Social Security Bulletin 1953-07: Vol 16 Iss 7

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Social Security in Review

Program Operations

ONTHLY benefits being paid
under the old-age and sur-
vivors insurance program at

the end of April totaled $224.3 mil-
lion. About 5.4 million persons were
receiving these benefits—95,900 more
than at the end of March. The in-
creases in the number of old-age and
wife’s benefits were smaller than
those in March, while for all types of
survivor monthly benefits they were
larger. The over-all increase was
slightly smaller than that in March.

Since September 1952 there has
been a continuous rise in the amount
of the average old-age benefit. The
April increase of 15 cents brought the
average payment up to $50.11. For all
other types of benefits except mother’s
benefits, the average amounts have
shown a similar upward trend since
September 1952. The increases in the
7-month period since September 1952
range from $1.32 for old-age benefits
(from $48.79 to $50.11) to six cents
for aged widow’s benefits (from $40.65
to $40.71). The increases are due
chiefly to the progressively rising pro-
portion of beneficiaries whose benefits
were computed under the new-start
formula. This computation method
uses only earnings after 1950 and, on
the whole, produces higher benefits
than those obtained by using earnings
after 1936 and the conversion table.

The average for mother’s benefits
decreased for several months follow-
ing the enactment of the 1952 amend-
ments. This decline was due to the
transfer to current-payment status,
with a small benefit amount payable,
of mother’s benefits that had previ-

ously been completely suspended be-
cause the mother was working for
wages in excess of the exempt amount.
Since January 1953, however, the
average mother’s benefit has in-
creased each month.

Monthly benefits were awarded to
134,700 persons in April, slightly
fewer than in March but 85 percent
more than the number awarded a
year earlier. Lump-sum death pay-
ments totaling $8.0 million were
awarded in April to 49,700 persons,
more than in any other month since
the beginning of the program.

PUBLIC ASSISTANCE PAYMENTS and the
number of persons aided by these
programs declined during April. Ex-
penditures for public assistance to-
taled $201 million—a net decrease
from March of $1 million.

The declines in the number of re-
cipients were concentrated in the pro-
grams of old-age assistance, aid to
dependent children, and general as-
sistance. Continuing the downward
trend that began in October 1950,
the number of persons receiving old-
age assistance dropped 6,400 or 0.2
percent. The number of families re-
ceiving aid to dependent children,
which had increased somewhat dur-
ing the winter months, showed a small
decline (2,200 families, or 0.4 per-
cent). Following a seasonal increase
during December and January in the
general assistance caseload, the num-
ber of cases receiving this type of
assistance has dropped for three con-
secutive months, and in April there
were 8,000 fewer cases on the rolls
than in the previous month. The pro-
gram for aid to the permanently and

totally disabled in April added 2,600
persons—a rise about equal to the
average monthly increase over the
past 12 months.

The average payments for the Na-
tion changed little from March to
April in the four special types of as-
sistance. Differences among the
States in the amount of change in
average payments were generally
small, but there were some excep-
tions. Arizona reported the largest
increases for three programs—old-age
assistance ($1.55), aid to dependent
children ($4.08), and aid to the blind
($3.31). These increases occurred
when the State began meeting 100
percent of the needs of certain In-
dians living on reservations.

Utah had sizable increases in aver-
age payments in old-age assistance,
aid to the blind, and aid to the per-
manently and totally disabled—the
result of a change in the maximums
from $63 to $68 for one-person cases.
Payments to families receiving aid to
dependent children were not affected,
since the increased maximum applied
only to one-person cases.

In Illinois a reduction in the food
allowance—based on a February price
survey—was made in 75 counties. In
addition, in order to conserve limited
funds for old-age assistance and aid
to dependent children, special allow-
ances for clothing in time of emer-
gency and for moving expenses, stor-
age of furniture, and other items of
a temporary nature were not given
without approval by the State’s fleld
staff.

In the State of Washington, aver-
age payments decreased more than
$2.00 in old-age assistance and about

$1.50 in aid to the blind and aid to
the permanently and totally disabled
when responsibility for the costs of
medical and nursing care of aged,
blind, and disabled persons in nurs-
ing homes was assigned to the State
public health agency. The assistance
agency continues to have responsi-
bility for meeting the cost of board
and room for such recipients.

INITIAL CLAIMS FILED in April for bene-
fits under the State unemployment
imsurance programs increased moder-
ately (6.2 percent) to 835,300, mainly
because of administrative factors.
With the beginning of a new uniform
benefit year in five States and the
availability of a new quarter’s wage
credits for benefit purposes in most
of the other States, many workers
filed claims who had earlier ex-
hausted their benefit rights or whose
wage credits had been insufficient to
entitle them to benefits. Seasonal
factors were most important in the
continuance of the downward trend
in the number of weeks of unemploy-
ment claimed, which represent con-
tinuing unemployment; with a de-
cline of 4.9 percent, the total dropped
to 4.3 million.

The number of claimants receiving
benefits in an average week declined
again in April. The total of 840,400
was 9.6 percent less than the number
in March, as all but five States
reported fewer beneficiaries. The
amount of benefits paid to unem-
ployed workers declined 10.1 percent
to about $83.0 million. For the first
time since January the average week-
ly check received by beneficiaries for
total unemployment rose slightly, to
$23.27.

FEDERAL CREDIT UNION membership
and assets showed greater gains in
1952 than in any other year since the
passage of the Federal Credit Union
Act in 1934. Undoubtedly the most
important factor in this growth was
the Nation’s general economic con-
dition; national income and total per-
sonal income were the highest on
record, and there was little unemploy-
ment. More widespread interest in
the credit union movement and
knowledge of its nature and purpose

(Continued on page 25)

Selected current statistics

(Corrected to June 2, 1953)
_ - | Calendar year
arch April a ee
item 1053 1053 | | thee
1952 1951
Labor Force | (in thousands)

ET Sree 62, 810 63, 134 | 61. 744 62, 966 2, B84
Siibnennababnennneoeingudinds 61, 228 61, 460 | 60. 132 61, 293 61, 005
Covered by old-age and survivors insur- | :

| MG eee Pe Se 45, 900 44, 800
Covered by State unemployment insur- eae
emedebhichweandenabthmndanetsaatet 37, 300 37, 200 | 35. 35, 717 4, Sia
ERT Te aE 1, 582 167 e714 1, 673 1, 879
Personal Income ¢ (in billions; seasonally
adjusted at annual rates)

CO a $283.1 | $282.8 | 22.5 $268.4 | $254.1
Employees’ income ¢_-..................-- 195.3 | 194.3 | a | 181.9 170.1
Proprietors’ and rental income_._..-_____- 52.2 | 53.0 51.2 | 52.5 50.6
Personal interest income and dividends.__. 21.8 21.7 | 21.5 21.1 | 20.4
TT SN a 2.5 2.5 | 23 2.4 2.3
Social insurance and related payments *- _- 8.9 8.8 7.7) 7.9 7.0
Veterans’ subsistence allowances*® and |

at Ee. ES | 5 8 7 1.2

Miscellaneous income payments '______. 2.2 2.3 22 2.2 | 2.5
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance
Monthly benefits:
yment status: !!

Number (in thousands). - - - . 5, 401 5, 305 | 4, 549 ‘ nal

t (in Dy ahiac mena =e $219,585 | $160,445 | $2,228,969 | $1, 884, Sal

age se 1 | $49.9 RASS ee
Awards (in thousands) _— $9.65
| EPS nae 135 138 73 1, 053 1, 3%
es Se tic $6, 118 $6, 449 $2, 310 $42, 750 $42, 2
Unemployment Insurance *

Initial claims (in thousands) ................

Weeks of unemployment claimed (in thou- 835 787 1. 037 11,174 10, 8%
SESS RTT, SEE eee | 4. 332 4, 555 5, 150 54,311 50, 3%

Weeks compensated (in thousands)... .--_. 3, 698 4, 001 4, 368 45, 777 41,

Weekly averege beneficiaries (in thousands). | S40 930 993 874 nu

Benefits paid (in millions) ............_... $3 $92 | $94 Sys $4)

Aperage weekly payment for total unemploy-

NE A eae $23.27 £23.24 | £22.87 £22.79 $21.08
Public Assistance
Recipients (in thousands):
Old-age assis patie bhibthiginecoiddace 2, 604 2,611 | 2, 672 |.---
Aid to dependent children:
patitiibeddiseese paddhebcsticneiens 572 574 | 598
a nasal iEilae clititatiic 1, 513 1, 517 1, 546 |--...
CS ES Ee as as 97
Aid tothe permanently and totally disabled _| 170 168 EE EEE
General assistance.___..__.._. iniidiiiaieisiniatiasie 275 283 320
Average payments: | |
CE £48.85 £48.86 | £44.95
Aid to dependent children (per family) _..... | 82.44 82.34 | SEL bo ccoceccucl=onoenn
Aid to the blind. ___. Se ae | 53.74 | 53.71 49.83
Aid to the permanently and totally disabled _ - 48.36 48.59 46.11
Rie ts TEI 48.29 | 49.26 47.28

1 Continental United States only. Estimated by
the Bureau of the Census, except as noted. Monthly
employment figures represent specific week and an-
nual figures, average week (unem ens insurance
data re nt pay a ins week),

3 ted by the Bureau of Old-Age and Sur-
vivors Insurance; excludes joint coverage under the
railroad retirement and old-age and survivors insur-
once ~ . Data for 1953 and April 1952 not
a ‘

3 Data from the Bureau of Employment Security,
De ment of Labor.
‘ from the Office of Business Economics,
Department of Commerce. Continental United
States, except for employees’ income, which includes
pay of Federal civilian and military personnel in all

areas.
§ Beginning January 1952, social insurance contri-
butions from the self-employed excluded from total
but not deducted from proprietors’ income.
* Civilian and mili in cash in kind,

ts of enlisted . Excludes em
Sotrtatons under sal insurance and ated
grams

7 Payments to recipients under the 4 special public
assistance programs and general assistance.

* Includes old-age and survivors insurance benefits;
railroad, Federal, State, and local retirement benefits;
veterans’ nsions and compensation; workmen's
compensation; State and railroad unemployment
insurance and temporary disability benefits;
unemployment allowances to veterans under the
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act and the Veterans’
Readjustment Assistance Act.

* Under the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act and
under the Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act.

Includes payments under the Government life
insurance, national service life insurance, and mili-
tary and naval insurance programs, the Government
contribution to nonprofit organizations, busines
transfer payments, and recoveries under the Em
ployer’s Liability Act for raflroad workers and

seamen.
1! Benefit in current-payment status is subject @
no deduction or only to deduction of fixed amount
that — than the current month’s — calendar
year figures represent payments cert 3
13 Monthly amounts, gross; annual amounts a¢
justed for voided benefit checks and benefit refunds.

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Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled:
Recipients With Heart Disease

In mid-1951 the Bureau of Public Assistance, in cooperation
with State public assistance agencies, made a survey to obtain
information on the social and medical characteristics of the men
and women receiving aid to the permanently and totally dis-
abled. The foilowing article analyzes the findings with respect
to recipients with a disease of the heart; it is the first of several

articles based on the study.

totally disabled persons receiy-
ing aid in the early summer of
1951, diseases of the heart were found

. MONG needy permanently and

| more frequently than any other group

of diseases or impairments. One-
fourth of the recipients of this type
of aid had a disease of the heart re-
ported as the sole or major impair-
ment resulting in permanent and
total disability. Because of the wide-
spread interest in heart disease and
because of its prevalence in this group
of recipients of public assistance, the
article is focused on the character-
istics of only those recipients for
whom a disease of the heart was
found to constitute the major im-
pairment.

The Federal-State program of aid

| to the permanently and totally dis-

abled was inaugurated in October
1950, under the 1950 amendments to
the Social Security Act. Previously,
there had been relatively little expe-
rience with programs limited to per-
sons whose disabilities were both total
and permanent. A Statewide program
for such persons had operated for a
humber of years in Wisconsin, and a
few counties or cities in other States
had similar programs. In some States
the general assistance programs were
80 limited in scope that eligibility for
aid was virtually synonymous with
permanent and total disability. A
few of these programs were, in fact,
designated as aid for handicapped or
disabled persons.

There were in many States, among
the recipients of general assistance,
sizable numbers of persons who were

* Division of Program Statistics and
Analysis, Bureau of Public Assistance.

Bulletin, July 1953

severely disabled; there were also in-
capacitated parents in families re-
ceiving aid to dependent children
whose disabilities were permanent
and total and whose needs were not
met by the payments under that pro-
gram. As States developed programs
of aid to the permanently and totally
disabled, persons who had been re-
ceiving general assistance or aid to
dependent children and who met eli-
gibility requirements for the new pro-
gram were transferred to it. Such
persons comprised a large part of all
recipients under this program during
its early months of operation. Dis-
abled recipients who were in receipt
of aid to the needy blind and the dis-
abled aged who were receiving old-age
assistance were not usually trans-
ferred to the new program.

Method of Study

From the beginning of the program
it was planned to collect data on the
social and medical characteristics of
recipients of aid. Under the State
plans for aid to the permanently and
totally disabled, the determination
that a disability of permanent and
total character did or did not exist
had to be made by a physician and
a trained social worker acting on be-
half of the State agency.! This pro-
cedure ensured that there were care-
fully recorded and evaluated medical
as well as social data for each re-
cipient of aid.

By early 1951 it was apparent that
the collection of data on the charac-
teristics of recipients could be ac-
complished better by a sample study

1In a few States that accepted only
persons who were completely helpless,
medical certification alone was used.

by Cuartes E. Hawkins *

of a cross section of recipients in a
given month than by data obtained
as the recipients were added to the
rolls. Accordingly, a study was under-
taken,? with each State that had a
program in operation choosing either
May or June 1951 as the month in
which a representative sample of re-
cipients would be studied. Thirty
States had programs in operation at
the time of the study, and the total
number of recipients was between
90,000 and 100,000.

The sample represented a different
proportion of the caseload in the
various States; the State proportion
was determined by the relationship
of the number of recipients in the
State to the number needed in the
sample to provide reasonably valid
detail on the characteristics of the
recipients. In 17 States the number
of recipients was large enough to pro-
vide a sample that warranted tabula-
tion. In the other 13 States this was
not the case, and the small numbers
of recipients scheduled appear only
in the national totals. The recipients
in the samples in the 30 States totaled
13,200, representing 93,359 recipients.
Two States, Michigan and Wisconsin,
chose to include all their recipients.
In each of the other 28 States the
number of recipients included in the
sample was inflated to represent the
total number of recipients in the State
before national totals were prepared.

Obviously, the prevalence of a dis-
ease among recipients of aid to the
permanently and totally disabled is
not of necessity closely related to the
prevalence of the same disease or
condition among the general popula-
tion. By the nature of the assistance
program, recipients of aid must be in
need and must have a permanent im-
pairment that substantially precludes
them from engaging in any useful
occupation. Thus the recipients with

2See Characteristics of Recipients of
Aid to the Permanently and Totally Dis-
abled, Mid-1951 (Public Assistance Re-
port No. 22), April 1953.

whom this article is concerned had a
disease of the heart that resulted in
severe disability, had insufficient re-
sources to support themselves, and
had no one on whom they could de-
pend for support. These qualifications
are certainly not applicable to all
persons in the population with heart
disease, and their application may r¢-
sult in quite different distributions of
age, sex, and diagnosis from what
would be obtained from a random
sample of all persons who have heart
disease.

Findings

Heart disease was the major im-
pairment of 2,946 recipients in the
State samples, representing 23,809 or
25.5 percent of all recipients of aid to
the permanently and totally disabled.
The total excludes more than 5,200
recipients for whom a diagnosis of
heart disease was reported as a sec-
ondary impairment but not as the
major impairment. It also excludes
diseases of the vascular and nervous
systems, frequently associated with
heart disease, where there was no
diagnosed disease of the heart itself.

In this latter group were hyperten-
sion without mention of heart in-
volvement, which was the major im-
pairment for 3.8 percent of all
recipients; general arteriosclerosis,
which was the major impairment
for 1.0 percent; and cerebral paraly-
sis, which was the major impairment
for 6.6 percent and which probably
resulted in most instances from vas-
cular accidents. If these impairments
were considered in conjunction with

diseases of the heart, the combined
total would represent 37 percent of
the major impairments of recipients
as compared with the 25.5 percent
accounted for by diseases of the heart
alone.

The study findings provide no data
regarding recipients with heart dis-
ease of syphilitic origin except the
negative information that their num-
ber is relatively small. When a syphi-
litic etiology was established or pre-
sumed, the impairment was classified
as a late effect of syphilis rather than
as a separate disease or condition.
The total number of recipients with
syphilis and its sequelae was not large
enough to warrant further analysis,
and the recipients with syphilitic
heart disease as their major impair-
ment are accordingly excluded from
this analysis.

Thyrotoxic heart disease and con-
genital heart disease are also excluded
because neither of these conditions
was reported in a significant number
of cases.

Classification.—In classifying the
medical diagnoses reported in the
study, the International Statistical
Classification of Diseases, Injuries,
and Causes of Death, 1948 was used.
Persons coding the diagnoses were
trained under a program that had
been worked out with the Morbidity
and Health Statistics Branch, Divi-
sion of Public Health Methods, of
the Public Health Service. Diseases
of the heart, as described here, refer
to codes 400-443 of the international
list. For purposes of presentation
and to secure groups sufficiently large

Chart 1.—Median number of years since onset of diseases of the heart among
recipients of aid to the permanently and totally disabled, by type of disease,

mid-1951

MEDIAN NUMBER OF YEARS SINCE ONSET
2 3 4 5 6

ALL DISEASES OF THE HEART

CHRONIC RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE

HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE

OTHER DISEASES OF THE HEART

aM IEMIOSCLEROTIC HEART DISEASE

CHRONIC ENDOCARDITIS AND
OTHER MYOCARDIAL DEGENERATION

to permit analysis, these codes hay
been combined into five broad classe.
These classes are designated g
chronic rheumatic heart disea»
(codes 400-416), arteriosclerotic hear;
disease (code 420), chronic endocar.
ditis and other myocardial degenerg.
tion (codes 421 and 422), hypertep.
sion with heart disease (codes 44.
443), and the remaining codes (439.
434) grouped in a class designated a
“other” diseases of the heart.

Of these five classes, hypertensiog
with heart disease was the largest,
accounting for almost half (49.3 per.
cent) of all recipients who had any
disease of the heart as their majo
impairment. Most of them (41.3 per.
cent of all recipients with heart dis.
ease) were classified under hyperten.-
sion (unspecified type) with hear
disease, while 4.1 percent had hyper.
tensive heart disease with arteriolar
nephrosclerosis, and 3.9 percent had
hypertension (specified type) with
heart disease.

The second largest class was ar.
teriosclerotic heart disease, which in-
cluded 27.3 percent of all recipient
with heart disease. Third in numeri-
cal importance was chronic rheumatic
heart disease, which accounted fo
the major impairment of 8.8 percent
of the group. In this class, only tw
types of heart disease occurred fre-
quently—diseases of the mitral valve,
and chronic rheumatic heart diseas
of unspecified type. These classes in-
cluded 4.0 and 3.4 percent, respective
ly, of the recipients with any type of
heart disease as 2 major impairment.

The class including chronic endo
carditis and other myocardial de
generation ranked fourth and at
counted for 8.1 percent of the total
with 2.1 percent originally classified
as chronic endocarditis (not specified
as rheumatic) and 6.0 percent #
other myocardial degeneration. The
fifth class, designated as other dis
eases of the heart, represented 65
percent of the group and consisted
primarily of such conditions as con-
gestive heart failure, cardiac asthma,
and cardiac decompensation.

Most of the recipients with hear
disease as a major impairment al»
had other diagnosed impairment
Nearly two-thirds of the group haé
at least one other impairment. Whik
these diseases and impairments weft

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proadly distributed among practically
all possible classifications, the most
frequent was arthritis, which was
reported as the secondary impair-
ment for 13.1 percent of the group.

Duration of disease—The length
of time since the onset of the impair-
ment was established for 83.6 percent
of the recipients with a disease of the
heart. It is probable that the group
for whom the impairment’s duration
could not be determined would in-
crease the number of recipients in
the longer time intervals and would
increase the median time elapsed
since the onset of the disease. The
impairment had begun within the
year for only 3.4 percent of the re-
cipients. For the largest group, 30.0
percent, the impairment had started
2, 3, or 4 years previously; for 22.0
percent it had lasted 10 or more years.

The median length of time since
onset varied for different diseases
of the heart (chart 1). The per-
centage of recipients who had had a
disease of the heart for 10 years or
longer varied with the different types
of the disease. Of those with chronic
rheumatic heart disease, 37.0 percent
were in the “10 or more years”’ classi-
fication; for the other four types of
heart disease the percentages ranged
from 17.0 to 22.2.

Mobility of recipients.—Of the re-
cipients with diseases of the heart,
13.8 percent were confined to their
homes or other places of abode (table
1); 21 percent of all recipients of aid
to the permanently and totally dis-
abled were similarly handicapped.
Recipients with chronic rheumatic
heart disease were confined to their
homes most often, and those with
hypertensive heart disease least often.

The recipients capable of activity
outside their own homes accounted
for 86.2 percent of the total with
heart disease as their major impair-
ment. This group included some who
heeded the help of another person
and others who used a cane, crutch,
or other device in order to get about.
More than three-fourths required no
help in activities outside their homes.
A larger percentage of the recipients
with hypertensive heart disease than
of those with other types of heart
disease were able to engage in activity
outside their homes, but proportion-
ately more of them required the serv-

Bulletin, July 1953

Chart 2.—Age distribution of recipients of aid to the permanently and totally
disabled with diseases of the heart, by diagnosis, mid-1951

PERCENT OF RECIPIENTS IN SPECIFIED AGE GROUPS

20 40 60 80 10c

ALL DISEASES OF THE HEART

CHRONIC RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE

ARTERIOSCLEROTIC HEART DISEASE

CHRONIC ENDOCARDITIS AND

OTHER MYOCARDIAL DEGENERATION

HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE

OTHER DISEASES OF THE HEART

oc i...

ices of another person or used a de-
vice in moving about.

Services in connection with the es-
sential activities of daily living were
required by 14.0 percent of the recip-
ients with heart disease. Such serv-
ices included help in eating, dressing,
getting about, and maintaining bodily
hygiene and in activities affecting
personal safety. Recipients with dif-
ferent diseases of the heart needed
services in about the same propor-
tions. While the percentage of re-
cipients with hypertensive heart dis-
ease who needed no service was
slightly larger than that of recipients
with any other type of heart disease,
services in activities affecting per-
sonal safety were needed somewhat
more frequently by the recipients
with hypertensive heart disease.

