Social Security Bulletin January-December 1952: Vol 15 Iss 1-12

Appendix. Tables

A

Administrative expenses, Social Security Adminis-

8 Agriculture, number employed in
Assistance, general. See General assistance.
Assistance, public. See Public assistance.

B

Beneficiaries. See specific program.
Benefit payments. See specific program.
Blind, aid to:
Expenditures, by source of funds Ap 32; S 60, 61
Grants to States, checks issued, by State
Payments to recipients:
Average monthly amount
Average monthly total __ chart (F, Ap, Je, Ag, O, D)
Federal matching maximums, relation to, by
State, Sept. 1951
Source of funds
m; Ap 32; S 48, 49, 51
Recipients, number _. m; chart (Ja, Mr, My, Jy, 8S, N);
S 48, 49, 56
Vendor payments for medical care, monthly, by

Carriers Taxing Act. See under Tax collections,
social insurance.
Child welfare services:
Expenditures, by source of funds
Grants to States, checks issued, by State
Number of children receiving, by State and liv-
ing arrangements, Dec. 31, 1951
Civil-service retirement:
Beneficiaries and payments
Contributions
Payrolls covered by, total, quarterly
Survivor benefits, number and amount
Trust fund operations, 1936-51
‘Civil Works Program, number employed and
amount of earnings
Civilian Conservation Corps, number employed
’. and amount of earnings
Contributions. See under Tax collections, social
insurance and specific program.
Covered employment:
S 28; O 26
Payrolls in, total, quarterly_Mr 29; Je 21; S 17, 26; D 25
m See also under specific program.
Credit unions, Federal, operations
Crippled children, services for:
Grants to States, checks issued, by State
Number of children receiving, by type of service,

Index to Volume 15—Appendix Tables

D

Dependent children, aid to: ;
Expenditures, by source of funds Ap 32; 8S 60, 61
Grants to States, checks issued, by State
Payments to recipients:

Average monthly amount per family

Average monthly total -.. chart (FP, Ap, Je, Ag, O,,.D)

Federal matching maximums, relation to, by
State, Sept. 1951

Source of funds

S 59

Recipients:
Average monthly number
(Ja, Mr, My, Jy, 8, N)
Number of families and children ..m; S 48, 49, 54-56
Mr 35; S 23
.-.---m; § 49, 56
Vendor payments for medical care, monthly, by
+. m

Disability insurance:
Monthly retirement and, under selected pro-
grams:
Beneficiaries and payments
Benefit payments, by State, 1951
Temporary disability:
Railroad program _.-
State programs
See also Workmen’s compensation.
Disabled, permanently and totally. See Perma-
nently and totally disabled, aid to.
Domestic service, number in

.m;,8-27
S 28

oe m; S 27-29, 31
m; §.27,,29, 31

S 28; O 26

Earnings, total, 1946-51
Education, Federal grants
Employment, civilian S 28; 0 26
Employment, covered. See Covered employment.
Employment security. See Unemployment insur-
ance and U.S. Employment Service.

Expenditures, Federal:

Social Security Administration programs

Social security and related purposes

See also Grants to States.

F

Families:
Receiving aid to dependent children, recipients
m; S 48, 49, 54
Receiving old-age and survivors insurance bene-
fits, number and average monthly amount
8S 42-44; D 26
Farm Security Administration, number of cases

and payments to cases S 48

7

Federal Emergency Relief Administration, number
of cases and payments to cases ______________--_ S 48

Federal Insurance Contributions Act. See under
Tax collections, social insurance.

Federal Unemployment Tax Act. See under Tax
collections, social insurance.

Federal works programs, number employed and

amount of earnings ___._____________________-- S 48
G
General assistance:
Cases:
Number ____-_-_____ m; chart (Ja, Mr, My, Jy, S,N);
S 48, 49, 58
a Mr 35; S 23
Expenditures, total, by source of funds _______- Ap 32;
S 29, 60, 61
Payments to cases:
Average monthly amount ______-.__________ m; S 49
Average monthly total ___ chart (F, Ap, Je, Ag, O, D)
I oe os ea ee Ap 32
ne fs m; Ap 32; S 48, 49, 52
Vendor payments for medical care, monthly, by
LS SR ba a dat” Doe m
Government employment, Federal, State and local,
ES SE a rs S 28; O 26
Grants to States:
Social Security Act, checks issued, by program
I i SO re O 28

Social Security Administration programs:

Checks issued, by program and State _________ O 28
ERS Se ON a el a a A O 26
EE ae ae EA A lh Me ee RMS S 30
H
Health and medical services, expenditures, by
ER RR Tie eres Ce S 29
Health services, Federal grants _.._._.______________ S 30
I
Income:
TEE OE SR TLE SETI TESTS O 26
Personal, by type of payment ____.__-____________ S 26
L
Labor force, civilian_.______________________ S 28: O 26
Local and State government retirement. See State
and local government retirement.
M
Maternal and child health services:
i wcleteameannd S 29
Grants to States, checks issued, by State _______ O 28

Number receiving, by type of service, 1949-51 _._. S 62

Medical care, vendor payments for:

Monthly, by program and State ____._---_--_-----__ m
8 A. a rey Ap 32
N
National Youth Administration, number employed
SET UO UNTAG OT CURT TNII ise niec nin crt gaeectonae S 48
O
Old-age and survivors insurance:
Beneficiaries:
PU iin sts nce S 42-44; D 2%
Retirement _______- m; chart (Ja, Mr, My, Jy, 8, N);
S 27, 36, 37, 42, 43, 45, 46
| aN m; chart (Ja, Mr, My, Jy, 8, N);

S 27, 36, 39-44, 46
Benefit payments:

Awarded:

Average amount, 1951 ...-..------_-----. S 37-41

Family composition of beneficiaries repre-
Gente 5 GUNS nia icant S 43,44
Lump-sum payments _----- Mr 30; Je 22; S 18, 35
Monthly benefits, by type -.._---._- m (Ja-O, D);
Mr 30; Je 22; S 18, 36, 37-41
ey See en Pi aylal Macys Nl eS PENI S 45

Workers, deceased, represented in awards . Mr 30;
Je 22; S 18, 35, 47

Workers represented in awards _----.--- S 35, 43, 44
Certified:

Lump-sum payments -__--..-- m; S 27, 34, 36, 46

Monthly benefits, amount, by year -....------- m;

S 27, 28, 34, 36, 46
Current-payment status:
Average monthly amount --_------- S 37-41, 42-46
Average monthly total _ chart (F, Ap, Je, Ag, O, D)
Number and amount:

|. RMR oe Cee ee nee S 42-44; D 26
Monthly, by type --..-_.----.--- m; S 36, 37, 41
SIMI Soi is Oe m; S 36, 37, 45, 46
State distribution _......--__- My 22; S 46; O 30
DUE bien ned toil m; S 34, 36, 37, 45, 46
POE ........<..snidsiitielsneaee S 42-44; D 26
CIGD ccitbaties~cendvioticinnent m; S 34, 36, 37, 45, 46
EE m; S 27, 34, 36, 45, 46
ORCA sits on ecidsindonsccicceend S 34, 36, 46
gS EEN Fe Peer eae m; S 27, 34, 36, 46
TO iiss i nk ce inch Gna cH S 42
EE osccnorieecnnsine stabi bebe Ap 25; N 22
Contributions:
Employee and employer, 1940 and 1948-51
S 31, 32
PIOUS wil en ne St iaindcol a eee m
TOON TPG H628. nok sekkn i eee O 26
Covered employment -............-..----- S 28; O 26
Employers reporting taxable wages -......._---- S 34
Employment jointly covered by railroad retire-
ment and, number in --___.._---_--._.- S 28; O 26

Social Security Bulletin

wren we oere oeoe S eae ae

feo Ww

Old-age and survivors insurance—Continued

Bepeneieures .........2 sca c sc cesice S 29, 31; O 26
Insurance status ..--.....-.----.--.------ S 34, 35, 47
Lump-sum payments:

Awards 222i Uke Mr 30; Je 22; S 18, 35

Certified, number and amount -... m; S 27, 34, 36, 46
Workers, deceased, represented in awards
Mr 30; Je 22; S 18, 35, 47

Payrolls covered by, total, quarterly ....--.--- Mr 29;

Je 21; 8 17, 26; D 25
Wage credits, cumulative -...........-...------- S 47
Wages, median, per worker -._._-.-------------- S 46

Wages, taxable, total and average per worker .. S 34
Workers:

Deceased, represented in awards ______-_----- Mr 30;
Je 22; S 18, 35, 47
In covered employment --__..-.-.-.------ S 28; O 26
Ture. .65 ou We S 34, 35, 47
New entrants ................02...-- DLA 8 34
Represented in awards ______-___---_--_- S 35, 43, 44
Taxable wages .._...._.- SL20L SOG 2cUL ia Bog 8 34
MICE 6.6nsccccccscsccscusssesesocs Jbl 8 34, 47
With wage credits __.__.__-_-_------.------- S 46; 47
Old-age and survivors insurance trust fund:
Benefit payments -.........-._....-----.- m; S 32; O 26
SE GOMOD: wswneneen ess hI Ee RO. m
Operations, 1936-51 __._.........-----------.----- S 32
Old-age assistance:
Expenditures, by source of funds ------- Ap 32; 8 60, 61
Grants to States, checks issued, by State ___--_--_- O 28
Payments to recipients:
Average monthly amount __.-..--....-_----- m; S 49
Average monthly total -.._..-..--...--.------- chart

(F, Ap, Je, Ag, O, D)
Federal matching maximums, relation to,

by State, Sept. 1961 .....~..5..+5.....-.-.+. 8 59
MOOS OF CUMS gigi ia nin dere csinowe cade snisis Ap 32
AS cob ticuisihes caigutciamine «pile cubeibaeia ts m; Ap 32; S 48, 49
Recipients:
Number --__....-..- m; chart (Ja, Mr, My, Jy, 8, N);
S 48, 49, 53
Sn CLANS icv nsrernectehnsebiteiibiancnenea Mr 35; S 23
Vendor payments for medical care, monthly,
CO a ee a ee eee m
Payrolls covered by social insurance programs,
total, quarterly _._____- Mr 29; Je 21; S 17, 26; D 25
Permanently and totally disabled, aid to:
Expenditures, by source of funds ---_.- Ap 32; S 60, 61
Grants to States, checks issued, by State __._.__. O 28
Payments to recipients:
Average monthly amount __-__.._..._.-_-__- m; S 49

Average monthly total __ chart ( F, Ap, Je, Ag, O, D)
Federal matching maximums, relation to, by

State, Sept. 1961 2.20 22s na S 59
meuree of Sumas 22 2 Ap 32
WON sceeseec 182 OB. m; Ap 32; S 49, 52

Index to Volume 15—Appendix Tables

Permanently and totally disabled, aid to~-Continued
Recipients:
Number ____ m; chart (Ja, Mr, My, Jy, 8, N): 8 49, 57

Rate, by State _____- ./ 8 23
Vendor payments for medical care, monthly,
by State -......-.--L. $ m
Placements, nonfarm, by State -............-..- m; 8 33
Population, relation to public asetatenies recipient
rates .........,......+ sD Ag Mr 35; S 23

Public aid, expenditures, by source of funds __.. $ 29; 61
Public assistance:
Expenditures, by source of funds -- Ap 32; S 29, 60, 61
Grants to States, checks issued, by State _____-.- 8 30
Payments to recipients:
Federal matching maximums, relation to, by

program and State, Sept. 1951 __--.._2-._- ‘S$ 59
Source of funds’ cick Uaioe Ap 32; 8 61
Total, by program ____..____. m; Ap 32; 8 48, 49-53

Recipients, number, by program -.. m; 8 48, 49, 63-58
Vendor payments for medical care:
Monthly, by program and State -.._.....-........ m
Total, by State __...__. sip cnintieaiineanedcmiinigaaamae Ap 32
See also specific program:
Public employee retirement systems, expenditures ._ S 29

R
Railroad retirement:

Beneficiaries and payments -__.______-___- m; S 27, 28

Employment jointly covered by old-age and
survivors insurance and, number in _... $ 28; 0 26
Expenditures . 2222... 3io ls see S 29
Payments, by State, 1962... S 28
Payrolls covered by, total _.............-....... Mr 29;
Je 21; S$ 17, 26; D 25
Survivor benefits, number and amount --___- m;S 27
Tax collections, amount ’.....-......-2 2. Le m;S 31
Trust Tund Operatios ... eee S 32

Railroad unemployment insurance:

Beneficiaries and payments _._.........___- m; S 27, 28
QORRTEINEEED << 5 cunansseoaneansanenl m;S 31
pCa Pare yr MMO S 29
Payments, by State, 1961 ....................... S 28
Payrolis covered by, total ...................... Mr 29;
j Je 21; $ 17, 26; D 25
Temporary disability benefits ______.___ m; S 27-29, 31
Trust account operations -.................-. m;S 32

Retirement systems:
Social insurance and related programs, benefi-

CET EOS BURL WGI sen ns eeciiett es ctceee m
See also specific program.
Salaries and wages, total civilian -.........uu..4 Mr 29;

Je 21; 8 17, 26; D 25
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, readjustment al-
III oe eernocscsetcctnicesectliiliapinanicomnsiaaiamag m; S 27, 28

9

Social insurance and related programs:

Beneficiaries and payments, monthly _____- m; S 27, 28
Contributions and taxes -_.-._._-.-_--_------- m; S 31
Employment covered by, number in ___-__-- S 28; O 26
Expenditures, by source of funds ______-..--_-__-- S 29
Payrolls covered by, total, quarterly __.._.___-. Mr 29;
Je 21; 8 17, 26; D 25
Trust fund operations _________._--------_------- S 32
See also specific program.
Social Security Act:
Beneficiaries and payments ___._______--- m; S 27, 28
Grants to States _....52.-.--..-...-.---...2L. O 26, 28
Social Security Administration:
Administrative expenses __._____.-..._-__------- O 26
Grants to States 2620 <5.-2.4-....---2.- S 30; O 26

Social security and related programs, expenditures _S 29
State and local government retirement:

Beneficiaries and payments -_______---____-_-___ S 27
UN it etree od ae hc ew weleeis S 31
Payrolls covered by, total, quarterly _.._._____-- S 26
T
Tax collections, social insurance:
Carriers Taxing Act, amount --_--._---__-_-- m; S31
Civil-service program, amount -___-----_--_-- m;S31l
Federal Insurance Contributions Act:
POI oo te ii de enone $31
I. nite tien m
Nn eaten O 26
Federal Unemployment Tax Act:
1940 and 1948-51 __.__-.__._____- Bi ae oe ee $31
i cosas om peasant taisimnemnmaeiindl m
Total, 1949-52 ___.____- ie eae ae eS O 26
Railroad unemployment insurance contributions
m; S 31
State and local government retirement contri-
ae S 31
State temporary disability insurance contribu-
a an cite eerie linea S$ 31

State unemployment insurance contributions
m; S 31, 33; O 26

NE ER aS ee = m; S 32
U
— TT a > ff
Unemployment insurance:
Beneficiaries:
Average weekly number --__-_----_-- Se MESS m; S 27
Average weekly number for year ____________-- chart
(Ja, Mr, My, Jy, 8S, N)
nc we ineent ewan S 33
Benefit payments:
Amount:

Average monthly total _ chart (F, Ap, Je, Ag, O, D)

Average weekly payment for total unem-
Eas Se ee eae Oe hd wits bE m; S 33

Ee ..--. m8 27; 28, 33

Unemployment insurance—Continued
Benefit payments—Continued

Pumds available for ............-sscna-saiwwcusa S 33
Claims:

Continued, weeks of unemployment covered

WE So din econ déimicitansie Sacseuss.Dadbade m; 8 33

Tiel. ic) duaiiseesstios.. Jdasahessh._..10y m; S 33
Covered employment:

Average monthly number _____-_..--.------.--- 8 33

Total wages ........_- Mr 29; Je 21; S 17, 26, 33; D 25
Expenditures, by source of funds ____.--_..--_-..- S 29
Grants to States ........--164194 cac- ad S 30; O 26, 28

Payrolls covered by, total _. Mr 29; Je 21; S17, 26; D 25
Tax collections, Federal:

1940 and 1948-6):< 62260) fxsicoasucas isceneendl S$ 31
i ne ee ae ae ey CM ee m
| ee FT eee ee S 33; O 26
Tax collections, State, amount ____-_- m; S 31, 33; O 26
Weges umiler ......-_.........,...-.- sss S 33
Weeks compensated, number ____._-_.__--_--- m; S 33
Weeks of unemployment covered by continued
IN ia. sith nai chbSiecicesscnetca el m; 8 33
Workers in covered employment, average month-
LY TRUMOS: isis pads saah oacuwdsseep dee ene S 33
Unemployment trust fund:
Deposits and withdrawals -_..-___......- m; S 32; 0 26
Monthiy status ........... 218-825) anette m
Operations, 1936-51 ............-- snus jamie ies S 32
U.S. Employment Service:
New job applications, 1951, by State _______._____- 8 33
Nonfarm placements _____.-__-_- Mis itr ® «ate wie m; 5S 33
V

Vendor payments for medical care:
Monthly, by program and State _____________--
WOeen, Oy Wee oo rcshecctcccesccaccecctecct Se Ap 32

Veterans, provisions for:

Disability, retirement, and survivor benefits,

number and amount ------- ~o.--.-s- &; 82a
Program expenditures, by source of funds ________ S 29
Readjustment allowances for unemployment,
number and amount -____-_____-__--_- m; S 27, 28
Self-employed, readjustment allowances for,
number and amount ___-____-__--_- _... m; S 27, 26
W

Wages and salaries, total and civilian _.._.___..___Mr 29;
Je 21; S17, 26; D 25

Welfare services, expenditures, by source of funds ___ S 29

Work Projects Administration, number employed

and amount of earnings .___---_.------ Pyrat S 48
Workmen’s compensation:
Disability benefits, amount _......._-_..-_-__----- S 27
Expenditures, by source of funds ____...._____---- § 29
Payrolls covered by, total, quarterly ...__.._------ S 26

Survivor benefits, amount, by year _....__-----.--

surance program begins its six-

teenth year in January 1952.
To mark the completion of the first
15 years, the BULLETIN devotes most of
the pages of this issue to the oper-
ations of that program.

aa HE old-age and survivors in-

MONTHLY BENEFITS amounting to
$151.8 million were being paid under
the old-age and survivors insurance
program to almost 4.3 million indi-
viduals at the end of October. The
totals represent an increase of $33.5
million in monthly amount and 1.1
million in number over the totals a
year earlier; the percentage rise was
28 and 35 percent, respectively.

For the various types of benefits the
increases in number ranged from 23
percent for child beneficiaries and for
aged widows or widowers to 43 percent
for persons receiving old-age benefits.
Though the over-all increase (58,000)
in October was slightly larger than
that in September, it was only about
one-third as large as the increase in
October 1950, when the effect of the
1950 amendments on the number of
beneficiaries was just beginning to be
reflected in the tabulated data.

By the,end of October, 3.2 million
persons aged 65 or over were receiving
monthly benefits, almost 900,000 more
than in October 1950. Their monthly
benefits totaled $122.2 million, com-
pared with $93.8 million a year earlier.
Almost 1.1 million mothers and de-
pendent or orphaned children under
18 years of age were being paid bene-
fits—an increase of more than 200,000
from the number a year earlier. Their
monthly benefits totaled $29.6 million.
The increase in the number of per-

Social Security in Review

sons receiving monthly benefits was
smaller in October 1951 than it was a
year earlier partly because a larger
number of benefits were withheld in
the current month on account of em-
ployment; the chief factor, however,
was a decline in awards to retired
workers and their wives. The 60,000
awards made to retired workers and
their wives in October 1951 were less
than half the number awerded a year
ago. Benefit awards to children, moth-
ers, aged widows or widowers, and
parents numbered 35,000—more than
twice as many as in October 1950 but
not enough to offset the reduction in
the number of old-age and wife’s bene-
fit awards. The 8,500 awards to aged
widows or widowers established a new
record high for this type of benefit.
In October, 38,600 lump-sum death

payments totaling $5.0 million were
made with respect to 37,000 deceased
workers, about 13 percent more than
in the preceding month. The average
lump-sum amount per worker was
$137.

Information on the results of the
new coverage provisions of old-age
and survivors insurance, though frag-
mentary, is sufficient to indicate that
considerable progress has been made
in putting those provisions into effect.

The contributions and wages of ap-
proximately 735,000 domestic workers
in private homes were reported for
the first quarter of 1951 by about
600,000 employers. Week by week,
employers continued to register at a
rate considerably above that expected
on the basis of the estimated number
of new domestic employers, and by

efficient administration.

operations.

OLD-AGE AND SURVIVORS INSURANCE today is a system that affects the
personal lives of millions of people, providing the foundation of their
financial security when regular income is cut off on account of old
age or death. Because of the size of the program and because of its
importance in individual lives, it presents a special challenge to

The story of old-age and survivors insurance over the past 15 years
is a story of progress in public administration as well as of progress
in a legislative program to provide greater social security. Indeed, it
is a demonstration that administrative efficiency and the success of a
legislative program in achieving its objective are inseparable.

Therefore it is with real pride that I congratulate the employees
of the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance on this achievement
and salute their loyal devotion to a concept of public service that
recognizes the human values involved in effective and economical

Commissioner for Social Security.

ARTHUR J. ALTMEYER,

the end of November, 713,000 persons
had registered. In addition, a con-
siderable number of employers did not
need to register because they can in-
clude their domestic workers on their
quarterly reports for business em-
ployees.

It is believed that by the end of 1951
more than 750,000 civilian employees
then working for the Federal Govern-
ment were covered by old-age and
survivors insurance. Because of the
enactment of legislation restricting
permanent appointments to Federal
positions during the emergency period,
most new Government employees have
only temporary job status and are not
covered by the civil service retirement
program. Information is not yet avail-
able on the number reported in the
first quarter of 1951.

A substantial amount of evidence
that farmers in general approve of the
coverage of their hired farm workers
has been reflected in the quarterly re-
ports that the Bureau of Old-Age and
Survivors Insurance receives from its
field offices. Adequate information is
not available at present, however,
from which to determine the propor-
tion of farmers reporting the wages
and contributions of hired farm
workers.

In general, the States and their po-
litical subdivisions moved rapidly to
accept the new coverage possible for
their employees. By early December,
25 States and Alaska had completed
coverage agreements and nine other
States were in the process of develop-
ing them. Four interstate instrumen-
talities had also completed agree-
ments. The 30 completed agreements
cover an estimated 200,000 employees
of about 7,000 employing units. Addi-
tional employing units and employees
can be expected to be covered under
these agreements, as well as under
agreements which may be completed
in the future. Nonprofit organizations
likewise have been acting quickly to
gain the new insurance coverage pos-
sible for their employees. By the end
of November 36,000 nonprofit institu-
tions had elected coverage for ap-
proximately 740,000 employees. These
employees are estimated to represent

(Continued on page 19)

Selected current statistics
[Corrected to Dec. 7, 1951]

Calendar year
Item October | September; October
1951 1951 1950
1950 1949
Labor Force ' (in thousands)
Te ib ok cca erica Hii caneckese 63, 452 63, 186 63, 7 63, 099 62, 105

SEER ROE ea 61, 836 61, 580 61, 764 59, 957 58, 710

Covered by old-age and survivors insur-
NE Fe a celicocepdininietinberccoencstlagnececsitssla—essnsneess 35, 927 35, 165 34,314

py by State unemployment insur-
Pegittt.~tueUiintshedudubibecscces 34, 900 34, 900 34, 500 32, 809 31, 581
Canekond ERY OE Pe 1,616 1, 606 1, 940 3, 142 3, 395

Personal Income‘ (in billions; seasonally

adjusted at annual rates)

pg RAINS EEC IIR S Sie et ey } $257.5 $253.6 $231.1 $224.7 $205.1

Employees’ income §-___.................- | 173.1 171.5 153.7 145.8 133.8

Proprietors’ and rental income. ----.... 50.2 48.3 45.7 44.0 41.4

Personal interest income and dividends. __- 20.8 20.7 19.2 19.3 17.1

1. SSSR IS STS See aE” Rae 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.2

Social insurance and related payments 7 7.1 7.0 6.2 6.5 6.8

—. subsistence allowances* and

iilitinnadikt pied cdeiibigdlibinemes .0 1.0 2.1 2.2 2.0

Miseolienaues income payments *_____.. .0 2.8 1.9 4.5 1.8

Old-Age and Survivors Insurance
Monthly benefits:
Current-pa: t status: 1°
Number (in thousands) -_............... 4, 291 4, 232 9; BEB fo. oc ccdeedsievium ee
Amount (in thousands) ---.............. $151, 825 $149, 915 $118, 353 | $1,018, 149 $655, 852
verage primary benefit. ................. $42.19 $42. 23 GEE. 88 |... wocnccctadincstmael
Awards (in pouendal:
ER aN Pt SS CE 95 87 157
eit crab area ehiiicintncccown $3, 087 $2,744 #4, 359 $26, 234 $15, 343
Unemployment Insurance *
Initial claims (in thousands).............._. 896 721 714 12, 251 17, 660
Weeks of unemployment claimed (in thou-

SERIES Rett ai Pe are 3, 886 3, 550 3, 442 78, 654 102, 612
Weeks compensated (in thousands) - -- - 3, 279 3, 081 2, 868 67, 860 =
Weekly average beneficiaries (in thousands) - 713 758 652 1,304 1, 666
Benefits paid (in millions) ™ _.._.........__. 7 $62 $58 $1,373 $1, 737
— weekly payment for total unemploy-

SR ER EN | #21. 63 $21. 43 £20. 66 $20.76 $20. 47
Public Assistance
Recipients (in thousands): |

Old-age assistance. _....................... 2,710 2, 723

Aid to dependent children:

) | SSS a eae ee 597 606
ae ee mcccwee 1, 533 1, 554 |

i ft Gree 97 7

Aid the permanently and totally dis-

CEE Ss. SEES AS ere 114 113

General assistance......................... 312 311
verage payments:

PPS cick bnnsccéucabisntstet $44. 54 £44.01

Aid to dependent children (per family) -..._. | 74. 84 73.96

le ikiianinindconesccou 47.76 47.01

Aid to the permanently and totally disabled _ _ 48.13 45. 56

General assistance... .............---..---- 46. 21 44. 96

1 Continental United States only. Estimated by
the Bureau of the Census, except as noted. Monthly
employment figures represent specific week and an-

nual figures, wens — unemployment insurance
data re t of week).
2 Estimated ae of Ola- -Age and Sur-

vivors Tneusenes. ‘Date for September and October
1951 not available.
3 Data from the poe of Employment Security,
De ment of La
ta from the Oitice of Business Economics, De-
Continen

oasteana of Commerce. tal United States,
except for employees’ income, which includes pay of
Federal civilian and military 1 in all areas.

personne! in
§ Civilian and military pay in cash and in kind,
other labor income — workmen’s compensa-
tion), mustering-out pay, terminal-leave pay, and
Government euutrtations to allowances for depend-
ited . Excludes employee con-
insurance and related

6 Payments to recipients under the 4 special public
assistance programs and general tance
7 Includes old-age and survivors insurance bene-
fits; railroad, Federal, State, and local Co
benefits; veterans’ and com ~ sey
men’s compensation; State and railroad poe bern
ment insurance and temporary disability benefits;
and readjustment allowances to veterans under the
Servicemen’s Read tment Act.
* Under the cemen’s Readjustment Act.
*Includes payments under the Government
anes, naenal service life ee a
tary and naval insurance 0
oe to a t organizations, business
d recoveries under the Em-
en ‘8 Mhbility bility’ het for railroad workers and

seamen
© Benefit in My yy ea status is subject to
no deduction or only to deduction of fixed amount
that i. ee the current SE ee age
1! Monthly amounts am 2
justed for volded benefit checks and benefit refunds.

Social Security

10

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ty

After Fifteen Years: A Report on Old-Age
and Survivors Insurance

by O. C.

The 15 years since the old-age and survivors insurance system
began operations have demonstrated that social insurance can
be successfully applied to meet American needs for protection
against the economic risks of death and old-age retirement in
modern life. Belief by Congress in the soundness of social in-
surance was strikingly reaffirmed in the enactment, by nearly
unanimous vote, of the 1950 amendments to the Social Security
Act. Mainly as a result of these amendments, old-age and sur-
vivors insurance is now more nearly equipped to do the job it
was meant to do, and is, in fact, beginning to do on a larger
scale. At the end of 15 years of operations, old-age and survivors
insurance has emerged as an important institution in American

life.

T THE end of 1951, about 4.4 mil-
Av persons! were receiving
monthly benefits under old-age
and survivors insurance. In this fif-
teenth year of the program’s opera-
tions, total benefits paid out amounted
to $1.9 billion. Of the total number of
beneficiaries on the rolls, 3.3 million
were aged 65 or over; 2.3 million were
drawing benefits as retired workers,
600,000 as wives of retired workers,
and 400,000 as widows, widowers, or
parents of deceased workers. At the
end of 1951, the aged beneficiaries
represented more than one-third of
the 8.7 million persons in the aged
population who were no longer re-
ceiving support from earnings. Dur-
ing the year the number of old-age
beneficiaries exceeded for the first
time the number of old-age assistance
recipients.

At the same time, old-age and sur-
vivors insurance was helping to meet
the problem of income maintenance
for widows and orphans who could
not count on current earnings for sup-
port. In December 1951 there were
about 2 million paternal orphans
under age 18 in the United States and
about 800,000 widows caring for young
children. Of these, about a half mil-
lion were working. Of the remaining

* Director, Bureau of Old-Age and Sur-
vivors Insurance.

* Year-end statistics in this report are
based on preliminary estimates.

Bulletin, January 1952

2.3 million, 1.0 million or approxi-
mately 45 percent were receiving
monthly survivor benefits under the
insurance program. In addition, 70,000
children under age 18 of old-age bene-
ficiaries were also receiving benefits.

The potential benefit protection for
the future that people are building for
themselves and their families when
they have employment under the in-
surance system is, of course, much
greater than can be measured by the
benefits now being paid out under the
program. At the beginning of 1952,
there were an estimated 85 million liv-
ing persons who had worked at jobs
within the coverage of the system at
some time since January 1937. Sixty-
two million of them were insured, and
of these, 23 million were permanently
insured—that is, retirement benefits
at age 65 or survivor benefits in case
of death could be paid on their records
even if they had no more work in
covered employment. The remaining
39 million were insured for survivor
benefits for at least a limited period of
time but would have to have additional
covered work in order to make their
insured status permanent.

In terms of life insurance protec-
tion, the total face value of survivor-
ship benefits underwritten by the sys-
tem at the start of 1952 is estimated
at about $200 billion. By the middle of
1952, when the new method of com-
puting a worker’s average monthly

POGGE*

wage becomes effective, this protec-
tion will be more than $240 billion. Of
the mothers and children in the United
States, 3 out of every 4 may receive
monthly survivor benefits if the bread-
winner should die.

As of December 1951, about 46 mil-
lion persons were engaged in work
covered by the insurance program,
representing about 77 percent of all
workers in civilian paid employment
in the continental United States. An
additional 9 percent were covered by
other public retirement systems—sys-
tems for Federal civilian employees,
State and local government employees,
and railroad employees. Only about
14 percent of the Nation’s paid civilian
workers have no coverage under any
public retirement system; these are
mainly farmers, self-employed pro-
fessional people, and farm and domes-
tic employees who are not working
regularly for one employer. Fifteen
years ago only a few workers had the
protection of any sort of organized
pension plan—probably less than 10
percent of the labor force. Today we
are approaching universal coverage
for this risk.

Monthly benefits under old-age and
survivors insurance, while modest in
amount, are an important source of
income to beneficiary families. In De-
cember 1951 the average benefit for a
retired worker with no dependents re-
ceiving benefits was $40.50. When the
worker and his wife both received
benefits, the average for the family
was $70.00. The benefit for an aged
widow was $36.00. Families made up
of a widowed mother and 2 children
received, on the average, about $91.00.
For most of the people who will come
on the rolls after the new benefit

2Under the 1951 amendments to the
Railroad Retirement Act, the earnings
from railroad employment of any em-
ployee who retires or dies with less than
10 years’ railroad service are credited
under old-age and survivors insurance.

rormula provided by the 1950 amend-
ments becomes effective, benefits will
be higher than those payable to people
now on the rolls. In the fiscal year
1953, for example, benefits awarded to
a retired worker and wife aged 65 or
over are expected to average close to
$95 a month; for a single worker, $60.

That old-age and survivors insur-
ance is furnishing social insurance
protection on an expanded and im-
proved scale today is, in the last anal-
ysis, a matter not only of legislation
but also administration—of ability to
deliver what the law promises. As
Karl de Schweinitz has put it: “Laws
and the rights and equities they es-
tablish are not self-operative. They
exist only if they are administratively
maintained.” * The administration of
@ program is the test of whether it
exists at all.

The chief administrative problem
peculiar to old-age and survivors in-
surance arises from the need to com-
bine large-scale account-keeping and
claims-payment operations and im-
partial administration of the law with
sympathetic and friendly service to
the individual. Dealings with claim-
ants are often at periods that are for
them times of acute personal distress
and major personal readjustments—
times when they are least able to deal
with impersonality and bigness. For
them the relationship with the field
office interviewer often represents
their entire contact with the program,
but back of this field office employee
stands an effective Nation-wide or-
ganization designed to meet the need
for personal service to each individual.

In the fiscal year ending June 30,
1952, the Bureau of Old-Age and Sur-
vivors Insurance expects to record ap-
proximately 225 million reports of
earnings to the appropriate social se-
curity accounts of more than 85 mil-
lion individuals; to process slightly
more than 1.5 million claims for bene-
fits; to authorize regular monthly pay-
ments to 4.5-5.0 million beneficiaries;
and to make more than 3.1 million
changes in the beneficiary rolls
(changes of address, suspensions or
terminations of benefits, and so on).

This job is being performed in 1952
by a staff (including those in Alaska,

* People and Process in Social Security,

American Council on Education, Wash-
ington, D. C., 1948, p. 76.

4

Hawaii and Puerto Rico) of about
14,000 employees located in six area
offices, the central administrative offi-
ces and accounting establishment in
Baltimore, 510 field offices, 2,859 itin-
erant stations, and 90 detached official
stations.

Although the administrative task is
one of considerable magnitude, the
total administrative costs, including
those of the Bureau of Internal Reve-
nue attributable to the program, rep-
resent only 2.4 percent of the esti-
mated contributions to be collected in
1952 and 4.5 percent of expected
claims payments.

The table presented on page 13 shows
the growth of the workload to this
point and gives other operational data.

How did the Bureau arrive at its
present administrative arrangements?
What are the problems with which it
has grappled over the last 15 years?
What has been learned from its suc-
cesses and failures over this period?

The operating history of the Bureau
can be divided conveniently into six
periods, each with its own distinctive
problems and accomplishments.

Laying the Groundwork
(1935-36)

The Social Security Act of 1935
broke new ground administratively, in
addition to setting up new programs.
No organization or procedures existed
to do the job outlined in title II of the
act, and there were no sure precedents
for action. From the very beginning it
was recognized that the magnitude
and newness of the administrative job
presented a major challenge. Opposi-
tion on the part of some who felt that
the program would not be adminis-
tratively feasible and that it would be
too costly underlined this challenge.

Since old-age benefits were to be
based on individual wages, the first
job was to establish a system for main-
taining a record of the wages each
worker received in employment under
the program. Specifications for ma-
chines and equipment that could per-
form this unprecedented task were
submitted to all the leading manufac-
turers. All these proposals were care-
fully analyzed and evaluated, and a
system involving the use of punch-
card accounting equipment was ac-
cepted as the most practical and eco-
nomical.

The Post. Office Department agreed
to perform the tremendous task - of
registering the millions of employees
and employers to whom account num.
bers and identification numbers would
have to be assigned at the outset. Sery.
ices to employers and employees were
provided by approximately 45,009
local post offices throughout the coun.
try. The Bureau of Old-Age and Sur.
vivors Insurance, which had no large
field organization at the time, planned
thereafter to carry the continuing task
of assigning new account numbers,

It was recognized from the start
that administration would have to be
considerably decentralized. After care-
ful studies, a plan of field organiza-
tion was outlined that provided for
the establishment of approximately
400 field offices throughout the Nation.
By December 1936, the location of
more than 100 of these offices had
been announced and 71 were already
in operation.

The need for an active public infor-
mation program was also recognized
at an early date. The first annual re-
port of the Social Security Board said,
“Sound research and able administra-
tion will be of little avail unless those
who are vitally affected by the Act
understand their rights, duties, and
obligations under it.” With the clos
cooperation of the Bureau of Internal
Revenue, special efforts were made
to reach employers and employee
through trade and labor, civic, vet
erans, and educational organizations.

In the meantime, the central or
ganization was being planned i
Washington to establish and maintain
wage records and to adjudicate the
claims for lump-sum benefits that
would begin to come in early in 1931.
Because space could not be found i
Washington, the record-keeping oper-
ations were located in the Candle
Building in Baltimore. Towards the
end of 1936, the Bureau started &
recruit and train the necessary staf
in Baltimore, where 2,400 persons él
tered on duty in November and De
cember 1936 and began the work af
establishing the records resulting from
the initial registration.

The Social Security Board was the
first agency of its size to start is
operations with almost all its em
ployees appointed under the classified
civil service; it could thus, from the

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beginning, plan for a career service
for its personnel. Because of employ-
ment conditions at that time, the
Board gave special consideration to
and was fortunate in recruiting men
and women who were not only fully
qualified to perform their current du-
ties but who possessed potentialities
for more responsible tasks. To promote
the efficiency of the staff and to give
them the necessary background for
further career service, a comprehen-
sive training and staff development
program was inaugurated.

By the end of 1936, the administra-
tive groundwork had been laid, mass
registration completed, staff recruited
and trained, basic procedures and or-
ganization developed, and operations
initiated for the tremendous task of
administering the Federal old-age
benefit program.

Getting Into Operation
(1937-39)

The task of establishing initial em-
ployee accounts and employer identifi-
cation numbers was completed by the
end of June 1937. As of that date, the
Bureau had received approximately
30.3 million applications for social se-
curity account numbers and about 2.5
million applications for employer
identification numbers. Staff and
equipment were available to handle
employers’ wage reports as they were
received from the collectors of inter-
nal revenue. Inevitably, in a new pro-
gram of this size, there were false
starts and adjustments. Much of the
story of the first 2 or 3 years can be
told in terms of the readjustments
arising from actual experience with
the new operations.

One of the first major changes made
was in the type of wage report pre-
pared by employers. For the calendar
year 1937, the wage reports were on a
semiannual basis. These reports con-
sisted of an individual slip for each
employee wage item and a covering
summary slip on which the employer
indicated the total wages and total
humber of employees covered by his
report and the amount of social se-
curity tax payable. It soon became
evident that the slips were costly to
handle, control, file, and refer to. Be-
fore the first period’s reports were
completely processed, the Bureau of
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance was

Bulletin, January 1952

already working with the Bureau of
Internal Revenue on a system of quar-
terly list reporting that became effec-
tive with the first quarter of 1938 and
is still being used.

Another early problem was whether
the wage records should be maintained
on a centralized or decentralized basis.
In line with the original intention to
decentralize operations as much as
possible, the wage- and account-num-
ber records in Baltimore were main-
tained on a regional basis with the idea
that they could be decentralized to the
12 regional offices of the Social Se-
curity Board. Because of the continu-
ous migration of workers from one
part of the country to another, how-
ever, and because most large employ-
ers paid their taxes and filed wage
reports centrally to cover their em-
ployees all over the country, it quickly
became clear that such decentraliza-
tion was impractical. It would have
meant the continual transfer of large
volumes of work between regions, a
tremendous amount of duplicate han-
dling, and special control records for
the work transferred. Early in 1939,
therefore, a central mechanical sec-
tion was set up that provided for a
unified series of operations for main-
tenance of all wage records. Subse-
quently, all the related files and rec-
ords were combined and centralized
and all similar functions in the re-
gional units were consolidated into
functional operating units. This basic
plan soon proved its validity and is
still in operation.

In the meantime, the Bureau began
to receive claims for lump-sum bene-
fits. More than 70,000 claims were re-
ceived in 1937. The first claims units
had also been set up on a regional
basis. With the decision not to decen-
tralize the wage records, however, the
claims units were also consolidated to
reduce record-keeping and expedite
mass handling of the adjudication
process.

Other difficulties had to be overcome
in pioneering the establishment of
the system for maintaining wage rec-
ords. One problem involved the re-
porting of wages by the employer
without the wage earner’s account
number or with an incorrect number.
In the first wage reports, filed by em-
ployers for the year 1937, almost 10
percent of the wage items lacked a

social security account number. Pro-
cedures had to be developed for per-
manently recording these items and
for determining the correct account
numbers. The percentage of items re-
ported without account numbers de-
creased to 3.5 percent for 1938 and to
2.5 percent for 1939. In recent years,
before the 1950 amendments, it had
stabilized at 1.0-1.5 percent. There has
been no decline, however, in the per-
centage of wage items reported by
employers with incorrect account
numbers or with names different from
the names appearing on the Bureau’s
records. The items have remained at
about 4 percent of the total, and the
work necessary to check these items,
identify the correct account numbers
or names, and credit the wages to the
proper accounts is a continuing part
of operations. To meet the problem,
the Bureau has developed a system of
educational contacts with employers
who fail to give correct information;
the importance of maintaining proper
records and of submitting correctly
prepared reports is explained, and the
employers are given help, whenever
possible, in solving their reporting
problems.

During 1937-39 the long-run success
of the wage-record system was assured
through the perfection of a system of
accounting controls and balancing
operations designed to ensure that the
millions of wage items and the bil-
lions of dollars in wages reported to
the Bureau would be accurately cred-
ited to the proper accounts.

Striking improvements in efficiency
were achieved by revising procedures
for posting wages to the individual
wage earners’ accounts. For the first
2 years, wages were summarized and
posted to the individual accounts only
after all the employers’ reports for
the calendar year had been processed.
For those end-of-the-year posting
operations, temporary employees were
hired, batteries of punch-card tabu-
lating equipment were rented, addi-
tional space acquired, and a round-
the-clock schedule of three shifts
established until the posting was com-
pleted. To obtain the administrative
advantages of a level flow of work
throughout the year, a plan was de-
vised for posting employees’ accounts
on a cyclical basis so that it would
become a continuous process using a

relatively stable number of men and
machines. The plan, which was placed
into operation in May 1940, is still in
use today.

While those developments were oc-
curring in Baltimore and Washington,
the Bureau’s field organization was
built up in line with the original plans.
By the end of 1937, there were 320
field offices in operation. As a result
of the decision not to decentralize the
records operations, a permanent home
was planned for all the Bureau’s cen-
tral operations and for the depart-
mental operations of the Social Se-
curity Board. The Social Security
Building that was finally constructed
in Washington has never been occu-
pied by the Bureau of Old-Age and
Survivors Insurance.

As the work of administering old-
age and survivors insurance increased,
the Bureau found it necessary to al-
most double its staff between June
1937 and June 1939; the field staff in-
creased from about 900 to 2,000 and
the departmental staff from about
2,800 to 5,000.

Because of the effectiveness with
which the Bureau assimilated the in-
creased workloads, the Social Security
Board recommended expansion of the
program in 1939, as indicated by the
following quotation from its fourth
annual report, for the fiscal year 1939:
“Progress in the handling of claims as
well as in the maintenance of wage
records made it feasible for the Board
to recommend that the old-age insur-
ance program go into full operation
two years earlier and on a much more
comprehensive basis than was con-
templated in the 1935 legislation.”

Growing Up—First Major
Program Changes (1939-41)

The 1939 amendments to the act
brought major changes in the Bu-
reau’s operations. The most important
effects, administratively, were the re-
sults of the provisions that established
benefit payments for dependents and
survivors of the wage earner and that
advanced the date for paying monthly
old-age benefits from January 1942 to
January 1940.

The first field activity relating to
claims under the 1939 amendments
was to notify, by letter, all persons
who had received lump-sum payments
at age 65 of their potential right to

monthly benefits under these new
provisions. Transcripts of the wage
records of workers who had attained
age 65 in 1937, 1938, 1939, and 1940
were forwarded to the appropriate
field offices, which could then advise
claimants of their possible eligibility
and handle claims promptly. This was
the same technique that was used on
subsequent occasions, notably after
enactment of the 1950 amendments,
to prevent loss of benefits by potential
claimants.

As far as possible, claims activities
were handled by the field offices in a
manner to permit at least one per-
sonal contact with the claimant. To
make service as accessible to claim-
ants as possible, the field offices were
supplemented by branch offices and
itinerant stations. Close attention was
given to problems of interviewing, in-
cluding those introduced by illiteracy
and language difficulties.

Monthly benefits in the first year of
operation under the amendments were
awarded to a quarter of a million per-
sons. These claims brought with them
a host of questions that had to be an-
swered before basic precedents, poli-
cies, and procedures could finally be
established. The case-study method
was used in special problem areas to
reach conclusions on the basis of ac-
tual experience: What, for example,
are the criteria to use in determining
whether a parent was wholly depend-
ent on and supported by the worker?
When does a widow have a child “in
her care”? Are tips and traveling ex-
penses “wages” in the meaning of the
act?

Coverage determinations that the
Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors In-
surance made for benefit purposes,
and that the Bureau of Internal Reve-
nue made for tax purposes, had to be
coordinated and were sometimes at
variance during this period. There was
a large twilight zone where it was diffi-
cult to determine whether individuals
were or were not employees. Attempts
to narrow this area were complicated
by lack of specific precedents and lack
of complete information. Resolution
of differences, however, proceeded
gradually.

Policies initially adopted to carry
out the 1939 amendments were tested
and refined as experience accumu-
lated, and a claims manual for the use

of operating personnel was issued as
the end product. This manual, in its
current edition, contains the Bureau's
basic instructions for the determina.
tion of entitlement to benefits and for
the processing and payment of claims,

At this point in the Bureau’s history,
the central office in Washington was
adjudicating claims and certifying
them to the Treasury Department for
payment. Under the provisions of the
1935 act, this task was relatively
simple; all that was required was a
one-time authorization to the Treas.
ury Department to pay a lump sum to
the person entitled. The 1939 amend-
ments magnified and complicated the
task manyfold. One-time notices to
the disbursing offices of the Treasury
Department for lump-sum death pay-
ments continued, but in addition
the Bureau now had to authorize re-
curring monthly benefits and had to
process terminations and temporary
suspensions because of such factors as
return to work. A basic method had te
be devised to make information avail-
able at all times as to which of the
persons entitled to monthly benefits
should receive them for a particular
month. Moreover, controls had to be
established in the wage-record opera-
tion that would enable the Bureau to
note any beneficiaries who failed to
report that they were earning wages
in excess of $14.99 a month (the
amount that would cause a benefit to
be suspended) , so that wage investiga-
tions could be started.

The growth of the recertification
activity immediately following the
1939 amendments is indicated by the
fact that at the end of the fiscal year
1941 a total of 372,300 benefits,
amounting to approximately $6,815,000
a month, were in force.

To administer the new monthly
benefits, a punch card was developed
for following the payment status of
each individual on the rolls. In the
area offices, these “payee cards” now
ensure timely and accurate recertifi-
cation each month of nearly 4.5 mik-
lion benefit payments totaling about
$150 million. They have made it pos-
sible to prepare a monthly statement
showing the activity of the beneficiary
rolls and to balance this statement
against external controls within a few
days after the end of the month. i
addition, these payee cards constitute

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a valuable source of data for analyti-
cal studies and for work-load estimat-

ing.

Careful scheduling of work with the
Treasury Department was and is nec-
essary. Despite the volume of benefit
payments and the many changes oc-
curring each month, operations be-
tween the two organizations have been
synchronized so well that balancing
between a listing of the regular
monthly benefit checks printed by the
disbursing office and the Bureau’s
payee cards has been made quite
simple.

Another problem arising from the
1939 amendments concerned the type
of record that should be kept of pay-
ments made to each beneficiary. Usual
accounting methods suggested a ledger
account for each individual on the
rolls. This system was considered care-
fully and experimented with but was
finally rejected, since it was evident
that, as the benefit rolls grew, hun-
dreds of clerks would be needed just
to maintain individual accounts. Still,
it was essential to have some method
that would permit rapid reconstruc-
tion of each beneficiary’s payment
history when necessary. The problem
was solved when it was decided to use
the claims-folder system, with a folder
set up for each account. Copies of all
actions affecting payments—award
and resumption of award forms, no-
tices of suspensions and terminations,
notices of returned checks, and the
like—are filed systematically in the
claims folder. By going through the
folder it is possible to reconstruct
the payment history of any beneficiary
within a matter of minutes.

During the years immediately fol-
lowing the 1939 amendments a num-
ber of management techniques were
established that, though subject to
later improvements, have remained as
basic elements in the Bureau’s admin-
istrative concepts and practices. One
was emphasis on operating goals as
measurements of progress and per-
formance. Another was the develop-
ment in 1941 and 1942 of a functional
budget with estimated requirements
directly related to activities to be per-
formed. The responsibility for initial
estimating and for subsequent budget
execution was placed as closely as pos-
sible to the organizational level per-
forming the work. A formal work

Bulletin, January 1952

planning-reporting system was still
another administrative development.
This system provides a regular method
for supervisory leadership and for
participation at all levels in the de-
velopment of operating objectives and
plans. A program of periodic narra-
tive reporting was used to keep the
administrative offices informed of
current operations.

In these years, the emphasis in oper-
ations had turned sharply from regis-
tration and maintenance of records to
the receipt, processing, and recertifi-
cation of claims. A sound administra-
tive basis was established that was
immediately tested by the difficulties
of the war years.

The War Years (1941-46)

Shortly after the declaration of war,
President Roosevelt announced that a
number of agencies—including that
part of the Bureau of Old-Age and
Survivors Insurance in Washington—
would be moved to make office space
and housing available in Washington
to war agencies and their employees.

The personnel problem thus created
threatened the effective administra-
tion of the Bureau’s program.

After considering such factors as
the immediate availability of office
space and housing for employees, the
presence of Treasury Department dis-
bursing office facilities, and the loca-
tion of various cities in relation to the
national claims load, a decision was
made to relocate the claims activities
in five cities—New York, Philadelphia,
Chicago, New Orleans, and San Fran-
cisco. The central administrative staff
was shifted to Baltimore (the home of
the Division of Accounting Operations
since the beginning of the program).

The relocation of more than 1,500
employees and the Bureau's equip-
ment and records was accomplished
without a major “hitch,” and the more
than 500,000 beneficiaries then on the
rolis continued to receive their benefit
checks on time.

During the same period another sig-
nificant organizational determination
was made. After a “trial run,” au-
thority was delegated to field office
personnel to make initial determina-
tions of the rights of claimants to re-
ceive benefits. Previously, both the ini-
tial determination of entitlement and
a review had been made centrally.

At this point the development of the
keystones in the present organiza-
tional structure of the Bureau was
completed—central administrative of-
fices and the records office.in Balti-
more; field offices throughout the
country to receive, develop, and ad-
judicate claims; and area offices to
review claims adjudications and to
certify and recertify claims to the
Treasury Department disbursing offi-
ces for payment.

The Bureau’s administrative history
during the 4 years following the for-
mal declaration of war was character-
ized by labor shortages, high turn-over
among personnel, and the use of every
kind of short cut to keep up with the
workloads. Although working hours
were increased from 39 to 44 in Janu-
ary of 1942 and from 44 to 48 a year
later, the manpower problem re-
mained acute. The Bureau was au-
thorized at this time to do its own
hiring within the framework of Civil
Service Commission and War Man-
power Commission regulations. Never-
theless, the supply of manpower was
still inadequate. Replacements, in
most instances, were less qualified
than the employees they replaced.

With the onset of war the Bu-
reau took action on a number of
economy steps that had already been
under consideration as a result of ex-
perience in the first years of opera-
tion. Among them was the elimination,
with resulting substantial savings, of
a large alphabetic file containing a
typed copy of the information on all
applications for account numbers.
Studies had indicated that the prin-
cipal uses of this file—to assist in iden-
tifying wage earners who had lost
their account number cards and to aid
in the investigation and correction of
improperly reported wage items—did
not warrant the cost of maintaining it
in addition to the other available
sources of information.

By the end of 1942 it became appar-
ent that additional steps would have
to be taken to streamline the Bureau’s
work. President Roosevelt’s letter of
December 22, 1942, to the heads of all
departments and agencies set the
framework for the Bureau’s appraisal
of activities. In part, the President
stated: “Many activities, desirable in
peace time, must be eliminated, pro-
vided only that such eliminations do

not result in permanent harm to the
future health and security of our in-
dividual citizens; many services must
be provided at a reduced standard; all
agencies—military and civilian—must
take all necessary measures to organ-
ize their work for maximum effici-
ency.”

Late in 1942 and early in 1943 the
Bureau undertook a reappraisal of all
its activities known as the “Why Sur-
vey.”* The survey utilized the Job
Methods Training course of the War
Manpower Commission and a Bureau-
wide suggestion system. Over a period
of about 6 months, 57 areas of activity
were subjected to detailed study. Of
6,600 suggestions received from 2,400
employees, a total of 1,800 from 1,000
employees were put into effect imme-
diately. Another 250 acceptable sug-
gestions related to printed forms and
were carried out as the forms were
reordered. It has been estimated that
this Bureau-wide appraisal resulted in
eventual savings of at least 1,500 posi-
tions. The employee suggestion system,
which is now on a permanent basis,
has proved of great importance in the
Bureau’s continued appraisal of its
activities. The Bureau also employed
the Job Relation Training and Job In-
structor Training courses and other
training methods to use the available
manpower most efficiently and to
counter the effects of employee losses.

The number of beneficiaries on the
rolls continued to grow steadily, as did
the work involved in maintaining the
rolls. The work in maintaining ac-
counts of employee earnings increased
sharply because of the high level of
wartime employment and labor turn-
over. In spite of scarcities, the Bu-
reau’s wartime job became larger be-
cause of economic and program fac-
tors beyond its control.

At about this time a radical step was
taken. If employees could not be per-
suaded to come to Baltimore to work,
it would be necessary to take the work
to employees. Large blocks of work in
the processing of employee earnings
items were sent to the Philadelphia,
Chicago, and New Orleans area offices
and to a new branch accounting office
set up in Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Wilkes-
Barre was selected because it was a

*See the Bulletin, March 1944, pp.
23-24.

noncritical labor supply area; because
labor-market conditions there have
remained good, operations have not
only been continued but have been ex-
panded. The shift of work to the area
offices, however, did not offer a per-
manent solution to the Bureau’s man-
power problem. At the end of the war,
this work was transferred back to the
Division of Accounting Operations.

In addition to carrying on its own
function effectively in the face of these
wartime difficulties, the Bureau made
several direct contributions to the na-
tional war effort. Its field staff carried
out a number of compliance surveys
for the War Production Board, and it
provided war agencies with statistical
data derived from the Bureau’s wage
record operations.

The Bureau participated with other
constituents of the Federal Security
Agency in administering an emer-
gency program for civilians affected
by enemy action. The Bureau’s role
was to provide cash payments to de-
pendents of workers captured by the
enemy on Wake Island, Guam, and
other outlying war bases, repatriated
civilians from the Philippine Islands
who were disabled as a result of enemy
action, as well as dependents of those
who were killed, disabled civilians,
and survivors of those who were killed
in the performance of official protec-
tive services such as the Civil Air Pa-
trol, civil defense, and Aircraft Warn-
ing Service. Shortly after the war
ended, this program was transferred
to the Bureau of Employees’ Compen-
sation, now in the Department of
Labor. Slightly more than $1 million
had been paid in benefits by the Bu-
reau of Old-Age and Survivors Insur-
ance.

