the outset.
Throughout it has striven to keep con-
stantly in mind the intention of the
founder, expressed in his letter of gift,
that the trust was to be administered in
such a way as ‘to accomplish the most for
humanity and science.’

6 SCIENCE.

The present staff of the institute is com-
posed of the following persons:

Department of Pathology and Bacteriology—
Dr. Simon Flexner, Dr. E. L. Opie, Dr. H.
Noguchi, Dr. J. E. Sweet, Dr. H. S. Houghton.

Department of Physiology—Dr. 8S. J. Meltzer,

Dr. John Auer.
Department of Chemistry—Dr. P. A. Levene,

Dr. W. Beatty.

Resident Fellows and Scholars—B. F. Terry,
zoology; R. D. MacLaurin, chemistry; Chas. A.
Rouiller, chemistry; E. H. Schorer, bacteriology;
Bertha I. Barker, bacteriology.

L. Emmett Ho vt.
THE ENDOWMENT OF RESEARCH.

THE support of hospitals has always made
a strong appeal to the philanthropy of the
state and of individual citizens, and the
importance to the community of educated
physicians has been appreciated, although
in this country until recent years most in-
adequately, but the recognition of medical
science as a rewarding object of publie and
private endowment is almost wholly the re-
sult of discoveries in this department of
knowledge made during the last quarter of
a century. An eloquent witness to the
awakening of this enlightened and _ bene-
ficent sentiment is the establishment, in
1901, of the Rockefeller Institute for Med-
ical Research with its laboratories formally
opened to-day.

While the scientific study of infectious
diseases is, of course, not of recent origin
and had been pursued as a part of the
functions of health departments and of
university laboratories of hygiene and of
pathology, the first provision of a special
laboratory for this purpose was made by
the German government in 1880, in the
Imperial Health Office in Berlin, and to the
directorship of this laboratory was called
from his country practise Robert Koch,
who four years before had startled the
scientific world by his memorable investiga-
tions of anthrax.

[N.S. Von. XXIV. No. 601.

The supremacy of Germany in science
is due above all to its laboratories, and no
more fruitful record of scientific diseov-
eries within the same space of time can be
found than that afforded by this laboratory
during Koch’s connection with it, from
1880 to 1885. Thence issued in rapid suc-
cession, the description of those technical
procedures which constitute the foundation
of practical bacteriology and have been the
chief instruments of all subsequent discov-
eries in this field, the determination of cor-
rect principles and methods of disinfection,
and the announcement of such epochal dis-
coveries as the causative germs of tubercu-
losis—doubtless the greatest discovery in
this domain—of typhoid fever, diphtheria,
cholera, with careful study of their prop-
erties.

The leading representative, however, of
the independent laboratory devoted to
medical science is the Pasteur Institute in
Paris, founded in 1886, and opened in
1888. The cireumstances which led to the
foundation of this institute made probably
a stronger appeal to popular sympathy and
support than any others which have ever
occurred in the history of medicine.

There stood in the first place, the per-
sonality and the work of that great genius,
Louis Pasteur, of noble and lovable char-
acter, one of the greatest benefactors of
his kind the world has known, who for
forty years had been engaged, often under
adverse conditions, in investigations which
combined the highest scientific interest with
important industrial and humanitarian ap-
plications. Pasteur’s revelation of the
world of microscopic organisms in our en-
vironment—the air, the water and the soil
—and his demonstration of their relation
to the processes of fermentation and putre-
faction, had led Lister in the late sixties,
even before anything was definitely known
of the causative agency of bacteria in hu-
man diseases, to make the first and most

Jury 6, 1906.]

important application of bacteriology to
the prevention of disease by the introduc-
tion of the principles of antiseptic surgery,
whereby untold thousands of human lives
have been saved.

In 1880, came the most momentous of
Pasteur’s contributions to medical science
and art in the introduction of the method
of active immunization by the use of the
living parasites of the disease attenuated
in virulence, a method which until this
date had remained without further appli-
cation since its employment by Edward
Jenner in 1796 in vaccinating against
smallpox. Pasteur’s researches in this
field of immunity, marvelous in their orig-
inality, ingenuity and fertility of resource,
culminated in 1885 in the announcement
of his successful method of protective in-
oculation against that dread disease, rabies,
and most of those here present will recall
the enthusiasm with which this great
triumph of experimental medicine was
hailed throughout the civilized world.

It was under the immediate impression
and the incentive of this discovery, and
as a mark of gratitude to Pasteur, that
over two and one half million franes were
raised within a short time by international
subseription for the construction and en-
dowment of an institute to bear his name,
where the Pasteur treatment was to be
carried out and ample facilities afforded
for investigations of microorganisms and
the problems of infectious diseases. This
model institute, much enlarged since its
foundation and after the death of Pasteur
under the directorship, first of Duclaux,
and now of Roux, and in one of its most
important divisions, of Metchnikoff, has
been a fruitful center of productive research
and through its contributions to knowledge
affords a signal illustration of the benefits
to science and to humanity of the endow-
ment of laboratories for the advancement
of medical science.

SCIENCE. 7

It was under much the same influences
that the important Imperial Institute for
Experimental Medicine in St. Petersburg,
with even wider scope than the Pasteur In-
stitute, was founded and munificently en-
dowed by Prince Alexander of Oldenburg
in 1890.

In the following year the Prussian gov-
ernment established in Berlin, under the
directorship of Professor Koch, the ad-
mirably organized and equipped Institute
for Infectious Diseases, to which is at-
tached, as to the Pasteur Institute, a hos-
pital for infectious diseases. This and the
excellent Institute for Experimental Thera-
peutics, in Frankfort, under Professor
Ehrlich’s direction, founded also by the
Prussian government in 1896, are unsur-
passed in their scientific activities and in
the number and value of their contribu-
tions to our knowledge of infection and
immunity.

In 1891, was founded in London the
British, later the Jenner, and now the
Lister, Institute of Preventive Medicine,
designed to be a national institute similar
in character and purpose to the Institut
Pasteur, in Paris. The funds were con-
tributed by the public, and subsequently
increased by Lord Iveagh’s generous gift
of two hundred and fifty thousand pounds.

Within less than a year after the founda-
tion of the Rockefeller Institute for Med-
ical Research, the Memorial Institute for
Infectious Diseases was founded in Chi-
eago, by Mr. and Mrs. Harold F. MeCor-
mick, and placed under the capable direc-
tion of Professor Hektoen.

The Institute for the Study, Treatment
and Prevention of Tuberculosis, which
bears the name of its beneficent founder,
Henry Phipps, was incorporated in Phila-
delphia in 1903, and, while devoted to a
single disease, it must be ranked among
those of wide scope, when we consider the
magnitude and surpassing importance of

8 SCIENCE.

the problems pertaining to this disease.

It may also be noted that the Carnegie
Institution in Washington, with its un-
equaled endowment of ten million dollars,
includes within its seope the support of
biological and chemical investigations of
great importance to medical science, so
that our country now stands in line with
Germany, France and Great Britain in the
opportunities afforded for research in
medical and other sciences.

These various institutions have been men-
tioned as typifying the general aims and
character of the Rockefeller Institute for
Medical Research, rather than to afford any
complete picture of the material aid now
available for the advancement of scientific
medicine. If the latter were the purpose,
it would be necessary to travel far afield

~so as to inelude independent medical labo-

ratories of more restricted scope, such as
those for the study of cancer, the labora-
tories connected with departments of
health, so well exemplified in our own
country by those of the state board of
health of Massachusetts, and of the de-
partment of health of the city of New
York, hospitals and the laboratories con-
nected with them, the medical laboratories
of the universities and medical schools,
such as the Thompson Yates and Johnston
laboratories in Liverpool, and the splendid
new laboratories of the Harvard Medical
School, laboratories established in recent
vears for the study of tropical diseases,
such as our government laboratories in
Manila, and funds available for special
grants to investigators. ;
Impressive and encouraging as is this
1emarkable growth within recent years of
laboratories devoted to the medical sciences,
no one who has any knowledge of the vast
field to be covered, of the difficulty and
complexity of the problems, of the expendi-
ture of money required, and of the returns
in inereased knowledge and benefits to

[N.S. Von. XXIV. No. 601.

mankind which have been attained and
which may be expected in increasing meas-
ure, can for a moment suppose that the
existing opportunities, considerable as they
are, are adequate to meet the present and
the future needs of scientific medicine.

As I have already stated, the wider rec-
ognition of medical science as a rewarding
object of endowment is a result of dis-
coveries made during the last quarter of a
century, and it is of interest to inquire
why this increased knowledge should have
borne such abundant fruit. The result is
not due to any change in the ultimate aims
of medicine, which have always been what
they are to-day and will remain, the pre-
vention and the cure of disease, nor to the
application to the solution of medical prob-
lems of any higher intellectual ability and
skill, than were possessed by physicians of
past generations, nor to the growth of the
scientific spirit, nor to the mere fact of a
great scientific advance in medicine, for
the most important contribution ever made
to our understanding of the processes of
disease was the discovery by Virchow, in
the middle of the last century, of the prin-
ciples and facts of cellular pathology, the
foundation of modern pathology.

The awakening of this wider public in-
terest in scientific medicine is attributable
mainly to the opening of new paths of in-
vestigation which have led to a deeper and
more helpful insight into the nature and
the modes of prevention of a group of dis-
eases—the infectious diseases—which stand
in a more definite and intimate relation to
the social, moral and physical well-being
of mankind than any other class of dis-
eases. The problems of infection which
have been solved, and kindred ones which
give promise of solution, are among the
most important relating to human society.
The dangers arising from the spread of
contagious and other infectious diseases,
threaten, not the individual only, but in-

Juty 6, 1906.)

dustrial life and the whole fabric of
modern society. Not medicine only, but
all the forces of society are needed to com-
bat these dangers, and the agencies which
furnish the knowledge and the weapons
for this warfare, are among the most
powerful for the improvement of human
society.

Great as was the material, intellectual
and social progress of the world during
the past century, there is no advance which
compares in its influence upon the happi-
ness of mankind with the increased power
to lessen physical suffering from disease
and accident, and to control the spread of
pestilential diseases. Were we to-day as
helpless as the physicians of past centuries
in the face of plague, smallpox, typhus
fever, cholera, yellow fever and other
epidemic diseases, even if the existence of
our modern crowded cities were possible,
which may be doubted, the people would sit
continually in the shadow of death. Great
industrial activities of modern times, ef-
forts to colonize and to reclaim for civil-
ization vast tropical regions, the immense
undertaking to construct the Panama
Canal, are all in the first instance de-
pendent upon the successful application to
sanitary problems of knowledge, much of it
gained in recent years, concerning the
causation and propagation of epidemic and
endemic diseases.

And yet probably a fair measure of the
general realization of these facts is the
provision by Congress that of the seven
members of the Isthmian Canal Commis-
sion, four shall be engineers without a word
concerning a sanitarian on the commission.
There could hardly be a more impressive
opportunity to demonstrate to the world the
practical value of our new knowledge con-
cerning the mode of conveyance of malaria
and yellow fever, the two great scourges
of Panama, than that afforded by the dig-
ging of the Isthmian Canal. The sanitary

SCIENCE. 9

problem is not surpassed in difficulty by
the engineering problem, but we may feel
reasonable assurance that with the sanitary
control in hands as trained and capable as
those of Colonel Gorgas, the ghastly experi-
ences of the old French Panama Canal
Company and in the construction of the
railway will not be repeated.