Age of recipients.—Almost 71 per-
cent of the recipients with a disease
of the heart were aged 55 or over.
Most of them were in the age bracket
55-64; 26.9 percent were aged 35-54,
and 2.4 percent were aged 18-34. To
be eligible for aid to the permanently
and totally disabled, recipients must
be at least age 18; very few persons
receiving this type of aid are aged 65
or over because most older persons
qualify for old-age assistance.

Slightly more than half the re-
cipients with heart disease who were
aged 55 and over were classified as
having hypertensive heart disease,
and almost one-third had arterio-
sclerotic heart disease. Somewhat less
than half of those aged 35-54 had

wij 35-54

BE 55 ao oven

hypertensive heart disease, fewer
than a fourth had arteriosclerotic
heart disease, and almost one-sixth
had chronic rheumatic heart disease.
Of the group under age 35, about two-
thirds had chronic rheumatic heart
disease. The age distribution of re-
cipients with chronic rheumatic heart
disease differed markedly from the
distributions for recipients with other
types of heart disease (chart 2). The
frequency of chronic rheumatic heart
disease among recipients under age
35, coupled with the substantial per-
centage (37) of the recipients with
this disease who had been disabled
for 10 or more years, strongly sug-
gests that in many instances the
present recipients are persons who
developed the disease in childhood.

Sexr.—Among all recipients of aid
to the permanently and totally dis-
abled, the numbers of men and
women were almost equal. Of those
with a disease of the heart as their
major impairment, however, men ac-
counted for 43.3 percent and women
for 56.7 percent.

The proportions differed substan-
tially with the types of heart disease.
For three groups—those with arterio-
sclerotic heart disease, other diseases

3 The National Health Survey in 1935-36
also found higher morbidity rates among
women than among men from both heart
disease and hypertension. See Selwyn D.
Collins, “Iliness from Heart and Other
Cardiovascular-renal Diseases in General
Morbidity Surveys of Families,” Public
Health Reports, Reprint No. 2978, p. 21.

Table 1.—Mobility of recipients o
7% with d

aid to the permanently and totally disabled

of the heart
}
Confined to home | Capable of activity outside home
;
Disease of the heart | Total rary we Wen SePe | oe,
Total “ hair | Other | Total out
ridden | fast Another! A help
| person device
Total. 100.0}. 13.8]. 3.5| 2.3 | 8.0| 86.2) 54] 31) 77.7
Chronic rheumatic heart
ee cae snl 100.0| 20.8 6.2 82) 11.3] 79.2) 4.2 2.4 72.7
heart disease_.| 100.0 14.7 3.1 2.0 9.6 85.3 5.7 2.4 77.2
Chronic endocarditis and
other m era-
eaten « a 100.0} 15.9 4.8 3.7 7.3) 84.1 3.3 2.4 78.4
Hypertensive heart disease...| 100.0} 11.4] 2.4| 2.2 6.8 | 88.6} 5.0) 3.9] 78.8
Other diseases of the heart....| 100.0) 17.0 8.1 1.5 7.4) 83.0 4.3 2.0 76.8
|

of the heart, and endocarditis and
other myocardial degeneration—men
outnumbered women about 5 to 4.
For those in the other two classifica-
tions—chronic rheumatic heart dis-
ease and hypertensive heart disease
—women outnumbered men. The dif-
ference was particularly marked in
the latter classification, where the
ratio of women to men was more than
2 to 1. Age differences between the
men and women were not striking.
Slightly higher proportions of men
than of women were found in the
ages under 35 and 55 or over, and a
larger percentage of women than of
men were in the ages 35-54.
Race.—Nonwhite recipients of aid
to the permanently and totally dis-
abled were found proportionately
more often than white recipients in
the groups with a disease of the heart
as their major impairment.* About 3
out of 10 of all recipients were non-
white; 4 out of 10 of those with .a
disease of the heart were nonwhite.
The heavier representation of non-
white recipients occurs chiefly in the
hypertensive heart disease category,
where they account for more than
half the total, and to a lesser extent
in the group with chronic endocar-
ditis or other myocardial degenera-
tion, where they accounted for more
than one-third of the total. Non-
white recipients were underrepre-
sented in the other three heart dis-

+The age-adjusted death rate from all
forms of heart disease is higher for non-
white than for white persons. See Mary-
land Y. Pennell and Josephine L. Leh-
mann, “Mortality From Heart Disease
Among Negroes as Compared With White
Persons,” Public Health Reports, Reprint
No. 3064, p. 1.

ease categories, accounting for only
one-fourth of the recipients with
chronic rheumatic heart disease, one-
fourth of those with arteriosclerotic
heart disease, and less than one-
fourth of those with other diseases
of the heart.

Nonwhite recipients with heart
disease were found in smaller propor-
tions than white recipients in the
ages under 35 and at ages 55 and
over. On the other hand, almost
twice as many of the nonwhite re-
cipients as of the white recipients
were found in the age bracket 35-54.
The extent to which the greater fre-
quency of nonwhite recipients in this
age group is influenced by the some-
what lower life expectancy of the
nonwhite population is not known.

Employment history. — Recipients
with diseases of the heart as their
major impairment had worked in
regular paid employment in some-
what larger proportions than had all
recipients. This finding is consistent
with the concentration of these re-
cipients in the higher age brackets
and with the overrepresentation of
nonwhite recipients, since larger pro-
portions of both older recipients and
nonwhite recipients were found to
have had employment. It is not en-
tirely consistent, however, with the
larger percentage of women than of
men among the recipients with heart
disease because among all recipients
relatively fewer women were found to
have had employment.

Whatever the reason may be, re-
cipients with heart disease consti-
tuted 25.5 percent of all recipients of
aid but made up 29.0 percent of the
recipients with a history of paid em-
ployment. When corresponding per-

centages are compared for each of
the five types of heart disease, it js
apparent that recipients with hear
disease, regardless of type, had his.
tories of paid employment somewhat
more frequently than recipients with
other disabilities.

State variations——The proportion
of recipients of aid to the perma.
nently and totally disabled with heart
disease varied widely among the
States, accounting for the major im.
pairments of 36.7 percent of all re.
cipients in Louisiana but for only 44
percent of those in Michigan and 34
percent in Wisconsin. State differ.
ences result primarily from differ.
ences in their definitions of perma.
nent and total disability and are only
secondarily affected by differences ip
the prevalence of heart disease in the
States.

The two States that had small per-
centages of recipients with heart dis.
ease as a major impairment had
small programs, and both were States
in which most of these recipients
were confined to their homes. I
each there was only a small propor-
tion of recipients of aid to the per-
manently and totally disabled who
were capable of activity outside thei
own homes. Since for all States most
recipients with heart disease wer
able to get around outside their
homes, it is not surprising that the
number of such recipients in thes
two States is relatively small. Th
States that had high percentages of
recipients with heart disease as thei
major impairment were generally
States that had adopted relatively
broad definitions of total disability
and had somewhat larger propor
tions of the total population receiy-
ing aid. In the 30 States operating
programs, 25.5 percent of the recip-
ients had heart disease. Of the !!
States with enough recipients to war-
rant an examination of detail, five
had more than the average percent
age of recipients with heart disease.
Louisiana, New York, and Pennsyi-
vania were among these five; together
they had more than half of all th
recipients of aid to the permanently
and totally disabled in the Nation @
the time the study was made. Ther
were, in addition to Wisconsin and
Michigan, 10 States in which th
proportions were below the national

Social Security

—

wa

SP?Sesa terres enew ec

Py

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usyi-
ther

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onal

urit)

average; in these 10, the range was
15-24 percent.

Summary

Data from the sample study of re-
cipients of aid to the permanently
and totally disabled show that for all
States combined some form of heart
disease is the most frequent major
impairment and is the most impor-
tant element in the disability of
about one-fourth of all recipients.
Among the States the percentage of
recipients with a disease of the heart
yaries widely—from 3.4 percent to
96.7 percent. Of all diseases of the
heart, hypertensive heart disease was
the most frequently reported, ac-

counting for about half the total.
Arteriosclerotic heart disease ranked
second and was the major impair-
ment of more than one-fourth of the
recipients with heart disease.

Recipients with heart disease as a
major impairment usually had other
diagnosed impairments. The median
length of time since the onset of
heart disease was 5.1 years. Only 14
percent of the recipients were con-
fined to their homes. A similar per-
centage needed help in one or more
essential activities of daily living,
such as eating or dressing.

About 70 percent of the group were
aged 55 or over; most of them were
between the ages of 55 and 64. Recip-

ients with chronic rheumatic heart
disease, however, tended to be younger
than the recipients with other types
of the disease.

Heart disease was more common
among women than among men re-
ceiving aid to the permanently and
totally disabled, and more common
among nonwhite than among white
recipients. More of the recipients
with heart disease than of those with
other disabilities had a history of
employment. In comparison with all
other recipients, those with heart dis-
ease were generally older, less severely
limited in their daily activities, and
included larger percentages of women
and of nonwhite recipients.

Recent Publications

Social Security Administration

BUREAU OF PUBLIC ASSISTANCE. Char-
acteristics of Recipients of Aid to
the Permanently and Totally Dis-
abled, Mid-1951. ‘Public Assist-
ance Report No. 22.) Washington:
The Bureau, Apr. 1953. 99 pp.
Processed.

Findings from a study of the social
and medical characteristics of recip-
ients of aid to the permanently and
totally disabled. Limited free distri-
bution; apply to the Bureau of Public
Assistance, Social Security Adminis-
tration, Washington 25, D. C.
BUREAU OF PUBLIC ASSISTANCE. Char-

acteristics of State Public Assist-

ance Pians under the Social Secur-
ity Act (Public Assistance

Report No. 21.) Washington: U.S.

Govt. Print. Off., 1953. Looseleaf.

55 cents.

CHILDREN’s BurReEAv. Recommended
Standards for Services for Delin-
quent Children. Washington: The
Bureau, 1953. 21 pp. Processed.
Limited free distribution; apply to
the Children’s Bureau, Social Se-
curity Administration, Washing-
ton 25, D. C.

CHILDREN’s BurREAU. Some Facts about
Juvenile Delinquency. (Bureau
* Prepared in the Library of the De-

partment of Health, Education, and Wel-

fare. Orders for the publications listed
should be directed to publishers and
booksellers; Federal publications for
which prices are listed should be ordered
from the Superintendent of Documents,
U. 8S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.

Bulletin, July 1953

Publication No. 340.) Washing-
ton: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1953.
17 pp. 10 cents.

CHILDREN’s BurEAvV. What’s Happen-
ing to Delinquent Children in Your
Town? (Bureau Publication No.
342.) Washington: U. S. Govt.
Print. Off., 1953. 26 pp. 15 cents.
Designed as a guide for securing

facts about the community agencies

serving delinquent children.

Rice, Cart E. Determination of Per-
manent and Total Disability and
Provision of Necessary Services for
Persons Who May Have Mental
Disorders. (Public Assistance Re-
port No. 23.) Washington: Bu-
reau of Public Assistance, Apr. 1953.
20 pp. Processed.

Defines major mental disorders and
interprets the concepts of permanence
of impairment and total disability,
considers the role of public assistance
in rehabilitation, and outlines sug-
gested procedures for obtaining data
and evaluating applications. Limited
free distribution; apply to the Bu-
reau of Public Assistance, Social Se-
curity Administration, Washington 25,
D. C.

General

Cotm, GERHARD, and Younc, MARILYN.
The American Economy in 1960:
Economic Progress in a World of
Tension. (Planning Pamphlets No.
81.) Washington: National Plan-
ning Association, Dec. 1952. 166
pp. $2.

“Extension of Social
Seafarers in Chile.”

Insurance for
Industry and

Labour, Geneva, Vol. 9, Apr. 1,
1953, pp. 217-218. 25 cents.

InsE, LOUISE WOLTERS. Group Insur-
ance and Employee Retirement
Plans. New York: Prentice-Hall,
Inc., 1953. 438 pp. $7.50.
Includes chapters on the social and

economic background of group insur-
ance; statutory development and gov-
ernment regulations; characteristics;
cost; State and Federal sickness dis-
ability systems; group hospital, sur-
gical, and medical expense insur-
ance; group annuities; and evaluation
of the group insurance movement.

LAROQUE, PIERRE. “Tendencies of So-
cial Security Legislation in the
Countries Which Signed the Brus-
sels Pact.” Bulletin of the Inter-
national Social Security Associa-
tion, Geneva, Feb. 1953, pp. 3-25.
$2.50 a year.

NEw ENGLAND GOVERNORS’ COMMITTEE
ON THE TEXTILE InNDUsTRY. Sey-
mour E. Harris, Chairman. Report
on the New England Textile In-
dustry. Cambridge, Mass.: The
Committee, 1953. 317 pp. $2.

“Social Security for Non-Agricultural
Workers in Algeria.” Industry and
Labour, Geneva, Vol. 9, Apr. 1,
1953, pp. 213-217. 25 cents.

U.S. Concress. SENATE. COMMITTEE
ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS. Crea-
tion of Commissions to Study Fed-
eral Reorganizations, and Federal-
State Relations. Hearings... 83d
Congress, 1st Session. Washington:
U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1953. 89 pp.

Retirement and Old Age

“Cooperation of the
and

CaNnTorR, LEON R.
Jewish Community Center
(Continued on page 20)

Estimated Prevalence of Blindness
in the United States, July 1952

by Ratpxw G. Huruin *

Estimates on the prevalence of blindness are important tools
in evaluating the effectiveness of measures taken for the preven-
tion of blindness and in administering and planning programs
of assistance and service for the blind. The most recent esti-
mates of the number of blind persons in the individual States
and in the United States are presented in the following pages.

LINDNESS is a serious physical
handicap but one that varies in
degree of severity; much of it

could, with the knowledge now avail-
able, be prevented or deferred. In
practice the term “blindness” denotes
loss of sight ranging from total in-
ability to distinguish light from dark-
ness to only a visual defect preventing
the successful pursuit of the usual,
normal activities for which vision is
needed. Partly because of the vari-
ation in severity, reliable statistics on
the prevalence of blindness have long
been generally lacking.

Accurate statistics on the numbers
of blind persons, periodically com-
piled, are much needed, however, for
use in evaluating the results of meas-
ures taken to control blindness and
also in planning and administering
programs of both service and assist-
ance for the blind. Lack of such sta-
tistics prevents, for example, safe
conclusions as to whether, notwith-
standing great advances in medical
treatment relating to some of its most
important causes, the rate of preva-
lence of the handicap in this country
has been increasing or decreasing
during the recent past.

In the absence of dependable sta-
tistics resulting from enumerations of
blind persons, attempts have been
made to estimate the prevalence of
blindness. The figures presented in
table 1 bring forward to 1952 esti-
mates prepared earlier by the author,!
in which a common formula has
been used to obtain the probable
numbers of blind persons in each

* Secretary-Assistant Treasurer of the
Russell Sage Foundation.

1 Social Security Bulletin, March 1945,
pp. 17-18, and September 1950, pp. 9-10.

State and in the continental United
States. The table contains both the
rates of blindness found by applica-
tion of the formula and the numbers
of blind persons obtained by applying
the rates to the Bureau of the Census
estimates of population on July 1,
1952. It also contains for each State
and for the Nation the values of three
factors used in estimating the differ-
ences to be expected in the rates of
prevalence in different States.

Definition of Blindness

These statistics relate to the con-
cept of blindness now in general use
in this country—that is, “economic
blindness.” When title X (“Grants to
States for Aid to the Blind”) of the
Social Security Act became effective,
the Bureau of Public Assistance rec-
ommended to the States that they
adopt as a condition of eligibility this
concept and suggested a definition
based on one already in use.

A specific definition of economic
blindness had been adopted 2 years
earlier by the American Medical
Association, as a result of a request
from the Illinois Department of Wel-
fare for a definition of blindness in
scientific terms that might be made
statutory. The Association’s section
on ophthalmology recommended defi-
nitions of several grades of blindness,
which were formally adopted by the
Association. Total blindness was de-
fined as inability to perceive light, or
lack of light perception. Economic
blindness was defined first in general
terms, as absence of ability to-do any
kind of work, industrial or otherwise,
for which sight is essential, and then
specifically, as “visual acuity of less
than one-tenth,” which was explained

as meaning that “objects can be rec-
ognized only when brought within
one-tenth of the distance at which
they can be recognized with standard
vision. Such vision in the better eye
when corrected with the best possible
glass would be recorded as less than
0.1 or 6/60 or 20/200, or as an equally
disabling loss of the visual field.” 2

The States participating in the Fed-
eral-State program of aid to the blind
were not required to accept a uniform
definition of visual handicap as a con-
dition of eligibility for this form of
assistance. The Bureau of Public As-
sistance did recommend, however,
thet the definition adopted by each
State be expressed in terms of oph-
thalmic measurements, and it pro-
posed a definition adapted from that
of the American Medical Association
but more inclusive. The suggested
definition included, while the Associa-
tion’s definition omitted, the measure-
ment 20/200, or ability to see at 20
feet with proper correction what per-
sons with normal vision see at 200
feet. It also made specific the extent
of visual field defect that should be
regarded as constituting an equally
disabling loss.

Most of the States, in initiating
programs of aid to the blind under
the Social Security Act, accepted the
proposed definition either without any
change or with only verbal modifica-
tion that did not alter its effect. There
are, however, exceptions. Pennsyl-
vania’s definition limits eligibility for
assistance to persons with central
visual acuity of less than 20/200, but
it is one of several States that omit
from the definition any reference to a
defect of the field of vision. Missouri’s
definition limits eligibility to persons
with central visual acuity up to but
not including 5/200 and certain per-
sons with a defect of the visual field.

The omission of reference to defi-
ciency in the field of vision, though

2American Medical Association, Pro-

ceedings of the House of Delegates, June
11-15, 1934, p. 60.

Social Security

3N
tion,
Bline

Bull

a, Oe,

ee ee ee ee, ee, ee ee ee ee eee,

Chart 1.— Estimated rates of prevalence of blindness in the United States:

oS

oo.

©

Sectional differences, July 1, 1952

significant, is not likely to make a
large difference in the number of per-
sons covered by the definition. On
the other hand, the inclusion or ex-
clusion of the measurement 20/200
can be expected to make a substantial
difference in the number of persons
who should be counted as blind in any
attempt to enumerate such persons.
Thus, to cite one example, in Mas-
sachusetts 15 percent of the 306 per-
sons accepted for aid to the blind
during the fiscal year 1951-52 had

central visual acuity recorded as
exactly 20/200.
It must be recognized, however,

that no attempt to count blind per-
sons can be expected to enumerate
Successfully all those persons whose
deficient vision would, if tested, be
recorded at the upper limit of the

3 Massachusetts Department of Educa-
tion, Annual Report of the Division of the
Blind, Year Ended June 30, 1952, p. 23.

Bulletin, July 1953

definition. Many persons who have
such marginal defect do not regard
themselves as blind and therefore do
not come to the attention of the
enumerator, or case finder, in any
practicable procedure of enumeration
or registration of blind persons. Thus
the reservation should be made that
the present estimates are presumed to
represent persons who are blind with-
in the definition of economic blind-
ness and who recognize an effective
handicap, or those who are effectively
visually handicapped to this extent.

Method of Estimation

Two basic assumptions were made
in arriving at the estimated rates of
prevalence of blindness for the States
—that the rates will vary from State
to State, and that the rate for each
State will be determined chiefly by
the composition of its population with
respect to age and race and by the

State’s public health standards. The
first step in the procedure was, there-
fore, to estimate relative differences
in rates of prevalence. Numerical
values chosen to represent the three
factors—age of population, nonwhite
component of population, and health
standards—were combined. The per-
centages for the first two factors are
satisfactory measurements for the
purpose and were readily available in
reports on the recent (1950) popula-
tion census.

No similarly convenient measure is
available to express the relative suc-
cess of public health efforts. In the
absence of such a figure, the infant
death rate has been taken as the best
available index of the standard of
public health maintenance as it affects
all portions of the population in each
of the States. Averages of the infant
death rates for the 5 years 1941-45
have been used, rather than more re-

cent figures, to reflect conditions ex-
isting when more of the present blind
persons were becoming blind. The
average rates for these years, for the
States and for their urban, rural, and
semirural areas, were compared in a
report of a Committee for the Study
of Child Health Services of the Amer-
ican Academy of Pediatrics in 1949.4
A similar comparison made by the
Children’s Bureau for the years 1944—
48 shows rates that are lower than
those used here but that are in closely
similar proportion.5

There can be no doubt that the pro-
portion of older persons in the pop-
ulation is now one of the principal
factors determining the number of
blind persons. Many diseases that
cause blindness—including the two
now most frequent causes, cataract
and glaucoma—occur chiefly in the
later years of life. While increasing
longevity has increased the relative
importance of eye diseases associated
with age, medical science has been
reducing spectacularly the incidence
of blindness from infectious diseases,
which probably once accounted in
this country—as it still does in some
parts of the world—for the greater
part of blindness.

All attempts to enumerate blind
persons in sections of the country in
which there is considerable nonwhite
population have shown much higher
prevalence rates for nonwhite than
for white persons. This relationship
was found in the canvass of more than
700,000 urban families in sample areas
of 18 States made by the National
Health Survey in 1935-36. In that
study the persons enumerated as blind
were probably either totally without
sight or had light perception only.
The rates for nonwhite persons were
found to be from two to three times
as high as those for white persons,
with differences greater in southern
than in northern cities. Higher rates
for the nonwhite population were also

#Commonwealth Fund, Child Heaith
Services and Pediatric Education, New
York, 1949.

5Infant and Maternal Mortality in
Metropolitan and Outlying Counties,
1944-48 (Children’s Bureau Statistical
Series, No. 12), 1952.

®Rollo H. Britten, “Blindness as Re-
corded in the National Health Survey ...,”
Public Health Reports, Vol. 56. No. 46,
1941, p. 17.