Postwar Readjustment
(1946-50)

The 1946 amendments to the So-
cial Security Act included provisions
for retroactive protection for survivors
of World War II veterans who died
within 3 years after their discharge
from the Armed Forces. This provi-
sion increased the Bureau’s workloads,
required the preparation of special
procedures for processing veterans’
cases, and set in motion extensive co-
ordination with the Veterans Admin-
istration and the Armed Forces to
verify service records and obtain

proofs. The enactment of the Railroaq
Retirement Act Amendments of 194§
also had considerable impact on the
Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors In-
surance, since railroad earnings were
to be credited toward survivor benefits
payable under the Social Security Act,
Coordination of the records of the two
systems and cross-referring of ac-
counts involved new workloads and
the exchange of wage-record and ac-
count-number information between
the Railroad Retirement Board and
the Bureau.

Major staff adjustments during the
immediate postwar period resulted
from the return of veterans and war
transferees with reemployment rights.
Placement of thousands of returning
employees and reassignment of tem-
porary incumbents with due regard
for their rights and for principles of
fair play constituted a real achieve-
ment. A vigorous training program
facilitated the reorientation of both
returned and reassigned employees,
Within a year a return to peacetime
standards had been accomplished.

Another development of the post-
war period was the transfer to the
Bureau of the responsibility for cer-
tain administrative jobs previously
performed as staff functions in the
Social Security Administration. On
the basis of studies made by the Ad-
ministration, the property manage-
ment and procurement functions and
personnel engaged in this work were
shifted in 1947 to some of the constitu-
ent bureaus. In quick succession, the
administrative accounting and audit-
ing function and staff, and increased
responsibility for classification, pay-
roll, and informational work were
delegated to the Bureau level. Other
changes of less significance wer~ made,
all with the same purpose of fixing
authority and accountability at the
most appropriate level.

The distribution to the area offices
of workloads, which are allocated by
account-number series, was revised in
1946 and 1947 to reflect the changing
geographical distribution of the claims
load. The New Orleans area office was
closed, and new offices were estab-
lished in Kansas City and in Birming-
ham. The number of area offices and
the locations have not been altered
since 1947.

Operations in the fiscal year 1948

Social Security

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& § ZEEEZEBSSa EERRSSRFSSSESEOEESTS FREtaaPeeeaRE BBY aLSHES

were, for the first time, financed out
of a single appropriation made to the
Bureau. This realignment in the ap-
propriation structure had the effect
of relating, as directly and as clearly
as possible within the existing organi-
zational pattern, the costs of adminis-
tration with the job to be done in
carrying out the old-age and survivors
insurance program. This change con-
tributed to simplicity in preparation,
presentation, and justification of the
Bureau’s budget.

Several major improvements in job
methods were made during this period.
When wage records were first set up,
for example, individual ledger sheets
that had been established for all wage
earners were posted and balanced an-
nually. A new procedure eliminated
the use of individual ledger sheets. In-
stead, a continuous listing is now pre-
pared each year, by electrical account-
ing machine, using the annual sum-
mary and detail earnings punch cards.
Aseparate listing is run for each 1,000
accounts, showing wages reported dur-
ing four calendar quarters, as well as
cumulative information on wages,
quarters of coverage, and so on. The
listings are microfilmed. The micro-
film, which represents the basic wage-
record reference, is spliced to the
microfilm for preceding years for the
same 1,000 accounts. It is estimated
that this plan saves approximately
$500,000 a year.

Under a simplified procedure, all
employer wage reports that consist of
a single page—about 80 percent of the
total—are microfilmed and destroyed
immediately after being processed. In
addition to effecting substantial sav-
ings in manpower, this procedure re-
leases enough filing equipment and
space to relieve the pressure brought
about by the great volume of reports
received under the expanded program.

More efficient operation resulted
when the manual preparation of cor-
respondence by the collectors of inter-
nal revenue on wage items reported
without an account number was re-
placed by the mechanical preparation
of correspondence in the Division of
Accounting Operations. This change
produced substantial savings in the
collectors’ offices, less handling of in-
complete item cases in the old-age and
survivors insurance field offices, and
earlier receipt of wage reports by the

Bulletin, January 1952

Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors In-
surance for processing.

Another plan transferred the func-
tion of assigning employer identifica-
tion numbers to the collectors of in-
ternal revenue. The plan resulted in
estimated savings for the Bureau of
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance of
$93,000 a year, without appreciably
increasing the costs in the Bureau of
Internal Revenue, where certain oper-
ations relating to the function were
already being performed.

The cost of recertifying monthly
benefit payments to the disbursing
offices was reduced by “freezing” the
file of payee cards, except for deletions,
for 6 months at a time. By keeping
the file relatively stable, problems of
balancing and filing are greatly re-
duced.

The Program Comes of Age
(1950-51)

The 1950 amendments to the old-
age and survivors insurance program
imposed an obligation on the Bureau
for efficient, swift, and accurate ad-
ministrative action to accomplish the
social objectives of the new legislation.
First, more than 3 million persons on
the monthly beneficiary rolls on Sep-
tember 1, 1950, were immediately en-
titled to increased benefit amounts.
Second, almost 700,000 persons, who
had not been able to qualify pre-
viously, became immediately eligible
for benefits. Finally, the new coverage
provisions brought an additional 10
million jobs under the program, and
old-age and survivors insurance wage
credits were provided for the World
War II service of 16 million veterans.
This new coverage was not to become
effective until the beginning of 1951,
but immediate preparation was neces-
sary.

Before the amendments were passed,
advance planning was carried as far
as possible. Training programs were
planned to utilize the maximum skills
of persons already on duty and to
get new employees into production
quickly. Work-flow adaptations and
procedural adjustments were prepared
while the amendments were taking
form. An extensive information pro-
gram was planned to ensure that the
public and potential beneficiaries
would understand their rights, bene-
fits, and responsibilities. These pre-

liminaries, with the support of ex-
perienced personnel, made it possible
to keep staff increases at a level just
sufficient to meet long-term workload
increases. The Bureau, instead of hir-
ing temporary employees, shifted
regular employees from one operation
to another as peak loads occurred,
and overtime was used extensively.

The first administrative task was to
increase benefits to the new amounts
in time to meet the mailing schedule
of October 3, 1950, for the September
benefit checks. Immediately after the
amendments became law, postcards
were sent to about 3 million beneficia-
ries informing them of the date when
they would receive checks in the
higher amounts. This action was taken
to acquaint beneficiaries with what
they might expect under the new law
and to prevent the field and area offi-
ces from being swamped with in-
quiries. With the cooperation of the
disbursing offices of the Treasury De-
partment, all checks in the new
amounts were in the mails by October
3, just 36 days after the new law was
signed.

Meanwhile, principally because of
liberalized eligibility requirements, the
claims load increased rapidly. Before
the amendments about 250,000 claims
were received each quarter. After the
new provisions were adopted, this fig-
ure doubled; for short periods, more-
over, the Bureau received and proc-
essed a claims load four times as
heavy as the previous normal load.

A key measurement of efficiency in
the claims operation is the elapsed
time from the filing of the claim to
final award of benefits or disallowance
action. With the initial upward surge
in claims, processing time for develop-
ment, adjudication, review, and cer-
tification began to increase, and by
January 1951 about 50 calendar days
were required. By the following June,
processing time had been reduced to
about 27 calendar days—close to the
average in the pre-amendment period.

The work of registering newly cov-
ered employees and employers—the
first major task under coverage exten-
sion—gained momentum in December
1950; the registrations remained at a
high level through the rest of the fis-
cal year. Employer registrations in-
creased by more than 150 percent over
those in the preceding fiscal year, and

9

about 80 percent more employee ac-
counts were established. These work-
loads were processed without the
accumulation of backlogs.

Staff work entailed by the new cov-
erage presented very real challenges.
Forms and procedures, for example,
for the use of nonprofit organizations
had to be developed by January 1,
1951. Questions of interpretation of
the law had to be settled so that States
could receive guidance in framing
legislation and negotiating coverage
agreements to meet the requirements
of Federal legislation. Because the
newly covered self-employed persons
would not report their covered income
for 1951 until 1952, the need for devis-
ing forms and procedures in this area
was not so pressing as for newly cov-
ered employees. Since, however, the
retirement test of the program was
applied to covered self-employment
beginning in January 1951, it was
necessary to inform beneficiaries of
this fact and to work out procedures
that would permit benefits to be sus-
pended currently when a beneficiary
was currently engaged in covered self-
employment. In addition, Bureau staff
worked closely with the Bureau of In-
ternal Revenue in developing regula-
tions and uniform coverage determi-
nations for the self-employed. An
information booklet with a tear-off
coupon to register household em-
ployers was prepared and widely dis-
tributed. A tax-return form of the
envelope type was developed in co-
operation with the Bureau of Internal
Revenue to simplify tax and wage re-
porting for the housewife. Informa-
tion on procedures and on definitions
of rights and obligations was distrib-
uted to farm people with the coopera-
tion of the Department of Agriculture.
Claims policy determinations were
made on numerous points in the new
coverage fields.

Growing out of the amendments are
two additional improvements in ad-
ministration. In most cases it is no
longer necessary to secure from an
employer a special statement of recent
wages that have not yet been reported
to the collector of internal revenue,
and plans are now being put into effect
for a combined benefit check to all
children in a single family unit in-
stead of separate checks for each child.

A number of factors can be used in

10

evaluating administration during this
period of major change. Monthly
benefits were awarded in the fiscal
year 1951 to 1.4 million persons, more
than double the previous record high.
Beneficiaries on the rolls at the end of
June 1951 numbered 4.4 million—1.1
million more than at the end of June
1950. The total cost incurred by the
Federal Security Agency in adminis-
tering the old-age and survivors insur-
ance program in the fiscal year was
about $55 million, as compared with
$43 million in the preceding fiscal year.
The 1951 total was only about 2.6 times
the amount expended in the fiscal year
1941, although the volume of work
had tripled and soaring prices had
tremendously increased operating
costs. The rise in the Bureau’s compo-
site workload was roughly 47 percent
during the year, while the number of
manhours worked, including overtime,
increased by only about 20 percent.
In this period, 47 employees were han-
dling the amount of work that had
required 100 persons in 1941.

Challenge of Administration

Victory over size is probably the
distinguishing feature of administra-
tive accomplishment under the old-
age and survivors insurance system.
A workable, wage-related benefit sys-
tem would probably not have been
possible had it not been for the Na-
tion’s talent for the adaptation of
mass-production methods and ma-
chines to all types of enterprise, even
to the setting up of social security ac-
counts. The social security system in
this country owes a vast debt to Amer-
ican mechanical genius, which intro-
duced industrial production methods
into office operations.

The recent introduction of elec-
tronic computers has made possible
the rapid mechanical calculation of
benefit amounts from punch cards
containing wage-record information.
In line with its continuous study of
methods and operations, the Bureau
is following closely the development of
other types of high-speed electronic
machines that are potentially capable
of accumulating and storing masses
of details and rearranging and tabu-
lating information with lightning
speed.

In the final analysis, of course, the
interest of the Bureau is not simply

in smooth operations for their own
sake. Essentially it is a matter of ful.
filling obligations to beneficiaries of
the program, who are entitled to an
efficient system operated at the lowest
possible cost.

As old-age and survivors insurance
becomes a more and more important
source of income for greater numbers
of older persons, widows, and orphans,
the Bureau is frequently the main con-
tact these people have with any Govy-
ernment program. Sympathetic and
friendly service has always been the
aim of the hundreds of social security
field offices in local communities al]
over the country. The new size and
importance of the program, however,
bring heightened challenges in the
area of human relationships.

Attainment of the continuing goals
of efficient, courteous, and enlight-
ened administration depends on the
men and women who are operating the
system. Continuing improvements in
the quality of service depend in large
part upon continuing development of
personnel. The Bureau has sought this
development through stressing op-
portunity for career service in the
social security program. Employees
have been selected with a view to their
potentialities for growth. Training
courses have been designed to provide
not only technical training for imme-
diate responsibilities but also broader
orientation in the meaning and objec-
tives of social security.

Service to the public has also been
based on the concept that a sound
program of public reporting is one
function of efficient administration. In
recommending a broad informational
program on the new amendments, the
Advisory Council on Social Security to
the Senate Committee on Finance re-
ported in 1949:

Under old-age and survivors insur-
ance, contributors have established an
equity in the trust fund. The Govern-
ment as trustee has an obligation to
inform the beneficiaries of their rights.
The reporting and tax provisions as
well as the benefit provisions will affect
millions heretofore outside the scope
of the law; unless they are fully in-
formed of the duties they must now
assume, records will be incomplete and
the resulting confusion may tend to
defeat the purpose of the extended
protection. No social-security program

Social Security

PSREBR AE

ir-

ts.

BASaaT SSE

TRPSRERST ERS SST SARBEITAATFT PASS S25R7TS

can be effective unless those who are
entitled to participate know their
rights and obligations.

Providing the public with full infor-
mation on their rights and responsi-
bilities under old-age and survivors
insurance is necessary to economical
and efficient operation of the law, and
has been a basic administrative re-
sponsibility of the field offices. Further,
the Bureau’s reporting program in-
cludes publication of claims statistics
and administrative reports to Con-
gress and the public, as well as statis-
tical data collected in the processing
of wage and employment reports.
These latter statistics, developed for
use in administering the program and
in public consideration of program
changes, give a valuable picture of the
workings of the Nation’s industrial
and commercial economy. They are
made available, often in cooperation
with other Federal agencies, for the
general use of Government, industry,
labor, and other public and private
users.

The legislative changes in the pro-
gram over the past 15 years, while
accomplishing much toward improv-
ing the program and bringing it closer
to the goal of basic retirement and
survivorship protection for all work-
ers, have resulted in some program
provisions that may be unnecessarily
complicated. This situation was in-
evitable, since the amendments are not
only the result of compromise between
the positions of many varying groups
but also reflect attempts to preserve
the equities of persons who have al-
ready established rights under the
program. Program modifications look-
ing toward simpler, more effective
administration are now a major legis-
lative goal.

The program changes that still re-
main to be made present significant
challenges to administration. Admin-
istrative planning must accompany
program planning in such areas as
extension of coverage to groups still
unprotected, extension of the program
to persons covered under other retire-
ment systems, protection against dis-
ability, and changes in the benefit rate.

Challenge of Benefit Adequacy

Since 1941 the Bureau of Old-Age
and Survivors Insurance has con-

Bulletin, January 1952

ducted surveys of small samples of
beneficiaries to determine the signifi-
cance and effectiveness of the program
in meeting their needs. In November
and December 1951, the Bureau con-
ducted the first Nation-wide survey of
some 20,000 aged beneficiaries and
their dependents to ascertain how they
were currently getting along. Prelimi-
nary results from this survey will be
available in the spring of 1952.

According to the most recent of the
published surveys (Philadelphia and
Baltimore, 1949) only about 1 in every
5 aged beneficiary couples had, besides
their old-age insurance benefits, addi-
tional permanent income amounting
to as much as $600 during the year.’
For one-third of the couples, old-age
insurance benefits were the sole
sources of permanent income. Without
the insurance benefits, only 1 couple
in 8 would have had as much as $75 a
month in retirement income; only 1 in
every 12 would have had as much as
$100. With their benefits, probably
half these retired couples now have an
assured income of $75 a month, and
more than one-fourth probably have
$100.

Two-thirds of the families of widows
and children included in the survey
had no permanent income other than
their benefits. In families where the
widows were not at work, only 1 in
every 10 would have had $75 a month
or more without their benefits. With
the benefits, 6 in every 10 families
probably now have as much as $75 a
month.

Establishing and maintaining rea-
sonable adequacy in benefit amounts
remain the most serious challenge to
the effective operation of the insur-
ance system. Because thé program was
established on a conservative basis,
the level of benefits as originally es-
tablished in 1939 was probably too low.
The rapid increase in both price and
wage levels during the war and post-
war period resulted in even greater
inadequacy. Thus the first 15 years’
program experience has_ sharply
pointed up one of the permanent prob-
lems in pension planning—how to keep
benefit levels reasonably in line with
current economic conditions.

5’ Retirement pay from former employer,
veteran’s pensions, union pensions, pri-
vately purchased annuities, and income
from assets.

Between 1939, just before monthly
benefits first became -payable under
the program, and ‘August 1950, when
the recent amendments were enacted,
the consumer price index rose by 70
percent. Wage earnings of covered
workers also advanced rapidly. In
1939, median covered earnings of
workers employed under the program
amounted to $716. In 1949, the median
had reached $1,850, more than 150
percent above the level 10 years
earlier. At the same time, the average
old-age (primary) insurance benefit
had risen by less than 12 percent, from
$22.60 in December 1940 to $26.30 in
June 1950. The average old-age insur-
ance beneficiary newly coming on the
rolls in June 1950 received $29.03, only
30 percent more than the $22.30
awarded to primary beneficiaries in
December 1940.

Benefits in June 1950 were clearly
out of line in relation to both price
and wage levels. The purchasing power
of the average benefit had been dras-
tically reduced since 1940. Moreover,
the man who retired in 1950 was ,
receiving a benefit representing a
smaller proportion of his current
money wage loss than the man retir-
ing in 1940. For those coming on the
rolis in 1950, the lag of benefits in
relation to current price and wage
levels resulted from three main fac-
tors: (1) the average wage on which
benefits were based included past
years in which wages generally had
been at lower levels, (2) the benefit
formula provided only a 10-percent
replacement of average monthly wage
beyond the first $50, and (3) no re-
placement was provided on earnings
in excess of $3,000 in a year ($250 a
month). For beneficiaries who had
become entitled to benefits in the
earlier years of the program there had
been, by and large, no change in rates
since entitlement. Their benefits were
generally fixed at the time of their
retirement.

The 1950 legislation contained im-
portant remedial amendments. Under
the new law the average wage for
workers with approximately 1% years’
work after December 31, 1950, may be
computed over the period beginning
with that date. Thus, for the next sev-
eral years at least, workers will be hav-
ing their benefits computed on a cur-
rent basis. The new formula permits

11

a 50-percent replacement of the first
$100 of average wage and 15 percent of
the next $200. Earnings up to $3,600
a year instead of only $3,000 may be
credited toward social security bene-
fits. Finally, a substantial adjustment
was made in the rates of beneficiaries
who had become entitled before the
amendments.

Nevertheless the 1950 amendments
have not permanently solved the prob-
lem of keeping benefit rates up to date.
We know that over the long run the
trend of wages, prices, and the stand-
ard of living has been upward. Under
such circumstances a person who
starts contributing in his twenties
toward a retirement benefit to be paid
at age 65 will find, when he reaches
65, that the money benefit he looked
forward to in his younger years is
quite inadequate to do the job he had
expected it to do. This situation results
not merely from the fact that prices
may have risen; just as important is
the fact that a general rise in stand-
ards of living will have occurred. Pen-
sions must not only keep pace with
rising prices but must take account of
improvements in the standards of liv-
ing current at the time of retirement.

Since annual earnings of more than
$3,600 are not included in the benefit
computation, the ratio of benefits to
earnings is considerably less for
higher-paid workers than for low-
paid workers. For example, benefits
amounting to a 20-percent replace-
ment of his monthly wage are payable
to a $4,800 worker if he is entitled
only to a retirement benefit for him-
self, and to a 30-percent replacement
if his wife is also entitled. Similarly,
the benefit replacement for a $6,000
earner is 16-24 percent of his work
income. The worker who averages only
$1,200 a year, however, receives a 50-75
percent replacement.

As wages rise generally, the dollar
definition of lower- and higher-paid
workers becomes outmoded. If a “low
wage” man miay be represented today
as one earning $100 a month or less,
tomorrow he may be the man earning
$150 or less. Similarly today’s “high”
earner, the $300-a-month man, may
give way to the $400 or $500-a-month
man. Rising wage levels, then, will
have to be accompanied by corre-
sponding changes in the bases on
which benefit amounts are computed.

12

Increases will be necessary both in the
present $100 limit, at which a 50-per-
cent replacement is made, and in the
$3,600 annual maximum on earnings
included in the computation.

Moreover, since the benefit should
reflect the worker’s customary level
of income at the time he retires, the
use of an average over a working life-
time, as provided under the present
law, has proved to be unsuitable. Earn-
ings in early working years are gen-
erally lower than those in later life,
both because the youthful worker has
not attained his ‘ull earning power
and because wage levels generally may
have been lower. A more realistic base
for the average monthly wage compu-
tation would be a limited period—say
5 or 10 years—of full-time wages, oc-
curring near the time of entitlement.
An appropriate period might well be
the worker’s 5 or 10 consecutive years
of highest earnings. This period is
likely to be in the later years of work-
ing life, and the “best” years will in
most cases represent full-time employ-
ment. The best years are perhaps
preferable to the most recent years
before retirement age, because the
worker thus has better protection
against an arbitrary reduction in the
benefit on account of irregularity in
employment just before retirement.

Finally, even though the benefit is
computed so that it reflects current
economic conditions at the time the
individual retires, there is the problem
of economic changes while he is in
receipt of his benefit. Benefit amounts
for those on the rolls need to be ad-
justed during the period of receipt to
bring them into line with rises in
prices.

It is important to recognize that,
because contributions are set not at
a fixed sum but as a percentage of
covered earnings, the financing provi-
sions of the act allow for liberaliza-
tion of benefits as wages rise. The total
income to the system increases as
wages go up, and under the present
benefit provisions the resulting addi-
tional income will more than offset
any increase in benefit disbursements.
This fact was recognized in both con-
gressional reports on the 1950 amend-
ments and has been demonstrated in
the program’s history. Because of the
rise in wages over the 15-year period
and the consequent higher level of in-

come to the system, it was possible to
set contribution rates in the 1959
amendments at about the level origi-
nally contemplated under the 1935 act,
despite the much higher benefit rates
provided by the amendments. Simi-
larly, because wage levels are now
about 20 to 25 percent higher than in
1947—the level on which the actu-
arial estimates for the 1950 amend-
ments were based—benefits can now
be raised from 12 to 15 percent with-
out increasing the contributions
scheduled.

The ability of the social insurance
system to adjust to changes in eco-
nomic conditions is an important de-
terminant of how well it can fulfill
its function of providing basic protec-
tion to the workers covered under it.
If its benefits do not keep pace, there
remains a larger job for public as-
sistance and for supplementary pri-
vate pension plans. We have already
seen what happened before the enact-
ment of the 1950 amendments. Old-
age assistance payments, which in De-
cember 1940 had averaged $20.26 or
slightly less than the average old-age
insurance benefit of $22.60, had risen
by June 1950 to $43.85, while the old-
age insurance benefit had increased to
only $26.30. To a considerable extent,
labor’s postwar pension drive was
motivated by the inadequacy of the
old-age and survivors insurance pay-
ments. While industry pensions can
provide valuable supplementary pro-
tection, they are inherently not suited
to do more than that.

Challenge of Coverage

A second major problem from the
beginning has been the question of
whether the program could, in actual
practice be expected to cover all types
of employment, or whether the limita-
tion of partial coverage was to remain.
The difficulties of tax payments and
income reporting for some groups, it
was first thought, would make it diffi-
cult to achieve a truly universal sys-
tem. The 1950 amendments have now
brought the goal of universal cover-
age in sight. Groups that seemed to
present special problems have recently
been brought under the system—the
self-employed, employees of nonprofit
organizations, a considerable propor-
tion of State and local government
employees, and a sizable group of farm

Social Security

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Fifteen years’ operation of the old-age and survivors insurance program,

selected data
{In thousands]
Em- Bene-
ployee Em- Number
Fiscal {accounts| ployer | Earnings; Claims — Chonan Benefit | Admin- of
year | estab- | numbers! items for rolls fici pay- istrative | Bureau
{ lished | assigned | received | benefits etend ef rolls ments costs 3 em-
(cumu- (cumu- aan ployees
ative) ative) y
ae 30, 296 ee ee 10 (®) (®) $27 (8 3.7
Ss i. awe bir 40, 361 (*) 97, 681 172 (5) (5) 5, 404 6 6.9
1939. - 45, 920 2, 739 117, 447 218 (5) (5) 13, 892 6 7.0
TR. ieee 61,390 2, 981 125, 098 103 (‘) 15, 805 ) 8.9
I 67, 494 | 3,343 134, 561 422 372 230 64,342 | $21, 467 9.4
a 64, 150 3, 746 157, 974 426 596 429 110, 281 20, 535 9.8
Diwerecces 72, 338 4, 103 180, 174 432 796 609 149, 304 20, 539 8.7
oa eee 78, 250 4, 422 196, 298 507 998, 650 184, 597 25, 316 8.4
82, 229 4, 788 170, 903 697 1, 285 772 | 239,834 19, 600 9.0
85, 182 5,311 170, 525 879 1,701 1,040 | 320,510 28, 478 9.5
ee 88, 080 6, 281 184, 628 863 2, 067 1,352 | 425, 582 29, 293 11.2
a ee 90, 822 6, 947 183, 768 925 2,471 1, 593 511,676 35, 041 11.5
93, 356 7,473 | 189,327 915 2, 868 1,739 | 607,036 39, 687 11.1
1950. 95, 845 7, 959 178, 995 969 3, 288 1,921 727, 266 43,131 11,2
100, 325 9,254 | 193,221 1, 796 4, 388 2, 632 |1, 498, 088 , 342 14.1
! Persons entitled to monthly benefits, including 4 Data not available.
those not in receipt of benefits at end of year. 5 Monthly benefit payments began Jan. 1, 1940.
? Includes changes of address, terminations, sus- * Com ble data not available. Charges against

pensions and ey ae ee because of ———
vision, changes nefit amounts res m
seeratien of maximum and minimum ann tay
recomputations, and administrative actions.
+ Administrative costs attributable to program for
all components of Federal Security Agency.

and domestic workers. The two major
groups still excluded are the irregu-
larly employed farm and domestic
workers who in 1951 represented be-
tween 2 and 3 percent of total paid
civilian employment.

Several groups—most Federal civil-
ian employees, members of the Armed
Forces, railroad employees, and many
employees of State and local govern-
ments—have been excluded because
they already are covered under public
staff retirement plans. In most in-
stances these staff plans provide ade-
quate protection for a member who
remains under one of the systems for
the greater part of his career. They
fail to take account, however, of the
continual movement of workers be-
tween public and private employment,
and between jobs in public employ-
ment covered by different systems. To
assure continuity of protection for
these employees, the basic protection
of the old-age and survivors insurance
system should be extended to members
of the various staff systems. The ex-
perience of private industry plans that
have been designed to supplement the
protection afforded by old-age and
survivors insurance indicates that the
other public systems could be super-
imposed upon and coordinated with
old-age and survivors insurance with-

Bulletin, January 1952

the old-age and survivors ce trust fund for
ee costs attributable to program began
an. 1, ;
7 Costs reported for only last half of fiscal year; see
footnote 6.

out impairing the special protection
achieved under those systems. A start
in this direction has been made in the
recent legislation providing a form of
coordination between the railroad re-
tirement system and old-age and sur-
vivors insurance.

Another problem of coverage that
has received increasing attention has
been created by the ineligibility of
persons who retired before they had
an opportunity for coverage. The
1939 amendments greatly modified
the provisions of the original act
concerning the payments that could
be made to the current generation of
older persons. By introducing a mini-
mum requirement of only 6 quarters
of coverage for persons aged 62 and
over in 1937, by basing benefits on the
“average monthly wage” since 1937,
and by permitting the fulfillment of
the requirements on the basis of work
at any time after 1936, even after age
65, the amendments extended benefit
protection to a much greater propor-
tion of the older generation. The
process was carried further in the 1950
amendments through a “new start”
provision in the average monthly wage
and eligibility requirements. Nonethe-
less, there still remains unprotected a
group of the aged already out of the
labor force who will not qualify even

under the modifications made by the
1950 amendments. And there will con-
tinue to be such a group in the future
so long as occupational. coverage of
the system remains incomplete and
the risk of long-term disability re-
mains universal.

Proposals have been made for bring-
ing all the present aged into the in-
surance program. If any such proposal
were adopted, two major conditions
would have to be included. The insur-
ance program would have to be ex-
tended to cover substantially all gain-
ful employment, so that the need to
pay benefits to noncontributors would
be confined largely to the present aged
who have not had opportunity for
covered work. And the cost of the
benefits under this transitional device
would have to be financed from gen-
eral revenues rather than from the
contributions of covered workers and
their employers. The effect of any such
proposal in reducing public assistance
expenditures would depend on the size
of the insurance benefit provided for
the noncontributory group.

Still another aspect of the coverage
problem relates to risks other than
loss of income caused by retirement
or death. The most important of the
noncovered risks is total disability
that forces persons to stop work be-
fore reaching retirement age. Such
disabled persons may live a few or
many years without earned income for
their own and their families’ needs.

And if they live to age 65, they often
find that they are not entitled to bene-
fits, or that they will receive a smaller
amount, because they could not work
and make contributions during the
period of disability.

A large part, and by far the most
appealing part, of the mail and per-
sonal inquiries that are received each
day by the Bureau of Old-Age and
Survivors Insurance comes from the
disabled. Cognizant of their needs, and
confident that a program of disability
benefits would be economical and fea-
sible, the Social Security Administra-
tion as early as 1939 recommended
that benefits similar to retirement
benefits be paid to totally disabled
workers and their dependents. In addi-
tion the Administration has recom-
mended that the insurance system
provide funds for the rehabilitation of
such disabled workers.

13

Another significant noncovered risk
is the cost of hospital care for persons
on the old-age and survivors insur-
ance rolls. The old-age and survivors
insurance benefit is not designed to
meet large, unexpected, and unpre-
dictable costs. For persons whose chief
reliance for their daily needs must be
placed on the benefit, a period of hos-
pitalization may create catastrophic
costs well beyond their means. At any
one time, large hospital expenses may
represent a major cost of living for
only a small proportion of the bene-
ficiaries. But over the course of months
and years the cumulative effect of such
expenses on the resources and assets
of beneficiary families seriously influ-
ences the question of benefit adequacy.

Income loss due to serious, long-
term disability and to hospitalization
costs for older persons, mothers, and
dependent children on the beneficiary
rolls now are a substantial burden on
the Nation’s welfare budget. These
risks constitute a threat to the ability
of families to remain financially inde-
pendent. They undermine the effec-
tiveness of the insurance system in
protecting against want and depend-
ency. What is needed is a more orderly
and systematic method of enabling
people to meet these costs by spread-
ing the risk among all contributors to
the system. :

Challenge of the Aging
Population

The 15 years during which old-age
and survivors insurance has been in
effect in this country have witnessed
a considerable shift in community at-
titudes toward retirement of aged per-
sons, and consequently toward the role
of retirement pay programs. During
the depression the plight of aged per-
sons appeared as one of the more over-
whelming aspects of the general un-
employment problem. Not only were
the aged out of employment, but the
chances of their again getting jobs
were much slimmer than for the rest
of the population. And even if they
were to be employed, they would, many
thought, simply take jobs away from
the younger, more productive workers.

If jobs were not available it was
also clear that the problem of the
older persons’ support could not be
adequately met from other private
resources, such as individual savings

14

or the help of families. Savings, diffi-
cult to accumulate at best, had in most
instances been exhausted during the
depression, and families were less able
than formerly to support aged rela-
tives. The essential problem seemed to
be one of making orderly provision for
the maintenance of a large, perma-
nently nonproductive group.

In more recent years there has been
less general acceptance of the idea of
retirement solely on the basis of age.
The experience of World War II in-
dicated the willingness and capacity
of many older people to work if they
are given the opportunity. The in-
creased employment of aged persons
was reflected in the Bureau’s own
claims data. In the period from 1940
to 1945, of all insured persons who
could have drawn old-age insurance
benefits by retiring from covered em-
ployment, less than a third took ad-
vantage of the opportunity to do so.
It is estimated that between two-
thirds and three-fourths of those who
did retire were disabled to an extent
that prevented them from working
full time in their regular jobs. The
number of new entitlements to old-
age insurance benefits dropped off
rapidly during the war years, reaching
a low of 89,000 in 1943. The volume of
new old-age benefit awards did not
exceed the 1940 level until 1945, when
185,000 awards were made.

Current thinking on the matter of
retirement and retirement pensions
for aged persons has taken a new em-
phasis. With the realization that many
old people can and want to work, it is
becoming more and more clear that it
is important to provide them with the
opportunity. With the increasing pro-
portion of aged persons in the popula-
tion, the real cost to the community
of their retirement—that is, the loss
of current production—grows larger,
no matter what type of cash provision
is made for supporting them. To the
extent that aged persons can and wish
to contribute to current production,
therefore, they should have the op-
portunity to do so.

Community emphasis on work op-
portunities for the aged is naturally
of direct interest to an agency whose
primary job is providing benefits to
the aged who are retired. The extent
to which older persons work is an im-

portant determinant of the cost of the
program. But our concern as an
agency cannot be limited solely to the
economics of employment and retire-
ment, either as related to income and
disbursements under the social insur-
ance system, or even as related to pro-
duction and consumption in the na-
tional economy as a whole. Our pri-
mary function of providing income for
retired people, seen in its broader per-
spective, is but a partial contribution
toward the well-being of all aged peo-
ple. And this well-being is more than
a matter of having a cash income that
helps meet the expenses of food, cloth-
ing, and shelter, the bare elements of
keeping alive. It is a matter of attain-
ing positive satisfactions in life.

Hundreds of thousands of aged so-
cial insurance beneficiaries are living
alone, often in ill health, unoccupied,
and with no sense of purpose or hope
for the future. The payment of a cash
benefit simply to keep them alive is
not enough. More and more the com-
munity is raising the question—keep-
ing alive for what? More and more the
Bureau is joining with others to an-
swer the question—how can we tap the
resources of wisdom and experience
that older people bave, and how can
we help them to a more purposeful and
happy life?

The community is becoming in-
creasingly aware of these other needs
of the aged—needs that cannot be met
through the ordinary cash benefit for
ordinary living expenses. The Bureau
of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance,
as a community institution dealing
with aged people, shares the general
concern for the total needs of the
aged.

The Bureau’s active concern for the
aged and for the widows and children
must be applied in the day-to-day ad-
ministration of the system. The first
concern is to keep the administrative
machinery work at peak efficiency—
to do a prompt job of keeping a per-
son’s wage record accurately, to act
promptly on his claim, and to get his
check to him on time every month.
In ali relationships with claimants and
beneficiaries, it should never be for-
gotten that the old-age and survivors
insurance program deals not solely
with benefit payments but with people
too.

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Notes and Brief Reports

Appeals Under Old-Age
and Survivors Insurance

In December 1939, as benefit claims
were beginning to be filed, the Social
Security Board adopted a set of basic
provisions to underlie a system for the
hearing and review of claims involv-
ing adjudications that had been un-
favorable to claimants. To implement
this system the Board established an
Office of Appeals Council, wholly inde-
pendent of the Bureau of Old-Age and
Survivors Insurance. The personnel of
the Office consisted principally of one
referee in and for each of the 12 re-
gions set up by the Board, to hold
hearings and render decisions on
claimants’ requests, and a council of
three members, sitting in Washington,
to review referee’s decisions either
upon petitions of claimants or upon its
own motion.

When the Sociai Security Board was
abolished by Executive order in July
1946 and its powers were transferred
to the Federal Security Administrator,
the Administrator delegated to the
Office of Appeals Council his authority
to render final decisions on claims
arising under the old-age and sur-
vivors insurance program. Although
the number of referees and ad-
ministrative personnel has increased
slightly in the past few years, the
structure and functions of the Ap-
peals Council have remained substan-
tially as originally instituted.

The statutory right of claimants to
hearings was created by section 205
of the Social Security Act as amended
in 1939. More than 3 years before en-
actment of this requirement, however,
the Board had begun work on pro-
cedures intended to guarantee a fair
hearing to every person whose claim
was disallowed, and nearly a year
earlier a special staff within the Bu-
reau, directed by a consultant in ad-
ministrative law, had conducted a
comparative study of appeals proce-
dures of other Federal and State agen-
cies and of certain foreign insurance
systems to furnish suggestive data to
guide the drafting of the Board’s final
plan.

In stressing the right to a hearing,
as well as the administrative impor-

Bulletin, January 1952

tance of prompt and thorough con-
sideration of a claimant’s contentions,
emphasis has been laid upon making
hearings genuinely available and prac-
tically serviceable to all claimants who
want them. Whenever possible, hear-
ings have been held in the claimant’s
home community and rarely at a place
more than 50 miles distant. As far as
compatible with the referee’s traveling
schedule, claimants’ preferences as to
the time for holding hearings have
been complied with. Procedural re-
quirements have been kept simple.
Though hearings are “formal” in the
sense that witnesses are sworn and a
stenographic record of testimony is
taken, strict rules of evidence are not
required. The Bureau is not repre-
sented at the hearing, though Bureau
employees occasionally testify as wit-
nesses. It is the referee’s function to
bring forward all material evidence,
whether for or against the claimant’s
contentions. Claimants may be repre-
sented by lay friends or by attorneys.
Fees of attorneys, above a $10 mini-
mum fixed by regulation, must be ap-
proved by the referee. During the
past year attorneys have represented
claimants in about 25 percent of the
cases.

From establishment of the Office of
Appeals Council in 1940 to July 1, 1951,
requests for hearings were filed by
16,082 claimants and final decisions of
referees or of the Appeals Council
were rendered in 15,504 cases. Judged
only quantitatively, the hearing and
review system may not appear impor-
tant, since hearings are requested in
only one-fifth of 1 percent of all claims
filed, and the Bureau’s determinations
are affirmed in about three-fourths of
these cases. On the other hand, many
of the instances in which the Bureau
has been reversed have been cases in
which substantial justice was achieved
because unusual factual situations
were revealed only through the hear-
ing. In addition, the decisions based
on hearings have in some instances
resulted in a modification of the regu-
lations or policies governing the proc-
essing of claims under title IT.

If a claimant is not satisfied with
the Agency’s final decision (the ref-
eree’s decision if it is not reviewed by

the Appeals Council, otherwise the
decision of the Council) he may seek
judicial review by filing a civil action
in a United States district court. By
the close of the fiscal year 1951, 128
cases had been appealed to the courts.
In 98 of these cases final court deci-
sions had been rendered, while 30 suits
were still pending—28 in the district
courts and 2 in the courts of appeal.

Liberalized Eligibility
Provisions and Old-Age
Benefits,

January-June 1951

The 1950 amendments to the Social
Security Act provide, until the middle
of 1954, fully insured status under the
old-age and survivors insurance pro-
gram for any individual living on Sep-
tember 1, 1950, who has as many as 6
quarters of coverage. The effect of this
liberalization on old-age benefits in
the period September-November 1950
was discussed briefly in the May 1951
issue of the BuLLETIN (pages 21-22);
data for January-June 1951 are re-
ported here.

Benefits Awarded a

During the first 6 months of 1951,
old-age benefits were awarded to
435,600 persons, slightly more than
three-fourths the total number to
whom awards were made in 1950. Al-
most half these persons were new
eligibles, persons who qualified for
old-age benefits as a result of the
liberalized insured-status provisions.
Women made up somewhat larger pro-
portions of the total than in 1950;
they represented one-third of the new
eligibles in January-June 1951 and
almost one-fifth of the group eligible
under the 1939 provisions.

With respect to 1939 eligibles, the
smaller proportion of awards to per-
sons aged 65-69 (56 percent compared
with 65 percent in 1950) was largely
due to the higher proportion of awards
to persons in the group aged 75 and
over—25 percent compared with 16
percent in 1950 (table 1). This increase
in the older group resulted chiefly
from the new provision permitting
beneficiaries aged 75 or over to re-
ceive monthly benefits even though
they are earning more than $50 a

15

Table 1.—Number, percentage distribution, and average monthly amount of
old-age benefits newly awarded, by eligibility status, age, and sex of bene-
ficiary, January-June 1951

{Based partly on 20-percent sample]

Total Male | Female
|
Age! Average Average | Ave
Number | Percent | monthly | Number | Percent | monthly | Number | Percent | monthly
amount | amount | amount
| ' '
Total
Total...| 435,636 100 | $37.18 | 323,936 | 100 | $39. 97 111, 700 100 | $29.09
65-69. ...... 276, 849 64 | 37.78 | 198,281 | 61 41.19 | 78,568 7 29.19
M4... 153 99, 916 23 32.38 | 75,189 2B 34.30 | 24,727 22 26. 56
75 and over- 58, 871 14 42. 50 50, 466 16 43. 64 8, 405 8 35. 65
j |
New eligibles
} 1 ii
Total...| 216,007 100 | $25.26 | 143,675 | 100 | $26.63 332 | 100 | $22. 55
65-09....... 153, 642 71 | 26.46 | 98,628 | 69 | 28.31 55,014 76| 23.13
yee 57, 909 27 22.21 | 41, 560 | 29 22.81 | 16,349 23 | 20. 68
75-16. .....- 4, 456 2| 23.77| 3,487 2) 4.44 | | i 21.35
1939 eligibles
l l es!
Total_..| 219,629 100 | $48.91 | 180,261 | 100 $50. 61 | 39, 368 | 100} $41.11
65-09... 123, 207 56 | 51.91 | 99,653 | 55 | 53.93 | 23, 554 6o| 43.34
70-74......--« 42, 007 19 46.41 | 33,629 19 48. 50 8, 378 21| 38.03
75 and over.| 54,415 25 44.04 | 46,979 26 45.07 436 19 | 37. 51
|
1 Age on birthday in 1951.

Table 2.—Number and percentage distribution of old-age benefits newly
awarded, by eligibility status, amount of benefit, and sex of beneficiary,
January-June 1951

[Based on 20-percent sample]

ty 2 a ae
Total Male Female
Amount of Eee

monthly benefit

Number | Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Total
iis nenctayobedeer | 435, 636 100 323, 936 100 111, 700 100
Sa Si ghiaiss-— 45 -<sdn eons | 148, 685 34} 90, 289 28 58, 396 52
SR iiivimivapsestines-——- 46, 561 11 | 32,423 10 14, 138 13
hee oan Se PR ERE ES Fn 48, 401 11 | 35, 715 ll 12, 686 11
Bid ctideemednrnnnnnn 63,810 | 15 48, 982 15 14, 828 13
50.00-60.90. .-......-.--.------.- 71, 396 | 16 | 61,726 19 9, 670 9
SOMITE, - <bkhad sei on pe - oe 56, 783 13 | 54,801 17 | 1, 982 2
New eligibles

De ciitcintiandeverps-cog | 216,007 | 100 | 143, 675 | 100 72, 332 100
i iciniiendlinnng male 130, 272 | 60 | 76,791 | 53 | 53, 481 74
eR SS ee 35, 819 17 25, 183 | 18 | 10, 636 | 15
30.00-39.90..........---.-------- 29, 084 13 | 23, 238 | 16 | 5, 846 8
| See ee 15, 901 7 | 14,001 | 10 | 1,900 | 3
50.00-60.90..............--.---.- 3,175 1 2, 766 2 409 1

SN iiniiiticiepencageonss 1, 756 1 1, 696 | 1 | 60 (")

—EE don ——E———EEE ee — —
1939 eligibles
; ! { Te ae
Well 2. oui i 219, 629 | 100 | 180,261 | 100} 39,368 | 100
SE enc IE Be 18, 413 | 8 13, 498 | 7 4,915 | 12
SNS Dihanshkstinhanikennins- 10, 742 5 | 7, 240 | 4 3, 502 | 9
90.00-90.90. . .............---..-- 19, 317 9| 12,477 7 | 6, 840 | 17
40.00-49.90. ............--------- 47, 909 22 34, 981 19| 12,928 | 33
Sane 68, 221 | 31 58, 960 33 | 9, 261 | 24
@0.00-€8.50.-----....-------2-- 55, 027 | 25| 53, 105 29| 1,928 | 5
| | }

1 Less than 0.5 percent.

16

month in covered employment. Per.
sons who attained age 76 in the first
half of 1951 and all those over age 76
are 1939 eligibles, since at these ages
6 quarters of coverage are still re.
quired for insured status. The propor-
tion of all beneficiaries aged 65-69 wil]
be increased somewhat when informa.-
tion for the last half of 1951 becomes
available, since the data will include
awards to persons who reached their
sixty-fifth birthday in the last half of
1951.

The average old-age benefit award
in the first half of 1951 was $37.18,
about $4 higher than the average for
awards made in 1950 under the
amendments. This higher average
benefit resulted from the increase in
the proportion of 1939 eligibles—from
one-third in 1950 to one-half in 1951.
The average benefit awarded to 1939
eligibles was $48.91 and, to new eligi-
bles, $25.26; for both groups the aver-
age was slightly lower than in 19650.

The minimum monthly amount of
$20 was payable in 60 percent of the
awards to new eligibles; for female
beneficiaries, comprising one-third of
the new eligibles, 74 percent of the
awards were for the minimum amount
(table 2). In contrast, the $20 mini-
mum was payable in only 8 percent of
the awards to 1939 eligibles, while $50
or more was payable in 56 percent of
these cases.

Benefits in Current-Payment
Status

Table 3 shows the number and aver-
age monthly amount of old-age bene-
fits in current-payment status at the
end of each calendar quarter from
June 1950 to June 1951, by eligibility
status. The rapid growth in the num-
ber of new eligibles receiving old-age
benefits is indicated by this table; by
the end of June 1951, they comprised
more than one-fifth of all old-age
beneficiaries.

The average monthly benefit pay-
able at the end of June 1951 to new
eligibles was only $24.92, less than the
average old-age benefit being paid @
year earlier under the 1939 amend-
ments and only slightly more than
half the average amount payable #
1939 eligibles at the end of June 1951.
Chiefly because of this low average
for new eligibles, the increase from
June 1950 to June 1951 in the average

Social Security

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237

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28

er-

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esa
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Table 3.—Number and average monthly amount of old-age benefits in current-
t status at the end of each calendar quarter, by eligibility status,

June 1950-June 1951

[Based partly on 20-percent sample]

Total 1989 eligibles New eligibles
Calendar quarter
ending — Ave Average Ave As percent of
Number | monthly| Number | monthly| Number | monthly | all old-age
amount amount amount | beneficiaries
June 1950.............. 1, 384, 823 $26.30 | 1,384,823 (Sl a Ss, cea
September 1950 1, 444, 772 46.62 | 1,432, 558 46.79 12, 214 $26. 32 1
December 1950 1, 770, 984 43. 86 1, 517, 257 46. 96 253, 727 25. 33 14
March 1951.........-... 1, 971, 708 43.10 | 1,607,235 47.13 364. 25. 32 18
PD a dewecccecsose 2, 090, 668 42.57 | 1,653,147 47.24 437, 521 24. 92 21

monthly amount for all old-age bene-
ficiaries was only 62 percent, even
though the average amount payable
to 1939 eligibles increased during the
same period by 80 percent.

Survivor Protection
as of January 1, 1951

The 1950 amendments to the Social
Security Act increased substantially
the amount of survivor protection
under old-age and survivors insurance.
The benefit level was adjusted for the
changes since 1939 in wages and liv-
ing costs, coverage was extended to
new groups, and other liberalizations
were made. Earlier studies by the Of-
fice of the Actuary gave estimates of
the amount of life insurance in force
under the program established by the
1939 amendments to the Act; Actu-
arial Study No. 31, which is summar-
ized here, takes into account the effect
of the 1950 amendments and esti-
mates the amount of life insurance in
force on January 1, 1951.

The amount of life insurance in
force under old-age and survivors in-
Surance is the present value of all
monthly survivor benefits and lump-
sum payments available with respect
to all insured workers as of any date,
on the assumption that death oc-
curred on that date.

Though the amount of life insur-
ance in force under old-age and sur-
vivors insurance has many points of
similarity with the concept developed
under private insurance, there are cer-
tain important points of difference.
Generally, the amount of insurance

*Louis O. Shudde, Estimated Amount
of Life Insurance in Force as Survivor
Benefits Under Social Security Act Amend-
ments of 1950, September 1951.

Bulletin, January 1952

under a private contract is definitely
known or can be easily determined.
Under old-age and survivors insur-
ance, however, conditions for receipt
of benefit are not based solely on life
contingencies; they depend also on
elements more readily under the con-
trol of the beneficiary—employment,
marriage, and retirement, for ex-
ample. The concept of insurance in
force under old-age and survivors in-
surance therefore permits several in-
terpretations, and a range of estimates
is given in the accompanying table.
Calculation of the amount of sur-
vivor protection involves several fac-
tors, including the assumption of in-
terest rates and the use of mortality
and remarriage rates. In the present
study, interest rates of 2 percent and
3 percent have been assumed for both
the gross and the net estimates. Mor-

Estimated amount of life insurance in
force, January 1, 1951, by type of
benefit under old-age and survivors
insurance

{In billions]
Gross estimate | Net estimate
|
Type of benefit | 2-per- | 3-per- | 2-per- | 3-per-
| cent cent cent cent
| interest interest| interest) interest
rate rate rate rate
|
Total. «20k | $209.2 | $191.4 | $185.6 | $170.1
Widow’s........| 41.7] 322] 354] 27.4
Mother’s........| 46.3 43.8 32.4 30.6
saa |} 113.2 107.4 109.8 104.2
Lump-sum -_.._-| 8.0 8.0 7.9 7.9
Survivor of |
male
workers_....| 184.6 | 167.9) 161.7 147.4
. =e 41.7 32.2 35.4 27.4
Mother’s_.......| 46.3 43.8 32.4 30.6
_. g SP |} 91.0 86.3 88.3 83.8
Lump-sum - ..._-| 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.5
Survivor of }
female
workers - _ _ . 24.6 23.4 2.9 | 22.8
NG wacaeseen 22.1 21.0 21.5 20.4
Lump-sum - __..- | 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4

tality of survivor beneficiaries is as-
sumed to follow the death rates in the
United States Life Tables, 1939-41, for
white females; both estimates assume
remarriage rates for widow benefici-
aries equal to 150 percent of those
under the American Remarriage Table
(based on 1916-29 experience).

On January 1, 1951, life insurance in
force as survivor benefits under the
amended act had a gross estimated
value of about $200 billion, the amount
varying from $191 to $209 billion, de-
pending on the interest rate used. The
net estimated value is $170 to $185
billion; this is perhaps a more real-
istic estimate than the gross figure
since it takes into consideration the
effects of the work clause and the
possible cancelling of survivor benefits
for widows who may be eligible for
retirement benefits in their own right.

On the same date, life insurance in
force in private companies amounted
to $234 billion, that held under the
Veterans Administration by veterans
of World War I or World War II had
a value of $47 billion, and that under
the railroad retirement and civil-
service retirement systems amounted
to perhaps $15 billion.

In individual cases the amount of
life insurance in force under old-age
and survivors insurance varies from
as little as $60—the lump-sum death
payment for a nonmarried, insured
worker eligible for minimum benefits
—to a maximum of about $25,000 for
a married, insured worker with sev-
eral young children and high earnings.
A lump-sum payment of $240 would
be made at the death of the latter
worker, monthly benefits would be
paid to his children and to his widow
while any one of the children was
under age 18, and monthly benefits
would be paid to the widow after she
attained age 65.

Of the liberalizations made by the
amendments, several were imme-
diately effective in increasing the
amount of survivor protection under
the program. Among the more signifi-
cant are the provision raising the
benefit level for both present and
near-future beneficiaries by use of the
conversion table; the provision in-
creasing maximum and minimum
benefits; the “new start” provision
that enables older workers to obtain
insured status on the basis of as few

17

as 6 quarters of covered employment;
the granting of wage credits for World
War II military service; and the pro-
vision for payment of a lump sum on
the death of any insured worker.

The new benefit formula established
by the amendments for future benefi-
ciaries will not become effective, how-
ever, until April 1952. The expansion
of coverage, also, will have little ef-
fect until that time, since newly cov-
ered workers cannot obtain insured
status before then. It is estimated that,
as a result of these two factors, the
amount of survivor insurance protec-
tion will be increased by about one-
third. Thus, at the beginning of 1953
the amount of survivor protection will
be $255-280 billion, on the basis of the
gross estimates, and $225-250 billion
on the basis of the net estimates. The
importance of old-age and survivors
insurance in the national economy is
indicated by the fact that these totals
will about equal the amount of life
insurance in force now held in all
private insurance organizations com-
bined.

New Types of Benefits,
September 1950—June 1951

Two new types of benefits—hus-
band’s and widower’s—were added to
the old-age and survivors insurance
program by the 1950 amendments to
the Social Security Act; the eligibil-
ity provisions for two others—wife’s
and mother’s insurance benefits—were
broadened. Preliminary data on these
types of monthly benefits awarded
during September-December 1950
were presented in the May 1951 issue
of the BuLLETIN (page 25). Revisions
in those figures and preliminary data
for January-June 1951 are shown
below.

Wife’s and mother’s benefits—The
amendments provide for payment of
benefits to the wife of an old-age in-
surance beneficiary when she is under
age 65 if she has a child beneficiary in
her care. Monthly benefit awards to
wives in this group totaled almost
32,000 in the 10 months ended June 30,
1951 (table 1). Many of these awards
were made to wives of retired workers
who had become entitled to old-age
benefits before the 1950 amendments
were enacted. The larger number of
awards in the April-June 1951 quarter

18

Table 1.—Number and average monthly amount of new types of

awarded in specified periods, by type of benefit, September 1950-June 195] _

[Corrected to Dee. 4, 1951]

——
Period
Type of benefit Total | Sept.-Dec. 1950 Jan.-Mar. 1951 | Apr.-June 195]
|
A | Average Average Average A
Number | monthly | Number | monthly | Number | monthly | Number | mon
| amount amount amount
Wives... ..i Xeane.. 31, 840 $14. 91 9, 646 $13. 06 9,811 $14. 87 12, 383
Husband's Ditiniibl ees! 2, 850 19. 41 $12 19. 97 1,218 19. 38 820 —
Widower’s_........... 212 32. 59 63 37. 23 82 32.04 67 3.4
Mother’s 3... ......... 87 35. 74 12 37. 29 23 40. 04 52 33.46
1 Under age 65. 2 Former wife divorced.

resulted from a concentrated effort by
the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors
Insurance in the preceding quarter
to notify potential claimants of their
rights under the new provisions and
thus help them to avoid loss of bene-
fits. Under the new law. a claimant
filing application before April 1951
could, if eligible, receive benefits be-
ginning with September 1950.

By the end of June 1951, one-fifth of
the benefits awarded in the preced-
ing 10 months to wives under age 65
had been terminated or suspended.
Entitled children of retired workers
are, on the whole, older at the time of
award than entitled children of de-
ceased workers. Since benefits to a
wife under age 65 terminate when no
child under age 18 is entitled to bene-
fits, the period during which the wife
receives benefits may be of relatively
short duration. This is particularly
true in the case of wife’s benefit awards
in families where children were on the
rolls before September 1950, since the

Table 2.— Number and _ average
monthly amount of new types cf
benefits in current-payment status
at the end of the month, by type of
benefit, December 1950 and June
1951

(Corrected to Dec. 4, 1951]

At end of

December 1950 | June 1951
Type of benefit |_-— ES a

|

r Average | ,, Average

| Num- monthly) — monthly

| amount amount

~
Wife’s !_......... | 8, 865 | $12.85 [24,950 | $14.42
Husband’s-__--- 797 | 20.01 | 2,330 | = 19.55
Widower’s -- -.-- |} 63) 37.23) 161) 29.88
Mother’s 2____._- 12} 37.20) 73| 35.47
1 Under age 65.

