U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE ° Social Security Administration
Soctal Security
Bulletin
Januar, 1954 sme 17 Number 1
—— — —_ EE _ a
State Public Assistance | epgislation, 1953
Increased Living Costs and Social Security Benefits
THE SocraAL SECURITY BULLETIN is
published monthly under authority
of Public Resolution No. 57, ap-
proved May 11, 1922 (42 Stat. 541),
as amended by section 307, Public
Act 212, Seventy-second Congress,
approved June 30, 1932. The print-
ing of this publication has been
approved by the Director of the
Bureau of the Budget (October 8,
1953).
The BULLETIN is prepared in the
Division of Research and Statistics,
Office of the Commissioner, Social
Security Administration. It reports
current data on operations of the
Social Security Administration and
the results of research and analysis
pertinent to the social security
program. This publication is issued
primarily for distribution to agen-
cies directly concerned with the
administration of the Social Se-
curity Act. Statements in articles
do not necessarily reflect final
conclusions or Official policies of
the Social Security Administration
Any part of the material appear-
ing in the BULLETIN may be re-
produced, but appropriate credit
should be given.
The BULLETIN is for sale by the Su-
perintendent of Documents, U. S.
Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington 25, D. C., to whom all pur-
chase orders, with accompanying
remittance, should be sent. The
annual subscription is $2.00 in the
United States, Canada, and Mex-
ico and $2.75 in all other countries;
single copies are 20 cents.
The Socrat SECURITY YEARBOOK, an
annual calendar-year supplement
to the BULLETIN, was issued as a
separate publication for the years
1939-48. Calendar-year data for
later years are published regularly
as an annual statistical supple-
ment in each September issue of
the BuLLeTiIn. Some of the early
issues of the YEARBOOK are avail-
able from the Superintendent of
Documents as follows: 1939 and
1944, 50 cents each; 1940 and 1941,
70 cents each. Other issues are
out of print.
Social Security Bulletin
January 1954
Volume 17
Number 1
In this issue:
Social Security in Review:
State of the Union message
Program operations
Selected current statistics
State Public Assistance Legislation, 1953, by Jules H. Berman
and George J. Blaetus
Increased Living Costs and Social Security Benefits, by Carl
H. Farman
Notes and Brief Reports:
Family benefits in current-payment status, June 30, 1953
Regularly Scheduled Notes and Tables, 1954
Recent Publications
Current Operating Statistics
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Oveta Cutp Hospsy, Secretary
SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION
J HN W. TRAMBURG, Comm ne
r
Wititam L. Mircuetr, Deputy Commissioner
Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Bureau of Federal Credit Unions
Insurance J. Deane GANNon, Director
Rosert M. Batt, Acting Director
ee a Division of Research and Statistics
# . ‘OI Jirector
Katuryn D. Goopwin, Acting Director Witpur J. Conen, L
Children’s Bureau Division of the Actuary
Martua M. E ior, Chief Rosert J. Myers, Chief Actuary
Appeals Council
JoserpH E. McE vain, Chatrman
Page
si0!
to!
sor
sai
inc
shi
dir
gre
th
gre
th
gr
W
ge
State of the Union Message
RESIDENT Eisenhower delivered
1is second State of Union
message before the Eighty-third
Congress on January 7, 1954. The
President, describing the role of social
security, pointed out that, ‘in a mod-
ern industrial society, banishment of
destitution and cushioning the shock
of personal disaster on the individual
are proper concerns of all
overnment, including Federal
Government. This is especially true
where remedy and prevention alike are
the
levels of
the
beyond the individuai’s capacity.”
The President asked for action on
his earlier recommendation for exten-
sion of old-age and survivors insurance
to more than 10 million additional per-
sons. “This and other major improve-
ments in the insurance system,” he
said, “will bring substantial benefit
increases and broaden the member-
ship of the insurance system, thus
diminishing the need for Federal
grants-in-aid... . J A new formula will
therefore be proposed, permitting pro-
gressive reduction in such grants as
the need for them declines. Federal
grant-in-aid welfare programs, now
based on widely varying formulas,
should be simplified. Concrete pro-
posals on 14 of them will be suggested
to the appropriate committees.”
The President also recommended
that protection against the hazards of
temporary unemployment “be ex-
tended to some 6% millions of
workers, including civilian Federal
workers, who now lack this safeguard.
Moreover,” he said, “the Secretary of
Labor is making available to the
States studies and recommendations
in the fields of weekly benefits, periods
Social Security in Review
ctr
of protection, and extension of cover-
a
resident Eisenhower added that on
January 14 he would send to Congress
more detailed recommendations in
this field.
Program Operations
The number of
paym
receiving
individuals
nts under public assistance has
dropped by about 200,000 since Octo-
ber 1952. There little chan
however, from September 1953 to Oc-
tober 1953 in the total number of cases
on the The number of cases get-
Was
rolls.
ting general assistance, which had de-
clined during the last 8 months, rose
0.3 percent in October. The decline in
old-age assistance (1,000 cases) was
the smallest in the 37 months of con-
secutive decline.
Average payments for the country
as a whole rose somewhat for each
program, resulting in an increase in
total payments cf $800,000 or 0.4 per-
cent. In general assistance, sizable
changes in the average payments for
the States were more frequent and
relatively larger than for the special
types of public assistance and ranged
from a decrease of $3.94 in Alaska to
an increase of $5.70 in South Dakota
Changes in several States in the av-
erage payments for the special types
of public assistance reflect changes in
the amount of vendor payments for
medical care rather than in money
payments to recipients. In Connecticut
payments in October were made at a
rate of $14 per recipient into the
pooled fund from which medical bills
are paid; this rate was $5 less than
in the three preceding months. Pre-
miums paid into the pooled fund for
aged recipients in New Hampshire
and for recipients of aid to the blind
in Connecticut rose $1. For other rea-
sons vendor payments for medical
care were largely responsible for in-
decreases in the average
payment in some States.
In Arizona, the average payment
to families receiving aid to dependent
children dropped $2.65 when certain
Indian children receiving aid to de-
pendent children returned to publicly
supported boarding schools. While in
creases or
school these children receive an as-
istance allowance for clothing and
personal incidentals only. Connecti-
cut removed citizenship as a require-
ment from the program of old-age
assistance; as a result, 1,290 non-
citizens were added to this program.
From July to October there has
been a 10-percent reduction in Ken-
tucky in the number of families re-
ceiving aid to dependent children and
a decrease of $2.70 in the average
payment. To conserve funds the State
had initiated in August revised poli-
cies—-including those relating to em-
ployment, incapacity, and deprivation
of parental support—and reduced the
percent of need met frem 59 to 58.
AT THE END OF OCTOBER, monthly ben-
efits amounting to $246.6 million were
being paid under the old-age and sur-
vivors insurance program to 5.8 mil-
lion persons. The totals represent an
increase of $48.3 million in monthly
amount and of almost 1 million in
number from the totals a year
earlier; the percentage increases were
24 percent and 20 percent, respec-
tively. Among the various types of
benefits the increase in number
ranged from 9 percent for parent
beneficiaries to 23 percent for per-
sons receiving old-age benefits.
By the end of October, 4.5 million
persons aged 65 or over were receiv-
ing monthly benefits, 800,000 more
than in October 1952. Their monthly
benefits totaled $204.7 million, com-
pared with $162.2 million a year
earlier. About 1.3 million mothers and
dependent or orphaned children un-
der age 18 were being paid benefits
—150,000 more than the number a
year earlier. Their monthly benefits
totaled $41.8 million.
Monthly benefits awarded in Oc-
tober numbered almost 113,000, an
increase of 11 percent from Septem-
ber. The total was about 9 percent
less, however, than the number
awarded in October 1952. A drop in
the number of awards to retired
workers and their wives caused this
decline, since awards of survivor
monthly benefits were slightly higher
than in October 1952. Lump-sum
death payments totaling $7.6 million
were made in October. The average
lump-sum payment per deceased
worker was $173.55—a new high.
INITIAL CLAIMS filed for benefits under
the State unemployment insurance
programs followed the pattern of pre-
vious years in October and rose 12
percent to 917,800. The rise was
partly the result of seasonal factors
but was also in large measure a re-
flection of continuing weakness
such industries as textiles, apparel,
leather products, and furniture—in-
dustries that had failed to show their
usual seasonal strength
in
1 September.
Weeks of scieaii aidan claimed,
which represent continuing unem-
ployment, showed practically no
change from the number filed in Sep-
tember. The October total of 3.5 mil-
lion is in part the result of the rela-
tively high level of initial unemploy-
ment in September. Except in 1951,
the number of weeks claimed have
declined in both September and Oc-
tober of each year since the end of
World War II.
Benefits paid in October totaled
$66.1 million and went, in an average
week, to 655,900 unemployed workers.
A month earlier, the average weekly
number of beneficiaries was 651,400:
the total benefits paid amounted to
$65.3 million. The average check paid
for total unemployment in October
was $24.04—the highest in the his-
tory of the program.
Selected current statistics
[Corrected to Dec. 9, 1953]
| | Calendar year
| October | September} October pie eka ee
Item if
aes | 1953 | 1953 | 1952 as
| 1952 } 1951
Lahor Force! (in thousands) | | | |
Total civilian ae 63,404] 63, 552 63, 146 62, 966 | 62, 88
Emploved : 62, 242 | 62, 306 | 61, 862 61, 293 61, 00;
iploy sas 00
Covered by old-age and survivors in- | |
surance 2 ee ~liccaseasese™ |---------- 45, 900 45, 40
Covered by State unemployment ir | i }
ance 3 ick 36, 900 | 37, 000 | 36, 500 35, 717 | 34, 85
Unemployed. 1, 162 | 1, 246 | 1, 284 1, 673 1,87
Personal Income (in billions: | |
seasonally adjusled at annual rates | |
}
‘otal 5 $287. 3 $286. 3 $277.3 | $269.7 | 2
Total SA ee tee ee — | j [a 254. |}
Emplovees > income 6 00.4 | 200. 5 191.2 184.3 | 170. }
Proprietors’ and rental ine ome 49.1 | 49.0 61.4 51.2 | 50.7
Personal interest income and dividends | 22.8 | 22. 7 | 21.3 21.0 | 20. §
Public aid 7 - Br oe 2.4 2. 4 2.4 zo 23
Social insurance and related payments § 9.3 9.2 8.4 7.9 7.0
Veterans’ subsistence allowances % and | aint
bon. 1SeS OR Ie ¥= ee 4 4 | on 7 | 1.3
Miscellaneous income payments !° 3. 1 2.3 | 2.3 2.4 2.4
| }
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance | } |
Monthly benefits: }
Current-payment status: 1! a |
Number (in thousands) __.._..__- _ 6,837 | 5, 769 | 4, 880 |-~---~=-=-=-|~----0--- 205
Amount (in thousands) $246, 572 > 243, 182 $198, 295 | $2, 228, 969 | $1, 884, 531
Average old-age benefit $50. 90 $50. 81 $49.01 |__- won |--2-necnnnd
Awards (in thousands): | a |
Number. BEN RE eee eee ; 113 F 102 | 124 | 1,053 | 1, 336
Manone sols Us a . ; | $5, 162 $4, 691 | $5,695 | $42, 750 | $42, 282
} |
=“ | | |
Une mployment Insurance 3
|
Initial claims (in thousands).....___.._..__. 918 815 672 | 11,174 | 10, 836
Weeks of unemployment claimed (in thou- Sd | |
nds Seana oe tans st 3, 51 3, 504 2, 883 | 54, 311 50, 398
Weeks compensated (in thousands) 2, 886 2, 866 2, 438 | 45, 777 | 41, 599
Weekly average beneficiaries (in thousands 656 651 530 | 874 | 701
Benefits paid (in millions) $66 S65 $54 | $998 $840
lrerage weekly payment for total unemploy- i :
Fiearh re ie ery ee Te mitted ae $24 $23.77 $23.16 | $22.79 | $21.08
Public Assistance 13 |
| |
es F | |
Recipients (in thousands): —
Gld-age aasistenes.......... ....-. -. 5. 2, 595 2, 596 yal | a rene en wel Serer See
Aid to dependent children: fod eee
Se] | Fo a ee eae eee 544 548 ee ad
ee a eee. 1, 449 1, 458 1, 483 aa
Aid to the blind__.._______ ’ 100 be) 99
Aid to the permanently and totally disabled 190 187 159 - --
General assistance__________--- 40 239 270 |- --
Average payments: : ae ao
Old-age assistance £50. 84 $ 0). 66 $50. 38 Seis saat Pelee
Aid to dependent children (per family eee 83. 52 53. U3 83. Ol |.-.---------|------------
Aid to the blind 55. 39 00. 18 OR OR fo ccnssaacsan[acsosacesse=
1id to the permanently und totally disabled 53. 00 op 2. HH |. _----------|------------
General assistance..........-------------- 48. 42 47, 69 POO li ccccncaccodltewacaakaue
1 Continental U —_ 1 States only. Estimated by
the Bureau of the Census, except as noted. Monthly
employment figures represent specific week and an-
nual figures, average week (unemployment insur-
ince data represent pay period instead of week).
2 Estimated by the Bureau of Old-Age and Sur-
vivors Insurance; excludes joint coverage under the
railroad retirement and old-age and survivors insur-
ance programs. Data for 1953 and October 1952 not
available.
3 Data from the Bureau of Employment Security,
Department of Labor.
4 Data from the Office of Business Economics, De-
partment of Commerce. Continental United States,
except for employees’ income, which includes pay of
Federal civilian and military personnel in all areas.
5’ Beginning January 1952, social insurance contri-
butions from the self-employed exclu led from total
b ut not dedue ted from proprietors’ income.
ian and military pay in cash and in kind,
othe r lab or income (except workmen’s compensa-
tion), mustering-out pay, terminal-leave pay, and
Government contributions to allowances for depend-
ents of enlisted personnel. Excludes employee con-
tributions under social insurance and related pro-
rams.
7 Payments to recipients under the 4 special assis-
tance programs and general assistance,
8 Includes old-age and survivors insurance benee
fits; railroad, Federal, State, and local retirement
bene fits; veterans’ pensions { and com pensation; worke
men’s compensation; State and railroad une mploys
me nt insurance and temporary disability benefits;
and une mploy ment allowances to veterans under the
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act and the Veterans’
Readjustment Assistance Act.
9 Under the Servicemen’s Readjustment
ider the Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act.
‘10 Includes payments under the Government life
insurance, national service life insurance, and mills
tary and naval insurance programs, the Gove “rnment
contribution to nonprofit organizations, business
transfer payments, and recoveries under the Eme
ployer’s Liability Act for railroad workers and sea
men.
1! Benefit in current-payment status is subject to
no deduction or only to deduction of fixed amount
that is less than the current month’s benefit; calen-
dar-year figures represent payments certified.
12 Monthly amounts, gross; annual amounts ad-
justed for voided benefit chec ks and benefit refunds.
13 Except for general assistance, includes vendor
payments for medical care and cases receiving only
such payments.
Social Security
Act and
en:
du
no
en
th:
State Public Assistance Legislation, 1953
r
51
62, 8&
61, 005
45, 40
34, 85!
1, 87
797
$840
$21.08
nploys
nefits;
ler the
erans’
ot and
e Act.
nt life
1 mili-
ament
isiness
» Eme
id sea-
lect to
nount
calen-
ts ad-
funds.
endor
z only
rity
/
by Jutes H. Berman and Georce J. BLArTus*
Nearly all States met in legislative sessions during 1953 and
considered proposals affecting the public assistance programs.
The legislation that they adopted reveals the attitudes and in-
terests of the State legislatures with respect to public assistance.
As in earlier years, the Bulletin presents a summary of the legis-
tion enacted.
UBLIC assistance legislation en-
Poaciea by the States is seldom in
one identifiable pattern. Each
year, some laws are adopted that
broaden and liberalize certain aspects
of the public assistance programs,
while others restrict or more closely
limit the programs’ scope. Often leg-
islation of both types will be enacted
in the same State. In recent years the
State legisletures have been con-
cerned with the cost of the public
assistance programs and some have
enacted legislation designed to re-
duce such costs. That trend was also
noticeable in 1953. Legislation was
enacted that redefined the conditions
of eligibility in some States in a way
that makes such conditions more pre-
cise and sometimes more exacting.
Legislatures also continued to tighten
State laws with respect to relatives’
responsibility and to recovering from
the resources of recipients the cost
of the assistance that they have re-
ceived. AS may be expected, a more
liberal attitude prevailed in some
States than in others.
The information contained in this
summary is based on the various re-
ports and documents that have been
sent to the Bureau of Public Assist-
ance in Washington by the States
and by Bureau staff located in the
regional offices of the Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare. A
summary of State legislation enacted
cannot be presumed to be complete
until many months after the last of
the legislatures have adjourned. This
report summarizes the legislation on
which information was_ received
through October 1953. In no State
* Division of Program Standards and
Development, Bureau of Public Assist-
ance.
Bulletin, January 1954
were the changes of such scope as to
affect the basic purpose of the public
assistance programs.
New Programs
With the enactment in Connecticut,
Florida, Minnesota, and Tennessee of
legislation authorizing Federal-State
programs of aid to the permanently
and totally disabled, there are, as of
the end of 1953, 43 States that have
such programs or legislation author-
izing them. The year also saw, for the
first time, State-Federal programs of
aid to the blind in all the States and
Territories, as Nevada established a
program to be operated under the
Social Security Act.
The legislation for the disabled in
Connecticut defines a permanently
and totally disabled person as “a per-
son who by reason of a major defect
or infirmity of mind or body, whether
congenital or acquired by accident,
injury or disease is, or reasonably ap-
pears to be, permanently incapaci-
tated to a degree that prevents him
and will continue to prevent him
from working in any gainful occupa-
tion or from performing his usual
activities and responsibilities in the
care of his home.”
The program established in Min-
nesota limits assistance to persons so
totally and permanently disabled as
to need constant and continuous care.
The maximum on the assistance pay-
ment, plus income, is $60. Florida
legislation defines permanent and
total disability in general terms.
In addition to laws establishing
new programs, legislation was passed
by two States (Vermont and West
Virginia) that specifically provides
for a program of assistance to the
needy disabled, although both States
had been operating programs under
the Social Security Act on the basis
of other legislation. The legislation
in West Virginia specifies that the
definition of a permanently and to-
tally disabled person is to be promul-
gated by the State agency but states
that no person shall be included as
permanently and totally disabled
with respect to whom Federal match-
ing funds would not be available un-
der the terms of the Social Security
Act.
Determination of Need and of
the Amount of Assistance
Legisiation enacted in 1953 con-
cerning the determination of need
and of the amount of assistance was
considerably less than in other years.
Several States passed laws relating
to the establishment of a standard
against which the recipient’s indi-
vidual needs are to be measured. The
Connecticut Legislature directed the
State welfare department to revise,
after considerable study, the stand-
ards of assistance for all programs on
a semiannual basis. The State agency
in Washington was directed to make
annual pricing studies and to change
budget allowances as indicated each
June 1.
The Florida Legislature determined
that, in arriving at the amount of
assistance an individual is to receive,
the State welfare department should
not consider the benefits derived
from livestock and garden produce
that are used only for consumption
by the applicant and his family. The
welfare department was also directed
to increase by 5 percent the assist-
ance standards in aid to the blind for
food, clothing, and personal inci-
dentals. For old-age assistance and
aid to the blind, the legislature
changed the clause in the law that
establishes the relationship between
the standards of assistance and the
cost of living.
The Ohio Legislature directed the
Division of the Aged to review stand-
ards annually and to adjust them in
accordance with living costs. Utah
removed from its law the specific
3
reference to the assistance st
providing a minimum standard of
living compatible with health and
ndard
well-being.
Several States enacted le
to permit the first $50 of earned in-
come to be disregarded in the pro-
gram of aid to the blind, as required
by a 1950 amendment to the Soc
Security Act, which became effective
July 1, 1952. A few States, including
Idaho, Indiana, New Mexico,
West Virginia, which had delaye
legislative action, complied with the
Federal requirements by administra-
tive action. In addition, Arkansas,
Kansas, Tennessee, and Wisconsin
enacted legislation resulting from the
Social Security Act Amendments of
1952. The States are required not
only to disregard, as before, the first
$50 of earned income of a blind re-
cipient, but also by July 1, 1954, to
disregard this ome of
recipient in determining the needs of
any other individual who is receiving
any of the forms of assistance in
which the Federal Government
ticipates financially.
Colorado, Missouri, Nebraska,
Oregon enacted legislation with re-
spect to disregarding income in pro-
grams other than aid to the
In Colorado a constitutional
7 a) > hl rj
inc the blind
blind.
amend-
ment is to be voted upon at the next
general election to permit income to
be disregarded in old-age assi
tance
The proposal would make the legis-
lation inoperative if the Federal la‘
does not permit such disregard
income in an approved a
plan.
Under legislation adopted in Mis-
souri, the State welfare departmen
is to disregard whatever earned in-
come is permitted under Federal leg-
islation for old-age aid to
dependent children, and aid to the
permanently and totally disabled.
Nebraska adopted a similar provision
for old-age assistance.
The legislatures of five
California, New Mexico, Oregon,
Washington, and Wisconsin—adopted
resolutions recommending to
gress that the Federal law be changed
to permit the States to disregard in-
come of assistance recipients in pro-
grams other than
, -
ing oO]
sistance
Qecictanra
assistance,
States—
Con-
aid to the blind
without loss of Federal fund
Two States were concerned about
the process of investigating the need
of an individual applving for assist-
Connecticut legislation gives
the commissioner of welfare author-
ance
ity to require the attendance and
testimony of employers who refuse
to disclose information on wages
paid. A penalty is imposed for failure
to comply. Vermont provided author-
ity for the State welfare department
to obtain information from banks
and other organizations concerning
the resources of assistance recipients.
In Pennsylvania an amendment to
the unemployment insurance law
provides that the State agency ad-
ministering that program shall, on
notification by the State welfare de-
partment, forward to the welfare de-
partment benefit checks equal to the
amount of public assistance paid to
individual for necessities fur-
nished him, his spouse, or his de-
pendents during the time he was
unemployed and eligible for unem-
ployment insurance benefits.
an
Eligibility Factors
Residence requirements. —In 12
States legislation was enacted that
affects the length of time an indi-
vidual must reside in the State in
order to receive aid. Connecticut im-
posed a residence requirement in aid
to dependent children for the first
time. In Minnesota and California
the legislation tends to liberalize ex-
isting requirements. In Minnesota,
residence may be waived for a de-
pendent child moving to the State
from another State that has no resi-
dence requirements. In California,
residence requirements for aid to the
partially self-supporting blind — a
program operated without Federal
financial participation — were modi-
fied to make it correspond more
closely with the program for the
blind that is operated with Federal
help.