Table 1.—Estimated rates of blindness in continental United States as of
July 1, 1952, by State

Blind persons Factors underlying estimates
Region and State Estimated | Percent of population, 1950 -
rate | Estimated — a
per 1,000 | number? ».
population ! west ya | Nonwhite ? 1041-45
Co 1.98 308, 419 8.2 | 10.3 | 440.9
New England:
eg Ee (ES 2.11 1, 865 | 10.2 | 3 48.3
New Hampshire. ............... 1.87 1,006 | 10.9 | 2 39.0
er RRR 1.86 692 | 10.5 | 2 30.8
Massachusetts... __. 1.64 7, 364 | 9.6 | 1.4 33»
Rhode Island... ........... 1.71 | 1, 397 | 8.9 | 1.9 36.4
EEHEnsratecoseneses 1.52 | 3, 197 | 8.8 | 2.7 30.0
Middle Atlantic | |
EE te ise shcaconcass- 1.68 | 25, 501 8.7 6.3 32.4
New Jersey-........... 1.67 | 8, 522 8.4 6.7 33.2
Ess RTE | 1.87 19, 47 | 8.6 | 6.2 38.9
East North Central: |
OS Ai 1.90 | 15, 531 | 9.5 5.9 38.4
DE sadsetsdisoncnercccsesis 1.81 | 7, 428 9.2 4.5 37.3
ENS CCM ilg cn consowstawest 1.71 | 15, 250 3.6 7.2 32.9
DOS «Cts os cipatencene 1.76 | 11, 806 7.1 7.1 37.6
i ee a ae 1.59 | 5, 627 | 9.0 1.2 33.0
West North Central
DAiAOWOA. 4). ---...=..-.... 1.54 4,652 | 9.0) 1.0 314
Se eee 1.68 4, 444 | 10.4 | 8 33.5
LIN INTE LTI AN 2.08 8, 436 | 10.8 | 8.0 40.1
North Dakota.................. 1.58 | 248 7.3 18 47
South Dakota_................__ 1.72 1, 142 8.5 3.7 36.2
Nebraska.........._........... 1.65 | 2 262 9.3 | 1.8 33.0
EN OE | 1.78 3, 564 10.2 | 4.0 34.5
South Atlantic:
Manian ihe rut cinadirwdadace ! 2.22 750 | 8.3 13.9 af
a a | 2.16 5, 456 7.0 16.6 4
District of Columbia_._......._. 2.81 2 he | 7.1 35.4 49.5
te Ems 2.51 8, 780 6.5 22.2 51.5
West Virginia............._..__. 2.22 4, 331 6.9 5.7 54.1
North Carolina......-- 2.47 | 10, 318 5 26.6 48.6
South Carolina... ............. 3.07 | 6, 539 4 38.9 58.5
Cn cncsncadtinssbtiscntietio 2.61 | 9,174 6.4 30.9 48.0
Florida............ PRA 2.49 7, 719 3.6 21.8 47.0
East South Central: |
REE. 2S“. 2.20 | 6, 415 8.0 ) 50.2
TD ccrentancodiitianiions 2.28 | 7, 426 7.1 16.1 47.5
Te Aa 2.66 8, 116 6.6 32 48.6
SR” AR 2.96 6, 432 7.0 4 46.8
West South Central: 7
ES ES es | 2.17 4, 071 8 22.4 37.7
ae | 2.67 7, 519 | 6.6 | 33.1 47.8
A A A RS | 2.06 4, 666 8.7 9.0 42.4
PELE LT ESS 2.29 18, 753 6.8 11.5 52.0
Mountain: }
OS a a 1.71 1,011 8.6 36.2
Idaho. _____ 1. 54 | 936 7.4 1 44.6
tint t.. cmmscdasobieha<s } 1.71 | 527 | 6.3 2.2 41,3
ba cll yr teller enna 2.13 | 3, 048 | ; 2.1 50.4
New Mexico. ................... | 3.42 | 2, 480 | 4.9 7.8 95.3
SEE eae 3.02 | 2, 504 | 5.9 12.7 76.5
AAD... Jut¥sbddncadéddbostsscn 1.40 | 1, 032 | 6.2 1.7 31.9
ie San cinta | 2.11 | 330 6.9 6.4 50.0
Pacific:
Washington = 1.65 | 4, 071 8.9 2.6 34.2
RE TE 1.49 | 2, 375 8.7 1.6 0.0
aS Te ETERS OPT 1.70 19, 363 82 6.0 MA
|

! See text for method of estimation.

2 Obtained by applying estimated rates to popu-
lation estimates as of July 1, 1952, of the Bureau of
the Census (Current Population Reports, Series P-25,
No. 70). estimated numbers of blind persons
are shown unrounded as computed but are not as-
sumed to be significant to that extent.

found in attempts made before 1940
to enumerate the blind in the decen-
nial population censuses, and the
same result has been obtained re-
peatedly in local surveys. There is no
evidence, however, that the racial
factor represents a true biological in-
fluence. Instead, the influence of race
is probably a reflection of less educa-
tion and much lower economic stand-

* Bureau of the Census, 1960 Census of Population,
Preliminary Reports, Series PC-6, Nos. 1-10; PC-12,
Nos. 1-39.

4 Average of the State rates weighted by the State
populations.

ards of the Negro and Indian than of
the white portions of the population,
which in turn have affected their
ability to withstand disease.

Values representing the three fac-
tors were converted to percentages of
the respective values for the United
States and then combined, weights
being assigned to the relative figures
to give the variation of each of the

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factors its assumed appropriate in-
fluence in determining differences in
the rates. The age percentages were
multiplied by four; the race percent-
ages by two; and those for the general
health factor by 10. From the series
of aggregate weighted relatives so
obtained, the prevalence rates were
calculated by relating the series of
aggregate numbers to the rate of
blindness for one State. The series of
estimated prevalence rates is, in fact,
anchored on a rate for North Carolina
computed from an actual count of
blind persons in that State, made by
the State Commission for the Blind
as of the end of June 1952.

Regional Differences

As expected, the estimated rates
differ rather widely. The lowest, 1.40
blind persons per thousand popula-
tion, is that for Utah, which has one
of the lowest proportions of older
persons in its population, very little
nonwhite population, and one of the
lowest infant death rates. Oregon has
the next lowest estimated rate. It has,
with Connecticut, the lowest of the
infant death rates, but the proportion
of older persons is a little higher than
the average for the Nation. At the
other extreme is New Mexico with a
calculated rate of 3.42 per thousand,
explained by its exceptionally high
infant death rate, even though its
proportion of older persons is lower
than that for any other State and its
recorded ratio of nonwhite population
lower than average. South Carolina
and Arizona follow New Mexico, with
rates higher than 3.0 blind persons
per thousand population. South Car-
olina has next to the highest propor-
tion of nonwhite population and one
of the higher infant death rates. The
exceptionally high infant death rates
for both Arizona and New Mexico
reflect in part the low health stand-
ards of the relatively large portion of
their population that is of Mexican-
Indian parentage. This group is not
represented by the percentages for
nonwhite persons in the population.

The estimated rates reveal a
marked geographic relationship, as is
illustrated in the accompanying map.
With Arizona and New Mexico, all the
Gulf and Atlantic seaboard States
from Louisiana to Virginia and the
District of Columbia have rates higher

Bulletin, July 1953

Table 2.—Prevalence of blindness. in
North Carelina, June 30, 1952

Number Rate
Classification | of blind per 1,000
persons' | population?
|
| 10, 318 2.47
Sex:
Male. aia 5, 535 | 2.67
Female 4, 783 2.27
ace:
_ | 6, 248 2.04
Nonwhite - - - - 4, 070 3.67
Present age: }
Under 6......-- 130 .22
Piinchesnedee | 485 .65
BBO... cnntpantes | 871 1,17
ene wiped 1, 818 1.50
45-04. ...........] 2, 354 3.66
65 and over... 4, 492 19.53
Unknown. --.-.--} | ae

1 Biennial Report of the North Carolina State Com-
mission for the Blind, July 1, 1950 through June 80,
1962, p. 55.

? Population of the State estimated by the Bureau
of the Census as of July 1, 1952, has been used; its
distribution is assumed to be in the same proportions
as on April 1, 1950. (1960 Census of Population, Pre-
liminary Reports, Series PC-12, No. 25.)

than 2.4 per thousand. For most of
the States comprising a zone just
north of the group with the highest
rates, and for Texas, Oklahoma, and
Missouri, the estimated rates are be-
tween 2.0 and 2.3 per thousand.
Maine also falls in this category, hav-
ing both a high infant death rate and
a high proportion of older persons.
For all the other States the rates are
less than 2.0 per thousand population.

North Carolina Census of Blind
Persons

As already stated, for North Car-
olina the rate of blindness given in
table 1 is based on an actual count of
blind persons. The quality of this
figure deserves discussion.

The North Carolina Commission for
the Blind administers an exception-
ally comprehensive program of serv-
ices for blind persons. It includes
Federal-State aid to the blind, home
teaching and social services, rehabili-
tation service, employment service,
sheltered workshop and home indus-
tries, and medical care designed to
prevent blindness and to conserve and
restore vision among persons unable
to purchase such service for them-
selves. These services are provided to
persons throughout the State. The
program has a sizable staff; the social
service division, for example, has a
field staff of six supervisors and 30
caseworkers.

The legislation that established the

Commission for the Blind in 1935 con-
tained a provision making mandatory
the maintenance of a complete regis-
ter of blind persons in the State and
the compilation of appropriate infor-
mation concerning them. The register
was begun in the Commission’s early
years with the assistance of a WPA
project. In recent years the register
has approached completeness, and the
Commission staff believes that it now
represents a reasonably accurate
enumeration of persons in the State
who are blind within the State’s defi-
nition of blindness, which includes
central visual acuity of 20/200 or less
in the better eye, with correction, or
other equally disabling visual loss.

The register of the blind is kept
current, with additions and subtrac-
tions based on reports from members
of the field staff, from eye clinics
operated by the Commission and by
others, and from individual physi-
cians complying with a State law that
requires the reporting of blindness of
patients. Information widely distri-
buted through the State concerning
the facilities of the Commission for
eye examination and treatment and
other services for persons with defec-
tive vision also helps to keep the regis-
ter up to date. Preceding the end of
each biennium a thorough validation
of the register is made. This valida-
tion at the end of June 1952 resulted
in a count of 10,318 blind persons and
a rate of 2.47 per thousand of esti-
mated population.

The count obtained from this veri-
fied register is designated a census of
the blind in the Commission’s report.
The 1952 report contains a tabulation
recording, among other data, the sex,
race, and present age classification of
the blind persons in four regions and
in each county of the State.7 From
the statistics in this report, the prev-
alence rates by sex, race, and age
shown in table 2 have been computed,
using the Bureau of the Census pop-
ulation figures for the State for July
1, 1952, and the distribution of the
population as found in the 1950 Cen-
sus. These rates show relationships
for the respective classifications that
tend strongly to confirm the Commis-

(Continued on page 24)

7 Biennial Report of the North Carolina
State Commission for the Blind, July 1,
1950, through June 30, 1952, p. 55.

il

Concurrent Receipt of Old-Age and Survivors
Insurance and Public Assistance

Because some beneficiaries of old-age and survivors insurance
have low monthly benefits or unusual need, or both, they require

public assistance in addition to their insurance benefits.

Since

1948, periodic reports have been obtained to measure the extent
to which aged persons and families with dependent children are

receiving payments under the two programs.

The article that

follows is based on these reports.

HE expansion of the old-age
and survivors insurance pro-
gram has contributed to a
gradual reduction in the size of the
assistance caseloads. Usually aged
persons with relatively high insurance
benefits or with other retirement in-
come or assets do not find it neces-
sary to request assistance. Among the
beneficiaries, however, are many with
low benefits and few other resources
who require assistance to supplement
their incomes. Even individuals with
relatively high insurance benefits may
need assistance if they require costly
types of medical care or have other
unusual expenses. Some aged benefi-
ciaries may need assistance from the
time they retire and first receive bene-
fits. Others may require help only
when their savings or other assets
have been used up.

A recent study of aged beneficiaries
made by the Bureau of Old-Age and
Survivors Insurance showed that sav-
ings were drawn upon rather gen-
erally to meet usual living expenses
and disappeared at a rapid rate dur-
ing periods of serious or prolonged
illness. Crises of this nature may for
the first time bring some beneficiaries
to the assistance agency. Some fam-
ilies with children receiving survivor
benefits also need assistance to sup-
plement their benefits, and some
recipients under other assistance pro-
grams may also get insurance benefits.

Because of the complementary
nature of old-age and survivors in-
surance and public assistance as
income-maintenance programs for a

* Division of Program Statistics and
Analysis, Bureau of Public Assistance.

12

substantial proportion of the popula-
tion, periodic reports have been ob-
tained since 1948 to measure the
extent to which individuals receiving
old-age assistance and families with
dependent children are benefiting
under both programs. Data are now
available for selected months in 1948
and for the years 1950-52.

Aged persons receiving old-age and
survivors insurance benefits and old-
age assistance.—The number of aged
persons receiving benefits under the
insurance program has increased
markedly since September 1950, and
by February 1953 these beneficiaries
represented more than 30 percent of
the population aged 65 and over. Less
than 20 percent of the aged popula-
tion received assistance in February.
Although old-age assistance caseloads
have been declining, the proportion
of the aged recipients who also receive
benefits under the old-age and sur-
vivors insurance program has gradu-
ally risen. This increase was expected
since, with the insurance program’s
expansion, relatively more benefi-

by Rura Wuirte *

ciaries are found in the group poten-
tially eligible for old-age assistance,

Following the effective date of the
1950 amendments to the Social Se-
curity Act there was a sharp rise in
the number of recipients of old-age
assistance who also got insurance
benefits. Many of the newly eligible
beneficiaries under the insurance pro-
gram received minimum benefits. For
a retired worker this minimum was
$20 (raised to $25 by the 1952 amend-
ments). Minimum benefits to aged
wives or widows of insured persons are
lower. Because, on the average, the
benefits paid to the newly eligible
beneficiaries were low, many of the
recipients of old-age assistance who
received benefits for the first time
continued to need assistance. Aged
applicants for assistance after Sep-
tember 1950 also included persons
getting insurance benefits that were
frequently at or not much above the
minimums. As a result, the number
of aged persons receiving both types
of payments increased by 100,000
from September 1950 to August 1951
(table 1).

The rate of increase in the number
of aged persons getting both assist-
ance payments and insurance benefits
slowed down after the initial effects
of the 1950 amendments had been felt.
From August 1951 to February 1952
the numbers increased by 29,500, and
during the 12 months ended February

Table 1.—Aged persons and families with children receiving both OASI benefits

and assistance payments, 1948-53

| Aged persons receiving both OASI | Familes with children receiving both
and OAA OASI and ADC
} Percent of Percent of
Month and year - =
lw ; OASI
| Number Aged | Number “Ani
| OASI OAA benairty! ADO
| ne- recipients am =| families
ficiaries with
| children
— amem tess ° id
as: | 146, 000 10.0 | 6.1 | 21, 600 6.7 4.8
September 1950_................ 276, 200 12.6 | 9.8 | 32. 300 8.3 49
August 1951 376, 500 | 11.9 | 13.8 30, 700 6.7 5.0
February 1952... ...... | 406, 000 | 12.0 | 15.1 30, 000 | 6.1 | 5.0
ET lo cheneuinandeions 426, 500 10.7 | 16.3 | 30, 600 5.7 5.3
| |
Social Security

ient:
9.8 p
by /

incr
peri
1953
of tl
both
unde

relat
ceivi
prop

bene
Neve
Stat
tion
popu
of ol
insu)
smal
ceivi
eligil
limit
payn

acco
Sout
cent

fits

Stat
rece’
belo
1,00(
the |
from
thes

Bull.

ble

1953 there was a net increase of only
90,500. The increase during the last
period amounted to 5 percent; during
the same period the number of aged
peneficiaries under the insurance pro-
gram rose 18 percent. By February
1953, aged persons receiving both
types of payments represented 10.7
percent of all aged beneficiaries under
the insurance program compared
with approximately 12 percent in
September 1950, August 1951, and
February 1952.

The increase in the number of re-
cipients of old-age assistance who also
have insurance benefits has occurred
during a period when old-age assist-
ance caseloads were declining. As a
result the proportion of aged recip-
ients with insurance benefits has
gradually risen. In September 1950,
9.8 percent of the aged persons receiv-
ing assistance also received benefits;
by August 1951 this proportion had
risen to 13.8 percent. The rate of
increase in the last two reporting
periods has been slower. By February
1953, somewhat more than 16 percent
of the assistance recipients received
both assistance payments and benefits
under the insurance program.

Differences among the States in
relative number of aged persons re-
ceiving both types of payments.—The
proportion of recipients of old-age
assistance who also receive insurance
benefits ranged from 35 percent in
Nevada to 3 percent in Mississippi. In
States with a relatively small propor-
tion of beneficiaries among the aged
population, the number of recipients
of old-age assistance who also receive
insurance benefits is bound to be
small. In addition, aged persons re-
ceiving benefits are less likely to be
eligible for assistance in States where
limited funds result in low assistance
payments.

This combination of circumstances
accounts for the fact that in 10 of the
Southern States fewer than 10 per-
cent of the recipients of old-age
assistance also receive insurance ben-
fits (table 2). In nine of these 10
States, the number of aged persons
receiving insurance benefits was well
below the national rate of 302 per
1,000 aged persons in the population;
the rates in the nine States ranged
from 131 to 240 per 1,000 aged. In
these States, average assistance pay-

Bulletin, July 1953

Table 2.—Number of aged OASI bene-
ficiaries per 1,000 population aged
65 and over and cent of OAA
cases receiving OASI benefits, Feb-
ruary 1953

Percent of OAA cases receiving '

OASI OASI benefits

beneficiaries per
ged es and. |
a ‘288
over, by State | then 10 10-14 15-19) 0-24] Zoe

ments ranged from $26.19 to $36.72—
considerably less than the February
average of $48.79 for the country as
a whole.

Data for States with relatively more
aged beneficiaries of old-age and sur-
vivors insurance showed much higher
proportions of beneficiaries among
recipients of old-age assistance. In
15 of the 24 States with 300 or more
aged beneficiaries per 1,000 aged per-
sons, such beneficiaries comprised at
least one-fifth of the assistance case-
loads, with the proportions ranging

,
from 20 to 35 percent. In all but four
of the 15 States, the average assist-
ance payments exceeded the national
average. The States where at least
one-fifth of the recipients of old-age
assistance also received benefits in-
cluded industrial States in the north-
eastern part of the country and in the
Far West.

In 14 States, aged persons receiving
benefits comprised from 15 percent to
less than 20 percent of the assistance
caseloads. All but two of these States
had beneficiary rates ranging from
205 through 336 per 1,000 aged per-
sons. Included in this group are a
number of Midwestern States with
considerable industrial development
and scattered States in other parts of
the country.

West Virginia, Colorado, and Wyo-
ming represent departures from the
general pattern. In West Virginia the
beneficiary rate exceeds the national
rate, but persons receiving benefits
make up only 6.5 percent of the old-
age assistance caseload. Because of
limited funds for assistance, help can
be extended to only the neediest older
persons in West Virginia. In Colo-
rado and Wyoming, on the other
hand, more than one-fifth of the
recipients of old-age assistance also
receive benefits despite the fact that
the relative number of beneficiaries
among the aged in these States is
below the national average. In both
States, assistance standards and pay-
ments are high.

The percent of aged beneficiaries
getting old-age assistance also varied
widely among the States. In 22 States
less than 10 percent of the persons
getting benefits received assistance,
and in four additional States the per-
centages fell below the national aver-
age of 10.7 percent (table 3). As
would be expected, the proportions of
beneficiaries getting assistance were
low in all States with relatively low
recipient rates for old-age assistance
and, with a few exceptions, were
relatively high in States providing
old-age assistance to a larger propor-
tion of the aged population. For the
country as a whole in February 1953,
there were 198 recipients of old-age
assistance per 1,000 persons aged 65
and over. In eight States with recip-
ient rates for old-age assistance of
below 100, less than 6 percent of the

13

aged persons with benefits also re-
ceived old-age assistance. In these
States, therefore, relatively few aged
persons in either the beneficiary or
nonbeneficiary group were on the as-
sistance rolls. Among States in which
more than 100 but less than 150 per
1,000 aged persons received old-age
assistance, from 3.8 percent to 10.6
percent of the aged beneficiaries also
received assistance.

In most of the States in which the
recipient rates for old-age assistance
approached the national rate, 10-19
percent of the beneficiaries also re-
ceived assistance. A mixed picture is
presented by the 23 States in which
the proportion of the aged population
getting assistance exceeded the na-
tional rate. Included in this group
are six Southern States in which less
than 10 percent of the beneficiaries
of insurance received old-age assist-
ance. At the other end of the scale
are nine States that provided assist-
ance to more than one-fifth of the
aged beneficiaries, including two
States where more than one-third of
the persons with benefits received
assistance.

Families with children receiving in-
surance benefits and assistance.—In
February 1953, there were 956,000
children in families receiving survivor
benefits under the insurance program,
or 1.9 percent of all children in the
general population. Families receiv-
ing aid to dependent children in-
cluded 1.5 million children or 3.0
percent of the child population.

A relatively small proportion of the
families receiving aid to dependent
children are potentially eligible for
benefits under the insurance program.
The death of the father is the reason
for dependency for about one-fifth of
the families getting aid to dependent
children, and some of these families
are receiving survivor benefits based
on the wage record of the father. A
few additional families may include a
person getting benefits—for example,
an aged retired father. The other
families receiving aid to dependent
children—about four-fifths of the
total—do not include any persons
eligible for old-age and survivors in-
surance benefits.

Because few of the assistance fami-
lies are potentially eligible for in-
surance benefits, the expansion of the

14

insurance program does not tend to
reduce the size of the caseload for
aid to dependent children to the ex-
tent that it reduces that for old-age
assistance. The proportion of all
families receiving aid to dependent
children with both types of payments
has been and will continue to be
smaller than the proportion of old-
age assistance recipients getting both
benefits and assistance.

In September 1950, 32,300 families
or somewhat less than 5 percent of
the families receiving aid to depend-

Table 3.—Number of OAA recipients
per 1,000 population aged 65 and
over and percent of aged OASI bene-
—— receiving OAA, February
195

i.e as
| Percent of aged OASI bene-
OAA recipients | ficiaries receiving OAA
per 1,000 popula-|____
tion aged 65 and |
over, by State Less
| than 10

30 or

Wh
- more
|

10-19

|
|
}
| =

Less than 100: |

=
‘
“hoe th Www

NO@MWMoawwe

&
23)
e-
w

>
eeroe

co

“+

£

fo]

®

‘
ow

ent children were also getting olg.
age and survivors insurance benefits
these families represented 8.3 percey
of all families with children receiy.
ing benefits under the insurance pr.
gram (table 1). In February 1953
the 30,600 families receiving bot)
types of payments represented 53
percent of all families getting aid t
dependent children.

Beneficiary families receiving aig
to dependent children generally haj
more children than other beneficiary
families. The families getting assist.
ance under that program in Februar
included 5.7 percent of the beneficiary
families with children but almost §
percent of the children in the familig
receiving insurance benefits (table 4),
Under the insurance program, bene.
fits to families with children canno
exceed 89 percent of the averag
monthly wage on which the payment
is based. Those families receiving
benefits based on earnings of a worker
who had received a low average wage
would be likely to need assistance,
and the need of the family woul
tend to increase in proportion to the
number of child survivors.