2 Former wile divorced.

average age of the children was higher
at the time of the wife’s award than
at the time the children were first
awarded benefits. A wife under age 6§
is more likely to have her benefit with.
held because she is working in covered
employment than a wife aged 65 or
over, since it is easier for a younger
woman to find employment. Then, too,
the average age of husbands of women
under age 65 who are entitled to wife's
benefits is lower than the average
age for all married men with wives en-
titled to wife’s benefits; these younger
men are more likely to have jobs that
cause suspension of the wife’s benefit.
At the end of June 1951, about
25,000 wives under age 65 were receiy-
ing monthly benefits averaging $14.42
(table 2). This low average benefit
was due chiefly to reduction in amount
because of the maximum family bene-
fit provisions. A reduction is necessary
in families with a wife and one child
entitled if the old-age benefit is
$20.10-55.90, and in families with a
wife and more than one child entitled,
regardless of the old-age benefit
amount. Since the old-age benefit is
never reduced, the reduction neces-
sary to keep the sum of the benefits
payable to the family from exceeding
the statutory maximum is made only
in the wife’s and child’s benefits.
Under the broadened eligibility pro-
visions for mother’s insurance bene-
fits, the “former wife divorced” of an
insured deceased worker is eligible for
monthly benefits if she was receiving
at least half of her support from him
at the time of his death and is the
mother of his entitled child. More
benefits (52) were awarded to divorced
wives in the April-June 1951 quarter
than in the preceding 7 months. At

Social Security

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the end of June 1951 about 70 divorced
wives were receiving benefits at an
average monthly rate of $35.47.
Husband’s and widower’s benefits.—
The dependent husband, or the de-
pendent widower, of a wage earner
who was both fully and currently in-
sured when she became entitled to
old-age insurance benefits or when she

died (after August 1950) may qualify
at or after age 65 for monthly benefits
on his wife’s record. Awards to de-
pendent husbands reached a peak of
1,200 in the January-March 1951 quar-
ter; by the end of June, 2,850 benefits
had been awarded and about 2,400
husbands were receiving monthly
benefits averaging $19.60.

Since widower’s benefits are pay-
able only with respect to-deaths after
August 1950, no backlog of potentially
eligible widowers comparable to that
for dependent husbands was estab-
lished by the amendments. At the end
of June about 175 widowers were re-
ceiving benefits; the average monthly
amount was $30.45.

SOCIAL SECURITY IN REVIEW
(Continued from page 2)

about 80 percent of the total number
of employees of nonprofit organiza-
tions eligible for coverage.

THE TOTAL number of persons aided
under the public assistance programs
continued to drop in October. De-
creases of nearly 13,000 in old-age as-
sistance and of 29,000 in aid to de-
pendent children far outweighed the
increases of about 1,200 in the number
of individuals helped through pay-
ments of aid to the permanently and
totally disabled and of about 2,000 in
the number getting general assistance.
Recipients of aid to the blind remained
almost the same in number as in Sep-
tember.

The general assistance caseload for
the Nation showed the first rise since
January. The change was small and
half the States reported decreases.
Lower caseloads for old-age assistance
and aid to dependent children were
more general, occurring in two-thirds
of the States for the aged and four-
fifths of the States for aid to depend-

‘ ent children families. In some of these

States the decreases reflect legislative
or administrative action to reduce the
assistance rolls. The largest State
change in old-age assistance, for ex-
ample, was the 13-percent drop in the
humber of recipients in North Caro-
lina that resulted chiefly from the

Bulletin, January 1952

imposition in October of a blanket
lien on the real property of recipients.
The largest change in aid to depend-
ent children, a 5.8-percent decrease in
Florida, continued a reduction that
had started in July and that, by Oc-
tober, amounted to more than a fourth
of the June caseload. This reduction,
caused by a drastically reduced ap-
propriation, was effected by restrict-
ing eligibility due to the incapacity or
absence of a parent and requiring
mothers of deserted or abandoned
children to take court action against
the persons liable for their support.

The cost of assistance rose from
September to October for each of the
programs except aid to dependent
children; the total for the five pro-
grams, $189.7 million, was 0.7 per-
cent higher than in September. Aver-
age payments increased slightly for
each type of assistance. The largest
increase, $1.25 per case in general as-
sistance, probably reflected both sea-
sonal increases in allowances for fuel
and clothing in some States and a
somewhat higher proportion of family
cases than in September.

For all types of assistance, average
payments in most States changed by
less than $1. A few States, however,
had substantial increases, the largest
usually representing the elimination
of or reduction in previous cuts in the
percentage of need met. Such changes
raised the averages for old-age assist-
ance and aid to the blind more than

$6 in Georgia, the average per family
for aid to dependent children more
than $5 in Florida, and that for gen-
eral assistance cases about $8 in
Louisiana. Missouri increased its pay-
ments to blind recipients from $40 to
$50 as of October 8, when its plan for
aid to the blind was approved for Fed-
eral participation.

INITIAL cLAIMs for benefits under the
State unemployment insurance sys-
tems, in a reversal of the downward
movement of the two preceding
months, showed a seasonal increase in
October of 24.3 percent. In the first
October increase since 1946, weeks of
unemployment claimed, which repre-
sent continued unemployment, moved
upward 9.5 percent. On an average
daily basis, however, initial claims rose
only 13.2 percent from the Septem-
ber total, while weeks of unem-
ployment claimed remained virtually
unchanged.

During an average week in October,
713,000 unemployed workers received
unemployment insurance benefits; to-
tal benefits during the month
amounted to $67.4 million. While the
average weekly number of benefici-
aries was 5.9 percent less than the
average in September, benefits were
8.7 percent greater, primarily because
of the longer workmonth in October
but also as a result of a 20-cent in-
crease in the average check for total
unemployment.

19

Recent Publications™

Social Security Administration

CHILDREN’S BuREAU. Juvenile Court
Statistics, 1946-1949. (Statistical
Series No. 8.) Washington: The
Bureau, 1951. 16 pp. Processed.
Limited free distribution; apply to
the Children’s Bureau, Social Secu-
rity Administration, Washington 25,
D.C.

General

Biocu, Max. “Negotiated Social Se-
curity Plans for North American
Automobile Workers.” Interna-
tional Labour Review, Geneva, Vol.
64, Aug-Sept. 1951, pp. 174-206.
50 cents.

BRACKMANN, Kurt. Handbuch der So-
zialversicherung. 1. und 2. Auflage,
Stand: 31. Juli 1951. Hannover,
Germany: Regierungsoberinspektor
Anders, 1951. 1,250 pp., loose-leaf.
An exposition and handbook of so-

cial security in the German Federal

Republic as of July 31, 1951. Includes

a guide to German health, work-acci-

dent, and retirement insurance.

BurILpine TRADES EMPLOYERS’ ASSOCIA-
TION OF THE CiTy OF NEW YORK.
COMMITTEE ON WELFARE FUNDS. A
Review of Welfare Funds in the New
York City Building Trades as of
January 1, 1950. New York: The
Association, Dec. 1950. 151 pp.
Processed.

Includes an analysis of the possible
effect of the State disability benefits
law on the funds.

Burns, EVELINEM. “Further Needs in
Social Security Legislation in the
Field of the Social Insurances.”
Social Service Review, Chicago, Vol.
25, Sept. 1951, pp. 283-288. $1.75.

Davis, JoHn A. Regional Organiza-
tion of the Social Security Adminis-~
tration: A Case Study. New York:
Columbia University Press, 1950.
315 pp. $4.

GREAT BRITAIN. CENTRAL OFFICE OF
INFORMATION. REFERENCE DIVISION.
The British System of National In-
surance and Allied Social Security
Services. London: The Office, Feb.
1951. 47 pp.

* Prepared in the Library, Federal Se-
curity Agency. Orders for the publications
listed should be directed to publishers
or booksellers; Federal publications for
which prices are listed should be ordered
from the Superintendent of Documents,
U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.

Describes the various laws and serv-
ices.

Hotcoms, NewTon R. “Organized
Health and Welfare Service in Civil
Defense from the Point of View of
the State Office of Civil Defense.”
Public Welfare, Chicago, Vol. 9, Oct.
1951, pp. 184-187f. 60 cents.

Industrial Relations Year Book, 1951.
Bernard Seltzer, editor. Chicago:
Dartnell Corporation, 1951. 224 pp.
$5.

KENDRICK, M. Stave. Public Finance:
Principles and Problems. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 1951.
708 pp. $7.50.

NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE
Boarp. The Economic Almanac,
1951-1952. New York: The Board,
1951. 663 pp.

A handbook of information on busi-
ness, labor, and government.
PENNSYLVANIA CITIZENS ASSOCIATION

FOR HEALTH AND WELFARE. Principles

and Program of the Pennsylvania

Citizens Association for Health and

Welfare. Philadelphia: The Asso-

ciation, June 1951. 14 pp.

PunexarR, 8S. D. Social Insurance for
Industrial Workers in India. (Uni-
versity of Bombay Publications,
Economic Series, No. 4.) Bombay:
Oxford University Press, 1950. 228
pp.

Traces the development of social in-
surance in India.

UNITED MINE WORKERS OF AMERICA.
WELFARE AND RETIREMENT FUND.
Four Year Summary and Review for
the Year Ending June 30, 1951.
Washington: United Mine Workers
of America, 1951. 52 pp.

U. S. Economic COOPERATION ADMIN-
ISTRATION. Thirteenth Report to
Congress ... for the Quarter Ended
June 30, 1951. (H. Doc. 249, 82d
Cong., Ist sess.) Washington: U.S.
Govt. Print. Off.,1951. 156 pp.

U. S. Natrona, SEcurITy TRAINING
COMMISSION. Universal Military
Training: Foundation of Enduring
National Strength. First Report to

the Congress ...October 1951.
Washington: U. S. Govt. Print.
Off., 1951. 123 pp. 35 cents.

Retirement and Old Age

ACKERMAN, LAURENCE J. Pension Plan
Financing. (Mimeograph Bulletin
No. 3.) Storrs, Conn.: University
of Connecticut, Labor Management
Institute, 1950. 14 pp. Processed.

Esso STANDARD Or Company. “Prepa-
ration for Retirement.” Personnel
Journal, Swarthmore, Pa., Vol. 30,

Nov. 1951, pp. 209-214. 75 cents,

Describes the company’s program
for helping its employees prepare
themselves for retirement.

Fox, HARLAND; LINDBOM, THEODORE R,;
and Stone, C. Haroitp. “After Age
65 What?” Personnel Journal,
Swarthmore, Pa., Vol. 30, Oct. 1951,
pp. 181-187. 75 cents.

Based on data from 168 Minneapolis
firms on their retirement policy and
ways of using the services of older
employees. The study was made by the
Industrial Relations Center of the
University of Minnesota.

GrirFiIn, JOHN J. “Quasi-Instity-
tional Care of the Aged: A Study of
an Old Age Assistance Nursing
Home Caseload” (Parts I and Ij).
Geriatrics, Minneapolis, Vol. 6, July-
Aug. 1951, pp. 253-260, and Sept-
Oct. 1951, pp. 326-332. $1.

A study of 129 old-age assistance
recipients who were in nursing homes

in Somerville, Mass., during July 1950,

Herz, Kurt G. Community Services
to Older Jewish Persons in Dayton,
Ohio: Survey Report. New York;
Council of Jewish Federations and
Welfare Funds, 1951. 4lpp. Proc-
essed.

Myers, Rospert J. “Retirement Ages
Under Old-Age Insurance.” Amer-
ican Economic Security (Chamber
of Commerce of the U.S. A.) , Wash-
ington, Vol. 8, Sept.—Oct. 1951, pp.
37-42. $1.50 a year.

The average retirement ages of
workers in jobs covered by old-age and
survivors insurance and the cost of
paying benefits at age 65 whether or
not the worker retires.

Sanps, Irvine J. “The Neuropsychi-
atric Disorders of the Aged.” New
York State Journal of Medicine,
New York, Vol. 51, Oct. 15, 1951, pp.
2370-2375. 50 cents.

TisBITTts, CiLarK. “Conservation of
Our Aging Population.” North
Carolina Medical Journal, Winston-
Salem, Vol. 12, Oct. 1951, pp. 48
485. 50 cents.

U.S. Crviz SERVICE COMMISSION. You
Retirement System: Questions ant
Answers Concerning the Federal
Civil Service Retirement Law.
(Pamphlet 18.) Washington: U.8
Govt. Print. Off., 1951. 46 pp. 8
cents.

U. S. Crvm SERvIcE RETIREMENT AW
DISABILITY Funp. Boarp or ACTU
ARIES. Civil Service Retirement am
Disability Fund ... Thirtieth Ar
nual Report for Fiscal Year Endeét
June 30, 1950. (S. Doc. 76, 8%

Social Securit}

i tie eee Pe ee eS CR ER ma

Pe! ee

Eg & ee

S1

i" s- @ <- on™”

seemeees FTPe#ste BEVQF a2akba SFRIK PEMPFSE SRS FTKBRE Fenae

S 885298

Cong., lst sess.) Washington: U.S.
Govt. Print. Off., 1951. 16 pp.

Wattace, Barsara C. “Intake Poli-
cies and Procedures at Eighteen
Homes for the Aged and Inquiries
and Applicants at Four Homes.”
Social Service Review, Chicago, Vol.
25, Sept. 1951, pp. 345-362. $1.75.
Based on a study made in Chicago

between September 1949 and March

1950.

Employment

Civic, Mmr1am. “Perspective on Older
Persons.” Conference Board Busi-
ness Record, New York, Vol. 8, Oct.
1951, pp. 400-402.

Considers increased employment
opportunities for older workers dur-
ing this period of relatively full em-
ployment.

PeperAL SECURITY AGENCY. OFFICE OF
VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION. Come-
back: Rehabilitation in 1950 and in
1949, Fiscal Year Ended June 30—
Nation-wide and Agency Data. (Ad-
ministrative Service Series, No. 73.)
Washington: The Office, 1951. 137
pp. Processed. Limited free dis-
tribution; apply to the Office of Vo-
cational Rehabilitation, Washing-
ton 25, D. C.

INTERNATIONAL LABOR OFFICE. Protec-
tion of the Health of Workers in
Places of Employment. (Interna-
tional Labor Conference, Thirty-
Fifth Session, 1952, Report VIII
(1).) Geneva: The Office, 1951.
100 pp. 75 cents.

A preliminary report and question-
naire.

MILLER, GLENN W. Problems of La-
bor. New York: Macmillan Com-
pany, 1951. 560 pp. $5.

A textbook that examines the
sources of labor-management conflicts
and the approaches to the issues taken
by labor, management, and govern-
ment.

MYERS, CHARLES A. and ScHULTZ,
Grorce P. The Dynamics of a La-
bor Market: A Study of the Impact
of Employment Changes on Labor
Mobility, Job Satisfactions, and
Company and Union Policies. New
York: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1951.
219 pp. $4.

A study based on the partial shut-
down during 1948 of a mill in a New
England city; describes the experi-
ences of the displaced workers and the
impact of the shutdown on the com-
munity.

STALNAKER, WaDE O. Employment of
Severely Disabled Persons in Other
Than Small Business Enterprises.

Bulletin, January 1952

(Rehabilitation Service Series, No.
161, Supplement 2.) Washington:
Federal Security Agency, Office of
Vocational Rehabilitation, 1951.
26 pp. Processed.

A supplement to the Proceedings of
the Fourth Annual Workshop of
Guidance, Training and Placement
Supervisors, Washington, D. C., April
23-27, 1951. Limited free distribution;
apply to the Office of Vocational Re-
habilitation, Washington 25, D. C.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. BUREAU
of EMPLOYMENT SECURITY. DIVI-
SION OF REPORTS AND ANALYSIS.
Older Workers Seek Jobs. Wash-
ington: The Bureau, Aug. 1951.
10 pp. Processed.

Based on a survey made in employ-
ment service offices in four cities.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. BUREAU
or Lasor Statistics. Handbook of
Labor Statistics, 1950 Edition. (Bul-
letin No. 1016.) Washington: U.S.
Govt. Print. Off., 1951. 239 pp.
$1.25.

A statistical source book.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. BUREAU
or Labor Statistics. Work Injuries
in the United States During 1949:
A Collection of Basic Work-Injury
Data for Each of the Major Indus-
tries in the United States. (Bul-
letin No. 1025.) Washington: U.S.
Govt. Print. Off., 1951. 23 pp. 20
cents.

ZALEZNIK, A. Foreman Training in a
Growing Enterprise. Boston: Har-
vard University, Graduate School of
Business Administration, Division of
Research, 1951. 232 pp. $3.50.
“Reports the results of an intensive

clinical research on supervisory train-

ing in human relations.”

Public Welfare and Relief

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRIC
SocraL WorKeErRs. Education for
Psychiatric Social Workers. Pro-
ceedings of the Dartmouth Confer-
ence, Dartmouth College, Hanover,
New Hampshire, August 26 to Sep-
tember 9, 1949. New York: The
Association, 1950. 233 pp. $1.75.

LANE, MARIE Drespen. “A _ Social
Worker’s Glimpse Behind the Iron
Curtain.” Public Welfare, Chicago,
Vol. 9, Oct. 1951, pp. 178-183. 60
cents.

A report on conditions in Poland.

SHYNE, ANN W. Analysis of Family
Service Agency Operation, Casework
Statistics: 1950. NewYork: Fam-
ily Service Association of America,
1951. 32 pp. 175 cents.

Reviews trends in agency operation

since 1936 and analyzes 109 develop-

ments.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. WOMEN’S
Bureav. The Outlook for Women
in Social Work Administration,
Teaching, and Research. (Social
Work Series, Bulletin No. 235-6.)
Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,
1951. 83 pp. 25 cents.

“Who Are the People in Nursing
Homes? A Study of 141 Pega
of Public Assistance in Nursing
Homes, Marion County Department
of Public Welfare, January 1, 1951.”
Public Welfare in Indiana, Indian-
apolis, Vol. 61, Oct. 1951, pp. 3-6.

WISCONSIN. STATE DEPARTMENT OF
PUBLIC WELFARE. DIVISION OF PUB-
Lic ASSISTANCE. Medical Care for
Public Assistance Recipients in Wis-

The administrative problems in-
volved in furnishing medical and re-
lated health services to assistance
recipients.

Maternal and Child Welfare

ALT, HerscHer. “The Role of the
Psychiatric Social Worker in the
Residential Treatment of Children.”
Social Casework, New York, Vol. 32,
Nov. 1951, pp. 363-369. 40 cents.

Bovet, L. Psychiatric Aspects of Ju-
venile Delinquency. (World Health
Organization Monograph Series, No.
1.) Geneva: World Health Or-
ganization, 1951. 90 pp. $1.

A study of the causes, prevention,
and treatment of juvenile delinquency.
Bow.sy, J. Maternal Care and Men-

tal Health. (World Health Organi-

zation Monograph Series, No. 2.)

Geneva: World Health Organiza-

tion, 1951. 179 pp. $2.

Discusses the adverse effects on
mental health and personality devel-
opment when the child is deprived of
maternal care, and the need for adop-
tion, boarding-homes, or group care
for children deprived of normal home
life.

GLUCKMAN, RoBert M. “The Role of
Psychiatry in the Understanding
and Treatment of Juvenile Delin-
quency.” Federal Probation, Wash-
ington, Vol. 15, Sept. 1951, pp. 25-30.
Free.

GREAT BRITAIN. HOME OFFICE. CHIL-
DREN’S DEPARTMENT. Sixth Report
on the Work of the Children’s De-
partment, May 1951. London: H.
M. Stationery Office, 1951. 152 pp.
4s.

(Continued on page 24)

21

Regularly Scheduled Notes and Tables, 1952

LISTED BELOW are the titles of the scheduled tables and analytical notes with accompany-
ing tables and the issues of the BULLETIN in which they will appear; there may, however,
be changes in or additions to the list. Tables with calendar-year data for all programs will
appear in the Annual Statistical Supplement in the September issue of the BuLLetin but

are not listed here.

General Social Security Data

Contributions and taxes under selected social insurance
and related programs, by specified period (calendar or
fiscal-year totals, current reporting month, and 12

OS aE 2! Sa monthly
Economic status of aged persons and of dependent chil-
Grem(mobe} ius so. pees es. .----- June, December

Employment covered under selected social insurance pro-
grams and in selected noncovered industries ____.___--
March, September

Federal cash income and outgo and amounts for programs

under the Social Security Act _________--_-__- October
Federal grants to State and local governments (note) __-_-
June

Payrolls in employment covered by selected programs in
relation to civilian wages and salaries, by specified
period, 1938— (calendar-year totals and quarterly
GOOF sss March, June, September, December

Selected current statistics (page 2) ___-_--_---- monthly

Selected social insurance and related programs, by speci-
fied period, 1940— (calendar-year totals, current report-
ing month, and 12 preceding months)

Sickness costs and voluntary insurance premiums and
PATER GORP) W088. coe ae cees-----2 222. December

Status of the old-age and survivors insurance trust fund,
by specified period, 1937— (calendar or fiscal-year
totals, current reporting month, and 12 preceding
ee oS EE ES A ee monthly

Status of the unemployment trust fund, by specified
period, 1936-— (calendar or fiscal-year totals, current
reporting month, and 12 preceding months) _.monthly

Trust fund operations (note) --._.....-.----------- April

Workmen’s compensation payments (note) _._..December

Federal Credit Unions
Credit unions in the United States _.__._________ November

Old-Age and Survivors Insurance

Family benefits (note) --....._____ September, November
Monthly benefits in current-payment status at the end
of the month, by type of benefit (current reporting
month and 12 preceding months) -___----_--- monthly
Number and amount of monthly benefits in current-pay-
ment status, by type of benefit and by State ____._____
May, October

Number and characteristics of account-number appli-
cants (note, annual data) -........._.__-..-___ August
Number of employers and workers and estimated amount
of wages in covered industries, by specified period,
1940- (calendar-year totals and quarterly data) ______
March, June, September, December

Number of monthly benefits awarded, by type of benefit,
number of lump-sum payments, 1940— (calendar-year
totals and quarterly data) ~.........__.--..-..-.
March, June, September, December

Number of monthly benefits withheld ____April, October
Old-age benefits awarded (note) -___.____-------___. July
Workers with permanently insured status (note)

Public Assistance
Aid to the blind: Recipients and payments to recipients,

ey eee Pree Paes TT monthly
Aid to dependent children: Recipients and payments to
Secupeemes, wy State .............- ss monthly
Aid to the permanently and totally disabled: Recipients
and payments to recipients, by State _________ monthly

Amount of vendor payments for medical care for public
assistance recipients, by program and State __monthly
Assistance expenditures per inhabitant (note) ___March
Average payments, including vendor payments for medi-
cal care and average amount of vendor payment per

case, by program and State -_.._........____- monthly
Concurrent receipt of old-age and survivors insurance
benefits and public assistance (note) -__..___-- March
General assistance: Cases and payments to cases, by
BEET carne onconidgtihnnipenidenimintiaiiniiincuiiiaele monthly
Old-age assistance: Recipients and payments to recipi-
te AF GED ... cdc carci sched wadocwuee monthly

Public assistance in the United States, by month (number
of recipients and amounts of assistance, by program,
current reporting month and 12 preceding months) ---

monthly

Recipient rates for specified types of public assistance in
the United States, by State

Source of funds expended for public assistance payments,

SR Aorist ter ren st ame > February
State and local assistance expenditures in relation to
income payments (note) ____.________________-_.-- May

Employment Security

Selected data on nonfarm placements and unemploy-
ment insurance claims and benefits _......._- monthly

Social Security

Current Operating Statistics

Table 1.—Selected social insurance and related programs, by specified period, 1940-51

——

{In thousands; data corrected to Dec. 7, 1951]

Unemployment insur-
Retirement, disability, and survivor programs ance programs
| , Tem Read-
Monthly retirement and disability Survivor benefits disabilit just-
benefits ! y ment
benefits ° allow-
Rail- ances
Year and Total Service-| road to
month Monthly Lump-sum 7 Rail- men’s | Unem- self-
Rail. | Civil road | state, | Head- | ploy’ | em-
Social road Serv- Veter- Civil Unem-| ment Insur- — +g
Secu- Retire- ice ans Ad- | gocig} | Rail- | Sery- | Veter- | Social State | ploy- Act 3 | ance
lo
rity onent Com- | minis- Sece- road feo lens Ad-| Secu- laws ment Act 1 | 908 u
Act ‘Act mis- | tration * rit Retire- Cc Other® Insur-
ans y om- | minis-| rity
: — Act ¢ — tration’| Act het
sion ?
Number of beneficiaries
1950 i } |
SS Aare 2,061.8; 254.3) 159.5 2, 358. 2 1, 120. 5) 140.1) 23.5) 1,004.7 11.9 10.4 30.7; 33.4 651.5 7.1 32.6 FY
November-..|.....-...- 2,200.9; 255.1} 160.0} 2,361.7) 1,136.2) 141.61 24.1/ 1,007.6, 16.7; 10.4) 28.2) 33.9) 733.7 5.5] 30. 4
December. ...).......--- 2,325.6; 255.6) 160.8 2,365.8) 1,151.7) 141.7 24.9) 1,010.1 19.6 9.5 27.2 32.1 832. 0 5.8) 34. .3
1951 | | | |
Pl Jcnctinedibecee 2,432.8; 256.3) 161.8 2, 364. 9 1, 172.4) 142.5; 25.7) 1,000.6) 33.0 11.1) 29.1 39.3 971.7 6. 50. 3
ae 2, 513. 7| 257.2; 162.7 2, 365.6) 1,192. 9| 142. 8| 26. 5 1, 001. 4| 30. 6 10. 3} 27.9 238.4 883.1 5. 46. mn
SS, Sa eeee 2,591.6; 258.1) 163.2 2,368.2) 1,217.6 143.7) 27.4) 1,001.4) 41.8 11.9 30.2 23.3 807.2 3.5) 38.7 2
— Ss Se Se | 2,650.6) 250.1) 163.9 2,370.8} 1, 239. 5) 144. 8) 28.1) 1,005.4) 34.4 12.2 31.6 27.3 740. 2 2.2 27.9 at
i ibitehilswncctinne | 2 704. 5 260.5| 164.5) 2,373.0) 1,264.4) 145.9) 29.1) 1,009.6, 39.3) 12.0) 30.5, 24.4) 773.5 1.5] 194) «1
a itniniinstldiighinin estnsen 2, 748. 2) 261.1; 165.4 2,373.6 1, 285. 4) 146.8 29.9) 1,012.3) 33.0; 11.2 32.3 22.3 821.4 1. 15.8 1
eS Sa 2,798.5) 262.0 166.2; 2,374.9 1, 300. 4) 147.5) 30.8) 1,013. 5) 30.1) 10.3 29.0; 23.9 747.8 1. 19.5 ey
i ctsdhnencocsete 2,858.1; 262. 9| 167.6 2,378.9) 1,318.4) 148.1) 31.6 1,016.1) 36. 7| 11.3 28.0 30.7 801.0 1.0) 24.6
September is nial ael 2, 895. 5 263.3; 168.4 2,381.2) 1,337.0; 148.9 32.3 1, 016. 2) 32. 8) 9.4 26.8 28.6 757.8 -8| 20.7
a Di cect deinibie 2, 931.9 263.9; 169.2 2, 385. 5) 1,358.9) 150.6 33. 2} 1, 018. 6) 37.0) 11.9) 27.6) 32. 9) 712.8 6] 21.
| | | | | i | i
Amount of benefits *
j | | |
SR $1, 188, 702| $21, 074/$114, 166! $62,019} $317,851| $7,784) $1, 448)... $105, 696} $11, 736/$12, 267|__......|_..... \s15, 961 ae
ET 1, 085, 488 55,141/ 119,912) 64,933 320, 561 25, 454 ee lll, 13, 328) 13, 943)........ 14, 537
1, 130, 721 80,305) 122,806) 68,115 325, 265 41, 702 . =e 111,193] 15,088) 14,342)........ 6, 268
iiiccdeseces 921, 465 97,257) 125,795) 72,961 331, 350 57, 763 2 Pbicacendd 116,133} 17,830) 17,255, $2,857 917
Rd ainioann 1,118,798} 119,009) 129,707) 77,193 456, 279 76, 942 b, Peibacebed 144, 22, 146) 19, 238 5, 035 62, $102
ae , 566) 157,391) 137,140) 83,874 697,830) 104,231; 1,772/.....-. 254, 26, 135) 23, 431 4, 669 445, 866 2, 11, 675
a a 5, 149, 761 ; 149, 188; 94, 585) 1,268,984) 130,139) 1,817)......- 333, , 267; 30,610 4,761 004, 39, 917 424
I , 700, 299, 830) 177,053) 106, 876) 1,676,029) 153, 109| . eae 382,515} 29,517) 33,115) 26,024/$11,368) 776,165) 772, 39, 401 }198, 174
Saab 4, 510, 041 , 887) 208, 642) 132, 852) 1,711,182) 176,736, 36,011 $918) 413,912) 32,315) 32,140) 35, 572| 30,843) 793,265) 426, 28, 83, 598
Ee y " 454, 483) 240, 893) 158,973) 1,692,215) 201,369) 39,257) 4,317) 477,406) 33,1 31,771) 59,066) 30, 1103/1, 737,279} 386, 103, 43, 559
Ne 5,357,432) 718,473) 254,240) 175,787) 1,732,208) 299,672) 43,884) 8,409) 491,579) 32,740) 33,578, 70,880 28, 099|1, 373,426; 32, 59,804; 1,666
'
1 | |
October - on 412, 821 82,795, 20,963) 15,399 141, 532} 35,558; 3,575 399} 40,873 1,927) 3,013) 2,900) 3,060 57, 533 2,102| 63
November _ . 419, 756 86,959) 21,016) 15, 507 138, 769 35,968) 3,604) 927) 41,056 2,540) 2,804) 2,751) 3,033 62, 389 1, 40
ber... 429, 376 90, 461 1,060) 15, 554 139, ri 36, 395) 3, 625 953) 41,486 2,894) 2,496 2,675; 2,979 66, 969 2, 145; 32
|
1951
January. ....- 461, 640 93, 885) 21,113) 15,825 139, 445) 36, 998) 3, 647) 997; 41,642 4,77 . 2,974; 3,401 90, 475 3, 087 23
February... . 441, 934 96,486; 21,184) 15,815 138,160) 37,605) 3,658) 1,009) 41,865 4,314; 2,648 2,508} 2,350 71, 369 2, 555 17
March. ...... 449, 759 98,933; 21,255) 15,921 139, 140| 38,326; 3,686) 1,006) 42,833 5,815) 2, 998) 2,980} 2,591 71, 584 2, 16
Fa 440,052; 100,604) 21,334) 16,046 138, 046 38, 942) 3,719} 1,081; 42,832 4,7 3,151} 2,957) 2,432 62, 204 1, 608 14
MD ss cccccce 451,242) 102,267; 21,424) 16,224 138, 356 39,614) 3,749) 1,133) 42, 552 5,385; 3,053; 3,097) 2,252 70, 799 1,13) 10
Oe s25<..... 448,150 103,545) 21,462) 16,206 136, 336 40,164) 3,77 1,151} 43,179 4, 501 2, 984! 2,880) 1,999) 68,780 9
a 447,533) 105,140) 21,522) 16,411 136, 877 40, 580 3,7 1,193} 43,325 4,121} 2,688) 2,861] 2,023 65, 917 966 8
August_..___. 461,753} 107,018 21,588] 16,656} 136,230; 41,101} 3,816} 1,217| 43,608} 5,018| 3,030} 2,801| 2,808) 75,131 1, 544 4
September 446,741; 108,230) 21,615) 16,622 135,173; 41,685) 3, 842) 1,248; 43,075 4,468) 2, 514| 2,455) 2, 563 62, 049 1,133 3
October 461, 014) 109, 469; 21,660; 16,880) 137,523) 42,357 3,886| 1,288 om 5,041) 3,146) 2, 535, 3, 082 67, 449 1,376 2

Under the Social Security Act, retirement benefits—old-age, wife’s, and
husband’s benefits, and benefits to children of old-age beneficiaries—-partly
estimated. Under the other 3 systems, benefits for age and disability.

Data for civil-service retirement and disability fund; excludes noncontribu-
tory payments made under the Panama Canal Construction Anaey Act to
pecens who worked on Canal construction 1904-14 or to their widows. Through
/une 1948, retirement and disability benefits include payments to survivors under
joint and survivor elections; beginning July 1948, payments under survivor
provisions shown as survivor benefits.

Pensions and compensation, and subsistence payments to disabled veterans
undergoing training.

— widow’s, widower’s, parent’s, and child’s benefits. Partly esti-

ua Annuities to widows under joint and survivor elections; 12-month death-

— annuities to widows and next of kin; and, beginning February 1947,
wi dow 8, widow’s current, parent’s, and child’s benefits.

3 Payments to widows, parents, and children of deceased veterans.

: oe of decedents on whose account lump-sum payments were made.

ayments under the Railroad Retirement Act and Federal civil-service and

Veterans’ programs.

* First payable in Rhode Island, A

N ril 1943; in California, December 1946; in
New Jersey, January 1949; in New

York, July 1950 (data not available); and

Bulletin, January 1952

under the railroad program, July 1947. Excludes hospital benefits in California;
ioe exlntep private plans in California and New Jersey except for calendar-year
to 5

10 Represents average weekly number of beneficiaries.

11 Represents average number of beneficiaries in a 14-day registration period.

12 Readjustment allowances to unemployed veterans; 1 to 2 percent of
number and amount shown represents allowances for and disability after
establishment of unemployment rights. Number represents average weekly
number of continued claims.

8 Claims paid under the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act.

M4 Less than 50.

18 Payments: amounts certified, under the Social Security Act (except monthly

data for monthly benefits, which ogee benefits in curren’ it status),
the Railroad Retirement Act, and the Railroad Unemployment Act;
disbursements, for Veterans Adminis the readjustment
allowance program; checks issued, under the State unemployment insurance and
temporary disability laws and under the Servicemen’s Act;

Readjustment ; for
civil-service programs, disbursements through June 1949 authorizations be-
ginning July 1949. Adjusted on annual basis except for Civil Service Commission
data, which are adjusted monthly.

Source: Based on reports of administrative agencies.

Table 2.—Contributions and taxes collected under golbcaed : ao insurance and related programs, by specified period,

[In thousands]

l — —e
Retirement, disability, and survivors insurance Unemployment insuranee
Federal Federal Taxes on State un- Federal Railroad
Period insurance civil-service carriers employment | unemployment) unemployment
contributions ' | contributions ? and their contributions ? taxes 4 insurance
employees contributions+
Fiscal year

1049-00. _........... é $2, 106, 388 $662, 262 $550, 172 $1, 094, 406 $226, 306 $18, 855
ne at ES See a a ape 3, 119, 537 684, 343 77, 509 1, 364, 590 233, 537 24, 68)

4 months ended
ie MSL cecnwontcasascenauce 507, 780 419, 139 149, 077 387, 659 21, 762 2%
i tsa siicey dbkeeiadcccwnccncccewsdcasusees 883, 759 431,111 140, 118 449, 145 18, 582 6,1
he i oR a Suubobnogsondudinhedl 979, 865 440, 068 267, 931 554, 121 20, 344 6, 531

1950
a Seep alin SIS gaa nN ae 5. 181, 498 34, 085 2, 763 116, 786 1, 980 W
See oo icin dotenccccecksenseedesanan 287, 928 32, 168 9, 817 191, 143 12, 398 168
| RESSET GERGI SCG SA SSSR RR TEG SRE eS See SARA fires 239, 131 29, 178 132, 961 , 980 2,716 5,87
1951 |

ESL SEE TIES eS Sn ER 131, 331 33, 958 1, 567 96, 405 16, 319 2
ee en. i uuas cade bebacubocmmubucse 378, 787 29, 752 6, 508 153, 307 146, 981 183
TR ct 1A alee naibdkpwootengecotsanpentcgmaines 239, 310 31, 874 139, 527 12, 151 13, 963 5,87
mg a od dish enn obo ggadsukabeuuwen ames 150, 35, 264 3, 021 145, 903 3, 502 1
EE he ETE Pole rt a a ee ae SE 534, 031 37,610 4,814 297, 232 15, 764 ,
8 te OE oA NE AER a 280, 172 23, 428 139, 178 9, 323 | 3,311 6,008
GEC DS SF SCRE Ste $2 Ng NR ae a 174, 511 29, 704 621 158, 465 1, 681 %
A ie ee eR A ae as acd agtoocucnepboccpheges 515, 815 29, 694 66, 022 273, 692 | 14, 641 5%
a le i ie ad RE acid ponerse nhaepncsnp mene 7, 873 § 342, 357 190, 087 8, 075 , 004 4,@
Riel cnanldediadabepta=ccunheppeceguaane 31, 665 38, 313 11, 201 113, 890 3,018 1a

1 Represents contributions of employees and employers in employments cov-,

ered by old
estimates.
2 Represents emp!

for the entire fiscal

year
3 Re

-age and survivors insurance; beginning Jaauary 1951, based on

loyee and Government contributions to the civil-service
retirement and disability fund; Government contributions are made in 1 month

presents deposits in State clearing accounts of contributions plus penalties
and interest collected from employers and, in 2 States, contributions from employ.

Act.

ees; excludes contributions collected for de
Data reported by State agencies; corrected to November 26, 1951.
* Represents taxes paid by employers under the Federal Unemployment Tar

5 Beginning 1947, also covers temporar

$$

sit in State sickness insurance funds,

disability insurance.

6 Represents contributions of $32.4 million from employees, and contributions
for fiscal year1951-52 of $310.0 million from the Federal Government.

Source: Daily Statement of the U.S. Treasury, unless otherwise noted.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS
(Continued from page 21)
Discusses changes introduced by the

Children’s Act of 1948.

Hi1, BetH Eaton. “Social Treatment
of the Young Blind Child.” Social
Casework, New York, Vol. 32, Nov.
1951, pp. 381-388. 40 cents.
Considers primarily the role of the

medical social caseworker in the treat-

ment of the preschool child. This arti-

cle is based on experience with 206

blind children.

Lazarus, EsTHER. “Social Casework
Within the ADC Program.” Public
Welfare, Chicago, Vol. 9, Oct. 1951,
pp. 195-199. 60 cents.

MCcNICKLE, Roma K. “Child Adoption
Safeguards.” Editorial Research
Reports, Washington, Vol. 2, Nov. 9,
1951, pp. 773-786. $1.

MINNESOTA. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.
DIVISION OF MATERNAL AND CHILD
HeattH. Maternal, Infant and
Childhood Mortality. Minneapolis:
The Department, 1951. 32 pp.
Outlines Minnesota’s maternal and

child health program; includes tables

on maternal and infant mortality in

1950 and on changes from 1915 to

1950.

24

STANTON, Mary. “The Development of
Institutional Care of Children in
California from 1769 to 1925.”" So-
cial Service Review, Chicago, Vol.
25, Sept. 1951, pp. 320-331. $1.75.
By the executive director of the

Citizen’s Adoption Committee of Los

Angeles County, California.

Health and Medical Care

AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. Bu-
REAU OF MEDICAL ECONOMIC RE-
SEARCH. An Annotated Bibliography
of Group Practice, 1927-1950. (Bul-
letin 85.) Chicago: The Associa-
tion, 1951. 71 pp.

AMMENTORP, VERNER. A Survey of the
Voluntary Sickness Insurance in
Denmark. Copenhagen: Pre-
pared under the auspices of the Di-
rector of Sick Clubs, 1950. 23 pp.
Processed.

BaEHR, GEORGE, and DEARDORFF, NEVA
R. “Pediatric Services Under the
Health Insurance Plan of Greater
New York.” Pediatrics, Springfield,
Ill. Vol. 8, Aug. 1951, pp. 277-292.
$1.50.

Coun, ALFRED E., and LInGG, CLAIRE.
The Burden of Diseases in the
United States. New York: Oxford

University Press, 1950.

charts. $10.

Traces the changes that have taken
place in the incidence of diseases dur-
ing the past century and illustrates
the leading causes of illness and death.
GOLDWATER, LEONARD J. “Impressions

of Industrial Medicine and Social

Legislation in England, France, and

Holland.” Industrial Medicine ant

Surgery, Chicago, Vol. 20, July 1961,

pp. 316-322, and Aug. 1951, pp. 369-

375. 75 cents.

HEALTH INSURANCE COUNCIL. SURVEY
ComMITTEE. A Survey of Accident
and Health Coverage in the United
States, As of December 31, 1950.

129 pp. and

New York: The Council, Sept. 1951.

24 pp.

HorrMan, Isaac L. Care of the Chron-
ically Ill in Ramsey County. &
Paul, Minn.: Amherst H. Wilde
Department of Research and Sta-
tistics, Oct. 1950. 68 pp. Processed.

Houavs, REINHARD A. “Catastrophit
Iiiness: Existing Insurance Plat
and Programs.’ American Ect
nomic Security (Chamber of Com-
merce of the U.S.A.), Washington,

(Continued on page 26)

Social Securit}

SEEESESESE F252 coobssze |

FesE -|

5 et

ee
282 22

-
S2=

—

. WE
SSS e8825En

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SSERH FSARER RFE &

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BRSEE RE Res

Table 3.—Status of the old-age and survivors insurance trust fund, by specified period, 1937-51

{In thousands]
Receipts Expenditures Assets
Net total of
Period Appropria- . | Cash with Credit of
ions, trans- | Interest re- | Benefit pay- | Administra- bt — disbursing | fund account ae
fers, and ceived ments tiveexpenses| .ocurities | Miceratend| at end of period
ts! acquired of period period
Cumulative, January 1937-October 1951 __....- $19, 250,979 | $1,830,359 | $5, 501, 706 $488,231 | $14, 842, 658 $226, 250 $22,493 | $15,001, 401
CRETE ES SS Sea 2, 109, 992 256, 778 727, 266 56, 841 1, 414, 152 79, 928 167,861 | 12,892, 612
es bdddddmkanecetacethéaicagalnginal 3, 124, 098 287, 392 1, 498, 088 70, 447 1, 677, 976 200, 456 212, 311 14, 735, 567
4 months ended: ;
I »i66cecsigigbbinincdpedctaoesit 511, 384 11, 240 228, 936 18, 947 228, 000 76, 615 49, 505 11, 584, 690
I ee RE a See 883, 759 10, 871 316, 872 21, 525 569, 918 174, 825 59, 279 13, 448, 844
EE» a ccedsecdibppedeccsebadneducht 987, 070 ‘ 628, 061 28, 863 519, 859 226, 22, 493 15, 091, 401
1950
LE Ea eee mee 5 ree es 120, 928 5, 136 130, 000 174, 825 59, 279 13, 844
ORRIN INES A Reercarenzetme 291,622 |... 127, 517 5, 361 35, 000 184, 208 178, 644 , 588
i on od dk tb andpionce nausea 239, 131 16, 714 136, 917 5, 249 80, 908 188, 401 202, 217 13, 721, 266
1951 m4
SR i tinwcbhcntagpsaouinupydensetlaadde 131, 331 115, 074 141,717 7, 086 197, 700 204, 080 86, 438 13, 818, 867
ERS RNR SPEER Re Es. A. SEE en" 151, 700 5, 265 82, 000 195, 393 220, 947 14, 085, 689
CL Rid sndetintnihi os ndhheineheangead 239, 310 10, 871 154, 830 5, 674 166, 918 205, 039 143, 061 14, 125, 366
= RR eh eee 150, 089 7,916 154, 685 7,137 66, 966 206, 309 71, 009 14, 121, 549
SN a neswrdischanon sidabnchbsbenaecd OE, OPO Bios -seeccaees 156, 806 6, 642 211, 500 205, 918 230, 527 14, 492, 176
EAE ee erent Oe 280, 995 125, 946 | 157, 043 6, 507 267, 067 200, 456 212,311 14, 735, 567
ee dis Sela a aonmihecnindiiae SMD hcsicctecnaansel’ 159, 131 8, 761 130, 000 197, 374 92,026 | 14, 742,199
Si ikitccecgtipapiiumnencieacinghtaninn BED tsacucWirerenie | 180, 301 6, 305 , 000 178, 578 220, 475 15, 071, 852
SN Sn. cccnsitaida weds cacoedebiboins 263, 182 10, 871 | 142, 442 7,121 119, 918 214, 122 189, 503 15, 196, 341
NEE SNE SRE eS 333,105 | 14, 818 | 146, 188 6, 675 49, 941 226, 250 22, 493 15, 001, 401
’
' For July 1940 to December 1950, equals taxes collected under the Federal In- _ benefits payable to survivors of certain World War II veterans under the Socia!
surance Contributions Act. Beginning January 1951, amounts appropriated in Security Act Amendments of 1946.
accordance with sec. 201 (a) of the Social Security Act as amended in 1950; from 2 Includes accrued interest and repayments on account of accrued interest on
May 1951, includes deposits by States under voluntary coverage agreements. bonds at time of pure’
Beginning in the fiscal year 1947, includes amounts appropriated to meet costs of 3 Apacs tions suspended as of October 10, 1951, to adjust for estimates on
which earlier 1951 appropriations were based.
Source: Daily Statement oj the U. S. Treasury.
Table 4.—Status of the unemployment trust fund, by specified period, 1936-51
{In thousands]
| ’
| Net total Unex- State accounts Railroad unemployment insurance account ¢
Total of U. 8. popees
Tenet | fendot | ecumnt | stend Balance at Balance at
| at end o ernmen' at en ce a
Interest | Withdraw- Interest Benefit
period securities of Deposits end of Deposits end of
| acquired 1 period credited als a8 period credited payments period a6
Cumulative, January
ee 1951 __.| $8,207,864 | $8, 265, 181 $32,683 |$15, 494,162 | $1,341,188 | $9,208,523 | $7, 536, 827 $905, 516 $136, 339 $460, 931 $761, 037
year:
i tebesksbaceuss 7, 437, 896 —724, 068 23,633 | 1,008,705 149,046 | 1,879,000 | 6,651, 571 9, 728 18, 020 143, 904 786, 325
4 ae err=or--onn 8, 079, 232 649, 933 15, 085 1, 362, 629 147, 662 848,270 | 7,313, 592 14, 884 16, 465 52, 034 765, 640
ended:
October 1949. .....___. | 7,852,044 —312, 007 25, 719 315, 727 4, 840 607,040 | 6,996, 257 250 596 46, 398 855,
October 1950......___. | 7,507,116 73, 993 18, 860 369, 506 3, 893 289,895 | 6,735,076 3, 694 458 18, 436 772, 041
October 1951.......__. 8, 297, 864 200, 984 32, 683 485, 835 8, 098 270,697 | 7,536,827 3, 931 843 13, 749 781, 087
1950
October.................| 7,507,116 | —28,000 18, 860 37, 516 188 56,650 | 6,735,076 10 22 4, 508 772,
November. .......... 7, 704, 302 198, 000 18, 046 |g SE 55,120 | 6,936,716 ee 4, 555 767, 586
December. ..............| 7, 663, 410 —47, 027 24, 181 1, 5, 823 68,145 | 6,896,278 3, 472 675 4, 602 767, 131
ot Fp QRRGNe fnaccantianes 27, 087 34, 463 63, 563 96,425 | 6,897,879 13 7,147 5, 854 768, 437
7, 800, 319 139, 000 22, 090 A, 5 es. 69,440 | 7,036, 231 5 eee 4,442 764, 088
| 7, 758, 020 —40, 008 19, 799 21, 652 3, 662 66, 770 6, 994, 775 3, 508 412 4, 763 763, 245
| 7,733, 576 —40, 005 35, 359 39, 247 2,445 62, 970 6, 973, 496 112 269 3, 546 760, 079
8, 052, 016 325, 000 28, 799 ) 8 fer 72,125 | 7,204,755 ES 3, 089 757, 261
8, 079, 232 40, 981 15, 035 17, 941 68, 275 67,380 | 7,313, 592 3, 622 7, 504 2, 746 765, 640
8, 068, 215 —35, 000 39, 018 53, 293 17 66,515 | 7,300,387 29 2 2,215 767, 827
8, 367, 086 , 000 31, 889 § | aaa 72, 760 7, 602, 841 oe 3,898 764, 245
8, 322, 164 —25, 008 11, 975 5,004 | 3, 627 62,870 | 7,558, 691 2, 457 385 3,614 763, 473
8, 297, 864 —45, 008 32, 683 42, 234 4, 454 68,552 | 7,536,827 1, 130 457 4, 022 761, 087
tte Includes accrued interest and repayments on account of interest on bonds at 5 Includes transfers to the account from railroad unemplo: t insurance ad-
“= of purchase; minus figures represent primarily net total of securities ministration fund amounting to $85,290,000 and transfers of out of the
redeemed. account to adjust funds available for administrative on account of
Includes transfers from State accounts to railroad unemployment insurance __ retroactive credits taken by contributors under the Unemployment
account amounting to $107,161,000.

? Includes withdrawals of $79,169,000 for disability insurance benefits.
‘ Beginning July 1947, includes temporary disability program.

Bulletin, January 1952

Insurance Act Amendments of 1948.
Source: Daily Statement of the U. S. Treasury.

Table 5.—Old-age and survivors insurance: Monthly benefits in current-payment status ' at the end of the month, by Ta
type of benefit and by month, October 1950-—October 1951, and monthly benefits awarded by type of benefit, October 195}

[Amounts in thousands; data corrected to Nov. 29, 1951]

Wife’s or . Widow’s or , _
Total Old-age husbend’s Child’s widower’s Mother’s Parent's
Item
Number | Amount | Number | Amount | Number| Amount Number| Amount Number| Amount | Number| Amount | Number| Amount
Monthly benefits in |
t-pa t }
status at end of |
montana:
1950 =
Wein Se 3, 182,342 |$118, 352.9 | 1,563,318 | $70,955.8 | 459,990 |$11, 113.8] 676,758 |$18, 929.3] 305,790 |$11, 199.9] 162,066 |$5,624.2 | 14,420] $529.9
November. .__._.- 3,346, 167 | 122, 926.5 | 1,681,370 | 74,621.1 | 486,238 | 11,581. 5] 688,131 | 19, 144.6] 300,848 | 11,336.4| 166,111 | 5,711.6 | 14,469 531.4
Sew 3,477, 243 | 126,856.5 | 1,770,984 | 77,678.3 | 508,350 | 11,994. 9) 699,703 | 19,366.3] 314,189 | 11, 481.3] 169,438 | 5,800.8 | 14,579 534.9 Re
1951 N
January. .....2.... 3,605, 235 | 130,882.8 | 1,850,207 | 80,584.4 | 532,187 | 12,477.3] 715,188 | 19, 700.6] 319,513 | 11,665.2| 173,354 | 5,912.6 | 14,786 542.6 i
February __.......] 3,706,586 | 134,090.8 | 1,912,170 | 82,843.8 | 548,047 | 12,790.4/ 729,616 | 20,033.9| 325,555 | 11,872.2] 176,156 | 5,998.8 | 15,042 551.8 nN
March. -_.........| 3,809,165 | 137, 258.9 | 1,971,703 | 84,971.8 | 563,346 | 13, 087.0] 746,247 | 20,418. 5] 332,539 | 12,114.0] 179,877 | 6,100.9 | 15,453 566.7 F
Apri Sas Dea 3, 890,018 | 139, 636.9 | 2,016,135 | 86, 496.1 | 575,098 | 13, 304.9] 760,697 | 20,732. 2| 338,539 | 12,315.9| 183,719 | 6,207.7 | 15,830 580.1 V
-Sagante hee 3,968,900 | 141,881.2 | 2,055,581 | 87,842.9 | 586,829 | 13,510. 5| 776,336 | 21,059. 9) 345,112 | 12,519. 9] 188,681 | 6,348.3 | 16,361 599,7 Rei
ee Al ......868.d 4, 033, 583 | 143, 708.8 | 2,090,668 | 89,000.0 | 596,098 | 13, 674.0] 787,311 | 21,282. 4| 350,343 | 12,683.3| 192,357 | 6,452.8 | 16.806 616.3 »
SS gga ee 4,098,870 | 145, 720.2 | 2,129,909 | 90,390.7 | 606,188 | 13,872.8| 794,875 | 21,425.9) 355,678 | 12,858.5| 194,925 | 6,537.6 | 17,295 634.8 d
~ RE: 4, 176, 535 | 148,118.8 | 2,176,036 | 92,025.0 | 618,128 | 14,108. 4) 804,807 | 21,632.4| 361,970 | 13,071.2| 197,712 | 6,625.3 | 17,882 656.5 E
September __-._...| 4,232,453 | 149,914.8 | 2,204,016 | 93,072.6 | 625,736 | 14,259. 9| 816,746 | 21, 948.3) 367,728 | 13,270. 4/ 199,835 | 6,688.2 | 18,392 675.3 V
Be Ew: 4,290,791 | 151,825.5 | 2,231,141 | 94,132.8 | 634,319 | 14, 442.7) 830, 587 | 22, 329.6) 374,460 | 13, 505.0) 201,437 | 6,723.7 | 18,847 691.6 Re
Monthly benefits | }
awarded in Oc- »
1951__..... 95,249 | 3,087.4 | 44,010 | 1,748.8 | 16,411 | 351.6 | 19,262) 458.2) 8,517 | 206.4) 6,484) 212.1 565) mt
| | ¥ _ Ass . = ae }
1 Benefit in om status is subject to no deduction or only to deduc- t
tion of fixed amount that is less than the current month’s benefit. 1
Re
!
(Continued from page 24) Reports, Washington, Vol. 66, Oct. NATIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH ]
19, 1951, pp. 1351-1360. 15 cents. COUNCIL FOR THE BLIND. Research
Vol. 8, Sept—Oct. 1951, pp. 13-20. Compares the 1923 and 1945-50 Suggestions on Psychological Prob- Re
$1.50 a year. health and socio-economic status of lems Associated with Blindness. |
Kiem, MarcarRet C., and McKrever, persons who were included in a Public Washington: Federal Security .
Marcaret F. “Voluntary Health In- Health Service survey made in 1923 Agency, Office of Vocational Reha- )
surance for Industrial Groups.” 2nd who later received medical care bilitation, 1951. 20 pp. Limited |
Industrial Medicine and Surgery, under Maryland’s program. free distribution; apply to the Office R

Chicago, Vol. 20, Nov. 1951, pp. 489-

497. 75 cents.

Considers the type of protection
now available to industrial workers
through voluntary health insurance
programs and the relationship these

of Vocational Rehabilitation, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.
“Non-Contributory Pensions and Free R
Medical Treatment in Egypt.” In-
dustry and Labour, Geneva, Vol. 6,
Sept. 1, 1951, pp. 221-223. 25 cents.

LEAR, WALTER J. “Medical-Care In-
surance for Industrial Workers.”
Monthly Labor Review, Washing-
ton, Vol. 73, Sept. 1951, pp. 251-257.
50 cents.

MILLER, JOHN H. “Increased Health

R
programs bear to in-plant and com- Protection Through Group Insur- Rowe, Evan Kern. “Health and Wel-
munity health services. ance.” American Economic Security fare Plans in the Automobile Indus-
LAWRENCE, P. S. “Some Conditions (Chamber of Commerce of the try.” Monthly Labor Review, Wash- .