Illinois, New Jersey, and Utah were
concerned with assistance being given
to persons living outside the State. In
Utah the limitation on the amount of
money that may be used to pay as-
sistance to persons living outside the
State was changed from $2,000 a
month ($50,000 a biennium) to %
percent of the total public assistance
appropriation. Illinois put current
State policy into law when it adopted
legislation specifying that persons
absent from the State for 12 month; }
or longer are presumed to have givey
up their Illinois residence unless they /
prove otherwise. Under New Jersey
legislation, recipients of old-age as.
sistance and aid to the permanently
and totally disabled who reside out-
side the State are to have their as.
sistance payment discontinued as
they acquire eligibility with respect
to residence for any form of public
assistance in the other State.
Delaware and Rhode Island pro-
vided for certain reciprocity between
themselves and other States. Under
Delaware legislation, residence re.
quirements may be waived or altered
by cooperative agreement with other
States to facilitate the transfer oj
recipients moving between Delaware
and the cooperating State. The Rhode
Island agency received authority to
enter into reciprocal agreements with
other States regarding assistance be-
ing paid to persons leaving Rhode
Island. |
Residence requirements in Illinois
were tightened; persons who have
moved into the State within the §
years before their application are not
to be considered eligible unless they
have resided in Illinois for a period
equal to that required under the lav
of the State from which the indivi-
dual came. In no case, however, can
the individual receive assistance un-
less he has resided in Illinois for 1
year. Formerly, Illinois had a 1-year
residence requirement for old-age as-
sistance. Legislation enacted in Penn-
sylvania also tightens residence re-
quirements and narrows the author-
ity of the State agency to assist per-
sons without State residence.
Wisconsin enacted legislation to
deal with an intrastate problem. If a
person eligible to receive assistance
moves from one county to another in
order to become a resident in a pri-
vate or public institution or home,
although he continues to be eligible
for assistance while residing therein,
he must receive such assistance from
the county from which he moved. For
some time, under Wisconsin law, cer-
tain individuals have been eligible to
receive assistance while inmates of
public institutions, although under
the Social Security Act the Federal
Government may not share in the
Social Security
assis
Pri
defin
ance
amol
erty
yet
Stat
amo
the
the
In 1
legis
of
anc
as ©
i
cipi
bon
for
was
cas!
tha
for
the
cifi
for
in (
a |
ma
em
tan
ma
im)
¥
fro
on
me
bli
un
ar
de:
cle
itl}
ut-
as
ect
blic
ro-
een
der
red
cher
are
ode
y to
vith
10de
nois
lave
le §
not
they
riod
lay
livi-
can
un-
or J
yeal
! aS-
nn-
re-
hor-
per-
| to
If a
ance
r in
pri-
yme,
rible
ein,
rom
For
cer-
e to
; of
ider
eral
the
rity
assistance payment to such inmates.
Property limitations.—Many States
define the coverage of their assist-
ance programs by specifying the
amount of real and personal prop-
erty an individual may possess and
yet be eligible for assistance. Some
State laws specify the actual dollar
amounts, and, because of changes in
the value of the dollar, revisions of
the figures are sometimes necessary.
In 1953 a number of States enacted
legislation that specifies the amount
of property an applicant for assist-
ance may hold and still be designated
as needy.
In Wyoming, old-age assistance re-
cipients may have $500 in money,
ponds, and securities and be eligible
for assistance; formerly, the amount
was $150. The law retains $400 as the
cash-surrender value of insurance
that may be held by recipients, and
for two people in the same household
the amount is $600. The law also spe-
cifies that a maximum of $150 ($300
for two eligible persons) may be held
in chattels. Real property, other than
a home, with a sales value of $150
may also be retained. Michigan ex-
empts from the limit of $500 on in-
tangible personal property ($750 for
married recipients) farm stock and
implements worth up to $750.
The Missouri Legislature raised
from $1,500 to $1,800 the limitation
on income that an eligible individual
may have and still receive aid to the
blind. The Missouri program operates
under a special provision ! of the 1950
amendments to the Federal law, un-
der which the income and resources
clause relates only to Federal partici-
pation in individual payments rather
than to plan conformity.
A Missouri law enacted earlier had
set a limit of $500 on the amount of
cash and securities that an individual
may hold and be eligible for public
assistance (other than aid to the
blind). The legislature in 1953 raised
to $1,000 the amount that married
couples may hold. In the program of
aid to dependent children, the $1,000
limit applies to children and parents
but not to relatives other than the
parents. The total value of all prop-
erty that may be held by assistance
1Public Law 734, section 344, 81st Con-
gress, 2nd session.
Bulletin, January 1954
recipients was set ur
in all programs ¢
blind. The former
age
formly at $5,000
xcept aid to the
maximum in old-
$3,750, i
_
hai
assistance was
1 gene
relief $7,500, and in aid to the perma-
nently poe totally disabled $2,009 for
a couple and $1,500 for an individual!
The Washington Legislature, which
also enacted a recovery provision, de-
leted from the law the former $8,000
limit on the value of a home that an
individual may own and still receive
old-age assistance. The law also pro-
vides that an aged person may hold
as much as $200 in cash a insur-
ance with a cash-surrender value up
to $500; the combined value of both
may not exceed $500. The law
fies that a recipient may also own
automobile, but the State we
partment is ordered to place a maxi-
mum on the combined value of
automobile, and insurance.
Minnesota esse se life insurance
vith a cash-surrender value not ex-
pooner $500 (formerly $300) from
the limitation on the amount of prop-
erty a recipient may hold. A trailer
used as a home was also exempted
from the pe property limita-
tions in old-age assistance and aid
to the blind. In addition, in aid
dependent children a limitation
$7,500 was placed on the net value
a homestead, with some exceptions.
The personal property limitation is
raised to $500 when there is more
than one child in the family.
The Utah Legislature decided that
only personal property and life insur-
ance in excess of a specified amount
may be disregarded in granting tem-
porary assistance. Formerly, the
gave the State
thority rant
regard to real property held,
as the other forr
tioned above.
Ohio raised from $7
year the maximum on the income,
exclusive of assistance, that recipi-
ents of old-age assistance may have.
The new law also establishes a limi-
tation on the amount of property
an applicant may own. An applicant
may have a homestead, regardless of
speci-
an
‘ifare de-
the
cash,
rsonal
law
department the au-
ithout
as well
ms of property men-
to assistance Ww
20 to
ene
( ¢
$960 a
value; a total of $500 in cash and
liquid assets for emergency use; and
tangible personal property,
able value, in actual use.
The Wisconsin Legislature deleted
of reason-
provision that old-age assistance
may not be granted to an individual
if the value of his property (or the
combined value of the property of a
husband and wife living together) ex-
ceeds $5,000. Under a new provision,
old-age assistance may be granted
to a person who owns no more
than the following—a homestead, re-
rdiess of value, or a house trailer
actually used as a home; tangible
personal property of reasonable value
and in actual use; and $500 in liquid
assets. The law specifies that, of the
amount in liquid assets, $300 shall be
transferred to the local agency to
provide funds for funeral expenses
any remaining amount heid by
the recipient for his use in an emer-
gency. Cash or loan values of life in-
surance policies are considered as
liquid assets, but if they are not with-
in the limit stated the local agency
may authorize the recipient to retain
the policy, provided that he desig-
nates the county as an assignee.
Transfer of property.—The States
continued in 1953 to show interest in
provisions designed to discourage in-
dividuals from transferring property
so that they may become eligible for
assistance and to penalize those who
do. In an effort to set up objective
criteria for determining when trans-
fers were made with that purpose in
mind, many States have established
a esepipeee time period within which,
if an applicant had transferred prop-
erty, he must establish the fact that
the transfer was not for the purpose
of making himself eligible.
This year, Montana and Missouri
enacted new transfer provisions. Both
States deny aid to applicants for old-
age assistance, aid to the blind, and
and
aid to the disabled who, within 5
years of the application, have trans-
ferred property
compensation.
Six States changed their provi-
ions. Utah increased from 5 years to
10 the period during which property
an applicant must have been trans-
ona for a reasonable and valid con-
sideration. The Colorado old-age as-
sistance formerly read that any
transfer of property before applica-
tion must have been made for a valid
consideration; the law now specifies
1 time limit of 5 years before applica-
tion within whi
ich a transfer of prop-
without adequate
law
erty must be studied against the cri-
terion of valid consideration.
Florida reduced from 3 years to 2
the time during which, if it can be
shown that an individual transferred
property for purpose of qualifying for
assistance, he may not receive such
aid. Illinois strengthened its law in
various ways, including an enumera-
tion of what will be considered prima
facie evidence of fraud in the trans-
fer of property. Wisconsin made more
specific its provision that any trans-
fer of property within 2 years before
the application without adequate
compensation shall, unless shown to
the contrary, be presumed to have
been in contemplation of assistance.
West Virginia deleted the provision
that an applicant for aid to the blind
must be shown not to have made an
assignment or transfer of property
for purposes of qualifying for aid.
Other requirements. —A few laws
were enacted that change the various
eligibility requirements specified in
State laws, including in eight States
requirements for receipt of aid to de-
pendent children.
Arkansas legislation requires the
counties to certify to the prosecuting
attorney all cases of aid to dependent
children in which eligibility is based
on a parent’s desertion, abandonment,
or willful neglect. Once a year the
county must send to the grand jury
a list of cases referred to the prose-
cutor on which no action has been
taken. A further change made in the
law specifies that, when eligibility
for aid to dependent children is based
on the parent’s incapacity, the State
agency may require proof of incapac-
ity by competent medical authority.
Previously the law had specified that
the certification must be made by two
physicians. The Arkansas law also
resolves a conflict by making it clear
that children aged 16-18 may receive
assistance if they are in school.
Connecticut confirmed previous ad-
ministrative action by requiring, as
stipulated in the 1950 amendments to
the Social Security Act, that the
State agency must report to the ap-
propriate iaw-enforcement officials
the names of children who receive
assistance because of desertion or
? Arkansas, California, Connecticut,
Minnesota, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas,
and West Virginia.
6
abandonment. Under Missouri legis-
lation, the school-attendance require-
ment becomes effective for children
aged 6 (rather than 7, as before), and
assistance may be provided for chil-
dren aged 16-18 who are permanently
and totally disabled. In Minnesota, if
eligibility is to be established on the
basis of a parent’s absence, the par-
ent must be away from the home 3
months (formerly 1 month). The
Texas Legislature is proposing that
the people vote at the next election
on a proposal to permit authorization
of assistance to needy children under
age 16; assistance is now limited to
children under age 14.
Legislation in Oklahoma provides
that, when deprivation of parental
support is due to physical incapacity,
the name of the incapacitated parent
shall be furnished to the State voca-
tional rehabilitation agency. If the
father refuses to be examined by that
agency, or if he refuses to undertake
the program of rehabilitation that it
proposes, the children are to be re-
moved from the rolls. The law pro-
vides, however, that the State welfare
department shall not remove any
child from the assistance rolls if
such action would work an undue
hardship on him. In California, any
parent who is available for employ-
ment and is physically able to work
must register for employment at the
nearest public employment office.
Legislation in New Hampshire pro-
vides that assistance shall not be
granted to anyone who has refused
to accept available employment. The
law deletes the provision that assist-
ance may not be granted to anyone
who is in need of continuing institu-
tional care because of his physical or
mental condition. In New Jersey, old-
age assistance and aid to the perma-
nently and totally disabled are to be
denied to persons living in public or
private institutions unless such in-
stitutions are inspected and approved
by the Department of Institutions
and Agencies. The Colorado Legisla-
ture deleted from the old-age assist-
ance law the provision denying as-
sistance to individuals who need
continuing institutional care. The
State also modified its eligibility re-
quirement of citizenship for old-age
assistance when it provided an al-
ternative of residence in the United
States for at least 35 years. Alask,
and Connecticut abolished the git.
izenship requirement for old-age ag.
sistance.
Liens and Recoveries
in recent years many State legis.
latures, with the objective of saving
funds, have enacted laws to recove
from the property of recipients the
amount of assistance paid. The legis.
lative activity in this area was about
the same in 1953 as in 1951.
Connecticut, Montana, and Wash.
ington enacted new legislation pro.
viding for recoveries or enlarged
significantly the scope of provisions
already on the books. In Montana
recovery provisions that had been ap.
plicable only to old-age assistance
were extended to aid to the blind and
aid to the permanently and totally
disabled. All assistance received after
July 1, 1953, constitutes an obligation
that is to be secured by a lien on real
property. Recipients, on application,
are required to sign a statement
agreeing to recovery by the State.
The law prohibits a foreclosure of
property occupied as a home during
the lifetime of recipients, except
when assistance was received as a re-
sult of fraud, but the legislature
specified that the law is to be ad-
ministered so that individuals will be
safeguarded from losing their prop-
erty without adequate compensation.
Connecticut extended its recovery
provisions to apply to aid to depend-
ent children. The legislation states
that the parents of a child receiving
aid are conclusively presumed to have
accepted the provisions for recovery
of assistance granted.
The State of Washington enacted
a limited r@covery provision in old-
age assistance. Recovery is to be made
after a recipient and his spouse have
died and after minor children be-
come of age. The law specifies that
if the heirs can prove to the probate
court that they could not support the
recipient during his lifetime, recovery
is not to be made.
Four States tightened their recov-
ery provisions. In Utah the law re-
quires that reimbursement be ob-
tained from the spouse and other
dependents participating in the grant
to an old-age assistance recipient.
The law also replaces the complex
Social Security
forme)
yision
to be
at les:
quirec
prope!
recipi
In .
cover:
awart
sistar
injur'
yidua
legisl
is ne
State
sistal
and
ameél
cove!
need
on a
tena
of a
prop
opel
not
time
erty
occt
min
F
pro
whi
tail
leas
ent
the
chi
cak
by
col
am
the
Th
re
ag
is
sp
bl:
sp
Wl
W}
al
a
a
Li
fc
0!
0.
B
laske
! Cit.
€ as.
gis.
AVing
COVE!
> the
€gis-
bout
‘ash-
Pro-
ged
s10ns
ana
1 ap-
ance
and
tally
after
ition
real
tion,
nent
tate,
ee
ring
cept
. re-
ture
ad-
ll be
rop-
ion,
very
nd-
ates
ving
lave
ery
sted
1d-
ade
ave
be-
hat
ate
the
ery
OvV-
re-
ob-
her
ant
nt.
lex
‘ity
former exemptions with a simple pro-
yision specifying that recovery is not
to be made if the property is valued
at less than $1,000. The State is re-
quired to take a lien against any real
property of the spouse of an old-age
recipient.
In Illinois, when an individual re-
covers money as a personal injury
award, the State can collect for as-
sistance given the dependents of the
injured person as well as the indi-
vidual himself. Under North Dakota
legislation, the statute of limitations
js not to run against claims of the
State for repayment of old-age as-
sistance and aid to the permanently
and totally disabled. South Dakota
amended its law providing for re-
covery for assistance granted the
needy aged to give the State a lien
on all real property, including joint
tenancy and the homestead interest
of a recipient. Previously, this type or
property had been exempt from the
operation of the lien. The lien is
not to be enforced during the life-
time of the recipient while the prop-
erty is occupied as a homestead or
occupied by the surviving spouse or
minor children.
Four States relaxed their recovery
provisions. Minnesota legislation,
which had provided that under cer-
tain conditions liens may be re-
leased for the benefit of the recipi-
ent’s children, was modified to permit
their release for the benefit of grand-
children. A Pennsylvania law, appli-
cable to all programs, was amended
by adding a provision that limits the
collections on assigned liens to an
amount no greater than the amount
the assignee paid for the assignment.
The Ohio Legislature changed the
recovery provisions applicable to old-
age assistance to specify that a lien
is to be taken only when there is
specific real property. Formerly, a
blanket lien was registered with re-
spect to all recipients, including those
who held no real property. The State
will continue to have a claim against
all real or personal property left by
a deceased recipient, whether or not
a lien has been filed. The Tennessee
Legislature repealed the provision,
formerly applicable in the programs
of assistance to the needy aged and
blind, for a claim against the estates
of deceased recipients. Existing
Bulletin, January 1954
claims are not affected by the repeal.
Few States in 1953 added provisions
regarding fraud. Arkansas now pro-
vides that false answers to questions
on applications constitute fraud, and
that anyone who withholds informa-
tion is also guilty of fraud. The State
is authorized to recover for assistance
fraudulently granted. Legislation in
Ohio, which provides that certain in-
formation about assistance recipients
be made available to county commit-
tees, specifies that the county com-
mittees are to examine the informa-
tion available to determine if assist-
ance is being granted fraudulently.
Oklahoma’s provisions relating to the
concealment of resources have been
expanded and clarified. Connecticut
legislation had provided that a re-
cipient who receives property in ex-
cess of $100 must report it; under the
1953 amendment, wages, income, or
other resources that aggregate $100
a year must be reported within 15
days of receipt.
Maximums
A number of States enacted legis-
lation in 1953 changing the statutory
maximums on the amount of assist-
ance payments that may be made by
the State welfare department. Some
of this legislation undoubtedly was
encouraged by the Social Security Act
Amendments of 1952, which increased
for 2 years the maximum on the as-
sistance payments in which the Fed-
eral Government can _ participate
financially. Many of the States that
set a statutory maximum on pay-
ments had already changed from a
specific dollar maximum to one re-
lated to the Federal matching max-
imums and so found it unnecessary to
change their provisions.
In 1953, nine States changed the
maximum in old-age assistance. They
include Minnesota, which raised the
maximum to $75 for a recipient living
in a boarding home operated by
someone who is not a relative; Flor-
ida, which raised its maximum from
$50 to $60 a month; Maine and Ver-
mont, from $50 to $55; Nebraska and
Ohio, from $60 to $65 a month; and
Alaska, from $80 to $90 a month. The
Illinois Legislature voted to raise the
maximum frem $65 to $75 but later,
by enacting another bill, kept the
maximum at $65.
Tennessee deleted its maximum of
$50 and tied the maximum to that
specified in the Federal law. New
Mexico changed the amount that may
be paid with respect to the spouse of
an old-age assistance recipient. The
amount previousiy could not exceed
$40 a month; now, when added to
other income, it shail not be less
than $30 a month.
Five States enacted legislation re-
lating to maximum payments in aid
to dependent children. Tennessee de-
leted the maximums of $24 for the
first child and $15 for each addi-
tional child and specified that the
maximum is to be that specified in
the Federal law. Nebraska established
naximums of $85 a month for the
first child, $15 for each of the next
three children in the family, and $10
a month for each additional child.
Missouri legislation makes it possible
to pay up to $30 a month to a mother
or other person caring for a depend-
ent child. West Virginia made vari-
ous changes in its laws to reflect the
Social Security Act Amendments of
1950, under which Federal financial
participation is available in payments
for the needs of the relative with
whom the children live.
In aid to the blind, nine States
changed the maximums on assistance
payments. The maximum amount was
raised in Maine from $50 to $55 a
month, in Alaska from $80 to $100,
and in Delaware from $60 to $85.
Missouri increased its maximum from
$50 to $55 in both the State-Federal
program and in the blind pension
program operated without Federal
participation. Tennessee deleted the
maximum from the law and made the
Federal matching maximum appli-
cable. Florida clarified its provisions
so as to increase the maximum to
$55 a month.
Indiana, which formerly paid a
maximum of $55 a month, plus neces-
sary medical expenses, now pays as
much as $95, plus necessary medical
expenses. The $50 maximum in the
North Carolina law was deleted. Wis-
consin changed its law so that the
assistance paid shall not exceed $75
a month; the maximum was formerly
limited to twice the maximum
amount of Federal reimbursement.
The maximum for aid to the per-
manently and totally disabled was in-
ba |
creased in Vermont to $55 a month.
Maine specified that the maximums
set in the programs for the aged and
for the blind may be altered when the
Federal matching maximum changes,
but the Governor and the public wel-
fare council must give their approval.
The West Virginia maximum for all
programs was changed to permit
adaptation to changes in the Federal
formula. Utah raised from $60 to $65
a month for one person the maximum
on need, which under 1951 legislation
is adjusted periodically to the cost-
of-living index, and deleted the pro-
vision that the State welfare depart-
ment is to review once a month
hardship cases that receive payment
in excess of the maximum.
Relatives’ Responsibility
The State legislatures in 1953 con-
tinued their interest in laws relating
to the responsibility of relatives to
support dependent persons. In a few
States, comprehensive bills were en-
acted; in many others the legislation
tightens, clarifies,
specific existing
and makes
provisions.
more
viding that there must be a determi-
nation of the ability of a husband,
wife, father, mother, son, or daughter
to support a recipient of assistance;
assistance is not to be denied or re-
duced because of the relative’s failure
to contribute. The State department
may require statements oath
regarding the ability of relatives to
Support and may use State income
tax and real estate data in making
its determination. The
a scaie showing how much money
relatives in specified circumstances
are to contribute, though less may be
accepted by the department under
special circumstances. A penalty pro-
vision is included. The law also pro-
vides that the dependent or the State
may go to court to obtain support
for the dependent person. The poor
law provisions on support
pealed by this legislation.
Florida’s new law establishing a
program of aid to the permanently
and totally disabled that
legally responsible relatives support
their dependent kin. Such a provi-
sion is not now in the laws govern-
ing the other three assistance pro-
grams.
unaer
contains
iaw
are re-
requires
Arkansas legislation deletes from
the law the responsibility of brothers
and sisters to support each other.
Illinois added to the list of respon-
sible relatives anyone representing
himself as a spouse; the State does
not now recognize common-law mar-
riages.
state concern over the enforcement
of the support law is indicated by the
number of laws enacted in this area.
Arkansas legislation deletes a provi-
sion that the prosecuting attorney
may file suit against relatives able to
support who refuse to do so, and it
outlines the procedure to be taken by
the client when a relative refuses to
make the contributions that it has
been determined he can provide. The
same legislation provides that, in the
determination of ability to support,
the relative may have a fair hearing
and may appeal to the local courts
the decision made by the welfare de-
partment. The law cets up machinery
to enable a recipient or applicant to
sue a reiative who refuses informa-
tion on his resources. Such a suit
must be filed before an application in
these circumstances can be accepted.
In a Similar vein, Connecticut legis-
lation gives the State commissioner
authority to compel attendance and
testimony of a responsible relative
in order to determine his ability to
support.
The prosecuting officials in Mis-
souri may now compel support from
the father of an illegitimate child,
whether or not he has custody of the
child. In Illinois, if the State’s at-
torney in a county fails or refuses to
act to obtain from the courts enforce-
ment of a relative’s responsibility to
support, the public aid commission
may act with respect to relatives of
persons receiving categorical assist-
ance. Action may be started by or in
behalf of a person who needs support
even if he is not receiving aid. A
revision of the relatives’ contribution
scale in Oregon has the effect of de-
creasing the responsibility of relatives
with low incomes, especially those
with other dependents. An additional
procedure was up to facilitate
legal action by the agency to enforce
provisions of the law in certain cases.
Legislation in Rhode Island enables
the State to seek support from rela-
tives living outside the State. Penn-
set
sylvania passed a civil procedura)
support law to provide for enforcing
support of dependents by authori.
ing the attachment of property an
earnings. The law also confers power
and imposes duties on the courts, dis.
trict attorneys, and probation office;;
with respect to enforcement of the
statute.