To comprehend fully the degree and the
character of the progress of modern medi-
cine requires a kind of knowledge and a
breadth of vision not possessed by the aver-
age man. He is concerned mainly with
the prompt relief of his own ailments or
those of his family. Of the triumphs of
preventive medicine he knows little or
nothing. With such dull matters as the
decline in the death rate by one half, and
the increase in the expectation of life by
ten or twelve years during the last cen-
tury, he does not concern himself. He
takes no account of the many perils which
have been removed from his pathway since

his birth, and indeed at the time of his

birth, nor does he know that had he lived
a little over a century ago and survived
these perils, he would probably be marked
with smallpox.

While it is true that in the relief of phys-
ical suffering and in the treatment of dis-
ease and accident the progress has been
great and the physician and the surgeon
ean do more, far more to-day than was pos-
sible to his predecessors, and while im-
provement in this direction must always be
a chief aim of. medicine, still it is in the
prevention of disease that the most bril-
liant advances have been made. The one
line of progress, that with which the daily
work of the physician is concerned, affects
the individual, the unit; the other, like all
the greater movements in evolution, affects
the race. It has been argued, with a cer-
tain measure of plausibility, that the inter-
ference with the law of the survival of
the fittest, assumed to be a result of the

10 SCIENCE,

suecess of preventive medicine, will bring
about deterioration of the race. I believe
the argument to be fallacious, and that we
already have sufficient experience to show
that there need be no serious apprehension
of such a result.

Before some accurate knowledge of the
causation of infectious diseases was se-
eured, preventive medicine was a blunder-
ing science, not, however, without its one
great victory of vaccination against small-
pox, whereby one of the greatest scourges
of mankind ean be controlled and could be
eradicated, if the measure were universally
and efficiently applied. The establishment
upon a firm foundation of the germ doc-
trine of infectious diseases, the discovery
of the parasitic organisms of many of
these diseases, the determination by experi-
ment of the mode of spread of certain
others, and the experimental studies of in-
fection and immunity, have transformed
the face of modern medicine. The recogni-
tion, the forecasting, the comprehension of
the symptoms and lesions, the treatment
of a large number of infectious diseases,
have all been illuminated and furthered,
but the boon of supreme import to the
human race ‘has been the lesson that these
diseases are preventable.

Typhus fever, once wide-spread, and of
all diseases the most dependent upon filth
and overerowding, has fled to obscure, un-
sanitary corners of the world before the
face of modern sanitation.

In consequence of the knowledge gained
by Robert Koch and his coworkers, Asiatic
cholera, to the modern world the great rep-
resentative of a devastating epidemic, will
never again pursue its periodical, pandemic
journey around the world, even should it
make a start.

Of bubonie plague, the most dreaded of
all pestilences, which disappeared mysteri-
ously from the civilized world over two
centuries ago, we know the germ and the

[N.S. Vor. XXIV. No. 601.

manner of propagation, and, although it
has ravaged India for the last ten years
with appalling severity, it can be and has
been arrested in its spread when suitable
measures of prevention are promptly ap-
plied.

Typhoid fever, the most important in-
dex of the general sanitary conditions of
towns and cities, has been made practically
to disappear from a number of cities where
it formerly prevailed. That this disease
is still so prevalent in many rural and
urban districts of this country, is due to
a disgraceful neglect of well-known meas-
ures of sanitation.

To Major Walter Reed and his colleagues
of the army commission, this country and
our neighbors to the south owe an inesti-
mable debt of gratitude for the discovery of
the mode of conveyance of yellow fever by
a species of mosquito. On the basis of
this knowledge, the disease, which has been
long such a menace to lives and commercial
interests in our southern states, has been
eradicated from Cuba, and can be con-
trolled elsewhere.

Another army surgeon, Major Ross, act-
ing upon the suggestion of Sir Patrick
Manson, had previously demonstrated a
similar mode of ineubation and transporta-
tion of the parasite of malaria, discovered
by Laveran, and it is now possible to at-
tack intelligently and in many localities,
as has already been proven, with good
promise of success, the serious problem of
checking or even eradicating a disease
which renders many parts of the world al-
most uninhabitable by the Caucasian race
and, even where less severe, hinders, as does
no other disease, intellectual and industrial
activities of the inhabitants. It is gratify-
ing that one of our countrymen and a mem-
ber of the board of directors of this insti-
tute, Dr. Theobald Smith, by his investiga-
tions of Texas cattle fever, led the way in

Juty 6, 1906.]

the discovery of the propagation of this
class of disease through an insect host.

The deepest impress which has been
made upon the average death rate of cities
has been in the reduction of infant mortal-
ity through a better understanding of its
eauses. The Rockefeller Institute, by the
investigations which it has supported of
the questions of clean milk and of the
causes of the summer diarrheas of infants,
has already made important contributions
to this subject, which have borne good fruit
in this city and elsewhere.

No outcome of the modern science of
bacteriology has made a more profound im-
pression upon the medical profession and
the public, or comes into closer relation to
medical practise than Behring’s discovery
of the treatment of diphtheria by antitoxic
serum, whereby in the last twelve years the
mortality from this disease has been re-
duced to nearly one fifth of the former
rate.

The most stupendous task to which the
medical profession has ever put its hands
is the crusade against tuberculosis, whose
preeminence as the leading cause of death
in all communities is already threatened.
Sufficient knowledge of the causation and
mode of spread of this disease has been
gained within the last quarter of a century,
to bring within the possible bounds of real-
ization the hopes of even the most en-
thusiastic, but it will require a long time,
much patience and a combination of all
the forees of society, medical, legislative,
educational, philanthropic, sociological, to
attain this goal.

Time forbids further rehearsal, even
in this meager and fragmentary fashion,
of the victories of preventive medicine.
Enough has been said to make clear that
man’s power over disease has been greatly
increased in these latter days. But great
and rapid as the progress has been, it is
small in comparison with what remains to

SCIENCE. 11

be done. The new fields which have been
opened have been explored only in rela-
tively small part. There still remain im-
portant infectious diseases whose secrets
have not been unlocked. Even with some
whose causative agents are known, notably
pneumonia and other acute respiratory
affections, and epidemic meningitis, very
little has yet been achieved by way of pre-
vention. The domain of artificial im-
munity and of the treatment of infections
by specific sera and vaccines, so auspi-
ciously opened by Pasteur and by Behring,
is still full of difficult problems, the solu-
tion of which may be of immense service
in the warfare against disease. Of the
cause of cancer and other malignant tu-
mors nothing is known, although many
workers with considerable resources at their
disposal are engaged in its study. With
the change in the incidence of disease, due
at least in large part to the repression of
the infections of early life, increased im-
portance attaches to the study of the cireu-
latory, renal and nervous diseases of later
life, of whose underlying causes we are
very imperfectly informed. There are and
will arise medical problems enough of
supreme importance to inspire workers for
generations to come and to make demands
upon all available resources.

In directing attention, as I have done,
to some of the practical results of scientific
discovery in medicine, and in indicating
certain of the important problems awaiting
solution, there is always the danger of giv-
ing to those unfamiliar with the methods
and history of such discovery a false im-
pression of the way in which progress in
scientific knowledge has been secured and
is to be expected. The final victory is
rarely the result of an immediate and direct
onslaught upon the position ultimately se-
eured. The advance has been by many
and devious and gradual steps, leading
often, it might appear, in quite different

ee eee ee

phe ded else pes ett

12 SCIENCE.

directions, and mounted more frequently
than not to secure a wider prospect, but
without any thought of the final goal. The
army contains a multitude of recruits
drawn from the most various fields, the
biologist, the chemist, the physiologist con-
tributing their share to medical triumphs
just as truly as the pathologist, the bac-
teriologist, the hygienist, the clinician.
The inspiration has been the search for
truth and joy in the search far more than
any utilitarian motive. In the fullness of
time comes the great achievement; the
leader is hailed, but he stands upon the
shoulders of a multitude of predecessors
whose contributions to the result are often
lost from view.

In full recognition of the dependence of
success in the warfare with disease upon
increase of knowledge, the Rockefeller In-
stitute for Medical Research was founded
by the enlightened munificence of Mr. John
D. Rockefeller, to whom we make grateful
acknowledgment. Likewise to the broad
sympathies and active interest of his son,
Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., the origin
and development of this institution are
largely indebted.

What has already been accomplished, as
well as the general scope and aims of the
institute, have just been concisely indicated
to you by Dr. Holt. My purpose has been
to show, although of necessity most_inade-
quately, that these aims relate to matters
of the highest significance to human so-
ciety, that the present state of medical
science and art requires large resources for
its advancement, and that the returns in
benefits to mankind have been and will con-
tinue to be great out of all proportion to
the money expended.

May the hopes of the founder and of
those who have planned this institute be
abundantly fulfilled! May it contribute
largely to the advancement of knowledge,

[N.S. Von. XXIV. No. 601.

and may the streams of knowledge which
flow from it be ‘for the healing of the

nations.’
Wituiam H. WELCH.

It seems to me significant that this home
of scientific research is placed amid the
teeming population of a great city. Sci-
ence has for its end service, and there will
be no quicker or more useful application
of the discoveries made here than among
the tens of thousands who live just outside
these walls.

In no way has knowledge more com-
pletely revealed its power than in the tri-
umphs of modern engineering and of mod-
ern medicine. Engineering and medicine
have conspired together to make human
life pleasanter and happier, and to relieve
it from a large amount of suffering and
pain. The transmission of energy over
long distances and in new forms and the
discoveries of the modern pathologists have
changed the conditions and even the aspect
of life more than we realize.

These buildings are dedicated to the re-
lief of human disease and human suffering
by the application of scientific method to
the study of a concrete body of facts.
They will exert their influence in three
ways: they will add to the sum total of
human knowledge in respect to medicine;
they will aid in developing a company of
trained scientific observers; and they will
help spread abroad in the public mind a
respect for science and for scientific
method. Each of these services is a public
service, but the last named is perhaps the
greatest.

Pasteur, whose name will often be spoken
here and always with reverence, understood
this. In 1870, when his country was
crushed under overwhelming disaster and
staggering under blow upon blow, he found
voice to say that neglect of science and of
scientific research was a powerful cause of

Juty 6, 1906.]

the moral and the military humiliation of
France. Said Pasteur:

France has done nothing to keep up, to propa-
gate and to develop the progress of science in our
country. * * * She has lived on her past, think-
ing herself great by the scientific discoveries to
which she owed her material prosperity, but not
perceiving that she was imprudently allowing the
sources of those discoveries to become dry. * * *
While Germany was multiplying her universities,
establishing between them the most salutary
emulation, bestowing honors and consideration on
the. masters and doctors, creating vast labora-
tories amply supplied with the most perfect in-
struments, France enervated by evolutions, ever
seeking vainly for the best form of government,
was giving but careless attention to her establish-
ments for higher education.

Each year shows more clearly how true
this view is, and how fully it applies to the
triumphs both of peace and of war. Japan
has even more profoundly impressed the
world by her knowledge of scientific fact
and by her rigid application of that knowl-
edge than by the valor and military skill
of her soldiers and sailors. No people are
more in need than our own of learning the
all-important lesson that the modern Ger-
mans and the modern Japanese have to
teach. Respect for the man who knows and
loyalty to demonstrated truth are char-
acteristics of civilization that is founded
on rock. Our American happy-go-lucky,
wasteful way of approaching a serious
problem, our naive egotism and our exalta-
tion of the man who does things, no matter
how, must sooner or later give way to more
patient study, to more respect for the ex-
perience and wisdom of other countries
than our own, and to more regard for cor-
rectness and sound principle, than for a
superficial costly ‘efficiency,’ if we are to
hold the place in the world’s esteem for
which we are rightfully ambitious.