Leading to Medical Dependency in U.S.A.), Washington, Vol. 8, Sept.- ington, Vol. 73, Sept. 1951, pp.
Hagerstown, Md.” Public Health Oct. 1951, pp. 26-28. $1.50 a year. 277-282. 50 cents.
R
E

26 Social Security

» by Table 6.—Employment security: Selected data on nonfarm placements and unemployment insurance claims and
195] benefits, by State, October 1951
(Corrected to Nov. 27, 1951]
; Weeks of unemploy- Compensated unemployment
a Initial claims ! ment covered by con- A
me ‘tition tinued claims All types of unemployment ? Total unemployment weekly
t onfarm
is Region and State place- °
ments Average =
Weeks Benefits weekly Weeks A der all pro-
Total Women Total Women compen- paid # number of | compen- wee grams ‘
sated benefici- sated payment
| |
mr Total, 53 States... __ 609, 794 896, 173 424,955 | 3,886,201 | 2,094,700 | 3,278,967 |$67, 449, 425 712,819 | 2,944, 542 $21.63 874, 685
534.9 I:
i = Sees 9, 140 | 14, 481 9, 390 63, 718 | 43, 572 52,677 | 1,001,116 11, 452 46, 791 20.17 14, 013
nc bns ncenwe 2, 838 | , 245 5, 064 33, 508 | 21, 775 26, 824 434, 480 5, 831 20, 695 18.04 7, 454
542.6 Massachusetts... ..._- 21, 513 | 49, 729 24, 389 236,506 | 129, 843 195,310 | 4,278,423 42, 459 168, 930 23.71 52,147
551.8 New Hampshire - .. . .. , 8, 942 5, 537 37, 762 | 26, 812 31, 002 522, 004 6, 740 22, 852 19.16 7, 997
566.7 I a cidiewioe 2,618 | 17, 216 9, 310 102, 080 56, 026 97,114 | 2,144,902 21, 112 93, 256 22. 48 22, 403
aul Vermont ST ednndineed 878 | 1, 222 659 9, 148 6, 454 7,637 154, 393 1, 660 6, 985 20. 82 1,926
616.3 ew Jersey........._. 12, 039 | 41,899 23, 103 214, 536 129, 077 197,724 | 4,445,878 42, 983 177, 589 23.63 46, 208
a Now York.......-----| 75, 4 222, 416 114, 500 844, 169 434, 200 727, 297 | 15, 801, 668 158, 108 668, 575 22.64 183, 966
SS eer ft SPREE: Cpa saat bie ee A, PML ee ee bateid ee i
675.3 Virgin Islands._..____- TE Nisedpacicaat tp Conans Bee ae ak Dene, MEE! SRA PMN We
691.6 ae Ill:
aS 1, 797 | 925 421 4, 798 2, 627 4, 237 77, 844 921 3, 870 19.11 1,031
Peansyivanie Rperiand 20, 713 91, 480 46, 085 340, 403 186, 291 290,853 | 5,892, 520 63, 229 265, 947 21.01 74, 169
n : |
20.3 istrict of Columbia - | 5,117 1, 298 544 6, 230 3, 225 5, 300 94, 970 1,152 5,178 17.94 1, 242
g Maryland..........._. 7, 496 8, 521 3, 923 27, 951 15, 039 28,710 562, 128 6, 241 25, 292 83 6, 690
North Carolina.....__- 15, 588 28, 413 15, 724 107, 842 , 109,281 | 1,871,790 23, 757 97,742 18.13 24, 222
el ll laa 8, 970 8, 466 4,720 34, 007 20, 196 28,617 72, 336 6, 221 25, 253 17. 64 7,415
West Virginia... ....__| 2, 502 6,131 1, 471 39, 635 13, 023 33, 043 591, 976 7, 183 29, 391 18.91 8,477
ion Vv: |
wall Alabama.............. 12, 399 10, 833 3, 251 53, 334 19, 944 39, 375 611, 815 8, 560 36, 578 15. 98 11, 660
Florida... .. baGesimaas 17, 510 9, 441 4, 605 64, 284 36, 250 53, 704 862, 819 11, 675 50, 325 16. 36 13, 820
ES CFR 10, 644 7, 739 4,411 46, 688 30, 897 42, 181 693, 754 9, 170 39, 170 16. 88 11, 386
CH Mississippi_........... 9, 244 5, 529 2,272 23, 799 11, 823 18, 895 , 192 4, 108 17, 287 15. 63 5, 254
ch South Carolina. ....__- 8, 706 6, 737 3,171 36, 214 21, 388 30, 368 521, 396 6, 602 27, 196 18.11 9,001
rt $rt0..=---------- | 13, 069 | 12, 599 5, 809 97, 206 54, 055 83,195 | 1,335,397 18, 086 78, 643 16.30 21, 552
$3. | a 3, 347 11, 643 6, 189 61, 761 29, 494 46,114 774, 695 10, 025 42, 995 17.24 13, 499
‘ Michi 13, 020 58, 870 15, 662 225, 281 80, 674 183,309 | 4,800, 495 39, 850 171, 384 27.08 50, 674
ity 32, 288 33, 600 15, 482 146, 209 86, 311 117,232 | 2,451, 118 25, 485 104, 473 22. 03 32, 671
a~ 22, 117 50, 907 24, 826 253, 845 147, 452 204,430 | 4,170,842 44, 441 162, 572 22. 72 54, 668
ed 13, 749 15, 892 7,397 61, 992 33, 401 51,624 | 1,141, 262 11, 223 47, 066 23. 09 13,322
ice 10, 462 | 10, 235 6, 139 31, 522 21, 066 23, 684 490, 175 5, 149 21, 453 21.22 7, 525
h- 13, 575 | 5, 559 3, 571 25, 931 16, 245 23, 956 409, 299 5, 208 21, 784 17.64 5, 999
3, 812 | 645 348 2, 526 1,771 1, 962 34, 858 427 1, 962 17.77 643
2, 609 | 104 39 539 | 348 491 9, 278 107 393 20. 37 125
ee aaeir jummenel 2, 258 203 92 698 444 67 10, 848 147 517 18.09 153
n- ; 9, 608 2, 677 1,313 11,711 | 7, 764 9, 204 168, 858 2, 020 7,879 19. 44 2, 499
6 10, 091 2, 412 978 12, 083 6, 265 10,313 | 217, 825 | 2, 242 9, 445 21.94 2, 676
, 14, 784 | 21, 898 9, 100 99, 176 60, 999 64,965 | 999, 903 | 14, 123 47, 648 17.97 22,387
ts. . 6, 283 996 498 | 2, 387 1,742 2,188} 41,307 | 476 2, 041 19. 58 529
]- Arkangas............_. 12, 330 | 5, 839 2, 466 | 18, 720 8, 397 13,662 | 225, 165 2, 970 12, 510 17.01 4,897
S- SS ancnsccoa. 10, 008 | 9, 406 2, 203 | 51, 727 18, 639 43, 523 | 885, 609 | 9, 462 39, 451 21.18 11, 132
Oklahoma... Skea 13, 884 | 4, 401 1, 574 | 24, 514 12, 037 18,052 | 322,303 | 3, 924 16, 871 18.31 5, 352
i- eee es peipiliecnsense 56, 651 | 6, 110 2, 724 33, 714 18, 378 ,509 | 383, 807 5, 328 22, 851 16.15 7, 860
4
D. Colorado. ............. 7, 266 | 807 4is| 2,983 | —:1, 708 1, 918 37, 793 417 1,807 20.13 655
New Mexico... _ =. 5, 806 | 792 140 | 2, 919 | 902 2, 922 56, 008 635 2,770 19. 53 747
i iiiiinesineencess 5, 147 | 1, 404 761 | 6, 058 | 3, 893 3, 867 86, 619 | 841 3, 344 23. 49 1,297
Wyoming... 1, 556 | 207 102 | 682 | 379 627 | 13, 495 | 136 22. 55 171
i 5, 284 2, 098 729 | 7,892 | 3, 895 4, 104 | 81, 210 892 3, 888 20. 02 1, 657
California... 2... 7 - 45, 557 57, 715 24,971 | 279,078 155, 342 244,615 | 5,315,302 53, 177 220, 985 22. 67 60, 505
ome _ ae 1, 102 2, 064 1,194 | 11, 041 | 6, 421 8, 541 136, O11 1, 857 5, 573 19. 33 ®)
Re hing {1 tiaeeeme 2, 623 | 750 267 | 2, 204 972 2, 102 49, 375 457 1, 950 24. 21 593
as 1, 224 468 124 | 1, 604 578 1, 683 45, 427 366 1, 609 27. 25 ®
Idah
Ore Dn «we asecsccascosce 3, 598 1, 188 303 3, 697 1,945 2, 267 45, 723 493 2, 142 20. 49 855
wee J EERE 9, 483 10, 825 3, 288 | 32, 825 16, 049 26, 611 564, 105 5, 785 24, 795 21.84 7,640
ashington........ 2. 9, 067 13, 196 3, 698 | 46, 974 | 19, 649 36, 384 823, 819 7,910 34, 291 22. 94 10, 801
' Excludes transitional claims i !
q ployment allowance program. Includes partial ana part-total unemployment.
1 Notal, part-total, and partial. State distribution excludes railroad unemployment insurance claims.
bined-waes nie for voided benefit checks and transfers under interstate com- 5 Data not available,
Ma Unemployment represented by weeks of unempioyment claimod under the A... ee (ee, DS ee ene
and railroad unemployment insurance programs and the veterans’ unem-
y Bulletin, January 1952 27

Table 7.—Public assistance in the United States, by month, October 1950-October 1951
[Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only such payments)

Aid to dependent Aid to Aid Aid

children the ou. le to a) ase to the

perma- - |depend- perma-
Year and Total Old-age Aid to nently General Total age ent to nently .
month assistance Recipients the blind A | assistance assist- pa ulna i assist.

otally ance ren y
Families dis- (fami- die |

Total? | Children abled 3 lies) abled #

Number of recipients Percentage change from previous month

2, 798, 711 655,251 | 2,244,576 | 1,667, 780 97, 194 58, 250 —0.4 +0.2 $66 ts-2088 1k
2, 793, 712 649,931 | 2,226,685 | 1,653,151 97, 491 61, 050 —.2 —-.8 +.3 +4.8 -l3
2, 786, 216 651,309 | 2,233,194 | 1,660, 933 97, 453 , 800 —.3 +.2 (*) +12.7 +26
2, 784, 199 652,971 | 2,240,743 | 1,666,911 96, 062 70, 77 tk 5 Reames -.1 +.3 —1.4 +2.9 +30
2, 777, 722 651,928 | 2,238,185 | 1,665,048 96, 065 74, 567 421,000 |........ —.2 —.2 (®) +5.4 16
2,771, 640 651,356 | 2,236,472 | 1,663,919 95, 905 80, 002 412,000 |.......- —.2 -.1 —.2 +7.3 -2)

2, 760, 691 645, 822 | 2,218,670 | 1,652,472 96, 974 87,845 EIEN Mecdathintor terete —.4 -.8 +1.1 +9.8
2, 754, 884 640, 606 | 2,198,894 | 1,638,116 96, 990 97,079 355, 000 |.......-. —.2 —.8 (5) +10.5 “lb
2, 745, 285 632,649 | 2,171,426 | 1,617,893 97, 024 104, 230 BEE. Ipccoacee —.3 —1.2 (*) +7.4 “A?
2, 737, 675 618, 394 | 2,123,693 | 1, 582,218 97, 256 108, 907 | « _ oe —.3 —2.3 +.2| +4.5 -32
2, 732, 021 612,128 | 2,104,348 | 1, 568,029 97, 349 111,329 5 y Se —.2 —-1.0 +.1 +2.2 -hi
2, 722, 933 606,078 | 2,085,243 | 1, 554, 062 97,158 113, 049 311,000 }........ —.3 —1.0 —.2 +1.5 —25
2, 710, 297 596,763 | 2,056,176 | 1, 532,936 97,173 114, 232 312, 000 EES —.5 —1.5 ® +1.0 +2

Amount of assistance Percentage change from previous month
1950 | i
October. _ ..../$192, 265,677 |$121, 124, 389 $45, 811, 754 $4, 463, 099 ($2,399, 435 |$18, 467,000 —1.2 —1.6 —0.5 oS -14
November... | 192, 572,324 | 120, 824, 086 46, 220, 553 4, 472,924 | 2,533,761 | 18, 521, +.2 —.2; +.9 +.2 +5.6 +3
ber....| 193, 264,021 | 119, 954, 750 46, 529, 002 4, 480, 867 | 3,033,402 | 19, 266, 000 +.4 -.7) +7 +.2 | +19.7 +4.)
;
1951

January. ..... 194, 962, 874 | 120, 099, 988 47, 327, 250 4, 438,705 | 3,170,931 | 19,926,000 +.8 +.1 +1.7 —.9] +45 +34
February __..| 194, 437,286 | 119, 131, 206 47, 857, 550 4, 454, 255 | 3,383,275 | 19,611,000 —.3 —-.8 +1.1 +.4 +6.7 -Lé
March. _.....| 194, 532,503 | 118, 948, 024 4, 448, 593 | 3,596,552 | 19,451,000 (5) —.2 +.5 —.1 +6.3 =f
opel intimal’ 191, 950, 100 | 118, 270, 450 47, 521, 557 4, 495, 465 | 3,946,628 | 17,716,000 —1.3 —.6 —1.2 +1.1 +9.7 iy
-May..-.......| 191,087,004 | 118, 929, 307 47,021, 4, 523,461 | 4,399,393 | 16, 163, 000 —.5 +.6 —1.0 +.6 | +115 mAs
| ae 189, 319, 242 | 118, 665, 540 194 4, 537,434 | 4,677,074 | 15,055, 000 -.9 —.2| —1.4 +1.7 +6.3 ll
, PS: 188, 142,875 | 119, 304,317 45, 002, 602 4, 536,052 | 4,847,904 | 14, 452, 000 —.6 +.5 | —3.0 (‘) +3.7 —4.0
August__..... 188, 194, 866 | 119, 308, 258 44, 745, 286 4, 558,093 | 4,950,229 | 14, 633, 000 (5) © | —6 +.5) +2.1 +1)
September. ._| 188, 364,274 | 119, 841, 541 44, 819, 189 4, 567,563 | 5,150,981 | 13, 985, 000 +.1 +.4) +.2 +.2) +41 —4
eer 189, 702,325 | 120,726, 991 44, 658, 976 4,640,451 | 5,269,907 | 14, 406, 000 +.7 +.7 —.4 +1.6 | +2.3 +3.0

1 For definition of terms see the Bulletin, Jan 1951, p. 21. Excludes pro- other adult relative in families in which the requirements of at least 1 such adult
grams administered without Federal participation States administering such were considered in date — the amount of assistance.
programs concurrently with programs under the Social Security Act; beginning § Program a October 1950 under Public Law 734.
October 1950, includes data for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. All data 4 Decrease of less than 0.05 percent.
sab to revision. 5 Increase of less than 0.05 percent.
October 1950, includes as recipients the children and 1 parent or

28 Social Securit}

S4S-"°RFS CAAAZAZASZEEK BES RSSSSOS |

_ BoB wy}

|

Table 8.—Amount of vendor payments for medical care
for reci ts of public assistance, program and

State, August 1951 *
Aid to the
Old-age Aid to Aid perma- General
State ? assist- dependent to the nently and assist-
ance children blind totally ance 3
disabled
RE a) ee | ee (*) $44, 201
Conn... ------ $223,735 | $104, 629 $2, 974 (4) 0
= incudases 414, 809 36, 814 9, 609 $13, 345 374, 205
a 267,715 52, 808 9, 728 (*) 119, 221
epee EE eisaed, Sree SEE ss” ) 129, 799
a 113, 787 26, 729 2,440 15, 141 51,915
a ll 1, 259 97 531 443
SR a Sa el nS (4) 31, 516
REE SRR SS NP | wccapetensctoncccbswucae 56, 172
ee 653 , 388 38, 870 | 7, 923 (*) (®)
AS eS ee eee ee mee ee es 114, 258
. 140, 128 11, 058 370 (*) (®
| ES Fee eee eS eS: (*) 4, 575
eae 57, 032 16, 905 2,149 (‘) (°)
OS a eS OF 5 eae Be Oe ee 90, 028
Eo cs-ccc--| 1,007, 534 314, 522 38, 475 7, 222 ()
<a 7,199 GO, BOS Senddmdsliees 839 101, 721
WN. Dak. .....- 20, 566 647 15 761 21, 901
Ohio... 181, 910 7,110 | GEES tibiciendnseds 354, 398
|
eRe) eevee sees Ree Fee Bi Tes 115, 115
Pact can akbadind dddeeeostae cates 35, 268
Si IOSRSTOERARS OSRORNE? RRT YS Cope Ra a eee | 76, 411
14 2 7
ee eas ee eR OP ee 2, 902
68, 983 7,351 4, 555 | 95,314

For August data excluding vendor payments for medical care, see the
Bulletin; November 1951.

? Excludes States that either made no vendor payments for medical care for
Au or did not report such payments.

all States except California, Illinois, Louisiana, Nevada, New Jersey,

Be the Virgin Islands includes payments made on behalf of recipients of the
special types of public assistance.

‘No program for aid to the permanently and totally disabled.

§ Data not available.

Bulletin, January 1952

Table 9.—Average pec argeess s including vendor payments
jor m care and average amount of vendor
ments per assistance case, by program and

5
August 1951!
pa Aid to : Aid 1.
-age permanen
assistance children the blind and totally
(per family) disabled
Ven- Ven- Ven- Ven-
State * dor dor dor dor
pay- pay- pay- pay-
one: —— oes — oa — nk: —
or or
ance | medi- | "°° | medi- | 9@°° | medi- | 9@°° | medi-
cal cal cal cal
care care care care
Conn...| $71.88 | $11.31 |$126.25 | $19.35 | $77.65 | $9.66/ @) ®
WE. cath sdiiskloadekeds 82.28] 1.16 et
ok 48.94.| 3.55 | 110.95| 1.62) 6217 | 230°) $52. $7.56
, * ems 40.21 | 5.51] 70.61] 5.49] 43.30] 5.40 Ky) ®
_..| 51.94] (2 86.41 | 5.78] 55.19] 3.78 01 6.03
ae 46.55} (4) 49. 72 -05 | 44.65 -05 | 31.39 04
Minn...| 57.11 | 11.82 | 100.76] 6.01 | 65.17| 684] @)
Nebr_..| 52.10| 6.16| 90.18| 3.34] 63.12 49} @)
N.H_..| 55.85} 8.00 | 111.30] 11.50] 52.81| 7.00} @)
oy eles Boge Se Se See 2) Ce BR ee Ct
N.Y-...| 60.90 | 8.72] 113.47| 5.87] 68.59| 9.07] 67.00| 10.01
N.C__.| 22.74 .12 | 46.09 MA ees 26. 86 26
N. Dak.| 52.42} 2.28| 88.43 .39 | 57.65 13 | 55.92
Ohio_...| 46.32 | 1.53 | 69.98 50] 44.95] 1.06 {...... 2}.
vw: x.. 10. 41 -09 | 15.41 2) & ® i) ®
Wis_...| 52.30| 5.91 | 116.26| 8.21] 57.78| 6.81] 69.08 5.62

‘For August data excluding vendor “bh parptned for medical care, see the
yy oe pe a 1951. ao Lge hee oa or . ony pn
ments, vendor payments for
assistance not computed here because of of difference caang Siete in
+ pate sogeding use of general assistance funds te per pay medical for
ients of the special types of public assistance.
xcludes States that made no vendor payments for medical care for August
or aia not report such payments. Also excludes States for which count of
cases is believed to be incomplete.
3 No program for aid to the permanently and totally disabled.
4 Less than 1 cent.
* Average payment not computed on base of less than 50 recipients.

Table 10.—Old-age assistance: Recipients and payments
to recipients, by State, October 1951}

{Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only

Table 11.—Aid to the blind: Recipients and payments
recipients, by State, October 1951' »
[Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only

such payments] such payments]
a
gow hy Percentage change from— — Percentage change from—
Tj September 1951| Octobe ber of Oo
r 0! ptember 1951 tober 1950 r of September 1951 etober 1
State | recip- in— in— State | recip- in— oe
ients Total Aver- ients Total Aver-
amount age . amount age
—_ Amount -¥ Amount .~-% Amount New
Total 2___./2,710,297 | $120,726,991/$44. 54 | —0.5 +0. —3.2 —0.3 Total ?_...| 97,173 | $4,640,451 [$47.75 (@) +1.6 (*)
79, 621 1,676,091 | 21.05 —.5 —3.0| —2.5 +1.2 Total, 51 |
1, 65: 93, 5.42} —.1 +.7| +4.0 —23 States *.| 97,134 | 4,638,155 | 47.75 | +3.0| +4.1 | +23.1
14, 147 705, 166 | 49.85 +.2 —.3 —.8 —5.9
1,124 | 1,283,403 | 21.00 | —1.5 —1.4 | —10.8 —27.9 1, 5382 36, 253 | 23.66 —.5 +1.8 +.5
4, 532 | 18,324,723 | 66.75 | (3) (4) +1.0 —3.1 738 063 | 54.29) —3.7| —3.7 | —17.3
§2, 411 3, 984, 233 | 76.02 +.2 +.1 +2.4 —.6 1, 933 50,303 | 26.02 —.7 —.4 —5.1
19,592 | 1,197,829 | 61.14 —.6 (4) —1.6 +3.3 11, 426 931,474 | 81.52 +.4 +.1 +6.5
1, 599 48, 244 | 30.17 | +1.2 +2.4 —2.0 +1.9 35 20,918 | 59.60 —.6 —.8 —6.6
2, 836 135, 757 | 47.87 +.4 +.6 —.6 +23.4 314 20,812 | 66.28 | +1.9 +1.8 |) +9.8
69,062 | 2,647,670 | 38.34 —-.1 —.5 (*) —2.9 219 9,784 | 44.68 —,5 —1.0 | +15.3
261 13,459 | 51. 57 —.8 -.1 —1.1
2, 980, 297 | 31.13 —.5 +27.3 —6.4 +23. 5 3,309 135,179 | 40.85 (*) —.6 —.7
2,279 75, 769 | 33.25 —.5 —.6 —7.8 —8.2 2, 103,091 | 35.76 (3) +22. 5 +3.8
, 503 480, 50. 54 —.5 +6.6 | —15.7 —4.3
114,644 | 5,385,102 | 46.97 —.1 +1.3 —4.8 +4.6 121 4,774 | 39.45 2 7.9 14.2
130 | 1,642,109 | 35.60 | —1.5 —1.6} —10.9 —11.9 202 11, 553 | 57.19 | —1.9 +5.4 —4.7
899 | 2,470,143 | 50. 52 —.3 (4) —1.4 +1.9 4, 102 219,013 | 53.39 -.2 +5.3 —4.4
37, 843 1,871,153 | 49.45 —.2 +.2 —3.8 —3.4 1,749 68, 007 | 38. 88 -,7 —1.1 —6.5
458 | 1,971,694 | 29.67 —.4 —.5 —2.2 +40. 3 1, 267 675,220 | 59.37 =, } —.2 +.4
119,116 | 5,542,431 | 46.53 +.1 +.1 —.6 —1.1 633 32,341 | 51.09 -.§ -.7 —7.2
4, 634, 395 | 42.87 | —.5 -.5| -3.7 —7.8 2, 508 79,366 | 31.65) —.1 —.4| +3.2
, 880 83,141 | 44.22 +.3 —.2 +1.2
11, 493 455, 579 | 39.64 —.3 | +.2 —4.1 +3.2 621 28,397 | 45.73 | —1.1 —-.8 —7.5
101,863 | 6,473,018 | 63.55 +.3 |) +443 +.2 . a ee | Cee 490 21,855 | 44.60 +.4 +1.1 +1.0
94,830 | 4,501,292 | 47.47 —.2 +.4 —4.5 —2.5
54,958 | 2,504,022 | 45.56 +.1 +.1 —1.9 +.4 Mass. _..... 1, 596 119, 788 | 75.06 +.4 +.3 +5.3
58,316 | 1,083,910} 18.59| —.4| —1] -81| 11.7 Mich. _....- 1, 847 "985 | 52.51! 4:3 +.2| —.9
132, 5, 735, 232 | 43.32 +.1 +.2 —.4 —2.0 ED con, 1, 163 70,189 | 60.35 +.3 +1.9 +5.7
11, 495 590, 590 | 51.38 —.4 —.5 —2.9 —4.5 i FEREee 2, 805 65,755 | 23.44 +.4 +.5 —2.6
I in wikiebii 542 | 1,043,347 | 46.28 —.2 —.1 —4.2 +2.2 Mo.?__ 2, 827 134, 096 | 47.43 | 41.8 +20.7 +.3
i nctasccl” San 152,613 | 55.35 | —.5 | —.3| +18 +5.4 mont...... 538 30,225 | 56.18 | —.9 —-.9 +.6
ps ‘eel ene 7, 069 307,694 | 43.53 —.] —1.7 —5,1 —9.2 SE icod-aniel 759 48,602 | 64.03 +.7 +3.3 | +6.8
— 39 2296) @) | @) () ()
1,178,685 | 51.61 | >.3| +13) —61 +1.3 iicevenss | 308 14,841 | 48.98 | 0 —1.1| —6.2
15,040 | 38.57) +.2) +.2] 446] 415.1 MiBvnnen sch | 784 45,913 | 58.56) -1.0| +.7| +29
6, 371, 289 | 55.22) +.2| +429] —22 +1.5 |
1, 234, 359 | 23.29 |—13.1 —11.0 | —14.4 —10.8 N. Mex..... 508 18, 333 | 36.09 —.2 | +.5 +.6
452,151 | 50.64 1 8 | +.1 —-1.2 +2.8 te aa 4,042 258, 999 | 64.08 +.4| 42.3 +1.8
5,820,706 | 49.08 | —.1| —.1] —5.2 +1.0 NM. G;.. 4, 493 153,828 | 34.24; +.2) —.1] +5.7
4,727,577 | 48.84; —.3| —.3] —3.2 44.5 N. Dak____| 115 6, 540 | 56.87} 41.8) +21] +.9
1, 261,354 | 54.84 —.1 | () —3.6 +2.0 Sa 3, 790 177,496 | 46.83 | —.3 | +6.4 —2.3
2,990,288 | 38.65; —.4| —.7/] -—9.9 —8.7 Okla. 2, 581 133,835 | 51.85} —.8§| —.8| —4.8
141, 500 |_...._- oad PSS. Zee Nay SREP a 391 5,868 | 66.16) +.3| +.5 +.5
Ree 15, 430 612,455 | 39.69) —.1) @) | —.2
449, 436 | 46.06 +.6 +.9 —6§.8 —5.0 P. R.*- 450 a 3 eee aa Sa Se
1, 088,726 | 25.29 1 @) | 426] +4207 _ * oP 185 10,391 | 56.17; 422) +66) +22
492,753 | 40.89 | (4) +1] —1.1 +3.1
1,799, 506 | 29.03 | —.7 —8| -67| 11.7 8.C......:.] 1,618] 45,084 | 27.86| +.4 +.7| +3.2
7, 235, 529 | 32.84 | (4) (?) —1.5 —-1.8 8. Dak | 220 | 8, 47 38. 52 0 0 | ~3.5
520,581 | 53.08 | +.1 +.1 —1.6 +16. 2 . ae 2, 738 102,651 | 37.49 —.3 (3) | +3.1
270,456 | 39.02 | +.1 +.6| +.8| +108 Tex_- 6, 064 223,372 | 36.84 | —.2 —.3| —7.3
2k Bars iii SOE: £8 REA a ne ae 224 12,920 | 57.68 +1.4 +7.6| +9.3
436,680 | 22.45 —.2 +.5 |) —2.2) +1.7 _ ae 177 7,539 | 42.59 | —1.7 —1.7 —7.3
4, 434,130 | 64.39 | —.4 —1.2| —6.3 —3.7 & ae | 45 ee Tae See ee
Va- acon Sad] 46,613 | 30.91 | —.2 —.4| 3.5
672,003 | 25.93; +.1| —.4| -43] -7.6 Wash.?___ 849 | 66,615 | 78.46) +.2| +11] +.4
2, 481,322 | 47.76 | —.1| 41.2} —1.4| +11.2 2, ae 1, 080 33,579 | 31.00| —.5 —.1| +1.2
239,914 | 55.78 | —.1 +.2) +3) —45 Wis__......| 1,368 73,262 | 53.55 | —.1 +9] —2.6
Wyo._._...| 97 | 5,174 | 53.34| (7) (*) | —4.9
1 For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1951, p. 21. All data sub- :

ject to revision.

2 Includes 4,042 recipients under 65 years of age in Colorado and payments to
these recipients. Such payments are made without Federal participation.

3 Increase of less than 0.05 percent.

4 Decrease of less than 0.05 percent.

5 Estimated.

1 For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1951, p. 21. Figures it
italics represent program administered without vocal peste k
exclude program in Connecticut administered without Federal parti ;
concurrently with program under the Social Security Act. Alaska 4

applications for aid to the blind in October but made no payments for tt”

month. All data subject to revision. 2

2 Includes 537 recipients of aid to the partially self-supporting blind in Calk
fornia and 22 in Washington and payments to these recipients; such pa:
are made without Federal participation. For Pennsylvania includes pa
of $224,735 made without Federal participation to 5,662 recipients and @#
Missouri payments of $25,125 to 529 recipients.

3 Increase of less than 0.05 percent.

4 Decrease of less than 0.05 percent.

5 States with plans approved by the Social Security Administration. Per
centages computed on totals for States with approved plans in res
months; the large increase from October 1950 is explained by the inclusion of
Pennsylvania, with its large caseload, beginning February 1951 and of M
beginning October 1951. See also footnote 2.

¢ Excludes cost of medical care, for which payments are made to recipients
quarterly. ope

7 Average payment not computed on base of less than 50 recipients; percentagt
change, on less than 100 recipients.

§ Estimated.

Social Securit}

SS.

ac SE-BBR2- | Faesssese7FFE FFIPVETFFFFF FFESESSSEE EL HEFZSEES SLPEPLLessee

' to Table 12.—Aid to dependent children: Recipients and payments to recipients, by State, October 1951
rly [Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only such payments] x
— Number of recipients Payments to recipients Percent ge ch inge from—
as State Number Average per— Sept ee — 1950
50 families Total
Total ? Children
Hie 8 Famil Recipient a A t Sar sts Amount
Bp amily i) o moun
families families
vant |
Pre eis cite cbandicindwtginniil 596,763 | 2,056,176 | 1,532,936 ($44, 658, 976 $74. 84 $21.72 —1.5 —0.4 —8.9 —2.5
ka. Total, 52 States *................. 596,735 | 2,056,080 | 1,532,868 | 44,657, 901 74. 84 21.72 —1.5 —.4 —8.9 —2.5.
ETRE ER SR 18, 303 64, 240 50, 693 633, 020 34. 9. —.6 —5.6 +.4 17.5
ee... 679 2" 133 1, 539 47, 974 70. 65 22. 49 = 41.2 +9.0 8
+50 EAS RE 3, 712 13, 918 10, 404 276, 271 74. 43 19. 85 —-3.8 —4.9 —11.2 —2.5
~4.9 bi cmbédonvsedsbedendedacests 14, 173 50, 71 38, 727 506, 35. 75 9. 99 —3.0 —2.5 —22.7 —33.8
-19,7 ctibbennncnmptpesidstetanine 55, 264 170, 715 127,841 | 6,349,622 114. 90 37.19 —1.1 —.6 +.8 +7.5
+54 i ithniindcnediedendidbamndse 5, 272 19, 14, 511 470, 105 89. 24. 43 —1.1 —1.0 —2.9 +9.0
-10 Ld i ihivwatiinamainaciiilinaibots | 5, 260 17, 190 12, 425 572, 025 108. 75 33. 28 —1.2 +.1 —1.9 —.4
EE sicsccoricocewepectnaccaoes 704 2, 702 2, 065 55, 885 79. 38 20. 68 —1.1 —3.1 +2.8 +13.3
+158 District of Columbia__..............- | 2, 101 8, 425 6, 512 201, 245 95. 79 23. 89 +.5 +.1 —1.8 +28.2
+709 | Florida...........-...-.--.--.---..-- 21, 196 68, 667 51,151 958, 104 45. 20 13. 95 —5.8 +7.1 —24.2 —31.7
ae | 19,984 65,710 50,693 | 996, 120 49. 97 15. 16 +.4 +8.3 19.3 27.4
TL. dite cininesanccdsinenasts 3, 239 11, 971 9, 304 269, 331 83.15 22. 50 +.1 —1.0 —15.1 —21.3
+196 i idihepneavddetebanterdaces 2, 156 7,448 5,479 241, 112.14 32. 46 —2.6 +3.8 —11.5 +1.3
SE iiiusese-consnenccccccsccncees | 22,620 80, 284 59,463 | 2, 501, 810 110. 60 31. 16 —.2 (*) —2.9 +14.7
+07 an ddGamtnmainecweinnaaih 9, O71 30, 163 , 268 il, 721 66. 33 19. 95 —2.4 —2.2 —19.8 —19.6
64 ine scenabdnesenscoumelink 5, 130 17, 962 13, 336 , 021 98. 44 28.12 —.4 +.3 —-.9 8
+43 DE dn. thn panadacewiiucanmedioast 4, 455 15, 751 11, 895 , 744 82.32 23. 28 —2.3 —2.1 —14.0 —13.4
63 Ra REE RRS RS eae | 1,695 76, 752 56, 461 910, 357 41.96 11. 86 —1.8 -1.9 —9.5 +1.7
its cntercascocasddiccesenss | 22,086 , 043 59,379 | 1,318, 856 59. 71 16. 48 -1.9 —1.9 —B.9 —8.7
ih <snscontedenncosenerecoes 4, 364 15, 122 10, 974 18, 732 73. 04 21.08 -.9 —1.2 +5.0 +19.0
a ESSERE Sa eee 5, 122 19, 778 15, 098 427, 431 83.45 21. 61 —3.9 —3.0 —20.7 —13.0
. cniiicietamecapesis 12, 959 43, 043 31, 680 1, 487, 139 114. 76 34. 55 —.§ 5.5 —3.4 +2.8
SII 6 nnicncecncecncnensecsveee 24, 530 79, 112 56,272 | 2,275, 618 92.77 28. 76 —.5 +.3 —8.9 —4.1
SE NB... 2.222.222. 2. ---e 7,711 , 040 19, 762 754, 901 97.90 28. 99 —.5 +.6 —1.6 +7.6
ane 10, 331 38, 983 29, 983 203, 812 19.73 5. 23 —1.0 —.4 —13.1 —5.1
65 Misourl EET tiie winner neiibditncah Ringinmbio’ } 23, 243 78, 838 57, 902 1, 211, 036 52.10 15. 36 —1.5 —1.6 —9.6 —10.1
PF eee 2, 330 8, 082 5, 969 199, 85. 51 24. 65 —1.1 —1.4 —2.7 +5.9
_ AP RRRRSR RE RRS 2, 970 9, 867 7, 245 263, 901 88. 86 26. 75 —2.5 —2.2 —16.7 —8.8
sec ccewcencesncccecoccee 28 96 68 1,075 (0) (*) ® ® (°)
¢) ciatcisenwenhsdunsicen 1, 497 5,097 3, 712 152, 432 101. 82 29. 91 -.7 —.9 —9.1 —11.9
a SN ili ine idesnwanotvaseséet 5, 104 17, 109 12, 959 490, 332 96. 07 28. 66 —.7 +.8 —5.7 -
an ridccccmuwevsionctdes 5, 446 18, 782 14,326 | 284,143 52.17 15. 13 -1.9 —3.4 +4.8 +12.8
+21 a ninnk diecanconeeudibes 52, 466 , 365 126,500 | 5,863,143 111.75 33. 06 —.9 +2.0 —6.4 +1.2
476 | North Carolina. _.................... 16, 383 7 50, 454 45,528 | 757,914 46. 26 712.75 +.3 +1.0 +4.5 +12.8
4405 Neth Dakota....................... , 638 5, 869 4,444 | 142, 963 87. 28 24. 36 —.8 —1.3 —9.8 —2.0
_ ST. 13, 898 51, 084 38, 369 944, 600 67.97 18. 49 -1.9 —4,1 —5.3 —16.8
+6 Rcd ices on cccuiimeccs 20, 895 69, 513 52,513 | 1,500,345 71. 80 21. 58 —1.8 —2.8 —5.2 +48. 7
+46 aa a 3, 323 11, 053 8, 269 339, 690 102. 22 30. 73 +1.6 +3.4 —11.9 —12.8
— SR 35, 063 125, 614 93,194 | 2,980,155 84.99 23.72 —2.4 —3.7 —24.7 —25.0
| _ SSSRERSSESRRISR SSE 12, 000 37, 700 28, 000 200, GBD joni ccnnfeddece cs cncslesencccnsaeaiounsenceienue ieensnnnnnnannn nnn
6 (een 3, 303 11,074 7, 957 305, 283 92. 43 27. 57 +.2 +3.0 —11.0 —5.8
I i ae 6, 543 24, 397 18, 897 250, 713 38. 32 10. 28 —.8 —1.2 —6.2 +27.7
See Peet. gs ss 2, 580 8, 355 6, 217 178, 263 69. 09 21.34 —1.6 —2.6 6 +13.2
I a ncaccdanecasesucseuse 21, 444 76, 697 57,538 | 1,017, 485 47.45 13. 27 —1.9 —2.0 —14,7 —15.9
PE Tc cccccccaccewcsacencacess 17, 339 66, 658 49, 57 7,851 48. 32 12. 57 —5.1 —2.4 —8.7 +2.8
ee 2, 976 10, 382 7,713 313, 137 105. 22 30. 16 —2.4 —2. —10.2 +2.3
+281 Vi A atic tpihdh Acchien wikinditcte 1,013 3, 514 2, 727 54, 523 53. 82 15, 52 —.6 (9) —2.5 —3.6
+198 Weenisiands®. 200 610 540 SF eR Ee Frere nere Meany tems SS
i ec ac onubeccceaece 7, 930 29, 466 22, 342 406,711 51. 29 13. 81 —1.2 —.8 —3.8 +4.1
me OM. 8... 9, 307 30, 881 22, 363 860, 433 92. 45 27. 86 —3.8 —4.3 —18.8 —28.3
dupe weeVeginis..... 8... 16, 891 62, 192 47, 840 963, 913 57.07 15. 50 —1.5 —2.3 —9.1 —6.1
+13 + iS 8, 328 28, 344 20, 836 922, 110. 76 32. 54 | —.6 +1.5 —7.5 +5.7
(i SERRE | 558 1,979 1, 479 54, 393 97.48 27.49 | —2.1 —1.7 —1.6 —7.9
-6.6
i ' For definition of terms see the Bulletin, Jonmeny 1951, p.21. Figures in italics 5 Excludes cost of medical care, for which payments are made to recipients
ures Tepresent m administered without Federal participation. Data exclude quarterly.
Dalé } programs in Florida, Kentucky, and Nebraska administered without Federal * Average payment not computed on base of less than 50 families; percentage
ipation concurrently with programs under the Social Security Act. All change, on less than 100 families.
cone subject to revision. ? Number of adults included in total number of recipients is partly estimated.
or ’ as recipients the children and 1 parent or other adult relative in 8 In addition to these payments from aid to dependent children funds, su
n Call families in —_— t nay + peer ewan of at least 1 such adult were considered in — payments of $119,089 from general assistance funds were made to 3,896
amount of assistance. ‘amilies.
yments States with plans approved by the Social Security Administration. ® Estimated.
a of less than 0.05 percent. © Decrease of less than 0.05 percent.
. Pe
ve
ision of
“i pients
centage
suri} } Bulletin, January 1952 -

Table 13.—Aid to the permanently and totally disabled:
and payments to recipients, by State,

19511
{Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only such
payments}
Payments to
veeiteen ti recipients
umber 0
State recipients Total
0
amount | Average
CNR ae re, ae 114, 232 | $5, 269, 907 $46.13
8, 773 192, 613 21.96
3, 326 159, 320 47.90
lll 4,625 41.67
1, 096 59, 230 54. 04
1,219 54, 709 44.88
735 38, 185 51. 95
1, 989 96, 100 48.32
2, 542 121, 729 47.89
14, 553 571, 571 39. 28
2, 486 112, 441 45. 23
977 57,888 59. 25
652 12, 687 19. 46
9, 884 457,344 46.27
971 53, 698 55.30
519 30, 089 57.97
M 1, 784 70, 209 39.35
ETS TERRIER ae RRS 26, 435 1, 591, 366 60. 20
Ni SE idcindcndccocncane 3, 685 99, 205 26. 92
SN i aaa: 567 31, 165 54. 96
Es ee ee 3, 873 170, 290 43. 97
UES Se eee ; << - 52.77
i ee onc cacenumnke ,618 , 67. 54
a 9, 934 423, 782 42. 66
- “Okt Sa eae 700 CG SciSecincuae
SS Saas 139 8,124 58. 45
SSS aaa eae 3, 305 105, 669 31.97
SS aa eae 91 3, 674 40. 37
_ OMAR Sir a See 1, 572 84, 848 53. 97
SAAS oO 185 7, 407 40. 04
OE aS 25 gk ban
Dein itiiilltiascaridina dine cieimnmiiok 2, 488 84, 825 34. 09
ea aE 5, 292 323, 985 61. 22
NS SPSS 1, 085 32, 808 30. 24
. “Se i area 826 52,324 63.35
SS Sen 487 25, 611 52. 59

: 1 For a of terms a emmaee 1951, D. M. og De
italics represent programs under State p not yet approv yt Cc
Security Administration. All data subject to revision.

2 ee States reporting plans in operation.

32

Table 14.—General assistance: Cases and payments
cases, by State, October 1951! .
[Exclusive of vendor payments for dant and cases receiving only such

' —-
Payments to cases Percentage change from—
Num- September 1951 | October 1
State ber of — in— 7
cases Total Aver-
amount age - -
ay Amount = Amount
Total ?_|312, 000 ($14, 406,000 | $46.21 | +0.2 +3.0 | —23.6 —22.0
> Sa aba pes 73 5 22. —27.7 —29.6 8
Alaska. -- 46 2,214 s) (3) () 3)
Ariz_......| 1,163 45, 358 . —1.4 —1.5 | —21.4 —19,3
Ark.!_.....| 2,487 32,325 | 13.00 +.7 +.3| —49 —4,3
Calif. ..... 28,868 | 1,302,483 | 45.12 -.8 -—.3) —9.7 —4.2
Colo....._. 1, 667 63, 896 .33 | —4.9 +.8| —-50.5| —S86
apt, 5 53,739 | £194,756 | 52.00) +2.3 +6.9 | —17.1 —IL&
MRR 836 29,527 | 35.32 +.1 +5.9 | —18.9 —2.3
ys 760 42,076 | 55.36 | —6.1 —5.6 | —55.0 —43.8
| ee 6 4, 800 4. Rr ee ee
3, 366 55,9383 | 16.62) +3.2 +3.9 | +2.4 +6.1
079 114,809 | 55.22 —5.4 +.8 | —49.1 —44.7
7,005 | 37.06) —4.1 —2.4 | —59.7 —55.3
1, 563,147 | 57.87 —.2 +3.9 | —26.3 —16.4
268,502 | 33.42 +.4 +11.7 | —22.4 -7.0
95,056 | 29.85 +1.0 0} —11.5 —6.1
88,657 | 42.77 —1.2 —1.9 —8.5 —2.3
Ag RRS Eerie Fee, Roy atnee
226,437 | 37.88 —.6 | +26.5 | —27.5 —21
122,147 | 42.52 1.3 +2.3 | —19.4 —18.4
145,624 | 46.01 —-.8 —1.4 | —43.0 —38.5
975,090 | 52.07 | +1.1 +6.3 | —13.0 —8.8
902,042 | 46.78 | +2.8/] +20.2 | —13.0 —14.4
260, 541 49.72 +2.1 +10.8 —7.2 +2.6
10, 363 12.52 | —14.1 —10.2 | +16.9 +30.2
291,962 | 29.78 —2.6 —2.5 | —30. —35.1
25,330 | 30.78 | +10.9| +19.9 | —29.8 —42.8
46,390 | 37.72 .0 +10.8 +2.5 +20.6
ep alae $8,600 | 28.20; —1.6 +3.6 | —12.9 —2.3
Moetsces.. 118 45,676 | 40.35) -—5.8| +11.9 | —22.7 —-B.9
N.J38......| 7,252 416, 314 57.41 —1.2 +2.0 | —24.6 —-B.5
N. Mex..-. 397 8,455 | 21.24 | —12.5 —13.8 | —76.4 —78.9
N. Y...---|'°48,455 | 3,614,436 | 74.59 -.7 —i.4 | —28.0 —-B.1
cf ee , 044 38, 866 19. 01 —.3 —1.5 | —49.4 38.4
N. Dak... 410 15,388 | 37.53 +4.6 +8.3 | —39.3 —42.9
Ohio '___.| 19,924 770,832 | 38.69) +4.9 +4.3 | —12.7 —19.3
SEGRE 12 6, 500 94, 275 ('3) ("2) —8.2 (*3) —15.6
eS 3,718 224,403 | 60.36 | +8.8 +6.0 | —27.0 —.5
RSS 20, 988,106 | 47.77 | +1.9 +1.1 | —47.0 —49.0
a és * 4,700 OPE GED fonccccnclensncccclocceccocs|ssacuhsnlsenn
) Es tee a 4,170 253,823 | 60.87 —1.6 +3.3 | —21.5 —121.0
XD Sa eee 2,491 42, 905 17.22 | —10.4 —12.9 (4) (8)
8. Dak. 19,535 | 27.44 | +20.5 26.0 —2.7 +4.0
Teemk. <_<. 2, 210 28,012 12. 68 +1.6 +4.9 +9.7 +19
Tex_......| °7,100 DUB IGID lasecccocledcccdcclncccnceccslocscce sae
TR 1,093 59,490 | 54.43 —1.7 +2.0 |+269.3 +340.8
Re 41,000 ag \ 3 ean) EOE. Oo Ee SRE oscounin
, © 9 225 fF a a Re
, 2, 439 61, 528 25. 23 —6.8 —6.3 | —33.3 —30.2
Wash __... 6, 673 318, 521 47.7. —1.3 +2.5 | —37.9 —46.9
. A wee 4, 293 94, 22. 11 —3.4 —3.3 | —26.0 —2.8
wikaacsea Ge 237, 20 51.37 +5.3 +8.6 | —16.7 —13.9
RE Oo 3,427 | 36.46 () @) —77.2 —79.7

wai 2 + gga of terms see the Bulletin, January 1951, p.21. All data subject
revision.

2 Partly estimated; does not represent sum of State figures because total ex-
cludes for Indiana and New Jersey payments made for, and an estimated
number of cases receiving, medical care, hospitalization, and burial only.

3 Average payment not computed on base of less than 50 cases; percentage
change, on less than 100 cases.

4 State program only; excludes po administered by local officials.

5 About 10 percent of this total is estimated.

6 Partly estimated.

7 Excludes assistance in kind and cases receiving assistance in kind only and,
for a few counties, cash payments and cases receiving cash payments. A
of payments shown represents about 60 percent of total.

* Includes unknown number of cases receiving medical care, hospitalization,
and burial only, and total payments for these services.

* Estimated.

10 Includes cases receiving medical care only.

1 Includes 6,144 cases and payments of $177,398 representing supplementation
of other assistance programs.

13 Excludes estimated duplication between programs; 1,174 cases were aided
by county commissioners and 5,635 cases under program administered by
Oklahoma Emergency Relief Board. Average per case and percentage ¢
not computed.

18 Not computed; comparable data not available.

14 Estimated on basis of reports from a sample of cities and towns.

ae @ && @ co e @ bee

i eee ee ae ee ee, ee, eee eee.

BS

a 8

Program Operations

in November included 2.7 mil-

lion persons getting old-age
assistance; 97,000 and 118,000, respec-
tively, getting aid to the blind and aid
to the permanently and totally dis-
abled; 592,000 families receiving aid to
dependent children; and 316,000 gen-
eral assistance cases—about 206,000 of
them one-person cases.

In November, as in October, de-
creases occurred in the number of
cases receiving old-age assistance and
aid to dependent children, but the
number receiving aid went up in each
of the other programs. The decline of
6,500 in the number of aged recipients
was smaller than in any month but
one since May, and the drop of 5,200
in families receiving aid to dependent
children was the smallest monthly
decrease since May. Altogether, the
October-to-November changes seem
to indicate at least a seasonal leveling
off of the recent downward trend in
the total number of recipients.

Two new State programs contrib-
uted slightly to the increase in case-
loads for aid to the blind and aid to
the permanently and totally disabled.
Alaska made its first payments of aid
to the blind, and Massachusetts for
the first time made payments of aid
to the permanently and totally dis-
abled.

The caseloads for all the federally
aided types of assistance rose in
Puerto Rico when eligibility was es-
tablished for some of the many per-
sons whose applications had been
pending investigation. The increase
also reflected some instances in which
persons who had been included in
family cases of general assistance

R ECIPIENTS of public assistance

Social Security in Review

were assigned to the appropriate cate-
gorical program and were counted as
separate cases. The November case-
loads for old-age assistance, aid to
the blind, and aid to the permanently
and totally disabled in the island
were larger than those in about a
third of the States, and the number of
families receiving aid to dependent
children was larger than in two-
thirds of the States. The number of
general assistance cases dropped but
still exceeded the number in more
than half the States. In terms of
population, however, only 25 percent
of the aged in Puerto Rico received
old-age assistance as compared with
about 22 percent in the United States
as a whole. Relatively fewer of the
island’s children than of all children
were being helped by aid to depend-
ent children; the proportion of the
total population getting general as-
sistance was also smaller than the
proportion for the Nation.

The number of general assistance
cases went up in November in 31 of
the 47 States for which monthly com-
parisons are valid. Caseloads in 15
of these States were more than 5 per-
cent larger than those of the previous
month. The total increase in the
number of cases was about 5,000.

The amount of total money pay-
ments to recipients for November,
$189.7 million, was slightly less than
in October, though average payments
for each program increased by very
small amounts in most States. For
old-age assistance the national de-
crease in the caseload and substan-
tially lower average payments in two
States reduced total payments below
the amount for October; payments
for aid to dependent children also
were below the October total. In the

smaller programs the total amount
paid out was somewhat larger than
in October. 4

UNDER THE OLD-AGE and survivors in-
surance program, 4.3 million persons
were receiving monthly benefits at
the end of November—41,000 more
than at the end of October. This in-
crease was the smallest for any month
since August 1950; it was only about
one-fourth as large as the increase
in November 1950, when a record
number of persons (165,000) was
added to the beneficiary rolls.

Monthly benefits being paid at the
end of November totaled $153.2 mil-
lion—$1.4 million more than in Oc-
tober. The average old-age benefit
declined for the fourteenth consecu-
tive month, to $42.17. The decreases
are, however, becoming progressively
smaller; the average dropped 6 cents
in September, 4 cents in October, and
2 cents in November. For all other
types of benefits except child’s and
parent’s, the average amounts have
shown a similar gradual downward
trend since September 1950. The
average amounts for child’s and for
parent’s benefits in current-payment
status declined gradually from Sep-
tember 1950 until August 1951, but
since then they have remained almost
unchanged. For wife’s or husband’s
benefits, the average payable in No-
vember was $22.76; for child’s bene-
fits it was $26.88; for widow’s or wid-
ower’s, $36.05; for mother’s, $33.31;
and for parent’s, $36.70.

Retired workers and their depend-
ents—aged wives, dependent hus-
bands, wives under age 65 with child
beneficiaries in their care, and young
children—numbered almost 3.0 mil-
lion and made up 68 percent of all

beneficiaries. Their monthly benefits,
$110.5 million, represented 72 percent
of the total. As a proportion of all
beneficiaries, retired workers and
their dependents have increased
about 2 percent since November 1950.

Monthly benefits awarded in No-
vember numbered 69,000, a decline of
27 percent from October; the total
was less than in any month since
September 1950. All types of benefits
shared in the decline for the month.
The 30,500 lump-sum death pay-
ments, totaling $4.2 million, were
fewer than in any other month since
July 1951.

UNEMPLOYMENT COVERED by the State
unemployment insurance programs
continued to rise in November, largely
because of seasonal influences but
partly as a result of labor disputes,
some lay-offs during inventory-taking,
and continuing material shortages.
Initial claims filed by unemployed
workers increased to 939,000, while
weeks of unemployment covered by
continued claims rose to 3,997,000.
The percentage increases from the
preceding month—4.7 percent and 2.9
percent, respectively—were small, but
the average daily volume was substan-
tially greater in November than in
October.

Thirty-nine States reported in-
creases in the average weekly number
of beneficiaries, which raised the na-
tional figure 5 percent to 749,000;
benefits paid went up 1.7 percent to
$68.6 million. For the sixth successive
month the average benefit for total
unemployment increased, and the No-
vember average of $21.83 was an all-
time high.

President’s Message on the
State of the Union

On January 9, 1952, President Tru-
man delivered to Congress his mes-
sage on the State of the Union. While
the President gave major emphasis
to international relations and defense
activities, he also stressed the im-
portance of action to maintain the
“health, the morale, the freedom of
our people.”

“Urgently needed improvements in
our social security law” were cited by
the President. “For one thing,” he
said, “benefits under old age and sur-
vivors insurance should be raised $5 a

Selected current statistics
[Corrected to Jan. 9, 1952]

i s Calendar year
Item November | October | November
1951 1951 1950
1950 1949
Labor Force ' (in thousands)
inn citnpinnicckcbicnicncroncvesse 63, 164 63, 452 63, 512 63, 099 62, 108
Re IT SE aaa 61, 336 61, 836 61, 271 59, 957 58,710
Coven by old-age and survivors in-
SB ELLE, TI Ss 36, 259 35, 165 34,314
Covered by State unemployment in-
AOE 34, 900 34, 900 34, 500 32, 809 31, 581
(REE ERIE PE TEENS al a 1, 828 1,616 2, 240 3, 142 3,305
Personal Income ‘ (in billions; seasonally
adjusted at annual rates)
| MRR REGS ee are SARs) eS $256. 7 $257.5 $232. 9 $224.7 $205, 1
Employees’ income §. _._...............-.- 173.7 172.8 155.0 145.8 133.8
Proprietors’ and rental in eee La 50. 5 46.2 44.0 41.4
Feremal interest income ad id eivilenda .7 20. 8 19.4 19.3 17.1
TL LR et sen ere .3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.2
Social insurance and related payments ’_ - a 7.0 6.3 6.5 6.8
Veterans’ subsistence allowances*® and
Se Se eS eee 1 1,1 1.9 2.2 2.0
Miscellaneous income payments ®- --. - __- 7 3.0 1.8 4.5 1.8
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance
Monthly benefi
pace ynamentnall status:
Number (in thousands) --............... 4, 332 4, 291 Sf See See
Amount (in thousands). ................ $153, 214 $151, 825 $122, 926 | $1,018,149 $655, 852
Average primary benefit.................- $42.17 $42.19 TE | eee, ae
Awards (in thousands)
Ripe «GS Le ACL 69 95 166 963
RTS 9 EER Cee $2, 267 | $3, 087 $4, 599 $26, 234 $15, 343
Unemployment Insurance *
Initial claims (in thousands) -..............-. 939 896 SO4 12, 251 17, 660
— of unemployment laimed (in thou-

0 RES RE AR 3, 997 3, 886 3, 838 78, 654 102, 612
Weeks compensated (in thousands) - - 3, 297 3, 279 3, 082 67, 860 86,
Weekly average beneficiaries (in thousands) - 749 713 734 1,304 1,666
Benefits paid (in millions) Dep eae $69 $67 $62 $1,373 $1, 737
Average weekly pay tfortot I ploy ment. $21. 83 $21.63 $20. 85 $20. 76 $20. 47

Public Assistance
—— fin ——
Old-age assistance. ...................-.-.. 2, 705 2, 712 >) Jee ee
Aid to Pomme ae children:
ON Ee SOR Te See eons 592 597 | ee ee
| pS TES, ATT ae 1, 520 1, 532 — | ae Se
= to roy gen Relive Sa gen ym 97 97 WY Yocceccnescoclecnceu
permanently and to s-
an ew swe Shen d Pete. .d 118 115 __ a EEE
General assistance.......................--. 316 311 gS
Average foam nl
pel a ay ee hat.) Gel. aah. a
‘0 en r ’, See , 74. 2 BB hcwccvccnitnscloseae
Po ieee Sal eae eI 47.97 47.765 , > | ees eee
Aid to the mpd and totally disabled. 45. 92 45. 90 Pik 2 Ore wee
se 46.381 48. 87 LOO LU cconccncnecloesane

! Continental United States only. Estimated by
the Bureau of the Census, exceptas noted. Monthly
employment figures represent specific week and an-
nual figures, average week (unemployment insur-
ance data represent pay pe period instead of week).