Wisconsin revised its procedures fo)
enforcing support by legally respon.
sible relatives. The amended statute
provides that, on failure of relative;
to support, the authorities shall sub.
mit a report of their findings to the
district attorney; within 90 days, he
shall apply to the court for an order
to compel maintenance and there-
after shall report in writing to the
county welfare agency, the county
board chairman, and the department
Formerly the authorities could apply
to the county judge for such an order,
Idaho legislation provides more
stringent penalties than in the past
for desertion and nonsupport of
wives and children, while Wyoming
provides for enforcing support for
the care of minor children.
Legislation in Arkansas defines a
dependent child as one whose legally
liable relatives are unable to provide
adequate care and support without
assistance. Michigan amended the
State poor law by including a new
definition of “poor person” and a
new classification of relatives who
are responsible. The legislation de-
leted the $20 weekly maximum limi-
tation on support from children. Min-
nesota legislation strengthened and
clarified the relatives’ responsibility
provisions. Assistance may not be
paid in Iowa until the county depart-
ment certifies that cooperation with
appropriate law-enforcement officials
has been established. The Vermont
Legislature gave the commissioner of
social welfare the same authority to
require support of dependent chil-
dren by parents and the support of
dependent parents by children (if
they are able) as has hitherto been
assigned to the local overseers of the
poor.
California legislation clarifies the
statutory income-scale provisions by
adding definitions of “net income”
and of income of married daughters
to be considered in determining abil-
ity to contribute. Other legislation
Social Security
amen
ing tl
yelati
ing 0!
of the
visor’
ferra
spon:
quire
In
have
cal il
orde
reco!
Gove
now
lativ
thei
Mai
Yor!
cons
laws
for
and
Tex
lic
out:
cip!
in I
nan
rese
son
Ste
19§
an
stil
am
Ac
Sti
‘ura
Cing
riz.
anc
wer:
dis.
iCers
the
S for
20n-
tute
Lives
sub-
the
» he
rdey
ere-
the
Inty
ent
pply
‘der,
nore
past
the
by
ne”
ers
vil-
ion
‘ity
amends the procedure for investigat-
ing the liability to support under the
relatives’ contribution scale; a find-
ing of liability may be made by agents
of the board, with the board of super-
yisors retaining responsibility for re-
ferral to the district attorney of re-
sponsible relatives in default of re-
quired payments.
In recent years, many legislatures
have enacted laws relating to recipro-
cal interstate enforcement of support
orders. Such legislation has been
recommended by the Council of State
Governments. Since nearly all States
now have such laws, this year’s legis-
lative activity was related mainly to
their amendment. Idaho, Illinois,
Maine, Maryland, Michigan, New
York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Wis-
consin, and Wyoming amended their
laws, While legislation was enacted
for the first time by Alaska, Arizona,
and Florida. Arkansas, Michigan, and
Texas named the department of pub-
lic welfare as the point of contact cn
out-of-State inquiries under the re-
ciprocal support legislation. The law
in Michigan was further amended to
name the prosecuting attorney to rep-
resent recipients or other needy per-
sons in court actions.
Standard Setting for
Institutions
Many of the State laws enacted in
1953 that relate to the establishment
and maintenance of standards for in-
stitutions can be traced to the 1950
amendments to the Social Security
Act. Under the amendments those
States whose plans on July 1, 1953,
provided for giving assistance to per-
sons in institutions must have a
State authority or authorities respon-
sible for establishing and maintain-
ing standards for such institutions.
Standard setting for institutions is
not a new activity of State govern-
ment, however, and some States al-
ready had adequate legislation on
their statute books.
The 1953 legislation tended to be
perfecting and clarifying rather than
comprehensive in scope. States exam-
ined their public assistance plans to
see the kinds of institutions in which
persons could reside and receive as-
sistance and found in some instances
that certain types of institutions were
not subject to the existing State
Bulletin, January 1954
standard-setting authority. Other
States found it necessary to broaden
the scope of the standard-setting
authority or make other kinds of
changes.
Ten States found it necessary to
change their laws defining the au-
thority for establishing and main-
taining standards for hospitals and
other medical institutions. State
health departments were given such
authority in California, Connecticut,
Illinois, Missouri, Vermont, and Wis-
consin. California also specified that
the provisions are to be effective only
as long as the Social Security Act
requires such regulations, and Con-
necticut established an advisory com-
mittee on hospital licensing. Maine
strengthened its provisions for fire
inspection of hospitals. Ohio provided
for establishing and maintaining
standards for hospitals and certain
other institutions not covered by ex-
isting law. Rhode Island established
a plan for licensing hospitals and for
judicial review and enforcement of
decisions. Michigan extended State
authority over hospitals by a provi-
sion in an appropriation act.
In a Similar way, nine States broad-
ened the scope of State authority
for the establishment and mainte-
nance of standards for certain kinds
of private institutions. Maine legisla-
tion strengthens laws relating to the
fire inspection of boarding homes.
Kansas extended the standard-set-
ting authority to permit religious and
fraternal homes to apply for and re-
ceive a license. Washington estab-
lished a plan of inspection and licens-
ing for nursing homes. Florida pro-
vided for the establishment of stand-
ards for nursing homes but excluded
homes for the aged operated by fra-
ternal orders that have been in exist-
ence for more than 25 years. Legisla-
tion in Vermont concerns nursing and
convalescent homes and similar in-
stitutions. Arizona enacted a law au-
thorizing the health department to
license rest homes. South Dakota leg-
islation provides for extending the
licensing law to cover homes for the
aged other than nursing homes. New
Jersey amendments provide for the
establishment of standards for cer-
tain private institutions, such as
boarding homes and other homes for
the aged. Texas legislation amends
laws relating to the licensing and
regulation of nursing homes by the
State department of health.
Laws were also enacted by Colo-
rado, Minnesota, New Mexico, Ohio,
Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Rhode
Island that in a more general way,
strengthen and clarify their existing
statutes relating to the establishment
and maintenance of standards for in-
stitutions
Legislation enacted by the States
in compliance with the standard-
setting provision of the Social Secur-
ity Act does not lend itself to classi-
fication. In general, the trend seems
to be toward giving major authority
for the establishment and mainte-
nance of standards to State health
departments, although in a few States
the authority is shared by or is ex-
clusively in the hands of the State
welfare department. Some State stat-
utes, such as Wyoming’s, provide
for the cooperative development of
standards by the health and welfare
departments, and in many other
States there has been a close working
relationship between the two depart-
ments in developing the standard-
setting regulations.
Disclosure of Information
There has been much interest in
the legislation enacted by the States
with respect to the disclosure of in-
formation about public assistance re-
cipients. State activity stems from
the enactment by Congress of section
618 of the Revenue Act of 1951. This
law permits the States to make avail-
able for public inspection, without the
penalty of losing Federal funds, the
records of disbursements to public
assistance recipients, provided that
political or commercial use of the
names is prohibited. Since 1951 a
number of States have provided for
some type of public access to the rec-
ords of public assistance disburse-
ments, and, as of November 1, 1953,
28 States had enacted such legisla-
tion. In 1953, 20 States * enacted per-
tinent legislation.
The basic laws that the States have
3 Arkansas, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Michi-
gan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New
York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio,
Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South
Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Washington, and
Wisconsin.
enacted follows the pattern of direct-
ing local welfare departments to pre-
pare at periodic intervals a list of re-
cipients, with their addresses and the
amount of the assistance being re-
ceived. In some instances the salaries
of the public welfare staff are also to
be listed. The lists are to be sent to
specified local officials or maintained
in the local welfare department,
where they may be inspected. Uni-
formly, the legislation prohibits the
use of any list or names obtained
through such public access for politi-
cal or commercial purposes.
Some of the legislation varies from
the basic pattern. In Utah the infor-
mation about recipients is available
only to resident taxpayers. An indi-
vidual requesting information must
sign a statement to the effect that he
is a resident and a taxpayer. The
list of recipients in Tennessee is
available for inspection to any citizen
of the State, but the list may not be
copied. The North Carolina provi-
sions specify that disclosure of the
names of individual children receiv-
ing aid to dependent children or
other financial services is not author-
ized and that information regarding
such services shall be made available
only in the name of the parent or the
responsible relative. The Pennsyl-
vania law authorizes the disclosure of
specified public assistance informa-
tion only on the request of
residents of the State.
The Arkansas Legislature first pro-
vided that information on the names,
addresses, and amount of assistance
was to be made available twice a year,
but later in the session enacted an-
other bill changing the time to
monthly and providing that a record
must be maintained of the individuals
who examine the list. In Michigan,
persons who wish to look at the list
must sign an application. New York
State legislation specifies the local
legislative bodies to which the names
and addresses of applicants or re-
cipients may be made available. It
prohibits the publication of this in-
formation or the reporting of it ex-
cept in appropriating committees of
local legislative bodies. Information
about the names of recipients and the
amounts of assistance may be dis-
closed only to certain officials, speci-
fied in the law.
adult
10
Washington legislation directs the
welfare department to answer nega-
tively or affirmatively questions put
to the department on whether a
named individual is receiving assist-
ance. Massachusetts permits disclo-
sure of information to officers, boards,
and commissions of cities and towns
having responsibility for the prepara-
tion of annual budgets or for the
authorization of assistance payments.
Names and addresses and the
amount of assistance received by re-
cipients in Oregon are available on
the written request of qualified voters.
The records of children in foster
homes or other child-caring institu-
tions are specifically excepted in the
law. The Texas Legislature adopted
a resolution to put to a popular vote
in November 1954 a proposed amend-
ment to the State constitution that
would permit enactment of laws to
make lists of recipients of assistance
available for inspection.
Legislation enacted in Oklahoma,
permitting public access to the names
of assistance recipients, was not put
into effect on the advice of the State’s
attorney general because the legisla-
ture failed to include a provision pro-
hibiting the use of information for
commercial or political purposes as
required by Federal law. The legisla-
tion in Ohio that provides for mak-
ing available the names, addresses,
and amounts of payments received by
recipients also creates, as a public
assistance examining committee, a
county committee consisting of the
county auditor, the chairman of the
board of county commissioners, and
the presiding judge of the juvenile
court. This group is to meet quarterly
to examine the reports of the public
assistance agencies, any written in-
ormation filed with the board, and
such other information as may be
contained in the records of the public
assistance agencies to determine
whether public assistance payments
have been fraudulently made or re-
ceived. The law also provides for the
establishment in each county of a
social service exchange, at which the
names of applicants must be regis-
tered before assistance is granted,
except in emergencies. The legislation
extends to general assistance the pro-
visions for the protection of informa-
tion about recipients that have been
in effect for the State-Federal pro-
erams.
Medical Care
In 1953, as in past years, many
laws were enacted pertaining to the
procedures of providing medical care
and the methods of financing the cost
of such care. The Social Security Act
Amendments of 1950 provide that the
Federal Government may participate
financially, within the _ established
maximums, in the cost of medical
care paid on behalf of assistance re-
cipients. Since the enactment of this
provision, some States have shown an
interest in a plan for financing med-
ical care cost by paying a fixed sum
per month for each recipient. These
sums go into a fund from which the
costs of medical care for recipients re-
ceiving such care are paid. An ar-
rangement of this kind, commonly
known as a “pooled fund,” was the
subject of 1953 legislation in Con-
necticut, Illinois, Minnesota, and
West Virginia. The Connecticut and
Illinois laws provide that any recov-
ery by the State from a recipient for
medical care given him is to be lim-
ited to the amount paid into the
pooled fund. The Illinois law also pro-
vides for the possible liquidation of
the fund. The Minnesota legislation
permits county welfare departments
to set up a pooled fund. West Virginia
passed a comprehensive law provid-
ing for the establishment of a pooled
fund.
Federal financial participation in
payments made to persons in certain
public institutions is available under
the 1950 amendments. Some States
had enacted legislation before 1953 as
a result of the Federal amendments,
and during 1953 laws were passed by
Florida, Missouri, West Virginia, and
Wisconsin. In addition, New Mexico
enacted a law prohibiting payment
for medical care of a person who has
been diagnosed as having tuberculosis
or a mental disease. Legislation in the
State of Washington permits old-age
assistance to be paid to patients in
nursing homes.
Tennessee has set up in its health
department a hospital service for the
indigent. This program, which is per-
missive with the counties, is to be
financed by county funds and match-
ing State funds; the law authorizes
Social Security
the |
Loca.
estak
icall}
pers
State
helps
hosp
hims
ices
phys
mak
age
stitu
sons
is ni
acte
poré
care€
The
Cha
lant
ente
$25,
care
lati
Wa:
pro’
cart
ove
and
visc
tio!
sibi
the
bri
tha
sist
rai:
spo
me
me
per
ary
prc
est
me
sio
spt
die
cal
ins
rat
sui
pr
bu
ca
Bu
iny
the
are
‘Ost
Act
the
ate
ned
ical
re-
his
an
ed-
um
ese
the
ar-
nly
the
on-
ind
und
Ov-
for
the
ro-
of
ion
nts
nia
rid-
led
ain
der
ites
3 as
nts,
by
and
tico
ent
has
Osis
the
age
ith
the
er -
be
ch-
izes
rity
the State to accept Federal funds.
Local screening committees must be
established to determine who is med-
ically indigent. A medically indigent
person is defined as “a resident of the
State who is ill or injured, who can be
helped markedly by treatment in a
hospital, and who is unable to provide
himself with necessary hospital serv-
ices aS prescribed and ordered by a
physician.” Another law in Tennessee
makes possible the payment of old-
age assistance directly to mental in-
stitutions for the care of aged per-
sons. Federal financial participation
is not available in such payments.
The South Dakota Legislature en-
acted a law encouraging private cor-
porations to develop plans for the
care and accommodation of the aged.
The law permits the State Board of
Charities and Corrections to lease
Jand under its jurisdiction to such an
enterprise. Another law appropriated
$25,000 for a survey of the need for
care of the senile aged.
A number of miscellaneous laws re-
lating to medical care were enacted.
Washington redrafted its statutory
provisions with respect to medical
care, giving the State greater control
over funds allocated to the counties
and providing for a medical care ad-
visory committee. Nebraska legisla-
tion transfers to the counties respon-
sibility for providing or paying for
the cost of medical care that would
bring the assistance payment to more
than the State maximum on the as-
sistance payment. The counties are to
raise the money to finance this re-
sponsibility. The law eliminates pay-
ment by the State for the cost of
medical care above the maximum
permitted in the law, effective Janu-
ary 1 of the year following the year
in which counties make the tax levy
provided in the law. Massachusetts
established within the State Depart-
ment of Administration a new divi-
sion, with an advisory committee re-
sponsible for determining the per
diem cost and charges for medical
care in hospitals and other medical
institutions and for setting up the
rates that the State agencies using
such facilities must pay.
Wisconsin legislation revises the
provisions regulating State reim-
bursement to the counties for medical
care furnished under aid to the per-
Bulletin, January 1954
manently and totally disabled. Cali-
fornia now requires the county in
which a dependent child is living to
grant hospital and medical care even
though the child is actually a resi-
dent of and receiving aid from an-
other county. In New Jersey the
county welfare boards may, if there
are insufficient funds to pay for ter-
minal medical and nursing expenses
in addition to burial expenses, order
payment of such expenses incurred
the last 2 months before the recipi-
ent’s death.
A bill enacted in South Dakota,
sponsored by the State Hospital As-
sociation, provides a procedure for
establishing costs for the care of
indigent persons and obligates the
counties to pay for hospital care at
that rate. Another law gives formal
authorization to the county commis-
sioners to hire physicians to give
medical services to poor persons.
Physicians so selected are required to
report monthly to the county auditor
the persons to whom service has been
given.
Organization and Administra-
tion
Many of the State laws enacted in
1953 relate to the organization of
State and local welfare departments.
In several States, rather comprehen-
Sive organizational bills were passed.
Such legislation includes a law in
Connecticut, which changes the title
of the head of the State agency to
commissioner, authorizes the State
department to administer the child
welfare laws, gives the commissioner
specific authority to delegate his re-
sponsibility, and requires that there
be a mandatory investigation of all
recipients of assistance at least every
12 months. Other legislation in Con-
necticut deletes the provision that the
term of office for the welfare commis-
sioner is to be 4 years.
Legislation in Kansas changes the
organization of the State Department
of Social Welfare and provides for a
department consisting of a division
of institutions and a division of social
welfare, each responsible to the State
board. The director of social welfare
is to act as executive secretary and
is given some coordinating responsi-
bilities. Kansas also established a de-
partment of administration. Under
an executive director appointed by
the Governor, the department is to
centralize activities for purchasing,
auditing, and other services. In the
State of Washington the legislature
authorized the State agency to estab-
lish local county offices and to con-
solidate such offices where indicated.
The legislation further provides that
the counties, which formerly had au-
thority to write general assistance
checks, are to surrender that author-
ity to the State, which after January
1954 will write the checks for all pro-
grams.
Important legislation enacted in
Minnesota creates a department of
public welfare, consolidating the di-
visions of social welfare and public
institutions. The new department is
given additional responsibility in con-
nection with the licensing of institu-
tions and also with respect to services
for newly arrived immigrants.
Nebraska created a State division
of public welfare, which consists of a
board of public welfare (formerly the
board of control) and a State direc-
tor. The director will now be ap-
pointed by the board, rather than the
Governor, and confirmed by the legis-
lature. Each county is to have a divi-
sion of public assistance, headed by a
welfare board, and the board selects
the county director, who will appoint
the staff. The law is based on the
principle that the local administra-
tion of public welfare is the responsi-
bility of the county department of
assistance. Two or more counties may
merge their welfare programs.
The head of the State department
in Maryland is now the board of pub-
lic welfare instead of the director;
the board continues to appoint the
director for the department. The New
Jersey Legislature changed the name
of the Division of Old-Age Assistance
to the Bureau of Assistance; the bu-
reau will continue to operate within
the Department of Institutions and
Agencies. Ohio created a separate
State department of mental hygiene
and corrections outside the Depart-
ment of Welfare. As a result of the
new law, the Department of Welfare
will consist of a division of social ad-
ministration and a division of aid for
the aged.
Legislation in Wisconsin provides
for the creation of a county depart-
11
ment of public welfare in every
county having a population of less
than 500,000; where a county judge
now administers the programs, how-
ever, he may continue to do so on
authorization of the county board.
The county boards are to consist of
three, five, or seven members, rather
than five as before. The law also
states the functions of the county
board and the county departments of
public welfare more clearly and spe-
cifies that responsibility for various
services is to be carried by the county
agency rather than by the county
judge. Another section of the law
spells out the supervisory functions
of the State agency by providing that
the department may at any time
audit all county records relating to
the administration of assistance and
conduct administrative reviews of the
county departments.
Six States enacted laws relating to
the organization and authority of
State welfare boards. In Montana the
term of office for the members of the
board was changed to make the terms
of three members expire on March 3
of the the Governor assumes
office, and the terms of two additional
members are to expire at same
date on intervening years. Maine
changed its State advisory council to
year
the
a State advisory committee and in-
creased from seven the
number of members, who are to be
appointed by the State welfare com-
missioner. The committee, which is
to meet on call of the commissioner,
no longer has authority to make rules
to fifteen
and regulations but only to make
recommendations to the commis-
sioner.
The Connecticut Legislature estab-
lished a citizens’ advisory committee
for the State public welfare
ment. The committee, which consists
of seven members appointed by the
Governor for overlapping terms, has
only advisory powers. Legislation in
the same State empowers the welfare
commissioner to accept such addi-
tional Federal grants-in-aid as be-
come available and deletes from the
law the words ‘‘with advice of public
welfare council.”
Legislation in Kansas pr¢
a State finance council composed of
the Governor, the Lieutenant
nor, the Speaker of
depart-
vides for
Gover-
the House, and
the chairmen of the Senate and
House ways and means committees.
In the State of Washington a new ad-
visory board for the State Depart-
ment of Social Security has been es-
tablished that is composed of seven
people appointed on a bipartisan basis
by the Governor. The same legisla-
tion changed the name of the State
agency from the Department of So-
cial Security to the Department of
Public Assistance. Rhode Island
tablished a new advisory board for
the public assistance division; a simi-
lar group that has been serving the
entire public welfare department is
continuing to operate. The change
grows out of recommendations made
by a committee established by the
Governor to study the problems of
the confidentiality of public
ance information.
Other legislation affects primarily
the establishment and membership of
local public welfare boards. Arkansas
increased the membership on county
welfare boards from five to seven
These boards have been appointed by
the State department from a panel
nominated by certain State officers.
This legislation provides for nomina-
tions to the panel to be made also by
a member of the State general assem-
bly living in the county. The per diem
for local board members in Minne-
sota has been increased from $8 to
$10 a day. In Ohio, legislation en-
acted gives authority to the county
commissioners to revoke the power
of a county department of public
welfare to perform the duties of a
child welfare board and to establish
a five-member child welfare board.
A number of miscellaneous provi-
sions affecting organization and ad-
ministration were adopted. Georgia
provided that obsolete case records
and related fiscal records may be de-
stroyed after 5 years. A similar bill
was enacted in California. Alabama
and Minnesota established positions
of assistant attorney general to serve
their State welfare departments. Leg-
islation in Nebraska specifies that the
county that originally granted old-
age assistance and aid to the blind
shall continue to be responsible no
matter where the individual moves
within the State. Illinois changed the
name of the assistance prog
the aged; formerly old-age
es-
assI1St-
ram for
pensions
it is now old-age assistance. Other
legislation in Illinois set up a com.)
mission to study means of improvins
economic conditions in areas where
the resources are not sufficient t,
provide an average standard of livine
Illinois also established a youth com.
mission and transferred from the De.
partment of Public Welfare to the
new body ail responsibilities and fa-
cilities for the care of juvenile de.
linquents.
Arizona created a State depart-
ment of finance to consolidate vari-
ous fiscal responsibilities. The State
Welfare Home in Delaware was re.
moved from the authority of the wel-
board and given independent
status. A commodity distribution di-
vision established within the
State Department of Public Welfare
in Texas. Legislation in California
affirmatively states that the county
is responsible for determining the
eligibility of all recipients and re-
quires a redetermination of such eli-
eibility as often as is necessary. Fur-
ther legislation requires the Califor-
nia Department of Social Welfare to
file its report to the
months each
of the legislature
During most legislative sessions a
number of Jaws are enacted by the
States relating to the promulgation
of rules and regulations. Fewer pro-
visions than usual were adopted in
4
¢ A
ore
AcAl &
was
Governor 2
before annual session
953, possibly because a large numbe!