This institution is to be welcomed, then,
not alone for what it will do for medicine,
and not alone for what it will do indirectly
for the relief of suffering human beings.

SCIENCE. 13

It is to be welcomed still more for the les-
sons it will teach to our public opinion;
for the guidance it will offer toward a
juster appreciation of the relations be-
tween theory and practise, between ob-
servation and reasoning; and for the as-
surance it affords that generous support is
to be had in this dear country of ours from
men of affairs for research of the highest
and most severe type.

Of the subjects with which the institute
is to deal, when we reflect upon their va-
riety, their far-reaching importance and
their manifold relationships, can we say

less than Faraday once wrote to Tyndall:

Our subjects are so glorious that to work at
them rejoices and encourages the feeblest, delights
and enchants the strongest.

NICHOLAS MurrRAY BUTLER.

THE educated public needs to obtain a
clearer idea than it now has of scientific
research, of its objects and results, and of
the character and capacity of the men who
devote themselves to it. The educated
classes have a tolerably accurate concep-
tion of research in such subjects as history
including antiquities, economics, philology,
law and government; for research in these
subjects relates chiefly to the past, remote
or near. The public has also been long
interested in the inventor’s resourceful and
persevering habit of mind—the inventor
who is trying to make some new applica-
tion of acquired knowledge, or to discover
a new fact or principle which can be put
to commercial use. But scientific research
is somewhat different from these other
kinds of research. It has deep roots in the
past; but its object is never to demonstrate
merely what has been done or said, or to
obtain a monopolistic profit. Invariably
its object is to extend the boundaries of
knowledge, and to win new power over
nature. It is not chiefly concerned to en-
large records of the past, or to make them

14 SCIENCE.

more accurate, but rather to use all the
powers the past has conferred on the hu-
man spirit to win new power. The past
gives the scientific investigator his lever
and the present his fulerum; but his work
is to take effect on the future, and is to
give him or his successors a stronger lever
and a better placed fulerum. As a rule,
scientific research is earried on with no
public observation, and as silently as nature
elaborates and throws out the mantling
verdure of spring; but on an exceptional
occasion like this, and in a country which
has already reaped great benefits from the
endowment of institutions of education and
charity by publie-spirited persons, it is
fitting that the beneficent work of the
scientific investigator should be accurately
described, and commended to the favor of
an enlightened public opinion.

Let us first consider what mental habits
and powers the scientific investigator needs
to have acquired and to keep in exercise,
or in other words what sort of a mind the
investigator ought to have. In the first
place, he needs the faculty and the habit
of determining and grasping facts, and
then verifying and digesting them. He
must next be capable of conceiving hy-
potheses which will connect his facts, or
explanations that will group them or ar-
range them in a series. These hypotheses
or explanations will come to him as results
of reflection or of imaginative scheming;
in the common phrase, ideas will occur to
him. <A preconceived idea may be a great
power in experimental researches; but the
inquirer must have the habit of pursuing
to verification or disproof all such ideas.
He must test them by new experiments
contrived for that purpose. He must ex-
haust all the adverse hypotheses which
come to his mind. He must always keep
in the road that leads to truth, although
he does not know just where the truth lies.

(N.S. Vor. XXIV. No. 601.

If through the play of his imagination he
gets off the right road, his rigorous experi-
mentation must bring him back to the safe
path of the inductive method. He must
possess patience and reserve, but also en-
thusiasm and a capacity for eager specula-
tion. Science has often profited by a sug-
gestive theory, which was far from being
true. Indeed, the history of scientific
progress is full of these profitable theories,
which have been abandoned one after the
other; and in all probability the series of
such theories will prove to be infinite.
Sometimes theories long forgotten are taken
up again after the defeat of the later the-
ories which caused the forgetting of the
earlier. However it may be in theology,
it is quite certain that in science there is
as yet no such thing as final truth. Ac-
cordingly, investigators in any science need
an unusual perspicacity or clear-sighted-
ness in regard to its theories; they need,
each in his own field, a full knowledge of
the work already done, and a clear percep-
tion of the bearings of the most recent dis-
coveries. This perspicacity is in some
measure a natural gift; but it is also a
faculty capable of a high degree of train-
ing. It sees clearly the approximate truth
already discovered, and goes forward to
obtain a closer approximation.

The general features of scientific re-
search are similar in all fields, although
each kind has its peculiar difficulties. The
field of the individual inquirer need not
necessarily be wide; although the progress
of many sciences is often contributory to
the progress of one, and that investigator
has a great advantage who is capable of
seeing clearly the bearings of new discov-
eries in kindred sciences on the particular
inguiry he has in hand. It is all-impor-
tant, however, in all fields, that the investi-
gator should be capable of seizing on the
essential parts of the inquiry-—-that is, on

JuLy 6, 1906./

its causative elements, rather than on those
parts which relate to identification, classi-
fication and nomenclature. The pioneers
of science, like the pioneers in exploration
and colonization, must find their way
through pathless regions. It is only later
generations that build smooth roads and
railways for the transportation of inatten-
tive multitudes where the pioneer trod
alone and watchful. The investigator must
be watchful over minor details and for ap-
parently insignificant differences and simil-
itudes. He must know how to find his
clues in trifling circumstances and illusive
changes of condition. In these days of
germs and spores, when micro-organisms
have been proved to be infinitely important
in the economy of nature, the investigator,
and especially the biologist, will probably
have a peculiar conception of the great
and the small, or the gross and the minute.
The infinitely little may often seem to him
of highest importance, his scale of values
having no connection with spacial magni-
tude or gravity. On the other hand, the
investigator must be keen to discern rela-
tionships among facts—first among facts
easily classed as kindred, but then among
facts which to the common mind are un-
connected or disconnected. The intellec-
tual tastes of the true investigator will
usually include a liking for the elucidation
of mysteries, and a liking for new and
adventurous problems. These tastes are
manifested by men whose walks of life and
objects of interest are very different; but
they are not common tastes, any more than
the faculties needed in such inquiries are
common. The scientific investigator wins
pleasure or satisfaction where most men
and women would find only vexation and
futile effort. He finds fascinating what
most men and women would find repellent.

After a new discovery has been made,
another and quite different task awaits the

SCIENCE. 15

successful investigator. He desires and
needs to procure the acceptance of his dis-
covery by the learned world, and in some
cases by the commercial world. This is a
process different from the process of dis-
covery, and yet kindred. It involves dem-
onstrations; but these demonstrations re-
quire a somewhat different sort of imag-
ining and contriving from that which led
to the discovery. The discovery was made
in private; the demonstrations must be
public. The discovery needed solitary re-
flection; to procure the acceptance of the
discovery needs a power of public exposi-
tion, accompanied by debate and even con-
troversy. The discovery required indom-
itable patience and energy in pursuing and
verifying in rapid succession the concep-
tions or fancies of genius; the demonstra-
tion requires skill in discussion, courage in
accepting public tests, and in taking re-
sponsibility for risking the property or
lives of others.

The history of scientific research amply
illustrates the stimulating value of con-
troversy, and the contribution which free
discussion makes to real progress. Free-
dom of thought and speech promotes prog-
ress towards truth in science just as effect-
ively as it does the gradual attainment of
truth and justice in government, industries
and social structure. Time frequently
shows that both sides were measurably
right in honest scientific controversies, al-
though one side win a temporary or even
an ultimate victory.

The conditions under which research is
necessarily performed deprive the investi-
gators of the stimulus which numbers of
students give to popular teachers. The
laboratories of research contain but few
students; and they are for the most part
silent and absorbed. Nevertheless, the
younger investigators have two great satis-
factions in their work: they follow leaders

16 SCIENCE.

with hearty enthusiasm and loyalty, and
the generous ones among them also main-
tain a stimulating comradeship with con-
temporaries in the same fields. Their num-
ber is very small in all the contemporane-
ous fields of inquiry put together; but it is
on this small number that the real prog-
ress of any nation in the arts and sciences,
and, therefore, in civilization and happi-
ness, ultimately depends. Their Herculean
labors are self-imposed, and they must set
their own standards of excellence; for so-
ciety can not supply men capable of super-
vising, regulating or stimulating them.
The ordinary grades of public instruction
ean be supervised and disciplined; but the
scientific investigator must be a law unto
himself. The utmost that governments or
universities can do for him is to provide
suitable facilities and conditions for his
work, and to watch for results.

Among the numerous varieties of scientific
research such as chemical, physical, physio-
graphical, astronomical and_ biological,
medical research occupies a peculiar place.
While it avails itself to the utmost of all
the exact weighings and measurings of the
other natural sciences, it is foreed to deal
with innumerable materials and conditions
which are complicated and made obscure
by vital forces. It has to deal with objects
which are alive and with processes of or-
ganic growth or change. Its evidence can
not always be exact; its experiments must
often be complicated and obscured by vital
reactions; and its results of highest value
are often incapable of complete demonstra-
tion in the mathematical, physical or chem-
ical sense; because dense shades of igno-
rance darken the environs of the practical
result. Thus, preventive measures against
a familiar and definite disease may succeed,
while the promoting cause of the disease
remains unknown, and the method of its
transmission from one victim to another is
but imperfectly understood. Vaccination

[N.S. Vor. XXIV. No. 601.

succeeded when the cause or promoting
condition of smallpox was unknown. The
microbe of rabies is unknown, and yet pro-
tective inoculation against rabies has been
invented and successfully applied. The
mere mention of some of the contributory
inventions and discoveries of the past fifty
years, such as the principles of fermenta-
tion, artificial culture solutions, gelatine
plate cultures, selective cultivation, the
variety of sterilization conditions for dif-
ferent organic substances, staining tech-
nique, immunity through the use of a toxic
organism that can be cultivated, increasing
or diminishing at pleasure the virulence
of a toxic organism, and testing toxins and
vaccines on living animals, will readily
satisfy even a sceptical mind that medical
research has great difficulties of its own to
encounter in addition to the usual diffi-
culty of scientific inquiry in general. Bio-
logical research is, therefore, more arduous
than physical, chemical or other inorganic
research, because vital processes are diffi-
cult to observe accurately, and all the con-
ditions of experimentation are harder to
control. The medical investigator must
often fish in troubled waters; and some-
times he can not find again the promising
fishing ground he has once visited, because
unexpected fog prevents him from seeing
the intersecting bearings of his desired
ground.

Again, medical research habitually strives
to arrive at something beyond abstract
truth. It seeks to promote public and pri-
vate safety and happiness, and the material
welfare of society. Its devotees have in
mind the discovery of means of remedy-
ing misery or warding off calamity; and
they also know that whatever contributes
to health and longevity in any community
or nation contributes to its industrial pros-
perity ; so that they are justified in hoping
for results from their work which will pro-
mote human welfare. In short, medical

JuLy 6, 1906.]

research is research in science which is both
pure and applied. Some genuine scientists
affect to despise applied science; and cer-
tainly it is not discreditable to men of sci-
ence that they are apt to value discoveries
which have no popular quality or commer-
cial utility more highly than those which
immediately attract the favor of the multi-
tude by their industrial effects, or by their
striking novelty combined with intelligibil-
ity; but all scientists recognize the fact
that medical research is directly related to
the largest material interests of the com-
munity, such as manufacturing, transpor-
tation, sanitation and the methods of pro-
viding light, heat and shelter, and of de-
fending the community against frauds in
foods, drinks and drugs. Many of its prob-
lems are economic as well as medical, and
require in those who study them sound
judgment in money matters as well as
knowledge of natural law and skill in sci-
entific methods of inquiry. Medical re-
search, therefore, requires in its devotees a
combination of theoretical power with prac-
tical power—a capacity for both abstract
science and applied science. This combina-
tion is rare but by no means unattainable.
Indeed, abstruse speculation is almost al-
ways attractive to masters of the experi-
mental method. The investigator abso-
lutely needs a powerful imagination; but
this imagination must be checked by the
most rigorous experimentation.