State data showing the extent of
concurrent receipt of payments under
the two programs are presented in
table 4. As in old-age assistance the
variations among the States reflect
the extent of insurance coverage, dif-
ferences in numbers of needy families,
and differences in assista:ice policies.

Beneficiaries receivins: other types
of assistance.—Information for as-
sistance programs other than those of
old-age assistance and aid to depend-
ent children have not been obtained
recently. A report for September 1950
for aid to the blind showed 1,300
blind persons receiving both types of
payments. A special study of recip-
ients of aid to the permanently and
totally disabled made by 30 States in
1951 indicated that there were fewer
than 400 insurance beneficiaries
among 93,000 assistance cases.

There are likely to be few benefi-
ciaries of old-age and survivors in-
surance receiving general assistance,
since needy individuals or families
among the persons receiving benefits
would usually be eligible for and re-
ceive aid under the Federal-State as-
sistance programs. Some beneficiaries
who need help in paying medical bills

Social Security

2

AW

Fe 2.883888

Ssist-

le 4),
rene-
nnot

ment
iving
orker
wage
ance,

) the
it of

d in
| the
flect
dif.
ilies,
cies.
ypes

é of
nd-
ined
1950

s of
cip-

may have such expenses met from
general assistance funds in States in
which this is the customary procedure
for meeting such costs.

Effect of the insurance program on
assistance costs.—The insurance pro-
gram, by providing income to large
numbers of aged persons, has reduced
assistance caseloads and costs. In
February 1953, more than 24 percent
of the aged who did not have insur-
ance benefits received old-age assist-
ance; less than 11 percent of the in-
surance beneficiaries were on the as-
sistance rolls—an indication that a
substantially larger number of the
peneficiaries would have needed as-
sistance if they had not received
penefits. Although some beneficiaries
need assistance, average payments to
aged individuals getting both types
of payments are lower than payments
to recipients without benefits; the
charge to assistance funds is thus
further reduced.

The average old-age assistance
payment for recipients not getting in-
surance benefits was $51.55 in Febru-
ary; the average amount of assist-
ance for recipients getting both in-
surance benefits and assistance pay-
ment was $38.73. Total assistance
payments of $16.5 million to aged
persons who also received insurance
benefits in February 1953 represented
13.0 percent of total money payments
to all recipients of old-age assistance.

The average insurance benefit re-
ceived by aged persons getting both
assistance and benefits was $33.92 in
February 1953. This amount was
only about three-fourths of the aver-
age benefit of $44.14 for all aged
beneficiaries of old-age and sur-
vivors insurance.

Savings have also been effected in
the program for aid to dependent
children. As an increasing number
of orphans have received benefits
under the old-age and survivors in-
surance program, fewer families with
children dependent because of the
death of a father are receiving aid
to dependent children and relatively
less assistance goes to families re-
ceiving insurance benefits than to
other families.

In February, the average assistance

Bulletin, July 1953

Table 4.—Concurrent receipt of OASI benefits and assistance payments by
f OAA and ADC cases, February 1953 \f

| Persons receiving OAA and Cases receiving ADO and
OASI as percent of— OASI— .
State Families as | Children
| OAA OASI percent of tof,
recipients | beneficiaries ADC OAS! child
| families _ | beneficiaries 1
5 Sf 1 } |
Total 2...s eT eS 16.3 10.7 | 5.3 a9
Alabama 4.4 6.6 3.7 8.0
aga aa PG RR i ea: 26. 1 25, 6 6.7 16.6
Arigona............ 19. 6 18.9 5.9 10.6
Arkansas 5.5 10.6 3.5 11.5
California 20. 5 23.3 5.3 11.2
Colorado 23.7 | 35.1 6.2 10.9
a eae ebebktennhbianetiastedunaaiel | 28.8 | 5.8 9.8 9.6
Jelaware , odbc adacbb bh ithbsdddecawaddek. | 12.7 | 2.3 6.1 6.0
A FS Se | RRERRIO RES SE 18.3 | 3.3 3.5 5.9
2, SR ee api! Nac y Spt es9e) bse ete pee Bk 17.8 | 12.3 7.2 17.7
a ea a 7.3 16, 2 7.0 9.3
Mego. sic aieuste. 0. LAR GL 14.3 3.8 23 6.3
ll inicindgntiennncitanhadishbnicaelaeniaeiae 19.7 15.1 | 7.8 10.6
SITE ssncscansinmnendubiitisvansanediaaimanal 16.7 | 6.9 | 5.0 | 6.6
Indiana........ snsebuiindbhsanienbeianibeatieia 16.7 | 5.8 | 10.1 | 8.8
en led ae 15.9 | 12.5 9.5 | 123
Kansas bit iéandadhaplosdndecesacdesetbugenmes 15.0 | 13.2 6.1 | 6.8
8 FE ee ee EE eee 8.0 | 8.3 6.1 14.2
Louisians. SOE PEI I He | ~s 46.3 2.8 | 8.7
Maine. . sschaniajasngiaeela citadel duane enetaabamadaaeiainatatiaaamaaal | A. 2 | 8.8 12.2 13.6
SARIN GID | <cnrarecnes- <nnpoddnneocnemabaehe 12.5 | 25 | 2.8 | 3.5
EEE. nn daadennccmampabieaiinnuahdedanil 31.3 | 15. 4 | 10.6 | 1.9
0 EE IE ETERS I 22.0 | 10.8 | 9.5 | 13.1
Pi wbecsnncnacdasecsecosnappanphassnneneni 15.9 | 12.0 8.5 | 11.5
Mississippi. -“-°-2-2020 2-22 3 | 38 3.2 | A:
ln icudcunedbenoabtaoonesethenhnniiinnatad’ ‘ .7
IN CCU ct cnnatdnnsndaeddodahaaabesnbeda 17.8 | 14.5 4.4 7.8
Nebraska............... PARIS REDE eT 14.1 | 10.6 | 5.4 | 73
DIE vcucumpintouniatwepxuataganmiepal | 34.9 | 28. B lenerenacecdtnalngastinetiginse
SO SIEIND.. |. .<.nnnd cnmbvainiensenaaiunkbeailn 21.4 | 6.5 | 11.7 | 10.0
DSU NIIIT x.:a0.0k-sensaasopanennenesbeavantl 21.5 | 2.8 | 10.0 | 6.1
ea eee F 7.4 | 11.7 4.1 14.0
| |
CS IEMA SYD 21.9 | 4.8 3.6 5.8
SOOIE SR, .ncarnccuasssneenesssaaedgell | 5.9 | 5.9 | 4.3 7.6
North PEE nc a emanetewdounneensemmnseabedane | 9.4 | 12.7 | 6.9 15.1
3 Re Se ee ae ee ae Xe | 17.5 7.7 | 10.8 8.1
et 12.6 31.1 3.9 13.5
Oregon 5 oe eccnsmenencrncusssdanessntisscoseuel 26. 2 10.6 | 9.9 | 9.1
IIL ~<"— . -. . nonmueetnemeneeil | 15.3 | 2.9 | 3.8 4.3
OES DMN. ....-cccencnschauascsecessulaneaee 26.1 | 7.0 | 3.7 6.6
SU NE: 3; 5 « cnonnascucccnscescasustuiotin 4.5 8.1 4.4 6.4
See THROU... on vacnsccennenocsinnnenntsonle 11.0 15.1 | 5.3 16.5
Des J... «.« canmeighnaimindiniandee 6.7 8.1 | 5.4 12.9
Ee eee a 10.0 | 20. 1 } 5.6 5.9
Oe ny ot STE eS FESS LE, } 14.9 | 11.3 | 6.0 8.8
ver DRG cdi. oc ccccucseuscouucemmncsdbielesse 21.2 12.0 13.0 16.1
aE RAE SE | 5.5 My 4.5 4.8
ne a ane 26. 4 20.9 8.4 10.4
Wels Fee... ccccsacenesenancanssessasousings 6.5 | 3.6 2.6 8.1
MUIR: Jc... .<cdeancecdesucnenmineaniuaneaea 20.1 | 10.1 | 10.6 12.1
WN... ctcmndieiinbbndbnhhimiinedimaial | 22.2 | 18.5 8.1 8.5
I 1

' Data given in terms of children because OASI
data on beneficiary families are not available by
State.

payment to families not receiving in-
surance benefits was $87.70; for fami-
lies receiving insurance benefits and
assistance payments the average as-
sistance payment was $68.57. Total
assistance payments of $2.1 million to
families receiving both insurance
benefits and assistance accounted for
4.5 percent of total money payments
to families receiving aid to dependent
children.

2For OAA, 53 States, and for ADC, 52 States;
totals include Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, which
did not report any cases receiving both assistance
payments and insurance benefits.

The average insurance benefit re-
ceived in February by families getting
both aid to dependent children and
a benefit under the insurance pro-
gram was $60.14. In June 1952, the
last month for which data are avail-
able, the average benefit for a
widowed mother with two or more
children receiving survivor benefits
under the insurance program ex-
ceeded $90.

15

Notes and Brief Reports

Old-Age Insurance
Benefits, 1952

Benefits Awarded

During 1952, old-age benefits were
awarded to 531,000 persons, a decline
of 24 percent from the record high
established a year earlier. The 1952
figure was, however, almost equal to
the number of old-age benefits
awarded during 1940—44—the first 5
years that awards were made. The
benefits for about 58 percent of these
persons were “conversion table”’ bene-
fits; that is, they were based on earn-
ings after 1936 and computed under
the old benefit formula, and were in-
creased by use of the conversion table
set forth in the 1950 or the 1952
amendments to the Social Security
Act. The benefits for the remaining
42 percent of the persons were “new-
start formula” benefits—based on
earnings after 1950 and the new bene-
fit formula (table 2).

The benefit amounts for almost all
the 203,000 old-age benefits awarded
during 1952 under the provisions of
the 1950 amendments were deter-
mined by use of the conversion table
(table 1). Slightly more than half of
them were awarded to “1939 eligibles”
—persons who met the insured-status
requirements contained in the 1939
legislation. The remaining 92,000
benefits were awarded to “new eligi-
bles”—persons who qualified for old-
age benefits as a result of the liberal-
ized insured-status provisions in the
1950 amendments. Of the 328,000 old-
age benefits awarded in 1952 under
the 1952 amendments, about two-
thirds had the benefit amount com-
puted under the new-start formula.
Six quarters of coverage after 1950
are necessary for a worker to have
his benefit computed under the new-
start formula.

Almost one-third of all awards
were made to persons aged 65 in 1952,
and about 12 percent were made to
persons aged 75 or over. In instances
where the conversion table was used,
only 7 percent of the beneficiaries
were aged 75 or over; where the new-
start formula was used, about 18 per-
cent were in this age range. Many
older persons qualified for benefits

16

because of the extension of coverage
in the 1950 amendments; most of
these persons obtained the 6 quarters
of coverage needed for insured status
after 1950 and thus qualified for bene-
fits computed under the new-start
formula.

For all persons awarded old-age
benefits, regardless of the computa-
tion method, the average ages at time
of award were 68.6 for men, a de-
crease of six-tenths of a year from
the corresponding figure in 1951, and
68.2 for women, the same average age
as in 1951. For persons whose bene-

fits were computed by means of the
conversion table, the average ages
were 67.7 for men and 67.0 for women,
For those whose benefits were deter.
mined under the new-start formula,
however, the average ages were 69.8
for men and 70.0 for women. The
older average ages for this group re-
sulted partly from the relatively large
number of awards to persons aged 75
or over who had become insured as a
result of the coverage extension pro-
vided by the 1950 amendments. More-
over, experience has shown that the
proportion of awards at age 65 is
higher than at any other age. Doubt-
less a large number of the awards
went to persons who had been out of

Table 1.—Number and average monthly amount of old -age benefits awarded in
1952 under the 1950 and the 1952 amendments, by eligibility status of bene-
ficiary or computation method, and by age and sex of beneficiary

une partly on — ——

Total Male Female

Age ! i Se tor . oe ae

| Average Average Average

Number | monthly | Number monthly | Number monthly

| smount | amount amount

Under 1950 amendments
Total 2. 203, 107 $39. 65 148, 130 2. 81 54, 677 $31. 09
A eee ~ 153, 234 40. 27 108, 761 44. 09 “4, 47 3 30.93
70-74... 33, 852 38. 11 26, 367 39. 98 , 485 31.49
SSPE ae 13, 020 38.12 10, 759 39. 23 2) 261 32.%4
| ER ea 3, 001 32. 44 2, 543 32. 63 458 31.4
1939 eligibles.................. 109, 153 51. ry 88, 150 52. 92 21, 003 43. 8
emmanee me 78, 338 53. 07 2, 645. 55. 17 15, 693 44. 69
«|S Gate Re 18, 624 50. 38 is 222 52. 01 3, 402 43. 098
75-79... ibieieaiemabeninia 9, 508 42. 41 8, 001 43. 31 1, 07 37.6
| TTS Sa 2, 683 31. 03 2, 282 30. 90 1 31.79
TD 91, 825. 25. oa 58, 728 27.30 8, 097 23. 13
eusenneenetne 74, 095 26. 70 45, 530 28. 78 28, 565 23. 38
NRE a aaa 14, 761 22. 61 10, 863 22. 97 3, $98 21. 8
|, Se epepeeecese oem 2, 969 23. 06 2, 335 23. 56 634 21.20
Under 1952 amendments

- A ee 328, 099 $58. 11 233, 484 $63. 51 04, 615 $44. 77
0 SE 222, 051 58. 47 156, 555 64. 26 65, 496 4.6
ital tin aatecieitaninre endian 60, 102 58.19 42, 62 63. 45 17, 440 45. 32
\ _ * a ee eee eee 37, 513 57. 63 27. 978 61.79 9, 535 45. 42
Ss crib cndslidscamennnes 8, 433 49. 99 6, 289 52. 98 2, 144 41.0
New-start formula.-_.......... 223, 165 65. 92 163, 009 71. 57 60, 156 50. 59
Lee abdanon s 134, 270 | 69.15 99, 049 74.77 "35, 221 53. 35
70-74... babdsbecemer on 48, 228 | 62. 97 33, 874 69. 49 14, 354 7.59
i RGR ET ws ESS. 33, 104 | 60. 29 24, 561 65. 10 8, 543 46. 44
GRARE GTi < cccnseséccassencss 7, 563 51. 93 5, 525 55. 80 2, 038 4.4
Conversion table o 104, 934 41.49 70, 475 44. 86 34, 450 34. 61
Oe ER IE EE 87, 781 42.14 57, 506 46. 15 30, 275 34. 52
Th 6iinntetednastdntiounsdtnee 11, 874 | 38.75 | 8, 788 40. 15 3, 086 “7
A A et ERT 4, 409 37. 65 3,417 | 37. 95 992 36. 61
SR Bis 4 cummccedecsscescos 870 33. 09 764 32. 60 106 36. 58

——EEEE

1 Age on birthday in 1952.

3 Includes 2,129 old-age benefits computed under
the new-start formula (average amount, $42.80); data
on new-start formula benefits by eligibility status not
av:

* Only y persons reaching their seventy-seventh
birthday during July-December 1952 can qualify as
new eligibles.

Social Security

SE SERSSSEBBEEEE

— &
FSBss

g

es

40

30

10

The

rge

in
e-

ce

BSR2ialszeselsiseessisa |

Srenmirise+e+eais!i Snni =] |

eo '

employment for some period imme-
diately preceding their sixty-fifth

Table 2.—Number and percentage distribution of old-age benefits awarded
in 1952, by computation method, and by age and sex of beneficiary

pirthday. Such individuals could [Based partly on 10-percent sample]
therefore not have acquired the 6 —_— |
quarters of coverage after 1950 neces- pom Total Male | Female
sary to have their benefits computed - . ge l
under the new-start formula, and the ; = | Number | Percent | Number | Percent | Number Percent
3

on. = — ~ apres nn CO et | 581, 206 100} 381, 914 100 | 149, 292 | 100
gro 5 | 875,285 71 | 265,316 | 69| 109,969 4
years. As a result the average age for = 70-74-22 22222220D7TTTTIIIIITI) “08, 05 18 | 69, 029 18 | 24, 925 17
persons awarded benefits computed 7579..--.-------------------- + oe .| 3a o| 2% H
under the new-start formula was New-start formula._........-.) 225, 204 | 100 | 164, 561 100 60, 733 100

Theaverageold-agebenefitawarded 9 9)-74----7-777777777zz72] “Boos oo| e168 | | | 1aba0 1
under the 1952 amendments was [570...---.-.------------------ a .| 2 - 2 oes “
$58.11, about $18.50 more than the See ae sot ae : | ——
average amount awarded under the Conversion table... .........- 305, 912 100 | = 217, 353 | 100 88, 559 100
1950 amendments (table 1). Only a = 9)-%-------------v-crcv7] A St is| “sera | ie | 10388 2
part of this increase is attributable taeaepn wesesescceceseensces Pin | .| a | ¢ 3, 4 ‘
to the higher benefits payable under a. ae val |

the 1952 legislation. The high average 1 Age on birthday in 1952.

Chart 1.—Percentage distribution of old-age benefits awarded in 1952 under the 1952, amendments, by computation

method and amount of benefit
[Based partly on 10-percent sample]

Percent

Percent

50

Number

Average
Monthly
Amount

ee Total

EXR9 New-Start Formula
(///, Conversion Table

323,099
223,165
104,934

$58,11
65,92
41,49

30

10 }—

$25.00 $25.10 $35.00
Even -34.90 -44,90
* For conversion-table benefits, the maximum is $77.10.

Bulletin, July 1953

$65.00
-74.90

A

%,

SS

CS

©
ee

Re

=

\/

525

oa

o,
o,

x)

S2

oS

OOOO
.
KK

$85.00
Even

$75.00
- 84, 90s

50

40

30

10

17

Table 3.—Number and percentage distribution of old-age benefits awarded in
1952 under the 1950 and the 1952 amendments, by eligibility status of bene-
ficiary or computation method, by amount of benefit and by sex of beneficiary

[Based partly on 10-percent sample}
Total Male Female
Amount of monthly benefit
Number | Percent | Number | Percent | Number Percent

| |

Under 1950 amendments

54, 677 | 100

Peles *., so6i5 2... | 208, 107 100 | 148, 430 | 100 |
A a | 60,008 | 30 34, 982 | | 25,112 | 46
20.10-90.90...... 2... t----e-| 17, 282 | 8| 10,638 7 | | 12
SPONSE cctinaibcccocrinncee | 20, 989 | 10| 13,984 | 9 | 7, 005 13
40.00-49.90.. 2... | 33, 687 17| 24, 696 17 | 8, 41 16
| 7 |. See 41, 425 | 20 | 35, 304 | 24 | 6, 031 | ll
GREP EB ED. 5. iii ceccccccedeseeee 29, 700 15| 28,736 | 19 O64 | 2
1939 eligibles...............-.. 109, 158 | 100| $8, 150 | 100 21, 003 | 100
a 5, 441 | 5 | 4, 096 | 5 | 1, 345 | 6
\ . | wireretssseesemm 3, 420 | 3) 1, 874 2 | 1, 546 7
| SY Winresessceesam 7, 339 7 | 3, 834 4 | 3, 505 | 17
TPs tid cccccocancceccee 24, 950 23 17, 088 19 | 7, 62 rf
80.00-60.90... 2... 39, 298 | 36 | 33,462 38 5, 836 28
0 4) aS a 28, 705 | 26 | 27, 796 | 32 | 909 | 4
New eligibles. ...............- 91, 825 100 | 58, 728 100! 33,097 | 100
ee a 54, 300 59 30, 800 | 52 23, 500 7
90.10-20.90... - 22.2.2... 13, 533 | 15 8, 577 | 15 | 4, 956 | 15
SIIIEL: < Seccdisdedasccctete 13, 377 | 15 9, 48 17 3, 429 | 10
SE nccbchdnmonspemgenel 8, 334 | 9 7, 351 13 1, 033 | 3
i cttneitiiedessessamnce 1, 584 | 2 1, 430 2 4} =|)
St nitcaccccssciecncss 647 1 622 1 25 ()
| — -
| Under 1952 amendments
——— : ——_———
| 328, 009 100! 233, 484 100 | 04, 615 100
$25 44, 738 14| 23, 547 | 10 23, 191 | 25
27, 340 | 5 12, 349 5 14, 991 16
23, 934 | 7 13, 580 | 6 10, 354 ll
26, 653 | 8 16, 432 | 7 10, 221 1]
61, 324 | 19 | 38, 843 17 | 22, 481 24
50, 693 | 15 41, 903 18 | 8, 790
42, 918 13; 40, 062 17 2, 856 3
48, 499 | 15| 46,768 20 1, 731 | 2
228, 165 | 100 163, 009 100} 60, 156 100
7, 882 | 4| 2,376 | 1} 5,508 | 9
16, 763 8 6, 201 | 4 | 10, 562 18
10, 739 | 5 4, 716 | 3 | 6, 023 | 10
10, 591 | 5 4, 887 | 3 | 5, 704 | 9
45, 971 | 21 26, 293 | 16| 19, 678 | 33
41, 020 | 18 32, 867 20 8, 153 | 4
41, 700 | 19 38, 901 | 4 2,799 | 5
499 | 2 46, 768 | 29 | 1, 731 | 3
104, 934 | 100| 70,475 | 100} 34, 459 | 100
38, 856 | 37 21, 171 30 17, 685 | 51
10, 577 | 10 6, 148 | 9 | 4, 429 13
13, 195 | 13 8, 864 13 | 4, 331 13
16, 062 15 11, 545 | 16 4, 517 13
15, 353 | 15 12, 550 18 | 2, 803 8
9, 673 | 9 | 9, 036 13 | 7 | 2
PRMD EEN Shcccccesensccosack 1, 218 | 1 1, 161 2) 57 | @)
} j |

|

1 Includes 2,129 old-age benefits computed under
the new-start formula (average amount, $42.80); data

was due chiefly to the large number
of awards to persons eligible for bene-
fits computed under the new-start
formula, who accounted for two-
thirds of the awards under the 1952
amendments and whose average bene-
fit was $65.92. For benefits deter-

on new-start formula benefits by eligibility status not
available.
3 Less than 0.5 percent.

mined by use of the conversion table,
the average amount awarded under
the 1952 amendments was $41.49,
only $1.84 more than the average
amount awarded under the 1950
amendments — notwithstanding the
$5-8.60 increase in old-age insurance

benefits granted by the conversion

table in the 1952 amendments
Awards made in the latter part of
1952 through use of the 1952 conver.
sion table were made to persons with
relatively little or no employment
after 1950, since almost all persons
with 6 quarters of coverage after 1959
had their benefits figured by the new.
start formula. On the other hand,
for virtually all awards in the first
part of 1952 the 1950 conversion table
was used. As in the past, the average
benefit amount was lower for women
than for men; for awards under the
1952 amendments, the differences
amounted to $21.42 for benefits de-
termined under the new-start formula
and $11.54 for those computed on the
basis of the conversion table.