States already have such legisla-
In Missouri, the administrative
decisions of all State departments are
subject to court review in certain cir-
cumstances. Nebraska revised its pro-
cedures for the issuance of rules and
regulations. The
thorized to
that
of
tion.
xovernor is now au-
waive the requirement
there be a hearing before the
adoption of or change in a rule, but
all rules or changes in rules have to
be approved by him. The Massachu-
setts Legislature repealed the provi-
sion that all rules and regulations for
aid to dependent children require
public hearings and approval by the
Governor: now only approval by the
State advisory board is required. Wis-
consin enacted a provision relating to
legislative review of rules and appro-
priated funds to its Joint Legislative
Council for a study and report on
problems relating to the rule-making
Social Security
pow ‘
tive
Tl
exte
of t
aide
tenc
mitt
bras
stuc
non
mel
tive
stra
Cal
life
the
they
Ving
here
Ct
fing
om.-
De.
the
fa-
de-
art.
ari.
tate
re-
wel-
dent
| di-
the
fare
rnia
inty
the
re-
eli-
Pur
for-
e to
r 2
‘sion
ns a
the
ition
pro-
d in
nbe
isla-
itive
5 are
cir-
pro-
and
au-
nent
the
but
re to
chu-
‘Ovi-
; for
fuire
the
the
Vis-
ig to
pro-
itive
on
cing
‘rity
powers and activities of administra-
tive agencies.
The New York State Legislature
extended to February 1954 the life
of the committee to study federaliy
aided weliare programs and also ex-
tended the life of the legislative com-
mittee on problems of the aged. Ne-
praska established a commission to
study the medical, social, and eco-
nomic problems of the aged and the
mentally ili, and one to examine rela-
tives’ responsibility in the admini-
stration of old-age assistance. The
California Legislature extended the
life of the legislative committee on
the care of the aged.
A legislative committee was estab-
lished in Oregon to study the public
assistance programs. While the study
is to be focused on the financing,
functioning, and administration of
the State public welfare department,
attention will also be given to med-
ical, hospital, and nursing home care
and the administration of the rela-
tives’ responsibility laws. South Da-
kota established a committee to study
all aspects of State government and
also authorized a survey of the care
given the aged.
Fiscal Provisions
Two State legislatures enacted bills
setting forth a new plan of fiscal re-
lationship between the State and the
localities in the financing of public
assistance. In New York, State aid is
to be extended to all local welfare
functions — including public home
care, foster care, and burial — under
the Social Welfare Law. Hospital care
for persons whose care is a responsi-
bility of the locality is limited to cer-
tain specified groups, including re-
cipients in the federally aided cate-
eories. All Federal funds received by
the State are to be passed on to the
localities. State funds half
the remainder of the cost. State par-
ticipation in the cost of general as-
sistance is reduced under this
tion from 80 percent to 50 percent.
If, however, the number of recipients
exceeds 1 percent of the population,
the State will pay 80 percent
In the State of Washington, legis-
lation affecting all
that after January 1, 1954,
tax out of
hall be met
will pay
} cat
iegisia-
programs provides
the State
will levy a special 2-mill
which assistance costs
Bulletin, January 1954
Formerly, the State used general rev-
enue as appropriated, together with
local funds raised by a 2-mill tax.
The State, instead of the counties,
will now issue all assistance checks
The law also provides that assistance
shall be payable from the date eligi-
bility is established rather than from
the date of application.
Montana extended for two more
years the authority of the counties
to levy an additional tax for assist-
ance purposes. North Carolina legis-
lation authorizes the counties to levy
a special tax (up to a specified maxi-
mum) to finance the local share of
assistance costs for aid to the perma-
nently and totally disabled. Hitherto,
counties used revenues collected for
general assistance. Counties are au-
thorized but not required to levy the
tax and may use funds raised from
any other source of revenue. The leg-
islation also provides that appropria-
tions for aid to the permanently and
totally disabled shall not lapse, and
unexpended balances may be taken
into consideration when making fur-
appropriations. The counties
may transfer funds among the pro-
grams of aid to
dependent children, and aid to the
permanently and totally disabled
without prior approval of the Stat«
Board of Allotment and Appeal
Dakota reenacted without
e provisions of 1949 legislation
provided for a portion of th
retail sales tax revenue to be allotted
ther
old-age assistance,
North
chan
+hrat
lat
for assistance purposes.
Colorado adopted legislation estab-
lishin
ents to
a third classification of recipi-
pensions. In
there have been two groups
and
receive assistance through a program
in which the Federal Government
participates financially, and person
60-65 who have resided in the
State for 35 and in whose as-
the Federal Government
does not participate. The new classi-
fication is for persons aged 60 and
over who are inmates of the Colorado
State Hospital and the two State
homes and training schools. To be eli-
receive old-age
the past
—individuals aged 65
over who
aged
years
istance
1
gible, individuals must be citizens, in
need, and resident for 35 years in the
1
+} ys )
li wney are
between the ages of
60 and 65. Eligible persons aged 65
years and over must have resided in
State 5 out of the last 9
This group is to share
with the other two groups the pro-
ceeds of the special taxes used to
assistance programs for the
The Federal Government does
not participate in the costs of the new
program.
In Texas, the constitution contains
a maximum limitation on the amount
of State funds that may be appropri-
ited for public assistance. The legis-
lature in 1953 acted to give the people
an opportunity to vote on an amend-
ment increasing that amount from
$35 million a year to $42 million.
Arkansas legislation makes State
available to pay the cost of
examinations by physicians to deter-
mine incapacity in aid to dependent
children and aid to the permanently
ind totally disabled. Hitherto, exam-
inations were paid for by the appli-
cants. The Connecticut Legislature
voted to permit the State to make
vendor payments for cther purposes
than medical care. Federal financial
participation is not available for
such expenditures. Massachusetts will
make semimonthly payments for aid
to dependent children unless the re-
cipient wishes to receive less frequent
the years
years. new
finance
‘ }
agea
funds
payment. Oregon legislation estab-
lishes a revolving fund to be used by
the
State
meeting
welfare department in
emergencies caused by any
deiay in the receipt of Federal funds.
Legislation in Pennsylvania seeks
reater budgetary control by provid-
ing that the Governor may transfer
the comptroller and his subordinates
in any State agency to the Governor's
office, where they will be under the
upervision of the Cali-
fornia repealed legislation establish-
fund to be used in
operating the programs for the needy
aged and the needy blind. This fund
not since the earlier
repeal of a related provision in the
constitution.
Governor.
V6 9
ing a revolving
has been used
The legislature
eliminated from the re-
quirement the counties file
quarterly estimates of public assist-
ance expenditures, which were used
+e
state
le
also
law a
that
as a basis for Statewide estimates of
needed Federal funds
Oklahoma, Texas, Utah en-
acted legislation releting to the au-
thority of the State welfare agency
Continued on page 27
and
Increased Living Costs and Social Security
Benefits
In recent years, most nations have increased their social se-
curity benefits to meet higher living costs.
The specific action
taken to ensure adequate payments and services in four Euro-
pean countries with representative social security programs is
reported in the following pages.
] HE inroads of inflation on the
living standards of social secur-
ity beneficiaries have become
familiar in many countries and have
induced counter-measures of various
sorts. The diversity of legislative ac-
tion undertaken on behalf of retired
beneficiaries serves to underline the
virtually unanimous approval of
higher benefits when they are re-
quired. Inspection of individual pro-
grams shows some of the techniques
that have been adopted for the com-
mon objective.
Of the four countries whose pro-
grams are reviewed in some detail in
this paper, Denmark and Sweden
have experienced limited inflation,
which has been largely offset for pen-
sioners by automatic cost-of-living
increases and more than offset in
Sweden by other measures. Austria
and Italy have had severe inflation,
which has been met by many sepa-
rate but related actions, each adapted
to a specific anti-inflationary end.
The effect of inflation on real in-
come has been especially great in
retirement and survivors insurance
The statutory benefit in these pro-
grams may be a flat sum or may de-
pend on earnings over a long period
of years; once the pension amount
has been determined, it is commonly
paid for the beneficiary’s life and can
be changed only by special measures.
That some special measures have
been put into effect is apparent from
a review of the social security pro-
grams—particularly old-age, inva-
lidity, and survivors insurance. In 34
of the 49 countries that have retire-
ment or pension systems
the pro-
* Division of Research
Office of the Commissioner
and Statistics,
14
grams have been in operation since
the beginning of World War II. Index
numbers on changes in the cost of
living are available for all but eight—
most of them in Eastern Europe.
Among the remaining 26, the cost of
living has approximately doubled
Since 1939 in 14 countries and more
than doubled in the other 12; in
some countries it is 10, 20, or 100
times the prewar figure. What these
26 countries have done to keep pen-
sions or insurance benefits in lin
with higher living costs is indicated
briefly in table 1.
Denmark
Denmark, the first country to have
a general noncontributory pension
program, was also the first to make
its benefit amounts respond auto-
matically to a rise or fall in the cost
of living.
Established in consoli-
dated in certain with the
general insurance programs in 1933.
the old-age and invalidity pension
system is the country’s largest social
security program and most
closely linked with cost-of-livin
changes. Expenditures for the pen-
sion programs represented more than
aalf (542 million crowns)! of the
amount Denmark spent for its four
insurance programs in 1949-50.
Pensions.—The governments (cen-
tral and local) meet the entire cost
of old-age pensions and most of the
cost of invalidity pensions, although
the insured person and the employer
1891 and
respects
the
contribute toward the latter. The
basic pension is a flat sum, varied
according to cost-of-living zones and
1A crown is approximately 14.48 cents
by Cart H. FarMAN?
subject to reduction if income fror
other sources exceeds 50 percent o;
the basic pension.
In keeping with the intent of th
1891 law—that the payment ‘musi
be sufficient for the support of the
person relieved, and of his family
and for their treatment in case o}
sickness’’"—the basic pension is in.
creased by certain pension supple.
ments to meet special needs or situa-
tions. There is an invalidity supple-
ment and, if constant attendance i:
required, a helplessness supplement
A supplement is payable to the blind
and there is a marriage supplement
if the wife of a pensioner is herself
not eligible for a pension. An addi-
tional amount is payable to persons
who defer their claim at least 2 years
after reaching pensionable age. The
basic pension is also increased pro-
portionately by the following supple-
ments:
G ' Percent of
: basie pensior
71
( e Rf ba
I bal
Children’s suppleme (
Personal supplement 3 7
Pavable in December and subj an (
e
2 Approximate] cr 1 montt fants al
) percent less for | over age 2
Payable to pr 1 particular iflicult ¢
Imstance
Denmark also has a provision that
adjusts the pension—both the basic
amount and the various supplements
—to changes in the cost of living
The inflation of the First World War
had led, in 1919, to legislation provid-
ing for increases in salaries of Gov-
ernment workers to offset increases
in the cost of living. In 1922, when in-
flation was about at its peak, the first
cost-of-living provision was _ intro-
duced into the pension iaw. The an-
nual pension was raised 12 crowns
for a couple and 6 crowns for single
pensioners whenever married Gov-
ernment employees received a 54-
Social Securit)
Tabl
Por
we
Urt
Un
cr¢
TI
an
on
th
Ton
chat
asic
ents
ing
War
vid-
TOV-
aSEeS
| in-
first
tro-
an-
wns
ngle
rOV-
rity
Table 1.
Legislative action relating social security benefits to increased cost
of living, 26 countries, 1939-52
Great B
Jrelanad tn f
Nethe Li r
I
Yew t ell
N ‘ (
1 I ul}
Portu
swede! ex
Union ¢ \ r
Urugu
) times or more
Chile b law lor wake
CGireece Benenht amou
Italy see Lext
France Vew Sy
crown annual cost-of-living increase.
This adjustment made semi-
annually.
In the succeeding deflation, econ-
omy measures following a change in
the value of the crown affected all
types of social insurance and assist-
ance. In 1927 the automatic linkage
of pensions with living costs was re-
pealed. Actual pension amounts were
not reduced—in some cases they were
increased—but the amount of total
“deduction-free”’ income was lowered
In 1933, during the depression, a
cost-of-living was restored
for old-age pensions and was applied
to invalidity and maternity benefits
also. The provision stipulated that
pensions (basic plus supplements
were to be raised or lowered semi-
annually by 3 percent whenever the
official index number of prices rose 0}
fell 3 percent from the October 1929
level. The index itself was calculated
on the basis of a family budget with
a total expenditure of 2,000 crowns
at the price level of July 1914.
w
Was
provision
2? International Labor Office, Legislative
Series, 1922—Den. 3, Sect. 5, Act of 1922
Bulletin, January 1954
Since 1933, various changes
made in the formula to keep
pensions in line with living costs, but
there has been no change in the
The most recent formula,
1946, provided for a 1-
annually in the pen-
ion when the index number changed
by 1 percent from the January 1946
level, and an additional
change in the pension for each addi-
nave
peen
basic
pattern.
enacted in
percent change
2-percent
tional change of 2 percent in the
1951 pension adjust-
ment was put on a semiannual basis
because of the rapid increase in the
cost of livin
Every 6
index. In the
months the Minister of
Social Affairs publishes a regulation
letailing what the basic and supple-
mentary payments, as modified by
the change in the price index, are t
be for the half-year ahead
Through these various devices Den-
mark has achieved considerable vari-
flat
changes in tne
ation in a pension system. The
value of the basic
pension during the 30 vears since the
cost-of-living provisions went
into ef-
fect are shown in table 2
Other programs.—The cost-of-liv-
ing index but definite
some of the other Danish pro-
unemployment insurance
modify the maximum
of the daily cash benefit pay-
Dle and also help determine incom«¢
limits ior ilability to
plays a small
roie in
rams. in
is usea to
amount
insurance. In
accident insurance the index has been
employed since 1948 to fix the upper
limit for compuisory and
for computation of income for benefit
health
coverage
purposes. In insurance the
cash maternity benefit is the only one
to be governed by the index number:
this provision was incorporated in the
1933 Social Insurance Act.
Sweden
Although Sweden has a national
pension tradition of 40 years’ stand-
ing, its experience with cost-of-living
supplements dates only from 1950.
system currently pays old-age
pensioners the highest benefit in Eu-
rope—the result of the basic pension
plus cost-of-living and “standard-of-
living” suppiements. The system is
universal in its coverage, and contri-
butions collected with the na-
tional income tax.
Pensions.—The pension program, to
which this account is limited because
it is the only one in which the cost-
of-living adjustment is significant, is
by far the largest of the Swedish so
cial security operations.
Expenditures for the program in
1950 amounted to 892 million crowns.
For family allowances—the next larg-
est program—expenditures were little
more than half that amount.
The old-age pension is payable to
all citizens at age 67, without regard
to income, at the annual rate of 1,750
crowns for a single person. This
amount inciudes two fixed elements—
a basic minimum annual pension of
1,000 crowns, adopted in 1946, and a
The
are
flat-rate amount of 400 crowns, voted
in 1953—plus one variable element,
the cost-of-living supplement dis-
cussed below.
The invalidity pension (total) con-
sists of (1) a basic sum of 200 crowns
i year regardless of other income and
2) a supplement, varying according
to other that brings the
resources,
The crown is approximately 19.33 cents
United States currency.
Table 2.—Denznark:
\
i pe ¢ pt
Highest cost-of-living zone
Couple . 108
Man ? x
Woman $2
Medium cost-of-living zone
Couple ! . S04 804
Man 2 144 if
Woman 40) 10
Lowest cost-of-living zor
Couple 6
Man ? $30 4()2
Woman 3 318
' Both of pensionable age
total for persons with low incomes up
to the amount of the basic 1946 old-
age pension. In addition, a flat-rate
amount of 400 crowns?‘ and a cost-
of-living supplement are paid as in
the case of oid-age pensions.
No part of the widow’s benefit
added to the program by the 1946
act) is payable without a means test.
The maximum basic pension is 600
crowns annually, and supplements
bring the total to 1,050 crowns a year.
The widow’s pension is payable from
age 55 to age 67.
If the wife (or housekeeper) of a
pensioner is over age 60, she may re-
ceive a housewife’s supplement, which
also is subject to a means test.
In tabular summary the benefits
rates are as follows:
Several other supplements are de-
signed to meet special situations
avoid anomalies. Pensioners with chil-
dren of eli:
or
ible age receive, in addition
eo flat rata c1innilar >
A71@ ils 7 € upp.em
e the total pension is ps
added to the basic pension of 200 crowns
16
Basic pension
rates in selected years
int of pension (crowns per year
1437 Q44 146 1948 ) )
1, OS 1,803 2 310 > S76 { R30
32 215 60 1, 584 ) KN4
678 1 25 6 l s4 ) sS4
912 1,515 1, 965 2, 088 2, 232 2, 454
732 1, 008 1, $26 1, 392 18S 1, 606
678 936 1, 326 1, $92 18s l t)
702 1, 164 1, 662 1, 764 SS4 2, |
606 777 1, 122 1, 176 1, 2t 1,404
64 727 1, 122 Ltd 200 1, 404
§ \
2Includes pension to couple whert
married if spouse is not of pensionable age
to the regular family allowance of 290
crowns a year, a special children’s al-
lowance of 320 crowns annually per
child.
An extra allowance is also payable
to blind persons receiving invalidity
benefits. In addition to the basic pen-
sion of 200 crowns, the blind person
receives 700 crowns a year without in-
come test. He may also receive the
supplements based on the means test,
but in such cases the 700 crowns must
be considered as income in computing
the additional amounts. A sickness
supplement, payable at the same rate
as the invalidity pension, is provided
for persons who have been ill at least
6 months but whose disablement is
not judged to be permanent.
Housing allowances, introduced in
1938, were the first part of the Swed-
ish pension system to allow for differ-
ences in the cost of living, but the
differences are of place and not of
time. The housing supplements vary
in amount according to cost-of-livin
zones and are subject to the means
test. The 1953 act provides that, be-
ginning in 1954, the amounts of all
housing supplements to pensioners
are to be determined by the local gov-
ernments.
The 1953 act also raises the amount
of outside income allowable before
the income test is applicable for any
relevant part of the pension benefit
Through 1953, the first 400 crowns
of income for a single person and the
first 600 crowns for a couple were
ignored in computing the amount of
the supplements that vary with in-
come. As of January 1, 1954, the
amounts ignored in the computation
are 1,000 and 1,500 crowns, respec-
tively, and the formula by which the
supplements are reduced for income }
in excess amounts is
liberalized.
of these als¢
Cost-of-living and standard-of-liy-
ing increases.—Originally the amount
of the old-age pension was related to
the number and total amount of con-
tributions paid by the insured per.
son, but in 1948, when the Nationa]
Pensions Act of 1946 went into effect
the link to contributions was dropped
and the basic pension became a flat
sum for all beneficiaries. The legis-
lation was aimed at making the na-
tional pensions sufficient for a sub-
sistence level of living without sup-
plementation from public assistance
Pension expenses more than doubled
in the new program’s first year of
operation.
In 1950 an automatic cost-of-liv-
ing supplement was introduced that
amounts, in effect, to a 5-percent in-
crease in the basic pension for each
5-point rise in the index (base period
1946). Whenever the cost of living
rises or falls by 5 points, one of three
sums (fixed by law) is to be added
to or subtracted from the basic pen-
Sion. These amounts are 30 crowns
for persons getting the 600-crown
maximum pension (widows, or wives
receiving a housewife’s supplement);
40 crowns getting the
800-crown pension (married pension-
tor persons
ers whose spouse also receives a na-
tional pension the
upplement) ;
receiving
or housewife’s
and 50 crowns for per-
the 1,000-crown basic
invalidity
com-
the benefit
and unrelated
sons
old-age
Living
quarterly,
pension ‘(other
pensioners).
puted and
changes are automatic
to any income test
There were
or
are
costs
automatic cost-
of-living increases between 1950 and
1953, the latest amend-
took Since then livin:
and there were
the index
seven
May when
ments
costs have been stable,
no further changes in
plement in 1953
The Government
the automatic adjustment
changes was not a sufficient
the problem of
1953 proposed further increases
Social Affairs
while prices and
in
workers
fant
Clecr.
sup-
that
price
answer
and in
The
pointed
consiaerea
to
to adequacy
Minister for
out that,
rose
pensions
1946-52,
in
about 35 percent
wages received by male
Social Security
Table
na-
up-
ice
Table 3.—Austria:
Increases in old-age, invalidity, and survivor pensions
wage earners, by date of legislative provision, 1945-52
A ver
ype of pension
j-age, invalidity 46. 00
Widow's 26.00
rphan’s 10). 60
j-age, Invalidity 199.00
Widow S 106. 00
rphan’s 70. 00
|d-age, invalidity 214. 00
iow’s 114.00
rphan’s SS. UU
phan s
ld-age, invalidity 284. OU
VidOW S 36. Of
rphan s 111.00
l-age, Invalidily 304. 00
rphan s
ld-age, invalidity 544. 00
1a0W S 3
rphan’s 186. 40
industry went up approximately 90
percent, and he recommended an in-
crease of 75 percent from the 1946
pension amounts. The Riksdag voted
uch an increase by adding to the 35-
percent increase under the cost-of-
living supplements a further 40-per-
cent rise in each pension.
Swedish policy thus incorporates
the principle that pensions should not
nly retain earlier purchasing power
inder the cost-of-living supplements
but should be increased in real terms
that correspond at approxi-
mately to changes in real wages.
les
least
Austria
Though Austria’s social security
system goes back to the 1880's, old-
ige, invalidity, and survivors insur-
ance for wage earners was not estab-
lished until 1939, after Austria’s
annexation by Germany and the pro-
mulgation of the German National
Insurance Code. Salaried employees
have had their program since 1906.
Bulletin, January 1954
joi
B ppl
! ippl
ner ‘
I
14
i
1. 0
O 18
} $4
i ) 23. U0 ;
i
s 42
37.0 ‘
19
2 34.0
) 17
i $7
O
j
-~ i ?
f
) 60. Of s
T 1
od
147.00
M 952
€ Robert ( r “be J t é :
in l herhe Vienna, Ju pp. 2
eit Suppileme eda by later i
In terms of expenditures in 1950, old-
age, invalidity, and survivors insur-
ance was the largest of Austria’s so-
cial security programs; the total of
1,616 million schillings’ spent for
that program was more than a third
of all expenditures for social security
in that year.
Payments under old-age, invalidity,
and survivors insurance consist of a
basic amount that is the same for all
plus annual increment
based on earnings for the entire con-
tribution period, other small supple-
ments varying according to
number of
and flat monthly allowances for each
dependent. Unemployment insurance
payments flat amounts, varyin
with wage class and number of
pendents. Benefits under workmen's
pensioners,
wage
class and contributions
are
ae-
compensation (for short-term di
ability) and the basic cash benefit
A schilling is approximately 4 cents in
United States currency
inder health insurance are paid at
rate OI oV percent OI wages, with
the disability or
prolonged. Family allow-
ances, a fixed monthly amount, are
of employed workers
social insurance bene-
ies with eligible children.
The cost-of-living supplements are
for food and rent and date from 1948
and i951, respectively. They are here
considered with reference to old-age,
and survivors insurance
workmen's compensation, the
only programs in which the food sup-
plements have an important role. The
supplements consist of a small
paid to employed
persons (but not the self-employed)
to social insurance bene-
us the provisions are not
an insurance or assistance
the
larger amounts if
sickness is
to families
pala
as well as to
iclar
invallalty,
anda
rent
flat-rate amount
aS Wel aS
ficiaries; th
exclusivel)
measure.