In spite of the fact that medical re-
search involves the suffering and death of
many of the lower animals used for pur-
poses of study, the work of medical re-
search is in reality the most humane work
now done in the world; for its secondary
objects are to prevent disease in men and
animals, to defeat the foes of life, to pre-
vent the industrial losses due to sickness
and untimely death among men and do-
mestic animals, and to lessen the anxieties,
terrors and actual calamities which impair

SCIENCE. 17

or crush out human happiness. The pri-
mary object in medical research, as indeed
in all research, is the ascertaining of truth;
but these secondary objects are ever before
the mind of the investigator, and through
them come his greatest satisfactions. These
satisfactions ought to be shared by men
who, like the founder of this institute, pro-
mote medical research by the exercise of
their sound judgment and good will and
by their money.

The achievements of medical research
since Jenner have been marvelous. See-
ing what has been done within a cen-
tury to diminish the mental and bodily
sufferings of mankind from smallpox,
diphtheria, rabies, tuberculosis, malaria,
yellow fever, puerperal fever and typhoid
fever, and to give surgery safe access
to every part of the body, we may
reasonably believe that equal triumphs,
and even greater, await it in the future.
May we not hope that America will con-
tribute her full share to the progress of
scientific research, finding no obstacle, but
rather means of furtherance, in her demo-
cratic institutions? May not we democrats
find encouragement in the humble origin
of Franklin, Faraday and Pasteur, and in
the contributions democratic America has
already made to anesthesia, surgery, the
improvement of public water supplies and
the control of Texas fever, malaria, puer-
peral fever and yellow fever? May we not
reasonably expect our country to produce
many men like Louis Pasteur’s father, a
private soldier of the first empire and a
hard-working tanner? In the dedication
of his best book the great son said to his
father: ‘‘The efforts I have devoted to
these investigations and their predecessors
are the fruit of thy example and thy
counsel.’’ Let American parents take that
sentence to heart! And let all Americans
reflect on another utterance of this greatest
of contributors to medical science, this ar-

18 SCIENCE.

dent patriot, this independent and indom-
itable worker, this genuine democrat—
Pasteur: ‘‘The true demoeracy is_ that
which permits each individual to put forth
his maximum of effort.’’

CHARLES W. ELIOT.

SCIENTIFIC BOOKS.

A College Algebra. By Henry Burcuarp

Fine. Ginn & Company. 1905.

The present day is remarkable for its pro-
duction of large numbers of mathematical
text-books. In most cases the aim of the
writers of these books seems to be to convince
the student that the subject treated is devoid
of any element of interest, that it possesses
no logical sequence, and that memory of a
large assortment of unconnected facts is the
only requisite for a sound mathematical train-
ing. One meets with proofs of theorems
divided into first, second, ete., steps—an obvi-
ous attempt to burden the memory at the
expense of the reasoning faculty, and stress
is laid on the fact that all problems are ‘ easy,’
in fact on examination they appear scarcely
worth the name of problems. There is not
the slightest doubt that these harmful books
are one of the causes of the decrease in mathe-
matical students at our colleges and univer-
sities. The books are, unfortunately, given
a trial somewhere, no matter how bad they
may be, and one can conceive of no surer way
of destroying the interest of the young stu-
dent in the subject. For those who are
merely general students they are equally de-
fective. In the forefront of an author’s mind
should be a desire to develop the reasoning
faculties. Let us have easy exercises by all
means, but let us also have exercises which
will make students think for themselves. Let
us develop our subject along the easiest se-
quence, but let us develop it logically.

Professor Fine’s ‘College Algebra’ is in
refreshing contrast to such books as I have
mentioned. He aims at giving an exposition
at once logical and easy to understand. The
result is a book that must make the subject
interesting to the ordinary college student.
The work is divided into two parts. The first

[N.S. Vor. XXIV. No. 601.

consists of 78 pages devoted to the ideas at
the base of the notion of number, a develop-
ment of those ideas which are associated with
the names of Cantor, Dedekind and others.
This difficult subject has been handled by the
author with conspicuous clearness, and every
student of it should make himself familiar
with these first 78 pages. It is questionable,
however, whether, even with Professor Fine’s
exposition, it is possible to make this subject
really understood by a student who is just
beginning his college algebra course, and pos-
sibly the author in later editions may decide
to present this section as a separate book,
under a separate title.

The second part, some 500 pages, is con-
cerned with algebra proper. It is ‘meant to
contain everything relating to algebra that a
student is likely to need during his school and
college course.’ Even this wide ideal is given
a wide interpretation, and the last chapter,
Properties of Continuous Functions, is a fit-
ting introduction to the calculus. The chap-
ters on the solution of equations are of special
interest. The author makes much use of
graphs, the only way to make clear to the
student what is implied by the solution of a
set of equations. It would have been of ad-
vantage to give a brief account of the gen-
eralization of the use of graphs to the case of
three variables, and thus to prepare the mind
for the idea of a space of more than three
dimensions. Particularly noteworthy in con-
nection with graphs is the discussion of in-
equalities. The idea of a graph as dividing
the plane into two regions, in one of which
f(x, y) > 0 in the other < 0, should certainly
be emphasized in ordinary algebra, before the
introduction of analytic geometry, as alge-
braic questions, otherwise unintelligible to the
learner, become almost intuitive. Observe,
for instance, the illuminating example on
page 341.

The general theory of the solution of equa-
tions is developed in very effective form; in
particular the treatment of symmetric equa-
tions. The important idea is the taking of
the various simple symmetric functions as
new auxiliary variables and, after solving for
these, finding the solutions of a set such as,

JuLy 6, 1906.]

for example, z+y=a, zy=b. Here it
would be of use to point out that xz and y
are the roots of the quadratic X*—aX +b
=o, and similarly in the more general case.
The chapter on convergence of infinite series
leaves little to be desired. But the author
might have given Cauchy’s condensation the-
orem that under certain conditions

3 Sn) and ES a" f(a")

converge or diverge together. This has been
used to discuss the well-known case

J =
and is fundamental in the construction of
the De Morgan criteria. The result of § 953
may well be obtained by comparison with the
series

so
and a more useful form is: The series con-
verges or diverges according as

Un

9 (2,-1)20

Dr. Fine has, unfortunately, been com-
pelled to leave the exponential theorem to the
last few pages of the book, and it would be
an advantage if more space could be given to
it in a later edition. Also the more logical
development in the indicial, binomial and ex-
ponential theorems, and that of De Moivre
would be to first prove that if f(x) is any
function of x which satisfies f(x) K f(y) =
f(x+y), for all values of z and y, then
f(x) = [f(1)]? for all values of x; and then
to apply this in turn to each of the particular
theorems.

The book as a whole is admirably complete,
and for this reason many parts might with
advantage be omitted on a first reading.
These parts could be indicated in some man-
ner, for example by means of asterisks.

J. EpMunD WRIGHT.

SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES.

THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. NEW YORK
SECTION.

Tue last regular meeting of the New York

Section of the American Chemical Society was

SCIENCE. 19

held at the Chemists’ Club, 108 West Fifty-
fifth Street, on Friday, June 8. The chair-
man, Dr. F. D. Dodge, presided. The follow-
ing papers were read:

The Chemical Work of the Bureau of Stan-
dards: W. A. Noyes.

The chemical laboratories of the bureau of
standards were ready for the beginning of
work in March, 1905. There are at present
five chemists working in these laboratories.

Dr. Stokes and Mr. Cain have been working
upon the standards of purity for chemical re-
agents. Good progress has been made in se-
curing cooperation of the chemical manufac-
turers in this work, and some progress has
been made in the laboratory in the develop-
ment of methods for testing for impurities in
reagents, especially work of this character has
been done with methods for determining
traces of iron and work is being conducted
upon the common acids and alkalies.

Dr. Waters has worked chiefly with Dr.
Wolff upon the purification and testing of
materials for the preparation of standard elec-
trical cells. He also carried out last year the
analysis of the argillaceous limestone which
was distributed for the purpose of improving
the analytical methods taught in our colleges
and universities.

Dr. Weber has analyzed a sample of sulphide
ore, a zine ore, some agricultural samples for
sulphur and some samples of white metal.
These have been distributed chiefly among
technical or agricultural chemists by different
societies.

The bureau has taken over the standard
samples of iron which heretofore have been
distributed by the American Foundrymen’s
Association, and very careful analyses of these
samples were made at the bureau by Mr. Cain.

Arrangements have been partially completed
with the American Steel Manufacturers’ Asso-
ciation for the preparation of a series of
samples of standard steels of the three types,
Bessemer, basic open hearth and acid open
hearth.

Dr. Noyes has been working on the ratio
between the atomic weights of oxygen and
hydrogen, and recently he has taken up, in

oe ee ee mee epee ames

pariionetiaay

20 SCIENCE,

conjunction with Dr. Weber, some work upon
the atomic weight of chlorine.

Silver Platinum Alloys: J. F. THompson and

Epmunp H. MILuer.

The authors have investigated the cooling
curves and micro structure and determined
the electrical conductivity and specific gravity
of alloys containing up to 57 per cent. of
platinum.

Several series of experiments on the effect
of parting with nitric or sulphuric acid on
platinum silver alloys have been run, showing
(1) that the separation of platinum from
iridium, gold, ete., in one operation by means
of alloying with silver and parting in nitric
acid is impossible, and (2) that analytical
results on platinum silver alloys based on
parting with concentrated sulphuric acid are
incorrect on alloys containing 20 per cent. or
more of platinum, unless corrected for silver
retained by the platinum residue.

Chemical and Physiological Examination of
the Fruit of Chailletia Tozxicaria: F. B.
Power and F. Turin.

The Chailletia Toxicaria grows abundantly
in West Africa and South America, and be-
longs to the natural order of Chailletiacee.
It is known in Sierra Leone as ratsbane. It
contains a poisonous substance which is fre-
quently used by the natives of the districts
where it grows for poisoning one another.

Domestic animals poisoned by it become
paralyzed in the hind limbs; subsequently the
fore limbs and chest muscles are also par-
alyzed, and death results from paralysis of
the respiratory center.

The results of the examination of well-
authenticated material were as follows:

No alkaloid, cyano-genetic glucoside, or
soluble proteid, with poisonous properties,
could be isolated.

About two per cent. of fat is present in the
fruit, in which were found (1) oleo-di-stearin,
of m.p. 43°; (2) phyto-sterol, C,,H,,O, m.p.
135°-148° (3) stearic and oleic acids; (4)
small amounts of formic and butyric acids.

The alcoholic extract, free from fat, yielded
a resinous mixture (2.5 per cent. of fruit),

[N.S. Von. XXIV. No. 601.

from which nothing crystalline could be ob-
tained.

By successive extraction with chloroform,
ethyl acetate and alcohol it was, however, re-
solved into products differing in their physi-
ological action.

The chloroform extract had a narcotic or
paralytic effect: the ethyl acetate extract pro-
duced delirium and convulsions, the alcoholic
extract was not distinctly toxic.

The aqueous extract, free from resin and
tannin, contained much glucose and was ex-
tremely poisonous.

All attempts to separate the sugar from the
poison were without result.

The physiological experiments led to the
following deductions: (1) The fruit contains
at least two active principles, one of which
causes cerebral narcosis, and the other cerebral
excitation, leading to epileptiform convulsions.
(2) The poison which causes convulsions is
very slowly excreted, so that a cumulative
effect is produced by the administration of a
series of individually innocuous doses.