For awards under the 1952 amend-
ments, the maximum monthly amount
of $85.00 was payable in 22 percent
of the benefits computed under the
new-start formula, while the mini-
mum monthly amount of $25.00 was
payable in only 4 percent of the cases
(chart 1 and table 3). In contrast,
a monthly benefit of $77.10—the
maximum monthly amount when the
conversion table was used—was pay-
able in less than 1 percent of such
awards, while $25.00 was payable in
37 percent of the cases.

Benefits in Current-Payment
Status

The number of persons receiving
old-age benefits totaled more than
2.6 million by the end of December
1952: the average monthly benefit was
$49.25. Persons receiving benefits
computed under the new-start for-
mula comprised about 9 percent of
the total (234,900). This figure in-
cludes a number of old-age benefi-
ciaries who had originally become en-
titled to benefits computed by means
of the conversion table but who had
remained at or returned to work and
became eligible to have their benefits
recomputed under the new-start for-
mula. The average monthly amount
for persons receiving benefits deter-
mined by the new-start formula was
$66.16, compared with $47.60 for per-
sons for whom the conversion table
was used.

Social Security

widow’
* Pay
Nu
* Pay

veteran
_ * Firs
in New
under t

Bulle

sion - ” e
nt Current Operating Statistics
Table 1.—Selected social insurance and related programs, by specified period, 1940-53
yer. [In thousands; data corrected to June 2, 1953]
vith =
ent Retirement, disability, and survivor programs aa aver
ons BEES Fig i Ie
ae | Temporary
950 M — it i and Survivor benefits disability
oW- ae See | benefits? |
nd oe a: Rail-
| Year and Total |_ road
irst month Monthly | Lump-sum 7 | Rail- Veterans’| Unem-
ble Rail- | Civil _ beet l | eee ment
Social -- Serv- | Veter- | |Unem-| “ | lation #
Se road | j | Ad | Rail | Civil | | State J | | Insar-
age secur | Retire | Q@ | 9n8 Ad | social | “8! | Serv- | Veter- | Social. | . g- 4 ance
rity | ment | Com | minis- | | Been- | road i |ans Ad-| Secu- | laws) ment | Act
len Act “a is- | tration? | ‘int |Retire-) oom. | ‘minis- ‘rity | Other * Insur- | |
J si 2 ) ment | - | ance |
the — | Act | sts | mie, tration*) Act | | Act tt |
ces |
je- . - ; rire ee Number of beneficiaries
ula 1082
he fe —_—- Bloat , 3, 004. 4 336. 2 173.9 2, 403. 5) 1,454.2 148.8; 38.2) 1,036.4 40.2 13. 2 32. 1 27.4 992. 6 0. 4: 36.6
ee bv Pee 3, 104.8 343.2 174.8 2, 412. 2} 1,469.8 149.6) 39.1) 1,040.4 37.7) 12.2; 30.2 23.8 918.4 -3|. 26.6
SS ** .- 2 ee 3, 109. 5 348.9 175.6 2, 418.0) 1,484.3) 150.6) 39.8) 1,042.0 35. 9) 11.6 32. 4 24.7 918.1 .3 316
d- July... eo 3, 120.3 352.7 176. 5 2, 424.4; 1,488.2) 150.9 40.6) 1,044.2 28.4 12.1 32. 6) 26.9 870. 9) 3) 68.6
August on 3 3, 184.5 354. 7 178.3 2, 429.3 91,495.4) 151.1 41.3) 1,047.2 31.9 11.2 30.7 33.1 979.9 -2| 72.8
int September. ...../.......- 3, 275. 4 353. 1 179.3 2, 435. 5} 1,511.9 150.5) 423, 1,050.4 32,7 10.9 30.4 36. 9 630. 8 1 37.9
RE Cees Fee 3, 345. 9 354. 5 179. 6 2, 446. 8) 1,534.4) 152.2 43.8) 1,057.0 39.7 11.7 30. 4 36.9 530. 0) -l;} 20.5
nt ET . ..cc<|icbadeccoe 3, 303. 2 357.3 182.8 2, 453. 2) 1,549.2) 151.8 42.8) 1,060.1 32.4 10.3 29.7 33.9 535. 9 10.2 30.6
he PE. + ..<<lsededees 3, 455.8 358. 0 181.9 2, 460. 5) 1,560.8 152.9 43.6) 1,063.4 40.9 10.1 31.7 39.7 672. 5) 19.0 41.9
ii. 1953
January 3, 518. 1 359. 7 183. 7 2, 466. 2) 1,590.3) 153.0 45.7, 1,071.4) 41.4 11.6 31. 4) 40.2 952. 5) 31.0; 69.7
as F y bowion 3, 507.8 361.3 134. 6 2, 470. 2) 1,606.4) 153.8 46.6, 1,074.7 37.0) IL1 32. 0) 34.3 956. 3; 38.4, 60.0
EEK See 3, 680.7 362. 0 185.7| 2,476.1) 1,624.4) 154.8) 47.5) 1,077.6 44. 3) 13. 5 36. 7) 33.9 929. 9, 41.8 657.4
es bs on0 2 ctibdladeedion 3, 754. 0 365. 4 186.5) 2,486.5) 1,647.1) 155.6 48.3) 1,083.2 47.7) 14.7) 334. 4) 3L.3 840. 4; 36.7) su. 3
st, Lee as x | | | | i | i
Amount of benefits
he
re $1, 188, 702 $21, 074) $114, 166) $62,019 $317, 851| $7,784, $1, 448 ....... $105, 696) $11, 736 | a a $15, 961
aa 1, 085, 488 55,141, 119,912) 64,933 320, 561! 25,454 1,550 ....... i} = ee SeReS eee 14, 537
y- —e 1, 130, 721 80,305 122,806 68,115 325,265 41,702) 1,603 ....... 111,103; 15,088) 14,342).......'........ let i , 268
‘h i tteseedane 921, 465 07, 257’ 125,705) 72, 961 331, 350; 67; 768} 1, 704).....-. 116, 183; — 17, 830! 17, 255; $2, 857)... ...-- 70, 643+... .25..- ' 017
ee 1, 118, 798 119,009. 129,707, 77,193 456,279 76,942) 1,765 .....-.. 144, 302) 22,146; 19,238) 5,035).......- 62, 385 $4, 215 582
in 1945... > 2, 065, 566 157,391, 137,140 83,874 697,830 104,231; 1,772)....... 254, 238; 26,135) 23,431) 4,669)........ 445, 866 , 630, 2,359
1946... 5, 149, 761 230,285, 149,188 94, 585) 1, 268,984) 130,190) 1,817)....... , 640! 27,267) 30,610) 4, weil_.o. | 1,004,850, 1, 743, 718) 39, 917
as 4, 700, 827 299, 830 177,053) 106,876) 1,676,029) 153, 100; 19, 283).... 2.2 515| 29,517; 33,115) 26, 024) $11, 368) 776, 165) 542) 39, 401
1948... 4, 510, 041 366,887! 208,642 132,852) 1,711,182) 176,736 36, 011 $918 413, 912) 315, 32,140) 35,572) 30,843 798, 265 510, 167, 28, 599
140... 5, 604, 080 454,483 240,893, 158, 973) 1,692, 215) 201, 369! 39,257' 4,317) 477,406) 33,158 31,771) 59,066) 30,103) 1,737,279, 430, 194/103, 506
it aes 5, 357,432, 718,473, 254,240, 175, 787) 1, 782, 208) 290,672) 43,884! 8,409) 491,579) 32,740) 33,578) 70,830) 28,099) 1,373, 426 , 653) 59, 804
1951... 5, 641, 957) 1,361,046 268,733) 196,529 1, 647,938) 523,485 49,527 14,014! 519,398! 57,337) 33,356) 81,435) 26,297, 840,411 2,234) 20, 217
1952. _. ....| 6,475, 551! 1,613,364) 361,200) 225, 120) 1, 722, 225| 615, 605) 74,085) 19,986) 572,983) 63,298) 37, 251) 92,146) 34,689) 908, 267 3, 539) 41, 793
& 1952
n Lode ce 507, 480 115, 262 27,875, 17,533 138,037} 45,184, 5,408) 1,501) 45, 281)) 5, 431! 3,576) 3,373 2, 432) 94, 385, 45; 2,157
=a 500, 227 115, 582 28,102 17,662; 138,250) 45,647, 5,506 1,526 45, 708) 5,122) 3,118) 3,182) 2, 204) 86, 958; 33} 1,628
r June. .... 497, 256 115, 666 28,478 17,723) 136,055 46,073) 5,563 1, 550) , 985 4,898; 3,048) 3,291) 2,218 83, 511 20} 2,168
July. . 520,358, 116,124, 28, 608, 17,922, 147, 536) 46,173) 5,584) 1,501) 48,267) 3,893; 3,606, 3,531) 2, 667; 88, 612 26; 6,128
s August 536,773) "2 119, 613 28,807' 18,215; 148,319 46,401) 5,603) 1,627) 49,929) 4,703) 2, 814| 8, 160) 4, 316) 95, 389 14| 7,863
5 September. ._._. 531, 562 141, 202 28,600! 20, 859 149, 479| 52,522; 5,602) 1,928 49,106) 4,915) 3,441) 3, su 4, 746) 62, 094! 9) 3,748
October......._. 534, 915 144, 904 28,684, 21, 084 151,778, 53,391 5,674) 1,971) 2,262; 6,185) 3,305) 3,461 4, 938 54, 227) 6} 3,045
° November 524, 447 147, 316 28,954, 21,068 149,984) 53,918 6,054) 1,988 47,924; 65,219 3,023; 2,962 4, 429 47, 730 985) 2,893
f December 560,833, 150,481 28,961 21,264) 151,156) 54,608 6,115) 2,048) 52,163) 6,737) 2,806; 3,662) 5,403) 68,061 2,107) 4,171
1953 |
ae 590, 374 153, 791 29,058 21,350) 150,657 55,502) 6,121) 2,081; 49,738) 6,876) 3,173, 3,477) 5,044) 4, 360, 3, 274) 5, 872
" February 589, 968 158, 240 29,176; 21,525 150,457, 56,196, 6,170, 2,113) 63,600) 6,250) 2,991) 3,217) 4,012) , 827) 3,671) 5,523
March. ____ 604, 607 162, 638 29,271' 21,817 152,449, 56,948 6,227) 2,148) 650,841) 7,444 3,732) 4,079, 4,488 92, 308, 4, “5 5, 900
. April. . 600,319 = 166,406 =. 29, 551; 21,798, 152,864) 57,868, 6,272) 2,210; 51,719, 7, 998) 4, 48433,848 4, 057) 82, 990 3, 7 4, 365
' Under the Social Security Act, retirement benefits—old-age, wife’s, and hus- _ also excludes private plans in California and New Jersey except for calendar-year
band’s benefits, and benefits to children of old-age beneficiaries—partly esti- _totals.
” Represents average weekly number of beneficiaries.

mated. Under the other 3 systems, benefits for age and disability; beginning
December 1951, spouse’s annuities under the Railroad Retirement Act.

1! Represents average number of beneficiaries in a 14-day registration period.
Readjustment Act,

* Data for civil-service retirement and disability fund; excludes noncontribu- 12 Beginning September 1944, under the Servicemen’s
tory payments made under the Panama Canal Construction Annuity Act. readjustment allowances to unemployed and self-employed veterans of World
Through June 1948, retirement and disability benefits include payments to sur- War II. Beginning November 1952, under the Veterans’ Readjustment Assist-
ance Act, unemployment com tion benefits to veterans with military service

vivors under joint and survivor elections

* Pensions and compensation, and subsistence payments to disabled veterans
undergoing training.

es widow’s, widower’s, parent's, and child’s benefits; partly esti-
mated.

‘ Annuities to widows under joint and survivor elections; 12-month death-
benefit annuities to widows and next of kin; and, beginning February 1947,
widow’s, widow’s current, parent's, and child's benefits.

* Payments to widows, parents, and children of deceased veterans.

? Number of decedents on whose account lump-sum payments were made.

* Payments under the Railroad Retirement Act and Federal civil-service and

. programs. . }
First payable in Rhode Island, April 1943; in California, December 1946;

in New Jersey, January 1949; in New York, July 1950 (data not available); and
under the railroad program, July 147. Excludes hospital benefits in California;

Bulletin, July 1953

since June 195); data for October 1952 (first payable Oct. 15) roughly estimated
—$76,878 paid to 2,524 veterans. Number represents average weekly number of
claims paid, exeept for number under the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, which
represents average number of continued claims.

* Partly estimated. ;
* Payments: amounts certified, under the Social Security Act (except monthly

data for monthly benefits, which oe benefits in current-pa mt status),
the Railroad Retirement Act, and the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act;
disbursements, for Veterans Administration ms except the readjustment
allowance program; checks issued, under the State unemployment insurance and
termporary disability laws, the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, and the Vet-
erans’ Readjustment Assistance Act; for civil-service programs, disbursements
through June 1949 and authorizations beginning July 1949. Adjusted on annual
basis except for Civil Service Commission data, which are.adjusted monthly.
Source: Based on reports of administrative agencies.

19

Table 2.—Contributions and taxes collected under selected social insurance and related programs, by specified period,

1950-53
[In thousands]
Retirement, disability, and survivors insurance Unemployment insurance
| | | ;
Period | Taxes on Railroad
Federal Federal | State un- | Federal |
| civil-service | A. 1 employment unemployment ba
| contributions ' | contributions ? | employees contributions * taxes ‘ contributions ‘
Fiscal year: | |
1980-51 ee $3, 120, 404 $684, 343 $577, 509 | $1, 364, 500 $233, 537 | $24, 68
w. 3 SLi isditilibcebcanqaccosccesessqoscanerenooanneses 3, 504, 248 | 722, 850 734, 990 1, 431, 997 258, 045 | 25, 74
i diticsccdatnscbcbenconesenminececccehoupancoesa 2, 305, 334 623, 305 433, 518 1, 058, 035 214, 462 18, 46
SS SAAR See. a a 2, 965, 505 | 655, 042 | 587, 220 1, 173, 608 | 242, 350 19, 498
ES) Ca... A aera 3, 151, 021 | 675, 267 483, 172 1, 120, 436 255, 069 19, 064
1952
fpeii tA ll oe ole ne ee eee eames 252, 135 35, 724 13, 902 140, 916 2,918 | 153
tt ethene kuna cncndamaienmhnetadnenmimmataaiod 485, 964 31, 887 89, 798 | 251, 306 15, 571 | 352
SEEN, IU Idddssiedssuccocacsswkdsenscanouecncseboned 142, 689 35, 922 | 57, 978 | 7, 083 1, 024 | 5, 889
A Ee RNC i TR, 183, 710 * 362, 539 | 16, 470 | 140, 718 5, 287 10
ai ee catnbedseieomns 438, 539 33, 338 89, 162 | 242, 286 16, 772 | m4
EA SIE a aR SP a I a aS 238, 153 35, 447 54, 349 | 9,312 121 6, 087
nit Rian ne dntllin edisthansetaalineoséde: } 206, 991 | 33,978 | 13, 898 113, 675 3, 216 3
EE OR Ce RS. ek Ra SES 538, 335 33, 548 | 88, 471 199, 304 | 15, 147 27
Pp idcstnaiiicrdendndeecncindtidastihiccecssitineconta 272, 815 37, 834 | 52, 909 | 8, 571 | 1, 6, 033
EE EE » a 118, 136 43, 098 14, 173 | 77, 047 | 15, 680 0
al a apes 491, 734 25, 407 89, 381 | 170, 926 181, 750 5a
TO SE TL TTS SE SO OL. FHSS 428, 35, 297 51, 761 | 8, 367 14, 024 5, 837
SS RS LEE GLE TR ANTS CES 233, 34, 782 12, 599 150, 230 1,713 x)

1 Represents contributions of employees and employers in employments cov-
insurance (beginning December cies for

ered by old-age and survivors

employee-tax refunds); from May 1951, includes deposits made in
by States under voluntary coverage agreements; beginning
estimated basis.

3 Represents em
tirement and

for the entire fiscal year.

January 1951, on an

and Government contributions to the civil-service re-
ty fund; Government contributions are made in 1 month ‘ peguains 1947, also covers temporary disability insurance.

* Represents deposits in State clearing accounts of contributions plus penalties
adjusted and interest collected from employers and, in 2 States, contributions from em
the trustfund _ | a ap excludes contributions collected for deposit in State sickness insurance

‘unds. Data reported by State ncies; corrected to — | 26, 1953.
an Represents taxes paid by employers under the Federal Unemployment Tax
ct.

* Includes contributions from the Federal Government.
Source: Daily Statement of the U. S. Treasury, unless otherwise noted.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS
(Continued from page 7)
Other Agencies to Meet the Needs
of Older Adults.” Jewish Social
Service Quarterly, New York, Vol.
29, Spring 1953, pp. 331-336: $2.
Fox, Frora. “Home Care Programs
of Homes for the Aged.” Jewish
Social Service Quarterly, New York,
Vol. 29, Spring 1953, pp. 302-309.
$2

Describes the New York City proj-
ect, which substitutes home care for
institutional care for the aged.
Manoney, THomas A. “What’s Hap-

pening to the Older Employee in

Industry?” Labor Law Journal,

Chicago, Vol. 4, May 1953, pp. 329-

333. 50 cents.

“The Resettlement of Older Workers
in Prance.” Industry and Labour,
Geneva, Vol. 9, Apr. 1, 1953, pp.
205-206. 25 cents.

Considers placement difficulties met
by older persons and suggests ways
for their rehabilitation and retrain-
ing.

TUCKMAN, JACOB, and Lorce, IRvING.
Retirement and the Industrial
Worker: Prospect and Reality.
New York: Columbia University,

Teachers College, Bureau of Publi-

cations, 1953. 105 pp. $2.75.

A study conducted by the Institutes
of Adult Education and Psychological
Research of Teachers College, in co-
operation with the New York Cloak
Joint Board of the International
Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union and
with the Federal Security Agency.
Wane, Leo. “Medical Preparation for

Retirement.” Industrial Medicine

and Surgery, Chicago, Vol. 22, May

1953, pp. 215-218. 75 cents.

The guidance program of Esso
Standard Oil.

WeEIL, Heten K. “An Outresident
Program in a Home for the Aged.”
Jewish Social Service Quarterly,
New York, Vol. 29, Spring 1953,
pp. 310-315. $2.

WINFIELD, BENJAMIN L. “Program's
for the Care of Chronically Ill in

nal, New York, Vol. 34, Apr. 1953,

pp. 71-73. 75 cents.

Faatz, ANITAJ. The Nature of Choice
in Casework Process. Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press,
1953. 141 pp. $3.

A discussion from the viewpoint of
both the caseworker and the client.
GLASSER, MELVIN A. “Social Service

in Underdeveloped Areas: A Report

on the International Conference.”

Social Work Journal, New York,

Vol. 34, Apr. 1953, pp. 59-64. 175

cents.

Impressions of the Sixth Interna-
tional Conference of Social Work,
held in Madras, India, in December
1952.

GOLDMAN, BENJAMIN W. “The Case-
work Use of a Sheltered Workshop
in the Financial Assistance Proc-
ess.” Jewish Social Service Quar-

Homes for the Aged.” Jewish So terly, New York, Vol. 29, Spring
cial Service Quarterly, New York, 1953, pp. 293-301. $2.

Vol. 29, Spring 1953, pp. 316-319. KeprLerR, Jonn H. “How to Simplify
$2. Public Assistance Job.” Minnesota

Public Welfare and Relief

Bower, CHESTER L. “Social Workers
and the Community: A Challenge
to Education.” Social Work Jour-

Welfare, St. Paul, Vol. 8, Apr. 1953,
pp. 18-24.
PENNSYLVANIA. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC
ASSISTANCE. Current Living Costs
(Continued on page 22)

Social Security

Table 3.—Status of the old-age and survivors insurance trust fund, by specified period, 1937-53 *

[In thousands]
Receipts Expenditures Assets
= van —
| |
sal | Net contribu- | Interest Benet | Adminis | y\S! Govern- | disbursing | fund socount | Total assets
| and transfers ? received payments exneness* | ment securities officer at | at end of “poral
. , pas | acquired 4 end of period period |
7 a A we |
Cumulative, January 1937-
BEES BEED- 0 -cccececccccoce<< $25, 012, 912 $2, 353, 041 $8, 977, 931 $617, 791 $17, 324, 036 | $308, 440 $137, 755 | $17, 770, 232
Fiscal year
ea 3, 124, 098 287, 392 | 1, 498, 088 70, 447 1, 677, 976 200, 456 212, 311 14, 735, 567
wn. - resem 3, 597, 982 333, 514 1, 982, 377 84, 649 1, 950, 252 214, 883 112, 102 | 16, 600, 036
10 months en
April 1951 geatininsine 2, 309, 028 161, 446 | 1, 184, 239 | 57, 298 1, 199, 409 | 206, 309 71, 009 14, 121, 549
ce 2, 969, 329 187, 654 | 1, 642, 018 71, 722 1, 466, 185 219, 487 170, 339 16, 178, 810
April 1 ares 3, 151, 021 214, 856 | 2, 121, 909 73, 773 1, 050, 985 308, 440 | 137, 755 | 17, 770,
1952
De adeadindadbamebab 252, 135 | 14, 818 171, 408 7, 099 288, 741 219, 487 170, 339 16, 178, 810
sccaemnnee Ge Ge Ricenncsccncdmed 169, 355 6, 413 | 225, 000 | 215, 580 | 259, 441 16, 489, 005
i oe 142, 689 | 145, 860 171, 005 6, 514 250, 067 | 214, 883 | 112, 102 | 16, 600, 036
a . SE, Ci ecidbunddedneiamads 169, 529 4g ae eM oe oe: | 224, 617 106, 849 | 16, 604, 517
A - _ GR SE lncinnanoadosieal 162, 849 6, 577 101, 000 | 259, 140 240, 440 | 16, 873, 631
September 238, 153 10, 871 200, 911 6, 795 73, 818 278, 188, 614 16, 914, 948
ie thcecetepnenncashe 206, 991 14, 818 213, 943 6, 915 70, 341 266, 627 131, 061 | 16, 915, 898
November hin canihinainadaaé § er Y 213, 268 6, 638 137, 000 262, 682 316, 436 17, 234, 327
Ti ctadbéocasenibasocant § 272, 815 163, 479 219, 671 9, 231 305, 167 280, 773 | 200, 568 | 17, 441, 719
i
1953
a ee 118, 136 |... 2... ee 223, 164 6, 893 12, 000 282, 618 | 74, 802 | 17, 329, 797
kt. ..s cedbdwane — ee 229, 508 7, 024 31, 000 281, 993 | 299, 630 17, 585, 000
March SEs aa 428, 978 10, 871 240, 069 7, 186 141, 018 286, 227 | 346, 972 | 17, 777, 594
Ee 233, 630 14, 818 248, 997 6, 813 179, 641 308, 440 137, 755 | 17, 770, 232
= pis . |

1 Does not reflect indirect effects of the financial interchange provisions of the
Railroad Retirement Act, as amended in 1951, under which the ition of the
old-age and survivors insurance trust fund after June 30, 1952, is to be the same as
if railroad employment had always been covered under old-age and survivors
insurance; no transfer of funds has yet been made.