2? Estimated by the Bureau of Old-Age and Sur-
vivors Insurance. Data for October and November
1951 not available.

3 Data from the Bureau of Employment Security,
Department of Labor.

* Data from the Office of Business Economics, De-
partment of Commerce. Continental United States,
except for employees’ income, which includes pay of
Federal civilian and military personnel in all areas.

§ Civilian and military pay in cash and in kind,
other labor income (except workmen’s ee
tion), mustering-out pay, terminal-leave pay, an
Government contributions to allowances for Se
pendents of enlisted personnel. Excludes employee
contributions under social insurance and related
programs.

month above the present average of
$42. For another thing, the States
should be given special aid to help

* Payments to recipients under the 4 special publie
assistance programs and general assistance.

7 Includes old-age and survivors insurance bene-
fits; railroad, Federal, State, and local retirement
benefits; veterans’ pensions and compensation; work-
men’s compensation; State and railroad unemploy-
ment insurance and temporary disability benefits;
and readjustment allowances to veterans under the
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act.

8 Under the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act.

* Includes payments under the Government
insurance, national service life insurance, and mili-
tary and naval insurance programs, the Government
contribution to nonprofit organizations, business
transfer payTo ents, and recoveries under the Em-
ployer’s Liability Act for railroad workers and
seamen.

10 Benefit in current-payment status is subject to
no deduction or only to deduction of fixed amount
that is less than the current month’s benefit.

1! Monthly amounts, gross; annual amounts ad-
justed for voided benefit checks and benefit refunds.

them increase public assistance pay-
ments. By doing these things now, we
(Continued on page 26)

Social Security

aaeoeodeedeeaeaotbrk O

. An eee cn tot TW

Railroad Retirement Act Amendments of 1951:
Benefit Provisions and Legislative History

by Robert J. MYERS and WILBUR J. COHEN*

The Railroad Retirement Act Amendments of 1951 provide for
important changes in both the retirement and the survivor in-
surance provisions of the railroad retirement system. Some
of these changes vitally affect the administration and financing
of the Federal old-age and survivors insurance program. This
article is devoted largely to a summary of the more important
benefit provisions and the history of the legislation and is in-
tended both for the general reader and for those who will have
the responsibility for administering the provisions affecting
old-age and survivors insurance. The March Bulletin will report
in detail on the provisions for financial interchange between the
old-age and survivors insurance and railroad retirement pro-

grams.

HE Railroad Retirement Act

Amendments of 1951 became

Public Law 234 (Eighty-second
Congress, Ist session) on October 30,
1951, when President Truman affixed
his signature to H.R. 3669. In signing
the bill, President Truman stated that
the legislation “will provide substan-
tially higher benefits for railroad
workers who have retired because of
age or permanent disability, and for
the widows and orphans of railroad
workers.”

The amendments provide the first
significant revision of the Railroad
Retirement Act since 1948, when Con-
gress raised the retirement benefits 20
percent to allow in part for changes
in cost-of-living and wage levels since
the period before World War II.* In
1946 there had also been important
amendments to the railroad retire-
ment system,” the most significant of
which was the introduction of sur-
vivor benefits coordinated to a certain

* Mr. Myers is the Chief Actuary of the
Social Security Administration, and Mr.
Cohen is Technical Adviser to the Com-
missioner for Social Security.

* See Wilbur J. Cohen and James L. Cal-
hoon, “Social Security Legislation, Janu-
ary-June 1948: Legislative History and
Background,” Social Security Bulletin,
July 1948.

*See Jack M. Elkin, “The 1946 Amend-
ments to the Railroad Retirement and
Railroad Unemployment Insurance Acts,”
Social Security Bulletin, December 1946.

Bulletin, February 1952

degree with those under old-age and
survivors insurance. The 1951 law
deals almost entirely with the benefits
under the railroad retirement system,
although there is a minor amendment
to the Railroad Unemployment In-
surance Act; no changes are made in
the Carriers Taxing Act, which con-
tains the provisions for assessing the
contributions to finance the railroad
retirement program.

It is significant that Congress at the
same time it passed the 1951 legisla-
tion also adopted Senate Concurrent
Resolution 51,° establishing a Joint
Congressional Committee to “make a
full and complete factfinding study
and investigation of the Railroad Re-
tirement Act.” Among the matters to
be studied are the relationship be-
tween this program and the old-age
and survivors insurance system, both
as to benefits provided and as to
simplification of administration. Par-
ticular emphasis and study are to be
given to the cost of the railroad re-
tirement program and to means of
strengthening its financing basis.
Such a study, President Truman
stated, “is a very desirable step. There
are real and serious questions to be
settled before we can feel confident

* Agreed to by the Senate on October 15
and by the House the next day (with a
minor amendment that the Senate ac-
cepted on October 17).

that we are giving adequate and fair
protection, on a sound financial basis,
to retired workers and survivors. I
hope the committee will be able to
report in time for legislative action
next year.”

Need for Legislation

The immediate need for the legis-
lation arose because of the general
increases in the cost of living and in
wages that have occurred in the past
decade. The 1948 amendments had
provided an increase of 20 percent in
the retirement benefits but made no
substantial change in the survivor
benefits established in 1946.

Since retirement benefits are based
on railroad service and compensation
both before and after the inception
of the program in 1937, increases in
wages in the past decade have had
little effect on benefits for workers
retiring in recent years and, of course,
no effect for those who had retired
before 1940. The 20-percent increase
in 1948 was thus only partial recogni-
tion of the economic changes that
had occurred, and further increases
seemed necessary if the relative bene-
fit adequacy originally planned were
to be restored.

Furthermore, the survivor benefits
in virtually all instances were less
than those that would have been
payable on the basis of the same
earnings history under the old-age
and survivors insurance system as
amended in 1950.* This fact was also
true of retirement benefits for a
worker who had had little or no rail-
road employment before 1937. Since
the employee contribution rate under
the railroad retirement system in 1951
(6 percent) was four times as high
as that under old-age and survivors

‘See Wilbur J. Cohen and Robert J.
Myers, “Social Security Act Amendments
of 1950: A Summary and Legislative His-
tory,” Social Security Bulletin, October
1950.

imsurance (1% percent), it hardly
seemed equitable that in some cases
the benefits to railroad employees
were lower.

Summary of Provisions

The principal provisions of the rail-
road retirement system, both those
of the previous law and those of the
new law, are shown in the accom-
panying chart. The new law makes
nine important changes:

1. The formula for retirement an-
nuities is modified to provide a 15-
percent increase for both present and
future annuitants.

2. A spouse’s annuity is provided,
under certain conditions, when both
spouses are aged 65 or over (and also
when a wife is under age 65 and has
a dependent child under age 18 in
her care). The amount of the spouse’s
annuity is 50 percent of the husband’s
full retirement annuity but cannot
exceed $40 a month (except under
unusual circumstances) .

3. Monthly survivor bencfits are
increased 3314 percent and the lump-
sum death payments 25 percent by a
change in the benefit formula,® with
a further increase for those with high
earnings (since the previous $250
maximum on the average monthly
remuneration used in computing the
survivor benefits is raised to $300).

4. Both retirement and survivor
benefits, but particularly the latter,
are increased further in a number of
instances by the “old-age and sur-
vivors insurance minimum guarantee”
provision, which stipulates that bene-

5 Survivor benefits are computed by ap-
plying certain percentages to the so-called
“basic amount.” On the whole, these per-
centages under the previous law paral-
leled those under old-age and survivors
insurance (75 percent, for example, for a
widow aged 65 or over). The amendments
left the basic amount unchanged but
raised the beneficiary percentages applied
thereto 3314 percent for monthly benefits
and 25 percent for the lump-sum death
payment. Mathematically, this procedure
has the same effect as though the factors
that are applied to various portions of the
average monthly remuneration to obtain
the basic amount had been increased 3314
percent and the beneficiary percentages
left unchanged (except for the lump-sum
payment). For comparability with old-
age and survivors insurance, the latter
concept is used in this article, with suit-
able notation as to the “adjusted basic
amount” and with the beneficiary per-
centages in effect remaining unchanged.

4

fits are to be at least as large as those
that would be payable for the same
wage history under old-age and sur-
vivors insurance.

5. Retirement annuities are to be
reduced for persons also receiving re-
tirement benefits under old-age and
survivors insurance if railroad serv-
ice before 1937 is counted in deter-
mining the railroad benefit (but for
beneficiaries on the rolls when the
bill was enacted and who were then
receiving old-age and survivors in-
surance benefits, such reduction may
not result in railroad retirement bene-
fits lower than those previously re-
ceived).

6. In computing retirement bene-
fits, service after age 65 is credited,
whereas formerly service beyond the
calendar year in which age 65 was
attained could not be counted. This
change is applicable not only for
future cases but also for those on the
rolls when the bill became law, so that
many retirement annuities are fur-
ther increased.®

7. For deaths and retirements of
individuals with less than 10 years
of railroad service,’ benefits (other
than the residua] death payment de-
scribed later) will not be paid by the
railroad retirement system, except
when the award was made before Oc-
tober 30, 1951; instead, the wage
credits for service after 1936 will be
transferred to the old-age and sur-
vivors insurance program. These
workers or their survivors may then
receive old-age and survivors insur-
ance benefits. There is no provision
for refunding the excess of contribu-
tions under the railroad system over
those that would have been paid
under old-age and survivors insurance
for the same employment (other than

*In general, this change does not
greatly increase benefits for those who
had service after age 65 but who have
previously been credited with the max-
imum service of 30 years now possible.
For such retirants there will usually be a
relatively small increase if the use of serv-
ice performed after age 65 results in
higher average monthly compensation,
although in a few cases this service may
produce a slightly lower average and thus
a decrease in the annuity.

‘In determining whether this 10-year
test is met, service before 1937, when con-
tributions were first collected, is included.
When such total service is less than 10
years the individual loses credit for all
such “prior service’ he may have had.

the residual death payment); the
railroad retirement system retains
such excess contributions from the
short-service employees and their
employers, and these funds assist in
meeting the over-all costs of the pro-
gram.

8. To compensate for the preced-
ing change and for other reasons,
financial interchanges will be made
between the two programs that will
place the old-age and survivors in-
surance trust fund in the same posi-
tion as it would have been if railroad
employment had always been covered
by old-age and survivors insurance.

9. In the application of the work
clause under old-age and survivors
insurance, railroad earnings are to be
considered as covered wages; thus an
individual cannot engage in railroad
employment for wages of more than
$50 a month and receive old-age and
survivors insurance benefits, as was
formerly possible. As before, however,
a railroad annuitant may engage in
employment covered by old-age and
survivors insurance without affecting
his railroad retirement benefit.

The various benefit changes de-
scribed above are generally effective
for November 1951. Under adminis-
trative procedure, payments of bene-
fits for November 1951 were made at
the beginning of December 1951, but
in these checks only the increases of
15 percent in retirement annuities
and of 3314 percent in monthly sur-
vivor benefits were made. Retroactive
adjustments will be made to reflect
the effect of the other changes.

Legislative History

Congressional action on the rail-
road retirement provisions began with
a consideration of H.R. 3669 (and its
companion bill S.1347) and H.R. 3755
(and its companion bill S.1353) . These
bills, introduced in April 1951, em-
bodied two somewhat different ap-
proaches. Both House bills were in-
troduced by Representative Crosser,
Chairman of the Committee on Inter-
state and Foreign Commerce, while
both Senate bills were introduced by
a bipartisan group that included
Senator Murray, Chairman of the
Committee on Labor and Public Wel-
fare, and Senator Douglas, chairman
of the subcommittee that studied the
problem. The approach in H.R. 3669

Social Security

esteve eee e

had the support of the 18 “nonoperat-
ing” labor organizations (affiliated in
the Railway Labor Executives’ As-
sociation) that represent roughly
three-fourths of all railroad em-
ployees; H.R. 3755 was supported by
the four “operating” labor organiza-
tions that represent most of the other
employees.

Hearings were held on these as well
as on various other railroad retire-
ment bills.* The Senate hearings be-
gan April 27 and ended May 14, while
the House hearings began May 15 and
ended June 6. As a result of the House
hearings, and in an attempt to find a
solution to the problem, another bill—
H.R. 4641—was introduced in June by
Representative Priest, a member of
the Committee on Interstate and For-
eign Commerce.

H.R. 3669 As Introduced

This bill contained most of the fea-
tures of the final legislation, but it
also had many features that were not
a part of the law as enacted. The fol-
lowing provisions are among the more
important items that were changed
in the final version.

(1) Increase in retirement annui-
ties by varying amounts, ranging
from 13'%4 percent to 16°4 percent
(rather than a uniform 15 percent);

(2) The maximum for a spouse’s
annuity of $50 a month (rather than
the $40 in the final legislation, which
the Senate Committee, in describing
its subsequent action, noted as also
being the maximum for a wife’s bene-
fit under old-age and survivors in-
surance) ;

(3) Maximum taxable and credit-
able compensation after 1951 of $400
a month (rather than $300);

(4) A new formula for computing
survivor benefits that would increase
them on the average by roughly 75
percent (rather than the smaller in-
creases adopted) ;

* Representatives of the Federal Secur-
ity Agency were asked to testify before the
Senate subcommittee (Hearings Before
the Subcommittee on Railroad Retirement
Legislation of the Committee on Labor
and Public Welfare on ... Bills To Amend
the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937
(U. S. Senate, 82d Cong., Ist ysess.), pp.
541-563). For the written views of the
Agency, see Senate Hearings, pp. 608-614,
and Report of the Senate Committee on
Labor and Public Welfare on S.1347, p. 14.

Bulletin, February 1952

Transfer of Short-Service Employees

PROVISIONS OF THE RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT IN REGARD TO TRANSFER
OF SHORT-SERVICE EMPLOYYFES:

As to retirement annuities under the Railroad Retirement Act—

Section 2 (a). The following-described individuals, if they ...
shall have completed ten years of service, shall be eligible for annuities
after they shall have ceased to render compensated service ....

As to survivor annuities under the Railroad Retirement Act (payable
only with respect to completely or partially insured individuals) —

Section 5 (1) (7). An employee will have been ‘completely insured’

if .. . he will have completed ten years of service ....
Section 5 (1) (8). An employee will have been ‘partially insured’...
if .. . he will have completed ten years of service ....

As to crediting railroad service under old-age and survivors insur-
ance—

Section 5 (k) (1). For the purpose of determining (i) insurance bene-
fits under title II of the Social Security Act to an employee who will
have completed less than ten years of service and to others deriving
from him or her during his or her life and with respect to his or her
death, and lump-sum death payments with respect to the death of such

employee .

. . this Act shall not operate to exclude from ‘employ-
ment,’ under title II of the Social Security Act, service which would
otherwise be included in such ‘employment’... .

(5) Withholding of retirement an-
nuities if the annuitant, aged 65 or
older, is in employment covered by
old-age and survivors insurance (and
would have his benefit suspended
under the old-age and survivors in-
surance work clause—for example, by
earning more than $50 per month in
covered employment) ;

(6) Making financial interchange
between the railroad retirement and
the old-age and survivors insurance
systems the subject for a joint study
to be submitted to Congress by 1956
(instead of becoming effective imme-
diately without further legislative
action) ;

(7) Service after age 65 creditable
only for benefits awarded after en-
actment of the amendments (instead
of including beneficiaries on the rolls,
as in the final legislation) ;

(8) Incorporation of many of the
benefit features of the 1950 amend-
ments to the old-age and survivors
insurance system. Some of these were
retained in the final legislation (for
example, benefits for retired workers’
wives under age 65 caring for a de-

pendent child; benefits for aged, de-
pendent husbands and widowers;
similarity of definitions of depend-
ents; and payment of retroactive
benefits for as much as 6 months),
while others were omitted (for ex-
ample, benefits for the former wife
divorced who has a dependent sur-
vivor child in her care; payment of an
additional amount, in effect, for the
first survivor child; payment of
child’s benefits regardless of school
attendance between ages 16 and 18;
an increase in parent’s benefits to the
same size as widow’s benefits; and
lump-sum payments for all deaths
rather than only when no survivors
are eligible for immediate monthly
benefits) .

H.R. 3755

H.R. 3755 provided for relatively
few changes in the program, princi-
pally an increase of 25 percent in all
retirement annuities; survivor bene-
fits, on the whole, would be increased
in the same proportion. Subsequently
the supporters of this legislation re-
drafted the bill because of cost con-

Table 1.—Illustrative monthly retire-
ment annuities under the Railroad
Retirement Act

New law !
A
monthly} Old
=. law | Nonmarried or | Married, and
spouse not spouse

eligible eligible

10 years’ service
$100..... 2$21. 00 2 $24.15 $36. 23
150. .....| 230.00 234. 50 51.75
200......| 36.00 41,40 62. 10
250......| 42.00 48. 30 72. 45
300......| 48.00 55. 20 82. 80

20 years’ service

]

$100... ../2$42. 00 2 $48. 30 | $72. 45
150......| 60.00 69. 00 103. 50
- Rae 72. 00 82. 80 122. 80
250. ..... 84. 00 96. 60 136. 60
300......| 96.00 110. 40 | 150. 40

30 years’ service
$100_.... $63. 00 $72. 45 $108. 68
150......| 90.00 103. 50 143. 50
200. .....| 108.00 124. 20 164. 20
SR ee 126. 00 144. 90 184. 90
300......} 144.00 165. 60 205. 60

40 years’ service 3
$100__... $84. 00 $96. 60 | $136. 60
eee 120. 00 138. 00 | 178. 00
i titcincsnsie 144. 00 165. 60 205. 60
250...... 168. 00 | 193. 20 233. 20
300_..... 192. 00 | 220. 80 260. 80
Pos. Does a take eter paw tg mee for 7
crease if necessary to guarantee that benefits w
at least equal those that would have been payable
under old-age and survivors insurance for the same
wage history, or for a decrease when annuity is
based on “prior service’ (before 1937) and old-age
and survivor insurance benefits are also being pale.
2? Minimum annuity provision would be applicable

for those with “‘current connection’’ and would yield
larger amounts than those shown. In such cases this
provision would raise the benefits for a 10-year man

s

hose shown for a $200 man and for a 20-year man
to those for a $150 man.

3 Persons using prior service cannot have total
service of more than 30 years. Accordingly, persons
retiring in 1977 are the first who can get credit for
40 yeare of service.

siderations so that the retirement
annuities would be increased by 1674
percent; while no general increase
would be made in the survivor bene-
fits, it was recognized that such a step
was necessary and should be imme-
diately studied.®

H.R. 4641

H.R. 4641 also provided for relatively
few changes, with the benefit increases
being, on the whole, lower than in the
previous bills. All retirement annuities

* Hearings Before the Committee on In-
terstate and Foreign Commerce on H.R.
3669, H.R. 3755, and Others (House of
Representatives, 82d Cong., Ist sess.), pp.
482-484.

would be increased 10 percent, while
survivor benefits would be made pay-
able under the same conditions, in ap-

‘proximately the same amounts, and to

the same classes of survivors as under
the old-age and survivors insurance
system. Certain provisions were the
same as in the final legislation; both
retirement and survivor benefits were
to be at least as large as the benefits
or additional benefits payable under
old-age and survivors insurance if
railroad service had been counted as
covered employment thereunder, and
benefits were reduced for annuitants
also receiving old-age and survivors
insurance benefits. H.R. 4641 also con-
tained a provision (present in H.R.
3669 as introduced but not in the final
legislation) preventing payment of
railroad benefits to an annuitant who
is past age 65 and who is in employ-
ment cdyered by old-age and survivors
insurance if the work clause of that
program would prevent benefit pay-
ment.

H.R. 3669 As Reported by
Committee

By a vote of 18 to 12, the House
Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce voted on September 19 to
report out a completely revised ver-
sion of H.R. 3669. This action was
taken immediately before the House
took an extended recess. The two
other major bills considered (H.R.
3755 and H.R. 4641) had a significant
effect on the provisions of the re-
ported bill.

The provisions were relatively
simple, providing a flat increase of 15
percent for retired workers, 3314 per-
cent in monthly benefits for survivors,
and 25 percent in lump-sum death
payments. In its report, the Commit-
tee expressed its intention to make a
further study of the controversial
issues involved and its belief that im-
mediate action should be taken to
raise the benefits. The Committee Re-
port also contains the views of the
minority (including Chairman Cros-
ser), strongly advocating the provi-
sions of the bill as it had been intro-
duced.

H.R. 3669 As Passed by House

The House debated the legislation
on October 4 and completed its action
on October 16 (the day after the

Table 2.—Illustrative monthly sur-
vivor annuities under the Railroad
Retirement Act?

—

Widow aged Widow and
Ave 65 or over 2 children
monthly ae
law law law law

10 years’ service ?
$100______.....] $26.81 |°$37.50 | $62. 56 $83.
150..........-.| 30.94 | #43. 20 72.19 | 2115.00
200............] 35.06 | 348.80 81.81 | 2130.00
250... . --.--| 39.19 | 3 54.40 91.44 | 3145.00
nine bee 43.31 | 360.00 | 101.06 | * 150.00

20 years’ service
$100... .__.....] $29.25 | $39.00 | $68.25 $01. 00
SESS Ft 45. 00 78.75 | 2115.00
aR tee 38. 25 51. 00 89.25 | 3130.00
BOO. cocncccccu-| S021, @ 99.75 | 3145.00
We gcaccccmat 47.25 | 63.00 110.25 | 3150.00

30 years’ service
$100...........} $31.69 | $42. 25 $73. 94 $08. 58
SS. 36.56 | 48.75 85.31 | 3115.00
po aE eS 41.44 55. 25 96.69 | 4130.00
, See 46.31 61.75 | 108.06 | 4145.00
Weta tercacenss 51.19 | 68.25 | 119.44 159. 25

40 years’ service
ee $34.13 | $45.50 | $79.63 | $106.17
NN seit webbie 39.38 | 52. 50 91. 88 122. 30
) RSPR Fe 44. 63 59. 50 104. 13 138. 83
ee 49.88 | 66.50 116. 38 156. 17
Spa FERRE 55.13 | 73.50] 128.63 | # 160.00

1 Individual assumed to enter railroad service at
age 21 in 1951 or later and to remain steadily employed
therein at a level wage. Figures indicate survivor
benefits should death occur at ages 31, 41, 51, and 61,
respectively.

?No monthly survivor benefits paid under the
railroad retirement system for less than 10 years of
service. .

3“Old-age and survivors insurance minimum
guarantee”’ provision applicable. ,

4 $160 maximum benefit provision applicable.

Senate had acted on the companion
bill, S.1347). During the debate, Rep-
resentative Crosser offered a substi-
tute that closely paralleled the pro-
visions of the bill he had originally
introduced. This substitute was re-
jected by a vote of 114 to 158. Repre-
sentative Harris, on behalf of the
majority of the Committee on Inter-
state and Foreign Commerce, offered
a substitute for the reported bill that
was adopted without record vote.
The provisions adopted by the
House were in essence those of H.R.
3669 as reported, plus certain features
of S.1347 as passed by the Senate. In
addition to increasing retirement and
survivor benefits and lump-sum death
payments, the bill passed by the House
provided for spouse’s and widower’s
annuities, as in the final legislation.

Social Security

a “ee Ce en” a ee ee ee, | ee eee ee eee

It also carried the “old-age and sur-
yvivors insurance minimum guaran-
tee” provision, just as in the final
legislation, except that to obtain this
guarantee a “current connection”
would be required. In general, this
requirement is met when the indi-
vidual, at the time of his retirement
or death, had 1 year of railroad serv-
ice in the preceding 2% years. The
bill also contained a number of minor
provisions that were in both 8.1347
and the final legislation.

S.1347 As Passed by Senate

On October 4, the Committee on
Labor and Public Welfare unani-
mously reported S.1347 to the Senate.
As introduced, S.1347 had been a com-
panion bill to H.R. 3669, but the bill
as reported was a complete substitute.
It differed from the final legislation
in only one important respect—it in-
creased from $300 to $350 the credit-
able and taxable monthly wage base,
while the final bill retained the $300
figure that had been in effect since
the system began in 1937.

On October 15 the report was taken
up by the Senate and after debate was
adopted without a record vote. On
October 17 the Senate, in order to
take the legislation to conference,
considered H.R. 3669 as passed by the
House the previous day and by unani-
mous consent approved it but with the
wording of S.1347 as passed by the
Senate substituted for the language
in the House bill.

Conference Action

On October 18 the conferees met
and reported an agreement, which on
the next day was accepted by the
House by a vote of 339 to 0 and by
the Senate by unanimous consent. As
indicated previously, the provisions of
the final legislation were virtually the
Same as the bill originally passed by
the Senate, with the exception that
the maximum wage base was not in-
creased. The important changes from
the bill originally passed by the House
were the transfer of employees with
less than 10 years of service to the
old-age and survivors insurance sys-
tem, the financial interchange provi-
sions between the two systems, cer-
tain provisions relating to duplica-
tion of benefits, and provision for
recomputation of benefits previously

Bulletin, February 1952

awarded to take into account service
after age 65.

Benefits Under New Law

Illustrative Benefits

Table 1 shows illustrative retire-
ment annuities under Public Law 234,
as contrasted with those under the
previous law. The amounts are those
arising under the benefit formulas
without taking into account the mini-
mum annuity provision for those with
a “current connection” or, for the
new law, the provisions for correlat-
ing the payments to a certain extent
with those under the old-age and
survivors insurance system.

In table 2, illustrative survivor an-
nuities under the new law are con-
trasted with those under the former
law for an individual entering rail-
road service at age 21 in 1951 (or
thereafter) and remaining steadily
employed therein at a level wage. No
illustrative survivor annuities for
workers now at the middle and older
ages (regardless of whether they had
service before 1951) are shown since,
in the near future and possibly for
many years to come, the great ma-
jority of the claims for this group will
be paid under the “old-age and sur-
vivors insurance minimum guaran-
tee” provision rather than under the
railroad retirement benefit formula.
This minimum provision has rela-

Table 3.—Average monthly benefits'
under the Railroad Retirement Act
and under old-age and survivors
insurance, October 1951

Railroad Retirement Act Average
T ——
: under old-
- : ary | Num- Average benefit age and
neliciary | ber of survivors
Persons} O14 law|New law! ‘surance
Annuitant
over age 65 _|212, 500 $84 2 $109 3 $50
Annuitant un-|
der age 65...| 44, 800 75 86 ()
Pensioner *...| 6, 600 71 292 (4)
Aged widow..| 84, 000 30 40
Widowed
mother. -... | 13,300 28 39 34
EE cckvcs- | 47,700 17 29 27
(ll | 1,100 17 40 37
1 Rounded to the nearest dollar.
2 Includes spouse’s annuity, when payable.
3 Includes wife’s and child’s benefits, when pay-

able.

4 Not applicable.

5’ Pensioners taken over from former railroad
pension plans in 1937.

Source: Railroad retirement data from letter of
Railroad Retirement Board to Bureau of the Budget,
Oct. 23, 1951.

tively slight effect on retirement
annuities except when the amount of
credited railroad service has been
little more than 10 years.

Average Benefits

The net effect of the various bene-
fit changes is shown in table 3, which
contrasts for different types of bene-
ficiaries the average monthly benefits
actually paid for October 1951 before
the amendments went into effect and
the estimated averages that would
have been paid if the amendments
had been in effect in that month. For
comparative purposes, average bene-
fits under the old-age and survivors
insurance system are also shown.

The increase for annuitants over
age 65 is about 30 percent—the result
principally of the 15-percent flat in-
crease, the addition of the spouse’s
annuity (payable in about 40 percent
of the cases), and the crediting of
service beyond age 65; there is also
present the effect of a decreasing
factor—the offset feature for those
receiving old-age and survivors insur-
ance benefits. The increases for sur-
vivor benefits are somewhat higher
than the 3314-percent flat increase in
the benefit formula because of the
“old-age and survivors insurance
minimum guarantee” provision; for
children the increase is about 70 per-
cent, and for parents, more than 100
percent.

In comparison with the old-age and
survivors insurance benefits, the
new railroad retirement benefits are
notably higher for retirement cases
and only slightly higher for survivor
cases, since—though the benefits are
computed in essentially the same way
—railroad earnings are somewhat
higher on the average.

Benefit Interrelationships
Between the Two Programs

Under the new legislation, there are
a number of situations in which bene-
fits under the railroad retirement and
old-age and survivors insurance pro-
grams are interrelated. This section
will give hypothetical examples of how
such situations will work out.

Minimum Guarantee—
Retirement Annuities

The retirement annuity—plus the
spouse’s annuity, if any—is guaran-

teed to at least equal tne amount that
would have been payable under old-
age and survivors insurance if the in-
dividual’s railroad service had been
credited thereunder. When the indi-

vidual is receiving, or is eligible to re-
ceive, old-age and survivors insurance
benefits based on his earnings under
that program, then the guarantee re-
lates to the additional amount that the

railroad earnings would have produced
under old-age and survivors insurance
if added to the earnings from which
his old-age and survivors insurance
benefit is determined.

Chart 1.—Principal changes in the Railroad Retirement Act under the 1951 amendments

Item Old law New law
A. Benefits payable to —

(1) Age annuitant. -.............-..-..... Aged 65 or over, or aged 60 or over if 30 or more years of | No change, except that minimum of 10 years of service re-
service (but for men under age 65, annuity reduced 1/15 quired (if less service, credit given under OASI ? system),
for each year under age 65 at time of retirement). but those on rolls at enactment are not removed.

(2) Disability annuitant. __............... Unable to engage in any regular employment, and with 10 | No change, except as in item (1).

or more years of service, or aged 60 or over; or unable to
engage in regular occupation, with ‘“‘current connection’’
with railroad employment when disabled, and with 20
| or more years of service, or aged 60 or over.

(8) Spouse of annuitant aged 65 or over._.| Benefits not payable

Geese Aged 65 or over, or with dependent child under age 18
present.

(5) Children of deceased individual. --....-. I a ua

(6) Dependent parent. ....-..........-... Aged 65 or over, and no surviving spouse or child who could |

ever receive monthly benefits.
(7) Lump-sum death payment_-..........- For deaths when no monthly benefits payable immediately- |
(8) Residual death payment---_.........--! Payable after all benefit rights, including those of sur- |
| vivors, have terminated—to assure total payments of at |
| least contributions paid plus some allowance for interest. |

Aged 65 or over (husband to be eligible must be ‘‘depend-
ent’’), or regardless of age for wife with dependent child
under age 18 present.

No change,’ except that benefits provided for dependent
widower aged 65 or over and except as in item (1).

No change,’ except as in item (1).
No change,’ except as in item (1).

No change, except as in item (1).

No change, except that suitable modifications made for those
with less than 10 years of service, see item (1).

B. Insured status for survivor benefits

(1) “Quarter of coverage’”’.............---- | In general, calendar quarters with $50 or more of railroad |
compénsation after 1936, or similar credits under OASI. |
(2) “‘Current connection’’................- | In general, exists at time of retirement or death if 1 year of |
railroad service in preceding 2 4 years. |

(8) Completely insured status---.--.--..... | Current connection, and 1 quarter of coverage for each 2

quarters after 1936 and before age 65 (or death if earlier),
with minimum of 6 quarters of coverage or maximum of
| 40 quarters of coverage required.

(4) Partially insured status. ............-. Current connection, and 6 quarters of coverage in year of
| death (exclusive of quarter of death) and three pre-
| ceding years.

(5) Transfer of credits to OASI system_...| If not insured as in items (3) and (4), railroad credits used
| in determining survivor benefits under OASI.

No change.
No change.

No change, except that minimum of 10 years of service (in-
cluding years before 1937) also required.

No change, except that minimum of 10 years of service (in-
cluding years before 1937) also required, and that quarter of
death included and also applicable to retirements.

No change, except as noted in item A(1).

C. Amount of retirement benefits

Cg pe Oe ae | All service after 1936 except that after calendar year of at- |
| taining age 65, plus—for those in “employment status’”’
| on August 29, 1935—such service before 1937 as will make
| total of not more than 30 years.
(2) “Monthly compensation”’_-_..........- Average of creditable compensation paid in period of serv- |
| ice counted, maximum of $300 creditable for any month.
EE ee ee | 2.40% of first $50 of monthly compensation, _— 1.80% of
next $100, plus 1.20% of next $150, all multiplied by years
| of service. |
(4) Minimum amount-.-...............-.- | If having current connection at retirement, amount de-
termined under item (3) shall not be less than least of: |
$60, $3.60 times years of service, and monthly compensa-
| tion.

| |

No change, except that service after attaining age 65 credit-
able in all instances.

No change.
Percentage factors increased by 15% in each case.
No change, except that dollar figures in minimum increased

15% and “OASI minimum guarantee” provision added,
see item F(8).

D. Basic amount of survivor benefits

|
(1) “Average monthly remuneration”’....| Based on railroad compensation and OASI credits from
| 1937 to retirement (or death if earlier) divided by total |
time elapsed in such period, with maximum of $250.

Gp IIIS ones cen deccdecannncane | 40% of first $75 of average monthly remuneration, plus
10% of remainder of average monthly remuneration, all |
| inereased by 1% for each year after 1936 with $200 or
| more of remuneration. Minimum basic amount is $10.

$120, or 80 percent of average remuneration, or twice basic
| amount, whichever is least (but not to reduce below $20).

(3) Maximum family benefits............-

(4) Minimum family benefits......_____- | $10

See footnotes at end of table.

No change, except that maximum for average remuneration
is raised to $300 (but not for those on survivor benefit
rolls at enactment) and except that average may be com-
puted at age 65 if this gives higher amount.

Basic amount unchanged, although in effect “adjusted” by
3314 % in all cases—see items E(2) to E(5). Minimum
basic amount increased to $14.

$160, or 2 34 times the basic amount (but as in item (2) above,
in effect twice the ‘‘adjusted basic amount’’), whichever
is the lesser (but not to reduce below $30).

$14; also “OASI minimum guarantee’’ provision added, see
item F(8).

ES

Social Security

|

Consider, for example, an individual

who entered railroad service
beginning of 1937, who retires
65 at the end of 1952 after
earned $300 in each month of

years, and who never had old-age and

survivors insurance wage credits.
at the
at age
having
the 16

an adopted child aged 17. Under

sume that he has a wife aged 65 and

new railroad retirement benefit for-
mula, he would receive $88.32 a month,
plus an additional $40 for his spouse,

As- making a total of $128.32. If his rail-
road service had been counted under
the old-age and survivors insurance
system, he would have been eligible for
an old-age insurance benefit of $80;
the additional benefits ($70) for his

the

Chart 1.—Principal changes in the Railroad Retirement Act under the 1951 amendments'—Continued

Item

Old law

New law

E. Benefit amounts of dependents and survivors

TED BROWNS .. -onnccanneseoncesesncoqcesoese

ee

(3) Child of deceased worker.............-.
(4) Dependent parent... - --

(5) Lump-sum death payment...........-.

EE POERDD., 2 cnnniinn cancun othannviambieiamimliinell

75% of survivor basic amount. --.-. .-

50% of survivor basic amount. --- - - -

50% of survivor basic amount. -...-.-

8 times the basic amount

50% of full retirement or disability annuity
reduction made

any for retirement before es eopreas
ue, of murviver howe which is 75% of
basic amount, item DO). Widow's stay’ sal

me be pa than an any spouse’s
66 4% p Arrerse basic amount, which is of “adjusted
oe, amount,’’ see item D(2). roe
66 of survivor basi hich is 50% of
basis ammount” see item DG). oe, Sent
10 times survivor basic amount, which is 7 4 times “adjusted
basic cause” ook item Dan is

F. Miscellaneous benefit provisions

(1) Employment permitted retired work-
ers and spouses.

@! Employment permitted survivor ben-
eficiaries

(3) Effect of railroad employment on bene-
fits of OASI beneficiaries.

(4) Duplication of benefits under railroad
system.

(5) Duplication of retirement annuity
with OASI benefits.

+

(6) wo of spouse’s annuity with
OASI benefits.

(7) Duplication of survivor benefits with

OASI benefits.
(8)“OASI minimum guarantee”
vision.

(9) Credit for military service.............

(10) Time within which benefits must be
claimed.

pro- |

None for any railroad or for last employer before retirement _

None for any railroad and not more than $25 in employ-
ment covered under OASI.
No provision

Not permitted; in effect, only larger benefit payable

No provision

No provision

Not permitted; in effect, only larger benefit payable

No provision

Given at rate of $160 per month for service during a war-
service period if in railroad service in year of entry into
military service or in preceding year. Provisions against
using same service under more than one Federal system.

Retirement annuities retroactive for 60 days. Survivor
monthly benefits retroactive for 3 months. Lump-sum
death payment within 2 years. No limit for residual
death payment.

No change.
No change, except that $25 allowable OASI employment in-
creased to $50.

Railroad earnings counted in determining whether benefits
are payable.

No change.

Annuity reduced by portion thereof based on service before
1937 or by penta A of old-age insurance benefi
worker’s wages), W:

Annuity reduced by any OASI pseerl except wife’s wed
(and indirectly by OASI benefits that reduce
retirement iamaity, bee item (5) above).

No change.

Guarantee that retirement or survivor benefits under rail-
road system, - any OASI benefits payable, will
less than OASI bensAte woud heen bese af aotahiant
credits under both systems.

No change.

Monthly benefits retroactive for 6 months. No change for
death payments.

G. Financing provisions

(1) Tax rates

(2) Government contribution............-
(3) Interest rate on investments

(4) OASI “‘interchange’”’

6% on employer and 6% on employee for 1951, and 64% |
| each, thereafter; paid on maximum compensation of $300
per month.

For cost of military service provision, see item F(9)......-

Minimum of 3% per annum guaranteed by General Trea-
sury.

| Transfer made to assure equitable distribution of cost of

| survivor benefits when credits under both systems are |

merged, see items B(5) and D(1).

| No change.

No change.
No change.

OASI trast fund to be put tn sete peutiien Sees waund Mave
been if railroad employment had always been covered

|
lo
| thereunder, by transfers in ey
|

into account, among matters, it of survivor
benefits for oar rose omaparen on of combined
wage credits. ision for transfers for ivor bene-
fits (see ad w= Ry. conan) eliminated; for transfer of short-
service employees, see item A().

' All changes applicable to those on the benefit rolls at time of enactment, except

48 noted.

? OASI means old-age and survivors insurance under the Social Security Act.

Builetin, February 1952

3 Certain liberalizations in definitions were made to conform with OASI defini-
tions—for example, a parent need be only chiefly dependent (rather than wholly) .

wife and dependent child*® would
bring the total to $150.1. Accordingly,
in this case, the man’s railroad retire-
ment annuity and the spouse’s annuity
would be increased so that they would
total $150.

The guarantee provision applies
- only for months for which the old-age
and survivors insurance benefits would
be payable. For instance, if in a cer-
tain month the child receives more
than $50 in employment under the
old-age and survivors insurance pro-
gram, the total benefit payable under
that program would have been reduced
from $150 to $120. Accordingly, for
that month the annuity payable under
the railroad retirement program would
be reduced to the $128.32 arising under
that program’s benefit formula. The
result would be the same when the
child reaches age 18 and any benefits
for him under old-age and survivors
insurance would be permanently ter-
minated.

If this individual had had a small
amount of coverage under the old-age
and survivors insurance program—
sufficient, say, to qualify him for the
minimum old-age insurance benefit of
$20, plus an additional $20 for his wife
and child—the guarantee provision
would have no effect on his railroad
annuity. (Nor would the provision
against dual receipt of benefits, dis-
cussed subsequently, have any effect,
since this individual is assumed to

‘have no “prior service.”) His addi-
tional benefits under old-age and sur-
vivors insurance as a result of
counting railroad service would then
be $110. Since this amount is less than
would be paid under the railroad re-
tirement benefit formula, he would
receive $128.32 from the railroad sys-

#” Under the railroad retirement system,
no additional payment is made for the
dependent child of a retired worker al-
though, when such a child is present, the
wife can receive a spouse’s annuity even
though she may be under age 65.

“u The wife and child are each eligible
for 50 percent of the man’s benefit, which
would be $40 apiece in this case, but the
$150 maximum benefit provision reduces
their benefits to $35 each.

#2 Both the man’s retirement annuity
and the spouse’s annuity would be in-
creased proportionately, to $103.24 and
$46.76, respectively; this is the only type
of case in which the spouse’s annuity can
exceed. $40.

10

tem and $40 from the old-age and sur-
vivors insurance system.

There may be situations, similar to
the one described above, where the
railroad benefit is increased by the
“old-age and survivors insurance
minimum guarantee” provision, and
yet old-age and survivors insurance
benefits are also paid. For instance,
if the individual had a minimum old-
age and survivors insurance benefit of
$20, and if his railroad earnings had
averaged $150 a month in 1937-52 (but
$300 in each month of 1951 and 1952),
the new railroad retirement formula
would give a benefit of $82.80 (includ-
ing spouse’s annuity). By the oper-
ation of the guarantee, the total rail-
road benefit would be increased to
$110, which—with the $40 paid by old-
age and survivors insurance—would
total the $150 that the old-age and
survivors insurance program would
pay if his railroad earnings were
counted as “wages.”

Minimum Guarantee—
Survivor Benefits

For benefits to the survivors of de-
ceased individuals having 10 or more
years of railroad service and the re-
quired insured status, including “cur-
rent connection,” the same type of
minimum guarantee applies as for re-
tirement annuities. Here, however, the
situation is different because (1) no
credit is given for prior service, (2) the
average monthly wage is computed in
the same general fashion as under old-
age and survivors insurance—that is,
over periods of potential coverage
rather than only over the actual
months of service as for retirement
annuities, (3) the benefit formula pro-
duces benefits in some cases lower,
although in other cases higher, than
the old-age and survivors insurance
benefit formula, and (4) less liberal
benefit amounts are given for certain
categories than under the old-age and
survivors insurance system.

In computing the average monthly
wage (item 2 above), there is also the
very important element that old-age
and survivors insurance permits a
“new start”; both wages and the pe-
riod before 1951 can be ignored for in-
dividuals having 6 quarters of coverage
after 1950. This provision will tend to
produce a higher average wage by

dropping out the lower wages of the
war and prewar periods, whereas
under railroad retirement all wages
and periods since 1936 must, in gen-
eral, be included. For persons not able
to use the “new start” (such as sur-
vivors receiving benefits based on the
record of a wage earner who died be-
fore 1952), old-age and survivors in-
surance benefits are computed as
under the 1939 act and then adjusted
upward by use of a conversion table ¥
that partially, though roughly, allows
for the lower wages of the past.

In regard to the third item, the old-
age and survivors insurance benefit
formula is 50 percent of the first $100
of average monthly wage and 15 per-
cent of the excess, while the railroad
retirement benefit formula is, in effect,
53% percent of the first $75 and 13%
percent of the remainder plus 1-per-
cent increment for each year of cover-
age after 1936. As a result, for work-
ers with short periods of cover-
age, the effect of the increment under
the railroad retirement formula is
more than offset by the higher limit of
the first bracket under old-age and
survivors insurance.

As to the fourth item, the effective
benefit percentages applicable to the
“adjusted basic amount” (item D(2)
of the accompanying chart) are fre-
quently lower under the railroad re-
tirement system than under old-age
and survivors insurance. There is no
additional family benefit (25 percent
of the primary insurance amount) for
survivor children, while parents re-
ceive, in effect, benefits at the 50-per-
cent rate formerly used in old-age and
survivors insurance (now 75 percent).

For survivor awards made in the
near future (and possibly for many
years to come), the vast majority of
the amounts paid will be under the
minimum guarantee provision rather
than under the new railroad retire-
ment benefit formula. Any simple
comparison is difficult to make be-
cause of the differences between the
two programs. Illustrative calculations

3 For a full description of the method
of calculation, see Walter E. Wilcox,
Analysis of the Benefits under Title II of
the Social Security Act Amendments of
1950, Actuarial Study No. 30, Social Se-
curity Administration, February 1951
(especially pages 12, 14, and 15).

Social Security

aero e 2g RrPeuErer® eae epsesae

aortryrn fe &

orektrrta

Seteorctar @errnrersct erp

have been made, however, for an indi-
yidual who died in 1951, having been
covered under the railroad retirement
program continuously since the begin-
ning of 1937, and who left a widow
and one child. Since this individual
would not have sufficient coverage
after 1950 to use the “new start” aver-
age wage under old-age and survivors
insurance, the average wage is com-
puted in approximately the same
fashion under both programs. In ob-
taining the benefit under old-age and
survivors insurance, the conversion
table would be used. The resulting
benefits for the widow and child, based
on various assumed average monthly
wages, are shown below.

Avera: Benefit Benefit under

ment under railroad jold-age and survivors

— y retirement insurance

k provisions ! provisions
ee $38. 33 $62.70
57. 50 71.70
Tb ccssecek 62. 30 78.30
See 71. 88 87.60
alpina 81. 47 96. 00
Gbwiscto<d 91. 05 102. 80
nnstiicinnl 100. 63 102. 80

1 Before application of the ‘‘old-age and survivors
insurance minimum guarantee’’ provision.

For this particular case, the mini-
mum guarantee provision would apply
at every wage level—that is, the rail-
road retirement system would pay the
larger amount computed under the
old-age and survivors insurance provi-
sions.'*

This situation will not prevail for all
survivor benefits currently awarded or
those arising in the near future,
although it is believed that a substan-
tial majority will be affected—particu-
larly when in the middle of 1952 it
becomes possible under old-age and

“Tt may be noted that the family bene-
fit based on an average monthly wage of
$50 exceeds, under old-age and survivors
insurance, the average wage. This situa-
tion arises because most workers with an
average monthly wage of $50 had much
lower earnings than this before and dur-
ing the war and much higher wages
thereafter. The increase in old-age and
survivors insurance benefits made by the
1950 amendments, in the aggregate, was
designed to raise benefits so as to relate
them to the increased wage and price
levels at the time. Accordingly, the total
benefit would probably be significantly
less than the recent monthly earnings of
the individual.

Bulletin, February 1952

survivors insurance to use the new
benefit formula along with the “new
start” average wage.

Dual Receipt of Benefits

The retirement annuity of any indi-
vidual entitled to an old-age insurance
benefit (based on the individual’s own
wages earned in jobs covered by the
social security program) is to be re-
duced by the smaller of (1) the old-age
insurance benefit or (2) the portion of
the retirement annuity based on serv-
ice before 1937. For beneficiaries on
the rolls when the law was enacted,
there is a saving provision to the effect
that this reduction, when considered
in conjunction with the various in-
creases made by the benefit formula
and the spouse’s annuity, shall not re-
sult in the individual’s receiving less
than he did before the amendments.

Consider, for example, a retired in-
dividual aged 65 or over with a wife
also aged 65 or over. Assume that he
had 20 years of service before 1937 and
10 years of service after 1936, all at a
compensation of $200 a month. Before
the amendments he was receiving a
retirement annuity of $108 a month.
Further assume that, as a result of a
small amount of old-age and survivors
insurance coverage, he had been re-
ceiving an old-age insurance benefit
of $20 and his wife was receiving a
benefit of $10. Under the amended
benefit formula, the man’s retirement
annuity is increased to $124.20, and in
addition there is a spouse’s annuity of
$40. The man’s retirement annuity
must be reduced, however, by the old-
age insurance benefit of $20 that he is
receiving (since this is smaller than
the portion of his retirement annuity
—about $83—based on prior service).
Accordingly, his actual retirement an-
nuity is $104.20, while the spouse’s
annuity is $40,° so that the total pay-
ment from the railroad retirement
system would be $144.20 as contrasted
with the former $108. If the wife
should die, however, the man’s reduced
retirement annuity of $104.20 would
be raised to $108, the amount that he
had been receiving before the enact-

4% When this type of reduction is made,
the spouse’s annuity is half the reduced
retirement annuity, but in the example
given the $40 maximum would continue
to apply.

ment of the amendments.** For those
retiring after the effective date, this
saving provision is not applicable.

In some instances, this provision
against dual receipt of benefits will be
partially or wholly offset by the “old-
age and survivors insurance minimum
guarantee” provision described previ-
ously. In the example given in the pre-
ceding paragraph this guarantee
would have no effect because his total
railroad benefit of $144.20 is more than
the maximum benefit for a married
man and his eligible wife under old-
age and survivors insurance ($102.80
currently and $120 for retirements
after March 1952). Consider, for ex-
ample, an individual retiring at age 65
in January 1953 who has a wife aged
65 and a child aged 17. Assume that
he had 30 years of continuous railroad
service (and thus 14 years of prior
service) and an average monthly com-
pensation of $125 over the period, but
with $300 a month in 1951 and 1952.
Further assume that, as a result of a
small amount of old-age and survivors
insurance coverage, he is receiving an
old-age insurance benefit of $20, and
correspondingly the total family bene-
fit is $40. Under the amended benefit
formula, the man’s railroad annuity is
$87.98 and the spouse’s annuity is $40,
or a total of $127.98. Because of the
old-age insurance benefit actually
paid, the man’s annuity is reduced to
$67.98 and the spouse’s annuity to
$33.99, or a total of $101.97. The “old-.
age and survivors insurance minimum
guarantee” in this case is $110 (the
$150 maximum family benefit—based
on the $300 average wage in 1951 and
1952 and the two eligible dependents—
less the $40 actually paid). Accord-
ingly, the railroad total benefit as re-
duced by the “dual receipt of benefits”
provision is then adjusted up to $110
by the guarantee provision.

In future years the provision against
dual receipt of retirement benefits will
have less and less effect, since fewer

16 The same situation would occur if the
individual did not have an eligible wife
when the amendments were enacted. In
other words, he would then have received
no increase in his railroad retirement
benefits since the rise due to the new
benefit formula would have been offset by
the reduction because of dual receipt of
benefits under the two systems.

il

annuities under the railroad retire-
ment system will be based on service
performed before 1937. Thus, for those
who have no prior service or for those
who have at least 30 years of service
after 1936, there will be no restric-
tions against receiving fuli, dual re-
tirement benefits under the two pro-
grams.

As in the previous law, there are
provisions against payment of differ-
ent categories of benefits under the
two systems for survivors, with an
extension of this principle also to
spouse’s annuities. Thus, for instance,
an aged widow of a railroad worker
cannot receive both a widow’s annuity
under the Railroad Retirement Act
and an old-age insurance benefit based
on her own earnings, but rather, in
effect, only the larger of the two
amounts. Similarly, an aged wife of
a retired railroad worker cannot re-
ceive both a spouse’s annuity and an
old-age insurance benefit based on her
own earnings. She may, on the other
hand, receive a wife’s benefit under
both programs; as previously de-
scribed, however, since the husband’s
railroad retirement annuity will be
reduced in most cases in the near fu-
ture when he also receives old-age
and survivors insurance benefits, the
spouse’s annuity under the railroad
program will be correspondingly re-
duced.??

Residual Death]Payments

The railroad retirement program
provides for a residual death pay-
ment that gives a minimum guaran-
tee of payments to the individual
on the basis of his railroad wages.
The amount guaranteed is 4 percent
of creditable compensation during
1937-46 and 7 percent thereafter. The
payment will always be in excess of
the contributions the individual has

% This situation will not occur, how-
ever, when the husband’s original annuity
and his reduced annuity both total $80 or
more, since in either case the spouse’s
annuity is then the $40 maximum.

12

made. The residual payment is deter-
mined by subtracting from the amount
guaranteed all payments made under
the railroad retirement program and
certain payments made under the
old-age and survivors insurance pro-
gram on the basis of railroad earnings.

As an example, consider an indi-
vidual who had less than 10 years of
railroad service when he retired at
age 65 in December 1951, with his
wife also aged 65. Assume that all his
railroad service was after 1946 and
that his total credited compensation
amounted to $5,000, so that the mini-
mum guarantee of benefits is $350.
Since he had less than 10 years of
railroad service, his wage history was
transferred to the old-age and sur-
vivors insurance system and, with the
wage credits previously established,
produced an old-age insurance benefit
of, say, $28 a month, along with a
benefit of $14 a month for his wife.
Further, assume that without the rail-
road wage credits he would have been
eligible for the minimum old-age in-
surance benefit of $20 for himself and
$10 for his wife. Upon his death, a
lump-sum payment of $84 will be pay-
able, and his widow will receive a
monthly benefit of $21.

Assume that the individual lives for
one full year after retirement and that
his widow dies 4 months later.* The
residual payment is determined as fol-
lows: From the $350 minimum guar-
antee there must be deducted the ex-
cess benefits received during the re-
tired worker’s lifetime as a result of
crediting the railroad wages (12
months at $8 for the man and $4 for
his wife, or a total of $144) and all
survivor benefits paid (the $84 lump-
sum death payment and widow’s bene-

% Actually, this is an unusual case since
both husband and wife would, on the
average, live for about 12-14 years. In
most instances there will be no residual
death payment because the benefits paid
before the death of the last surviving
beneficiary will greatly exceed the mini-
mum guarantee.

fits of $21 for 4 months, or a total of
$168). The residual death payment
would be $38 ($350 minus $144 minus
$168). .

Basic Documents Relating to
Public Law 234

H.R. 3669, 82d Cong., Ist sess., as
introduced April 12, 1951, and as re-
ported out September 19, 1951.

H.R. 3755, 82d Cong., 1st sess., as
introduced April 18, 1951.

H.R. 4641, 82d Cong., Ist sess., as
introduced June 28, 1951.

S. 1347, 82d Cong., 1st sess. (iden-
tical with H.R. 3669), as introduced
April 18, 1951, and as reported out
October 4, 1951.

S. 1353, 82d Cong., lst sess. (iden-
tical with H.R. 3755), as introduced
April 18, 1951.

Hearings before the Committee on
Interstate and Foreign Commerce,
House of Representatives (82d Cong.,
Ist sess.), On H.R. 3669, H.R. 3755,
and Others, May—June 1951.

Hearings before the Subcommittee
on Railroad Retirement Legislation of
the Committee on Labor and Public
Welfare, U.S. Senate (82d Cong., Ist
sess.), on Bills to Amend the Railroad
Retirement Act of 1937, April-May
1951.

Report of the Committee on Inter-
state and Foreign Commerce on H.R.
3669 (H. Rept. 976, 82d Cong., Ist
sess.), September 19, 1951.

House debate on H.R. 3669, Con-
gressional Record, October 4 and 16,
1951 (Volume 97, Nos. 186 and 194).

Report of the Senate Committee on
Labor and Public Welfare on S. 1347
(S. Rept. 890, 82d Cong., Ist sess.),
October 4, 1951.

Senate debate on S. 1347, Congres-
sional Record, October 15, 1951 (Vol-
ume 97, No. 193).