Quinazolines from 4-Amino-1, 3-Xylene: J.

E. Stvctam and M. T. Bocerrt.

The xylidine was converted into its acetyl
derivative, and this then oxidized to the acet-
amino isophthalic acid. The latter yielded an
anthranil when boiled with excess of acetic
anhydride, and by condensing this anthranil
with various primary amines, quinazolines
were obtained carrying a carboxyl group on
the benzene nucleus. The amines used were
ammonia, methylamine, ethylamine and ani-
line.

Quinazolines from 8-Amino-1, 4-Xylene: J.

D. Wicarn and M. T. Bogert.

By a process similar to that outlined above,
this xylidine was oxidized to the acetamino
terephthalic acid, which was then changed to
the anthranil, and the latter condensed with
primary amines to quinazolines. The quin-
azolines thus produced differ from those men-
tioned above in the location of the carboxyl
group on the benzene nucleus. The amines
used were ammonia, methylamine, ethylamine
and aniline. Other quinazolines were ob-

Juty 6, 1906.]

tained by heating the amino terephthalic acid
with formamide, urea, ete.

Condensation with p-Diamino Terephthalic
Ester: J. M. Newtson and M. T. Bogert.
p-Diamino terephthalic ester was condensed

with phenyl isocyanate, phenyl isothiocyanate,

and with formamide, giving various complex
heterocycles. From these substances various
derivatives were prepared and studied, many
of which were found to be strongly fluorescent.

Officers of the section for the year 1906-07
were elected as follows:

Chairman—A, A. Breneman.
Vice-chairman—H. C. Sherman.
Secretary-Treasurer—C. M. Joyce.

Executive Committee—G. C. Stone, C. H.
Kiessig, V. Coblentz, D. Woodman.
F. H. Povau,
Secretary.

THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB.

On May 23, 1906, the club held a special
meeting in commemoration of the tenth anni-
versary of the commencement of work in
the development of the New York Botanical
Garden.

The meeting was held in the lecture hall of
the museum building at the garden, with
President Rusby presiding.

After the election of new members the club
listened to an illustrated lecture by its presi-
dent on ‘ The History of Botany in New York
City.’

Dr. Rusby presented a historical sketch of
the development of botany in the city of New
York, giving special attention to the history
of local botanical gardens, of the botanical
department of Columbia College and of the
Torrey Botanical Club. The earliest local
work related to the botanical gardens of Col-
den, Michaux and Hosack, and to the publica-
tion of local catalogues and floras. .The second
period was that of text books, manuals and
other educational works. Out of the associa-
tions resulting from local work, the Torrey
Botanical Club developed so gradually that it
is impossible to fix the date of its actual be-
ginning. Portraits of its early members were
exhibited and brief biographical sketches pre-

SCIENCE. 21

sented. Out of the activity of the club and
of the botanical department of Columbia grew
the demand for a great botanical garden,
which was satisfied by the establishment of
the present New York Botanical Garden. The
contemporary botanical forces at work in the
city were briefly described, and their most im-
portant present needs outlined. The com-
plete address will be published in Torreya for
June and July, 1906.

The lecture was followed by an informal
reception in the library, and by an inspection
of the library, laboratories, herbaria and the
museum exhibits. C. Stuart GaGer,

Secretary.

DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE.
INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS AND SCHOLARSHIP.

To begin with, and to end with, I have no
opinions to offer, no theory to defend, no pur-
pose to dispose of a broad and complicated
problem with a few general sweeps of rhetoric.
Without such credentials, I dare not appear
in public under so weary and worn a topic.
Intercollegiate athletics has had so much
talking about it and one must be bold in-
deed—usually too bold—who ventures more
mere opinion. On whatever phase of educa-
tion the organization of contemporary experi-
ence can yield facts, it is an old and perni-
cious habit to guide practise by mere opinion.
On such subjects one man’s opinion is about
as good as that of another, and neither is
worth much. The quantity of opinion on the
subject of football is to the quantity of fact
in about the same relation as the forty thou-
sand yelling spectators to the little pile of
men on the gridiron. My present purpose is
to contribute a body of facts to one single
phase of the problem.

Athletics are denounced in arguments as
numerous and as varied as those recklessly
put forth on the other side. On both sides
of the question we hear some reason and much
exaggeration, some fact and much opinion.
Those who oppose football as played last fall
in American schools and colleges hold that the
game is injurious to healthful student life on
account of the large number of injuries re-

22

ceived in play and practise, on account of ex-
treme publicity, absurd exaltation of the hero,
large amounts of money spent, immoral tend-
encies inherent in the game itself, profes-
sionalism, and finally because of the harmful
influences on scholarship. On the last of these
alleged evils at least, facts are available.

To aver that trustworthy conclusions on the
relation of scholarship and athletics can be
drawn only from hundreds of cases covering
a number of years would seem a trite observa-
tion, if one were not daily confronted with
opinions based on absurdly insufficient data,
and stoutly maintained. Mrs. A. is perfectly
sure that all athletics should be abolished,
because, forsooth, her boy played on a football
team and failed to pass his examinations,
Mr. B. regards such an opinion as absurd,
because he knows of a whole team which failed
not of promotion. Both are equally firm in
their opinions and equally regardless of the
fact that the whole question is a relative one,
and that general truths can not be established
by exceptional data.

It seems, on the other hand, that conclu-
sions concerning the effect of athletics on
scholarship might be creditable if based on
years of experience, scores of studies, hundreds
of students and thousands of grades, recorded
by a large number of teachers in several insti-
tutions. Such conclusions I have gathered
with great care, and I now offer them for
what they are worth.

At Bates College, Lewiston, Me., I exam-
ined the records in all studies for the past five
years of the 132 men who have played on the
baseball and football teams. These records I
compared with those of all the other male
students, 620 in number, in all studies for the
same period. The averages thus reached are
drawn from 2,030 grades for athletes and 9,320
grades for others. These grades were made
up by twenty-five instructors. The table shows
that in no year is the difference of rank more
than eight per cent. or less than four per cent.,
and that the average difference is 5.6 per cent.,
always in favor of the men who have not taken
part in intercollegiate games.

SCIENCE.

[N.S. Vor. XXIV. No. 601.

BATES COLLEGE.

Athletes. Non-athletes.
1900-1901 ......... 77 81
1901-1902 ......... 75 80
1902-1903 ......... 74 80
1903-1904 ......... 73 79
1904-1905 ......... 71 79
BURR acacccceces 74 79.6
No. of grades....... 2,030 9,320
No. of men......... 132 620

For Bowdoin College a similar table has
just been compiled by students in education
at that college, showing the ranks attained by
all students in all courses for the past five
years. The averages only are here given.
The first table represents the ranks of all men
who played regularly on the football and base-
ball teams; the second table includes the ranks
of all other students. The averages are se-
cured from 18,750 individual ranks, represent-
ing each year the scholarship records of 280
men. The tables show that each year the
rank of the baseball and football players was
lower than that of the other students, the
difference varying from one per cent. to five
per cent. For the whole five years the average
rank of all athletes in all studies was 77.57;
that of all other students was 80.37.

BOWDOIN COLLEGE.

Athletes.
1899-1900 "00-'01 ‘O1-'02 °02-'03 '03-'04 Aver.
Seniors 85.2 76.438 79.2 78.14 80. 79.79
Juniors 75. 82.75 75.4 76. 79. 77.63
Sophomores 78.67 79.14 77. 71.57 78.5 76.97
Freshmen 75.3 84 77.5 69. 71.5 75.6
Whole college 81.1 79.16 76.68 73.67 77.2 77.57
Non-athletes.
Seniors 82.6 81.51 82.09 82.09 84.5 82.5
Juniors 86. 80.07 79. 79.8 83. 81.51
Sophomores 82. 79.47 78.20 78.74 79. 79.5
Freshmen 79.7 81. 75.97 74.98 80.5 82.4
Whole college 82.05 80.51 78.59 78.88 81.7 80.37

All the varied secondary schools for which
I have adequate returns show similar records.
At Bridgton Academy, a rural school of the
old type, the ranks for four years show that
the athletes are one per cent. below the other
students. At Thomaston, a typical high
school for small cities, the athletes for four
years fell three per cent. below the others.

JuLty 6, 1906.]

At Westbrook Seminary, a private city school,
the athletes are slightly below the others. At
Hebron Academy, the largest in Maine, the
athletes, for a period of three years, fell five
per cent. below the non-athletes. In all the
secondary schools for which I have trust-
worthy records, the athletes fall lower, but
never more than five per cent. lower, than
other students.

These facts regarding the relative scholar-
ship of athletes and non-athletes cover the
records of about two thousand students in six
institutions for five years. The facts were
gathered by twenty men of varied opinions on
the question, who were not endeavoring to
make the figures prove any theory or support
any opinion. So far as the facts go, they are
authentic. They overthrow two thirds of the
@ priort assumptions regarding the excessive
injury of intercollegiate games to the scholar-
ship of the men who play.

WituiaM Trurant Foster.

BowbDoIn COLLEGE,
BRUNSWICK, MAINE.

NOTE ON THE YPSILOID APPARATUS OF
CRYPTOBRANCHUS.

A pEscripTion of this cartilage in a recent
article by Whipple (‘ The Ypsiloid Apparatus
of Urodeles,’ Biol. Bull., May, 1906) differs
radically from the description by Reese (‘ The
Anatomy of Cryptobranchus, American Nat-
uralist, April, 1906). According to Whipple
the cartilage has the typical Y-shape common
to urodeles, being bifurcated at the anterior
end; according to Reese it is rod-shaped.
Having an abundance of material at my dis-
posal, I examined this apparatus in a number
of specimens. In every case the cartilage is
Y-shaped, but with a marked difference in the
structure of the anterior and posterior regions:
the posterior portion, forming the stem of the
Y, consists of a stout rod of cartilage; the
expanded V-shaped anterior portion is very
thin. In a dry preparation this thin expanded
anterior portion would probably shrivel up
and might be easily detached and hence over-
looked; the remaining portion would then
answer the description given by Reese. It is

SCIENCE. 23

evident that in its entirety this apparatus has
the typical urodele form.
B. G. Smiru.

ZOOLOGICAL LABORATORY,
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN,
ANN ARBOR, MICH.

A NEWLY-FOUND STONY METEORITE,

THE writer has received notice from a cor-
respondent in Alabama of the finding, near
Selma, in that state, of a heretofore unde-
scribed meteorite. The mass is reported as
weighing upwards of 300 pounds, and is of
Brezina’s kugel chondrite type, much resem-
bling the well-known stone from Tieschitz, in
Moravia. It will be known as the Selma,
Alabama, stone. A detailed description will

be published later.
Geo. P. MERRILL.

SPECIAL ARTICLES.

THE GREAT CATALOGUE AND SCIENTIFIC INVESTI-
GATION OF THE HEBER R. BISHOP
COLLECTION OF JADE.*

THREE years ago, on January 3, 1903,
it was my sad duty to read before this section
of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, at its meeting in Washing-
ton, a notice of the death of Mr. Heber R.
Bishop, accompanied by a brief description of
his remarkable collection of jade objects (see
Amer. Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 5, January-
March, 1903, pp. 111-117). See also the
Metropolitan Museum Bulletin for May, 1906.’

Since that.time this magnificent collection,
which was presented by Mr. Bishop during his
lifetime to the Metropolitan Museum of Art,
in New York, has been arranged and installed.
He made a large donation for this purpose,
and had had prepared and fitted up for its
suitable exhibition the northeast room on the
second floor of the new wing of the museum

*Read before the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, New Orleans meeting,
December 31, 1905.