? For July 1940 to December 1950 equals taxes collected under the Federal In-
surance Contributions Act. Beginning January 1951, amounts appropriated in
accordance with sec. 201(a) of the Social Security Act as amended in 1950; from
May 1951, includes deposits by States under voluntary coverage agreements.
Beginning December 1952 includes adjustments for reimbursement to the gen-

riated to meet costs of benefits payable to veterans’ survivors under the Social
Security Act Amendments of 1946.

* Represents net expenditures for administration. Beginning November 1951,
adjusted for reimbursements to trust fund of small amounts for sales of supplies
and services.

* Includes accrued interest and repayments on account of accrued interest on

bonds at time of purchase.
5 Includes deduction of $33 million to adjust for estimated amount of 1951 taxes

subject to refund on wages in excess of $3,600 paid to employees who worked for
more than 1 employer during the calendar year.
Source: Daily Statement of the U. S. Treasury.

eral treasury of refunds of employee taxes in accordance with sec. 1401(d) of the
Internal Revenue Code (see footnote 5). For 1947-51 includes amounts appro-

Status of the unemployment trust fund, by specified period, 1936-53

{In thousands]

Table 4.

Railroad unemployment insurance account ¢

| -—
Net total 7 State accounts
Total of U. 8. pensied |-—_—__——— |
Period assets Govern- lance | | | |
oy somumities | at end of Deposits one ee With. | 3 peated | Deposits inte Benefit Pe yo
acquired ! ri | credite drawals | period ae payments period 3*
ee ee _— oes | | |
Cumulative, January
wt fn ay 1953_.......| $8,973,331 | $8, 961, 061 | $12, 271 |$17, 476,181 | $1, 600, 579 ($10, 797, 567 $8,279,193 | $928, 467 $162, 643 $581, 049 $604, 138
year: | |
a 8, 079, 232 649, 933 | 15, 035 1, 362, 629 147, 662 848,270 | 7,313, 592 14, 884 | 16, 465 52, 034 765, 640
=. TS 8, 673, 936 582, 885 26,855 | 1, 438, 987 167,441 | 1,000,278 | 7,919,742 15, 442 | 17, 054 48, 312 754, 195
months ended:
(“see 7, 733, 576 283, 953 35, 359 951, 304 79, 386 | 708, 765 | 6, 973, 496 10, 993 | 8, 961 46, 199 760, 079
ian 8, 410, 710 328, 949 17, 564 1, 083, 381 90, 351 | 26, 7, 661, 115 11, 697 | 9, 239 41, 353 749, 595
GE IRSSSER 8, 973, 331 313, 979 12, 271 1, 028, 865 100, 049 | 769, 463 8, 279, 193 11, 440 | 10, 094 86, 455 694, 138
1952 | |
ng ukieeeieckecebeoes 8, 410, 710 —41, 008 17, 564 45, 213 4, 492 | 98,286 | 7,661,115 92 446 4, 002 749, 595
a 8, 663, 592 253, 000 17, 446 345, 160 39 89,158 | 7,917, 157 211 | + 3, 375 746, 435
a 8, 673, 936 936 26, 855 10, 446 77, 051 84,912 | 7,919, 742 | 3, 533 7, 811 3, 584 754, 196
eam 8, 637,162 | —35,000 25,080; 50,331 31 84,776 | 7,885, 328 | 6 | 3 | 7, 234 751, 834
Eh i nchicctinedéies 8, 849, 394 214, 000 | 23, 313 OO 103,922 | 8, 109, 453 4 es 12, 022 739, 941
September... .......... 8, 796, 972 —40, 006 10, 895 15, 122 249 | 63, 485 8, 061, 340 | 3, 634 | 25 7, 969 735,
October Sucbhaceeudece 8, 791, 237 —7, 067 13, 127 39, 426 7, 629 45,985 | 8, 062, 410 20 | 770 7, 505 728,
eae ae 9, 004, 765 211, 000 15, 656 , & geet 42,825 | 8, 282, 350 | 68 tes 6, 554 722, 415
December. ........... -<-| 9,089, 207 33, 980 16, 118 17, 587 82, 106 68,955 | 8, 313, 088 3, 620 | 8, 290 8, 205 | 726, 120
’ 1953 ee . 2 ing | j
ae 8, 967, 626 —85, 000 29, 537 27, 981 67 | 89,120 | 8, 252,016 42 | 7 10, 550 715, 610
SID: vin'oad cwanauie 9, 086, 440 121, 000 27, 351 Lf Rai 85,640 | 8, 379, 306 See 8, 797 | 707, 134
March nies 8, 998, 024 —85, 029 23, 17, 852 423 | 100,540 | 8, 297,042 3, 50% 43 9, 697 | 700, 982
pinkeuddcapahundun 8, 973, 331 — 13, 000 12, 271 56, 82% 9, 543 | 84,215 | 8, 279, 193 | 23 | 956 | 7, 823 694, 138
| | |

5 Includes transfers to the account from railroad unemployment insurance ad-
ministration fund amounting to $85,290,000 and transfers of $12,338,000 out of the
account to adjust funds available for administrative expenses on account of re-
troactive credits taken by contributors under the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act Amendments of 1948.

Source: Daily Statement of the U. S. Treasury.

_' Includes accrued interest and repayments on account of interest on bonds at
time of purchase; minus figures represent primarily net total of securities re-

? Includes transfers from State accounts to railroad unemployment insurance
account amounting to $107,161,000.

* Includes withdrawals of $79,169,000 for disability insurance benefits.

‘ Beginning July 1947, includes temporary disability program.

Bulletin, July 1953 a1

Table 5.—Old-age and survivors insurance: Monthly benefits in current-payment status ' at the end of the month by
type of benefit and by month, April 1952-April 1953, and monthly benefits awarded, April 1953
[Amounts in thousands; data corrected to May 26, 1953)

—.

| i
) Wife’s or nas | Widow’sor | . ‘
Total Old-age | husband’s Child’s widower’s Mother’s Parent's
Item : | - CL
——
Number | Amount | Number | Amount | Number, Amount) Number| Amount! Number] Amount; Number} Amount Number| Amon
} | { Spowatinn a 3
Monthly benefits in } | | | |
| | |
status at end of
month: | }
1952 | | | | |
May esoccecsagnae 4, 548, 652) $160, 445. 4 2, 359, 213} $99, 216.6) 665,482'$15,111.4 883, 331/$28, 677. 7 409, 752'$14, 744.8, 210,604) $6, 955.8 20,180; $730)
Supewnecesagees 4, 574, 664) 161,229.1) 2,367,710, 99,502.9| 667,450) 15,153.5 890,935) 23,868.5' 415,790) 14,954.3, 212,379) 7,003.1 20, 400 74.8
Jume_.............] 4,593,801] 161, 739. 4) 2, 372, 308) 99, 591.5) 668,297) 15,169.6 896,820) 24,008.9) 421,730) 15, 161.8) 214,030) 7,053.2 20, 616 754.5
Jaly..... ------| 4,608,494) 162, 206.8) 2,381,641) 100,002.1) 670,772) 15,235.4) 895, 775) 23,955.5' 425,253, 15, 282.2) 214,335) 7, 063.6 20, 718) 787.9
August ?. es 4, 679,986; 166,015.0| 2,431,796) 103,000.3) 683,705) 15,698.9 897,880) 23,983.7, 430,105) 15,452,4) 215,650) 7,117.6 20, 850 762, |
September ---| 4,787,213) 193, 725.0) 2,503,816, 122,167.7, 700, 654| 18,024.0, 906, 580) 26, 938.0 436, 227| 17, 733.9) 218,945, 7,995.8 20, 991 865.5
=a 4, 880, 239) 198,295.1) 2,557,399) 125, 343.9 715, 885) 18, 509.5) 920,307) 27,460.3| 442,786) 18,003.1| 222,681, 8, 104.5 21, 181 872.8
November........| 4,942,409) 201, 234.4| 2,594,371) 127,438.9! 725, 389 18, 303. 4) 927, 268 27,738.9| 448,053) 18,218.1 226,042) 8, 156.2 21, 286 878.5
occcagege 5, 025, 549) 205,179.0| 2, 643, 130, 217.4| 737,859) 19,1784) 938,751) 28,141.3) 454,563) 18,4822 228,984) 8,272.7 21, 460 887,
1953 | | |
January -.......... 5, 108, 422) 209,293.8| 2, 601, 133, 086. 5) 750,436) 19,581.4) 950, 134) 28, 564.3) 461,884 18,785.7) 232,627, 8,382.3 21, 612 893.7
February ......... 5, 204,176) 214,435.9) 2,753,071) 136,928.1) 767,100) 20, 147. 2 959, 552) 28, 928. 6) 468,130 19,045.8 234,506) 8, 487.1 21, 727 800, |
Mareb............| 5,305,150) 219, 585.5) 2,817,018} 140,725.00! 784,747] 20,712.3) 969,445) 29, 300. 1} 475,504 19,349.6 236,613) 8, 593.5 21, 832 WLS
Seibessescudsunan 5,401,081) 224, 274.0; 2,873,082) 143,972.6) 800,520) 21, 204.3) 982,206) 29,760.6 483,422 19,679.8 239.717 8,741.8 22, 044 914.9
Monthly benefits
a in April
Se ee 134, 678 6,117.5 73, 194 4, 069. 8 24, 436 699.7! 19,839 619. 5 10, 107 416.5 6,717 204. 6 385 b A

1 Benefit in current-payment status is subject to no deduction or only to deduc- 2 Ps

artly estimated.

tion of fixed amount that is less than the current month's benefit.

(Continued from page 20)
as Related to Standards of Public
Assistance in Pennsylvania as of
December 1952. Harrisburg: The

GLUECK, SHELDON. “The Home, the
School and Delinquency.” Harvard
Educational Review, Cambridge,
Vol. 23, Winter 1953, pp. 17-32.

ing the Unreached: Fundamental
Aspects of the Program of the New
York City Youth Board. New York:
The Board, 1952. 151 pp. Proc-
essed

Department, Mar. 1953. 32 pp. $1.15. :
Processed. Reviews the research methods used Twelve papers that tell the story
REGENSBURG, JEANETTE. “Professional am’ outiines the major findings of of the board’s work in preventing

Attributes, Knowledge, and Skills
in Practice: Educational Priorities.”
Social Work Journal, New York,

an earlier study on juvenile delin-
quency.
HARPER, MIRIAM C., and ScHWARTZ-

juvenile delinquency.

RoTH, JOSEPH. “Types of Children
Served by the Modern Institution.”
Jewish Social Service Quarterly,

Vol. 34, Apr. 1953, pp. 51-54. 75 MAN, CECILE. “Casework Counsel-
cents. ing Service in a Nursery School.” New York, Vol. 29, Spring 1953, pp.
Child Welfare, New York, Vol. 32, 337-344. $2.
Maternal and Child Welfare May 1953, pp. 6-9. 35 cents. Considers what type of child should
ABRAHAMSEN, Davip. Who Are the HOYLEs, J. ARTHUR. The Treatment ery a rather Ge
Guilty? A Study of Education and of the Young Delinquent. New THomPson, Ricnarp E. “A Validation

Crime. New York: Rinehart &

Co., 1952. 340 pp. $5.

Considers the relationship between
mental illness and delinquency, and
points out how such illness can be
remedied through education and
special psychiatric treatment.
BAUMGARTNER, LEONA. “Maternal and

Child Health Services—Challenges

and Aims.” Public Health Reports,

Washington, Vol. 68, Apr. 1953, pp.

397-404. 45 cents.

DesPert, J. Louise. Children of Di-
vorce. Garden City, N. Y.: Dou-
bleday & Co., Inc., 1953. 282 pp.
$3.50.

A child psychiatrist describes how
to help children through the period
of emotional insecurity when the
family is broken up.

22

York: Philosophical Library, 1952.

273 pp. $4.75.

Surveys the changes in community
reaction to juvenile delinquency dur-
ing the past century, and describes
the new techniques for treating juve-
nile delinquents.

MARTIN, Muriet. “They ‘Change the
Street’: The Story of the Division
for Youth and Community Service.”
Public Aid in Illinois, Chicago, Vol.
20, Apr. 1953, pp. 1-12.

Traces the development of the Illi-
nois program for the prevention of
juvenile delinquency.

“Maternity and Child Welfare in
Hungary.” Industry and Labour,
Geneva, Vol. 9, May 1, 1953, pp.
286-288. 25 cents.

New York CiTy YoutTH Boarp. Reach-

of the Glueck Social Prediction

Scale for Proneness to Delin-

quency.” Journal of Criminal Lau,

Criminology, and Police Science,

Chicago, Vol. 43, Nov.—Dec. 1952,

pp. 451-470. $1.25.

A study in which the scale was
tested against a sample of 100 boys
of different ages, intelligence, and
economic and social status.

Health and Medical Care
Bowers, Epison L., and ARNOLD, SaM.
Cash Disability Benefits in Ohio.
(Research Monograph No. 69.)
Columbus: Ohio State University,
College of Commerce and Adminis-
tration, Bureau of Business Re-
search, 1952. 211 pp. $2.
A study, based on a survey con-

Social Security

_

_ inh Fra ot ae,

rly,

uld

Table 6.—Employment security:

Selected data on

[Corrected to May 29, 1953]

nonfarm placements and unemployment insurance claims and
benefits, by State, April 1953

|
Weeks of unemploy- Compensated unemployment
Initial claims ! ment covered by Average
| continued claims All types of unemployment ? Total unemployment Benn |
| Nonfarm } unem-
Region and State place- | | | | ployment
ments | | Average under
| | Weeks Benefits weekly Weeks Average State
Total Women | Total | Women compen- paid number of | compen- weekly 2
sated benefi- sated payment | Programs
| } ciaries
|
i a Sa 552, 619 835, 330 | 334,885 | 4,332,451 | 1,684,395 | 3, 607,642 |$82, 989, 912 840,373 | 3,380, 228 $23. 27 4 960, 590
Region I: | |
jonnecticut........... 10, 059 | 10, 550 | 6,031 | 35, 778 18, 245 29, 405 619, 433 6, 683 27, 301 21.81 8, 265
een 2, 466 10, 332 | 5, 476 | 47, 374 22, 170 29, 803 465, 845 6, 778 27, 923 15. 95 11, 603
Massachusetts 17, 091 38, 311 | 20,043 | 171, 510 72, 696 145, 807 | 3, 407,001 33, 138 131, 796 24. 68 30, 406
New Hampshire 1, 390 6, 403 | 3, 525 | 30, 744 14, 926 22, 578 458, 047 5, 131 20, 747 21. 04 7, 163
Rhode Island 2, 295 11, 635 | 6, 874 | 53, 623 28, 414 47,648 | 1,022, 10, 829 45, 190 21.91 11, 746
Vermont. “ie Se 1, 161 1, 433 | 644 | 6, 396 | 2, 5, 206 106, 167 1, 183 4, 732 21. 28 1, 403
on : | |
lew Jersey........... 12, 978 46, 760 | 27, 268 | 912, 762 | 112,319 193,432 | 5,123,891 43, 962 178, 355 27.38 48, 505
5 OO aoe 68, 768 178, 659 | 80, 200 724,730 | 325,400 631, 875 | 16, 129, 838 143, 608 574, 248 26. 75 164, 319
Puerto Rico... __. 1, 627 42 2 | 217 | Seer cet Riger ks a e:, 9. SP De.
Virgin Islands...._...- 100 0 | 0 | 12 rE eR OW ee ee eaeeeeS
Region III-IV: | }
Delaware. ............ 1, 096 804 432 | 4,178 | 1, 775 3, 999 73, 299 909 3, 604 18. 88 950
Dist. of Col... ... 4, 541 2, 006 652 | 13, 546 | 4, 938 12, 257 222, 612 2, 786 12, 083 18. 21 3, 016
Maryland. ._...... 7, 120 14, 978 | 7,798 | 54,664) 23,997 49, 424 954, 323 11, 233 43, 319 20. 43 12, 497
North Carolina 12, 236 19, 957 11,965 | 122, 657 | 76, 515 124,314 | 1,905,079 28,253 | 115,984 15. 75 28, 171
Pennsy!vania 24, 593 107, 383 26, 723 452,020 | 115, 764 386,641 | 9,550, 389 87, 873 336, 923 25. 84 100, 643
Stiicsascssesens 7, 826 5, 158 2, 759 | 34, 202 | 15, 294 28, 545 505, 734 6, 488 26, 890 18.18 7, 528
ann Virginia Rae 2, 136 11, 932 1, 429 | 74, 084 | 9, 276 | 63,644 | 1, 244, 456 14, 465 56, 461 20. 46 16, 638
gion V: | | |
Alabama. .......... 9, 657 11, 457 | 2, 767 | 69, 920 17, 414 | 53, 911 950, 400 | 12, 252 50, 667 18.05 16, 038
Florida. . . 2 16, 806 10, 653 | 4, 441 36, 108 14, 346 | 21, 488 375, 497 | 4, 884 20, 255 17.82 8, 392
Georgia Cia 14, 081 9, 902 | 5, 288 60, 297 33, 647 | 46, 842 761, 871 | 10, 646 43, 601 16.63 18, 518
Mississippi... 7 291 7192 2 118 44,493 | 10,106 | 31,965 | 586,902 | 7, 265 28, 566 19. 09 10, 092
South Carolina... _. 7,023 7, 752 3, 048 45, 451 | 18, 530 | 41, 600 757, 519 | 9, 455 39, 831 18. 54 10, 343
a “RS CS 12, 373 11, 682 | 5, 181 | 101, 284 | 44, 371 | 90,651 | 1,480, | 20, 602 86, 351 16. 54 22, 963
nm : | | |
Rentucky . 2,743 10, 999 3, 421 89, 960 25, 230 | 78,408 | 1,649,982 17, 820 | 78, 226 21. 52 | 20, 169
Michigan... .._..... 21, 958 15, 551 5, 389 94, 762 32,,229 77,948 | 2,007,103 | 7, 715 | 74, 786 26.31 | 19, 929
au wai 32, 669 22, 788 9, 258 109, 002 43, 730 89,503 | 2,179, 912 | , 342 | 82, 736 25. 21 | 24, 528
on VII-VILII: |
ine 18, 325 50, 461 25,771 | 241,945 | 102,865 | 154, 501 | 8, 566, 037 | 35,134 | 126, 109 25. 48 55, 847
Indiana_........... 10, 600 13, 668 5, 460 | 51, 649 20, 330 42, 803 959, 781 9, 728 38, 658 23. 30 11, 501
Minnesota 9, 691 7, 225 | 2, 801 96, 937 22, 154 | 88,028 | 1,601,352 20, 006 83, 064 18. 59 19, 753
Montana._.......... 2,915 1, 642 360 | 19, 577 4, 385 16, 400 327, 3, 727 16, 400 19. 95 3, 875
North Dakota. __. 2, 020 474 112 | 13, 941 1, 422 | 12, 477 307, 415 2, 836 11, 369 25. 24 2, 309
South Dakota ._... 2, 056 300 103 4, 734 1,061 | 4, 002 81, 240 910 3, 773 | 20. 65 860
prmeonsin....... 8, 474 6, 500 2, 321 44, 893 16,275 | 39,914 990, 818 | 9, 071 36, 147 | 25. 37 9, 585
egion LA: | j | j } }
Jocee!.2seu 7, 456 4, 264 2216| 25,808 10,507 22,634 457,000 | 5, 144 19, 920 | 21. 11 5, 809
Kansas....__.__. ), 007 3, 700 1, 114 23, O77 | 6, 118 | 24,029 546,090 | 5, 461 22, 179 | 23: 40 | 4, 967
Missouri... ___._- 15, 705 18, 236 5,717 | 74, 778 30, 397 | 59,215 | 1,120, 559 | 13, 458 51, 761 | 20.13 | 17, 191
—T 537 1, 573 641 11, 838 4, 453 | 12, 257 256, 812 2, 786 11, 470 | 21. 62 | 2, 569
egion X: |
Arkansas 643 7, 877 2, 291 50, 492 9, 777 33, 538 590, 7,622 | 30, 855 | 18, 13 10, 779
Louisiana 715 9, 785 1, 964 | 58, 816 | 12, 388 | 49, 264 | 1,015, 758 11, 196 45, 071 | 21. 35 13, 180
Oklahoma 4, 545 7, 038 1, 625 46, 230 12, 997 35, 930 685, 615 8, 166 | 33, 890 19. 47 | 10, 207
am. ase 0, 720 1, 214 3, 504 72, 709 24, 534 60 988 | 1,046,741 13, 861 58, 001 | 17. 52 | 16, 755
ion XI: |
olorado.___... 6,215 2, 081 | 504 12, 647 3,133 | 10,257| 214, 624 2, 332 | 9, 452 | 21. 53 | 2, 753
New Mexico 4, 460 1, 763 333 12, 304 1, 970 | 8,556 | 183, 521 1,945 | 8, 116 21. 90 | 2, 212
a 3, 311 1, 860 534 14, 453 4, 530 | 13, 764 | 337, 270 | 3, 128 | 12, 446 | 25. 31 | 3, 131
Wyoming ...__. 9.6 614 115 | 3, 583 | 905 | 4,077 97, 769 | 927 | 3) 556 | 25. 10 | 746
Region XII } |
Arizona... _...__.- 4,701 3, 540 937 | 14, 607 5, 506 | 9,174 | 189, 697 2,085 | 8, 686 | 20. 92 | 3, 302
California... __..... 32, 646 70, 913 26, 013 481, 338 232, 009 440,413 | 9,912, 7 100, 004 | 408, 827 23.17 107, 763
Hawaii... oN) 2, 057 750 17, 178 7, 880 13,381 | | 236, 001 3,041; 9,9588| 20.85 @)
Nevada 975 897 289 5, 129 2, 047 4, 812 116, 995 | 1, 094 4, 483 24. 99 1, 057
Region XIII | | |
Alaska Sec 1, 107 1, 858 570 | 21, 305 4, 224 | 24, 021 771, 928 5, 459 23, 319 32.39) - (
NS eae ' 3, 200 1, 572 532 18, 850 3, 908 17, 566 407, 567 3, 992 16, 907 23.43 | 3, 958
Oregon. __.._... ae 6, 504 &, 697 2. 050 80, 313 22, 557 78, 581 1, 757, 220 17, 859 74, 337 22. 92 16, 631
7111 17,112 3,418 | 123, 503 32142 110,076 | 2.672.193 25,017} 105,809 24. 49 | 984

> Washington. .._...___.