Senate debate on H.R. 3669, Con-
gressional Record, October 17, 1951
(Volume 97, No. 195).

Conference Report on H.R. 3669
(H. Rept. 1215, 82d Cong., Ist sess.),
October 18, 1951.

House and Senate debate on Con-
ference Report, Congressional Record,
October 19, 1951 (Volume 97, No. 197).

President’s Statement, White House
press release, October 30, 1951.

Social Security

A |

pre
on

wo
for

Public Assistance Employees: Their Education

The Bureau of Public Assistance and the Children’s Bureau
of the Social Security Administration have recently made a joint
study of social workers in full-time positions in the State and
local agencies administering the federally aided public assistance

and public child welfare programs.

The following article—

the first of three based on the study—reports on the educational
background and experience of the public assistance workers.

N mid-1950, about 30,000 persons in
| full-time social work jobs in the
State and local agencies that ad-
minister the federally aided assistance
programs were working primarily on
one or more of the public assistance
programs. These were the people in
administrative, supervisory, and case-
worker positions who were responsible
for providing financial aid and other
services to the 44 million children and
aged and blind persons receiving as-
sistance under the Federal-State pro-
grams, and to most of the more than
a million persons receiving general
assistance.

The capacity of the public assistance
employees to do a good job is im-
portant to the State agencies admin-
istering the programs, to the Federal
agency that makes grants to the States
for the federally aided programs, and
to needy persons. It is equally im-
portant to the public, whose willing-
ness to support the programs, finan-
cially and otherwise, makes the aid
available. Information about the edu-
cation and experience of the men and
women now engaged in administering
the public assistance programs is es-
sential in planning for the develop-
ment and the most effective use of
their capacities. It should help in de-
termining, for example, the poten-
tialities for further training of these
workers, the kinds and amounts of
day-to-day supervision needed, and
the steps that should be taken to raise
standards for future employees of the
assistance agencies. Professional edu-

* Division of Program Statistics and
Analysis, Bureau of Public Assistance.
The author wishes to acknowledge the
contribution made by Alice L. Taylor of
the Bureau’s Division of Technical Train-
ing to the preparation of this article.

Bulletin, February 1952

cation and experience do not, of
course, guarantee skill in dealing with
the complexities of human relation-
ships, in helping people to become self-
supporting, and in meeting construc-
tively the many problems in the ad-
ministration of public assistance. In
general, however, the better-educated
workers and those with the most per-
tinent experience can be assumed to
have the greatest skill or, at the least,
the greatest potentiality for develop-
ing the needed skill.

Information on education and ex-

perience, as well as on workloads,
salaries, and working conditions, of
all employees in full-time social work
positions in the State and local agen-
cies administering the federally aided
public assistance and public child wel-
fare programs was obtained in a study
conducted in mid-1950 jointly by the
Bureau of Public Assistance and the
Children’s Bureau of the Social Se-
curity Administration. The study was
made as a part of the Nation-wide sur-
vey of all social work employees con-
ducted by the Bureau of Labor Sta-
tistics. The BLS survey was made on
a sample basis; it incorporated infor-
mation on a sample of the employees
covered by the Federal Security
Agency study."
1 The Agency study included employees
working on general assistance in States
in which the agencies that administer the
special types of public assistance also ad-
minister general assistance or could read-
ily obtain information on the general as-
sistance employees. In about a third of
the States, some or all of the general
assistance employees were covered by the
BLS study only; BLS data for public
assistance employees therefore differ
slightly from the data reported by the
Federal Security Agency. For BLS data,
see Social Workers in 1950, American As-
sociation of Social Workers, 1952.

by ELIZABETH EPLER*

About 75,000 persons were employed
in full-time social work positions in
all public and private agencies in mid-
1950, according to the BLS estimates.
Of these 75,000 workers, more than 62
percent were employed by State,
county, and other local public agen-
cies, 35 percent by private agencies,
and not quite 3 percent by the Federal
Government.

Of the 34,000 employees included in
the Federal Security Agency study,
almost 30,000 were defined as public
assistance employees and more than
4,000 as child welfare employees, on
the basis of the programs on which
they spent the most time. Many of
them worked also on other programs.
While about 3 out of every 5 persons
defined as public assistance employees
worked only on public assistance pro-
grams, more than 1 out of every 5
worked also on child welfare programs.
Of the child welfare employees, more
than 1 in 5 worked also on public
assistance. About three-fifths of the
employees who specifically reported
working on both public assistance and
child welfare programs were case-
workers.

This article relates only to the edu-
cation and experience of the 30,000
persons working primarily on public
assistance.

The public assistance employees
constituted about 40 percent of all
social work employees in the Nation
as a whole. Compared with all social
workers, they had, as a group, less edu-
cation and somewhat less experience,
and they were not as well paid. These
facts are scarcely surprising to any-
one who remembers that the federally
aided assistance programs are only 15
years old and who realizes that in each
State the assistance agencies have an
obligation to meet, as well as they can,
the needs of all eligible persons in
every locality in the State. A public
assistance agency must see to it that
employees are available to administer
the programs throughout the State,
whatever the difficulties of getting
persons qualified by both training and
experience to fill the jobs. Though not

13

Table 1.—Social work emplo :
Amount of general and professional
education, 1950

Percentage
distribution of social
work employees in—

._|

Amount of education | Public | Pri-
assis All | vate
tance | agen- | agen

pro- | cies | oes
(FSA eA (BLS
A | study :
study) | study)

: SE gees ae 100 100 | 100

Bachelor’s degree or better'_| 66 71 | 74
Study in graduate school
of social work. ______-- 23 40 | 53

2 or more years_.-......- 4 16 | 27

hee es Seam 3 roars - - 7 11 | 13

Less wt pe “SNES 12 13 | 13

Other study ~spndi 16 12 s

Bachelor’s only -. 27 19 | 13

Undergraduate study only,

no bachelor’s degree____-_- 25 20 17
High school or less_--_.....-. 9 y

1 Includes those with bachelor’s degree only or
some type of graduate study (social work or other)
with or without a bachelor’s degree. Data not avail-
able on amount of general education of employees
who reported no bachelor’s degree but some gradu-
ate-level courses (6 percent of public assistance em-
Ployees and 5 percent of each of the other groups).

all assistance agencies have done as
well as they might have in establish-
ing appropriate requirements for the
various positions and in getting
trained staff, the question of what re-
quirements shall be set is difficult and
complex and must be considered in
relation to many factors, including
the availability of workers to meet
these requirements.

There are differences of opinion as
to the minimum amount and kind of
education needed to do an adequate
job of administering public assistance,
but many persons would agree that it
would be highly desirable for all em-
ployees to have at least some educa-
tion directly related to their jobs.
Many would agree further that the
type of education best fitted to equip
workers to administer public assist-
ance is graduate social work training.
There are not, however, enough work-
ers with such training to fill all the
social work jobs.

According ‘to the BLS study, the
total number of social work employees
in mid-1950 who had any study in
graduate schools of social work was
almost the same as the total number
of public assistance employees. The
public assistance programs have not
thus far been able to attract even their
share of the workers with some gradu-

14

ate social work training. But the fact
remains that the number with any
such training employed in social work
jobs in mid-1950—which may be as-
sumed to approximate the number in
the labor market—would little more
than meet the needs of the public as-
sistance agencies alone if such train-
ing were required for all their em-
ployees.

The problem is obviously not merely
one of attracting to the public as-
sistance jobs persons who already
have graduate social work study.
Staffing the agencies with profession-
ally trained workers is a long-range
goal, and the means of reaching it are
the responsibility not only of the pub-
lic assistance agencies but of the
schools of social work and the pro-
fession as a whole. In the meantime,
the assistance agencies need to con-
sider how to make the best possible
use of the training and experience of
persons now on the job, how best to
encourage them to add to their train-
ing, and how to raise standards for
employees who will be hired in the
future.

Determination of these standards
should be based upon detailed study of
practice in public assistance to iden-
tify the jobs for which social work
training or some other type of spe-

cialized preparation should be re-
quired. This type of analysis should
take account of the practical need for
establishing short-term goals until the
desirable amount and type of educa-
tion can be realistically required for
all positions.

Fewer than a fourth of all the public
assistance employees reported any
study in graduate schools of social]
work (table 1). By contrast, two-fifths
of all social work employees in all
types of agencies, public and private,
had had some such study. Further-
more, a much higher proportion of all
social work employees than of the
public assistance employees reported
study of a year or more in graduate
schools of social work. About half the
public assistance employees with any
graduate study in this field reported
less than a year of such study.

Proportionately more of the public
assistance employees than of all so-
cial work employees had a bachelor’s
degree only or some other type of
graduate education but no graduate
social work study. Altogether 66 per-
cent of the public assistance employ-
ees and 71 percent of all social work
employees had a bachelor’s degree or
better—that is, a bachelor’s degree
only, or some type of graduate study
(social work or other) with or with-

Table 2.—Public assistance employees: Amount of general and professional
education and median age, by pate. 1950

Heads of

at loca! offices WY pet | | Field | pe
Amount of education | posi- exeeu- | Case- | Super- | repre- | yooy
tic | ES Per workers; visors | senta- |
| tions Di- Di- tives | tives | Cm
rectors |, eo | Ployees
i: iat |
Total number. ..........--.------- | 29,046 | 1,280 | 1,613} 654 | 21,973) 2,883} 503 | 1,000
| j | | |
Total percent !_............--.---- 100.0 | 100.0} 100.0} 100.0} 100.0} 100.0} 100.0} 1000
Bachelor's degree or better 65.8 | 56.1 | 12.6| 74.0| 66.0) 75.1 | %.6/ 708
a x oo eecaanssabadlcne’ | 23.0} 33.0| 17.0| 48.9 6.8 9.9! 69 38.7
eas co cest cussceccth 0} 33. 7.0| 48. 16. 49.9| 69.0
eee c SAR i: OST. 2 me). Leal. wk 16.2
1 but less than 2 years.............| 36.8 | 10.0; 46] 162) 46! 158] 292] 108
Less than 1 year... --..-...... 412.1] 17. 11.3} 13.9} 103) 224) 18.5 11.7
With supervised fel work.____. 23 ) 5. 4.8 | 3.4 1.7 3.3 6.6 |
er OT TTT 9.8 | 12. 6.5 | 10.5 8.6} 191) 11.9 9.
Other graduate stud a: ei 16.1 | 11.4] 126 16.0 17.0 13.4 7.3 18.8
Bachelor’s degree only - - neveee-| 26.7] 11.7] 13.0 | 91/ 322] 118 | 8.3 13.3
Undequatants study only, no bache- | |
ee a 24.9} 27.4) 38.2/ 14.9] 255] 188 9.6 20.0
High school or less... -------- 2-2-2... 93] 164) 193] 111] 86] 61] 58 9.2
\—_____—. — } }
MoMA ateissse ness —eemigsnasone 1) 48) 48/46 | 37 | 6) | @

|

1 Percentages based on data excluding a few em-
pare ees who did not report amount of education.
ata include a few employees who reported de-
grees or certificates for 2 years or more of study but
—_ —_— in graduate school of social work of less
than 2 y:
3 Data ineinde a few employees who reported de-

grees or certificates for 1 year of study but total study
in graduate school of social work of less than 1 year.
4 Data include a few employees who reported
they had had graduate social work study but did
not specify the armount.
5 Data include a few employees who did not report
whether or not they had supervised field work.

Social Security

— ows @& =& oOo

an <m na te eee 2 oe ee oe ek ee ee eee 2 [ee eee eee

ae ee a

—
=

no waoms~s0r-1 wolo !

s ames ! Bl

alan

out a bachelor’s degree. Thus, the
relative number of public assistance
employees and of all social work em-
ployees with a bachelor’s degree or
petter differed less significantly than
did the proportions with some study
in graduate schools of social work.

This kind of comparison makes the
picture of the public assistance em-
ployees seem perhaps a little brighter
than it really is. Since they make up
a very large part—about 40 percent—
of all social work employees in the
country, the public assistance data of
course heavily weight the totals. It
is therefore more valid to compare
them with other social workers than
with the entire group. On the basis of
the BLS data, comparisons can be
made with social work employees of
private agencies—a total of about
26,000—and with those in various
types of programs. More than half the
social work employees of all private
agencies (53 percent), in contrast to
23 percent of the public assistance
employees, reported some graduate
social work study. The general educa-
tion of the public assistance employ-
ees compares somewhat more favor-
ably with that of the private agency
employees, although here, too, public
assistance lags behind. About two-
thirds of the employees in public as-
sistance, compared with almost three-
fourths of those in private agencies,
had a bachelor’s degree or better. The
proportion with no more than high
school education was about the same
—9 percent—for the public assist-
ance and the private agency employ-
ees.

In the BLS survey, 16 different types
of programs, including public assist-
ance, were identified. Some graduate
study in social work was reported by
relatively fewer of the public assist-
ance employees than of the social
work employees in any other type of
program except work with the aged
in institutions. The other programs
are all much smaller than public as-
sistance in terms of the number of
social work employees.

Education of Employees

The figures on the education of the
30,000 public assistance employees are,
of course, a composite of many varia-
tions, for these employees are in dif-
ferent types of positions in 53 separate

Bulletin,’ February 1952

Table 3.—Public ee ae Amount yo education and social work
ce

» by position, I
Heads of
All local offices Other Fiela Other
Amount of education posi- execu- Case- Super- por <=
and experience tions Di- Di- wee tives | .°™-
rectors | FOClOr- ployees
WUIAtis
Teil name, i... <5 33ci 29,946 | 1,289] 1,613 654 | 21,973 | 2,883 503 1,01
Dated pavements, «sis is cacccencemaa 100.0 | 100.0] 100.0} 100.0; 100.0] 100.0] 100.0 100.0
Bachelor’s degree or better............| 65.8 56.1 42.6 74.0 66.0 75.1 84.6 70.8
Undergraduate study of 2 or more
years, no bachelor’s degree... ---.- 17.1 17.1 24.5 8.9 17.9 12.9 5.8 11.7
Years of experience:
BE aR inner; cks dineatliindeihas aac 6.6 11.8 13.3 6.9 5.4 9.6 5.0 6.8
5 but less than 10.................. 4.1 3.7 7.0 1.2 4.4 2.4 4 19
EGS CRIN Hi oo so < vicki ectaatindtnae 6.2 1.5 3.8 8 7.8 ei .4 2.7
Pe iicn sndtindicwasnces 3 2 pe -5 3 2 2
Undergraduate study of less than 2
years, no bachelor’s degree... ... .. 7.8 10.3 13.7 6.0 7.6 5.9 3.8 8.3
Years of experience:
DO aa Sea 4.3 | 8.9 7 4.9 3.5 5.1 3.0 5.6
5 but less than 10.................. 1.5 | é 2.9 5 1.6 6 -6 1.0
Less than 5 2.0 | d 2.0 2.4 2 2 1.6
Not reported __ ES re SS IS NS ok 4 o3 Diubaawce 1 -s
High school or less................----| 93| 164] 193] 121] 86] 61) &8] a2
Years of experience:
GE I ibinn dk beetbbwidntaae 6.0) 12. 14.3 8.3 5.0 5.6 4.4 6.3
5 but less than 10.................. 1.2 1. 2.4 9 1.2 .3 L4 &')
than 5 htatnepst 20) 1. 23) 15) 23 : 1.9
Not reported __ i bind clin eeanatailieababcibe oat P 3 3 re ® el

! Percentages based on data excluding a few em-
ployees who did not report amount of education.

jurisdictions—the 48 States, Alaska,
the District of Columbia, Hawaii,
Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
In each of these jurisdictions, civil-
service or other merit system plans
specify length and kind of education
or experience, or both, that an appli-
cant must have in order to qualify for
any given type of position. The re-
quirements differ for various positions
within each State, and for the same
type of position they differ from State
to State.

Seven types of positions were iden-
tified in this study—local-office direc-
tors; local-office director-workers
(local-office directors who also carry
caseloads); other executives (em-
ployed chiefly in State offices or in
the larger Jocal offices) ; caseworkers;
supervisors of caseworkers or of
other supervisors; field representa-
tives (State office fleld staff); and
other social work employees (includ-
ing consultants and other specialists) .
The 22,000 caseworkers are, of course,
by far the largest group and represent
more than 7 out of every 10 public
assistance employees.

The employees with most education,
when ranked either by general or by
professional education, were the field

? Less than 0.05 percent.

representatives, the supervisors, and
the executives other than the heads
of local offices (table 2). Next in the
order of positions ranked by amount
of education, general and professional,
were the “other” social work em-
ployees—the consultants and special-
ists. In terms of general education, the
caseworkers rank after these four
groups, although relatively fewer of
them than of the local-office directors
had had any professional training.
The local-office director-workers had
the least general education. Most of
these director-workers are in smail
agencies, many of them in rural areas.
Although the difficulty of getting
qualified director-workers is likely to
be great, their training is more than
ordinarily important since they are
often responsible for all agency func-
tions.

More than two-thirds of the field
representatives and about half the
supervisors and executives, other than
the heads of local offices, reported
some study in graduate schools of
social work. At the bottom of the list
were the director-workers and the
caseworkers. Only about a sixth of
each of these two groups reported
some study of this kind.

15

The reported amount of study in
graduate schools of social work ranges
from less than a year to 2 years or
more. The question of what consti-
tutes a significant amount of social

work education is not easy to answer,
but doubtless social workers would
generally agree that a desirable mini-
mum is an academic year that in-
cludes supervised field work. Study for

Table 4.—Public assistance employees: Amount of general and professional
education, by State, 1950

Bachelor’s degree or better
Bren nin
State (ranked by per- —
cent with bachelor’s | Tota! | Median Ot bel es |
degree or better) 8 Total? | Shoot of | STaduate |" Gaovee . echo A
(percent) social study a d =e eae
only only egree
work
Total, —
distribution - - -.- 29, 946 41 65.8 23.0 16.1 26.7 24.9 9.3
Percent with specified amount of education 2
States with 125 or more
employees:
e 168 30 92.3 31.0 14.9 46.4 4.8 3.0
329 30 89.0 29.2 14.4 45.4 7.6 3.4
27 34 86.9 15.3 25.2 46.4 10.2 2.9
345 42 86. 6 39.1 9.6 37.9 12.5 9
542 38 85. 5 49.3 7.4 28.8 11.9 2.6
184 32 $4.7 31.5 10.0 43.2 6.6 8.7
391 34 $4.7 25.6 7.2 51.9 14.8 -5
5, 480 37 81.6 27.2 26. 2 28.2 10.8 7.7
372 40 81.5 44.9 9.4 27.2 16.4 2.2
2, 669 37 80.6 28.0 21.4 31.2 14.3 5.1
496 44 75.4 30.0 22.2 23.2 22.8 1.8
864 38 74.5 30.4 9.8 34.3 23.3 2.2
533 40 72.8 18.4 13.7 40.7 18.8 8.4
2, 503 7 68.7 15.3 17.8 35.6 24.8 6.5
449 44 68.4 12.7 25.6 30.1 26.7 4.9
383 44 67.9 32.9 13.3 21.7 24.3 7.8
489 36 64.6 10.6 9.6 44.4 30.5 4.9
227 29 62.8 44.1 4.1 14.6 32.7 4.4
836 42 61.0 31.6 10.5 18.9 34.4 4.5
1, 443 43 | 59.4 34.2 10.4 14.8 26.7 | 13.9
504 42 55.0 12.7 14.3 28.0 38. 5 | 6.5
580 47 | 54.8 21.4 11.2 22.2 33.4 | 11,7
807 42 | 53.7 6.8 14.9 32.0 44.2 | 2.1
7 44 | 52.8 4.9 25.9 22.0 41.8 | 5.4
1,403 42 | 52.0 24.0 7.7 20.3 34.0 | 14.0
363 45 | 51.2 23.1 11.3 16.8 43.0 | 5.8
418 | 45 51.0 7.9 14.6 28.5 36.6 | 12.4
331 44 48.0 13.9 13.0 21.1 45.9 | 6.0
1, 423 47 46.9 18.4 12.1 16.4 29.4 | 23.7
457 41 46.7 9.6 9.7 27.4 46.1 | 7.2
525 45 46.5 16.8 11.2 18.5 31.0 | 22. 5
307 46 | 43.0 14.0 9.1 19.9 44.0 13.0
1, 024 46 33.8 14.6 9.4 9.8 32.0 34.3
158 40 32.3 11.4 12.0 8.9 46.8 | 20.9
251 44 31.5 9.6 6.0 15.9 49.8 | 18.7
313 44 21.7 4.5 9.5 7.7 61.3 16.9
249 48 19.7 6.0 2.5 11.2 62.7 17.7
Lis
| | Number with specified amount of education
States with 50-124 em-
ployees:
| GSPN | 110 29 99.1 76 4 29 | 1 0
District of Columbia_| 71 41 93.0 51 5 10 | 5 0
New Hampshire - - - - 74 38 78.4 18 | 12 28 | 11 5
Pe ee he Re aeaee baa ; 87 45 73.6 16 | 26 | 22 | 20 3
I | 4100 44 72.7 52 | 10 | 10 | 24 | 3
OS ETE | 116 38 65.5 | 7 31 38 | 32 | 8
Gr er See eee 89 41 65. 2 13 18 27 | 27 | 4
North Dakota_----- 102 43 64.7 | 20 16 30 | 24 | 12
© EE ES 102 39 55.9 15 9 33 | 29 16
South Dakota--...-- 109 47 54.1 | 10 18 31 | 28 22
States with fewer than |
50employees:*
laska .| 7 | 0 | 0| 0 | 0
| 6 | 1; 9 8 | 6
4 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 1
5 7 | 11 | 7 | 0
0 0 | 0 | 1 | 5
6 8 | 7 21 | 5

1 Medians based on data excluding a few employees
who did not report %

3 Percentages on data excluding a few em-
“5S who did not report amount of education.

3 Data not reported for some local units; reported

16

data probably include about 90 percent of employees.
* Includes 1 employee who did not report amount
of education.
5 Not ranked because no computations made for
fewer than 50 employees.

less than a year may also be consid-
ered significant, especially if it in.
cludes supervised field work—“learn.
ing by doing”—as well as the study of
theory. If the workers who reported
less than a year of study with no su-
pervised field work are subtracted
from the count of those with some
graduate social work study, the result
should give a more valid comparison
of the extent of professional educa-
tion of the workers in various posi-
tions. Only in the position of field
representative did as many as half
the workers have what is generally
accepted as a significant amount of
social work study—that is, either
study for a year or more in a gradu-
ate school of social work or study for
less than a year that included some
supervised field work. Fewer than 2
out of every 5 of the executives other
than the local-office heads and fewer
than 1 out of every 3 supervisors had
had this amount of social work study.

Potentialities for Further
Education

What are the potentialities for fur-
ther training of the public assistance
employees? This question cannot, of
course, be answered from statistical
data alone, but the data give some
clues. As far as educational back-
ground is concerned, the workers who
already have some graduate social
work training or some graduate train-
ing in other fields are the better
equipped for further professional edu-
cation in schools of social work and
special refresher courses to bring
them abreast of developments in the
field. The employees with a bachelor’s
degree only are also potential candi-
dates for admission to schools of so-
cial work, provided they meet other
requirements of the schools.

Continuing on-the-job training is
of course important for all workers.
For those who do not already have
at least a bachelor’s degree or a sub-
stantial amount of undergraduate
training, educational opportunities
are, for the most part, limited to
agency training through supervision
and use of supplementary resources,
such as special study sessions directly
related to their jobs.

Many factors other than basic edu-
cational background must be taken
into account in considering poten-

Social Security

it ELTA TELCO CE

ik AL ELEC E LT EN

tialities and methods for further
training. An important factor is age.
In general, employees in their twen-
ties or early thirties are the best can-
didates for beginning professional
education. It is recognized that aging
is normally accompanied by a gradu-
ally reduced tempo in learning, due
to slower reaction time, fear of fail-
ure, greater resistance to change, and
the physical factors of less acute eye-
sight and hearing. Other character-
istics of the older workers, however,
may be assets in staff training. The
older person usually has a richer
background of experience to use in
solving problems, and his greater ex-
perience may provide him with mo-
tives for learning at least as strong
as those of his younger colleagues.

The public assistance workers are
not on the whole a young group.
About half were younger and half
were older than 41; in other words,
their median age was 41. Slightly
more than a fourth were under age
30. The caseworkers, who are near the
bottom of the job ladder as to their
pay and the amount of education and
experience required to qualify for
their jobs, were of course somewhat
younger than workers in other posi-
tions; their median age was 37. Since
there are so many more caseworkers
than employees in other positions,
they brought down the median age of
the entire group. The median ages of
those in other positions ranged from
43 for the “other” social work em-
ployees (the consultants and special-
ists) to 48 for the local-office direc-
tors and director-workers.

The employees with bachelor’s de-
grees only were younger, on the aver-
age, than the others. Even at that, of
all workers with a bachelor’s degree
only, except caseworkers, well over
half were aged 40 or older. But al-
most two-thirds of the caseworkers
with a bachelor’s degree only were
under age 30, and another 19 percent
were aged 30—40. Thus there is a sub-
stantial number of caseworkers who,
in terms of both age and general edu-
cation, have good potentialities for
professional education.

The information available on their
major fields of study at the under-
graduate level is another indication
that these workers have good poten-
tialities for further education. Al-

Bulletin, February 1952

Table 5.—Public assistance caseworkers: Amount of general and professional
education and median age, by State, 1950

Bachelor’s degree or better
graduate; High
State (ranked by Total Median Study in
percent with bachelor’s > : 2 py A Other study | school
degree or better) number age prone — graduate "doar —_ —4 = i
social as only degree
Total, percentage
distribution. Sees 21, 973 37 66.0 16.8 17.0 32.2 25.5 8.6
Percent with specified amount of education 2
States with or more
caseworkers:
Connecticut.__---- oe 133 28 91.7 17.3 18.0 56.4 5.3 3.0
Owe ee | ee, 204 29 91.2 9.3 23.0 53.9 6.9 2.0
Rhode Island _--.-..-- 135 23 89.6 20.7 1L.1 57.8 4.4 5.9
Maryland. --_......-- 262 27 88.5 14.9 17.1 56.5 8.0 3.4
North Carolina. -.-. 377 33 86.7 37.9 9.1 39.7 11.2 2.1
South Carolina....-. 255 38 86.6 27.8 1.0 47.8 13.0 4
4,343 34 82.8 21.0 28.1 33.7 10.3 6.9
2, 068 34 81.6 22.9 22.3 36.4 13.9 4.5
287 29 81.5 8.7 7.3 65.5 18.1 3
214 34 81.3 35.0 9.4 36.9 17.3 1.4
- 343 34 73.2 11.4 10.2 51.6 19.5 7.3
Louisiana... .......- 691 36 71.3 18.4 10.9 42.0 26.4 2.3
Washington.......-.- 361 42 70.9 18.6 23.8 28.5 26.9 2.2
Colorado. .......-.-.. 254 41 68.9 23.6 15.0 30.3 25.6 6.5
Pennsylvania. ---.--. 1, 956 34 67.9 9.1 18.2 40.6 25.7 6.3
ign BB. 420 34 65.2 6.7 10.4 48.1 29.8 5.0
ee 295 42 62.4 5.1 22.4 34.9 33.6 4.1
a ie eat ci 1,010 40 58. 2 29.4 11.2 17.6 26.8 15.0
Georgia 300 39 56.3 8.3 12.0 36.0 33.3 5.3
Missouri . 624 40 56.1 21.6 12.2 22.3 38.6 5.3
> occasensees 416 45 55.0 15.4 11.7 27.9 32.9 12.0
Saige R a: 220 42 54.5 2.7 12.7 39.1 34.5 10.9
Michigan... ......-- i, 054 38 53.1 22.4 6.8 23.9 34.3 12.6
WES « Sudeuccesdsse 648 44 51.4 2.8 25.6 23.0 43.8 4.8
New Jersey - . 260 43 50. 4 19.2 11.6 19.6 44.6 5.0
Oklahoma. . 623 40 49.9 3.4 14.4 32.1 48.2 1.9
Tennessee. . 326 39 47.7 2.1 10.8 34.8 46. 2 6.2
Ohio ‘ 1, 031 45 47.0 14.3 13.0 19.7 29.5 23.5
Mississippi... é 225 48 46. 2 9.3 12.5 24.4 49.8 4.0
Wisconsin........... 356 43 45.5 14.9 10.4 20. 2 32.6 21.9
Nebraska _........-- 181 45 41.4 3.3 12.1 26.0 46.4 12.2
Puerto Rico._.....-. 132 28 40. 5 9.8 6.3 24.4 51.9 7.6
Massachusetts *.. _ __| 586 43 32.1 11.6 9.8 10.7 33.2 34.7
West Virginia. ...... | 206 43 24.3 2.4 5.9 16.9 54.4 21.4
Kentucky......----.| 262 45 18.7 4.2 8.4 6.1 63.4 17.9
Arkansas...........- 156 46 14.1 1.9 1.9 10.3 66.0 19.9
} Number with specified amount of education
States with 50-124 case-
workers:
Hawaii... 88 28 98.9 54 4 29 i 0
District of Columbia_| 55 39 90.9 39 3 8 5 0
ad Hampshire 53 38 73. 6 _ ” » 4 ‘
Montana. ...........} 50 30 72.0 1
a es 460 43 71.2 33 2 7 15 2
Arizona Saiaee 62 46 67.7 6 17 19 19 1
Maine —— 85 38 41 8 7 31 24 15
New Mexico 104 38 24.0 3 12 10 55 24
States with fewer than |
- caseworkers:* ‘ P @ 6
a | RTA CR ee 0
Delaware. ........-- | yh eth h wal 4 1 9 7 4
SRT hiss ik SINR 3 7 17 15 2
OE TTS 18..b...stinstin RIPE Sag 0 4 4 5 0
North Dakota... __.| yy ADteoeict 39 Gland 2 7 5 12 8 1
South Dakota... ....| | See a 2 7 22 7 4
Vermont... .....-.--- , 5 re ee eee 3 4 10 6 0
Virgin Islands_...... WF liceciscuvsnideades Rieeteienticianiotats 0 0 0 1 4
Wyoming........... | 1 fe eae 0 3 5 9 0

1 Medians based on data excluding a few employees
who did not report age.

2? Percentages based on data excluding a few em-
ployees who did not report amount of education.

3 Data not reported for some local units; reported
data probably include about 90 percent of employees.

most 3 out of every 5 caseworkers
with a bachelor’s degree only reported
social work, psychology, or some other
social science as their field of concen-
tration in undergraduate college work.

‘ Includes 1 employee who did not report amount
of education.

5 Not ranked because no computations made for
fewer than 50 employees.

6 No public assistance caseworkers; applications
and reinvestigations handled by fee agents.

Employees With Limited
Education

Age, amount of education, and
amount of experience are of course

17

all interrelated. Usually, the younger
workers have the least experience,
and they are likely to have a good
general education but little profes-
sional study. The older workers, who
are likely to have the most experi-
ence—although some of them, too,
are newcomers to social work—may
have either much or little education.
Since they have had more time to
acquire professional education, more
of the middle-aged than of the young-
est workers have had some graduate
study. But also proportionately more
of the older workers than of those
under age 30 have had only a high
school education. Many of these older
workers with no college education
started early in social work, when job
requirements were lower than now
and when, also, educational oppor-
tunities in general were fewer. Al-
most two-thirds of the relatively
small number of employees with no
more than high school education had
had 10 years or more of social work
experience. To some extent their
years of experience may compensate
for the disadvantages of limited for-
mal education; the extent depends,
of course, on the kind of experience
—the responsibilities they have car-
ried and the opportunities they have
had for on-the-job training.

Most of the public assistance em-
ployees had at least a bachelor’s de-
gree or a substantial amount of social
work experience or both. But about
a tenth of all employees had neither
a bachelor’s degree nor as much as
5 years of experience in social work
(table 3). Only about 1-2 percent of
the field representatives, the super-
visors, and the executives other than
heads of local offices—the groups of
employees who reported the most edu-
cation—had neither a bachelor’s de-
gree nor 5 years of social work ex-
perience. The highest proportions
were about 8 percent of the local-
office director-workers and 12 per-
cent of the caseworkers. About 1 in
50 public assistance employees had
only high school education and less
than 5 years of experience. Most of
these employees were in caseworker
positions.

State Differences

Among the States, employees with
a bachelor’s degree or better repre-

18

sented varying proportions of all pub-
lic assistance employees, ranging
from about 99 percent to about 20
percent (table 4). In 12 of the 47
States for which this percentage is
computed,” four-fifths or more of all
employees had a bachelor’s degree or
better, and in nine additional States
more than two-thirds had a bachelor’s
degree or better. Ranked by the pro-
portion of all employees with some
study in a graduate school of social
work, the States would appear in
somewhat different order. A fourth or
more of all employees reported some
graduate study in social work in 15
of the 21 States where more than
two-thirds had a bachelor’s degree or
better, and also in three other States
—Illinois, Missouri, and Puerto Rico.
In 11 States,’ at least 15 percent of
all employees reported graduate so-
cial work study of a year or longer.
These States are among the 18 in
which at least a fourth of all em-
ployees had some graduate social work
study.

Since, to some extent, State differ-
ences in the proportions of employees
at various educational levels reflect
differences in the relative numbers in
various types of positions, compari-
sons for a single type of position are
more meaningful. Data are shown in
table 5 for the caseworker position in
each State.* This position was se-
lected for State comparisons partly
for the practical reason that, since
the numbers of caseworkers are rela-
tively large, percentage distributions
that permit reasonably valid compari-
sons can be computed for most of the
States.

?No computations are made for any
group of fewer than 50 employees because
interstate comparisons are of question-
able validity for States with small num-
bers of employees.

* California, Colorado, the District of
Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland,
North Carolina, Puerto Rico, Rhode Is-
land, Virginia, and Utah.

* Caseworker is defined here to include
employees directly responsible for as-
signed caseloads and engaging directly in
social investigation and casework services,
and employees responsible for intake and
application investigations or special in-
vestigations to determine facts pertinent
to eligibility. This definition is not meant
to imply that personne! in the position
must meet a specified standard of profes-
sional attainment.

The fact that caseworkers are s9
numerous has, however, more than
merely statistical significance. Every
type of position is of importance to
the public assistance programs, and
because of the special importance of
the supervisory and administrative
jobs, higher qualifications are gener.
ally set for them than for the case-
worker jobs. In a sense, however, the
caseworkers are the real core of the
public assistance staff. They are the
people who work directly with the
applicants and recipients and who are
responsible, under the direction of the
supervisory and administrative staff
and within the policies established by
law and agency regulations, for de-
termining eligibility and the amount
of payment. To many applicants and
recipients, and to other persons, too,
the caseworkers are the assistance
agency. Furthermore, supervisory and
administrative jobs are often filled
from the caseworker group as vacan-
cies occur and as the caseworkers at-
tain the additional experience or edu-
cation required for other jobs. In
States where caseworkers may be pro-
moted to supervisory positions on the
basis of experience only, it is perhaps
even more important than in the
other States that they come to the
agencies with a substantial amount of
education.

In the country as a whole, about
two-thirds of the caseworkers had a
bachelor’s degree or better; these
workers were about evenly divided
between those with some graduate
study and those with a bachelor’s de-
gree only. In turn, the caseworkers
with some graduate study were about
evenly divided between those with
some study in graduate schools of so-
cial work and those with some other
type of graduate study only. Almost
17 percent of all caseworkers had had
some study in graduate schools of
social work. Most of the study of this
type totaled less than a year; fewer
than 7 percent of all caseworkers re-
ported study of a year or longer. In
21 States, the proportion of case-
workers with a bachelor’s degree or
better topped this proportion for the
country as a whole. In 12 of these
States, 80 percent or more had a
bachelor’s degree or better.

A fifth or more of the caseworkers
reported some graduate social work

Social Security

cw

= BESHEBSEES2 _ BSSERERE

—_

0

mnaawrerepeaaerarePteuspe a

ci i ce) te eee: ie ci le ee a i a ee

study in each of 13 States.° Eight of

other nine States in which the pro-
these States were among the 12 with

better topped the national percentage
portions with bachelor’s degree or

of 66 percent.

the highest proportions with bache-
jor’s degree or better. Graduate social
work study of a year or longer was
reported by a tenth or more of the

Table 6.—Public assistance caseworkers: Amount of education and age of
those with bachelor’s degree only, by State, 1950

|
caseworkers in nine States.® Bachelor’s degree or better
In general, the caseworkers were
Graduate
relatively young in those States in State (ranked by percent with Total study in aan) degree only, yaw then
which they had the most education. bachelor’s degree or better) | number | Total! | any field 'y age group tae
In 14 of the 21 States where more erent) | ae &
than two-thirds had a bachelor’s de- eo Under 30| 30-39 | “and
gree or better, the median age of all -
caseworkers was below the national Total,percentage distribution.| 21, 973 66.0 33.8 20.6 6.2 5.4 34.0
median of 37 years. In only two of
the other 23 States for which these Percent kay apacifies amount of education,
data are computed was the median ve Se CEE Bee
age below the national figure. Spaiee SOe 108 oF sare
Most important in any considera- CMMNPGEIIEE. «2c nncenes 133 91.7 35.3 43.6 9.8 3.0 8.3
‘ OREGTE ooo wwctcceccewctswsscods 204 91.2 37.3 39.2 4.9 9.8 8.8
tion of the caseworkers’ potentialities Rhode 1 SE Ear 138 $0.6 31.9 48.9 8.1 7 10.4
SUE. on « -onboudsemnnge ‘ 2.1 45.4 7.3 3.8 11.5
for eae aa ge a re North Carolin. --72.0007707-— sz | 67) 469) g28 43) 21 13.3
rela ¥ out MTOUMNB.... . . 2.00 en eee . . 13.4
on ACRONIS ave POE BEL ccnccccomenes 4, 343 82.8 49.1 22.4 7.0 4.2 17.2
noted earlier, it may be assumed that California... 2, 068 81.6 45.2 23,2 7.6 5.6 18.4
in general the best candidates for }jphini’---- | ss| aaa] oer] el Ral wee
pe re ae 343 73.2 21.6 37.0 7.6 7.0 26.8
professional education are those who ene rrercte— terre cerien a 1 Ts a3 oh as 25 a8
have already had some graduate study Washington scinttd aiiandis ines sel mae 43.4 183 a1 13 29.1
olorado - . - - - in . . 31.
and the younger workers among those Pennsylvania.................. 1, 956 67.9 27.4 27.6 R7 43 a
with a bachelor’s degree only. In ad- —Florida----...-.-.------------ ) te was: we eo: ae a
dition to about 34 percent of the case- SPIO inns Lcbdcnia--0603-90) NO 58. 2 40.6 11.2 3.8 2.7 41.8
workers who had had some graduate {j*0r#i9,-----------------------]|, MM] S| MR) CTS] MO) eC
study, either in social work or in other a ne nnnnneeeen eee eeneneees = e* cat 3 3 a 1 ¢:
fields, about 21 percent had a bache- SS RR RE 1, 054 63.1 29.2 13.7 5.6 4.7 46.9
lor’s degree and were under age 30; FO Sec] «|| Sal as] kel: eel ae
another 6 percent. had a bachelor’s = Qklsboms...........--.-------| Bl HF) Petia on LH
degree and were aged 30-40 (table 6). Ohio. 540 genossvibv een oslih 1,631 47.0 77. 4 13. 2 2.9 Bs $3.0
. ns, « omasiibearetbaineni ‘ * . . -
Only 5 percent had a bachelor’s de- Wisconsin. 5i- Bioee 356 45.5 25.3 15.7 2.0 25 54.5
pS EE ay 181 4 15, 16.0 ¥ 58.6
gree only and were aged 40 or older. Puerto Rico................c0s 132 40.5 16.0 19.1 3.8 1.5 50.5
In almost all States, a substantial Massachusetts *_.......... onde 586 32.1 21.4 5.7 2.1 2.9 67.9
majority of the caseworkers with a —entucky oo} ia7| ane| al gal. asl one
entucky - . 7 . 9 f
bachelor’s degree only were under Arkansas - . 156 14,1 3.8 5.1 1.9 3.2 85.9
age 40. Three-fourths or more of the
Number with amoun' x

: caseworkers either had some graduate ro by Sita oon ee

4 ’

i study or had a bachelor’s degree and States with 60-124 caseworkers: . ;

Ww OS 88 98.9 58 0 1

ere under age 40 in all but one District of Columbia. .......... 55 90.9 42 3 1 4 5
(Alabama) of the 12 States with the New Hampshire. .............. 83 73.6 20 10 7 2 4

| highest proportions of caseworkers = YqnS™---] eto | 33 e 4 : 7
with bachelor’s degree or better (80 = ganna ° aH = he s s 2
percent or more). Similarly, 60 per- New Mexico. .__. 104 24.0 15 3 3 4 79
cent or more of all caseworkers either grates with fewer than 50 case-

workers:

, had some graduate study or hada =| Wokerss*§ eeetrst 0 9 9 0 5
bachelor’s degree and were under age Deebvisiis. cc etadsd |) NN a 3 ; 1 ll
40 in all but one (Arizona) of the Nevada} tes] |] TL at aS

ee, a ae PE 12 7 1 4 9
ai a I South Dakota.................. ge ere 9 ll 4 7 ll
* California, Colorado, the District of Le ay 2 SSP SES ae * icbibensea ; 4 3 . :
Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Michigan, Mis- SEEM SERRE. ~~ --ennnecoeren| | ae smncennares
sourl, New York, North Carolina, Rhode " 7*min6---------------------- ag Tom ER | . ’ . . .
Island, South Carolina, Utah, and Vir-

ginia.

1 Percentages based on data excluding a few em-

‘ Not ranked because no computations made for
ployees who did nd res — of a. ore than o employees.
‘California, Colorado, the District of ata not reported for some local units; re © public assistance ; applications
. . data probably include about 90 mtofemployees. and reinvestigations handled by fee
Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Michigan, * Includes 1 employee who did not report amount

North Carolina, Utah, and Virginia.

Bulletin, February 1952

of education.

19

Staff Development

Education for social work is gen-
erally recognized as consisting of
three phases—a foundation of gen-
eral education laid in undergraduate
years, graduate professional educa-
tion either preceding or following job
experience, and agency training for
all staff members. Staff development
Should be an essential part of the
administration of any public assist-
ance program. The primary objec-
tives of staff training are efficient
operation and fulfillment of the pur-
pose of the program. Without growth
and development of staff members
engaged in doing the job, these objec-
tives cannot be achieved.

The chief methods of staff devel-
opment are orientation to agency
philosophy, organization, and pro-
gram; line supervision; and educa-
tional leave for professional training
to qualify staff for increasing respon-
sibilties. Job training through super-
vision requires that all staff members
responsible for supervision receive
special help. Supplementary resources
that facilitate supervision and pro-
mote growth of staff in supervisory
and other positions include special
institutes or study sessions, access to
a library, and work on agency and
community committees.

Staff training is a dynamic process
that should change and grow to meet
the changing needs of the agency, the
staff, and the times. In the States
where the workers have the most
education and are relatively young,
there are many possibilities for staff
development; most of the workers
have good educational backgrounds
for on-the-job training, and there is
also a substantial group of workers
who are potentially good candidates
for educational leave. In some of the
other States, the chief reliance must
be placed in on-the-job training and
supervision, and special effort should
be made to develop training methods
best suited to older workers.

Supervision. — Available statistical
data include the number of workers
whose primary function was super-
vision of caseworkers * and the num-

7Of the 2,883 supervisors working pri-
marily on public assistance, 2,493 super-
vised caseworkers. All data in this sec-
tion relate only to the supervisors of
caseworkers.

Table 7.—Public assistance casework-
ers: social work experience and
education, 1950'

Years of experience
Amount of i

education Less | 1 but less 3 or
| than 1 than 3 more
Total number..| 4,311| 5,485| 11,821
Total percent*.| 100.0} 100.0 100.0
Bachelor’s degree or
WOE sc dnwceee 84.8 | 77.8 53. 5
Studyin graduate
school of social |
WWE So oS. | 6.0 | 13.7 22.0
Other graduate
study only__-_-| 21.8 | 19.7 | 13.9
Bachelor’s degree |
SEATS 5: 57.0 44.5 17.6
Undergraduate |
study only, no |
bachelor’s degree _| 12.7 | 17.9 33.8
High school or less _ - 2.5 | 4.3 12.7

! Data not shown for 356 caseworkers who did not
report amount of experience.

2 Percentages based on data excluding a few em-
ployees who did not report amount of education.

ber of caseworkers they usually super-
vised. The data do not show the full
extent of supervision, which may be
provided also by workers in other
positions (such as local-office direc-
tors), nor do the statistics tell any-
thing about the quality of the super-
vision.

The largest agencies are most likely
to have employees who are respon-
sible primarily for supervision of case-
workers and who do not carry also
general administrative responsibility.
In nine * of the 11 States with 500 or
more caseworkers, there were 50 or
more such supervisory employees. In
these nine States, the median number
of caseworkers supervised ranged from
5.3 in Massachusetts to 8.3 in New
York. From the figures on the usual
number of caseworkers supervised by
each supervisor, the total number of
caseworkers they supervised can be
approximated. In these States with
50 or more supervisors, the estimated
number of caseworkers supervised
represented a large majority of all
caseworkers; there was nevertheless
a considerable range—from approx-
imately two-thirds to almost all.

In six States, all with fewer than
50 caseworkers, there were no work-

§ California, Illinois, Louisiana, Massa-
chusetts, Michigan, New York, Ohio,
Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania. Excludes
Texas because reporting of number of
supervisors was not comparable with re-
porting in other States.

ers whose primary function was sy.
pervision, and in many other States
there were few supervisors in relation
to the total number of caseworkers,
But in 15° of the 33 States with
50-500 caseworkers the majority of
them—an estimated 60 percent or
more—were under the direction of
employees specifically classified as
supervisors.

Ten States where supervisors were
responsible for directing a substantia]
majority of caseworkers were among
the 23 States with relatively low pro-
portions of caseworkers with bache-
lor’s degree or better (less than two-
thirds).

These figures, rough approxima-
tions though they are and limited to
consideration of relative numbers of
supervisors, clearly indicate the need
for further study of the problem of
staff supervision. Where educational
attainment of the caseworkers is lim-
ited, supervision is even more im-
portant than elsewhere. Where local
offices are so small that the same
employees must necessarily be respon-
sible for both administrative direc-
tion and supervision of staff, the
qualifications of local-office directors
and the State field staff take on added
importance.

Educational leave.—However good
the potentialities of the public assist-
ance employees for further formal
education may be, these workers
would not ordinarily be expected to
take leave for professional training
unless they are specifically encour-
aged by their agencies to do so. If
promotional opportunities do not de-
pend on securing additional educa-
tion, there may be little incentive.
In any event, the public assistance
employees generally have salaries so
low that they could not be expected
to save the amounts necessary for
graduate education. The public as-
sistance employees were among the
lowest-paid of all social workers in
the country, according to the BLS
survey. For example, the median
salary of the public assistance case-
workers was $2,569, about $160 less
than the median reported for all case

® Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, the
District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaill,
Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota,
New Jersey, Rhode Island, Utah, Wash-
ington, and West Virginia.

Social Security

SeBeBSEBBSERSE &—E

cs

commeomrncwewrtars’

ie din a ee lee ee, ee ae ae

Ar arenwr’ Pae

1am @

oo

—~ wo @ ft

+i Pe FS Ye See FO

a a oe ee |

and group workers in the country as
a whole.*°

The great majority of the public
assistance employees who reported
some graduate social work study—
about 70 percent—said that they had
received no public funds to help fi-
nance their study. Only about 8.6
percent ** of those with some gradu-
ate social work study—or about 2
percent of all public assistance em-
ployees—specifically reported that
public welfare funds had financed, or
helped to finance, this study. Public
welfare funds are defined here to
exclude Federal funds for child wel-
fare services and Federal Emergency
Relief funds and are thus essentially
public assistance funds — Federal,
State, or local. Federal public assist-
ance funds are available to match
State and local expenditures for edu-
cational leave on the same basis as
for other administrative costs of the
federally aided public assistance pro-

An additional 6 percent of the em-
ployees with graduate social work
study reported use of unspecified pub-
lic funds or a combination of various
types of public funds, which in a few
instances may have included public
welfare funds. Eleven percent had
had GI educational benefits or Fed-
eral Emergency Relief Administration
or Federal child welfare services
funds; and the remaining 5 percent
did not report.

State figures on the extent to which
persons currently employed in 1950
had the help of public welfare funds
in their graduate social work study
do not, of course, reflect entirely ac-
curately the differences in the extent
to which such funds have been made
available for educational leave. Some
workers who received graduate train-
ing at agency expense in earlier years
may have left the labor market or
gone to other agencies. Furthermore,
because of the relatively high propor-
tions of employees with graduate so-
cial work study who did not report
whether or not they had received any

” An article on the salaries of the public
assistance workers will appear in the
March Bulletin.

"Comprises 7.7 percent who had no
other public funds for the purpose and
0.9 percent who had both public welfare
funds and Federal child welfare services
funds.

Bulletin, February 1952

public funds for the purpose or who
reported use of a combination of types
of public funds, the data on the use
of public welfare funds by workers
employed in 1950 may be understated
for some States. Despite these limi-
tations, the available data may give
some indication of the extent to which
educational-leave plans have helped
the agencies to get and retain trained
staff members.

Public welfare funds had helped to
finance the graduate social work study
of a fourth or more of all employees
with any such study in only five of
the 30 States where 50 or more had
had such study.

| Employees who had public welfare
funds to finance graduate social
work study
State otras 4
Percent ofall | Percent
Number| employees with} ofall
such study | employees
Puerto Rico 43 43.0 18.9
Alabama. -... 34 34.0 8.7
Virginia...... 55 32.9 14.8
So. Carolina... 36 26.7 10.4
Colorado. ...- 32 | 25. 4 8.4
|

These five States accounted for
slightly more than a third of the
public assistance employees who spe-
cifically reported use of public wel-
fare funds to finance graduate social
work study.

New Public Assistance Workers

Since the foregoing discussion of
education relates to all public assist-
ance employees in social work posi-
tions in mid-1950, it does not neces-
sarily reflect current standards. Al-
though during World War II there
was some relaxation of standards be-
cause of the difficulty of filling vacan-
cies, education and experience re-
quirements have, over a period of
years, been revised upward in some
States. Especially in the older agen-
cies, there are likely to be employees
whose education may not meet the
present requirements.

Every State has established mini-
mum qualifications for each public
assistance position. When these quali-
fications include an educational re-
quirement, experience may be substi-
tuted for all or part of the specified
amount of undergraduate or gradu-
ate college education. The educational

requirements are therefore highest
for the job applicants with little or
no previous experience. The case-
workers who reported less than a year
of experience in all social work posi-
tions were those newly hired (in 1949
or 1950) who had little or no pre-
vious experience to offer as a sub-
stitute for education. The educational
attainment of these workers should
thus indicate the highest level of
education that the State agencies
required in 1949 or 1950 for the “be-
ginning visitor” position, or the max-
imum education of the workers they
were able to attract for this position.

As compared with the caseworkers
with longer experience, those with
less than a year of experience had
considerably more general education
but less professional education and
less graduate study of any type (table
7). Relatively more of them had a
bachelor’s degree, and relatively fewer
had only high school education or
some college work but no degree. Still,
several hundred of the workers hired
some time after the end of the war
had neither previous experience in
the field of social work nor a bache-
lor’s degree.

More of the caseworkers with 1-3
years of experience than of those with
longer experience had a_ bachelor’s
degree, but fewer of them had gradu-
ate study.

A substantially higher proportion
of the caseworkers with experience
of 3 years or more than of those in
either of the other groups had had
some study in graduate schools of
social work. For this most experienced
group the proportion was 22 percent,
as contrasted with about 17 percent
for all caseworkers, 14 percent for
those with 1-3 years of experience,
and only 6 percent for those with
less than a year of experience.

These data seem to indicate that
the workers with the most limited
general education are not likely to
be able to add to it, once they have
left school for the labor market, but
that professional education is fre-
quently acquired after a period of
job experience by workers who come
to the public assistance agencies with
at least a bachelor’s degree. Thus
these figures—like others from the
study—reemphasize, for the State

(Continued on page 31)

21

Notes and Brief Reports

| Workers With Insured
Status on January 1, 1952

A total of approximately 62.3 mil-
lion persons were fully insured under
the old-age and survivors insurance
program at the beginning of 1952."
There were no persons currently but
not fully insured on that date, nor
can there be such insured individuals
before the middle of 1954, when 7
quarters of coverage will, in general,
be needed for fully insured status.

An ‘estimated 22.6 million workers
had permanently insured status on
January 1, 1952, an increase of 1.7
million over the number permanently
insured on January 1, 1951. To be
permanently insured, workers must
have the number of quarters of cov-
erage required for fully insured status
when they reach age 65. Once they are
permanently insured, they can, re-
gardless of their future employment,
qualify for old-age benefits at or
after age 65; in the event of their
death, their survivors can qualify for
monthly benefits and/or lump-sum
death payments. By sex, age, and
quarters-of-coverage requirement, the
distribution of workers who were per-
manently insured at the beginning of
1952 is shown in the following tabu-
lation.

—— Workers perma-
coverage | as
Age at required (in millions)
beginning of 1952 \for perma-
nently
in: |
status Total, Male | Female
Pitta wiscsunnie 6-40 | 22.6 | 17.6 5.1
Under 46_.......-- 40| 84) 6.6) 1.9
At least 46 but less
than 62%. -_...--- 7-39 | 9.6 7.3 | 2.3
62 4 and over- ....- 6 | 14.6 9

3.7 |

1 Includes 3.3 million workers at least 65 years of
age, of whom about 2.3 million were receiving bene-
fits at the end of 1951.

1The estimates presented in this note
are based on data through the calendar
year 1949, derived from the 1-percent con-
tinuous work-history sample; none of the
estimates of the insured population has
been adjusted to reflect changes in in-
surance status arising from (1) provisions
that coordinate the old-age and survivors
insurance and railroad retirement pro-
grams; and (2) military service in World
War II.

22

More than one-third of the work-
ers who were fully insured at the be-
ginning of 1952 were permanently
insured. The effect of the more liberal
requirements for permanently insured
status at the older ages is illustrated
in the following comparison, by age,
of the number of fully insured work-
ers and permanently insured workers.

Workers fully insured as of
an. 1,1
(number in millions)
Age at beginning Workers perma-
of 1952 nently insured
Total
Percent
| Number | of fully
insured
i cinitentien 62.3 22.6 36
Under 46. .......... 43.2 8.4 19
At least 46 but less
t SFG a csdnot 14.7 9.6 66
62 44 and over. _-_.-.. 4.6 4.6 100

Table 1 shows a comparison of the
permanently insured group with the
total fully insured population at the
beginning of each year since 1940.

The marked increase during the
calendar year 1950 in the numbers of
persons fully insured and perma-
nently insured was due primarily to
the “new start” in insured-status re-
quirements for old-age and survivors
insurance, contained in the 1950
amendments. The revision in the
eligibility provisions made it possible
for individuals to be fully insured
with only 6 quarters of coverage.
Furthermore, persons born between
1875 and 1905 could become perma-
nently insured with fewer quarters
of coverage than were formerly re-
quired.