Old-age, invalidity, and survivors
— The first significant in-
creases were made in 1945, when the
SuUrance.
basic old-age and invalidity pension
for wage earners was raised to an
average of 46 schillings a month, and
payment to survivors was
for widows and
10.60 schillings for orphans. By Au-
1947 averages had been
raised to 156 schillings, 84 schillings,
the average
, — :
set at <6 schiliings
ust tnese
The increases did not keep pace
vith the rise in the cost of living, and
in October 1948 the food supplement
was introduced on a modest scale. It
was one of series of measures de-
to take the piace of the Gov-
price subsidies for foodstuffs,
vere discontinued in the same
month. The supplement was
ernment
+
W nlcil
fand
L00Q
payable to wage and salary workers
is well as to social insurance bene-
iciari but collective bargaining
wage increases that
for supplementing
special manner. The
food supplement continued to be paid
to beneficiaries of old-age, invalidity,
and insurance, however,
and the pension amounts were in-
creased periodically by the National
Le ature
Altogether, the
oon resuiteda in
need
yvages In tis
Survivors
table 3).
rates of the bene-
fit including supplements) for aged
nd disabled persons and widows
have increased elevenfold since 1945
In less than 3 years after its intro-
17
duction, the amount of the
plement for the
worker went up sevenfold. Orphans
benefits have risen even faster
the other payments. The rise for ali
the benefits in the program has been
relatively greater than the rise
cost-of-living index.
Contributions for the program have
likewise been increased, both as a per-
cent of taxable earnings and in the
amount on which contridutions
assessed. Wage earners and employ-
ers now each pay 5 percent of earn-
ings (in 1948, 2.8 percent each), and
the ceiling on taxable wages is 1,800
schillings a month instead of 190. Fon
salaried employees the contribution
rate, now as before, is 10 percent,
with the cost divided equally between
employer and employee. The maxi-
mum taxable earnings of 1,800 schil-
lings for salaried employees is
above the 1948 ceiling of 420
lings a month.
From the beneficiary’s standpoint,
a major criticism of the program is
that it approximates assistance tech-
niques to some extent. A characteris-
tic of Austrian old-age, invalidity,
and survivors insurance has been the
fact that beneficiaries entitled to a
pension receive it whether or not they
continue in employment and have
other income. Even the simple safe-
guards adopted to ensure a wise use
of the public funds appropriated for
the food supplements have brought
about a difference in the ins
program. The supplements introduce
an “extraneous element,” for if all
social factors, including amount
of income from self-employment, are
1oo0a SUup-
retired or invalid
than
in the
are
well
scnil-
urance
the
to be investigated, there in effect,
a means test.”
Workmen’s compensation. — In
workmen’s compensation the provi-
sions for food allowances reflect the
facts that the rise in wage rates be-
tween 1948 and 1951 brought
in line with the cost of
that both wage and price levels have
tended to stabilize. The food supple-
ments therefore are payable
workers who became disabled in the
earlier years and whose benefits are
based on the lower wage scales (table
4).
them
living and
only to
*H. Wychera, “Ernaehrungszulage
Wohnungsbeihilfe,” Soziale
April 1952, p. 104
und
herheit,
18
Table 4.—Austria: Cost-of-living
supplements under workmen’s com-
pensation, by date of accident
Monthly amount
chillings
‘dent Supplement for
pacity of sul
Vivor
upple-
ment
At lea Less thar
i 0 percen
General characteristics of the food
supplements. — All food supplements
are subject to certain general rules
Suppiements are payable only as an
addition to cash benefits, and no more
than one may be paid to one person
at the same time. The supplement
may be paid although the beneficiary
performs some for an-
other person (up to 5 days a month),
but it is never paid to a self-employed
person.
Certain relief payments do not af-
tect eligibility for the food supple-
ments. Thus, the supplements are
paid to persons receiving assistance
to kleinrentner—that is, persons with
abnormally low incomes as a result of
casual work
inflation—and to those receiving ‘
sistance victims’ assistance.”’
Since the allowances have
treated as income under the
social insurance legislation and thus
are subject to deductions
security contributions.
re-
a 1
1951.
beer
for social
Italy
Italy’s general social security sys-
tem includes six programs. The two
largest—family allowances and old-
age, invalidity, and survivors in-
surance—and the two smallest—tu-
berculosis insurance and unemploy-
ment insurance—make up a group
administered or supervised by the
National Social Insurance Institute.
These programs are particularly vul-
nerable to inflation, since the basic
legislation set up taxes and benefits
in money amounts rather than as a
percentage of pay. (In retirement and
survivors insurance the benefit is a
multiple of contributions paid, a for-
mula that preserves the link with the
flat amount.) The four programs
have been greatly modified as to bot
contributions and benefits, and thes/
adaptations to monetary depreciatio;
are reviewed here.’
Cost-of-living supplements in thes
four programs were initiated, re
viewed, and expanded in various way
to meet an inflation that made livin:
costs 50 times higher in 1951 than j
1938. All the adaptations were mac
in the decade 1943-52, generally a
provisional, emergency measures tha;
did not aim at changing the princi.
ples of the existing system. Amount
were radically changed, however, an¢
by 1951 the benefits
had increase¢
proportionately more than the cos
of living.
1951 index
lten numbers
1¥38=—= 10
Old-uge, invalidity, and survivors in
surance -- _- 6, 39
luberculosis insurance 11, 0%
Unemployment insurance 6,97
Family allowances 10, 84
Cost of living $s
! Program for wage earners in industry; for ind
number for this program, 1440 equals 100
Source: Carmela Girardi Tositti, **L’adeguament
delle prestazioni della previdenza nel dopoguerra,
Previdenza Sociale, May-June 1952, pp. 503-529
Old-age, invalidity, and survivors
insurance. — The retirement system
founded in 1919 as old-age and in-
validity insurance of the full-reserve
type, developed slowly and was unable
during the 1940’s to meet the abnor-
mal demands for adequate pensions
Consequently, the legislature intro-
duced more types of cost-of-living
supplements into this system than in-
to any other. Benefit expenditures in-
creased greatly and in 1951, at the
level of 110 billion lire ‘about $176
million), were greater than in any of
the other insurance programs though
still well below the cost of family al-
lowances. Finally, the system was
fundamentally amended by the Act
of April 4, 1952, and is therefore the
first major Italian program since the
war to be the subject of a new and
permanent law.
Before the 1952 act
was adopted,
The other two programs—insurance
against sickness and industrial injuries—
have been less seriously affected by infla-
tion because their contributions and bene-
fits are defined as percentages of pay, and
as pay went up contributions and benefits
automatically followed
Social Securit)
Tabl
Mar.
M iT.
Dec
Ay
yr
thi
SU)
ge
ne
liv
bot;
thes /
Atio;
thes
re
way
ivin
in yy
nad
y @
thar
inci-
unt;
anc
asec
Cos!
nadex
i bers
10
ted,
ance
es—
nfla-
ene-
and
efits
rity
Table 5.—Italy:
Legislative action relating old-age, invalidity, and survivors
insurance benefits to increased cost of living, 1943-52
Percent of total
pension
Date Action tuken
Basic Supple
pension ments
Mar. 18, 1943 - is increased 25%. Contributions increased ry
Mar. 1, 1946 Pensions increased 70% through ‘integration upplements 7
Ininimum set
creases
May 20, 194 Pensions increased by percentages
the pension system had three kinds of
supplements, all of which had the
general aim of making benefits more
nearly adequate in the face of higher
living costs. They were “integration”
supplements, dating from 1945;
“high-cost-of-bread” supplements,
dating from 1947; and “contingency”
supplements (‘‘temporary” contin-
gency supplements, introduced in
1947, and “supplementary” contin-
gency supplements, set up in 1949).
Table 6.—Italy: Cost-of-living sup-
plements and supplementary con-
tributions under unemployment in-
surance, 1945-50
Payment Em-
(lire per day ployer Maxi-
contri- mum
bution | tax: b'e
Each | as per- jearning
aati ligible| cent of | (lire per
lepend-| taxable | day
er earnings
Sept. 28, 1945 30 $4.00 144
May 30, 1916 ‘ 1.00 Jot
Jan. 1, 1947 0) s 4. 60 250
April 16, 1947 54 12 4.90 250
July 1, 1947 8 16 1. 90 250
sept. 14, 1947 208 10) 8. 00 200)
Aug. 1, 1948 220 n2 4.00 750
June 6, 1949 220 80 4.00 750
Jan. 1, 1950 220) 80 3. 25 750
Source: Papa Gina, “L’Assicurazione Contro la
Disoccupazione ¢ Suoi Resultati,’? Previdenza
4k
i
Sociale, May-June 1952, pp. 554-578.
Bulletin, January 1954
Integration Fund established to fin
inversely with size «
varyin y with
doubled Gov
enefit, from 700% to 369¢: minimurn benefit
ernment contribution introduced increasing each pension by
300 re a montn, >
May 6, 1947 Compensation for high cost of bread introduced; 104 lire pet
; month per person, including dependents. Financed from In-
tegration Fund.
ily 16, 1947 Compensation for high cost of bread doubled
july 29, 1947 lemporary contingency supplements intro Social Soli
. darity Fund, with equal contributions ft WOrKer -
ployer, created to finance increase overnment con n
repealed
ly 6, 1948 Compensation for high cost of bread increased 15¢ to 520 lire
: t}
e 14, 19 ide to temporary contingency supplements—¥00 lire . is
h for persons aged 65 and over, 600 lire for pers¢ inde
Dec. 23, 1949 (effec ) temporary contingency supplements increased ? is
tive 1/1/50 1 month for persons aged ¢
April 4, 1952 (effec- im fundamentally amended, with pension to consist 0
tive April 30). basic amount under 1943 amendments, multiplied by ind
upplemented by annual addition, at Christmas, of 1/12 of an-
nual benefit; minimum: 65,000 | year for old-age and in
validity pensioners, 45,500 for vivors; contribution fixed
annually for supplementary Integration Fund; initial rate, 9°;
of wages (assumed minimum wage set at 400 lire duily)--em-
ployer paying 6.6°% and insured, 2.4 Small basic contri-
bution paid by employer.
As of December 31 of the year the legislation be- Estimated
came effective.
Changes in the contributions col-
lectible through the postwar years
were effected partly by changes in
the rate of contribution and partly by
increases in the maximum wage on
which contributions were collected.
Even with a lower rate charges may
actually be higher, if the taxable wage
base is increased. Worker contribu-
tions, abandoned in all programs in
1946, were reinstated for the retire-
ment program with the establishment
of the Social Solidarity Fund in 1947.
The 1952 act left the employer con-
tributions virtually unchanged at 6.8
percent of earnings but increased
from 1.5 percent to 2.4 percent the
rate for the insured worker. At the
same time, the maximum on wages
on which contributions are levied was
removed entirely, and a minimum
wage of 400 lire a day was assumed.
In resume, the cost-of-living sup-
plements under old-age, invalidity,
and survivors insurance during the
period of postwar inflation took sev-
eral forms, ad contributions fiuctu-
ated from year to year according to
the needs of the system, which was
on a pay-as-you-go basis. No reserves
were accumulated, and no accounting
of contributions by the individual was
kept. The basic contributions served,
however, as a record of covered em-
ployment, if not of earnings.
If the 1952 amendments represent
Italy’s long-range policy on old-age,
invalidity, and survivors insurance,
then this policy seems to place its
approval on the broad outlines of the
emergency program created in recent
years. Both basic and supplementary
benefits are retained. The former are
computed according to new and
higher wage classes, and the latter
are a multiple of the basic sum. Such
a method assures a closer relationship
than before between what the insured
person receives as benefit and what
he has earned and contributed to the
program.
Table 7.—Italy: Cost-of-living sup-
plements (integration benefits) un-
der tuberculosis insurance, 1945-53
Amount paid during
institutional care
Amo )
(lire per day) Arnount of
postsanatorial
benefits, for
Period
covered by
legislative Pi insured or
provision ae Insured, dependents
ane head of (lire per day
presen family
Aug. 25, 145 10 | 10, plus 5 for
May 29, each child.
1946
May 30, 1946 15 50, plus 8 for
Feb. 23, each child.
1947.
Feb. 24, 1947 15 | 50, plusS8for | 200 (payable
July 12, each child. for 180 days,
1948. plus 90 days
in certain
cases).
July 13, 1948 50 | 200, plus 8 | Insured:
Nov. 18, for each | §00, first 90
1950. child. days;
400, next 9%
days;
300, last 90
days.
| Dependents:
300 for 180
days.
From Nov 50 | 200, plus 30 | Same as above
19, 1950. for each
child.
Unemployment insurance. — The
postwar developments in unemploy-
ment insurance, the smallest of the
Italian programs, have been similar
in broad outline to that in old-age,
invalidity, and survivors insurance.
Parliament has repeatedly increased
the benefits, which have always been
expressed in flat amounts rather than
as a percentage of pay. Contributions
in recent years have been paid en-
tirely by the employer; the Integra-
(Continued on page 25)
19
7 a i PSE & Table 1.—-Estimated number of families and beneficiaries in receipt of benefit
Notes and brief ae fit
and average monthly benefit in current-payment status, by family group
end of June 1953 and 1952
Reports se , ft; data corrected to Nov. 12,1
Family Benefits in Cur- ) June 30, 1953
rent-Payment Status, Pat
June 30, 1953 na . ie
The number of families receivin vine gaa ic sccglhy ences: A Ragen: Ge
monthly benefits und
Q
Survlvors Insurance Increased Dy We é
nearly three-fourt ( nl in f
:
tne ir ended June oU, Llyo at tne ]
; { . g 4 ~
ena Gi tne Nscal ear, Mol ene Ec
fits were being paid to at least one ae Oo ee nid atthe (
‘\ Dad. 2 J t nd t «
. + A . > > ] 4 1 4 " ’ 4 aan
person in 4 million famili able 1 1 " | | . En
t ¢ t |
> at ve rar » _ od t ,
Retired-worker famili made up 74
+ + VW t
percent oi the total; they numbered \
} ‘ 531 7 > \\ or : ae t
almost 3 million—a 000 more " le] Fe
1st 1 } | .
tnan a ve earlle | n ve Oi \\
; \\ | w
urvivoO amiilie tale l j ; ° Fe
1 t ~s »
A A 2 ¢ s t «
of Jun ] n- ; Pé
creases from the corre ! - \ X {
erages a Ve €aril ( tiie + sy
higher benefit rates provided by the \\ ” R9
1952 amendments and the 1 num Widowed mother and 2c! 108. SI 63 89.9 ia St
\\ Vt I Line I sOr!
ber of awards of “new- formula hildrer . 18 2. ( 242.8 91. 9 Se
benefits during the ye: d on ie
earnings aiter 1950 and the new bene-
fit formula. Payments to all retired 2 children- tit 128.8 1.3 s 115.6 61. 2 S
workers with no dependents 1 ivin Doranon e C4 0. % o0). 1 g5.2 g
ved wife ws ZQQq\ ) sabe r
28ea Wilt Was 5605.0U J ercen : ; : a , : . ; .
a ar Pable 2. —Estimated number of families and beneficiaries in receipt of benefits
oct Nia ee and average monthiy benefit in current-payment status on June 30, 1953,
—
Families with benefi computed for selected family groups, by benefit-computation method S
under the new-start formula had ;
i 1 } N 12 ; )
considerably higher average en
than those whose benefits were com- Conversion tat \ tart formu V
puted by use of the conversion table
table 2). For beneficiary familie ficat . ; Sun Nu Averane (
that cons only O retire : , ; ;
worker and that are ect bene- .
fits determined under the new-start
formula, the average henefits were Worker 2
$70.00 for men and $50.90 for women Fs 0 694 559.9 | °559.9| 3 134.7 134.7 0.9 )
for families composed of a retired y ;
worker and his aged wife of 33 pee saat a ue 104. 3
whom were receiving benefits, the av- \ ’
erage was $104.30. At the end June ct | 7 ").9 29. & 107. ¢ 7Y. 4 g 0
1953, all retired-worker families re-
celving benef mpute i the f ( \ the ew
‘ ; Bi
20 Social Security
efit
oup
{
fit s
153,
Regularly Scheduled Notes and Tables, 1954
LISTED BELOW are the titles of the scheduled bles and analytic note th < mpany-
ing tables and the issues of the BULLETIN in which they will appear, there may, however,
be changes in or additions to the list. Table th « lata i li p rams
Will appear in the Annual Statistical Supple 1t in e Septem e of the BULLETIN
but are not listed here.
General Social Security Data Number of monthly benefits awarded, by type of benefit
Contributions and taxes under selected soci ! rance number of lump-sum payments, 1949 a
and related programs, by specific period (ca.endar 01 oe
fiscal-year totals, current reporting month, and 12 larch, June, September, December
preceding montl - monthly Number of mot nefit awards for selected types se
Economic status of aged pe ms ana or ae} aenu Cnili- ne! 1950 — " = Ss and acinagasteasd
dren (note June, December as June, Decem»e1
Employment covered under selected social insurance — peenagidieneonin nen, Cee
programs and in selected noncovered industrie Oid-age bene! aed ‘not innual data) July
M 1, September Old-: enefi n current-payment status on Decem-
Federal cash income and outgo and amou pro- er 3! e of benefit and by State ee? -June
rams under the Social Security Act Octobe Pe Ms ¢ i to two benefits on December 31 (note)
Federal grants to State and local government note November
Jun Workers with insured status (note) February
Federal grants to States under the Social S Act ; 4
Checks isued, by State (fiscal-year data October Public Assistance
Payrolls in employment covered by selected program \id to the blind: Recipients and payments to recipients,
1 relation to civilian wages and salaries, by speeified by Stat monthly
period 1938 calendar-year totals and quarter? Ai dependent children: Recipients and payments to
data March, June, September, Dece mb recipient State monthly
Selected current statist Daze 2) month! \id to the permanently and totally disabled: Recipients
Selected social insura and related program by and payments to recipients, by State monthly
pecified period, 1940 (calendar-year totals, current Amount of vendor payments for medical care for publi
month, and 12 mont! monthly
Sickness costs and voluntary
payments
Social welfare expendit
reportin precedin
insurance premiums and
(note ; December
ures in the United State note,
fiscal-year data Octobe
Status of the old-age and survivors insurance tru
fund..by specified period, 1937- calendar or fiscal-
vear totals, current reporting month, and 12 pre-
ceding months monthly
Status of the unemployment
trust fund, by pecified
period, 1936- calendar or fiscal-vear totals, current
4
month, and 12 preceding mohths) ..monthly
compensation payments (note
reportin
Workmen’ Decembe}
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance
Family benefits (note) . september, November
Monthly benefits in current-payment status at
of the month, by benefit (c1
month and 12 preceding months)
Number and amount of monthly benefits
ment status, by type of benefit and by State
the end
type of rrent reportin
monthly
In current-pay-
June, October
Number and charact
cants (note,
Numter of
Stics of account-number
annual data)
emplovers and
appli-
August
workers and estimated
amount of wages in covered employment, by specified
period 1940- (calendar-year totals and quarterly data)
April, July, October
Bulletin, January 1954
rram and State. .monthly
inhabitant (note) May
vendor payments for
-al care, average amount of money payments, and
‘ipients, by pro
expenditures
per
Average payments including
iverage amount of vendor payment per case, by pro-
ram 1 State .monthly
Concurrent receipt of old-age and survivors insurance
enefi nd public assistance (note)........... July
( tance: Cases and payments to cases, by
State hati .monthly
id- nee: Recipients and payments to recipi-
ents, | State eS monthly
Public I in the United States, by month (num-
ber of recipients and amount assistance, by pro-
and 12 preceding
sr, ....monthly
sified types of public assistance
rram, month
months
current reporting
Recipient rates for spec
in the United States, by State .March, September
Souree of funds expended for public assistance pay-
ments, fiscal year
State and
neome
February
relation to
.March
local
payments (note)
Federal Credit Unions
Credit unions in the United States November
Employment Security
Selected data on nonfarm placements and
insurance claims and benefits
unemploy-
.monthly
Table
Current Operating Statistics |
Table 1.— Selected social insurance and related programs, by specified period, 1940-53
In thousands; data corrected to Dec. 7, 1953]
}
Retirement, disability, and survivor programs
montt ; Monthly Lump-sum 7 Rail- oa Ricehpane? I ne
Rail- | Civil | ; road ah r
social road Serv- Veter- Civil nem ae lation 12 se
becu- Retire- ice ans Ad- | gociay | Rail- | sery- | vVeter- | Social State | ploy- cB
rity cra ( om- minis- Secu- | oad ice | ans Ad-| Secu- ' sei inent ¢
; Act Cate cretion rity rennng Com-| minis- | rity |Oter® Insur-
‘i Act 4 as mis- |tration®} Act Act : tobe
° sion 2 . Novem
em
Number of beneficiaries
1952
October. 3, 345. 9 354 179.6) 2,446.8) 1,534.4! 152.2 13.8) 1,057.0 39.7 11.7; 30.4 36.9 0.1 20
November 3, 393. 2 357.3 182.8) 2,453.2) 1,549.2) 151.8 42.8 1,060.1 32. 4 10.3} 29.7 33.9 35.9 10.2} 3
December z 4,455.8 358.0 181.9 2,460.5) 1,569.8 152.9 13.6, 1,063.4 40.9 10. 1 a1. 7 39.7 672 19 1]
1953
January - 3.518. 1 359.7} 183.7 1,590.3) 153.0} 45.7} 1,071.4 11.4 11.6} 31.4 410.2 152. 5 31.0 9.7
February 3, 597. 8 361.3, 184.6 1,606.4) 153.8} 46.6) 1,074.7 37.0 11.1} 32.0 34.3 956. 3 38.4) 6
March 3, 680.7 362.0) 185.7 1,624.4) 154.8] 47 1,077.6 44.3} 13.5) 36.7 33.9 129. 9 18) 87
April 3, 754 365.4) 186.5 1,647.1| 155.6! 48.4) 1,083.2 7 14.7; 35.0 31.3 { 36.7 15
May 3, 822. 7 8 187 1,664.0) 156.3) 49.4! 1,086.4 17.0 12.9) 33. 27.3 772.1 31.3) 27
June 3, 88 189.0 1,686.3) 157.1 0.9 1,089.3 16.9 12.4 34.9 99 8 ; 1 99 9 99
July 3, 937.8 72.0 190. 4 1,699.8) 158.1 51.1! 1,090.9 16.0 12.4 34. 5 28. 1 675.0 30.1 21.7
August 3, 992 374 192. 4 1,712.5] 158.4 51.8 1,092.1 41.1 11.5) 1335.1 33.4 678.7 32.3) 23 te
September 1,04 375.5) 194.3 1,728.1) 159.0) 52 1,092. 4 $5.4 11.4} 1334.0 6.0) 651.4 29. 1 6.3 1b
October 4,€90. 2 376.8) 195.9 1,747.0 159.8 3.5. 1,089.5 14.0 11.6) 1334.5 33.9 655.9 24.9 3
Amount of benefits '
1940... $1, 188,702; $21,074) $114, 166| $62,019 $1, 448 $105, 696! $11, 736 $518. 700 $15, 061 rem
1941_. 1, 085, 488 55,141, 119,912) 64,933 1, 559 111,799! 13,328 344, 321 14, 537 t
1942 1, 130, 72 80,305) 122,806) 68, 115 1, 603 111,193) 15,038 14, 084 6. 268 Ri
1943... 921, 465 97,257) 1 ¢ 72, 961 1, 704 116,133) 17,830 79 643 917
1944_ 1, 118, 798 119,009, 129,707) 77,193 1, 765 144,302; 22, 146 62, 385
1945... 2,065, 566, 157,391; 137,140) 83,874) 697, 830 1,772 254, 238, 26, 135 445, 866
1946. _. 5,149,761) 230,285 149,188) 94,585) 1, 268, 984 1,817 333,640) 27, 267 1,094. 850) 1
1947__ 4, 700, 827 299, 83 177, 053) 106, 876) 1, 676, 029 19, 283 382.515 20,517 $11. 368 776 165
1948 4,510,041; 366,887) 208, 642) 132,852, 1,711, 182 36,011) $918) 413,912) 32,315 30,843 793, 265
1949 5, 694, 080 154,483 240,893) 158,973) 1, 692, 215 39, 257) 4,317; 477,406) 33, 158 30,103 1, 737, 279
1950 5, 375, 811 718,473) 254, 240) 175, 787| 1, 732, 208 8,409) 491,579, 32, 740 28,099 1, 373, 426
1951 5, 384 1,361,046! 268,733! 196,529! 1,647,938) 5 9, 14,014; 519,398) 57, 337 26,297; 840,411
1952_. 6, 548, 745) 1,613, 364; 361, 200) 225, 120) 1, 722, 225) 615,605) 74,085; 19,986; 572,983) 63, 208 34, 689 998, 267
1952
October 534, 455 144,904, 28,684) 21,084, 151,778! 53,391} 5,837) 1,971 52,262} 6,185) 3,305) 3,461 4, 302 54, 227
November 523, 997 147, Sie 28,954) 21, 068 149,984} 653,918) 6,217) 1,988 47, 924 §, 3,023) 2,962 3, 839 47, 730
December m0, O74 l 481 28,961; 21, 264 151, 156; 54,698! 6,277) 2,048 52, 163 6, 737 2,806) 3,662 4, 523 69, 061
1953 ‘
January 589, 807 153, 79 29,058} 21,< 150,657) 55,502) 6, 284| 2,081 49,738! 6,876! 3,173) 3,477 4, 343 94, 36 3, 274 813
February 589,555) 158,240) 29 21 150,457} 56,196} 6,332} 2,113) 53,600 6,250) 2,991] 3,217; 3,474 86, 827 3 671 Rf ]
March 604,143 162,638) 29 21,817) 152,449] 56,948) 6,389 2 50,841, 7,444| 3,732) 4,079) 3,804 92, 308 $407 868 (
April. 599, 716 166, 406 29 21, 798 152, 864 ,868 6, 433 51,719 7, 998 4,484) 3,900 3, 308 &2, 990 $889 4, 208
May. 590, 688 170, 028 29, 753 ) f 606 6, 488 51, 867 & 28 4.004) 3, 588 2 &7 72 144 $142 ) §82 i
June 593, 838 173, 457 29, 959 9,542! 6,552 50, 665 8,018; 3,711) 3,919 3,138 2,033 093) 2,049 hi:
July 597, 795 176, 244 3), ORS 60,116 6,606 292 52, 335 7, 897 3, 584 4, 062 3, 077 69,175 3,322) 1,909 ee
August 593, 605 179,230; 30,290 60,690 6,630) 2,333 49, 751 7,13 3, 399 '3 3,794 4, 050 64, 579 3, 234) 2, 24 CE
September 598, 552 181, 788 30, 368 61,394 6,666) 2,355 50. 179 6. 140 3.630 '3 3. 863 4. 267 65. 30 3.042) 2.52
October. 606, 446 184, 372 30, 467 62,201; 6,709, 2,41 0, 491 7,630) 3, 580,43 3, 906 4, 248 66, 104 2,598 3,017
1 Under the Social Security Act, retiremen
band’s benefits, and benefits to childret
mated. Under the other 3 syste benefit
December 1951, spouse’s annuitie
ies private plans in Ca
old-age, wife’s, and hus-
beneficiaries—partly esti-
ind disability; beginning
tetirement Act
and disability fund; excludes noncontrib-
ifornia and New Jersey except for cal
totals
nts average weekly number of benefi
ents average number of beneficiaries in a 14-day registration period ite
ng September 1944, under the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, re
m ries
s under
2 Data for civil-service retirement
utory payments made under the P
ima Canal Construction Annuity Act. j ill es to unemployed and self-employed veterans of World War C
Through June 1948, retirement and disability benefits include payments to sur- II. Beginning mber 1952, under the Veteran adjustment sistance A
vivors under joint and survivor electior Act, unemployr compensation benefits to erans with military service '
3 Pensions and compensation, and sul tence payments to disabled veterans since June 1950; data for October 1952 (first payable ly t P
undergoing training $76,878 paid to 2,524 veterans. Number represent: 1.