*See the printed catalogue of the Heber R.
Bishop Collection of Jade. By George F. Kunz.
Occasional Notes No. 2, Bull. Metropolitan Mu-
seum of Art, May, 1906, pp. 1-8. 8vo. Three
illustrations.

24 SCIENCE.

building, to be known as Bishop Hall. ' This
room he had arranged and decorated by the
noted firm of Allard Fréres, of Paris, to make
it the finest example on this continent of the
style of Louis XV. The collection is here
placed in some fifteen elegant cases, of gilt
bronze and plate glass, all in Louis XV. style,
which with the decorations of the room, illus-
trate a permanence and richness of material
never excelled in the time of the artistic
French monarch himself.

In my notice before mentioned, reference
was made to the remarkable volume describing
this collection, and to the studies and re-
searches in connection with it provided for
and sustained by Mr. Bishop. It is a pleasure
to me to be able to state that at the present
time the entire edition of this unique work,
limited to one hundred copies, is not only
printed but bound. The two copies required
by law, in order to secure the copyright, are
already placed in the National Library; and
by January 2 the whole edition of this sump-
tuous publication, so valuable from both a
scientific and an artistic standpoint, will be
distributed, or at least on its way, to the
crowned heads and the important public insti-
tutions that are to receive copies by the terms
of Mr. Bishop’s will. In no case will the
book go to any private individual, and in no
case will it be sold.

The two volumes (stately folios)* are print-
ed on the finest quality of linen paper, and
weigh respectively 69 and 55 pounds, or 124
pounds together. They contain 570 pages
(Vol. L., 277 pp.; Vol. IL., 293 pp.), measuring
19-15/16 by 26-1/4 inches. There are 150
full-page illustrations, in the highest style
of execution—water-color, etching and litho-
graph, and nearly 300 pen-and-ink sketches
in the text. In cost, this great work is double
that of the monumental folio of Audubon’s
‘Birds of America,’ amounting to about
$2,000 a copy, and stands alone as perhaps the
greatest volume ever issued, and certainly the
greatest catalogue of a collection in any

** Catalog and Investigations in Jade,’ pub-
lished by Heber R. Bishop (folio), New York,
1906.

[N.S. Von. XXIV. No. 601.

branch of science or art. The total expense
of 100 copies being $185,000.

The preparation of this great work was
made possible by the princely liberality of
Mr. Bishop, who had planned it fully since
about 1886. To carry out these plans to their
completion in the final distribution now to be
made, has taken, therefore, just about twenty
years. No expense nor care was spared in the
execution; some thirty scientific men and art
specialists, both in Europe and America, were
engaged to contribute their views upon vari-
ous aspects of the whole subject; and the
illustrations were prepared in. the finest pos-
sible manner, Chinese and Japanese artists
being employed to execute many of them, and
color experts being freely consulted, with the
supervision of Mr. Bishop himself.

The catalogue has, moreover, a special value
from the fact that all the scientific investiga-
tions described therein were made upon ma-
terial taken from specimens in the collection
itself. These studies were in charge of the
writer, assisted by a number of scientific
specialists of the highest standing, and deal
with all the physical properties of the dif-
ferent varieties of jade.

A full list of collaborators is as follows:

Dr. George Frederick Kunz, in charge of the
mineralogical and archeological articles and de-
scriptions.

Dr. Stephen W. Bushell, G.M.G. (Chinese arti-
cle).

Dr. Robert Lilley (editor).

Tadamasa Hayashi (Chinese and Japanese).

Dr. William Hallock, professor of physics in
Columbia University, New York.

Dr. S. L. Penfield, M.A., professor of mineral-
ogy, Yale University.

Dr. Henry W. Foote, Sheffield Scientific School
at Yale University.

Dr. Joseph P. Iddings, professor of petrology at
University of Chicago.

Professor F. W. Clarke, chief chemist, U. S.
Geological Survey.

Mr. Ira Harvey Woolson, adjunct professor of
engineering at Columbia University.

Mr. Logan Waller Page, expert in charge of
physical tests, Division of Chemistry, Department
of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

JuLy 6, 1906.]

Dr. Charles Palache, professor of petrography,
Harvard University.

Mr. Louis V. Pirsson, professor of petrography,
Yale University.

Dr. Henry S. Washington, petrographer.

Professor L. von Jaczewski, professor of min-
eralogy and geology at the University of Ekater-
inoslav, St. Petersburg.

Herrn Geheimrath Dr. A. B. Meyer, director
Kénigliches Zoologisches und Anthropologisch-
Ethnographisches Museum, Dresden.

Herrn Dr. Max Bauer, director Mineralogisches
Institut der Kdénigliches Universitit, Marburg
(Hessen).

Mr. Robinson, artist.

Dr. Thomas Wilson, late curator, Division of
Prehistoric Archeology, Smithsonian Institution,
_U. 8. National Museum, Washington.

Dr. Joseph Edkins, of Shanghai.

Professor A. Damour, of Paris.

Dr. Ludwig Leiner, curator of Rosegarten Mu-
seum, Constance.

Mrs. Zella Nuttall, Peabody Museum, Cam-
bridge, Mass.

Miss Eliza Scidmore.

Dr. F. Berwerth, Mineralogisches Abtheilung,
Hof Museum, Vienna.

Professor Ernst Weinschenk, professor of
petrography at the Mineralogisches Institut,
Munich.

The Field Columbian Museum, Chicago.
The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.
The Museum of Natural History, New York.

The following French etchers were repre-
sented: Sulpis, Guerard, Richard, Piquet,
Le Rat, Coutry and a number of plates by
Smillie of the United States.

The lithographs are by Prang & Co., and
Forbes & Co., of Boston.

Name of maker of paper, the finest hand-
made linen paper, especially made by the L. L.
Brown Paper Co., Adams, Mass.

Name of printer, Theo. L. De Vinne & Co.,
Lafayette Place, New York. It is the most
important work that has ever come from the
De Vinne press.

Name of binders, Stikeman & Co., New
York. Bound in full Levant with exquisite
tooling. No hundred volumes have ever re-
ceived such stately bindings of green Levant
as was produced by Stikeman & Co.

SCIENCE. 25

The tools for the decorations by George W.
De Lacey.

A series (twelve full-page) of water-color
sketches of all the processes of working jade
in every possible manner was made in China
by Chinese artists.

The original lithographic color plates were
laid out on the lines of ‘Gems and Precious
Stones of North America.’

Among great illustrated books there are,
Audubon’s folio of birds, Svenegrodzkoi,
‘Byzantine Animals,’ published in Russia,
Gould’s ‘ Birds of Many Lands,’ the great il-
lustrated catalogue of Chinese porcelain of
the Walters collection, issued by Mr. Henry
Walters, the treasures of Tzarkoe Zelo, by the
Russian governor, catalogue of the J. P.
Morgan collection of Oriental porcelains.
Magnificent as these all are, each in its own
way, none of them possesses the great variety
of artistic illustrations as does the great Heber
R. Bishop catalogue.

This whole work, from its inception by Mr.
Bishop in 1886 to the final distribution of the
volumes, has required about twenty years.
It is a cause for much satisfaction that the
enterprise has been so fully and successfully
completed, along the lines which he laid down;
but it is also a source of profound regret that
he could not himself have lived to witness its
final place.

This whole cost has been met by the lib-
erality of Mr. Bishop’s provision, carried out
by the care and thoughtfulness of his three
executors, Messrs. Moses Taylor, Frank C.
Bishop and Alexander James Patterson.

I must here express my thanks and appre-
ciation to Mr. Alexander James Patterson, who
has been untiring in his zeal and carefulness
throughout the entire carrying out of Mr.
Bishop’s wishes, both written and unwritten,
and to whose courtesy I am indebted for many
of these facts, furnished me for the prepara-
tion of this article.

Georce Freperick Kunz.

THE ROCK OF THE PELEE OBELISK AND THE CON-
DITION OF THE VOLCANO IN FEBRUARY, 1906.

THE measure of doubt which has all along
attached to the character and constitution of

i
Hi

26 SCIENCE.

the rock-mass which built up the great Pelean
monolith may probably now be considered re-
moved. <A period of many months’ quietude
into which the voleano has entered has also
permitted of a closer approach to its center
theater of activity than has hitherto been pos-
sible, and given access to parts the study of
which can now be made directly rather than
inferentially. The Pelée obelisk exists to-day
only in its basal wreck, the jagged crest which
still protrudes in a partially severed connec-
tion from the summit of the supporting dome,
and in a wilderness of débris, composed of
small and giant fragments, which covers much
of the surface of the dome and fills in a con-
siderable part of the cireumvallating hollow
(rainure) that separates the dome from the
bounding wall of the ancient crater-basin.
On the twenty-seventh of February of this
year, following an unusually easy ascent of
the voleano, I succeeded in gaining the floor
of the old crater by climbing over the sharp
aréte of the northeast wall, and was soon
among the boulder-masses of the destroyed
obelisk. Fragments from two to three feet
in diameter to others measuring ten, twenty
or thirty feet, were everywhere, and they all
showed practically the same _ construction.
The rock is a compact, light-gray, and vir-
tually holocrystalline hypersthene-andesite,
devoid of vesicles or of any vesicular or ob-
sidian-like structure, and having a fine-grained
base. So far as an absolute reference is made
possible, it seems to belong to Lacroix’s type
IV. (quartzitic andesites) of the ejected ma-
terial from the voleano.’ Of course, it can
be that in parts of the débris that are now
covered up and no longer accessible fragments
might occur that are more or less vesicular
or secoriaceous in character, but in the very
large number of blocks that were examined
by me and my associate none having this char-
acter was detected.

Climbing over the boulders, somewhat in
the form of stepping-stones, we gained a con-

Professor L. V. Pirsson, of the Sheffield Scien-
tifie School, has kindly looked over some of the
material for me. A more detailed study of the
rock will be made at a future day.

[N.S. Vor. XXIV. No. 601.

siderable height on the dome itself, passing a
number of fumarolic vents from which the
disengagement of vapor was still fairly active.
Clumps of diminutive fern are now beginning
to grow about these. The partially free flows
of lava which enter as ribbed-structures into
the mass of the dome appear likewise as
compact andesite. I may remark here that
the sound of the falling masses which has
been likened to that produced by the breaking
of glass and porcelain, and from which a
possible vesicular structure was inferred, is
that given out by the compact andesite.

As regards the origin and method of forma-
tion of the extruded andesite monolith, while
recognizing that the criteria for distinguish-
ing between a newly-made rock and one of
ancient date are not necessarily apparent or
of a nature to yield positive evidence, I have
no reason to change the view that I have else-
where expressed’ that it represented an ancient
plug or core that had been lifted up in the
manner of the giant granite mass (and
domite?) of the Puy Chopine, of the Auvergne.

For the benefit of vulcanologists and seis-
mologists who are preparing catalogues of
eruptions and general volcanic disturbances it
may be proper to add that, despite reports to
the contrary, Pelée had not been in activity in
the early part of this year, and it took no part,
so far as outward appearances were concerned,
in the events which were associated with the
earthquakes in St. Lucia and Martinique on
February 16. The dome in its upper parts is
still quietly disengaging vapor.

ANGELO HEILPRIN.

THE COMMISSION FOR BRAIN INVESTI-
GATION.

On May 27 the third meeting of the Com-
mission for Brain Investigation was held at
Vienna. This commission is one of several
established by the International Association
of Academies and has for its purpose the
advancement of neurological research, espe-
cially by the establishment of central insti-
tutes in the various countries, as well as by

2In Scrence and in my ‘ Tower of Pelée.’
y

Jury 6, 1906.]

the coordination of investigations in the field
of neurology.