Until 1971, the number of quar-
ters of coverage required for fully in-
sured status will, in general, increase
each year and thus narrow the differ-
ence between the number of quarters
of coverage required for permanently
insured status and for fully insured
status. In the long run, therefore, the
permanently insured group will con-
stitute an increasing proportion of
the entire fully insured population.
For those workers whose elapsed
period exceeds 20 years, the require-
ment for permanently insured status

will be easier to fulfill than the re.
quirement of 1 quarter of coverage
for every 2 eiapsed quarters. Conge-
quently, all persons who are over 4}
years of age at any time after 1979
and who are fully insured will also
be permanently insured. Many of the
younger fully insured workers—that
is, those with less than 10 years of
employment—will not be permanently
insured.

Table 1.—Workers fully insured at the
beginning of each year, 1940-52

{Number in millions}

Fully insured workers
Permanently insured workers
Year

Total _ fess | Requir-

ing 40 | Percent
Total than 40
i) quart ors nar pas of fully
oO

coverage | Verage
1940....} 22.9| 0.6 0.6 fanieceeetii 26
1941_._.] 24.2 1.1 Bet Eeuamemncaie 45
1942___.| 25.8 1.4 eS ee 5.4
1943....| 28.1 1.8 * | Seager 6.4
1944....| 20.9; 2.3 Fg Rear rEs 7.7
1945....| 31.9) 2.8 , ED ree &8
1946....| 33.4 | 3.4 9.4 Wcweseucs 10.2
1947....| 35.4 8.6 3.8 4.8 24.3
1948_...} 37.3 | 11.6 4.0 7.6 31.1
1949....} 38.9 | 13.2 4.0 9.2 33.9
1950....) 40.1 | 14.9 4.0 10.9 37.2
1951_...} 59.6 | 20.9 14.0 6.9 36.1
1952....| 62.3 | 22.6 14.2 8.4 36.3

Recent Publications

Social Security
Administration

Compilation of Social Security Laws,
Including the Social Security Act,
as Amended, and Related Enact-
ments Through December 31, 1951.
(S. Doc. 27, 82d Cong., 1st sess.)
Washington: U. 8S. Govt. Print. Off.,
1951. 201 pp. 45 cents.

General

Conference on Research in Income
and Wealth. (Studies in Income
and Wealth, Vol. 13.) New York:
National Bureau of Economic Re-

* Prepared in the Library, Federal Se-
curity Agency. Orders for the publications
listed should be directed to publishers
or booksellers; Federal publications for
which prices are listed should be ordered
from the Superintendent of Documents,
U. 8S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.

(Continued on page 24)

Social Security

Ee eS

|

ZESESSEESESE FF

. SCoereseSsere=s yz

eo nes8 se282enc os

Smee oO

—™ =<

Current Operating Statistics

Table 1.—Selected social insurance and related programs, by specified period, 1940-51
(In thousands; data corrected to Jan. 23, 1952]

TP AR Seaet

=

Unemployment insur-
Retirement, disability, and survivor programs ance programs
Tem Read-
Monthly a and disability Survivor benefits disability just
| o. evo iim.
i Rail-
/ Year and Total Service-| road | ances
Monthly Lump-sum ? Rail- men’s os ay
Rail- laws | just- | ment| em-
Gocel | sent | “EO tc Oivil be mus ment | Insur-
Secu- | Retire-| f0® | 808 Ad- | Social | Rall | Serv- | Veter- | Social bey fn Act 3 | ance
rity |'ment | Com-| minis- || Secu- | ,T084 | “ice |ans Ad-| Secu- laws | ment Act "| ans 3
Act mis- | tration * Retire- Other *
Act sion rity ment Com- ‘ rity ance
Act ‘Act * = tration *| Act Act
' Number of beneficiaries
q
: 1950
November....|.......... 2, 209. 9 255. 1 160.0} 2,361.7) 1,136.2 141.0) 24.1) 1,007.6 16.7 10.4 28.2; 33.9 733.7 30. 4
December. ...).......... 2, 325. 6 255. 6 160.8} 2,365.8) 1,151.7 141.7 24.9) 1,010.1 19.6 9.5 27.2; 32.1 832. 0 5. a. 3
1951
2,432.8) 256.3 161.8} 2,364.9) 1,172.4 142.5) 25.7) 1,000.6 33.0) 11.1 29.1; 39.3 971.7 6. 50, 3
2, 513.7 257.2 162.7; 2,365.6) 1,192.9 142.8 26. 5) 1,001.4 30.6 10.3 27.9| 28.4 883.1 5. 46. 2
2, 591.6 258. 1 163.2} 2.368.2) 1,217.6 143.7 27.4) 1,001.4 41.8 11.9 30.2) 28.3 807.2 3.5) 38. +2
2, 650. 6 259. 1 163.9} 2,370.8) 1,239.5 144.8) 28.1) 1,005.4 34.4 12.2 31.6} 27.3 740.2 2. 27. ms |
2, 704. 5 260. 5 164.5) 2,373.0) 1,264.4 145.9 29. 1} 1,009.6 39.3 12.0) 30.5) 24.4 773.5 1L 19% re |
2, 748.2 261.1 165.4; 2,373.6) 1,285.4 146.8 29.9) 1,012.3 33.0 11.2 32.3 22.3 821.4 1.2 15. |
2, 798. 5 262.0 166.2} 2,374.9) 1,300.4 147.5 30. 8} 1,013.5 30.1 10.3 29.0; 23.9 747.8 1.2 19. |
: 2, 858. 1 262. 9 167.6; 2,378.9) 1,318.4 148.1 31.6) 1,016.1 36.7 11.3 28. 30.7 801. 1. 2. ')
: 2,896.7; 263.3 168.4) 2,381.2) 1,335.8 148.9) 32.3) 1,016.2 32.8 9.4 26.8; 28.6 757.8 . 20. M4)
: 2, 934. 2 263. 9 169.2) 2,385.5; 1,356.6 150. 6 33.2) 1,018.6 37.0 11.9 27.6; 32.9 712.8 « 21. ')
2,962.2; 264.7) 170.2 mec 1,370.0) 151.0) 33.9) 1,019.4 30.5 91 26.6) 31.5 749.3 a 30. )
Amount of benefits »
$21, 074/$114, 166) $62,019) $317,851 $7,784| $1,448)....... $105, 696; $11, 736)$12, 267)........]....... $518, $15, oni
55,141} 119,912) 64,933) 320, 561 , 454 . ee lll, 3,328) 18, O68) ncccxcesfocssues 344, 14,
80, 305} 122,806) 68,115) 325, 265 41,702 _< eer 111,193} 15,038) 14,342)........ 344, 6, 268. eins 1
97,257) 125,795) 72,961 331, 57, 763 bh, 706.06-<-- 116, 133) 17,830) 17,255) $2,857 79, 91
119, 009) 129,707} 77,193) 456,279 76, 942 tame TR ’ 22, 146) 19, 238 © Giienscne 62, 58 $102
157, 391| 137,140) 83,874 697,830} 104, 231 eee 254, 238; 26,135) 23, 431 4, 669}....... 445, 866 2, 675
230, 285} 149,188; 94, 585) 1,268,984) 130, 139 . | ow 333, 27,267) 30,610; 4, 761/....... 1, 094, 850 39, 2, 424
299, 830} 177, 106, 876| 1,676,029) 153, 109 % ees 382,515} 29,517) 33,115) 26, $11,368) 776, 165 39, 174
366, 887) 208,642) 132,852) 1,711,182] 176,736! 36,011 $918} 413,912) 32,315) 32,140) 35,572) 30,843) 793, 28, 59 598
454, 483/ 240,893) 158,973) 1,692,215) 201,360) 39,257) 4,317| 477,406) 33,158) 31,771} 59,066) 30, 103)1, 737, 103, 559
718, 473} 254,240) 175, 787) 1,732,208} 299,672) 43,884) 8,409) 491,579) 32,740) 33,578) 70, 28, 1, 373, 426 59, 80 666
86,950) 21,016) 15, 507 138,769} 35,968) 3,604 927} 41,056; 2,540) 2,804) 2,751) 3,033) 62, 1, 906 40
90, 461 15, 554 139, 188 36,395; 3,625 953} 41, 486 2,894; 2,496 2, 675 2, 979) 66, 969 2, 145 32
93,885} 21,113) 15,825) 139,445) 36,998) 3,647 997; 41,642) 4,779) 2,846) 2,974) 3,401) 90,475 3,03 23
96,486; 21,184) 15,815 138, 160} 37,605 3,658; 1,009) 41,865 4,314); 2,648 2,508} 2,350; 71,369 2, 555 17
98,933) 21,255) 15,921 139, 140 38, 326 3,686; 1,006) 42,833 5,815) 2,998 2,980} 2, 501 71, 584 2, 3¢ 16
100, 694; 21,334) 16,046 138, 38, 942 3,719} 1,081) 42,832 4,705; 3,151 2,957) 2, 62, 294 1, 608 14
102, 267; 21,424) 16,224 138,356, 39,614) 3,749) 1,133) 42,552) 5,385) 3,053) 3,007) 2,252) 70,799 1,181 10
103, 545) 21,462! 16,206 136, 336 40, 164 3,775) 1,151] 43,179) 4,501) 2,984 2,880} 1,999) 68,780 2 y
105, 140} 21,522} 16,411] 136,877) 40,580} 3,796) 1,193] 43,325) 4,121| 2,688] 2,861] 2,023) 65,917 6 8
107, 018 " 16, 656 136,230) 41,101 3,816) 1,217) 43,608 5,018; 3, 2,891; 2,808} 75,131 1,5 4
108, 246; 21,615) 16,622 135, 173 41,669) 3,842) 1,248) 43,075) 4,468) 2,514 2,455; 2,563) 62,049 1, 3
109, 500} 21, 16,880} 137,523; 42,325) 3,886; 1,288) 44,940) 5,041) 3,146) 2,862) 3,082) 67,449 1, 2
110,475; 24,441) 16,877 136,590) 42,739 5,158} 1,372) 43,930) 4,164) 2,428 2,654; 2,866) 68,607 1, 2
|

! Under the Social Security Act, retirement benefits—old-age, wife’s, and hus-
band’s benefits, and benefits to children of old-age beneficiaries—partly esti-
mated. Under the other 3 systems, benefits for age and disability.

1 Data for civil-service retirement and disability fund; excludes noncon-
tributory payments made under the Panama Canal Construction Annuity Act
t© persons who worked on Canal construction 1904-14 or to their widows.
Through June 1948, retirement and disability benefits include payments to
survivors under joint and survivor elections; ing July 1948, payments
ander survivor provisions shown as survivor benefits.

* Pensions and compensation, and subsistence payments to disabled veterans
Undergoing training.

‘Mother’s, widow’s, widower’s, parent’s, and child’s benefits. Partly esti-

* Annuities to widows under joint and survivor elections; 12-month death-
benefit annuities to widows and next of kin; and, beginning February 1947,
widow's, widow’s current, parent’s, and child's benefits.

* Payments to widows, parents, and children of deceased veterans.

'Number of decedents on whose account lump-sum payments were made.

* Payments under the Railroad Retirement Act and Federal civil-service and

Veterans’ programs.
* First payable in Rhode Island, April 1943; in California, December 1946; in
New Jersey, January 1949; in New York, July 1950 (data not available); and under

Bulletin, February 1952

the railroad program, July 1947. Excludes hospital benefits in California; also
conte private plans in California and New Jersey except for calendar-year
to

‘¢@ Represents average weekly number of beneficiaries.

11 Represents average number of beneficiaries in a weeny bee yy oe period.

12 Readjustment allowances to unemployed veterans; 1 to 2 percent of
number and amount shown represents allowances for illness and disability after

establishment of unemployment rights. Number represents average weekly
number of continued claims.

8 Claims paid under the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act.

4 Less than 50.

18 Payments: amounts certified, under the Social Security Act (except monthly

data for monthly benefits, which re t benefits in oesrens ens re
the Railroad Retirement Act, and the Railroad Unemployment Act;
disbursements, for Veterans Administration ay except the en
allowance program; checks issued, under the State unemployment

and temporary disability laws and under the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act;
for civil-service programs, disbursements through June 1949 and authorizations
beginning July 1949. Adjusted on annual basis except for Civil Service Com-
mission data, which are adjusted monthly.

Source: Based on reports of administrative agencies,

Table 2.—Contributions and taxes collected under a insurance and related programs, by specified Period,

{In thousands]

Retirement, disability, and survivurs insurance Unemployment insurance
Period Federal Federal Taxes on State un- Railroad
insurance civil-service carriers employment tea t| Unemployment
contribu- contribu- | and their contribu. = | “nemproymen
tions ! tions ? employees tions 3 _ contributiongs+
Fiscal year
8 EES Se ee $2, 106, 388 $662, 262 $550, 172 $1, 094, 406 $226, 306 $18, 865
1 Eh nccccundcacoscubococccaccspeecsesnscon 3, 119, 537 684, 343 77, 509 1, 364, 590 233, 537 24, 681
5 months ended
UL, 8. enw cncccccesuuesusneseunts 844, 668 448, 025 154, 186 543, 277 35, 424 2, 700
Ns WS dS a sew cbc ccc cdcnccccccccncceca 1, 171, 687 463, 279 149, 935 640, 288 30, 980 6, 199
SE SE i a ae a 1,379, 651 474, 074 359, 273 770, 769 34, 468 6, 730
1950
REE EEE TS ES EES Pa ee ae ae Fe 287, 928 32, 168 9, 817 191, 143 12, 398
EE SEE SE ee RE: Se Ae eee 239, 131 29, 178 132, 961 9, 980 2, 716 5, 837
1951
EEE SAREE Sy <0 EE RT a Se aT 131, 331 33, 958 | 1, 567 96, 405 16, 319 o)
SENSIS SEARS WS SRE NO: SERS 373, 787 29, 752 6, 508 153, 307 146, 981 185
8 RS RI 8, SS ea aS Ge FORE 239, 310 31, 874 139, 527 12, 151 13, 963 5,847
mag i iihp iin nntbetbcoupipiunnossatecassedseee 150, 089 35, 264 3, 021 145, 903 3, 502 18%
Tr cnwewunlibivbaision 534, 031 37,610 4, 814 297, 232 15, 764 308
Ie emewcmabntesse 280, 172 23, 428 139, 178 9, 323 3,311 6, 006
SE A PRS i es a Sa a ae a SS DERE 174, 511 29, 704 | 621 158, 465 1, 681 )
ES GG SS EE Ee as LS ae 515, 815 29, 694 66, 022 273, 692 14, 641 826
ES EELS SOE I ET EE ES ae ae ge ee 257, 873 $ 342, 357 190, 087 8, 075 1, 004 4, 003
SE REAR, ni ll Da ha anndbelthancihvcecocctodvonsebibion 31, 665 38, 313 11, 201 113, 888 3, 018 1,4
indie cub etsbdsnnctiticantsccccccassctcccctbeveus 399, 786 34, 006 91, 342 216, 650 14, 124 1%

1 Re
by old-age and survivors insurance; beginning

2 Represents employee and Government contributions to the civil-service retire-
ment and disability fund; Government contributions are made in 1 month for the

entire fiscal

year.
3 Represents deposits in State clearing accounts of contributions plus
and interest collected from employers and, in 2 States, contributions

ts contributions of employees and employers in employments covered
anuary 1951, on an estimated

unds.

Act.

nalties
om em-

loyees; excludes contributions collected for deposit in State sickness insurance
Data reported by State a
4 Represents taxes paid by employers under the Federal Unemployment Tax

ncies; corrected to Jan. 3, 1952.

5 Beginning 1947, also covers temporary disability insurance.
6 Represents contributions of $32.4 million from employees, and contributions
for fiscal year 1951-52 of $310.0 million from the Federal Government.

Source: Daily Statement of the U.S. Treasury, unless otherwise noted.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS
(Continued from page 22)
search, Inc., 1951. 587 pp. $6.

Includes papers on Coordination of
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance
Wage Data with Those from Other
Sources, by Benjamin J. Mandel; Ap-
praisal of Basic Data Available for
Constructing Income Size Distribu-
tions, by Selma F. Goldsmith; and
Research on the Size Distribution of
Income, by Dorothy S. Brady.
Harris, SEymour E. The Economics

of Mobilization and Inflation. New

York: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.,

1951. 308 pp. $4.50.

Includes a discussion of welfare ex-
penditures during a time of mobiliza-
tion and inflation.

HAVIGHURST, ROBERT J., and MORGAN,
H. GertHon. The Social History of
a War-Boom Community. New
York: Longmans, Green & Co.,
1951. 356 pp. $4.

What happened to the people and
institutions in a small town in Illinois
during industrial expansion in World
War II.

INSTITUTE OF LIFE INSURANCE.

Insurance Fact Book, 1951.
York: The Institute, 1951.

Life
New
108 pp.

24

INTERNATIONAL LABOR OFFICE. Mini-
mum Standards of Social Security.
(International Labor Conference,
Thirty-Fifth Session, 1952, Report
V (a) (1).) Geneva: The Office,
1951. 96 pp. 50 cents.

Includes the proposed text of the
Convention on Minimum Standards of
Social Security, based on the conclu-
sions adopted at the Conference’s
Thirty-Fourth Session.

LAUSCHE, FRANK J. “Progress and
Problems of the States.” State
Government, Chicago, Vol. 24, Nov.
1951, pp. 266-268 f. 50 cents.
Includes a discussion of grants-in-

aid.

LEBEL, ROLAND. “Family Allowances.”
Bulletin of the International So-
cial Security Association, Geneva,
July—Aug. 1951, pp. 273-283. $2.50
a@ year.

By the Director of the National
Union of Family Allowance Funds in
France.

Opum, Howarp W. American Soci-
ology in the United States through
1950. New York: Longmans,
Green & Co., 1951. 501 pp. $5.

U.S.ConcrREss. SENATE. JOINT Com-
MITTEE ON THE ECONOMIC REPORT.

Inflation Still a Danger: Report...
Together with Materials on Na-
tional Defense and the Economic
Outlook. (S. Rept. 644, 82d Cong.
lst sess.) Washington: U.S.
Govt. Print. Off., 1951. 49 pp.

Retirement and Old Age

Conference on Problems of Aging.
Transactions of the Twelfth Con-
ference, February 6-7, 1950, New
York, N. Y. Edited by Nathan W.
Schock and sponsored by the Josiah
Macy, Jr. Foundation. New York:
Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, 1961.
215 pp. $3.50.

FARMER, LAURENCE. “The Old People.”
Harper’s Magazine, New York, Vol.
203, Dec. 1951, pp. 79-82. 50 cents.
The medical consultant for the New

York City Department of Health con-

siders the problems facing the in-

digent old.

Kaicun, Raymonp P. How to Retire
and Like It. (Rev. ed.) New
York: Association Press, 1961.
149 pp. $2.50.

KLEEMEIER, Robert W. “The Effect
of a Work Program on Adjustment
Attitudes in an Aged Population.”

(Continued on page 28)

Social Security

| SSR 5SREE

‘s

fERESE

|

ty

_-§ -28-| 2SPESSRS ESE

=-or oF

Table 3.—Status of the old-age and survivors insurance trust fund, by specified period, 1937-51

{In thousands]
— ]
Receipts | Expenditures Assets
| |
Period | Appropria- | Net total of | Oash with | Credit of
ee | Interest re- | Benefit pay- | Administra- U.8. Ges ~ | disbursing | fund account be
, ceived ments tive expenses officeratend| at end of
deposits ! acquired #
Qumulative, January 1937-November 1951 $19,652,027 | $1, 830,359 | $5,680,365 | $405,525 | $14,887,858 | $200,231 $209,407 | $15,306,497
fiscal year |
Di nibasnibepenentadissccenstbenvebik 2, 109, 992 256, 778 727, 266 56, 841 1, 414, 152 79, 928 167, 861 12, 892, 612
pe sl - rity RRND SeRReRiNeDL sleamiae | 3, 124, 098 287, 392 1, 498, 088 70, 447 1, 677, 976 200, 456 212, 311 14, 735, 567
months ended:
NE En dé amen aden dcdadawodindiwectll | 848, 272 11, 240 287, 585 23, 287 228, 000 74, 536 325, 384 11, 858, 580
RP a aT Ree ee 1,175, 381 10, 871 444, 390 26, 886 604, 918 184, 203 173, 644 13, 607, 588
et FS TS Es 1, 388, 118 25, 688 806, 720 36, 156 565, 059 209, 231 , 407 15, 306, 497
ian, Ge ti dd <icknune 127, 517 5, 361 35, 000 184, 203 173, 644 13, 607, 588
239, 131 | 16, 714 | 136, 917 5, 249 80, 908 188, 401 202, 217 13, 721, 266
|
131, 331 115, 074 | 141, 717 7, 086 197, 700 204, 080 86,438 | 13,818, 867
2 eee 151, 700 5, 265 82, 000 195, 393 229, 947 14, 085, 689
239, 310 | 10, 871 154, 830 5, 674 |° 166, 918 205, 039 143, 061 14, 125, 366
150, 089 | 7, 916 154, 685 | 7,137 66, 966 206, 309 71, 009 14, 121, 549
534, 075 AE to 5 13 156, 806 | 6, 642 211, 500 205, 918 230, 527 14, 492, 176
995 | 125, 946 157, 043 6, 507 267, 067 200, 456 212, 311 14, 735, 567
De” |) aes Cate 159, 131 8, 761 130, 000 197, 37 92, 026 14, 742, 199
CS EE Se ES 180, 301 6, 305 220, 000 178, 578 220, 475 15, 071, 852
263, 182 10, 871 142, 442 7, 121 119, 918 214, 122 189, 503 15, 196, 341
333, 105 14, 818 | 146, 188 6, 675 49, 941 226, 250 22, 493 15, 091, 401
ee ee 178, 659 7, 204 45, 200 209, 23 209, 407 15, 306, 497

1For July 1940 to December 1950, equals taxes collected under the Federal

Insurance Contributions Act. Beginning January 1951, amounts appropriated

inaccordance with sec. 201(a) of the Social Security Act as amended in 1950; from

1951, includes deposits by States under voluntary coverage agreements.

ing in the fiscal year 1947, includes amounts appropriated to meet costs of

benefits payable to survivors of certain World War II veterans under the Social
Security Act Amendments of 1946.

2 Includes accrued interest and repayments on account of accrued interest on

bonds at time of purchase.

whic

3A pero riations suspended from Oct. 10 to Nov. 6 to adjust for estimates on
earlier 1951 appropriations were based.

Source: Daily Statement of the U. S. Treasury.

Table 4.—Status of the unemployment trust fund, by specified period, 1936-51

{In thousands]
;
| Net total Unex- State accounts Railroad unemployment insurance account ‘
Total of U. 8. nded
Period iat | ame’ Gee Balance at Balance at
atendof | ernmen at en ce a a
period | securities of Deposits paw os wee end of Deposits pe Benn. end of
| scquived? | pected period yments | period ?*
}
Cumulative, January | |
1936-November 1951.| $8, 509,369 | $8, 492, 181 $17,188 |$15, 774,727 | $1,341,188 | $0,363,495 | $7,752,420 | $905,623 | $136,339 | $465,126 | $756,040
year: | } |
i MT la mt | 7,437, 896 | —724, 068 23,633 | 1,098,795 | 149,046 | 1,879,000 | 6,651, 571 9, 728 18, 020 143, 904 786, 325
l ek th ie dinkens } 8,079, 232 | 649, 933 15, 085 1, 362, 629 147, 662 848, 270 7, 313, 592 14, 884 16, 465 52, 084 765, 640
Smonths ended: |
November 1949.......- | 7,909,401 | —275, 007 46, 077 540, 681 | 5, 034 754,780 | 7,073,665 309 620 66, 531 835, 736
November 1950........ | 7,704,302 | 271, 993 18, 046 626, 266 3, 893 | 345, 014 6, 936, 716 3, 794 458 22, 932 767, 586
November 1951_......- 8, 509, 369 427, 084 17, 188 766, 399 8, 098 335, 669 7, 752, 420 4, 039 843 17, 044 756, 949
1950
“a 7, 704, 302 198, 000 18, 046 | / 5 ern 55, 120 6, 936, 716 1M Beli 4, 555 767,
RRS Sap Saas 7, 663, 410 —47, 027 24,181 | 21, 884 5, 823 68, 145 6, 896, 278 3, 472 » 675 4,602 767, 131
1951
January idee TF 5 eee 27, 087 34, 463 63, 563 96,425 6, 897, 879 13 7,147 5,854 768, 437
February ves ew ivere eaeainatel 7, 800, 319 139, 000 22, 090 | og, GRRL 69, 440 7, 036, 231 Ur Vovesemuntae 4,442 764, 088
ol ok 7, 758, 020 — 40, 008 19, 799 21, 652 3, 662 66, 770 6, 994, 775 3, 508 412 4, 763 763, 245
aa ES ee 7, 733, 576 —40, 005 35, 359 39, 247 2,445 62, 970 6, 973, 496 112 269 3, &46 760, 079
Ttibccessbedcoansu 8, 052, 016 325, 000 28, 799 / & |} eee ae 72, 125 7, 204, 755 yk RR Set 3, 089 757, 261
a 8, 079, 232 40, 981 15, 035 17, 941 68, 275 67,380 7,313, 592 3,622 7, 504 2,746 765, 640
et 8, 068, 215 —35, 000 39, 018 53, 293 7 66,515 | 7,300,387 29 2 2,215 767, 827
RGSS 8, 367, 086 306, 000 31, 889 S76: TA Necsndocninthe 72, 760 7, 602, 841 O28 bo icseiacscs 3, 898 764, 245
September... ............ 8, 322, 164 —25, 008 11,975 15, 004 3, 627 62, 870 7, 558, 691 2, 457 385 3, 614 763, 473
SE iccececsscscost 8, 297,864 | —45,008 32, 683 42, 234 | 4, 454 68,552 | 7, 536, 827 1, 130 457 4, 022 761, 037
November... ........... 8, 509, 369 227, 000 17, 188 , eae 64, 972 7, 752, 420 , Sn. 4, 195 756, 949

‘Includes accrued interest and repayments on account of interest on bonds at
SF _acamaaaes minus figures represent primarily net total of securities

‘Includes transfers from State accounts to railroad unemployment insurance
‘count amounting to $107,161 ,000.

‘Includes withdrawals of $79,169,000 for disability insurance benefits.

* Beginning July 1947, includes temporary disability program.

Bulletin, February 1952

5 Includes transfers to the account from railroad unemployment insurance ad-
ministration fund amounting to $85,290,000 and transfers of $12,338,000 out of the

account to adjust funds available for administrative e on account of retro-
active credits taken by contributors under the R Unemployment In-
surance Act Amendments of 1948.
Source: Daily Statement of the U. S. Treasury.
25

Table 5.—Old-age and survivors insurance: Monthly benefits in current-payment status ' at the end of the month, by | Table
type of benefit and by month, November 1950-November 1951, and monthly benefits awarded by type of benefit,
November 1951

[Amounts in thousands; data corrected to Dec. 27, 1951]
=
Wife's or , Widow’s or ,
Total Old-age hashend’s Child’s whdewer’s Mother’s Parent's
Item |
Number | Amount | Number | Amount | Number/Amount | Number|/ Amount} Number| Amount| Number/ Amount/ Number} Amount Reg
Monthly putes
current-peymen
status at end of
month:
1950
November... ..... 3,346, 167 |$122, 926.5 | 1,681,370 | $74,621.1 | 486,238 $11,581. 5] 688,131 |$19, 144.6} 309,848 ($11,336. 4) 166,111 |$5,711.6 | 14,469 $531.4
gee eae 3,477,243 | 126,856.5 | 1,770,984 77, 678.3 | 508,350 | 11,994.9) 609, 703 19, 366.3) 314,189 | 11, 481.3) 169,438 | 5,800.8 | 14,579 534.9
1951
te 3,605,235 | 130,882.8 | 1,850, 207 80, 584.4 | 532,187 | 12,477.3) 715,188 | 19, 700.6) 319,513 | 11,665. 2) 173,354 | 5,912.6] 14,786 5426
February ........ 3, 706, 586 | 134,090.8 | 1,912,170 | 82,843.8 | 548,047 | 12, 790.4) 729,416 | 20,083.9) 325,555 | 11,872.2| 176,156 | 5,998.8) 15,042 551.8
EEE 3, 809,165 | 137, 258.9 | 1,971,703 84, 971.8 346 | 13,087.0) 746,247 | 20,418. 5) 332,539 | 12, 114.0) 179,877 | 6,100.9 | 15,453 566.7
ne Mth conssipahtiinsils 3, 890,018 | 139,636.9 | 2,016, 135 86, 496.1 | 575,098 | 13,304.9) 760,697 | 20,732.2) 338,539 | 12,315. 9) 183,719 | 6,207.7 15,830 680.1
_ Se See 3, 968,900 | 141,881.2 | 2,055, 581 87, 842.9 | 586,829 | 13,510. 5) 776,336 | 21,059.9) 345,112 | 12, 519.9) 188,681 | 6,348.3 | 16,361 500.7
SERS 4, 033, 583 | 143, 708.8 | 2,090,668 | 89,000.0 | 596,098 | 13,674.0] 787,311 | 21, 282.4] 350,343 | 12,683.3] 192,357 | 6,452.8 | 16,806 616.3
| ER, SA 4,098,870 | 145, 720.2 | 2,129,909 | 90,390.7 | 606,188 | 13,872.8] 794,875 | 21, 425.9] 355,678 | 12,858. 5) 194,925 | 6,537.6 | 17,205 634.8
August__.......... 4,176, 535 | 148,118.8 | 2,176,086 | 92,025.0 | 618,128 | 14, 108.4) 804,807 | 21,632. 4) 361,970 | 13,071. 2) 197,712 | 6,625.3 | 17,882 656.5
September. ._.... 4, 232,453 | 149,914.8 | 2,204, 016 93, 072.6 | 625,736 | 14, 259.9) 816,746 | 21, 948.3) 367,728 | 13, 270.4) 199,835 | 6,688.2 18,392 675.3
October--_.......... , 290, 791 | 151, 825.5 | 2,231,141 94, 132.8 | 634,319 | 14, 442.7) 830,587 | 22,329.6) 374,460 | 13, 505.0; 201,437 | 6,723.7 | 18,847 691.6
November... _.... 4,332,176 | 153, 214.3 | 2, 252, 293 4,977.1 | 640,241 | 14, 573.3) 838,801 | 22, 545.4) 379,291 | 13, 674.2) 202,415 | 6,741.9 | 19,135 702.3
Monthly benefits
awarded in |
November 1951-_. 69, 056 2, 267.4 31, 936 1, 286.7 11, 358 245.7) 14,245 | 340.9; 6,329 | a 4, 808 158.4 380 13.9

1 Benefit in current-payment status is subject to no deduction or only to deduction of fixed amount that is less than the current month’s benefit.

PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

(Continued from page 2)
can ease the pressure of living costs
for people who depend on these fixed
payments.” President Truman also
urged Congress to go ahead imme-
diately on measures providing aid to
medical education and expanded
“basic public health services in our
home communities—especially in de-
fense areas.” In referring to the newly
created President’s Commission on
the Health Needs of the Nation, he
pointed out that “one of the things
this Commission is looking into is how
to bring the cost of modern medical
care within the reach of all our peo-
ple.”

President’s Commission on
Health Needs

Declaring that “we must dedicate
ourselves to the continuing search for
what is best for the Nation in solving
our health’ problems,” President Tru-
man on December 29 created by Ex-
ecutive order the President’s Commis-
sion on the Health Needs of the
Nation. The Commission is to deter-
mine the Nation’s total health re-

26

quirements, both immediate and long
term, and to recommend courses of
action to meet those needs.

In announcing the establishment
of the Commission, the President
stressed that the provision of ade-
quate health care for all the popula-
tion must be a “matter of national,
as well as local, concern. It is par-
ticularly important that in this day
of world crisis we should seek to
limit the drain upon our strength
through illness and death.”

Dr. Paul B. Magnuson was named
chairman of the Commission, which
is made up of members of the medical,
dental, and nursing professions and
of representatives of educational in-
stitutions and farm, labor, and con-
sumer organizations.

The Executive order directs the
Commission to make reports, interim
and final, within the year on (1) the
adequacy of the current and prospec-
tive supply of physicians, dentists,
nurses, hospital administrators, and
allied professional workers; and the
ability of educational institutions and
other training facilities to provide the
needed personnel for the future; (2)

the ability of local public health units
to meet demands imposed by civil
defense requirements and by the need
of the general public during this mo-
bilization period; (3) the health prob-
lems created by the shift of workers
to defense production areas, requir-
ing relocation of professional person-
nel and establishment of facilities;
(4) the degree to which existing and
planned medical facilities meet pres-
ent and prospective needs; (5) cur-
rent research activities and the pro-
grams needed to keep pace with new
developments; (6) the effect on civil-
ian health of the actions taken t
meet the long-range medical require-
ments of military, civil defense, vet-
erans’, and other public service pro-
grams; (7) the adequacy of private
and public programs designed to pro-
vide methods of financing medical
care; and (8) the extent of health
services provided by the Federal,
State, and local governments, and the
desirable level of expenditures for
such purposes, taking into considera-
tion other financial obligations of
government and the expenditures for
health purposes from private sources.

Social Security

ge a eer sae ar ae ee ae a

z

Table 6.—Employment security: Selected data on nonfarm ee and unemployment insurance claims and bene-
Sits, by State, November 1951

[Corrected to Dec. 26, 1951}

Weeks of unemploy- Compensated unemployment
Initial claims ! ment covered by con- A
- tinued claims All types of unemployment 3 Total unemployment weekly
Region and Btate place- <a
wd Weeks — Weeks A dee nhaae
wi ee verage pro-
Total Women Total Women | compen- ~ my {® | number of | compen- weekly | grams
sated benefici- sated peyment
aries
Total, 53 States... ._ 498, 395 938, 589 375,852 | 3,997,217 | 2,049,449 | 3, 296, 086 $68, 606, 648 749,315 | 2,969,714 $21. 83 972, 971
; I:
, eS Sa oe 8, 242 11, 248 6, 491 9, 075 39, 685 49, 209 946, 405 11, 184 44, 986 20.13 13, 001
Maine... ............. 2, 152 7,342 4, 048 35, 634 22,343 31, 988 520, 596 7,270 25, 008 17.87 8, 562
setts... 2... 17, 455 43,175 20, 302 230, 704 122, 879 189,777 | 4,173,644 43, 131 165, 425 23.71 52, 079
445 6, 682 3, 733 37,327 , 360 592, 961 7, 748 25, 519 19. 76 8,875
2, 541 14, 362 8,117 80, 785 46, 416 76,683 | 1,679, 201 17,428 73, 627 22. 30 17, 753
780 1,211 400 7,879 4, 7, 150, 456 1,701 6, 847 20. 94 1,872
10, 636 36, 164 16, 881 181, 446 106, 222 166,836 | 3,717,420 37,917 148, 307 23. 52 41,611
65, ae 210, 843 107, 100 835, 938 424, 400 735,491 | 16, 155, 699 167, 157 676, 752 22. 88 196, 031
yf SRRRSRORSES! Mannuesteeee) terre NRE Rack, nade, Fane. Sd --
& |p--nc-oce-neftoneeccosesshi-precsencs-fonr-onpeocaubeeoesranhe Es eee muldiivthaeamanautoant
1,078 1, 256 511 4, 529 2, 287 3, 898 70, 814 886 3, 524 19. 06 1, 054
17,170 79, 154 32, 275 341, 487 173, 099 270,577 | 5,662, 815 61, 495 248, 637 21.61 78, 668
3, 703 1, 572 474 5, 982 2, 983 4, 733 84, 990 1,076 4, 639 17.93 1,431
7,140 9, 190 4,359 34, 898 18, 579 31, 423 631, 111 7,142 27, 924 21. 23 7, 688
12, 387 27, 750 14, 887 102, 135 64, 888 104,132 | 1,776, 834 , 666 94, 918 17.81 25, 223
7, 289 7, 165 3,301 33, 167 20, 106 28, 016 480, 312 6, 367 25, 932 17.74 7, 612
2, 233 7,422 1, 447 37, 640 11, 194 1, 696 562, 989 7, 204 28, 124 9, 006
9, 869 17, 936 2, 010 67, 822 19, 278 38, 626 619, 517 8,779 36, 091 16. 47 15, 331
16, 573 7, 906 2, 953 46, 744 a 33, 667 a 7,652 31, 862 16.73 10, 566
10, 191 9, 992 5, 267 61, 800 40, 264 45, 450 757, 488 10, 330 42,441 17.07 12, 914
6, 7,430 2,116 29, 650 12, 403 20, 087 308, 320 4, 565 18, 149 15.73 6, 922
8, 358 8, 183 3, 382 4 23, 546 33, 681 599, 132 7, 655 31, 357 18. 40 9, 330
10, 452 15, 007 5, 604 109, 032 57,171 80,218 | 1,300, 136 18, 231 74, 946 _ 16.50 26, O11
2, 550 10, 305 3, 521 65, 137 32, 767 50, 11, 496 46, 416 17.76 14, 898
10, 735 49, 891 12, 707 217, 604 77, 715 185,040 | 4,920,370 42, 055 178, 427 27. 09 57, 510
25, 437 33, 825 12, 056 , 550 89, 262 126, 081 680, 570 28, 655 113, 898 22. 29 38, 058
19, 558 46,914 18, 191 243, 990 130, 544 195,106 | 3,959, 976 44, 342 151, 279 22.72 55, 802
8, 726 33, 437 7, 134 78, 162 34, 869 » 551 | 1,186, 808 12, 398 48, 716 22. 86 19, 129
8, 700 17, 239 4, 086 48, 098 23, 859 37, 901 385 8,614 34,711 23.71 11, 769
10, 692 8, 535 2, 783 29, 107 16, 850 24, 748 426, 199 5, 625 22, 503 17.80 8,112
2, 728 2, 098 471 4, 260 2, 139 3, 58, 615 735 3, 236 18.11 1,402
1, 953 1, 086 76 1,372 340 1,411 30, 624 321 1, 265 22.35 580
1, 741 602 144 1, 308 556 ; 7, 884 229 868 18. 48 333
7, 506 3, 088 1, 004 11, 515 6, 433 8, 767 161, 386 1, 993 7, 603 19. 66 2,627
9, 017 2,911 819 13, 482 6, 375 11, 757 249, 511 2,672 10, 778 22. 05 3, 162
12, 505 20, 296 8, 396 105, 626 64, 841 78,886 | 1,263,474 17, 929 59, 087 18.41 24, 908
5, 520 1, 508 7 3, 386 2, 014 2, 542 47, 573 578 2, 388 19,31 808
9, 122 8, 212 2, 183 26, 480 10, 302 19, 960 333, 413 4, 536 18, 209 17.25 7, 705
8, 196 10, 660 1,897 50, 722 15, 691 39, 232 812, 226 8, 916 36, 003 21. 50 11, 463
11, 028 6, 489 1, 738 26, 638 11, 391 17, 289 316, 409 3, 929 16, 277 18.69 6, 473
46, 537 7,172 2, 330 35, 593 18, 072 24, 271 385, 852 5, 516 22, 809 16.33 8, 787
6, 088 1, 383 389 3, 710 1,778 1, 940 37,613 | 441 1,815 19. 91 959
4, 944 1, 447 4, 586 1, 051 2, 861 57, 275 | 650 2,729 20. 41 976
4, 073 2, 081 741 6, 539 | 3, 860 5, 321 , 886 | 1, 209 4,776 23. 49 1,719
1,144 508 139 1,015 | 517 999 22,311 227 888 23. 08 319
|
4, 605 2, 453 | 8, 274 | 3, 685 3,723 73, 408 846 3, 564 19. 94 1, 980
35, 014 91, 338 37, 685 323,249 | 177,146 271,027 | 5,939, 674 61, 597 244, 161 22. 86 76, 168
1, 153 1,677 773 | 11, 672 7,277 10, 474 178, 493 2,380 7, 728 19. 56 ®
1, 902 1, 065 369 | 3, 155 | 1,342 3,180 73, 875 723 2,911 24. 02
|
712 | 909 183 | 2, 527 690 2, 856 81, 528 649 2, 740 28. 85 ®)
2, 852 | 2, 837 448 | 6, 688 1, 937 3, 877 84, 629 881 3, 700 22. 08 1, 996
5,305 | 15, 436 3, 860 48, 429 | 19, 766 | 37, 807, 660 8, 620 35, 166 22. 01 12, 287
5,715 | 22, 202 4,423 | 70, 166 24, 816 52,672 | 1,198, 591 11, 971 50, 058 23. 02 135
, Excludes transitional claims. ployment allowance

rogram. Inc.ades partial and part-total unemployment.
’ -total, and partial. State distribution excludes railroad unemployment insurance claims.
"Not ted for voided benefit checks and transfers under interstate com- * Data not available
-wage plan. ures: nin Semiid affiliated
a mplo ent represented by weeks of unemployment claimed under the a... yen of Labor, Bureau of Employment shee
State an ralirond unemployment insurance programs and the veterans’ unem-

Bulletin, February 1952 27

Table 7.—Public assistance in the United States, by month, November 1950-November 1951 }

{Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only such payments]

Aid to dependent Aid to Aid Aid
children the ol. le to ol ass to the
perma- - |depend- perma- a
Year and Total Old-age Aid to nently General Total age ent to nently =
menth assistance Recipients the blind and assistance assist- | chil- the and | assist.
Families totally ance dren | blind | totally] ance
dis- (fami- dis-
Total? | Children abled ! lies) abled 3
Number of recipients Percentage change from previous month
ee 2
1950
November. .j............-. 2, 793, 712 649,931 | 2,226,685 | 1,653,151 97,491 61, 050 408,000 li ncus-cs —0.2 —0.8 +0.3 +4. 13
Ee, Ee PERS 2, 786, 216 651,309 | 2,233,194 | 1,660, 933 97, 453 68, 800 413, 000 }........ -.3 +.2 (4) +12.7 +2.6
1951
- Space es AS Bl 2, 784, 199 652,971 | 2,240,743 | 1,666, 911 96, 062 70, 770 425,000 j........ -.1 +.3 —1.4 +2.9 +3.0
OO RRS. 2, 777, 722 651, 928 | 2,238,185 | 1,665,048 96, 065 74, 567 Fg See —.2 —.2 (®) +5.4 10
ia’ SS ea. 2, 771, 640 651,356 | 2,236,472 | 1,663,919 95, 905 80, 002 oh | —.2 —.1 —.2 +7.3 -21
EE. 5A ot. 2, 760, 691 645, 822 | 2,218,670 | 1,652,472 96, 974 87, 845 Gon, G00 lancnocee —.4 —.8 +1.1 +9.8 6.8
lt sedhahaidibt agli algo coe anced 2, 754, 884 640, 606 | 2,198,894 | 1,638,116 96, 990 97,079 Se Gee Biccescos —.2 —.8 (5) +10.5 —7.6
RE Ts Ze Se. 2, 745, 285 632,649 | 2,171,426 | 1,617,893 97,024 104, 230 335, 000 }........ —.3 —1.2 (5) +7.4 —6.2
EE ES SSPE ee 2, 737, 675 618, 394 | 2,123,693 | 1,582,218 97, 256 108, 907 324,000 |........ —.3 —2.3 +.2 +4.5 —3.2
A EES Re: A Re Be 2, 732, 021 612, 128 | 2,104,348 | 1, 568, 029 97, 349 111,329 319, 000 j........ } —.2 —1.0 +.1 +2.2 —1L4
| SS ee 2,722,933 | 606,078 | 2,085,243 | 1, 554, 062 97, 158 113, 049 SED Fidieovaec | = 3 —1.0 —.2 +1.5 —26
peal SS” SRS 2,711,620 | 597,249 | 2,055,446 | 1, 532, 255 97, 185 114, 923 | Bas OEe Liccodcce | -.4 —1.5 (5 +1.7 (5
po allah, Lema 2,705,125 | 591,992 | 2,041,955 | 1, 520, 430 97, 221 118, 284 | SOE GEO lkccences |} —.2 —-.9 (®) +2.9 +16
| | | j
Amount of assistance Percentage change from previous month
1950
November -. |$192, 572,324 |$120, 824, 086 $46, 220, 553 $1, 472,924 |$2, 533,761 |$18,521,000 | +0.2! -—0.2/] 40.9| +0.2 a 6 +0.3
mber_...| 193, 264,021 | 119, 954, 750 46, 529, 002 4, 480, 867 | 3,033,402 | 19, 266, 000 +.4 —.7 +.7 +.2 | +19.7 +4.0
1951
January... 194, 962, 874 | 120, 099, 988 47, 327, 250 4, 438,705 | 3,170,931 | 19,926,000 +.8 +.1 +1.7 —.9 +4.5 +3.4
February --.. 194, 437, 119, 131, 206 47, 857, 550 4, 454,255 | 3,383,275 | 19,611,000 —.3 -.8 +1.1 +.4 +6.7 -Lé
March. _._... 194, 532, 503 | 118, 948, 024 48, 088, 334 4, 448, 593 | 3, 596,552 | 19,451, 000 ®) -.2 +.5 -.1 +63 =—8
eee. 191, 950,100 | 118, 270, 450 47, 521, 557 4, 495, 465 | 3, 946, 628 7, 716, 000 —1.3 —.6 —1.2 +1.1 +9.7 8.9
_ Seow 191, 037, 004 | 118, 929, 307 47,021, 843 4, 523,461 | 4,399,393 | 16, 163, 000 —.5 +.6 —1.0 +.6 | +11.5 —8.8
| EY 189,319, 242 | 118, 665, 540 46, 384, 194 4, 537,434 | 4,677,074 | 15,055, 000 —.9 —.2 —1.4 +1.7 +6.3 -7.1
FS 188, 142,875 | 119, 304,317 45, 002, 602 4, 536,052 | 4,847,904 | 14, 452, 000 —.6 +.5 —3.0 (*) +3.7 —4.0
A Racnticiiionil 188, 194, 866 | 119, 308, 258 44, 745, 286 4, 558, 093 | 4,950,229 | 14, 633, 000 (0) (°) —.6 +.5| +2.1 +13
September -___| 188,364, 274 | 119, 841, 541 44, 819, 189 4, 567, 563 | 5,150, 981 13, 985, 000 +.1 +.4 +.2 +.2 +4.1 —44
ber. .....| 189, 755, 153 | 120,746, 862 44, 675, 023 4, 640, 500 | 5, 274, 768 14, 418, 000 +.7 +.8 -.3 +1.6 +2.4 +3.1
November-..__} 189, 739,721 | 120, 440, 700 44, 575, 407 4, 663,332 | 5, 431, 282 14, 629, 000 (4) —.3 —.2 +.5 | +3.0 +15

! For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1951, p. 21.
grams administered without Federal participation in States administering such
S concurrently with programs under the Social Security Act.

Excludes pro-

All data

families in which the requirements of at least 1 such adult were considered in
determining the amount of assistance.
+ Program initiated in October 1950 under Public Law 734.

Subject to revision. 4 Decrease of less than 0.05 percent.
? Includes as recipients the children and 1 parent or other adult relative in § Increase of less than 0.05 percent.
(Continued from page 24) United States—its characteristics, ed. rev.) New York: Published

Journal of Gerontology, Baltimore,
Vol. 6, Oct. 1951, pp. 372-379. $2.
Analyzes data gathered in a survey
of persons living in a home for the
aged; concludes that participants in

a work program make the best adjust-

ment.

LADIMER, IRVING. “Income Security
for the Federal Worker.” Person-
nel Administration, Washington,
Vol. 14, Nov. 1951, pp. 13-20. $1.

Employment

Fox, HaRLaAnpD. “Utilization of Older
Manpower.” Harvard Business Re-
view, Boston, Vol. 29, Nov. 1951, pp.
40-54. $1.50.

JAFFE, A. J., and STEWART, CHARLES
D. Manpower Resources and Utili-
zation: Principles of Working Force
Analysis. New York: John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., 1951. 532 pp. $6.50.
A study of the working force in the

28

composition, and activities.

MARSH, MICHAEL. “Fringe Benefits
and Wage Stabilization.” Editorial
Research Reports, Washington, Vol.
2, Nov. 19, 1951, pp. 789-805. $1.
Includes a discussion of pension and

welfare plans in industry and of pay

increases based on increased produc-
tivity.

PETERSON, FLORENCE. Survey of La-
bor Economics. (Rev. ed.) New
York: Harper & Brothers, 1951.
87l pp. $5.

Includes a discussion of the present
and future of social security.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. WOMEN’S
Bureav. Older Women Workers.
Washington: The Bureau, Aug.
1951. 5 pp. Processed.

Public Welfare and Relief

HaMILToN, Gorpon. Theory and
Practice of Social Casework. (2d

for the New York School of Social
Work by Columbia University Press,
1951. 328 pp. $4.

HOLLIs, ERNEST V., and TAYLor, ALICE
L. Social Work Education in the
United States. New York: Co-
lumbia University Press, 1951. 422
pp. $5.50.

The report of a study made for the
National Council on Social Work Edu-
cation. After evaluating social work
in a summary of its evolution, scope,
status, and probable future role, the
authors chart a course for social work
education—from undergraduate study
through graduate work to develop-
ment on the job—that includes con-
sideration of the educational responsi-
bilities of social work organizations
and the accreditation of social work
education. In addition to identifying
the basic problems in the area, the
report suggests possible lines of action
that the profession might follow in

Social Security

H

mec me nn

Te

aeeemmnmoo 2zzZzZzZzZzZZZzZ ES RSee eros |

s2S>.—mC—<i<i—Cr DUC

e+

BeenkRR TTT Sra fe Te STAR FES I

ae PED st i

fable 8.—Amount of vendor payments for medical care
for recipients of public assistance, by program and

State, September 1951
| | Aid to the
Old-age Aidto | Aid perma- General
State ? assist- dependent | to the nently and assist-
ance children blind totally ance *
| disabled
|
STI wcacdosnseonnsatt BEB AES Bae (4) $42, 955
Conn......-.-| $192,746 | $68,271 | $2, 434 (*) (8)
Nk ee i eee ks (5)
D. C.. SD Tscies : a Ee a ee $18 (5)
bt ccxcctas 282, 380 | 16, 815 8,770 9, 696 362, 550
RT 271, 618 | 45, 864 | 9, 506 (*) 116, 511
lows...--- — epeasies Be Reem (*) 114, 483
a mi 117, 566 27, 209 1, 692 14, 790 40, 437
as... a .| 1, 916 | 105 1, 107 525
Maine --| dnquonecené a ee a (*) 34, 234
Mich -tegemtawestinojuaehepennl> saad ans kaa oe 54, 393
“aaa |} 619,142 | $2, 00 +... oe 2. (4) (5)
Mb so<<s.- aseenecs eee FAI eee CR a 115, 77
eee | 155,375 | 7, 900 776 oO | ©
Nev... . TES ee nbd ae, EL a (4) | 6,417
N. H. * 80, 376 34, B85 2, 447 (4) (5)
N.J.. 11,814 HES bee aS 83, 134
YY... | 1,052,779 293, 913 44,815 265, 320 | (5)
N.C | 9, 133 B, F00 lesncceeiiaka 864 | 92, 694
N. Dak 23, 510 388 17 659 | 16, 189
a 115, 189 7, 467 WAOB IN « ccticaie~ce 521, 080
ES ee ee ce ee SL aes 89, 900
i... bined " 26, 940
EE PR, RAD ETS Gree er aa 7, 495
1! lododadnanaseldoncccecbiodiediietbabalstetbbebecos 53, 279
iin on sn con] 84 10 4 l 55
Sa alisi 243, 312 71, 035 8, 150 | 4, 323 81, 461

1 For September data excluding vendor payments for medical care, see the
Bulletin, December 1951.

+ Excludes States that either made no vendor payments for medical care for
September or did not report such payments.

In all States except California, Illinois, Louisiana, Nevada, New Jersey,
and the Virgin Islands includes payments made on behalf of recipients of the
special types of public assistance.

‘No program for aid to the permanently and totally disabled.

5 Data not available.

‘Includes premiums paid into pooled fund as well as payments for services
provided in earlier months.

Table 9.—Average ts including vendor pay-
ments for medical care and average amount of vendor
payments per assistance case, by program and State,
September 1951

Aid to depend- Aid to the per-
Sher. ent children | Aid to the blind} manently and
(per family) totally disabled
State 2 Vendor Vendor Vendor Vendor
an | Pay, | an }ey | an | Open | Oe
assist- | ™P nts | assist- = ts | assist- — assist- —
or ance or ance or ance or
ance | medical medical medical medical
care care care care
Conn...| $70.59 | $9.78 |$120.13 | $12.82 | $74.28 | $7.90) © @®
DE, .....d tie aie scthee acta 81.45 Seger “8
D.C....| 47.76 62 | .......dl<es.cb dundee caladed ist 95 | $0.02
DR aisind 47.96 | 2.42 | 110.73 .74| 52.17| 220} 51.19 5,11
Ind.....| 40.70} 5.70| 7016] 487] 43.61] 530 ) @
Kans...| 52.06 3.08 | 87.26 5.91 | 53.64 2. 65 . 00 77
RR | > esi! baan tap 59, 83 .09 | 44.47 06 . 28 08
Minn...| 55.82 11.07|100.58| 4,23 |........]........ >
Nebr _. 52, 72 6.83 | 90.93 2.59 | 62.85 1.02
N.H 52. 22 8.00 | 113.64 | 11.68] 56.32) 6.98 ) 3)
oe pee! Se | Ree” 06.80:1°° £97 Tw ee
N.Y....| 60.79 | 8.841113.32| 551] 70.05) 10.53| 66.45 9.80
N.C__..| 22.88 .15 | 46.19 te ed FB Reh 27. 25
N.Dak_| 52.69} 2.61] 87.37 .23 | 56.81 15 | 54.76 1.16
Ohio....| 50. 02 .97 | 70,02 .53.} 45.05) 1.17 jo... dideer seid
V.I.....| 11.05 .13 | 15.40 .05| @) (@) (6) )
Wis.___. | 51.85 | 4.68 | 116.93| 8.47] 58.98) 505| 68.93| 5.32

1 For September data excluding very pay matie for medical care, see the
Bulletin, cember 1951. All aver on cases receiving money pay-
ments, vendor payments for medical care, or both. Averages for gen as-
sistance not computed here because of difference among States in as or
practice regarding use of general assistance funds to pay medical bills for re-
cipients of the special types of public assistance.
Excludes States that made no vou pees for medical care for Septem-

ber or did not report such payments. excludes States for which count of
cases is believed to be incomplete.

3 No program for aid to the permanently and totally disabled.

4 Average payment computed on base excluding payments for services pro-
vided before the pooled fund was established.

’ Average payment not computed on base of less than 50 recipients.

seeking solutions to these problems.

Part 2, Nov. 1951, pp. 20-25. 175

lins; The Physician and Health Serv-

NaTIonaL SociaAL WELFARE ASSEMBLY. cents. ices for Children in Schools, by —
Service Directory of National Or- PENNELL, MARYLAND Y.; Cameron, Baumgartner; and Mental Hygiene
ganizations Affiliated and Associ- Date C.; and Kramer, Morton, ‘he Public Health Program, by Paul V.

Lemkau.

ated with the National Social Wel-
fare Assembly, 1951. New York:
The Assembly, July 1951. 98 pp.
$1.25.

“A Year Under a New Program: Ala-
bama’s Aid to the Permanently and
Totally Disabled.” Alabama _ So-
cial Welfare, Montgomery, Vol. 16,
Nov. 1951, pp. 3-5.

Maternal and Child Welfare

Barur, GeorGE, and DEARDORFF, NEVA
R. “Maternity Service Under the
Health Insurance Plan of Greater
New York.” American Journal of
Public Health and the Nation’s
Health, New York, Vol. 41, Part 2,
Nov. 1951, pp. 44-55. 75 cents.