‘ Mother’s, widow’s, widower’s, parent’ 3 Partly estimated.
mated. ‘ Payments: amounts certified, under the Social Secur
’ Annuities to widows under joint
tirement Acts (except monthly data for monthly benefits, wt
n iC 5 ow
ruary 1947, survivor benefits widow $s, W current-payment status) andunder the Railroad Unemployme "
widow’s current, parent’s, and child’s benefits lisbursements, for Veter Administration progr except the re j mie O
$ Payments to widows, parents, and illowance program; checks issued under the State nployment insurance and te
7 Number of decedents on whose account lump-sum payments were made. temporary disability laws, the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, and the Vet r
* Payments under the Railroad Retirement Act and Federal civil-service and erans’ Readjustment Assistance Act; for civil-service programs, disbui S P
veterans’ programs through June 1949 and authorizations beginning July 1949. Adjusted on l 8
* First payable in Rhode Island, April 1943; in California, December 1946: in basis except for civil-service data and payments under the Railroad Unen e
New Jersey, January 1949; in New York, Jt 1950 (monthly data not available): ment Insurance Act, which are adjusted monthly
and under the railroad program, July 1 i
~xyelnde it one j ‘ ’
Excludes hospital benefits in Cal- Source: Based on reports of administrative agencies.
22 Social Security !
_ oe a a” oa Sw Sw
vice
ty
{
Table 2._-Contributions and taxes collected tunder selected secial insurance and related programs, by specified period,
1951-53
In thor
R
Pe ’ Fader ’ Railroad
? = unemployment
I mer
; insurance
contributions
sar
1 $ } 1s $722, 8 $1, 431, 997 $258, 945 $25, 734
| i4, € 2 ] 4 275, 82 25, 066
October 1951 183, 33 { " 3 987 20, 344 6, 551
October 1952 67 165, 3 x 0, 99 25, 366 6, 313
October 1953 17 3 177, 448 2, 4 21, 394 6, 413
95?
tober J 3, 975 3, SUS 113 3, 21¢ 33
rember 38, 33 33, 548 88, 471 19, ¢ 15, 147 237
ecember 2,0 7,8 Ss, 1, 389 6, 033
1953
uary 8, 136 13 IS } 15, 680 70
ebruary 491, 734 4 7 S 70, 92t 181, 750 534
>} $28, 978 I7 Ss 7 14, 024 , 837
63 34, 782 150, 23 1,713 39
1 4 33, O8S 8 210, 818 19, 578 813
18 36, 2¢ ( 3 1, 178 5, 189
2 774 37,474 ] . 160, 096 3, 946 103
), 884 70, 29 222, 9 12, 979 2, 063
September 258, 748 36, 611 7, 208 2. 380 4, 231
October 173, 686 3, 072 { 289 2, 088 17
! Represents contributions of employees and employers in employments V nd inter n 2 States, contributions from em
red by old-age and survivors insurance (beginning Dece er 1952 t for ploye ed for deposit in State sickness insurance
employee-tax refunds); from May 1951, includes deposits made ir f 1 fund ) to Nov 27, 1953
y States under voluntary coverage agreements; beginning January 195! ! 4 Re Federal Unemployment ‘Tax
stimated basis. Act
: Represents employee and Government contributions to the i > Beginr 1947 emporary ibility insurance
tirement and disability fund; Government contributions are made in Include m the Federal Government.
rthe entire fiscal year. irce: D the U. S. Treasury, unless otherwise noted
’ Represents deposits in State clearing accounts of contributions plus per
R ‘ent P bl we t : * tion Report in the Administration cago, Vol. 39, Nov. 1953, pp. 971-
CC € nN u 10a Z0nS of Aid to the Permanenily and To- 974 ff. 75 cents.
Social Security Administration
BUREAU OF OLD-AGE AND SURVIVORS
INSURANCE. Handbook of Old-Age
and Survivors Insurance Statistics:
Employment, Wages, and Insurance
Status of Workers in Covered Em-
ployment, 1950. Washington: U.S.
Govt. Print. Off., 1953. 15lpp. $1.
Includes data on the 1937-50 work
history of workers.
CHILDREN’S BurREAU. Selected Refer-
ences on Adoption. Washington:
The Bureau, June 1953. 28 pp.
Processed.
An annotated bibliography. Lim-
ited free distribution; apply to the
Children’s Bureau, Social Security
Administration, Washington 25, D. C.
PEARSE, DorotHy T. Social Informa-
* Prepared in the Library of the Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare
Orders for items listed should be directed
to publishers and booksellers; Federal
publications for which prices are listed
should be ordered from the Superintend-
ent of Documents, U. S. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
Bulletin, January 1954
tally Disabled. (Public Assistance
Report No. 24.) Washington: U.S
Govt. Print. Off., 1953 47 pp
Processed 30 cents.
General
ALTMEYER, ARTHUR J. “The Future of
Social Security in America.” So-
cial Service Review, Chicago, Vol
27, Sept. 1953, pp. 251-268. $1.75
COHEN, W:LBUR J. “Social Security
and Social Services in the Five-
Year Plan of India.” Public Wel-
fare, Chicago, Vol. 11, Oct. 1953,
pp. 131-135. $1.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. BUREAt
oF LABOR STATISTICS. The Con-
sumer Price Index: A Layman’
Guide. (Bulletin No. 1140.) Wash-
ington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off.,
1953. 34 pp. 20 cents.
Retirement and Old Age
LARSON, ARTHUR. “Social Security
and Self-Employed Lawyers: A
Plea for Re-evaluation.” Ameri-
can Bar Association Journal, Chi-
extension of coverage to
?
lawyers.
Favors
f-employed
GOVERNOR’S COMMISSION
To STUDY THE PROBLEMS OF AGING.
Report : Lansing: Franklin
De Kleine Co., State Printers, 1953
95 pp.
se]
MICHIGAN.
Public Welfare and Relief
PERLMAN, HELEN Harris. “The Basic
Structure of the Case-Work Pro-
cess.” Social Service Review, Chi-
cago, Vol. 27, Sept. 1953, pp. 308-
3kS. $1.75.
TOWNSEND, GLaDys E. “Short-Term
Casework with Clients Under
Stress.” Social Casework, New
York, Vol. 34, Nov. 1953, pp. 392-
398. 50 cents.
WINSTON, ELLEN. “Public Welfare—
A Major Responsibility.” Public
Welfare, Chicago, Vol. 11, Oct. 1953,
pp. 126-130 f. $1.
Discusses the activities carried on
with Federal financial participation
by State and local public welfare de-
partments.
Continued on page 31
23
Pable 3. Status of the old-age and survivors insurance trust fund, by specified period, 1937-53! [abl
os Not t ‘on aa Ceadit at
] B efit I ( ¢ ich nt
payment , t secu *bapelaiesy at ai
1 ' f per pe 1 :
( Ali +}
t ) & f ¢] 538 661.1 $18. O78. 629 $398 778 $106. 069 £18 2 =
re
; = at
l 3 1, 982, 3 Rt, 1.9 9 914, 883 112. 1 16. 600
19 3 8 9 627, 492 89, 429 1, 544, 542 OR. RTS 261. 88 & 366.2
) RR 628 & 863 ) 859 996, 2 99 493 15. 091.4 oe
oY R 74 ~ 9 ) 286, 627 13 f It )] g "
+ o -- : NO
O 9 i 68 of 36 328, 778 69 8, 513, 47 )
Ve
R1R 2 O12 6.9 7 j "266, 627 13 ( “6.9 Q
‘ 9 68 6, 638 37 62, 682 1 3¢ 34 wn
Ye 219.67] 3 280, 773 , 8 17, 441,7 Fot
Mal
eer ' , ~ ‘i Apl
u 993 164 RQ? 1? 0 IR? 618 $4, 802 l q M
1a
Fe 299 et { 4 00 281. 993 299. 63 1 Q “sake
r 4 Jun
N 87 240), 069 st 41,018 286, 227 17,777 ts
Apr S18 248 997 6. 813 79, 641 308, 44 17, 770 ‘kn
AY nae Aut
i 2449. 938 t 13 238, 222 JRS. 42 iS 037 & Qar
= - = Cp
S4 9 4 x 356 ROH STS 251, 88 18. 366.3 Oct
254, 509 6. 78 86. 70 295, 022 119 ) 18, 318.8 sia
t 2 } 714 ¢t 4()( 3O8 y) 1() ¢ 2 Te mi, ft ——
Septer . 17 56.8 ( 2 7 4 329, 341 994, 1 8, 592, & “
Octobr 818 260. 989 6, 838 9 341 328 778 Loe ) 18. 513. 47
D f the et f benefits payable to veterans’ sur inder tt 1 Secu a
R I 1 f Act Al ante at 104
e san s if vad Re} f t expe tures for a trat Beg ember 1
em] Irance i bur to trust f mounts for f sup]
no f-employed per §
S $] le 1ed interest and repaymen yn account of a 1 terest
I rthe] ] Insur I t purchase
( t l \ I } u ippropriated in ac- * Includes deduction to adjust for estimated amount of taxes subject to refur
i iM 51, on wages in exc f $3,600 paid to employees who worked for more than 1 e1
Be pl Ini! t ile ir year $33 million in De r 1952 f 1951 taxes a
( f } "eI a
I ¢ Dail Pf it of the [ S. Treasur
Re ( :ppro} ed
t iy! { TEE AT f ; ’ . ,e¢ Ih “7 Ss
r } atus of the unemployment trust fund, by specified period, 1936-53
Toe 101
pri
g Railroad unemp! nt insur t 4
: met
ne
} | ) ray
I as Inter + B + , 7
I i ‘
| x
1ay
Cy 1 Dit
1 Q 17 ‘$18, 248, 289 | $1,694, 666 |$ Q t3 739. 13 $935. 916 $172 ) S618 { SA79. O8 10]
105189 . er wae ere 7 AF — h
] 2 8, OS lf } - 119, 742 15, 442 i 418, 312 +, 19
19 3 . F 184. 2 } 8 5¢ 7 15, 042 8 526 97. 27 695, 3 yas
17
?
{) ~ - * he t 7 7 . 3 13] R43 12 749 761 2~ to
O . j 7 7.909 8 . s 3 790 19 {8 728. 827
October 7 $29 868 9 8U4 °63 ~ & 739 3, 848 98 25, 338 679. O08 ‘
° ave
6) ] 7.629 1 Ss 8 062.4 2 770 ) Ik, R27 de]
No D f 12.8 8 2%? 3 142 f { 9 4]
D KR Qa” Q2 r 68 9 & 313 Se 3. 62 § 2900 > 726, 12 ie
lu
Janu 99. 537 97. 98] 67 g9. 12 8 259 ; 42 ~ 10. 559 71R GY th:
I 212.9 S &, 379, 30¢ 321 8, 797 4
R59 { 8 29 12 3 2 43 9. 69 i). 9R2 ul
AY % > 6. 823 ) 84. 2 ws 79.19 93 O46 7.823 6904. 138 a
May “I 33 ] ) 69,89 8 25 {k8 ; y. 688, 89 _
J 20,8 10, 649 83, $34 } 8, 562, 537 3,114 8, 397 { 695, 3 ns
l “9 {OR 2 69. GY Pt 159 61 2 $4 HO4. 692
Auzu 19 62.4 QR rs 1, 238 6. 2 689. 69 tre
Sey 19) 7 7 } ) &® 756,519 2, 539 t 7 O85, 496
2 : y
() 7 sg {8 ) } t ) & 739. 132 10 946 7, 364 H79 RQ me
}
pu
T ¢ f int Y ] ,
I 1 " I in ) ,ccount from r | employn Irance ad su
l es re I it ifunda in to $85,290,00 i ers of $ 338,0 ut of the
1 ) 1 in Vallable for administ > Expenses on a unt of r an
2 | 1 irance troa ed taken | yntributors unde he Railroad Unemployment In-
1014 }
yu surance Act Amendments of 1948 su
Ty ’ . . R . rar hanafit 7 .
: af iu W L lrance enefi Source: Daily Statement of the S Treasury ba
Be ng July 19 ty program
24 Social Security Bt
rity
Table 5.
Old-age and survivors insurance:
Monthly benefits in current-payment status' at the end of the month by
type of benefit and by month, October 1952-October 1953, and monthly benefits awarded, October 1953
{Amounts in thou
lata corrected to N
( vl ers Parent’s
Ite —_
\ AT Numl lI Number Amount | Number) Amount
hly benefits in cur
rent-} ent statu
at en month
1952
ctober 4, SSO, 239 8, 295. 1} 2, 557, 399 $12 j R85 F 9 2 2 . l 22,681; $8, 104 21,181 $873.8
November 2, 409 234. 4) 2, 594.3 4 ‘ SUd 927, 268 S 8, 2 l cat 42 8, 156. 2 21, 2860 878.9
Decem bet Z 49) 2 ¥.Q) 2,643, 952! 150, 2 4 37, SOY ), 178. 4 J38, 7 8, 14 18,482. 2) 228,984) 8, 272.7 21, 460 887.0
1953
January 108, 422; 209, 293. 8! 2, 691, 729 § 9, 581.4 150, 134 28 884) 18, 7 7| 232,627] 8,382.3 21, 612 893. 7
ebruary 204,176 2 13 2, 753, 07 28 0, 147. 2 ) 2} 28, 928 30, 19,045. 8] 234, 596) 8, 487.1 21, 727 899. 1
Mar« $ ) 219. 58 2.817, 018 . 20), 712.3 169, 44 29,3 4 ), 349. € 23 8, 593. 5 21, 832 904. 9
April i $1) 224, 274.0} 2,873. 082 2. | 8 1, 204 IS 2, 2K 22| 19,679.8! 239 8, 741.8 22,044 914.9
May 4% 228, 634.4) 2, Y26, YO 5 S . 1,6 92, 33 19 163. 0 241, 72 8, 852.3 22, 255 925.9
June ) JUS 2, 977, 47¢ i 82 22, 050. 3/1 3, 281) 3 7 2U, de i 244,35 9, 014.9 22, 462 936. 2
July § 236, 359. 9) 3,017, 541 2 836, 219 376. 7/1 8, 141 t sy 2 4 “4 ), 128.8 22, 023 944.8
Augu 8 239, 920 60, 592 8! 846, 832 730. 5}1, 013 30), 88 1} 2 8.8) 247,97 j, 217 22, 817 953. 4
Septem be 8,684 243, 181.7) 3,097. 983 yy § at 3, 050. 3) 1, 022, 242 s 2 4.7) 249, 2% ), 284. 0 22, 984 961.3
October 7 $37,214 24t 72. 3| 3, 136, 41 1, O39. 3 S 23, 3006 1, 033, S90 0.4 3} 21, ol Y 2 23 ), 334. 6 23, 159 969. 7
Monthly benefits awa
( er 1953 2 t l ) 7. 18 4 s 272.3 5 15.1
be 1 curre J i no ae i of fixe { ie
INCREASED LIVING COSTS 100 communities throughout’ the the family also receives family allow-
Continued from page 19)
tion Fund, established in 1945, is the
principal source. The supplements to
meet the increased living costs and
their financing are shown in table 6.
The basic benefits are only 7 lire a
day for wage earners and 12 for sal-
ried employees. The basic contribu-
tion unemployment
vhich is a
for insurance,
the total
according
to 4 lire a week.
insurance is
available to unemployed persons un-
der national Under 1946
legislation, may be intro-
duced in by a Decree of
the Mini of Labor and Social In-
surance, in conjunction with
the Minister of the Treasury, certify-
ing the locality as
traordinary
ment.
small part of
contribution,
to wage class from 1
NaS1c varies
Assistance as well as
legislation
assistance
a given area
ster
issued
entitled to an ex-
subsidy for unemploy-
Claimants must register at a
public employment office and musi
Submit to a means test. The assist-
ance payment is the same as for in-
Sured unemployment except that the
basic sum is not paid. Approximately
Bulletin, January 1954
country were certified to receive
this purpose in 1951.
losis insurance.—Cash ben-
under tuberculosis insurance
supplemented in much the
way as those under retirement
unemployment insurance. The
medical care services—much the larg-
st part of
program —
thnrougn a ne
grants for
Tubercu
efits
have been
same
and
the tuberculosis insurance
are operated principally
twork of nearly 100 san-
Italy. Money
which amount to about 15
all disbursements under
ram, of three kinds —
to the patient’s family dur-
time he is in a sanatorium,
ccket money for the patient during
this same period, and a periodic cash
payment during the period of con-
valescence, but the compensable per-
iod is limited to 270 days.
The basic benefit, dating from pre-
war legislation, includes only t T
ment to the family—4, 8, or 12 lirea
day for a farm worker, wa:
or salaried employee, respectively,
plus 1 lira a day for each dependen
child. In addition to these payments,
atoriums throughout
payments,
percent ol
the pro are
payment
ing the
re earner,
ances.
Family allowances.—In comparison
with a family allowance payment in
1937 of 4 lire weekly for each child,
the 1953 family allowances for most
employed persons, including the
group of industrial workers,
amounted to 918 lire weekly for each
child, 600 lire for the spouse, and 330
for a dependent parent. The allow-
ances supplement the average wage
by about 35 percent for a family of
husband, wife, and two children. This
proportionate increase is larger than
in any other country except France
and has been made possible by the
addition of the integration and high-
cost-of-bread allowances and by
charges the employer for these
The present employer tax
22.5 percent of wages not in excess
of 900 li a day for men and 750
for women.