The first session was held in the Imperial
Academy of Sciences. Professor Waldeyer
presided and there were present:

Donaldson (Philadelphia), Ehlers (Géttingen),
Flechsig (Leipsic), Langley (Cambridge), v.
Monakow (Ziirich), Munk (Berlin), Obersteiner
(Vienna), Retzius (Stockholm).

The members of the commission unable to
attend were:

Bechteren (St. Petersburg), Edinger (Frank-
furt-am-Main), van Gehuchten (Louvain), Golgi
(Pavia), Mall (Baltimore), Minot (Boston),
Ramon y Cajal (Madrid), Raymond (Paris),
Sherrington (Liverpool).

The first session was devoted to the further
organization of the commission and to the
presentation of reports on the scientific and
financial resources of the several institutes
and laboratories there represented. Steps were
taken also to facilitate intercommunication
between the various institutes.

May 28 the second session was held in the
Neurological Laboratory directed by Professor
Obersteiner. The commission was enlarged
by making the number of members from each
country more nearly representative of the ex-
tent of the neurological work.

At the suggestion of Professor Langley a
committee on the revision of some points in
the neurological nomenclature was formed,
with Professor Waldeyer as chairman. .

It was decided to make English, French,
German or Italian the official language of the
commission—according to the place of meet-
ing.

The commission then adjourned to meet
three years hence at the call of the academy
in charge.

WILLIAM T. SEDGWICK.
FESTSCHRIFT CELEBRATION.

Tuurspay, June 14, at the Hotel West-
minster, Boston, a dinner was given to Pro-
fessor W. T. Sedgwick, by his former students
in the biological department of the Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology, of which he
has been the head since 1883. The occasion

SCIENCE. 27

was the twenty-fifth anniversary of the receipt
of his doctor’s degree from Johns Hopkins
University.

Sixty former students of Professor Sedg-
wick’s at the institute were present, in-
cluding, among others, Professor FE. O.
Jordan and Professor A. P. Mathews, of
the University of Chicago; Professor Sev-
erance Burrage, of Purdue University;
Professor G. N. Calkins, of Columbia Uni-
versity, and Messrs. G. W. Fuller, G. C.
Whipple and Allen Hazen, of New York;
M. O. Leighton, of the United States Geolog-
ical Survey; Dr. E. C. Levy, city bacteriolo-
gist of Richmond, Va.; F. F. Longley, su-
perintendent of the Washington filter plant;
W. S. Johnson, of the Massachusetts State
Board of Health; B. R. Rickards, city bac-
teriologist of ssoston; Dr. Augustus Wads-
worth, of the College of Physicians and Sur-
geons, New York; Dr. F. S. Hollis, of the
Yale Medical School; E. E. Lochridge, engi-
neer of the Springfield water department;
Dr. F. W. White, of Boston; Dr. J. A. Rock-
well, Jr., of Cambridge; Edward G. Gardiner
and Robert S. Weston, of Boston; Dr. Robert
P. Bigelow; Professor Theodore Hough, of
Simmons College; Professor B. E. Stone, of
Amherst; S. D. Gage, of the Lawrence Ex-
periment Station, and Professor S. C. Pres-
cott, Professor C.-E. A. Winslow and Earle
B. Phelps of the institute.

There were also present as guests, former
President D. C. Gilman, of Johns Hopkins
University; Professor S. F. Clarke, of
Williams College; President Henry Lefavour,
of Simmons College; Dr. L. P. Kinnicutt, of
the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, and Dr.
Francis H. Williams, of the corporation of
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Dr. Calkins acted as toastmaster. President
Gilman, who conferred Professor Sedgwick’s
doctor’s degree in 1881, and Professor Clarke,
who was a student with him, spoke of the
early days of Johns Hopkins University, to
which the biological department of the Insti-
tute, through Professor Sedgwick, owes its
inspiration. Mr. G. W. Fuller, Professor E.
O. Jordan, Professor A. P. Mathews, Mrs.

28 SCIENCE.

Stanley McCormick and Professor C.-E. A.
Winslow made brief addresses expressing the
regard and affection of the former students
of the department for its head.

The evening closed with a speech-by Pro-
fessor Sedgwick himself in which he expressed
his appreciation of the occasion, and spoke of
his connection with the great university at
Baltimore and the great technical school in
Boston, and of the duty which now rests upon
the biological department of the institute, to
train men for the conduct of the sanitary
reforms which are spreading so rapidly all
over the union.

The chief event of the oceasion was the
presentation of a volume of biological studies,
‘ dedicated by his pupils to William Thompson
Sedgwick, to express their regard and admira-
tion for him as a friend, teacher, investigator
and public-spirited citizen, and also to affirm
their loyalty to the ideals for which he has
always stood.’ The volume, which has been
prepared in secret and was a complete surprise
to its recipient, has been published at the
University of Chicago press under the editor-
ship of Professor E. O. Jordan. It contains
nineteen original contributions to biology and
sanitary science, the authors and titles being
as follows:

GARY N. CALKINS: ‘ Paramecium aurelia and
Paramecium caudatum.’

Harrison G. Dyar: ‘The Life-History of a
Cochlidian Moth, Adoneta bicaudata Dyar.’

GrorGe W. FULLER: ‘ Experimental Methods as
Applied to Water- and Sewage-Works for large
Communities.’

MARSHALL O. LetauTon: ‘The Futility of a
Sanitary Water Analysis as a Test of Potability.’

GeorGE C. WutppLe: ‘The Value of a Pure
Water.’

A. P. Matuews: ‘A Contribution to the Gen-
eral Principles of the Pharmacodynamics of Salts
and Drugs.’

Percy G. Stites and Cart 8. MILLIKEN: ‘ An
Instance of the Apparent Antitoxie Action of
Salts.’

EpwIn O,. JORDAN:
terial Enzymes.’

C.-E. A. Wrinstow and ANNE F. Rogers: ‘A
Statistical Study of Generic Characters in the
Coccacee.’

‘Experiments with Bac-

[N.S. Vor. XXIV. No. 601.

SamMvueL C. Prescott: ‘The Occurrence of Or-
ganisms of Sanitary Significance on Grains.’

STEPHEN DeM. Gace: ‘ A Study of the Numbers
of Bacteria Developing at Different Temperatures
and of the Ratios between Such Numbers with
Reference to Their Significance in the Interpre-
tation of Water Analysis.’

C.-E. A. Winstow and E. E. Locurince: ‘ The
Toxie Effect of Certain Acids upon Typhoid and
Colon Bacilli in Relation to the Degree of Their
Dissociation.’

Earte B. Puetrs: ‘The Inhibiting Effect of
Certain Organic Substances upon the Germicidal
Action of Copper Sulphate.’

Danie D. Jackson: ‘A New Solution for the
Presumptive Test for Bacillus Coli.’

Henry S. Ayers: ‘ B. Coli in Market Oysters.’

Aveustus WapswortH: ‘Studies on Simple
and Differential Methods of Staining Encapsu-
lated Pneumococci in Smear and Section.’

Artuur I. Kenpati: ‘An Apparatus for Test-
ing the Value of Fumigating Agents.’

TueoporeE Hoven and Ciara E. Ham: ‘The
Effect of Subcutaneous Injections of Water, Ring-
ers Fluid, and Ten Per Cent. Solution of Ethyl
Alcohol upon the Course of Fatigue in the Ex-
cised Muscles of the Frog.’

Burt R. Ricxarps: ‘ Notes on a Case of Ap-
parent Pulmonary Tuberculosis Associated with
the Constant Presence of Diphtheria-Like Organ-
isms in the Sputum.’

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS.

Yate University has conferred the degree
of doctor of science on Professor Henry H.
Donaldson, head of the department of neurol-
ogy of the Wistar Institute of Anatomy, of
the University of Pennsylvania, and on Dr.
Francis Bacon, professor of surgery in the
Yale Medical School; and the degree of doe-
tor of laws on Dr. William W. Keen, pro-
fessor of surgery at Jefferson Medical College,
Philadelphia.

AmuHerstT CoLLeGe conferred its doctorate
of science on Dr. James Furman Kemp, pro-
fessor of geology at Columbia University, and
its doctorate of laws on Dr. Walter F. Will-
cox, professor of political economy and sta-
tistics at Cornell University.

WesLeyan University has conferred the de-
gree of doctor of science on Dr. Ch. Wardell
Stiles, of the Public Health and Marine Hos-

JuLy 6, 1906.]

pital Service; on Edward Dennett Rowe, of
the National Bureau of Standards, and on
Dr. A. C. True, of the Office of Experiment
Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Harvarp University has conferred its doc-
torate of laws on Professor G. H. Palmer,
professor of ethics at the university.

At the recent commencement of the Uni-
versity of Michigan the honorary degree of
doctor of science was conferred upon Professor
William A. Locy, of Northwestern University.

Proressor Ernest RUTHERFORD has received
the degree of doctor of laws from the Univer-
sity of Wisconsin.

DartmMoutH CoLLece has conferred the de-
gree of doctor of science on Dr. Warren
Upham, librarian of the Minnesota Historical
Society.

Mr. F. C. S. Scuitter, tutor at Corpus
Christi College, has received the degree of
D.Se. from Oxford University.

THE University of Dublin will confer the
honorary degree of Se.D. on Colonel David
Bruce, C.B., professor of tropical medicine at
the Army Medical College; Professor J. H.
Poincaré, professor of mathematics and as-
tronomy at the Sorbonne; Mr. E. T. Whit-
taker, F.R.S., fellow of Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, astronomer royal of Ireland; and Dr.
A. E. Wright, F.R.S., pathologist and bac-
teriologist at St. Mary’s Hospital, London.

Tue University of Manchester will confer
the degree of D.Sc. on Dr. Emil Fischer, pro-
fessor of organic chemistry in the University
of Berlin, and on Dr. Adolf von Baeyer, pro-
fessor of organic chemistry in the University
of Munich.

Proressor Simon NeEwcoms has been elected
a member of the board of overseers of Har-
vard College.

Dr. Wm. McMurtrir, vice-president of the
American Association for the Advancement of
Science in 1895 and president of the American
Chemical Society in 1900, has been elected a
trustee of Lafayette College.

DurRING commencement week at Harvard
University, the research students of Professor
E. H. Hall presented him with a silver loving

SCIENCE. 29

cup. The occasion was the completion of
twenty-five years of service in the department
of physics of the university. The cup bore
the following inscription:

6e To
Edwin Herbert Hall
From his research students
In testimony
of their esteem and gratitude;
In appreciation
of his work in the field of discovery;

his quarter-century of service

in behalf of Harvard University.

His life an. inspiration.”

Dr. Georce MackLoskiz, from 1875 pro-
fessor of biology at Princeton University, has
been appointed professor emeritus.

THE prize of the Peter Wilhelm Miiller
foundation at Frankfort, consisting of a gold
medal and 9,000 Marks, and awarded for the
most important contributions to science, has
been given to Dr. Ludwig Boltzmann, pro-
fessor of theoretical physics at Vienna.

Dr. StuTzer, assistant in the geological in-
stitute of the Freiburg (Saxony) Mining
School, has been awarded a grant of 2,000
Marks by the committee of the Carnegie fund,
to enable him to continue his investigations
on iron deposits in Lapland.

Proressor F. B. Crocker, of Columbia
University, has sailed for England. He will
attend the meeting of the Institution of Elec-
trical Engineers of Great Britain.

Dr. ALEXANDER HILL, master of Downing
College, Cambridge, has gone to West Aus-
tralia to give university extension courses and
to awaken interest in the establishment of a
university in the colony.