} Excledes transitional claims

® Total, part-total, and partial

* Not adjusted for voided benefit
bined-wags plan.

~hecks and transfers under interstate com-

4 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.
§ Data not available.

State agencies.

Source: Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, and affiliated

ducted by the Ohio Disability Unem-
ployment Insurance Commission, that
shows the nature and extent of cov-
erage provided by private plans in
Ohio in 1949. The plans are consid-

Bulletin, July 1953

ered

under

three

headings—group
disability insurance, paid sick leave,
and miscellaneous types of disability
benefit pians.
“Current Trends in Hospital-Surgi-

cal-Medical Plans: I. New Health
Insurance Plans; Il. Personal Ca-
tastrophe Coverage; III. Coverage
for Hospitalized Employees.” Man-
(Continued on page 27)

23

Table 7.—Public assistance in the United States, by month, April 1952-April 1953 '
[Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only such payments]

| | | T ~
| Aid to dependent children | | aid | Aid | Aid
| | | to the my A to | | to the
perma- d- depen A perma-| Gen-
Year and Total Old-age Recipients | Aid to nently | General Total age ent | to | nently an
month assistance | the blind | and | assistance | assist- chil- | the and | assist.
j Families | — | | ance | —_ | blind broad ance
| | - | j | (fami- dis- |
Total? | Children | abled lies) abled
j t
Number of recipients Percentage change from previous month
1952 l ——e
| |
Apeel MEMbscahaséccesccseus 2, 671, 605 598, 398 | 2,068,790 | 1, 546, 206 97,353 | 138,017 | 320, 000 |......-.| —0.3 +0.3 +0. 1 +2.3 —4.5
Ss oe 2, 666, 474 598, 236 | 2,060,849 | 1, 547, 261 97, 571 141, 830 | 302, 000 |... —.2 () +.2 +2.8 —5.7
Side co¢elindinasceonal 2, 659, 667 589, 968 | 2,041,551 | 1, 527,354 97,690 | 145, 344 | 204,000 |........ -.3| —14 +.1 +2.5 —25
CAE ET RR 2, 650, 156 578, 155 | 2,006,321 | 1, 501, 148 97,670 | 148, 132 | 307,000 |........ -.4; -20; @ +1.9 +4.6
SS OP 2, 646, 077 572, 100 | 1,990,763 | 1, 489, 988 97, 905 151, 457 | 295, 000 |........) -.2| -10 +.2|) +22 —3.9
September. .|............. 2, 642, 305 569, 215 | 1,984, 253 | 1, 486, 506 98, 071 153,902 274,000 |........ —.1); —.5 +.2| +16/ 4-69
pembeldudtecoesesel 2, 637, 280 566, 666 | 1,977,710 | 1, 482, 290 98,249; 156,645) ‘270,000 /......... —.2 —.4 +.2| +1.8 | 4—13
November. .}............. 2, 635, 501 565, 536 | 1,975,901 | 1, 482, 431 98, 377 159, 053 | 4 267,000 |.......- —.1 —.2 +.1 +15) 4—13
edcdiescecsesotece 2, 634, 662 569, 184 | 1,900,819 | 1, 494, 563 98, 461 161, 441 * 280, 000 Jr=seee=- (8) +.6 +.1 +1.5) 4449
1953 |
|
January.....| cuadessonbeas 2, 628, 147 571, 369 | 1,999,487 | 1, 502, 987 98,442 163,789 #200, 000 |........ —.2 +.4 (3 $1.5 | 443.7
i asislencascsnshone 2, 618, 880 572,449 | 2,007,975 | 1,509 087 98,408 | 165,463 | 4 287, 000 |. —.4 +.2 (3) +10, 4=—L2
Th. o<«salintdnccocesell 2, 610, 702 574, 397 | 2,016, 680 | 1, 516, 662 | 98,380 | 167, 513 | 4 283, 000 |........ —.3 | +.3 (*) +1.2) 4=22
et sacdubaliuditasésnecall 2, 604, 341 | 572, 168 | 2,011,389 | 1, 513,014 | 98, 434 | 170, 152 | 4 275, 000 |... —.2 —.4 +.1 +16) 4—28
|
Amount of assistance Percentage change from previous month
1952 wh sa
fpeil Lencnebal $192, 159, 661 |$120, 106, 042 $45, 713, 294 |$4, 851, 436 | $6, 363,889 | $15,125,000 -—0.2| -—0.1/) +05) +03) +23) —46
y........| 191, 436, 861 | 120, 300, 263 45, 505, 911 4, 875, 654 | 6,565,033 | 14, 100, 000 —.4 +.2 —.5 +.5 +3.2 —6.8
June... .....| 190, 033, 682 | 120, 200, 238 44, 768, 604 | 4,883,935 | 6,694,905 | 13,486,000) —.7) —.2) —16) +.2) +20) 43
ic canehe 191, 365, 814 | 120, 542, 626 44, 175, 800 4, 943,745 | 6,842,643 | 14, 861, 000 +.7) +.3] —1.3] +12) +22] +102
August__.... 189, 514, 464 | 120, 424, 755 43, 620, 484 4, 959, 304 | 6, 973, 831 13, 536, 000 —1.0 -.1 —1.3 | +.3) +19 —89
September... | 180, 680,122 | 121, 251, 437 43, 522, 039 | 4,974, 710 | 7,074, 136 | 412,857,000, +.1) +.7/ —.2| +.3| +14] 4-47
October. ....| 199, 688,422 | 127, 753, 941 46, 116, 285 5, 206,477 | 7,523,719 | 4 13, 088, 000 +5.3 +5.4 +6.0) +47) +63) *+18
November...| 200, 239,380 | 128, 231, 874 46, 209, 537 5, 240, 897 7,681,072 | 4 12, 876, 000 +.3 +.4 +.2 +.7] +21) 4-16
December ...| 202, 383, 234 | 128, 632, 515 46, 720, 062 | 5,267,441 | 7,814,216 | $13,949,000 © +1.1 +.3 tli} +.5 $1.7] 4483
1953 | | |
January .....| 203, 802,873 | 129, 219, 048 47, 084, 386 | 5,273,447 | 7,960,992 | * 14, 265, 000 +.7 +.5 +.8 | t.1 +1.9) 4422
February....| 202,070,779 | 127,775, 412 47, 107, 016 | 5, 270,904 | 8, 024, 447 | 4 13, 893, 000 —.8 —1.1 e® | &@& +.8) *—26
March... ._. 202, 248, 523 | 127, 560,306 47, 295, 081 | 5, 284, 214 | 8, 138, 832 | 4 13, 961, 000 +.1 —.2 4 +.3 +14) *+.5
ancwcads 201, 204, 408 | 127, 219, 765 47, 169, 319 5, 290, 213 | 8, 228,111 | * 13, 297, 000 —.5 —.3 —.3 +.1 | +1.1 (—48
a ee Mi. Ae. 438. oR ee es SS L isis —_ 2 slate
! For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1953, p. 16. All data subject 3 Decrease of less than 0.05 percent.
Percentage change based on data

to revision.
3 Includes as reci ts the children and 1 parent or other adult relative in
requirements of at least 1 such adult were considered in

families in which t
determining the amount of assistance.

for 52 States.

‘ Excludes Nebraska; data not available.

* Increase of less than 0.05 percent.

ESTIMATES OF BLINDNESS
(Continued from page 11)
sion’s belief that the register has
supplied an approximately complete

and accurate enumeration.

Trend of Prevalence of
Blindness

It would be fortunate if the present
method of making estimates could
be relied upon to support conclusions
as to the increase or decrease of the
rate of this handicap. The method
was designed, however, to approx-
imate differences in the rates for
States or sections of the country at
a given time. It does not serve equally

well for estimating changes with time,
largely because of the importance of
the health factor and the lack of
suitable measurement to represent it
at successive periods.

Estimates made by this method for
1940 placed the number of blind per-
sons in the United States at approx-
imately 230,000 and the prevalence
rate at 1.75 per thousand population.
Assuming no change in the rate, esti-
mates for 1948 gave the total number
of blind persons as 255,000, as com-
pared with the present total figure,
308,000. The weights used in the for-
mula have been changed, however, in
obtaining the present estimates, as

has also the basis of the anchor rate.

Because cataract, glaucoma, and
other eye diseases occurring most fre-
quently among older persons probably
now account for at least two-thirds
of existing blindness, and because the
proportion of the population aged 65
or over increased by almost 20 per-
cent from 1940 to 1950 and is continu-
ing to increase, it is not unreasonable
to suppose that the prevalence rate of
blindness, as well as the number of
blind persons, is now increasing. The
maintenance by more States of care-
fully developed local statistics, such
as those of North Carolina, will help
to provide an answer to this question.

Social Security

om ZBe D_ | aAgscVPerscozz

we
ye

ere
nu

a a oe ae

WOAM-ISrIwwem

Table 8.—Amount of vendor payments for medical care
for recipients of public assistance, program and
State, usciatanhadh 1953

+

Aidto | Aid
de yendent
ildren

Old-age
assist-

State ? |
ance | °
|

215, 162 4, 446 8,077

aC ae tad

(=e Sweueas en ee ee ee 7
J 290 | “256 |

362, 198 76,858| 6,719| 8,614

1 For ice data stain vendor payments for medical care, see the

Bulletin, May 1
1 Excludes States that made no vendor yments for medical care for Feb-

ruary or did pot a such payments. For the special t ybes o of ee assist-
ance, fi cs represent payments made without tion.
Tia all 8 ody except California, Illinois, Louisiana, 1 te lg evada,

New JL, Utah, and the Virgin Islands includes payments made on behalf
of recipients of the special types of public assistance

* No program for aid to the permanently and totally disabled.

§ Data not available.

Table 9.—Average payments including vendor payments
for med care and average amount of vendor -
ments per assistance case, by program and
February 1953 '

Old ath t Aid to “=
age le en i permanently
assistance child nm the blind and totally
(per family) disabled
States ? Ven- Ven- Ven- Ven-
dor dor dor dor
an | Peay} au | pay.,| Au | bey.) Al | bey.
assist- — assist- — assist- a a assist- —
ance | medi-| 92° | medi- | 92° | medi-| 9° | medi-
cal cal cal cal
care care care care
$127.88) $12.00) $86.97! $7.00) (@) ®
ae ae tel BE Pe 2?
. 108.34, .06| 57.85 e $61.35) $0.06
37.82) 3.85) 95.67) 9.30) 45.23) 38. 51.00} 3.93
I.............| 54.23] 14.41) 123.89) 9.71] 60.26) 1222) 70.41) 32.70
Ind_...........| 43.28] 6.67} 80.90) 4.50) 45.62) 542) ( @
Kans ..-| 62.10] 6.08) 106.04) 7.55) 67.64 +48 64.74, 8.96
+ Sa a 51.33) (4 63.53) .14| 47.30) . 41.47; .09
Mass. wooel TL BS USS «6 S....--.1-- 88.88} 35.04
Mich. aeneel Ee 59. 49 bf 68.04) 10.88
OR. cuted aoe 58. 25 12. 68 108.44) 8.19) 70.00) 12. @ ®
54.41 13.16) 95.95) 4,21) 64.91) 1.72 ® g
ne Le... ‘
55.07} 10.00} 125.38 13.50) 59.13) 9.00) 66.08} 10.00
i | Ty ae S| haubigg EE a! Baa RE
45.47; 1.12) 71.22) 3.66) 44.00) 1.29) 41.00) 3.97
68.22} 12.72) 124.91 8.94) 76.81, 1249) 76.69) 14.67
0.76, .23| GBH =.2)-.....-|-cone- 35.42) .40
58.39) 2.60! 110.84 1. 53) 54. 49 67.88, 2.57
53.41) 1.93) 81.87) 35) 52.32 EL ...nnclesileas
57.49] 10.61) 114.90) 18.00, 70.76) 9. 68.62) 10.90
57.50} .02| 112.86) .12| 68.62) 1.85) 6221) .
ie . mee Se Le (6) ®
58.45) 7.27| 129.40 9. 62) 68. 06) 6.31| 73.22) &16

1 ed + : Gots, quutadins vendor payments for medical care, see the
Bulletin, Ma r averages based on cases receiving money —
vendor 4 ts for medical th. Averages Siaaeel epiotenen

—- care, or both.
computed because of difference among States in or practice
pad nm = assistance funds to pay medical bills or rexipionts of the
of public assistance. Figures in italics represent payments made
Potersl Ley ay
2 Excludes States that made no ba payments for medical care for Feb-
or did not report such payments
© program for aid to the permanently and totally disabled.
‘ Less than 1 cent.
+ Average payment not computed on base of less than 50 recipients.

SOCIAL SECURITY IN REVIEW

(Continued from page 2)

were also influential factors in the
year’s growth.

The members being served by Fed-
eral credit unions at the end of 1952
numbered 2.8 million, 15.8 percent

Bulletin, July 1953

more than in 1951. The total assets
of credit unions chartered under the
Federal act amounted to $662.4 mil-
lion, compared with $504.7 million in
the preceding year; in the 3 years
since January 1, 1950, assets more
than doubled. The average amount
of assets per operating Federal

credit union at the end of 1952 was
$11,799—19.6 percent more than the
average at the close of 1951. In De-
cember 1952 there were 5,925 of the
credit unions in operation. This total
represents a net increase of 527 dur-
ing the year—the largest for any year
since 1940.

25

Table 10.. assistance: 's and payments
ee by State, y ret 1953

{Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only

Table 11.—-Aid to the blind: Recipients and payments
to recipients, by State, April 1953 +
[Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only

such payments} such payments]
|
Papmenta tn Percentage change from— | P aon | Percentage change from—
cat March 1983 | April 1952 7 re
. r of March 1953 April 1952
State recip- in— | in— State recip- in— in—
ients Total | Aver- ients | Total Aver- |___ Saen SS Paes
amount age - - | amount age |
um- um- Num- Num-
| | ber |Amount} “}o, | Amount | i Amount| “}.- | Amount
ceo Oy SRNR 1 oem hae Stee
Totals (2,608, 341/8127, 219, 765| $48.85, —0.2) -0.3} —2.5) +5.9 Teas... 98, 434 | $5,290,213 | $53.74) +0.1) +0.1| 41.1 +9.9
, <a 68,295) 1,869,232) 27.37) —.3 +1) —7.9) +17.7 Ala..._... | 1,505 42,797 | 2344, —.4 —.8 —.6 +16.9
Alaska... ._. 1, 93,942) 56.87) —.2 = —.5 —.4 Alaska 46 2, (8) a) (3) (a (3)
y “Sarr 13, 867 773,709) 55.79 —.5 +2.3 —.5} +12.3 yp eae 6388 42,875 | 62.32 +.4 +6.1| —4.2 +10.5
pS 56,811; 1,847,336) 32.52) —1.2 —1.0| 2.8) +39.4 [ee 1, 928 75,906 | 39.37 =-,3 +.2/ +2.2 +443
Calif. _..._. 271, 667) 18,863,993) 69.445 —.1) —4 ~O +41 Calif.2___ 11,739 | 1,008,603} 85.92; +.1 +.2| +1.7 +7.3
Colo.?_.....) 52,300) 4,121,837) 78.31) @ | —.2 +.8| +12.4 Colo_..._- 351 22,912 | 65.28 | +1.7 +1.0 —.6 +2.2
Conn... 15, 1,010,814) 65. —.5| +1) —13.4) —8.3 Conn... _- 302 23,875 | 79.06; 0 +.8| —2.6| +166
TT 1, 692 64,286) 37.90) —.55 () | —.3) +12.3 oS ree 234 11,838 | 50.59/ —1.3 —1.5| +5.4 +16.0
2, 144,906) 53.57 +.3 +8) —2.1) +7.7 De @ei... 252 14,565 | 57.80 | +2.4 $3.6 | —4.9 +5.9
2, 862, 657 43.09 +.1) +.4, —1.5) +10.5 Fla_.....- 3, 124 149,150 | 47.74 (4) +.4 1.5 +14.9
3,444,092) 36.37) (@ § +.3 —.5 +16.0 os... 3, 099 128, 41.51 | +8 +9) +49) +297
i ! |
71,317) 34.2% —.6 —.7; -6.2) —3.9 Hawaii___| 108 4446) 41.17) -—.9| -2.7/ —.9 41.9
494, 263) 54°25 — 1) +.2) —-2.2) 447 Idaho.....| 186 10,984 | 59.05 | —1.1 —l.l| —5.1 +29
4,276,855) 41.05, -—.9 -2.4) -5.9| -6.4 T........| 3,780 185,771 | 49.15/ —.9| —24/ —5.5 —4.7
1, 508,144) 37.45, ~.7 —.7| -7.5) <3.8 | Se 1, 673 68,539) 41.57) —.5| +1.1 | —2.7 +3.6
2, 616,808) 56.87, —.6| — 6) —4.45 45.9 lowa 1, 322 89,582) 67.76; +.2 +.4| +26) +168
2,097,084) 57.60; —.2! —.2} -—2.2) 46.8 Kans... _. 606 38,272 | 63.16 +.8 +4] —.2 +12.7
1, 944,755) 35.14, +.3 +.3) -12.2 443 2... 2, 465 91,761 | 37.93) +.4 +8| —2.7|) +4488
6, 165,680) 51.30; (4) (*) — 2 42.7 La.. 1, 958 92,949 | 47.47 } =3 +.1) +2.1 +6.3
612,845) 45.97) —_5)| —.2;) -6.3) @ Maine 562 28,054 4992) —.4 —.1| —5.4 +30
464,669) 42.59) -— 3) @ | -—43 —.2 d... 465 23,355) 59.93) —.4 —.6; —1.9 +7.4
6, 497, 878/ 67.62 =a 8} -2.9' 6.7 Mass. . 1, 724 147,061 | 85.30 0 +1.0) +4 +11.2
4,379,973; 51.28 -1.0 =-1.0 —7.1 -1.7 Mich. 1, 820 108,733 | 59.74 —.4 -—.2| —2.2 48
2, 389, 532) 45.09 —.3) —.5| -3.1) 4.2 Minn | 1,147 67,054) 5846) +.2 —.1 | ~1.6 “$3
1,704,065, 28.24 +.55 +.5) +48) +408 Miss 2, 966 100, 892 | 34.902/ +.5 +5, +54) +988
6, 527,808) 50.06 -—.2 =—.2) —.9 +13.9 Mo.?......| 3,480} 174,450) 59.00; +.1 +.1| +10.9| +4199
616,470} 58.011 —.6 —.6 5.2) +7.0 Mont 504 32,347 | 64.18 | —2.7 —2.9 3.1 407
812, 43.08 5 —.7) —11.2) 10.1 Nebr. - 706 | 45,722 6476) +4) —1.2| —5.9 2.7
149, 783) 56.29 (4) —.1) —2.0 +1.6 Nev.?__ 41 2, 164 @ | @® @ + @ (2)
314,959) 45.37) —.1) +.45 +3) +41 > §% 28 8 =—s-:15, 323 | siaz) +3) +22 0 449
1, 203, 622) 50.91) —.1| +1) =-2.1) 48.6 |; <a 825 53,170 | 64.45 +.2 +3) +2.4 LTs
481,764) 44.315 +.6 +.65 +1.5 466 N. Mex.__! 423 18,122 | 42.84 +5) +.4! —10.¢ “14
6,197,631) 57.57) —.7) 1.0 —5.9 =—3.4 -¥..-| 4m} 290,276] esis} -11) +21 4| 466
| | '
1, 507,620; 29.67' () +.2) —1.3) +20.9 4 ae 4, 533 178,069 | 39.28; +.7 41.0) +2.6 +17.0
478,479) 55.645 —.77 @ | =-3.6 +6.8 N. Dak 113 5, 62.92} —9! +1.2| +2.7 (*)
5,653,002} 51.49 —.7) =—.7) —5.45 —.7 Ohio. 3, 636 188,080} 51.73| —.! +.2) —3.1 419
6, 282,654) 65.89 (*) | —.2 —6) +344 Okla_- 2, 368 178,810} 75.51; —.65 —.7|} 7.1 +36.1
1, 352, 382} 62.14) —.4! —.3) -3.7) 43.8 Oreg.. 365 26,046 | 71.36/ +3) —2.7 4.7 413
2 848,387) 43.31 1.1) +.7| —10.5) —1.0 Pat... 15,800} 781,487 | 49.46) — 1 +1/ +24) 42%
329,325, 7.70 1 $1.6) +31.9, +35.0 fo | 1,099 8,244) 7.50) +.6 $1.2 | +67 +70.6
432,905} 49.22 —.9) —.6 -6.8 44 iseses 182 | 11,243] 61.77 | —1.1 —.1]) —2.7 -1.5
1,316,514) 31.42) —.1) @) | 1.5) +13.6 @. ©...2.. 1,622; 59,682) 36.80,/ —.2 —.4| +14) 4317
508,780! 44.20 —.2/ +.1, -3.3} +1.9 8. Dak 201 8,622} 42.90| —.5 —.9| —2.0 +6.1
2, 222, 528) 36.67) +.8) +.7| 4113! +138 Tenn.....| 2,966 123,712} 41.71) +1.1) 41.1] +6.8| 413.2
8,306,084} 38.36 +.2) +8 —1) +4146 Tex | 6.0m} 250,976] 43.14) +1, +.2, +.2| +154
567,186) 50.04 (4) | +24) 14) 46.1 Jtab..... 214 13,640 | 63.74/ 0 +13) —4.9 +
231,500} 40.83 —.2) (‘) —1.7) 41.1 lee 171 7,698 | 45.02 6 —.3| —5.0 -1.5
7,637} 10.97) —.1; +.1) 42.8) +3.1 Jt yeern 43 im!) ® | @® () (3) 0)
463, 675) 26.55 —.2| +.55 —7.0 +7.2 VR. acs e- 1, 337 45,420} 33.97; 0 +.1 8.7 +.2
4, 166, 384) 63.96) —.2) -3.4) -3.5, —1.2 Wash?___ 803 65,206 | 81.20) —1.1 —3.1} —3.3 +1.1
901, 33.42, —.2) —.3) 4 +20.5 W. Va....| 1,168 45,653 | 39.00, +.3 +2) +7.0; +28
2, 545,359 51.64) —.5 —.2) —4.3) 41.3 Lo 1, 285 73,207 | 58.40| —.2) +10) —6.0 +3
242,496, 50.57) — i -3.9 +2. Wyo.....| . ' 85 5,256 | 61.84) (*) @) () @)

! For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1953, p. 16. All data

sub to revision.

s ides 3,971 recipients under age 65 in Colorado and payments to these

"Pete fie
8 of less t 0.05 percent.