Italy is one of the countries where
family allowances are a major addi-
tion to wages and salaries, and these
benefits have shared fully in the so-
cial security increases introduced to
help offset higher living costs.
large
on
purposes.
rea
rea
Lilt
lable 6.—Employment security: Selected data on nonfarm placements and unemployment insurance claims ang
benefits, by State, October 1953
Weeks of unemy Compensated unemployment
hh I mel
mnt T
. es sicicedi t ploym«e lotal unemployment
‘ _
Re Ry :
A ve
ve We Avel t
\ | \ 1 of ) Y weekly
t payment
19
lot 14,4 8()2 373, 789 3 71 l } SS 5 j fT » 592. € $24. 04 4 $39, 98 be
ay Ce
8, 19+ 644 2 - 8, 322 6, 229 94.7 1.49 Rg
“, 8, 2 3, 982 28, 571 ‘ t 2 28 16. 6E ) 7 9" 1!
2 41, 443 137, 767 17¢ 18 24.4
1,4 4,160 | 35, 049 2 6, 948 S 22. 10 ua
i 648 ( ) 44 15 24 } +810 39 a $ YU ]
srmon l S 463 $43 2, 320) } i RYU) 3, 273 1). SY 1,0 Mare!
Region I1 I
New Jersey 14, 269 13 28, 250 161, 743 844 147, 58 4,009, 573 33, 542 128, 232 98. 27 37,223 Ma
New York 73, 2U¢ 81, 278 90), 200 26, 854 2 445, Bt 101, 324 | 391, 571 26. 76 120, 1
Puerto Rico 2, 029 7 0 157
Virgin Islands 8. 0 | 0 Aug
Region III-IV Sept
Delaware } 1, 652 F100 | 6. 638 a" 07 l { 1,174 $710 20.77 1, 567 t
Dist. of Col . 2, 223 83 1,677 s 8 179, 709 2, 228 9, 651 18. 40 2, 742
Maryland 7, 398 , 167 3, 487 | 36, 482 14, 924 } 7, 707 | 30), 927 24. 67 Rf
North Carolina 15, 73 21,340 12, 219 } 86, 43% 2 RXY BR4 84, 370 17. 8 22,3
Pennsylv " 38 ), 11¢ 34, 683 385, O84 1, 668 278, 367 { 88, 917
Virginia 7, 734 7, 978 3, 492 35, O87 7, 234 28 14 6,516 | 26, 525 18. 92 8 (49
West Virginia 1, 863 9, 218 1, 048 2,773 13, 01 14, 877 J18, 817 10, 199 | 39, 882 21.44 12, 278
Region V | tol
Alabama ), 669 1, 901 2, 577 15, 379 14, 64 18 74, 364 7, 409 | 30, 967 17.9 12,404 Nove
Florida... E : 15, 800 10, 532 4,400 68, 389 6, 71 , 66 107, 282 12,197 | 19, 619 17. 32 15, 208 ece!
Georgia 13, 244 , 805 5, 586 56, 906 31, 174 i i 3 1, 394 | 37, 426 19. 44 12,7
Mississippi 9, 098 7, 14¢ 2,913 28, 802 11, 47 s 151 4,193 | 16, 143 LY. 88 6, 75
South Carolina 8, 154 1,013 3, 459 | 40, 822 20, BO s 2 690, 477 8,671 | 35, 534 18. 70 10, 32¢
Tennessee 11, 606 +, 813 6, 481 89, 518 14. 323 ( 73 l 1, 897 14, 858 | 60. 958 18. Of 21, 17 u
Region VI | I
Kentucky 2, 588 12 f 3, 236 83, 208 26, 220 62, 194 1, 334, 922 14, 135 57, 916 21.97 19, 33¢ Mar
Michigan 17, 943 3 7 11, 618 14, 560 79,3 ] } ) 37, 631 60, 88 ai. 13 5, OH
Ohio 28, 410 37,323 13, 904 135, 408 66, 469 1, 43 Z Liz 3, 062 94, 750 20. 98 33, 71
Region VII-VIII a ae i Jun
+ 32 157 218, <4 +44 ) 5 930 142, 242 - , <, Ul y
Indiana 68 24, 318 ), 653 71,2 $1 4, 996 61.075 24. ¢ 0, OR
Minnesota _ 11, 411 6, 592 1, 873 26, 9Ul ll, y 8 367, 562 4.57 18, 597 18. 69 6. 24 Sept
M yntana 3, 789 943 208 2, 665 bh 7 rf $4, 16 = 270 1Y. 66 Ost
North Dak 2, 5le€ 251 60 485 27 , 3 482 23. 00 18
South Dakota 2,081 338 166 774 7 622 11, 857 141 11 20. 46 204
Wisconsin & 538 12, 608 4, 528 69, 1A 23, 569 61,544 | 1 13, 987 390 8, 42 16, 69 I
Region LX: | See ie to re
Iowa 7,7 4,752 | 1,! 18, 549 7, 639 1, 732 15,7 3, 348 13, 31 6 tae. *3
Kansas. - 8, 153 4, 871 1 25, 226 14, 984 24, 470 Si, 27 , 561 23, 062 3) 6, 227 ed
sourl 13, 420 21,096 9 SS 1, 5 } 80S 6, 68 17 21, 631
\ yuri_ “ 13, 4. 24 l 4 l ‘
Nebraska 5, 876 1,318 41, 633 2, 776 1, 284 91, 73 974 3, 98 22.18 1, 051 pen
Region X | an
Arkansas_- 4 = 8, 687 7, 463 2, 001 25, 95 8, 53 18 l 4, ONZ 4, 107 18. 62 4
Louisiana Pes 8, 837 8, 587 2, 086 33, 357 8, 991 26, 628 557, 52 6, 052 21.99 el
Oklahoma : 12, 398 7, 037 1, 853 29, 381 10, 878 22,17 4167, 574 5, 040 21.62
Texas $7,175 I 134 3, 533 64, 776 26, 092 7, 748 ] 8, 417 13, 125 17. 81 l
Region XI:
Jolorado 6, 041 2, 345 7, 209 2, 469 123, 04 1,140 4,611 365 1, 81
) 3 { iL 2 1,4 2, 39 s 84, 731 1,81: 7, 569 3. 3 2, 438
3 S 62 6, 487 2 { 7 4, 588 25. 2 1, ¢
2 230 93 blb 1] S 16, 803 156 627 24,89 17
}
Te 926 154 5 { 2,317 9, 640 21.31 3,431 v0
2yY ) — 28, Yb2 266, S3 13 4 ms 4 +t 1 952 196 {M4 23 ih 61 379 las
t iOS XH ss ; ’ pA t 7 AQ7 2 1 f
I 23 1, 263 349 4,142 1, 54 s 108, 888 stad | 3, 590 28. 99 1, 113 to
Region XIII ;
Alaska 849 1. 692 340 7.8 3. ] 5 807 188. 998 1, 320 5. 597 32.81 (5 pe
daho : 2 J 58 ; 378 452 2 i 2 i 18, 28 | }28 } 312 22 Ol l 530 rer
Oregon 6. 359 6, 441 3, 967 1.9 ) 4 RO4 RQ 10 ) 278 38, 122 23. 49 2 98
Washington 7, 489 21, 779 4, 764 89, 114 29,177 70, 24 1, 703, 58 15, 964 67, 746 24.47 22,207 ch
mi
tal ex S S ynal A i
lotal I and part ADE V
3 Not adjusted for voide he t : ? der ‘ s1e ¢ ~ l 1 I r, Bureau f Employmen security, 1 affiliated ’
Dined-wage plan ¢
26 Social Security B
and
ONE
184
24
6, 6%
7, 273
7, 796
6, Yd
6, 435
1, 813
2, 438
ie
rity
Table 7.
Public assistance in the United States, by month, October 1952-October 1953
[Except for general 1c for meé al «
Aid to depe A Aid Aid
to the to the
pe \ erma Gel
( R Aid to n¢ ) ent] ra
| "
I total blind | total ance 4
3 ( ats dis-
Die abled
!
Nur I from previous month
1952
he 648. 993 7 576 1. 979. 53 Q ) 8, 562 f 2 1 2.0 —1.3
} 647 66. 483 Q . ] ] Q 9 1 1 ¢ i
cembel i 69,942 | 1,992, 3 i 98, 768 lt 5 f l 1.4 +4.9
1953
lary 9 { 173 8. 766 { 114 (
rar ) i & 770 i ) 11.) Bs"
h 2 OLS, GRS ( 18, 728 if s ri. —|
2 8, 764 7 S2 $ 1.6 —2.8
» q 2 & 498 wm RAN 7 2 Lt & ax
x SOR { » 1, O83 } ( 49 OS2 7 4 é 2 t2. —2.4
} 1.691 1. 95 | ~ 19.103 8 s 7 14.9 —?
Augus 1, 71 j 1, 940, 9S4 { 19, 23) 743 ~ 17 ia
i, 4 17, 588 | 1,933, 9 i 713 99, 417 87,411 1.4 | —}.7
[
her 2 } 13, S7{ 1, 92 148, 8S 99, 633 7 2 +1.6 +3
An I fr yr tus month
ono
ohe $911.50 yall ‘ $47 ] Q 7403 $844 17 ¢ g R } 6.8 1.8
earn be + ) 17 39 | 8.632.947 s 3 2 8 2.3 -1.6
ece ( 214,986,0 83,742 $7,777,34 4 l 8, 754,41 1.3 2 ) 1.8 +8. ¢
1953
lary 215,827 ) 13 87 416,449 8,°02,704 l t 3 7 -.1 +1.3 2.2
1ar 214.567, 006 133.851, 5s 22 8 990 ] =| 6 ) l 5 +1.0 —2.6
n 214,877,000 133,809,675 72 1,095,633 rT l 5 3 1192 a
14,190,000 133,558,012 4 14 ), 253,349 13,297 3 2 l +-.2 +17 —h
213,381,006 133,491,089 IY, Lt 9,466,677 12,44 * l +1.0 2.3 —6.4
int 212,108,000 33,27 22 1Y 7 9,636,9 l . “ 1.7 ”) 1.8 3.3
] 209,627,000 32,637, 7& 482 (47 9,711,983 ) 123 30 3 1 8 2.8
1gust 207,691,000 131,798,519 4 478 1,790,782 ) 6 1.2 = Q ao
September 207,960,001 131,523,57 485,775 9,865,528 s ] 2 2 3 8 3
etober 208.742, 00( 135,869 8.382 |710,086, 901 11.608 } 6 292 2.0
For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1953, p. 16. All data subject 4 Excludes Nebraska; data not av € Percentage change based on data for
rev 52 States
? Total exceeds sum of columns because of inclusion of vendor payments for ’ Decrease of less tl percen
1 care from general a ince funds, from special med f i nd, f 6 Increase of less in perce
ite, from funds for types of public ass ‘ ita f ich ex 7 For Illinois includes premiums paid into pooled fund for medical care but
penditures partly estimated for some States, exciudes venaor payme made for medical services provided before the
Includes as recipients the children and 1 parent other adult relative in pooled fund plan begar August
families in which the requirements of at least 1 such adult were considered in de-
termining the amount of assistance
ASSISTANCE LEGISLATION
Continued from page 13)
to decide on the disposition of the
last checks of deceased recipients and
to make payments appropriate
persons. The California agency is now
required to mail old-age assistance
checks in time for receipt on the first
mail delivery of each month.
to
Miscellaneous
Several laws were enacted in 1953
affecting the procedures of applying
for assistance and investigating the
eligibility of the applicant. Under
North Carolina legislation, the county
welfare boards may at their discre-
tion delegate to the local superin-
Bulletin, January 1954
tendent the authority to process ap-
plications and to determine eligibility
and the amount of assistance. Each
decision is subject to later review by
the county board.
Legislation in California expresses
the intent of the legislature to en-
courage the needy aged to seek em-
ployment. The law provides for the
prompt restoration of assistance fol-
lowing a period of employment. As-
sistance is to be paid from the first of
the month following the request for
restoration, and the payment must
be delivered to the recipient within 3
days of such request. Other legisla-
tion provides that an applicant who
has been denied old-age assistance
may not apply again for 90 days un-
the county agrees or the State
department orders it. The law also
deletes the specific period of 60 days
in which counties were to complete
the investigation of applications and
provides instead that all applications
are to be investigated promptly, with
the objective of making payments to
eligible people in the least possible
time.
Legislation in West Virginia, which
applies to all programs, states that all
applications are to be investigated
promptly and that aid is to be fur-
nished promptly.
Changes were made in the provi-
sions for fair hearings in California,
less
Table 8.
Amount of vendor payments for medical care for re
October 195,
O A 4 (
to ‘ ?
Total $ s $1, 126, 74 4 813
Alabama
A] iSKa g 8
fo 60
jumbila
{ x $24 61,2
s ) ] 5 126, 97
139, 451
28, 9
181 1, 836 1, 53
1; 115, 81
135,12
La
$7, 1
New Jersey : 5, 44
New Mexico j s v2 2,0
New York l ( |
North Carolina ) 39,7
North Dakota 231 18, 5¢
Ohio 4 i 64, 78
Oregon_-- 162,3
Rhode Island 132 3t 33, 25
South Carolina 5, 451
South Dakota 83, 349
Utah ........ 8 241 159
Virgin Islands § ] 15 34
Virginia __.- 5, 918
Wisconsin. -- 106, 2%
1 For the special types of publ istar f ilics represent paymer pooled 1 fo ( f
made without Federal part t tates n wn made no vendor pay- | made October 1953 ed
ments during the month or did t report such payments Sel ( 1 before the pooled fund pl in beg
‘In all States except California, [liz I ] na, Massachusetts, Nevada 4] State iKIN ent r me
New Jersey, Utah, and the Virgin I yments made on behalf of cal pecial me epe
recipients of the special types of publi stance 1a basi
4 | nent ind totally di ke
West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Lan-_ close of the hearing. The State de- tional leave, and a Tennessee law
guage was added to the law in West partment is directed to make a com-_ provides that administrative funds
Virginia directing the board of re-
view to decide appeals from determi-
nations made by the county councils.
The board of review is to conduct
hearings and make decisions as pro-
vided by the law. In California the
legislation specifies that the State so-
cial welfare board need not specify
the amount of the award in its deci-
sions in appeal cases unless that is
the issue in the appeal. The law also
sets a limit of 45 days from the filing
of an appeal to the hearing. A 30-day
continuance of a hearing is permitted
if it is necessary, and a decision must
be rendered within 90 days after the
28
plete report annually to the Governor
and the legislature on its administra-
tion of the appeal provisions. The
Wisconsin Legislature specified that
hearings are to be granted when re-
cipients believe their awards are
sufficient.
Three States
with respect to the training of per-
sonnel. Vermont legislation gives the
State department authority
erate with the Federal Government
with respect to Federal financial par-
ticipation in educational training for
social Nevada legislation
contains a provision against educa-
in-
enacted legislation
to coop-
workers.
may be used to train personnel.
Connecticut and Michigan enacted
regarding guardianship of as-
sistance recipients. Connecticut in-
from $300 to $1,000 the
amount the State administrator, who
acts as conservator and guardian un-
der court order for a minor or in-
capacitated person, is permitted to
Michigan provided for the
establishment in the county welfare
department of a system of public
uardians for persons who, the pro-
bate court on medical advice has de-
not need commitment to
mental hospitals.
—
1aWS
creased
handle
cided, do
|
Social Security
cipients of public assistance, by program and State Tab
2
—
be
oe
ty
fa
y
A
fa
tate
law
inds
ted
as-
in-
the
who
un-
in-
to
the
rare
blic
ro-
de-
to
rity
Table 9.
-Average payments including vendor payments for medical care, average amount of money payments,
and average amount of vendor payments per assistance case, by program and State, October 1953 '
Aid to the permanently
to the b ] ™
9 A ; and totally disabled
Tendo Tor yi
. M M N Money | Vendor Money | Vendor
All I All I id . All pay- - wf
“ ia oe ments lat. pe mer
111s for ASSIST ments for
recip- | odical ance 2 to recip- cee i]
{ 1en ” { t -
Total, 53 States 4 &50. 84 81.7 } $ $53. 80 $1.74 | § $53.00 $47. 73 5 $5. 92
AJabama 2 S $ 7 27. 89 27. 43 27. 42
necticut ' f x (
iware Sf f ; M
ict of C } ) j f ) 9. 66 59. 26
wail ‘7 45.84 x9 53.04 47. 00 6.04
i 0 ’ 8 7 12 71. 37 39. 83 32. 0
na 15. 29 ) 4 17
3 62.77 s 64. 29 63. 74 7.82 )
= na 1.08 8.08 } 41.52 41.38 14
\f S husett 73.9 } S7_8 AR 49 34
Minne 1 f ) 2. O8 7 17. 48 7
: Eis if hi s 73. 1€ 53. 16 20. 00
New Je \
w Mexi 72 % K R9 { } 39, OF 37.14 2 81
w York 71. 60 . 23 79. 26 66. 03 15. 80
h Carolina 35. 77 35. 30 47
North Dakota 3 | 8 2 3. 69 2.04 63. 49 61. 32 2.18
0 68 ) 1 Py) )
Rhode Is! 16 7 f 7. 58 71.77 63. 78 12. 90
70) ) t ) 64. Ol 63. 85
\ iI i bi. 7 } 11. 63 11. 40 24
Wisconsin 57. Of l SS 62. 88 2 78 79 65. 21 18. §8
A es for general ( 4] tally disabled represents data for the 40
r Te . | pes put I paid into pooled fund for medical care for
pa n ‘ I 1 | O ments 1 e in October 1953 for medical
‘ ‘ p S he 1 th on Cl 1 pl in in August.
\ ‘ ey | Li
1 ] ( t N er snently ind tot illy disabled.
Avera I f | 5 A nputed on base of less than 50 recipients,
FAMILY BENEFITS months earlier. For men, the propor- old-age benefits computed under the
(Continued from page 20) tion eivin the minimum was new-start formula were at the $25
; 1 al about 14 percent, and for women it minimum, while 21 percent were at
new-start formula comprised about : ‘ , Fe te
; : wa percent. Only 3 percent of the the $85 maximum.
18 percent of the total—double the
proportion 6 months earlier: the pro-
portion will continue to increase,
since this formula is used for about
70 percent of the current
benefit awards.
For survivor families the average
benefits ranged from $40.80 for aged-
widow families to $108.80 for families
consisting of a widowed mother and
two children. The average benefit for
families in which only one child was
receiving benefits was $41.80, and for
families consisting of a widowed
mother and one child it was $88.30
The distribution of all retired work-
ers receiving benefits as of June 30,
1953, by amount of old-age benefit
and by benefit-computation method is
shown in table 3. The proportion of
old-age beneficiaries receiving the $25
minimum was almost 19 percent, 1
percent than the proportion 6
old-age
less
Bulletin, January}1954
I ible
3.—Estimated percentage distribution of old-age benefits in current-
payment status on June 30, 1953, by benefit-computation method,' amount
of monthly benefit, and sex of beneficiary
S 8
Q
re 1 eT 1 , 1 to Nov. 12 3
I F¢ ]
( New ( New
} st il vi start
! table rmula
1, 877 H 2 700. 2 63.1 137.1
) 0 ( 100 wO0 1 0
14.2 9 1.3 33. 4 39. 5 4
a a8 4. ¢ 14.2 13.1 18.4
+ 2 3. f 14.4 15.3 10.4
1s 3.9 16. 2 17.8 9
t 18. 2 15. 0 11.1 31
8.7 8 4 ”). 2 19 27 13
7 4.1 21.3 1.3 4 2
1.7 297.0 7 3.4
t $ oT (0 $40. 2¢ $37. 5 $50. 90
Security Act; benefits computed under the
v-Start for ila’’ are based on earnings after 1950
e new benefit formula.
$77.10 maximum possible.
9
Table 10.—Old-age assistance Recipients and pay- Table 11.—Aid to the blind: Recipients and payment;
ments to recipients, by State, October 1953 ° to recipients, by State, October 1953
{Includes vendor payments for 1 I nd cases receiving only [Includes vendor payments for n ] ear nd ¢ receivir
eee = Payments to lal tg : =
e change from recipients Percentage change from
Num- Nur ; ais
ay ber of er 1953 October 1952 C er of | September 1953 October 1952
recip- in— ecip n in
lent ] = nts lotal ver
Num Nun Num- |
; ul ber |Amount ; \1 an Amou
i otal 364 83 ‘ ‘ 0 nN ea Lot 19, 633 $5 18, 382 \$55. 39 0.2 6 2 3
Ala A7, 102 1, 843, 828 8 8 —1.7 —4.3 —.6 Ala 1, 502 41, 904 +. 1 1.9 —1.3 _
Alaska 1, 649 7, 997 4 +.9 1.2 +6. 2 Alaska 2, 869 4 4 4 4
Ariz 13, 924 779, 487 . 2 +1. - 2:3 Ariz 697 13. 680 6 1.2 + 3 7
Ark 54, S2¢ 1,7 s 7 —1,2 —4.5 —7.4 Ark 911 73, 470 2 f 1 ~
Calif 27 63.| 18, 7¢ 87 2 +. ] —.6 1.2 Calif.3 1, 956 1, 022, 056 7 6 1.8 |
Colo.? §2, 359 4,106,327 | 78 +. 1 1.0 —.3 Colo 342 22, 448 2 1.9 3 2
Conn 16, 331 l, 7 8.5 +. 2 0.1 Conn 306 29, 116 Fe. 1. ( 6 g
Del 1, 677 65, 643 4 —4.3 +3. 1 Dx 226 11,990 3 23 1.9 4
D.C 733 146 3 1.6 4 +5.0 1), ¢ 0 13, 902 0 $ 2.0 1,2
Fla 67 l 3, 018 2 14 2.0 +11.5 Fla 3, 061 148, 214 15. 4 $ 2 2 +-3
Ga 95, 609 3, 52 ‘ 84 2 4 § 2.9 Ga 3, 129 131, 681 $2.08 2 3 +4.3 ¢
Hawai 1, 934 i 2 —2.1 —9.8 4.5 Haw 111 5, O88 | 45.84 2.8 3.0 +.9 ]
Idaho 8, 945 49 7 § 4 l 2.4 1.0 Ida 193 11,370 58.9 ie: 4 +1. ( l
Ill. 104, 173 5,7 { —7.3 5.9 Il 3, 746 3 230, 960 | 61. 66 2 s 6.4 3
Ind 39, 448 1, 786, 7S¢ 7 6.8 —.4 Ind 1, 666 86, 722 2. ( I 2. 5 1.9 12
Iowa 44, 727 2, 539 8 5 5.8 —5.1 lowa 1, 340 97,192 | 72. 53 6 +.9 2.6 11
Kans 35, 087 2, 2 34 | 62.7 1 —4.9 1.5 Kans 602 $2, 545 70. ¢ 5 +4. ] 1.5 8
Ky 55, 601 1, 942 ( +. 1 —.6 -.8 Ky 2, 562 94, 53 36. 90 +. 4 ) 5
La 119, 857 6, 122 8 ] —.9 1.4 La 1, 981 95, 254 | 48.08 3 3 1.9 {
Maine 13, O4¢€ ¢ 757 l 1 —5.3 od Mai 549 27, 597 | 50. 27 0 3 4 7
Md 10, 704 467, 126 l —3.7 +.8 Md 462 23, 288 0. 41 1.3 1.6 s 3
Mass 94,814 7, 008 1.0 —3.1 —1.9 Ma Py ie 148, 387 | 86. 27 2 5 1.8 6
Mich 81, 788 4, 292, 417 . s -9 —6.7 Mict 1, 758 106, 487 | € 7 f H 5.3 1.8
Minn 53, 123 3, 220. 41 1.8 —2.0 +1.9 Minn 1, 201 88,745 | 73.89 1.0 2.4 l 17
Miss 62, 877 I, 772, 83 28 | 6 +8.7 27.8 M 3,112 106, 242 | 34.14 +. 6 7 4 36.8
Mo 131, 810 6, € 759 { 4 f -.4 M 3, 633 199, 815 00 | +1.0 1.0 5. 4 l¢
Mont 9, 906 7 7 8 —.9 —9.0 8.5 Mi {82 31,293 | 64.92 2.0 2.1 8. § 8
Nebr 18, 779 1, O¢ l 4 9 7.9 —3.2 Nebr 724 48,823 | 67.44 0 +3.8 1.4
Nev >, 656 150, 968 . -.3 -1.8 —1.8 Ne 63 4,729 | 75.06 4) (4 4 ‘
N. H 6, 870 398, 561 8 3 ie —1.9 +3.8 N.H 9 17,968 | 61. 53 3 ] 0 3
N.J 21, 160 1, 265, 8 s 4 1 —3.5 +1.2 N. J 821 51,651 | 62.91 —.6 —1.3 6
N. Mex 11, 274 527,452 | 46.78 2 +5.7 +8. 4 N. Me 130 19,304 | 44.89 0 8 l f
N. Y 18, 950 7,801,179 | 7 a § 8 +4.8 N. ¥ 4, 326 351, 310 | 81. 21 4 2.6 3 H
N.C 0, 630 531 3 ) 11.0 SAS. 4, 628 183, 940 | 39.7 3 i +-4.0 3
N. Dak 8, 452 481 2 1.3 —2 —.3 N. D 113 6, 298 | 55.73 9 ) —3.4 2
Ohio 7, 538 5, 772, 1 ‘ 3 1.8 5. 1 —4.2 yt 3, HOE 44,820 4.03 l 1.6 2.4 7
Okla 44, 872 186, 4 . —.4 —8.7 Okla 2, 269 149,612 | 65.94 3 6.7 3.7
Oreg 20, 964 1, 337, 212 } 2 —5.3 —1.7 Oreg 345 25, 676 3. 78 3 2. I 1.4 2.