Proressor A. Beret has been made acting
director of the Leipzig Museum of Ethnology,
in the room of the late Professor Obst.

Dr. Francesco Porro, professor at the Uni-
versity of Genoa, has been appointed director
of the National Observatory at La Plata.

At the Institute for the Experimental In-
vestigation of Cancer at Heidelberg, Freiherr
von Dungern, M.D., has been appointed head
of the scientific department, and Privatdocent

30 SCIENCE.

von Wasielewski, head of the department of
parasitological research.

Proressor Epwarp C. Pickrertine, director
of the Harvard College Observatory, was se-
lected to deliver the Phi Beta Kappa oration
at Harvard University on June 28.

AccorDING to the London Times an opinion
has been widely expressed, both in Oxford and
elsewhere, that the services rendered to arche-
ology by Dr. Arthur John Evans should be
commemorated by a portrait to be deposited
in the Ashmolean Museum, of which he has
for nearly a quarter of a century been keeper.
The discoveries at Knossos are alone more
than sufficient to justify this step; but Dr.
Evans’s achievements as a numismatist, his-
torian and traveler have also earned for him
the admiration of scholars. It is felt, more-
over, that no more appropriate place for a
memorial of him could be selected than the in-
stitution which has been raised, in the period
during which he has presided over it, and
mainly as the result of his energy, generosity
and tact, to a place in the front rank amongst
European museums. A committee, of which
Dr. G. A. Macmillan (St. Martin’s Street,
London, W. C.) is the honorary treasurer, has
been formed to promote the object in view.
The portrait will be painted by Sir W. B.
Richmond, and a_ reproduction in _ photo-
gravure will be sent to every subscriber.

WE regret to record the death of Lieutenant
Forbes Tulloch, R.A.M.C., which occurred in
the Queen Alexandra Military Hospital, Mill-
bank, on June 20. Lieutenant Tulloch con-
tracted sleeping sickness in Uganda, where he
had been sent under the auspices of the
Colonial Office as a member of a commission
appointed to investigate the causes of the dis-
ease and the means of prevention.

Tue death, at the age of seventy-nine years,
is announced of Sir George Thomas Brown,
C.B., who was for many years chief of the
Veterinary Department of the Privy Council
and afterwards of the Board of Agriculture.

Nature reports the death of M. Edouard
Piette, the distinguished archeologist, in his
eightieth year. M. Piette was well known for
his discoveries of prehistoric remains, among

[N.S. Vou. XXIV. No. 601.

which may be mentioned those in the caverns
of Mas d’Azil (Ariége) and of Brassempouy
(Landes). Before his death M. Piette pre-
sented his invaluable collections to the Mu-
seum of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

THE senate committee on foreign relations
has authorized Senator Bacon to report favor-
ably the protocol providing for the establish-
ment of an international institute of agricul-
ture at Rome, Italy. There are about forty
governments party to the arrangement. Stud-
ies will be made of all kinds of plant life and
means of extermination of insects and other
pests. The institute will receive the reports
of the agricultural bureaus and societies of all
countries. The Italian government will sup-
ply the buildings and the cost to other gov-
ernments will be about $5,000 a year each.

THE annual general meeting of the Royal
Statistical Society was held on June 19 under
the presidency of Major Craigie, C.B. Sir
Richard Martin was elected president of the
society for the ensuing session. The society’s
Guy medal in silver was awarded to Dr. W.
N. Shaw, F.R.S., for his paper, entitled ‘ The
Seasons in the British Isles since 1878,’ read
before the society in March, 1905. The sub-
ject of the essays for the Howard medal com-
petition, 1906-7, was announced to be ‘ The
Reformative Effect in Criminality of Recent
Prison Administration.’ This competition is
open to the public. Professor Edgeworth
afterwards read a paper on ‘ The Generalized
Law of Error.’

WE learn from Nature that at the seventy-
eighth meeting of the Association of German
Men of Science and Physicians, which will be
held this year on September 16-22 in Stutt-
gart, there will be an exhibition of scientific
and medical appliances and subjects as in
previous years. The Kénig Karls Hall of the
Kéniglicher Landesgewerbemuseum has been
set apart for the purpose. All announcements
and communications may be addressed to the
president of the exhibition committee, Dr.
Lampert, Archivstrasse 3, Stuttgart, from
whom further particulars may be obtained.

A CORRESPONDENT of the London Times
writes from Si-ning, in the province of Kan-

Juty 6, 1906.]

su, under date of April 6: “Dr. Albert Tafel,
the eminent German geologist and explorer,
who has traveled in many parts of Asia, and
who took part in the expedition to Tibet in
1904 with Lieutenant Filchreer, when they
barely escaped with their lives, has again just
left this border city for the Tsaidam and
Tibet. In January last he visited the Koko
Nor in order to ascertain the depths of the
lake at different places. His camp was at-
tacked one evening by Tibetan robbers, and a
hand-to-hand fight ensued. In trying to
rescue one of his men Dr. Tafel received a
sword wound in the forehead, and the attack
was not repulsed without some difficulty. In
Shan-si Dr. Tafel found some very interesting
and rare fossils, and he has also secured some
good photographs of a large waterfall on the
Yellow River in the north of that province.”

Nature states that the Society of German
Engineers, which with its 20,000 members is
now the largest technical society in the world,
celebrated on June 11-14 the completion of
the fiftieth year of its existence. The opening
ceremony was held in the Reichstag building
in Berlin, under the presidency of Dr. A.
Slaby. Congratulatory addresses were deliv-
ered by the Prussian Home Secretary, the
Prussian Minister of Education, the Ober-
biirgermeister of Berlin and the rector of the
Berlin Technical School, as well as by nu-
merous representatives of kindred societies in
Germany and other countries, Mr. Bennet
Brough (Iron and Steel Institute) speaking
for the British societies and Professor K. E.
Hilgard (American Society of Civil Engi-
neers) for the American. The proceedings
terminated with a lecture by Dr. W. von
Oechelhauser on technical work past and pres-
ent, in which he compared the engineering
works of the ancients with those of modern
times, and endeavored to forecast what the
future of engineering would be. On June 12
a lecture was given by Dr. A. Riedler, on the
development and present importance of the
steam turbine; and on June 13 papers were
read by Professor Muthmann, on methods of
dealing with atmospheric nitrogen; and by
Dr. Hoffmann, on the utilization of power in
mines and metallurgical works. Throughout

SCIENCE. ol

the week an elaborate program of visits, ex-
cursions and social functions was arranged
for the 1,231 members and 464 ladies who took
part in the meeting. The German Emperor
honored the society by accepting the Grashof
gold miedal, and by conferring decorations on
the president and other prominent members.
An interesting history of the society is given
in Engineering of June 8. The growth of the
society has certainly been remarkable. It was
founded in 1856 at Alexisbad, in the Hartz,
by twenty-three young engineers. Friedrich
Euler was elected the first president, and
Franz Grashof the first secretary and editor,
the work of the society being carried on in the
secretary’s private study. The society now has
a stately house of its own and a staff of forty-
seven officials. Its weekly journal last year
cost £26,162 for publishing and £6,425 for
postage.

UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL NEWS.

At the recent alumni meeting at Harvard
University, it was stated that during the year
graduates had contributed $1,801,539.89 to the
productive funds of the university, and that
$88,116.09 had been received for immediate
use, making a total of $1,889,655.98. This
sum does not include the more than $113,000
that the class of ’81 has given to the univer-
sity to be used as the corporation sees fit. It
was also announced that through an anony-
mous gift of $60,000 from a graduate and the
cooperation of the city of Boston, a boulevard
100 feet wide with a forty-foot drive and broad
park space and walks, will be laid out from the
Fenway to Longwood Avenue as an approach
to the new Harvard Medical School buildings.

Ir was announced by President Hadley at
the Yale Alumni dinner that the total of the
alumni fund for the year amounted to $129,237
as compared with the $53,500 announced a
year ago.

A Funp of $150,000, of which Mr. Carnegie
contributed $75,000, has been raised at Am-
herst College and will be used to provide for
the work in geology and biology. It is planned
to spend $100,000 on a building and to use the
balance of the money as an endowment fund.

32 - SCIENCE.

Ar the Radeliffe College commencement
President Briggs announced that the requisite
sun of $75,000 to secure Mr. Andrew Car-
negie’s gift for a college library had been
secured.

Mrs. Loutsa N, Butuarp has given Harvard
University Medical School $52,000 to establish
a chair of neuropathology.

We learn from the Journal of the American
Medical Association that the University of
California has transferred from San Fran-
cisco to Berkeley all instruction in the first
two years of the college of medicine. Stu-
dents desiring admission to the medical de-
partment of the university must have com-
pleted certain studies in physics, chemistry,
zoology, German and French, which ordinarily
require two years of residence at a university
or college of good standing. The first two
years of the strictly professional work is de-
voted to anatomy, physiology and pathology.
As heretofore, the work of the last two years
of the medical course will be carried on in
San Francisco.

ForEIGN papers state that the council of the
University of Paris has definitely approved of
the scheme for the extension of the university.
This will include the construction of an insti-
tute of chemistry covering an area of 9,000
square meters. Here will be established the
various departments of chemistry belonging
to the faculty of science and the department
of applied chemistry which, since its creation,
been provisionally installed in some
sheds. The cost of this will be 3,000,000
frances, which will be divided between the city
of Paris and the state. The extension scheme
also includes the acquisition by the university,
in view of future necessities, of a plot of land
of 14,000 square meters. Towards the cost of
this land the university will pay 1,900,000
francs and the city 700,000 francs, to which
will be added the donation from the Prince
of Monaco. On a portion of this area will be
erected the Institute of Oceanography, founded
by the Prince of Monaco.

Ar the meeting of the University Court of
Edinburgh on June 17 an addition was made
to the teaching staff of the university by the

have

[N.S. Von. XXIV. No. 601.

establishment of an independent lectureship
in general and experimental psychology in
connection with the philosophical department.
The funds for the lecturer’s salary are mainly
supplied by the Combe trustees, who have also
contributed £300 towards the equipment of a
laboratory. In consideration of this generous
assistance the court resolved that the lecture-
ship should be called the George Combe lec-
tureship. George Combe, known as the au-
thor of ‘The Constitution of Man,’ was the
chief representative of phrenology in Great
Britain in the first half of last century. He
left funds, which have considerably increased
since his death, for promoting the knowledge
of man’s mental and organic constitution in
relation to the external universe and its laws,
and for diffusing that knowledge as widely as
possible. Besides experimental teaching and
research, it ‘is expected that the lectureship
will be largely utilized in connection with the
training of teachers. An appointment will be
made in time for work to begin next session.

Dr. G. H. Parker has been promoted to a
full professorship of zoology at Harvard Uni-
versity.

Proressor Epwarp Octavius Sisson, Ph.D.,
who has recently been elected head of the de-
partment of education in the University of
Washington, is a native of England. He re-
ceived his education in schools of this country.
In 1886 he received the degree of bachelor of
science in the Kansas Agricultural College.
From 1886-91 he was teacher and principal in
publie schools.

Dr. VatpemMarR Kocu has been appointed to
the chair of physiological chemistry in the
University of Chicago.

At Bowdoin College, Dr. Walter T. Tobie,
of Portland, has been elected professor of
anatomy and Dr. Thomas J, Burrage, also of
Portland, assistant demonstrator of sistology.

Dr. Georce A. Fatkiner Nutratu, F.R.S.,
has been appointed reader in hygiene for five
years in Cambridge University.

Proressor Hans Cuarrl, of Prague, has been
appointed professor of pathology in the Uni-
versity of Strasburg as successor to Professor
von Recklinghausen.