* Increase of less than 0.05 percent.

ts are made without Federal participation.

' For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1953, p. 16. All data
subject to revision.

? Data include recipients of payments made without Federal participation
and payments to these recipients as follows: In Nevada (all recipients and
payments), in California (501 recipients, $44,696 in payments), in Washington
(10 recipients, $500 in payments), in Missouri (917 recipients, $46,148 in pay-
ments), and in Pennsylvania (6,622 recipients, $326,404 in payments

3 Average payment not computed on base of less than 50 recipients; per-
centage change, on less than 100 recipients

‘ Increase of less than 0.05 percent.

§ Excludes cost of medical care, for which payments are made to recipients
quarterly.

* Decrease of less than 0.05 percent

Social Security

its Table 12.—Aid to dependent children: Recipients and payments to recipients, by State, April 1953 '
[Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases sdeanamens mand such anemaniaes
— Number of recipients Payments to recipients Percentage change from—
y j |
State on Average per— March 1953 in— April 1952 in—
= | families Total? Children BF l
| | Family Recipient o— Amount | amaber of Amount
| | |
— — _——_ i. os — | | | | j
a ee = 572, 168 2,011,380 | 1, 513,014 | $47, 169,319 | $82. 44 $23. 45 —0.4 —0.3 | —4.4 +3.2
a SE epeeres 18, 297 66, 731 51, 823 724, 744 39. 61 10. 86 —.2| +.1 | —.2 +12.3
Jara 874 | 2, 903 2, 124 72, 067 82. 46 24. 83 +2.1 +65.4 | +16. 4 +29. 4
9.9 eR SRS 3, 724 14, 240 10, 741 331, 866 89. 12 23. 31 +1.7 | +6.6 +5.2 +27.
a “RS 12, 751 37, 006 707, 977 55. 52 14. 67 | —2.2 —1.9 —3.8 +31.0
5.9 “Sesser | 52, 106 166, 115 126, 587 6, 230, 220 119. 57 | 37. 51 | +.1 | +.6 —6.5 —5.
Colorado 5, 213 ‘ 14, 544, 197 104. 39 | 28.17 | +1.3 | +1.1 | +11 +7.3
0.5 Connecticut 4, 107 13, 586 | 10, O11 471, 830 114. 88 | 34.73 | —.8 —.1| —12.7 —5.6
13 Delaware 725 2, 842 2, 191 | 63, 557 87. 66 | 22. 36 | —1.8 —1.3 | —.7 +6.5
3 | District of Columbia... 1, 9R2 8,120 | 6, 314 | 214, 662 108. 31 26. 44 | +1.5 +1.1 | —12 +8.9
See) MeO... ............. 18, 449 62, 946 47, 375 981, 410 53. 20 | 15. 59 | (4) +.1 | +5.3 +22.7
T Georgia. ..... 13, 117 45, 971 | , 046 951, 380 . 53 | 20. 70 | —1.4 —1.0 | —40. 2 —13.1
7 Hawaii.......... 3, 188 | 11, 975 | 9, 381 272, 158 85. 37 22.73 | -.2 -.9 -1.5 -.3
9 Ra 1, 890 | 6, 610 4, 861 229, 013 | 121.17 | 34. 65 | —.7 —1.2) —13.7 —6.3
> Tlinois._.. - 22, 213 81, 453 60, 785 2, 530, 752 | 113. 93 | 31. 07 —1.2 —2.6 —3.1 —.6
Indiana........- 7,729 | 26, 565 | 19, 782 601, 166 | 77. 78 | 22. 63 | —1,1 —.7 —8.8 +6.2
9 a 5, 802 20, 602 | 15, 350 * 691, 004 | 119. 10 | 33. 54 | +.7 +1.4 +7.0 +26. 8
BE 8 END, « -<- enceccncene 3, 945 14, 189 | 10, 836 391, 645 99. 28 | 27. 60 | —.1 +.2 —8.0 —15
“s Kentucky 20, 184 72, 185 | 53,649 | — ‘1, 207, 288 64. 27 | 17. 98 | +.9 +.9 —.2 +53. 3
Yr - 20, 708 77, 213 57, 939 1, 314, 730 63. 49 | 17. 03 | —1.0 —.8 | —7.6 —5.7
f rai ee oan 4, 204 15, 083 10, 868 | 353, 143 82. 24 | 23. 49 | +.2 ® —5.1 +6.8
> land Giblet 5, 487 21, 345 | 16, 371 508, 92. 69 23. 83 +1.2 +.5 +8.9 15.1
? Massachusetts 12, 523 41, 350 30, 573 1, 454, 141 116. 12 | 35.17 | —.4 +.7 —5.0 —5.2
3 ID .. .nccncenss ie 22, 027 72, 487 52, 002 2, 216, 098 100. 61 30. 57 | —4.8 —4.7 —13.1 —10.5
0 Minnesota........_... oa 7, 290 24, 749 18, 925 737, 764 | 101. 20 29. 81 —.3 —.5 | —7.1 —5.8
: Mississippi --- =~ ~~ 11, 200 42, 099 32, 558 309,932 | 27.67 7. 36 +1.7 +24) +462 +118
2 Missouri? ....- 20, 566 69, 949 | 51, 775 1, 241, 538 60. 37 17. 75 -1.6 —1.4 6.9 +7.5
Montana 2, 277 8, 046 5, 980 234, 279 102. 89 29. 12 | —.2 | +.2 | —5.4 +11.6
5 Nebraska >’ 490 8, 604 | 6, 361 229, 762 92. 27 26. 70 —1.3 1.1] —11.0 —9.0
3 Nevada : 24 86 62 938 (8) Se .4 © .b 6 (*) ()
8 New Hampshire ______- 1, 316 4, 479 3, 265 148, 635 | 112. 94 33. 18 —.4 (4) —7.3 —.1
9 New Jersey........ % 5. O11 17, 001 12; 893 545, 185 | 108. 80 32.07 | +.5 +.6 —3.3 +41
7 New Mexico. ....... 5, 208 19, 056 14, 593 358, 882 67.74 18. 83 +1.2 +14 —2.0 +7.1
7 New York. Tare 46, 546 162, 446 117, 529 5, 474, 410 117.61 | 33. 70 | —1.5 —1.8 | —11.9 —8.3
d North Carolina jon a 17, 639 65, 422 | 49, 878 1, 001, 737 56. 79 15.31 | +.5 +.8 | +2.1 +21.7
8 North Dakota 2 1, 546 5, 544 4, 220 167, 058 108. 06 30. 13 —.3 +.9 | —6.4 | +4.6
4 Ohio ? eR 12, 824 47, 671 36, 031 1, 070, 510 83. 48 22. 46 —.3 +1.7 —4.5 | +10.3
0 Oklahoma 17, 504 58, 822 44, 820 1, 635, 600 92. 97 27.81 —.5 —1.5 —12.6 | +15.0
Oregon 3, 224 11, 149 8, 393 384, 046 119. 12 | 34. 45 +.1 +.2 —7.1 +4.8
9 | Pennsylvania 26, 520 ‘ 74, 922 2, 651, 557 99. 98 26. 73 —1.5 +1.2 —16.4 —6.0
| Puerto Rico 32, 152 100, 244 76, 614 322, 839 10. 04 | 3. 22 +.2 +5.6 +42.1 +56. 9
9 Rhode Island __..___.. ; 3, 204 10, 768 7,817 327, 097 102. 09 30. 38 +.1 —.4 —4.8 +.9
l South Carolina sia 6, 672 25, 209 19, 661 300, 591 45. 05 | 11. 88 +1.1 +1.0 +.5 —4.5
3 South Dakota 3 3 2. 607 8, 926 6, 757 217, 917 80. 80 24. 41 +.8 | +.8 +2.9 +16.6
0 Tennessee _ . - es. OX ves 20, 110 72, 986 54, 882 903, 215 49. 39 | 13. 61 +.1 (4) —L8 —.6
6
5 Texas. ..._. ; 17, 214 67, 042 | 50, 075 1, 132, 740 65. 80 | 16. 90 +1.9 +18 | +5.7 | +38. 6
? Utah. . saa 2, 912 10, 135 7,475 328, 893 112. 94 32. 45 +1.0 +1.0 | —.4| +3.4
l ae : 1, 026 3, 575 | 2,723 74, 774 | 72. 88 | 20. 92 +.4 +.1 0 +35. 0
2 Virgin Islands aa 216 695 592 3, 521 16. 30 5.07 —2.7 —7.0 —4.8 —4.3
Virginia i cet 7, 539 28, 663 | 21, 944 480, 099 63. 68 16. 75 +.9 +1.3 —3.2 +17.3
4 Washington ii DRA : 8, 899 30, 002 | 21, 892 1, 099, 782 | 123. 58 | 36. 66 +.1 —.6 —3.3 +13.9
? West Virginia cutie 18, 134 66, 922 | 52, 123 1, 500, 240 82. 7: 22. 42 +1.0 +.8 +7.0 +47.4
5 Wisconsin. ......__. 8, 168 27, 869 20, 587 | 984, 431 120. 52 | 35. &2 +.5 +.3 | —4.5 +15
Wyoming_....... a ’ 525 1,915 | 1, 444 57, 616 | 109. 74 30. 09 | +1.4 +1.5 | —4.4 +3.1
]
| ra : 2
; ! For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1953, p. 16. All data subject * Excludes cost of medical care, for which payments are made to recipients
} to revision. quarterly.
1Includes as recipients the children and 1 parent or other adult relative in * Increase of less than 0.05 percent.
families in which the requirements of at least 1 such adult were considered in 7 In addition to these payments from aid to dependent children funds, supple-
determining the amount of assistance. mental yo of $98,477 from general assistance funds were made to 3,511
\ Includes program administered without Federal participation in Nevada. families in Missouri, and $114,352 to 3,128 families in Ohio.
‘ Decrease of less than 0.05 percent. * Average payment not computed on base of less than 50 families; percentage

change, on less than 100 f

(Continued from page 23) The need for catastrophic illness Insurance in Israel.” Bulletin of
| insurance and ways of providing it. the International Social Security
agement Record, New York, Vol. 15, “}7ealth Developments in Rural Association, Geneva, Feb. 1953, pp.
Apr. 1953, pp. 126-133 ff. America, 1953. A Conference Re- 26-32. $2.50 a year.
Papers by Lois E. Forde, W. C. port on the American Medical As- Kossoris,MaxD. “Workmen’s Com-
lochmoeller, and E. S. Willis. sociation’s Eighth National Confer- pensation in the United States: I—

ence on Rural Health.” Public An Appraisal.” Monthly Labor Re-
surance We Need Most.” Harper’s Health Reports, Washington, Vol. view, Washington, Vol. 76, Apr.
Magazine, New York, Vol. 206, May 68, May 1953, pp. 480-496. 45 cents. 1953, pp. 359-366. 55 cents.

1953, pp. 51-56. 50 cents. Kanev, I. “Forty Years of Health The first of a series of articles.

Drucker, Peter F. ‘The Medical In-

Bulletin, July 1953

Table 13.—Aid to the permanent
‘ Recipients and payments to

and disabled:
cag oy to April

[Exclusive of vendor payments pe medical care and cases receiving only
suc

payments]
=," Percentage change from—
9-3 | March
arch 1953 April 1952
State recip- | ia— in—
jents Total Aver-
amount | age
—_ Amount | N®™- | amount
|
|
Total...| 170, 152 | $8, 228, 111 |$48.36 | +1.6| +1.1| 423.3] +29.3
Oe ions 8, 888 247, 262 | 27.82) +.4 +.3 4/| +28.7
Ti Mccccces 507 18,595 | 31.15) +4.0/ +3.8/ @ @)
aaa 4,040 224, 568 | 55.59 +3.4/ 43.6) +0.5| +18.6
ER 125 6,778 | 54.22) -2.3) 1.4) —5.3] +11.8
ne 1, 421 87,467 | 61.55 | +.7 +.7| 413.9) +27.9
Mae 3, 769 149,912 39.78 |+12.4| 413.0 |..--.-..|--......-
Hawail...| 1.227| 58404 | 47.60| +1.8| +1.5| 47.3] +11.0
Idaho. ___- | 820 46,511 | 56.72 | +.1 +.1) +2.0 +9.8
i Receisii | 4,078 | 174,890 | 42.89 | +1.7 —.3 | +47.9|) +53.1
Kans. ___. 3,010 | 169,882 56.42 / +.8) +1.0/ +13.0/ +23.6
La....- 13, 990 578,437 | 41.35| —.7; —.6| —5.5 -1.9
cond | 3,387 172,207 | 50.84 | +2.6/ +2.7 | +26.6) +37.0
Mass. ...... | 7,903 | 948 | 59.46) +6.1, +4.5 +73.8| +744
Mich..____. | 1a08| 92, 964 |e649| +20; +426| +424) +63.2
Miss... - 1, 379 30,416 | 22.06} +2.7| +4.7 | +64.0| +89.7
_=aaaet | 12,675 | 657,528 | 51.88) +.8| +1.0) +13.2) +26.8
Mont.. | 1,248 | 79, 082 | 63.33 | +2.1) +2.9 | +13.5 +28.5
. sae 96 §,24/ 55.15) @ | @ | @.| @
aaa 2,035; 149,943 | 73.68 | +1.3| +2.4| +43.3 | +73.2
N.Mex.....| 1,988; 70,872 | 36.57) —.2| —.8| -—89| —17.7
| | }
N.Y_.......| 30,924 | 1,930,007 / 64.34) +.3/ +3) +44) +89
a 6, 933 243,147 | 35.07 +2.6) +2.5/ +48.0/ +87.7
N. Dak | 745 | 46,341 | 62.20; +.1 +.4| +17.7| +26.4
Ohio #_____. 6, 084 301, 744 | 49.60 | +1.3 +1.4| +23.9| +37.8
Okla. _- > ~ | 4051 | 281,905 | 69.59 +2.3| +2.9| +68.8| +292.0
Oreg.____- | 2138 150, 530 | 74.62) +.1 —.2) +17.3| +25.6
cones | 10,111 | 470,656 | 46.55 +1.0) 3.4) +4.5 +8.6
NEE 10,888, 91,146) 8.37| +2.2| 41.5 4132.3 +118.3
EE Icinsiie | 466 28,673 | 61.53 | +7.1 | +9.6 | +93.4 | +86.3
aA (6,860 183,613 | 31.33 +2.0/ +1.9/ +369) +34.9
8, Dak____. 358 16,432 | 45.90 | +5.0 +5.5 | +84.5| +104.1
Utah. ...... | 1,524 97,465 | 63.95 +.3) 42.8) —1.7) +01
i eesinn |} 23 10,718 | 44.11 | +2.5| +28 | +23.4) 429.7
) a 35 | 420' ® | ® | @ @ | @
aati 3,609 | 130,064 | 36.04) +1.9) 42.1) +18.5| +27.9
Wash... 5,621; 400,336) 71.22) +.7| —12| +44] +19.2
W. Va_____. | 5,025 | 189,114 | 37.63 | +3.4| +3.4/ +97.9| +130.5
eects 1, 067 69, 65.50! +.2 —.1 |) 414.4! +17.7
Wyo....... 446 26,376 | 59.14| —2.2| 2.0 | 4.7 +5.5
' | |

1 For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1953, p. 16. All data

ok ty ent not ted on base of less than 50 recipie
paymen compu on o pients; per-
centage change, on less than 100 recipients.
3In addition to these payments from aid to the permanently and totally
disabled fun supplemental payments of $31,232 from general assistance
funds were le to 1,490 recipients.

Table 14.—-General assistance: Cases and payments to
cases, by State, April 1953 '

{Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only
such payments}

Payments to cases Percentage change from—
|
Num- March 1953 | April 1952
State ber of | in— | in—
cases Total (| Aver- 7
amount age ns } .
yum- Num-

ber | Amount! “yo, / Amount
$48.29 | —2.8 —4.8 | —13.6 11,8
24.23 | +2.2 —.5 | —12.2 —l3

42.94 | —1.4 —9.4 (3) @
45.55 | —3.9 —4.2) +16.1 +25.6
13.63 | —.4 (3) —8.6 —46
46.65 | —3.2 —3.6| —7.9 -7.1
42.60 |-14.4) —19.1 | —18.5 —18.4
53.79 | —3.0 —5.4 —6.5 -33
45.59 | —4.8 —5.6 | —12.6 =~J
. 62.28 | +3.4 2.6) +4.1 +164
Fia.........| 75,200 09. 608 bae.i../..-... ; —
Giuccmantie! G7 39,301 | 17.06 | —4.3 —6.2 34.8 -%i
Hawail___ 1,796 | 101,838 | 56.70 | —1.2 -3| +A +64
Idaho *____ 130 | 5,379 | 41.38 | —.8 —-1.9/-19.8) 199
Til__........| 23,586 | 1,417,281 | 60.09 | —3.5 —5.8 | —13.4 1.5
i ectene as | 8,155 | 5, 898 | 33.83 —2.8 —5.6 | —12.8 -49
A 3, 457 114, 274 | 33.06 | —9.2 —10.0 —8.4 —2.5
ecescaiens 1, 784 88,534 | 49.63 —5.4 —~§6.3' —14.9 —09
3, 098 | 81, 337 | 26.25 |+16.5| +12.5) +7.2| +67
ER ER. 6, 270,972 | 39.25; +.8 +1.1) +5.6 +10.0
Maine. 3, 410 142, 270 | 41.7 —1.2 —7.1 > —11.3 —15.5
ae 2, 473 130,485 | 52.76 | —2.0 —.7| —17.5 —82
Mass....... 12,336 | 660, 222 | 53.52 | —2.8 $1 —22.8) m3
REO case 12, 842 713,478 | 55.56 | —6.9 5.5 | —45.8 —35,2
Minn 6,133 | 320,323 | 52.23 | —6.4 10.4 8.6 5.7
one S47 | 10,904 | 12.87 —4.7 —5.0 8.2 —49
Mo." 8, 506 206,718 | 34.52 | —3.5 —3.7 y +4
Mont. | 601 19,159 | 31.88 —I7.9 -22.1 —14.6 —7.6
| E 7200 | 710,300 | 35.52 —3.3 5 3.3 18.1
| FFP ES 1, 034 44,903 | 43.43 —10.0 7.4 26.8 —2.6
N.J.° 5, 849 398,879 | 68.20 —5.4 7.1 14 —8.9
N. Mex 307 7,635 | 24.87 +3.4 2.6 3.8 +44
N. Y¥......../" 32,7 2, 432, 261 | 74.34 | —5.9 —6.2 | —30.2 —2.5
+ ea 1, 048 | 39, 662 | 20.36 | —8.8 +3.2| —16.6 —17.7
N. Dak... 528 20,716 | 39.23 |-17.0) —20.8 41.1 +1,1
Ohio ___...| 20, 610 922,570 | 44.76 | +.9 +1.4 +2.4 +13.2
oo 5, 800 a oer ee —4.0 = +17
Gwe fi 5, 139 308,062 | 59.95 | —5.4 —6.7 | +3.2 +4.5
a nthe dit 17, 188 894,624 | 52.05 | —2.5 —7.6 | —13.9 —11,7
i Been 2, 733 | 18,164 | 6.65 |+18.7 | +17.6 | +22.7 +17.1
Re kawme-| £68) 245, 504 | 61.04 | +5.0 —9.0 -8.1 11.2
B.C. cut $298) 46,615 | 22.07 | —1.0 —2.0| —3.4 +48
8. Dak..... 1,012 25,414 | 25.11 | —3.0! -—10.5 | +7.3 -5.1
,. 2, 810 | 34, 327 | 12.22 | +2.0 —4.2 |) +11.5 +5.1
, ees 46,900 | 169,000 |.......|....-. sail
Utah....__. 1,202} 79,863! 61.58,-7.5| -7.0 -3.8| +4284
,. oa | 41,250 456,000 |... |... aad
, A Bee | 198 | 2,086 | 10.54 | —6.6 —8.9 | —16.1 —11.6
Va.........| 1,967| 646.903 | 33.06| -3.0| +5.5/-16.7/ <8
Wash. .| 9,398 569, 411 | 60.59 | +3.7 +.1 | +19.1 +37.8
, ee 3, 633 | 118, 386 | 32.59 | —1.8| —4.1 +.1| +255
Wieudetine 5, 329,133 | 62.14 | —6.4 —7.6 —8.6 +1.9
| 205 9,161 | 44.69 | —9.3 | —15.6 |) +26.5 +24.3

1 For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1953, p. 16. All data sub-
ject to revision.

2 Partly estimated; does not represent sum of State figures because total
excludes for Indiana and New Jersey payments made for, and an estimated
number of cases receiving, medical care, hospitalization, and burial only.
— Nebraska; data not available. Percentage changes based on data for

tes.

1 eae one ee byl tl

tate program only; excludes program administe y local officials.
5 Decrease of less than 0.05 percent.
: About 8 percent of this total is estimated.
y q

* Excludes assistance in kind and cases receiving assistance in kind only and,
for a few counties, cash payments and cases receiving cash payments. Amount
of Payments shown represents about 60 percent of total.

Includes unknown number of cases receiving medical care, hospitalization,
and burial only, and total payments for these services.

1 Includes 3,511 cases and payments of $98,477 representing supplementation
of aid to dependent children program.

1 Includes cases receiving medical care only.

19 Includes 6,589 cases and payments of $212,335 representing supplements
tion of other assistance programs.

18 Excludes estimated duplication between programs; 1,652 cases were sided
by County yomemisienen and 4,584 cases under program administered by

ma

Relief Board.
\« Estimated on of reports from a sample of loca! jurisdictions.