Pa f 6 2,69 17 6 10.1 —8.8 P i 791, 365 49.57 r.4 5 b.2 ]
ge id 44, 384 39, 412 7 3 7 12 ae 1, 262 ), 768 7.74 1.3 5.8 29. 4 34
R. I 8, 931 495, 28 4 ] 5. 4 6.1 R.I 189 13, 357 | 70. 67 5 l 2 &
S.C 42, 280 1, 328 T.2 5 dS. 4 bo0 60, 724 36. 80 4 4 2. 1 ey
S. Dak 11, 285 903 l 2 —3.2 —.3 S i 202 8, 694 43.04 3 3.8
Tenn.- 64, 878 2, 344 } 7 8.5 +-6. 5 ren )93 128, 277 | 41. 47 5 2 7.8 7
Tex 220, 271 8, 49f . 2 1.0 1.4 lex 18 264, 160 | 43.32 2 $ 1.4 1.
Utah 5 68, 228 ] —1.9 3.4 Utah 219 14,005 | 63.95 5 1.5 1.4 2.5
{oe 302, 154 3 2 7 —.4 +8. 4 Vt 169 8, O84 417. 83 +. 6 g 1.2
4 7, 638 4 —1.0 —.5 V.I 39 31 4 ‘ ‘
Va 48 18 l 4.3 +7.8 \ 3 46,258 | 34.6 3 5 14 1
Wash 3, 963, 213 } -4.2 —8.8 Vv 791 62,481 | 78.99 4 1 1 s
W. Va. 26, 357 741, 2 . 4 4 -.8 15.4 Ww. \ 159 33. 34 —.6 9 1.9 ll
Wis 48, 023 2, 78( } 1.9 —4.9 —2.5 \ 4 62. 88 1.0 y a 6
Wyo 4,04 24 8 2 —1.3 —.¥ Wy 79 61. 05 (4 : $ og
1 For definition of t ¢ 3, p. le All 4 sub- For f terms see the Bulletin, January 3, p. 16. All data sub-
ject to revision ject to rev yn
2? Includes 3,870 recipients under C ? Data include recipients of payments made without Federal participation
recipients. Such payments are ’ 1 its to these recipients as follows: In California (472 recipients, $41,899
3 For Illinois inclu pr in payments), in Washington (7 recipients, $375 in payments), in Missouri (819
October 1953 } excludes vi I nt $355,7 r $45,045 In payments), and in Pennsylvania (6,840 recipients, $342,552
for medical services pr plan be 1in August. 1 payments
4 Decrease of less than 0 perce 3 For S prer into pooled fund for medical care for
5 Increase of less than 0.05 percent Octobe u 1o s of $10,612 made in October 1953
6 Excludes vendor payments for : for me , dd fund plan began in August
4 Ave n t computed on base of less than 50 recipients; percent-
1 } f 1 less tha ecipients
é Ss vendor { its for medical care.
30 Social Security
ents
rity
Table 12.—Aid to dependent children: Recipients and payments to recipients, by State, October 1953
[Includes vendor payments for me il care and ce ly such payments]
Number of re Paymer ipients Percentage change from
ats Number A September 1953 in October 1952 in—
families ‘ > (
f T »
Recipient “| Amount | —e A mount
Total 3 $3, 870 1, 923, 693 ] 8, SSF 4 $45, 422, SOE $83 $23. 61 —(0.7 —0.1 —4.2 —3.6
Alabama 16, 873 62,8 48 { 679, 061 40) 10. 80 —2.1 —3.0 —6.0 1.6
Alaska 907 3 } 64, 022 70. 59 21. 07 —.9 +2.0 +16.6 +8. 1
Arizona 3, 793 14 3 337, 190 88. 90 23.17 1.0 —1.9 +-8.2 +10.7
Arkansas , 174 7 397, 502 5. 41 14. 72 -2.6 —3.3 3.9 44.1
California : 49, 950 161 f 2, 703 120. 37 37. 30 —1.1 5 2.8 -.7
Colorado 5, 270 19 3 4 84 47. 75 103. 94 28. 09 1-34 +-1.0 8.5 14.5
Connecticut- ‘ 4,014 13,18 3 18, 894 129. 27 39. 35 +.5 —2.9 6.2 —%. 2
Delaware F 716 2. St 12, 303 7.02 21. 78 2.0 1.5 2.6 -3.1
District of Columbia : 2,093 8 ) 689 23, 26 . 67 5. 96 +1.9 2.0 9.1 +10. 4
Florida 18, 890 64,8 . 1, 010, 298 3. 48 15. 58 +.7 7 1 t7.5
Georgia. . 13 8 33, 28 899, 828 72. 71 20. 65 —.6 6 —7.6 —5. 1
10, 188 8, O04 247, 194 89. TE 24. 26 +1.1 l —11.9 —16.3
f 4, 57 2, 279 120. 27 34.14 —1.3 1.3 3.4 —4.1
’ 74 { ) 4 432, 664 123. 2 32. 72 1.4 3 13.2 10.0
7, 270 5 ) 8,78 614, 492 84. 55 24. 36 —1.2 4 9.0 2.1
5.744 0, 488 2 686, 754 119. 56 33. 52 —1.1 9 1.5 9.1
3, 836 13. 728 ; 108. 611 106. 52 29. 76 + 3 8 3.6
18, 429 64 7 1, 139, 361 61. 82 17. 71 —6.1 8.1 6.1 9.5
18, 359 OS, 458 1, 153, 901 62. 85 16. 85 —3.2 —3.6 15.9 17.0
4,033 ] 1 2 333, 415 82. 67 23. 56 +. 4 +. 5 —3.9 4
Maryland 4, 965 19, 982 { 94.05 23. 37 2.5 2.7 —1.9 +. 4
Massachusett 12, 099 39 49 1 120. 04 36. 40 5) +. 5 -4.3 —3.3
Michigan ; 18, 196 60, f 83 1 191. 49 30. 46 —~1.4 1.3 6. 8 24.5
Minnesota ; 6, 858 | 24,7 } 108. 95 30. 22 —1.2 —1.6 —5.9 —2.5
Mississippi 12, 410 { 7 } 27. 88 7.40 +1.9 7 25. 0 +31.6
Missouri a 20, 107 | 69 1 ) 1, 65. 33 19. 03 —1.4 «7 —3.6 +4.1
Montana 2, 169 7,729 78 102. 37 28. 73 —.6 -.7 1.5 —.5
Nebraska a 2, 378 8, 348 202 97. 41 27. 7! 3 2.5 —5.7 —1.3
Nevada 3 a 7 22 s s 12. 29 4 {
New Hampshire 1, 133 4,03 ) 123. 59 34.74 3.3 1.3 —13.8 —12.9
New Jersey 4,809 16, 28 520, 416 108. 22 31. 97 1 4 3.1 —4.4
New Mexico 5, 645 20, 417 8 412,312 73.04 20.19 1.0 +.2 12.2 20.7
New York 14, 860 157,9 7 122, 424 132. 02 37.5] { 3.1 8.7 —%.0
North Carolina 16, 330 60,8 147, 822 58. 04 58 2. § 2.9 5 10.8
North Dakota 1,427 | 152, 307 6.73 29. 72 —1.9 —2.8 1.7 -4.7
Ohio 7 12, 463 | 465, ¢ 1, 136, 183 1.16 24. 33 6 +2.9 2. € 10.4
Oklahoma 16, 067 | 1 1.44 21. 65 —1.8 ~2.2 —11.2 —37. (
Oregon ; | ] 18 121. 76 34. 67 +1.8 +2.1 —2.0 +3. 0
Pennsylvania - 23, 769 89, 279 f 2 8 l 5. 69 —1.0 —.9 —14.7 14.5
Puerto Rico : ; 35, 379 114 ) S { ). 87 3.05 —.5 $1.5 +15.8 21.0
Rhode Island 3, 067 10, 375 336, 883 9. 84 32. 47 -j.1 —.8 —4,2 tt,
South Carolina 6, 773 DF S 304, O80 14. 90 11. 90 —.1 (*) +7.6 +8. 1
South Dakota 2, 693 8, 8 219, 608 81 24. 68 —.3 —1.1 +4.5 9.7
ennessee cee 20, 204 yy ) | {78 67. 58 18. 82 + 3 + 2 +-2. 6
exas 17, 381 67 140, 201 65. 60 16. 88 +1.3 +1.4 17.6
) er 2, 817 9, 868 RS 8, 988 113. 24 32. 33 -1.5 —1.3 +3. 2
mont carers 997 3 ) 58 75. 48 21. 28 —1.2 —.6 t.2
n Islands 184 82 7 2, 846 15. 47 4.89 +.5 1.4 —-17.5
nia aia 7, 466 28, 457 21, 854 $96, 621 66. 52 17. 45 +.6 1.3 +3.2
8, 541 29, 028 889, 227 4.11 30.63 2.3 2.1 +4.1
17, 636 } 1, 245, 043 70. 60 19. 01 —.6 .4 4.5 1.1
7, 569 26, 127 981, 821 29. 72 37. 58 —.6 2.6 —5.5 | 4.2
485 1. 74 51. 829 86 29. 74 4 | —2.4 -5.0
pulletin, January 1953 \ t s De é 1 0.05 percent
\ € payn 10t computed on base of less than 50 families; percentage
lren and 1 parent « ng I 0 families
I f at least 1 such ese paym« 1 aid to dependent children funds, supple-
lelermining the amount ot ( f $52,983 from general assistance funds were made to 1,706
? Includes program : out Federal |
‘For Illinois include I 1 into pooled fund for I I r payments for medical care
October 1953 but excludes vendor payments of $72,443 made in Oct in 0.05 peres
medical services provided before the pooled fund plan be n At S
RECENT PUBLICATIONS
(Continued from page 23)
Maternal and Child Welfare
BaAKWIN, Harry, and BAKWIN, RUTH
M. Clinicai Management of Be-
havior Disorders in Children. Phil-
adelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.,
1953. 495 pp. $10.
Bulletin, January 1954
me
W
AUMGARTNER, LEONA.
Live: A Story of Maternal and
Child Health Services in the De-
partment of Health, City of New
York. New York: New York City
Department of Health, 1953. 44 pp.
JAMES H. S. Parent and
Child, Studies in Family Behavior.
Philadelphia: University of Penn-
Now They
BOSSARD,
sylvania Press, 1953.
BRUEL, FRANK R. “The Genesis of
Family Allowances in Canada.”
Social Service Review, Chicago, Vol.
27, Sept. 1953, pp. 269-280. $1.75.
“Family Allowances in Viet-Nam.”
Industry and Labour, Geneva, Vol.
10, Sept. 15, 1953, pp. 247-249. 25
cents.
308 pp. $5.
31
Table 13.—Aid to the permanently and totally disabled:
Recipients and payments to recipients, by State, Octo-
ber 1953
{Includes vendor payments f
Ss receiving only
“ t Percentage change from
Num-
@ ber of ptember 1953! October 1952
I I in
‘ l A ve a
har |Amount — Amount
Pota 190,327 2310, 086, 901 $53 Lt 2. 2 19. 4 +19. 5
Ala 8, 971 7. 43 7 2.0 +2. 4 “Ey j
Ark 1, 881 8,79 31. 2¢ f +15.8 379.8 376. 1
Colo 4, 294 361 6. 44 9 | +13.9 20.3
Del 73 4,161 | 57 3 45.9 —39. 4
D. C 1, 553 92, 652 | 59. 22 +3.3 14.7 14.5
Ga > 3 6.7 SRS. 4 606. 7
Hawaii l 1.1 +4. 0 7.9
Idaho 8 8 1.8 +6. 4
Ill 71.37 8 ] 32.0 +38. 5
Kans 63. 74 f 1.9 9.0 +13.5
ie... 1.5 1.5 13.8 13.2
Md_-.- 3 28. 0 37. €
Mass 87.8 } ] 2.0 18. ¢
Mich 67 s 2 25. 1 26.8
Miss 24 6.3 75. § +118.9
Mo ) 12.9 13.3
Mont 62.8 ] 6.2 0.2
N. H 7 3.6
N. J 73. 24 6 +98 37.6
N. Mex 1.9 $ —14.5 5
NM. ¥..- 79. 2¢ 8 1.3 8.7
N. C : 77 2 34.0
N. Dak } 2.9 5.8
Ohio 4 7 +17.8
Okla f { 13.1 ;
Ore . 4 17.5 1]
Pa 8. 48 1.8 11.3 1.1
ry. -& s 8.3 39. 2 8
R. I 74.97 8 8 53.3 2.6
B59 <n. } lL. 1 20. 0 24.5
S. Dak 451 20,424 | 4 { 3 63. 4 64.7
lenr 555 1, 488 38. 0)
Utah 1, 552 99, 33 { 1.4 7
Vt 280 13, 418 $7 ey 6. 7 11.0
| | 63 7
Va 4,115 148 } 25.6 28 8
Wash 5, 799 404, 524 1.7 ad 7.0 19.8
V.Va < 63 176, 5 ; s 41.2 20.0
Wis 1,092 86,038 | 78.7 7 7.4 19.5
Wyo 432 25, 70¢ ) 0 5.7 2
1 For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1953, p. 16. All data sub-
ject to revision.
2 For Illinois includes pre | led lical care for
October 1953 but excludes ndor pa $32,248 made in October 1953
for medical services provided before the } i plan began in August.
3 Percentage change not computed on | in 100 recipients
4In addition to these payments fron tot permanently and tota
abled funds, suppl t ents eneral assistance
were made to 1,660 recipients
5 Excludes vendor payme
r;
32
Table 14.--General assistance: Cases and payments to
cases, by State, October 1953 }
{Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only
such payments]
Payments to Percentage change from
Cast
N i
Stat, ber of September 1953 October 1952
cases in in
Total Aver
amount ge
vo wh
— Amount — (moun
otal 2 240,000 |$11, 608,000 |$48. 42 +0.3 +2.0 11.4 -11.3
Ala 2,772 | 24.32 9.7 18. 4 28. 3 26.3
Alaska 5, 009 48. Oc 3 ( (3 (3
Ari i 68, 198 46. 90 5.0 \. ip. +-10.0 +11.4
Ark.4 1,106 | 13.76 32.0 29.7 -69.4 68.7
Calif 7 ] 5, 212 | 48.30 3.0 3.2 +5. I +8. |
Colo l 62,070 | 42. 4 5.3 3.7 12. ( —9
Conr 3 199,498 | 54.01 3.6 6.3 10.3 —11.2
1) i 34, 735 | 45. 58 3.4 f +11. 1 +21
D. ( 756 15,563 | 60. 27 1.8 a +11.3 11.3
Fla 5,000 6 84. 70(
Ga 2,040 38, 088 6 8 32.9 7
Hawa 732 29, 833 1.9 2 55. 3 66. 4
Idaho )7 3, 680 3 26.9 31.3
Ili 21,827 | 1,361,476 1.9 7.0 10.3 —9.3
Ind.8 8, 063 259, 333 ie § 1.6 10.3 7.7
Iowa 3. 009 93. 774 2. 6 10.2 12.3
Wal ; 78 15 5 3. 4 1.8 11.7 7
Ky 856 70, 450 | 24. 67 3. 5 8 1.2 4
La 6,94 268, 880 | 38. 70 6 1.4 } }
Maine 2, 709 120,159 | 44.3 3.2 2.1 l —.1
Md 2,0 108, 001 3. 73 2.3 a 7.8 21.8
Ma 10, 634 D 94. 80 4.¢ hy 14.2
M 746 6. 29 1.2 o.8 21 26.6
Minn 103 1.49 } 3.9 1.9 2. €
M 744 13. 27 4 i 17.0 15.3
M 167 33.8 38 3.2 39 39. 5
Mo 532 29.85 q 12.6 7 23
Ni¢ 10 34. 48 3.3 bs ( 28.2
N.H 761 85, 751 46. 9S 3 3 lf 6.1
N. J.8 613 593, 704 70. 14 3.3 3.7 3. 3! —2.3
N. Me 373 9,458 | 25.36 1.8 1.6 78. 5 +88. 0
N. ¥ 7 1, 893.627 | 75. 36 f 14 29 8 28. 7
N.C l 37, 926 | 21.88 6.3 7.1 4.3 t1.9
Da ] 7S 36. 51 3 6.9 18.0 25.7
O 8, 953 Bt 21 1.5 1. 1 3.4 4.1
Okla j ( 74 g 76 11.4
reg 4,153 204, 13 61.19 5.9 2.4 5.3
Pa 4, 367 77 53. 61 1.3 1.5 20. 1 1Y.8
P.R 2, 581 7 6.71 it.2 ] > ae 3.7
R. I 3, 174 20 63. 02 3.9 16. ¢ 16.1
S. 2, 189 5, 208 | 25. 22 +1.8 16. 5 6.7 22. 6
2) {8] | 307 31.82 1.6 9 20.0 10.7
enn 294 84 | 13.16 ie 6 8.3 6
ex 7. HK 172 0
Uta 18¥ 70, 828 | 59.72 2. € 1.0 12. 1 14.7
Vt )N0 $0, OOF
Vii 133 1,400 | 10.53 6.3 1.9 41.9 10.9
Va 1,818 62,977 | 34.64 7 2.4 4.6 15.2
Was! 7,742 454 5 58. 64 5 av 22. 4 <3. 5
W. Va 3, 24 99,098 | 30.59 4.5 2.9 1.4 7
Wi 4.78] 289, 563 60. 57 S 2.9 +1.7 4.6
Wyo 128 5,766 | 45.05 4.9 5.4 14.3 +4. 2
For
je t to revision
2 Partly estimated; does not represent sum of State figures because total ex-
cludes for Indiana and New Jersey payments made for, and an estimated number
of cases receiving, medical care, hospitalization, and burial only. Excludes
Nebraska; data not Percentage changes based on data for 52 States.
3 Percentage chan mputed on base of th
4 State program only; excludes program administered by local officials
5’ About 20 percent of this total is estimated
6 Partly estimated.
7, Excludes assistance in kind and cases receiving assistance in kind only and,
for a few counties, cash payments and cases receiving cash payments. Amount
of payments shown represents about 60 percent of total
8 Includes unknown number of cases receiving medical care, hospitalization,
and burial only, and total payments for these services.
® Decrease of less than 0.05 per
yf terms see the Bulletin, January 1953, p. 16. All data sub-
less than 100 cases
rent.
’ Includes cases receiving medical care only
Includes 5 vases and payments of $166,254 representing supplementation
other assistance programs
2 Excludes estimated duplication between programs; 1,283 cases were aided
i s and 3,499 cases under program administered by
om a sample of local jurisdictions.
to
NI WO CO ee
x
— OW ee aS
ex-
ber
des
les.
id,
Int
on,
Social Security Operations
INDIVIDUALS RECEIVING PAYMENTS
P
A N M
«
Pp
4 A
’ ad
3 3
—— ee cee ee ee ce
—_——
RAN
4 ave
3 50
AID TO THE
PERMANENTLY ANL
TOTALLY DISABLED 3
ee 00
4—E B N ff
MPLOYMENT A
RANCE Og
50
ANCE
oa SS ee ee CE cee eee
MAR NE EF £ MA " MA N E MAR NE F =
94 945 50 95% 953 940 945 95¢ 952 953
* Old-age and survivors insurance: beneficiaries receiving Receiving old-age, wife’s or husband's, widow's or widower's,
monthly benefits (current-payment status), estimated for Au or parent's benefit. Beginning September 1950, includes a small
gust 1952; annual data represent average monthly number. Public proportion of wife beneficiaries under age 65 with child bene-
assistance: monthly number of recipients under all State pro- ficiaries in their care
grams (including, beginning October 1950, cases receiving only Children plus 1 adult per family when adults are included in
vendor payments for medical care, except in general assistance assistance group; before October 1950, partly estimated
annual data, average monthly number. Unemployment insur- Program initiated October 1950
ance: average weekly number of beneficiaries for the month un-
der all State laws; annual data, average weekly number for the
year
NOTE: Data for payments and data for individuals receiving payments appear in alternate months.
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
DIVISION OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS
WASHINGTON 25, D.C
OFFICIAL BUSINESS
If you do not desire to continue receiving
this publication, please CHECK HERE [_]
tear off this label and return it to the above
address. Your name will then be promptly
removed from the appropriate mailing list.
PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOI
PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, $300
(GPO)
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11