LunpquisT, Bircer. “Maternity Care
in Sweden from the Medical and
Social Point of View.” American
Journal of Public Health and the
Nation’s Health, New York, Vol. 41,

Bulletin, February 1952

“Mental Health Clinic Services for
Children in the United States, 1950.”
Public Health Reports, Washington,
Vol. 66, Nov. 30, 1951, pp. 1559-1572.
15 cents.

TAYLOR, Dorotuy W. “Evolution of
British Maternity Services.’’
American Journal of Public Health
and the Nation’s Health, New York,
Vol. 41, Part 2, Nov. 1951, pp. 35-43.
75 cents.

Health and Medical Care

Administrative Medicine. Edited by
Haven Emerson. New York:
Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1951.
1,007 pp. $10.

Fifty-five papers, including Reha-
bilitation: The Third Phase of Medi-
cine, by Howard A. Rusk; Direct Med-
ical Services Provided by the Federal
Government, by Joseph W. Mountin;
Sickness Surveys, by Selwyn D. Col-

HUNTINGTON, Emity H. Cost of Medi-
cal Care: The Expenditures for
Medical Care of 455 Families in the
San Francisco Bay Area, 1947-1948.
Issued under the auspices of the
Heller Committee for Research in
Social Economics, University of
California. Berkeley: University
of California Press, 1951. 146 pp.
$2.50.

A study of the burden of medical
bills on a group of moderate-income
families. Considers the characteristics
and income of the families, medical
expenditures, illnesses, prepaid medi-
cal care, dental care, and total ex-
penditures for health.

PALMER, WALTER LINCOLN. “Medical
and Social Problems of Population
—Trends and Implications.” Jour-
nal of the American Medical Associ-
ation, Chicago, Vol. 147, Nov. 24,
1951, pp. 1187-1190. 45 cents.

Table 10.—Old-age assistance: Recipients and payments
to recipients, by State, Noteaior 1951!

{Exclusive of vendor payments for medical and cases receiving only such

payments
= me hag Percentage change from—
Num-
State ber of sea 1951 seat ~ >: 1950
ients Total Aver-
amount age
—¥ Amount — Amount
'2, 705, 125|$120, 440, 700/$44. 52 | —0.2 —0.3 —3.2 —0.3
So mer a —-.9 —.6 —3.5 —.5
¥ x —.2 3 .0 1.5
14, 149 701, 195} 49. 56 (4 2 6 My 4 m3 7
60,446) 1,272,237) 21.05 | —1.1 —.9 | —12.1 —28.8
274,403} 18, 204,866) 66. 67 @) —.2) +1.2 —2.1
52,374) 3,716,094) 70.95 -.1 —6.7 | +2.0 —6.8
19, 346 1, 183, 872| 61.19 | —1.3 —1.2 —2.8 +1.2
1,608 48,919) 30.52 | +.3 +1.4 —1.2 +4.3
2,813 135, 497) 48.17 -.8 —.2} —1.0 +23.7
68, 799 , 629, 848) 38.23 | —.4 —.7 —.6 —3.4
95,753; 2,979,168) 31.11 ® —6.3 22.7
2, 262 75, 210) 33. 25 —-.7 © 7 —4.6 = 6
9, 489 478, 724| 50.45 | —.1 —.3 | —16.3 —10.1
Re 114,350} 5,400,978) 47. 23 —.3 +.3 —4.9 +4.8
| eR 45,522) 1,618,945) 35.56 | —1.3 —1.4 | —11.3 —11.8
Towa....... 48,799| 2,470,895) 50.63 —.2 (4) —1.3 +1.7
Kans....... 37,705} 1,877,207) 49.79 —.4 +.3 —4.3 —3.3
Ky.........| 66,188 1, 962, 765) 29. 65 —.4 —-.5 —2.5 +40. 9
. Se 119,148) 5,553,379) 46.61 () +.2 (4) —.2
Maine...... 14, 699 630, 060) 42. 86 —.7 —.7 —3.8 -3.8
ie, ll, 456, 527| 39. 86 —.4 +.2 —4.0 +3.9
iteenets 101,910} 6,543,434) 64. 21 () +.9 —.8 +3.5
Mich....... 94,640; 4,518,725) 47.75 —.2 +.4 —3.8 +.3
Minn.-_.... 54,641| 2,498, 764| 45.73 —.6 —.2 —1.9 +1.3
Miss__..... 58,109) 1,082,742) 18.63 —.4 —.1 —7.7 —11.0
SR 132, 5, 738, 850) 43. 33 (*) +.1 —.4 —2.0
Mont...... ll, 587, 670) 51.37 —.5 —.5 —3.0 —3.4
Dasancnl ae 1, 089, 538) 46.33 —.5 —.4 —4.2 +2.2
Nev........ 2,750 152, 269} 55.37 | —.5 —.5 | +1.0 +7.3
b Mb decceee : 308, 288) 43.87 —.6 +.2 —5.5 —9.6
* 22,657; 1,185,303) 52.32 —.8 +.6 —6.4 2.4
N. Mex..... 10, 730 421, 642) 39. 30 -.3 +1.6 .6 sins
heii 115,309} 6,405,721) 55. 55 —.1 +.5 —2.2 +1.9
Sil ioauces 472| 1,229,836) 23.44 | —1.0 —.4 |) —14.8 —9.9
N. Dak..... 8, 048 446, 920) 49. 95 +.2 —1.2 —L1 +.5
Ohio..._... 118,513; 5,818,909) 49.10 -.1 @) —4.9 +1.5
Okla....... 96,533) 4,724,385) 48. 94 —.3 —.1 —3.5 +4.4
Oreg....... 22, 1, 278, 612] 55. 73 —.2 +1.4 —3.6 +3.6
TEST 76, 866; 2,997,444) 39.00 | —1.0 —.1 | —10.1 —9.8
Ws ices 20, 162, 574) 7.76 | +5.6 +9.2 | +27.3 +31.8
wes aes 4 9,719 : oe ge —.4 +.8 —3.8 —.4
7 ‘ , 089, . 33 (®) +.1 +2.1 +4.9
8, Dak... 12, 034 492, 834) 40.95 —.1 (4) —1.5 +2.4
Tenn.......| 61,523 1, 894, 460) 30.79 —.8 +5.3 —7.5 —6.5
Tex_.......| 220,251 7, 239, 469) 32. 87 () +.1 —1.5 —1.7
Utah 9, 784 518, 969) 53. 04 —.3 —-.3 —2.0 +15.8
Vt 6, 951 271, 867; 39.11 +.3 +.5 +.7 +10.7
V.L. 656 7,300) 11.13 | +1.9 +2,2 11,2 +14.6
Va 19, 367 435, 838) 22. 50 —.5 —.2 —2.1 +2.1
Wash 68, 511 4, 249, 808) 62. 03 —.5 —4.2 —6.9 —7.9
*) aaa 25, 933 669, 120} 25. 80 (*) —.4 —4.1 —7.5
Wis... _.... 51,864) 2,490,554) 48. 02 -, +.4 —1.3 +11.7
Wyo....... 4,317 y 55.66 | +.4 +.2 +.1 —2.5

Table 11.—Aid to the blind: Recipients and payments
recipients, by State, November 1951 ' gs

{Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only such

payments] :
SS Percentage change from—
tre October 1951 | Novembe
ol ctober 1 ovember 1950
State | recip- in— in—
ients Total Aver-
amount age
J Amount —_ Amount
Total?_.._| 97,221 | $4,663,332 7.07 (’) | +0.5} —0.3 +43
Total, 51 } |

States*..| 97,172 | 4,660,716 | 47.96 | (3) +.5|+22.8| +05
| Ere 1, 529 36, 564 | 23.91) -0.2) +.9/) —.5 +9.0
Alaska... -- 11 Yeh + ae MSGS EW <n
BEB ireccce 760 41,275 | 54.31 +30) +3.0 | —15.0| 25
Ark 49,830 | 26.06 | —1.1 —.9| —6.6| —%99
934,777 | 81.55| +.3 +.4| +5.9 8
22,152 | 62.93} +.3/ +59] —6.6 +23
20,682 | 66.50; —1.0| —.6| +65] +154
9, 766 | 45.00 —.9 | —.2| +160) +170
13,440 | 51.30) +.4| —.1] —1L1] +4227
134,168 | 40.73; —.5| —.7|) =—L1 —5.9
103, 516 | 35.87; +.1| +.4] +3.0 tims
4,788 | 39.25; +.8| +.3| +151 21.3
11,240 | 56.20} —1.0| -—2.7] —3.4 +2.3
220, 367 | 53.58 | +.3 +.6| —3.4| +104
67, 257 | 38.65] —.5| —L1]| —7.0 —8.1
676,214 | 59.40) +1.3|) +1.3| +18 +5.9
32,423 | 51.46 | —.5 +.3|) —6.8 —5.3
79,579 | 31.54) +.6| +.3| 43.5) +486
83,608 | 44.69) —.5 +.6| +.3 +1.5
27,752 | 45.64 | —2.1 —2.3 | —8.7 -72.6
21,846 | 44.67| —.2 () +.8| +4107
121,182 | 75.50} +.6|) +1.2| +59) +4187
98,119 | 53.09 | +.1 +1.2) —.2 +3.9
1, 61.11 | +1.1 +2.4| +60] +150
65,791 | 23.45 | 0 +.1| —24 —5.8
141,850 | 50.00} +.4) +58) +.5| +4257
, 56.15 | +.2 +.1 +.2 —1.2
48,496 | 64.06 | —.3 —.2| +62) +165

2,138 | (°) (*) (®) (*) ®
034 | 49.13) +1.0) 41.3) —4.4 -5.7
46, 167 | 58.66 | +.4 +.6| 4+2.9/ +122
18, 261 | 36.02 | —.2 —.4| +14 +3.1
, 253 | 64.44) —.1 +.5| +.7 +7.8
153, 238 | 34.19 | —,2 —.4| +48 +5.2
6,468 | 56.24) 0 —11|} +18] +189
182,248 | 48.41 | —.7 +2.7| —2.9 +4.5
133,002 | 51.73| —.4| —.6| —5.6 +3.2
26, 274 | 67.20} 0 +1.6| +1.8 +7.3
| 614,637 | 39.74] +.2 +.4 —.2 +.2
3,564 | 7.39 | +4.6) +82) —4.4 5.7
| 10,427 | 55.76 | +1.1 +.3| +3.9 +44
44,870 | 27.87| ~.5| —.5| +23 +8.2
329 | 38.56) -1.8) —-1.7| —53| +14
103,025 | 37.50| +.3| +.4| +26 +15
| 222,728 | 36.89; —4/ —.3| —88 —10.3
12,804 | 57.94|—-1.3) —.9| +83/ +4222
7,626 | 42.60) +11) +1.2] —53| 447

4) ) | O | & 0) ®
46,473 | 30.92; —.3| —.3| —26 +14
846 | 64, 473 76.21 | —.4| 3.2) ~.6 —.6
33,483 | 30.95 | +.2 —.3 | +1.2 +1.0
| 72,912 | 53.69) —.7| —5| —25| +101
5,136 | 52.95; @ | —5.8| 110

' For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1951, p. 21. da
Pe indore tas reci a : subg
J ts under 65 years of age in Colorado and ts to
these recipients. payments are made without Federal pustidgetion.
3 Increase of less than 0.05 percent.
* Decrease of less than 0.05 percent.

30

1 For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1951, p. 21. Figures in italics
represent programs administered without Federa participation. All data sub-
ject to revision.

2 Data include recipients of payments made without Federal participation
and payments to these recipients in California (535 recipients, $44,902 in pay-
ments), in Washington (20 recipients, $896 in payments), in Missouri (about
1,000 recipients, about $50,600 in payments), and in Pennsylvania Ye recipi-
ents, $223,237 in payments). State plans for aid to the blind in Missouri and
Pennsylvania were approved under sec. 344 of the Social Security Act Amend-
ments of 1950 (P. L. 734, 8ist Cong.).

3 Increase of less than 0.05 percent.

4 States with plans approved by the Social Security Administration. Per-
centages computed on totals for States with approved plans in ve
months; the large increase from November 1950 is explained by the inclusion
of Pennsylvania, with its large caseload, beginning February 1951 and of
Missouri beginning October 1951. See also footnote 2.

5 Average payment not computed on base of less than 50 recipients; percent-
age change, on less than 100 recipients.

6 Excludes cost of medical care, for which payments are made to recipients
quarterly.

7 Decrease of less than 0.05 percent.

Social Security

Table 12.—Aid to dependent children: Recipients and payments to recipients, by State, November 1951
[Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only such payments]

Number of recipients Payments to recipients Percentage change from—
ae N a al Average per— October 1951 in— November 1950{in—
. e 0
families P Total
Total Children | amount Number Number
Family | Recipient of Amount of Amount
families families
NMS fu Bins nit Ge mea wareddnanance 591,992 | 2,041,955 | 1,520,430 ($44, 575, 407 $75. 30 $21.83 -0.9 —0.2 —8.9 -3.6
Total, 52 States ?................. 591,963 | 2,041,856 | 1, 520,360 | 44, 574,272 75. 30 21.83 -.9 —.2 —8.9 —3.6
ROOD. . pts che 20ds nauseated 18, 311 67, 150 50, 729 634, 582 34. 66 9. 45 “ +.2 —.5 3§
“RRR 678 2,131 1, 538 48, 439 71.44 22. 73 -.1 +1.0 +8.8

RRR REA Pai: 3, 709 13, 820 10, 314 73. 50 19.72 -.1 1.3 —12.0 —29.3
dniineetpitonniadiemtets. 2 13, 698 49, 213 37, 491, 990 35. 92 10. 00 —3.4 —2.9 —25.7 —35.9
IDG widens cctpbienascipallcngccd 55, 114 170, 860 127,976 | 6,331, 114. 89 37.06 —.3 —.3 © 3
Colorado. nditts secuas 5, 187 18, 994 14, 11, 240 98. 56 26. 92 —1.6 +8.8 —4.6 4
PRINUIG su» ahh dgaibiie sk nwincienat cn , 163 16, 895 12, 212 557, 910 108. 06 33. 02 —1.8 —2.5 —4.7 —4.3
SND. 5. «cbt eoas ons ckdeietions 711 2, 741 2, 098 79. 59 20. 65 +1.0 +1.3 +4.6 tE3
District of Columbia. ............... 2, 086 8, 423 6, 517 200, 592 96. 16 23. 81 —.7 —.3 —3.4 26.9
Ries 8. 2 ROE IEE SLES 20, 105 64,877 48, 275 907, 740 45.15 13. 99 —5.1 —5.3 —28.3 —35.4
20, 228 66, 851 51,433 | 1,008, 682 49. 87 15. 00 +1.5 +1.3 +19.0 +27.4

3, 225 11, 952 9, 301 268, 83. 32 22. 48 —.4 —.2 —15.2 —21.3

2, 150 7, 426 5,473 239, 019 111.17 32.19 -.3 —1.1 —12.1 —6.0

22, 517 , 000 59,267 | 2, 501,363 111. 09 31. 27 —.5 ® —2.9 +14.9

8, 809 29, 340 21, 669 584, 917 66. 40 19. 94 —2.9 —2.8 —2.8 —19.9

5,142 17, 975 13,350 | 506,514 98. 51 28.18 +.2 +.3 +.6 +26.0

4, 390 15, 537 11, 749 361, 536 82. 35 23.27 —1.5 —1.4 —15.4 —14.0
21, 440 75, 745 , 740 41. 84 11. 84 —1.2 —1.5 —10.6 +1.3

21, 910 79, 58,982 | 1,316,419 60. 08 16. 57 —.8 —.2 —22.2 —5.8

4, 364 15, 182 11, 082 319, 73.15 21. 03 0 +.2 +4.5 +3.2

5, 044 19, 471 14, 859 417, 637 82. 80 21. 45 —-1.5 —2.3 —20.9 —14.0

13, 074 43, 160 31,702 | 1,520, 116. 28 35. 22 +.6 +1.5 —2.0 +3.8

24, 541 79, 287 430 | 2,308, 981 94. 09 29.12 ® +1.5 5.5 +14

7, 689 , 029 19, 794 754, 865 98. 17 29. 00 —.3 ® —.6 +8.6

10, 205 38, 585 , 605 202, 337 19. 83 5.24 —1.2 —.7 —10.2 —2.0

22, 980 77, 666 57,061 | 1,193,836 52. 06 15.37 —1.3 —1.4 —9.8 —10.1

2,348 8, 125 5, 982 200, 536 85. 41 24. 68 +.8 +.7 -.5 +8.5

2, 938 9, 778 7,170 262, 365 89. 30 26. 83 —1.1 —.6 —16.5 —8.4

29 99 70 1,136 () () ¢) ¢) © ®

1, 482 5, 062 3, 695 152, 122 102. 65 30. 05 —1.0 —.2 —1L.1 —13.0

5, 044 16, 866 12, 765 498, 383 98. 81 29. 55 —1.2 +1.6 —4.0 +3.4

5,390 18, 550 14, 167 279, 370 51.83 15. 06 —1.0 —1.7 +3.7 —8.4

52, 630 176, 998 126,322 | 5,927,343 112. 62 33. 49 +.3 +11 —5.7 +2.0

16, 467 8 59, 765 45,7 764, 564 46. 43 $12.79 +.5 +.9 +4.9 +14.9

1,645 5, 839 4, 421 142, 633 86. 71 24. 43 +.4 —.2 —9.6 —19.9

13, 737 50, 487 | 37, 946 930, 116 67.71 18. 42 —1.2 —1.5 —5.0 —19.0

20, 425 68, 022 | 51,367 | 1,468, 215 71. 88 21. 58 —2.2 —2.1 —5.8 +32.6

3, 204 11, 000 8, 239 338, 685 102. 82 30. 79 —.9 —.3 —12.9 —10.9

| BREE a Sets | 34, 196 122, 893 91,307 | 2,980,398 87. 16 24. 25 —2.5 ® —25.1 26.2
DED, 5s<.~~<dncckancckiseed 13,330 | 41,177 | 1°30, 500 133, 890 10. 04 10 3, 25 +7.1 +16.8 14.3 +53.1
Ee 3, 206 11, 077 7,977 309, 975 94. 05 27.98 -.2 +1.5 7.4 ~1.5
SEENON DIE ELE 6, 503 24, 262 18, 811 248, 709 38. 25 10. 25 —.6 —.8 —4.9 +7.1
EDD... 5 cubdencdncuendad 2, 555 8, 293 6, 188 176, 734 69.17 21.31 —1.0 —.9 +5.1 +9.3
II ane ccvinesthiidiinen es 21, 087 75, 609 56,634 | 1,012, 195 48. 00 13.39 -1.7 —.5 —14.2 —13.8
Texas... ... 16, 531 63, 771 47, 491 806, 380 48. 78 12. 64 —4.7 —3.8 —12.5 12
Utah...... 2, 044 10, 233 7, 307, 360 104. 40 30. 04 -11 —1.8 —10.2 +13
oa nce ck acdsee 999 3, 478 2, 699 53, 695 53. 75 15. 44 —1.4 —1.5 —3.7 —3.5
ESS RRS hun oan 219 680 605 3, 552 16. 22 5.22 +9.5 +9.6 +42. 2 +52.3
525 iciw acing ok sch Takia 7,810 29, 086 22, 092 401, 981 51. 47 13. 82 —1.5 —1.2 —5.8 -.1
Sion « « doditskintaneseneds 9, 044 30,000 | 21,839 | 825, 005 91. 22 27.42 —2.8 -1 —20.3 —42.0
NEN 32-0 «i:s.sdpanenaaioonisll 16, 752 61, 768 | 47, 560 954, 350 56. 97 15.45 —.8 —1.0 —9.3 —6.3
titan cndhencamasacdcat 8, 335 28, 216 | 20, 748 927, 693 111.30 32. 88 +.1 +.6 —6.2 +6.8
SEE ais. a ais ecliccecmsaaans al 542 1, 952 1, 469 | 53, 200 98.15 27. 25 —2.9 —2.2 —6.9 —1L5

' For definition of terms see the Bulletin, Ee ean 1951, p.21. Figures in italics § Decrease of less than 0.05 percent.
era.

Tepresent program administered without Fed

ticipation. Data exclude * Excludes cost of medical care, for which payments are made to recipients

Programs in Florida, Kentucky, and Nebraska administered without Feceral quarterly.
participation concurrently with programs under the Social Security Act. All 7 Average payment not computed on base of less than 50 families; percentage

data subject to revision.

change, on less than 100 families.

‘Includes as recipients the children and 1 parent or other adult relative in 5’ Number of adults included in total number of recipients is partly estimated.
families in which the requirements of at least 1 such adult were considered in * In addition to these payments from aid to dependent

determining the amount of assistance.

funds,
mental payments of $118,278 from general assistance funds were made to 3,750

* States with plans approved by the Social Security Administration. families.

‘Increase of less than 0.05 percent.

1” Partly estimated.

PUBLIC ASSISTANCE EMPLOYEES
(Continued from page 21)
agencies administering the public as-
sistance programs and for the Social
Security Administration, the impor-

Bulletin, February 1952

tance both of raising basic educa- Only as the statistical data are
tional requirements for workers to be considered with specific reference to
hired in the future and of planning each agency’s problems and plans for
to develop all the potentialities of recruiting and training staff members
the workers now employed. will they have real meaning.

31

Table 13.—Aid to the permanently and totally disabled:

Recipients and payments to recipients, by State
o
November 1951 !
{Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only such
payments]
Payments to
recipients
State Number of
recipients Tels
0
amount | Average
Tota! 2_ 118, 284 | $5,431, 282 $45. 92
Alabama. 8, 695 191, 442 22. 02
“sae 3, 409 174, 371 51.15
| Sa 111 4, 646 41. 86
District of Columbia. .................. 1, 156 62, 615 54.17
Hawaii 1, 180 53, 859 45. 64
757 39, 407 52. 06
2, 108 102, 857 48.79
2, 123, 194 48.39
14, 538 570, 316 39. 23
2, 510 113, 832 45.35
582 23,721 44. 59
1, 003 59, 320 59.14
6 13, 468 19. 41
10, 155 469, 784 46. 26
, 229 55. 62
756 43,752 57. 87
‘ 74, 374 39. 39
27,018 | 1,641,740 60. 76
, 843 103, 777 27.00
579 32,779 56.61
4, 095 181, 030 44.21
561 24, 463 48.61
1, 640 110, 135 67. 16
9, 444 414, 074 43.85
’ 17, 730
162 9, 426 62.01
3, 492 111, 572 31. 95
118 , 746 40. 22
tah 1, 576 84, 497 53. 61
SR ea AR eae ea 187 7, 684 | 41.09
CA Ae ae 23 267 @)
RSIS EA a a 2, 639 90, 134 34.15
TR ON 5, 292 300, 386 56. 76
LU” Sees IER 1, 408 41,790 29. 68
Ln, EATERS HORT 840 53, 423 63. 60
Wy A SL aN 480 25, 442 53. 00
1 For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1951, p. 21. Figures in

i

italics represent programs under State plans not yet approved by the
Security Administration. All data subject to revision.

2 Represents States reporting plans in operation.

* Average payment not computed on base of less than 50 recipients.

32

Table 14.—General assistance: Cases and payment.
cases, by State, November 1951 ' lie

[Exclusive of vendor payments for medical ‘tae and cases receiving only such

payments
Payments to cases Percentage change from—
Num- October 1951 November 1950
State ber of in— in—
cases Total Aver-
amount age

—_ Amount ey Amount
Total?__| 316,000 [$14,629,000 |$46.31 | +1.6 | +1.5|—21.6] 21.9

ih dwawes 79 1,824 | 23.09 (3) > g (3)

Alaska. -.-. 51 2,899 | 56.84 | (3) @ 3) (3)
Py. ae 1, 145 44,186 | 38.59 | -1.5| —2.6| —22.8} —21.9
Pe 3 ae 2, 462 32, 13.09 | —1.0 —.3| —5.0 —4,0
ae 29,162 | 1,321,242 | 45.31 | +1.0| +14] —83 —2.3
CS ee 1, 707 67, 566 | 39.58 | +2.4| +5.7| —59.2| 61.3
Conn....... ,830 | § 199,663 | 52.13 | +24) +2.5 | —13.5 —8.6
Se 337 30, 049 | 35.90} +.1 +1.8| —19.4| 18.0
oO § ee 701 38,176 | 54.46 | —7.8 | —9.3 | —58.8| —49.8
ee 6 4,900 | is fy Oe RR RES RE
Ga.........| 3,456 | 58,801 | 17.01 | +2.7| +5.1| +5.0 +5.8
Hawaii.....| 1,925 108, 947 | 56.60 | —7.4 —5.1 | —52.0| 47.2
Idaho 7___.. 183 6,633 | 36.25 | —3.2| —5.3| —50.9] —57.6
Til..........| 27,450 | 1,586,751 | 57.81 | +1.6| +1.5| —25.0| 15.0
Ind.f__.....| 8,705 288, 446 | 33.14 | +8.4 | +7.4 | —21.2 —9.3
Iowa... ...- 3, 432 101, 037 | 29.44 | +7.8| +63) —9.4 —6.7
Pac.) Bis 93,365 | 44.00} +2.4| +53] —7.1 +.7
Se ae 9 2, 850 4 |. SO RDaRaR FE: SS
LS. ..i:.+-) - 08 230,471 | 38.46 | +.3| +18) —7.4) +302
Maine___--- 3, 060 133,980 | 43.78 | +6.5| +97) —16.1) 124
MR 3, 130 144,378 | 46.13 | —1.1 —.9 | —43.6| 40.0
Mass.......| 18,635 72,265 | 52.17 | —.4 —3.2| —11.5| 13.8
Mich. ...._. 20, 231 961,445 | 47.52} +4.9| +66] —98 —6.9
Minn... -.- 5, 518 284,518 | 51.56 | +5.3 | +9.2 | —10.2 | —.8
Miss... ._.- 917 11,223 | 12,24 |+10.7| +8.3 | +349] +415
| “Se Si 9, 627 289,860 | 30.11} —1.8/ —.7| —20.0) 318
Mont-..... 885 | 25,238 | 28.52} 4+7.5| —.4| —-208| 391
Nebr. ...... | 1,273 | 48, 062 | 37.75 | +3.5| +3.6|—13.2| +8
Nev........| €300} 8,400 | 28.00} —1.6| -—23|—-167} -®%7
Me...) 400s 51,012 | 39.06 |+15.4 | +117) -13.3) 120

j | |

N.J.9......| 7,258 | 417,660 | 57.54| —.1| —.1|—21.4| 207
N. Mex...-- 352 | 7,448 | 21.16 |-11.3 | —11.9| -70.0| 813
S ae 149,107 | 3,579,338 | 72.89} +1.3| —1.0 -23.1| 220
|< ee | 2,286 | 41,150 | 18.00 |+11.8| +5.9| —44.4|) 326
N. Dak-.--| 442 16, 930 | 38.30 | +7.8| +10.0| —42.6) 44.0
Ohio 4__.._| 20,179 | 794,507 | 39.37) +13) +3.1|)-100|) 168
Okla_..._..| 126,300 | 92,437 | (12) | (12) —1.9} (%) | 185
Cee . 4,375 | 251,004 | 57.37 (417.7 | +11.9 —14.7 —7.5
Pa__.......| 20,502 | 1,008,322 | 49.18| —.9} +20] —45.9|) 480
Je 3, 546 24,655 | 6.95 | —9.2| —14.8 | 44.7) —48.7
Cy a 4,367 | 244,778 | 56.05 | 44.7) —3.6 | —15.5|) —I15.1

i are ee 40, 538 | 16.83} -3.3) 5.5) (4%) | (@®
8. Dak..-_.-. SS YS a See Senn Pees
TOO. 5x55. 2, 215 28,713 | 12.96| +.2| +2.5| +1.3| +086
3 kame A DS aa eae Di cas A iio | awed
Utah_...... 1, 157 61,003 | 52.73 | +5.9 | +2.5 |+197.4 | +2307
pS | 41,000 |, RR ORR ESPEN ARRICS Pe
4 ae 230 2,282 | 9.92| +4.5| +65.1/ +198) +216
See 2, 384 61,490 | 25.79 | —2.3 —.1| —23.6| 185
Wash. -__.. 7,023 | 341,742 | 48.66) +5.2} +7.3| —40.0| 56.6
Wi. Vas... 4, 142 | 91,867 | 22.18 | —3.5| —3.2| —32.2}) 308
ee 4,817 | 246,781 | 51.23 | +4.3| +4.0/ —15.9) 127
WIGisnd~- 102 4,040 | 39.61 (3) @) | —60.3 | —64.5

1 For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1951, p. 21. All data
subject to revision.

3 Partly estimated; does not represent sum of State figures because total
excludes for Indiana and New Jersey payments made for, and an estimated
number of cases receiving, medical care, hospitalization, and burial only.

3 Average payment not computed on base of less than 50 cases; percentage
change, on less than 100 cases.

4 State program only; excludes program administered by local officials.

5’ About 15 percent of this total is estimated.

6 Partly estimated.

7 Excludes assistance in kind and cases receiving assistance in kind only an
for a few counties, cash payments and cases receiving cash payments. Amouni
of payments shown represents about 60 percent of total.

8 Includes unknown number of cases receiving medical care, hospitalization,
and burial only, and total payments for these services.

* Estimated.

10 Includes cases receiving medical care only.

U Includes 6,140 cases and payments of $181,721 representing supplementation
of other assistance programs.

13 Excludes estimated duplication between programs; 1,476 cases were alded
by county commissioners and 5,149 cases under program administered by
Oklahoma Emergency Relief Board. Average per case and percentage
changes not computed.

18 Not computed; comparable data not available.

4 Estimated on basis of reports from a sample of cities and towns.

ni ie... a oo a i tt ae a

SBreprococpwaweeuo

so

or

sos e 6S

Social Security in Review

1951 in Review

N OLD-age and survivors insur-
ance, monthly benefits totaling
$154.8 million were being paid at

the end of December to 4.4 million
persons—a net increase for the year
of 902,000 or 26 percent. Old-age bene-
ficiaries outnumbered those a year
earlier by 29 percent and accounted
for almost three-fifths of the total in-
crease. The year’s growth in the num-
ber of beneficiaries receiving the other
types of monthly benefits ranged from
20 percent for widows with children in
their care to 33 percent for aged de-
pendent parents.

Monthly benefit awards in 1951
totaled 1,336,000—39 percent more
than the previous high reached in
1950 and only slightly less than the
number awarded during the 5-year
period 1940-44. More than half these
benefits were awarded to retired
workers; new records were estab-
lished, however, for all types of
monthly benefit awards.

The increases in the number of
benefit awards resulted chiefly from
the liberalized eligibility provisions
under the 1950 amendments. These
provisions made it possible for all in-
dividuals to be fully insured until the
middle of 1954 with only 6 quarters
of coverage. Accordingly, the number
of persons insured under the program
has increased markedly—from 40 mil-
lion fully insured and 6 million cur-
rently insured at the beginning of
1950 to 60 million fully insured at the
beginning of 1951 and to 62 million
fully insured on January 1, 1952.

About 431,000 lump-sum death pay-
ments were awarded in 1951. These
awards were based on the wage rec-
ords of 414,000 deceased workers, more

than twice as many workers as in 1950
and more than the number repre-
sented in lump-sum awards during
the 4 years 1940-43. The large num-
ber of lump-sum death payments re-
sulted partly from the increased num-
ber of workers insured under the
program and partly from the provi-
sion in the 1950 amendments that per-
mits payment of a lump-sum benefit
with respect to the death after August
1950 of every insured worker, even
though there is a survivor eligible for
a monthly benefit for the month in
which the worker died.

Monthly benefits certified for pay-
ment in 1951 totaled $1,885 million,
85 percent more than in 1950 and al-
most triple the amount for 1949. This
sharp rise reflects both the higher
benefit rates provided by the 1950
amendments and the marked increase
in the number of beneficiaries result-
ing from the liberalization in the in-
sured-status requirements. Lump-sum
certifications during the year totaled
$57 million, 75 percent more than in
1950. The total amount of monthly
benefits and lump sums certified for
payment in 1951 exceeded by more
than $100 million the corresponding
amount certified for payment during
the 8 years 1940-47.

FEWER PERSONS were receiving public
assistance at the end of 1951 than a
year earlier under all programs except
aid to the permanently and totally
disabled. The decreases reversed a
generally upward trend that had con-
tinued for 5 years in the caseloads for
old-age assistance and for 6 years for
aid to dependent children. Total ex-
penditures for all programs, $2.3 bil-
lion, were also lower in 1951 than in
1950. The drop of $78 million was the

first decrease in total payments for a
calendar year since 1943. This de-
crease is especially noteworthy since
the 1950 total included the October-—
December quarter only for aid to the
permanently and totally disabled and
for all the special types of assistance
in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
The smaller total for 1951 resulted
from decreases in the annual expendi-
tures for payments of old-age assist-
ance and general assistance. Expen-
ditures for the other programs in-
creased.

Higher levels of employment and
wages in 1951 increased the possibility
of self-support or support by a mem-
ber of the family for many persons
who would have needed assistance
under conditions that prevailed a year
earlier. These changes were accom-
panied, however, by rising prices,
which exhausted the small savings of
some persons not benefited by wage
increases and made the income of
other persons inadequate to meet their
minimum living costs.

Reduction in the assistance case-
loads and costs due to the 1950 amend-
ments to the old-age and survivors
insurance title of the Social Security
Act began in October of that year.
The effect of the amendments con-
tinued in 1951 as the remaining as-
sistance cases receiving old-age and
survivors insurance benefits were re-
viewed and rebudgeted, and especially
as insurance benefits were awarded to
persons who became eligible under the
amendments. In February 1951, for
the first time, more aged persons re-
ceived old-age and survivors insur-
ance benefits than received old-age
assistance payments; by December
1951 the number of aged insurance
beneficiaries was the larger by 600,000.

i

Forty-five State legislatures met in
regular sessions in 1951; one addi-
tional State had a special session.
Many State laws were amended to
bring them into conformity with the
changes in the Federal law provided
in the 1950 amendments to the public
assistance titles. The amendment to
State laws that had the greatest effect
on public assistance caseloads was the
authorization of the new category of
aid to the permanently and totally
disabled. In some States, amendments
enabling the State to benefit from the
provision for Federal financial par-
ticipation in assistance to patients in
certain public institutions for medical
care brought small additions to the
number of recipients of old-age assist-
ance and aid to the blind. In most in-
stances, however, both of these
amendments effected a shift in the
type of assistance given rather than
the provision of assistance to new
recipients.

Other amendments of State assist-
ance laws reflected public and legisla-
tive concern about the high caseloads
and costs of public assistance in a
prosperous economy. Laws relating to
support of dependents by close rela-
tives were tightened in a number of
States. Eligibility for assistance, espe-
cially for aid to dependent children,
was otherwise restricted in some
States. In other States, the amount
appropriated for public assistance by
the legislature was so far below the
State agencies’ estimates of the
amounts needed that administrative
restrictions on eligibility or payments
were necessary.

The number of old-age assistance
recipients went down every month in
1951 and, at the end of the year, was
85,000 smaller than at the end of
1950. This 3-percent decrease is
roughly typical of the year’s changes
in the majority of the States; but the
changes in the other States differed
widely. The total number of recipients
leaving the rolls in 1951 was about
6 percent larger than in 1950. Despite
the continuing increase in the number
of aged persons in the population, the
number who applied for old-age as-
sistance was 19 percent smaller than
in the previous year.

Decreases each month since Janu-
ary reduced the number of families
receiving aid to dependent children

Selected current statistics
[Corrected to Feb. 29, 1952]

Calendar
Item December | November | December _
1951 1951 1950 ak:
1951 1950
Labor Force ' (in thousands)
a Cciiticdsiieccncnscctcndcucts 62, 688 63, 164 62, 538 62, 884 63, 099
RRR SARE Ae eae IRS 61, 014 61, 336 , 308 61, 005 50, 957
Covered A old-age and survivors in- j
a Se 36, 543 |.......--... 35, 164
Fin og a “State unemployment in-
surance *__.. 35, 400 35, 200 34, 400 34 32, 771
TRIO POEs eins Castdneicedinitinncicvesses 1,674 1,828 2, 229 1,879 3,142
Personal Income 4 (in billions; seasonally
adjusted at annual rates)
eR A Ee een Pusan $257.1 $256. 5 $241.0 $251.1 $224.7

ee, OS, SER ae 174.1 174.0 157.2 169. 2 145.8

Proprietors’ and rental inco piithbeie . 6 49.1 47.0 48.9 44.0

Personal interest income and i dividends acl . 5 20. 2 24.7 20.0 19.3

PUG Ge a iin Skok ss sicdecccdiccee 3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4

Social insurance and related payments? a 7.1 6.4 6.9 6.5

pg subsistence allowances * and bo-

Sadik wil d ol 1.1 1.6 1.2 2.2

sfivetinaeoes income payments ®_......... 4 2.7 1.8 2.6 4.5

Old-Age and Survivors Insurance
Monthly benefits:
Current-pa; t status: 1°
Number tin thousands) -................ 4,379 4,332 MOMET Tntnondaqunia ooceesiainn
Amount (in thousands) ..............-.. $154, 791 $153, 214 $126, 857 | $1,884,531 | $1, 018, 149
Average primary benefit... ..........-...- $42.14 $42.17 B48. 88 | .n-neccnveneltoncsdine
Awards (in thousands)
acl ratinliniieemnmenades 65 69 144 1,
Bid Oa cictnicctuioctcctsciccices $2,117 $2, 267 $4, 313 $42, 282 $26, 234
Unemployment Insurance *
Initial claims (in thousands). ...............- 1, 134 939 1, 087 10, 836 12, 251
Weeks of unemployment claimed (in thou-

IRE ri OT Ee ea eee ee 4, 306 3, 997 4, 225 50, 393 78, 654
Weeks compensated ted (in where me + ee is 3, 349 3, 297 3,328 41, 509 67, 860
Weekly ave ciaries (in thousands) __ 797 749 2 797 1,305
Benefits paid (in millions) "_.__............- $71 $69 $67 $840, $1,373
Average weekly payment for total unemployment _ $22. 03 $21. 86 £20.77 $21.08 $20. 76

Public Assistance
oy (in thousands):
Id-age assistance..............-.......... 2, 701 2, 705 ig AR Ee a
aid to dependent children:
UNL $6 Cubes se tnoonbchkncousceodacs 592 592 Dt Reisimcccaitna oscounian
ON ES EEE ee eae 1, 523 1, 520 RG hed daccns tends occcuuee
i rina ne tnaeanen 97 97 re i
id to the permanently and totally dis-
| RE Se SREY a SOP Nee 124 118 ee eS
. Siti al han et tags ila 323 316 BED lececcccccancissncunn
verage payments:
Cece aes patsy | S| S| PE fo -
‘0 en (per family). ..... ‘ : $ED |nddcordeccus ‘

Pe OS SE ae Oe 48.07 47.97 ye Oe

Aid to the permanently and totally disabled _ - 48. 45 45. 92 BEUE lowscccacccncicancatn

General assistance_.................-.---.- 47.08 46.31 Sj oe ee

1 Continental United States only. Estimated by
the Bureau of the Census, except as noted. oe
employment figures represent specific week and an-
nual figures, ane week (unemployment insurance
data re iod ins' week).

2 Estimated Bureau of Old- ve ‘and Sur-
vivors inomenes. “Date for November and Decem-
ber 1951 and for calendar year 1951 not available.

3 Data from the Bureau of Employment Security,
Department of Labor.

4 Data from the Office of Business Economics, De-
partmentofCommerce. Continental United States,
except for employees’ income, which includes pay of
Federal civilian and military personnel in all areas.

§ Civilian and military pay in cash and in kind,
other labor income (except workmen’s compensa-
tion), mustering-out pay, terminal-leave pay, and
Government contributions to allowances for depend-
ents of enlisted personnel. Excludes employee con-
tributions under social insurance and related

programs.
6 Payments to recipients under the 4 special public

by 59,000 or 9 percent from the num-
ber in December 1950. The decrease
from 1950 in the number of applica-

assistance ape raren and general assistance.

7 Includes old-age and survivors insurance bene-
fits; railroad, Federal, State, and local retirement
benefits; veterans’ pensions and compensation; work-
men’s compensation; State and rai unemploy-
ment insurance and temporary disability bent
and readjustment allowances to veterans under the
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act.

* Under the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act,

* Includes payments under the Government life
insurance, national service life insurance, and
tary and naval insurance programs, the Government
contribution to nonprofit organizations, business
transfer a, and recoveries under the Em-
ployer’s Liability Act for railroad workers and sea

men

1 Benefit in current- -payment status is subject to
no deduction or only to deduction of fixed
that is less than the current month’s benefit; cal-
endar-year figures represent payments certified.

ul Monthly amounts, gross; annual amounts ad-
justed for voided benefit checks and benefit refunds.

tions received during the year (16 per-

cent) was nearly as large as in old-age
(Continued on page 27)

Social Security

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Social Security Progress and Problems:
Report for the Fiscal Year 1951

ROAD public support of the
social security program was
demonstrated in the fiscal year

1950-51 by the overwhelming vote in
Congress for the Social Security Act
Amendments of 1950, which received
Presidential approval August 28. The
amendments represent a major ad-
vance toward social security’s long-
time goals. The recommendations
made in this report would make no
change in the basic structure of the
program, generally recognized as
sound. Rather, they would enable the
program to achieve the full scope of
protection that our economy can
afford.

One of the major gaps in our social
insurance defenses is the lack of pro-
tection against the wage loss due to
disability. Except during periods of
widespread unemployment, disability
represents the most common cause of
interrupted income. Recent data indi-
cate that about 5 in every 100 persons
in the population 14 to 64 years of age
are temporarily or permanently dis-
abled on an average day. About 60 per-
cent of the disabled individuals have
already been ill for 7 months or
longer, the duration of disability in-
creasing with age. Present protection
against wage loss attributable to dis-

ability is very limited. Partial insur-)

ance programs for special groups and
disability assistance can never give
the protection needed and possible
under a national system.

The other major deficiency in the
social insurance system is the lack of
public provision for meeting medical
care costs, though insurance is as ap-
plicable to these costs as it is to income
loss due to old age, unemployment, or
disability. The growth of voluntary
prepaid medical care plans is striking
evidence of the appeal of the insur-
ance approach. Helpful as such plans
are, they are restricted in coverage
and in the completeness of the pro-
tection offered. In 1950, voluntary
medical care insurance—nonprofit

*The report summarized here consti-

tutes a section of the Annual Report of
the Federal Security Agency, 1951.

Bulletin, March 1952

and commercial—provided protection
against only about 12 percent of
private expenditures for medical care.

Old-Age and Survivors
Insurance

In extending the coverage of the
old-age and survivors insurance sys-
tem and liberalizing its eligibility and
benefit provisions, Congress reaffirmed
the principle established in the Social
Security Act of 1935 that a contrib-
utory system of social insurance with
benefits related to earnings and paid
as a matter of right shall constitute
the basic method of preventing de-
pendency.

As of January 1, 1951, about 8 mil-
lion workers became newly covered
under old-age and survivors insur-
ance on a compulsory basis; another
24% million had coverage open to them
on an optional basis. At the close of
the fiscal year, old-age and survivors
insurance covered about 77 percent of
the Nation’s civilian workers. Another
9 percent were under the separate re-
tirement systems of the Federal Gov-
ernment, State and local governments,
and the railroad industry.

As of September 1950, payments to
beneficiaries already on the rolls were
increased by about 75 percent on the
average; benefits were made payable
to additional types of beneficiaries;
eligibility conditions were liberalized,
allowing many more aged persons to
qualify for benefits; and the ceiling on
monthly earnings in covered employ-
ment without loss of benefits was
raised from $14.99 to $50 and elimi-
nated for beneficiaries at age 75.

The intended function of the insur-
ance program is to serve as a primary
source of protection against economic
insecurity for the American people.
In February 1951 old-age and sur-
vivors insurance began providing
benefits to more aged persons than
were being aided under old-age assist-
ance. The insurance program can do
even more if it is further strengthened
and improved.

Coverage.—While the amendments

brought “regularly employed” farm
workers into the program, probably
only about 10 percent of all the people
who earn their living by farm work
have been included. Additional farm
workers should be covered, and the
provisions governing their coverage
should be simplified. The provisions
relating to domestic service should be
similarly extended and simplified.

Self-employed professional people
and farm operators were excluded
from coverage because Congress was
not sure that the majority wanted to
be covered. Interest in coverage among
these groups is increasing and will
continue to increase as they under-
stand what it would mean to them.

For the groups that are covered
under other public retirement pro-
grams—such as most Federal workers,
members of the Armed Forces, and
many employees of State and local
governments—the problem is differ-
ent. Those who stay in the same job
have protection. The worker who
moves from job to job, however, may
fail to remain in any single retirement
system long enough to acquire benefit
rights or he may qualify for more than
one benefit.

It is especially important that old-
age and survivors insurance be ex-
tended to members of the Armed
Forces. Most of them will acquire no
lasting protection under the service
retirement program, and their rights
under old-age and survivors insurance
are being affected. Immediate provi-
sion should be made for granting re-
troactive credit for service from the
end of World War II to the present,
and the long-term need should be met
by bringing servicemen under the
coverage of the program.

Since the passage of the 1950
amendments, the groups covered by
other public retirement systems have
shown a great deal of interest in old-
age and survivors insurance. Some
groups have proposed that they be
covered under old-age and survivors
insurance and that the special retire-
ment systems be placed on a supple-

3

\

Tue Socrat SEcuRITY ADMINISTRATION presents the following major
recommendations:

Our first objective in the field of income maintenance remains

a comprehensive, basic national system of contributory social insur-
ance. Such a system would assure continuing income to families
whose earnings are interrupted by unemployment, sickness, disability,
retirement, or death of the principal earner. It would insure families
against the individually unpredictable costs of good modern medical
care.
We possess in our old-age and survivors insurance and unemploy-
ment insurance programs basic protection against the risks of retire-
ment, death, and unemployment. This protection in the case of old-
age and survivors insurance needs to be strengthened by extending
coverage to all gainful workers, to bring the benefits of the program
to persons lacking such protection now, to avoid the losses in protec-
tion suffered by persons who move between covered and noncovered
employment, and to reduce future public assistance costs. Adjustments
are needed in the benefit formula to make it more responsive to in-
creases in wages and prices. Benefits to present beneficiaries should
be increased to meet at least the recent rise in living costs.

To close the gaps in our social insurance program, we need social
insurance to cover income loss in periods of sickness and disability and
social insurance to cover the costs of medical care. Existing provisions
against these two risks are grossly incomplete in coverage, and they
can never give the full measure of protection possible under a national
system.

To meet the residual and special needs that cannot be covered by
social insurance we should further strengthen the public assistance
program by providing, among other improvements, for Federal grants
to the States for general assistance, more equitable distribution of
Federal funds to the States in relation to their fiscal ability and public
assistance needs, increased Federal funds to meet more nearly ade-
quately the costs of medical care for public assistance recipients, and
Federal sharing in the costs of adult and family welfare services for
those who need and wish such services, regardless of their financial
need.

To increase our knowledge and understanding of the needs of
children we need an erpanded program of research in child life. To
make our increasing knowledge available to children in all parts of
the country we need appropriation of the full amounts authorized
for grants to States in present legislation to permit erpansion of health
and welfare services for children.

The Bureau of Federal Credit Unions should be put on a more
nearly self-supporting basis through amendments to the Federal
Credit Union Act increasing the amount Federal credit unions now
pay toward the costs of supervision.

mentary basis. This is the most eco-
nomical and feasible method of pro-
viding adequate protection.
Benefits.—If benefit amounts fail to
adjust promptly to increases in wages
and prices, more people dependent on
benefits will become needy, and in-
creased supplementation of benefits
by assistance will be necessary. The
1950 increase in the average benefit

4

did nothing more than restore the
benefit to the purchasing power it had
in 1940. Since then, however, the cost
of living has continued to rise. Bene-
fits could be related to rising wage
levels and to the wages that had de-
termined the worker’s standard of
living before his retirement if the
average monthly wage were computed
over the 5 or 10 consecutive years of

highest earnings. Benefits should also
reflect the number of years spent
under the program, and it is urged
that the annual 1-percent increment
be restored. Even with these changes,
benefit amounts will not keep pace
with rising wages unless the maxi-
mum on wages that may be credited
toward benefits is raised. Benefits
awarded in the past must also be kept
in line with current wage and price
levels; an immediate increase in bene-
fit amounts for both present and fu-
ture beneficiaries is recommended.
The amount that beneficiaries may
earn and still get benefits should also
be increased. Congress may also wish
to consider whether the age at which
the test of retirement is suspended
should be 70 years rather than 175
and whether women should be per-
mitted to qualify for benefits at age
60.

Hospitalization insurance.—Volun-
tary insurance plans cover only a
small number of the aged and other
beneficiaries of the old-age and sur-
vivors insurance system. The Ad-
ministration recommends that old-
age and survivors insurance be ex-
tended to provide hospitalization in-
surance for insured workers over age
65 (whether retired or not) and their
dependents and for survivor benefi-
ciaries. The initial annual expendi-
ture for the proposed benefits is esti-
mated to be less than two-tenths of
1 percent of taxable payrolls; it may
rise to about three-tenths of 1 per-
cent in 10-20 years.

Insurance against disability.—For
workers forced into premature retire-
ment by disability, the approach to
the problem must be twofold. A pro-
gram of disability insurance should
make rehabilitation services available
to all those in danger of suffering
permanent and total disability and,
during rehabilitation, should provide
cash benefits to support the disabled
persons and their families. Such 4&
program should also contain provi-
sions to preserve the retirement and
survivor insurance protection of dis-
abled workers. For those found in-
capable of rehabilitation, an insur-
ance program of income maintenance
during disability must be provided if
they are not to become a burden on
their relatives or have to turn to
public assistance.

Social Security

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Public Assistance

The 1950 amendments to the Social
Security Act represent a significant
forward step in defining the role of
old-age and survivors insurance as
carrying the Nation’s major income-
maintenance burden and that of pub-
lic assistance as meeting the needs
not covered or inadequately covered
by the insurance program.

Broader protection against need
was effected through adding to the
public assistance provisions a pro-
gram for aid to the permanently and
totally disabled. As of June 1951, such
programs had been approved and
were operating in 30 States. Other
changes enabling the States to meet
need more nearly adequately or more
flexibly included provision for Federal
matching of payments to the needy
parent or other relative with whom
the dependent child is living, of pay-
ments to needy persons who are
patients in public medical institutions
other than institutions for the tuber-
culous or the mentally ill, and of pay-
ments made by State agencies to
suppliers of medical care in behalf
of public assistance recipients.

The public assistance programs
have also been directly affected by
changes in the insurance provisions,
in that State assistance agencies have
been able to discontinue or reduce
assistance payments to thousands of
needy persons who became eligible for
insurance benefits or whose increased
benefits meant less need for supple-
mentary assistance. In the fiscal year
1950-51, for example, State agencies
discontinued assistance for 44,000 re-
cipients of old-age assistance and
almost 6,900 families receiving aid to
dependent children. Future potential
savings will of course result from the
fact that many persons who would
otherwise have had to apply for as-
sistance will be able to qualify for in-
surance benefits or will require less
supplementation from the assistance
program.

In June 1951, slightly more than 5
million people were benefiting from
federally aided public assistance, and
roughly three-fifths of a million
others were receiving general assist-
ance financed from State and local
funds. These two groups represented
about 4 percent of the total popula-

Bulletin, March 1952

tion. For the first time since 1945, the
number of assistance recipients and
total costs of assistance payments de-
clined during the year. About half
a million fewer persons were being
aided in June 1951 than in June 1950.
This number represented an 8-per-
cent decrease, with the sharpest drop
in general assistance. The decline in
expenditures was not so great as in
recipients. The upswing in employ-
ment and the liberalization of old-age
and survivors insurance would have
reduced expenditures much more but
for certain offsetting factors—the
continuing rise in the cost of living,
the expanded coverage of the public
assistance program, and the growth
in population, especially in the age
groups under 18 and over 65 years of
age.

A broadened insurance program
would, in the long run, substantially
reduce the number of persons depend-
ent on public assistance for their basic
maintenance, but an assistance pro-
gram for certain needy persons would
continue to be necessary. To make
the program more effective in filling
its primary objectives, the Adminis-
tration suggests the following changes.

Federal aid should be made avail-
able to States for general assistance,
so that the public assistance program
can meet the minimum requirements,
not otherwise met, of all needy per-
sons. Aid to the permanently and
totally disabled, while helping some
persons formerly dependent on gen-
eral assistance, does not provide a sub-
stitute for a federally aided general
assistance program. Federal grants
in aid for the new program will not
help States to finance assistance to
needy persons who are able-bodied
and unemployed but not receiving un-
employment insurance or who are suf-
fering from 4 disease or impairment
that is not permanent or total, or to
handicapped persons who are tempo-
rarily unemployed.

Federal matching of the total
amount spent for maintenance and
medical care is still limited to the
existing maximum in the individual
case. As a result, States in which
most assistance payments were al-
ready close to or above the matching
maximums can receive little or no ad-
ditional Federal money toward meet-
ing costs of medical care. If Federal

participation could be related to an
average amount per recipient (even
if this average were limited to the
present maximums) rather than to
the amount of the individual payment
within the maximums, more Federal
money could be made available to
help States meet the actual costs of
both maintenance and medical care.
Alternatively, the Federal share in
payments for medical care up to a
specified maximum could be deter-
mined separately from and in addition
to payments for maintenance.

States with low per capita income
are not only limited in their tax
revenue, but they also have a rela-
tively high proportion of persons who
need public aid. The formula for
Federal participation in State assist-
ance expenditures might be revised to
give low-income States additional
funds without unduly increasing total
Federal exp:nditures. The Adminis-
tration again recommends that the
formula be changed to permit a more
equitable distribution of Federal
funds, taking into account the fiscal
ability of the States and their assist-
ance needs.

State residence and citizenship re-
quirements still work hardships and
bar some needy and otherwise eligible
persons from public aid. Such re-
quirements should be prohibited in
State assistance programs approved
under the Social Security Act.

Adult and family welfare services
would help to prevent subsequent de-
pendency and other difficulties result-
ing from inability to cope with per-
sonal and family welfare problems.
The local public welfare departments
are in a strategic position to supple-
ment the services available from vol-
untary groups, where they exist, and
to supply such services in other locali-
ties. A separate Federal grant is rec-
ommended to provide such services’ to
those who, regardless of their financial
condition, need and desire them.

In extending public assistance
under the Social Security Act to
Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands,
the 1950 amendments set limiting
maximums on the individual payment
that are lower than those in all other
jurisdictions and also set a limit on
the total amount of Federal funds
that can be expended within a year.
The maximums set are the same as

those that had been established in the
1935 Social Security Act, and which
. for the States were raised by the 1939
and subsequent amendments. Puerto
Rico and the Virgin Islands have some
of the same fiscal problems faced by
low-income States under the 1935
formula; it is therefore recommended
that Federal sharing in their assist-
ance programs be put on the same
basis as that for all other jurisdic-
tions.

Children’s Bureau

In 1950 the Nation had 47 million
children under age 18, the largest
number in our history. Since 1940 the
number under age 5 has increased
55 percent, as compared with a 15-
percent increase for the total popula-
tion. During the same period, the
number of families increased by 7 mil-
lion. In 1950, families with three or
more children comprised 15 percent
of all families and had more than half
the children under age 18. The ma-
ternal death rate dropped 79 percent
between 1940 and 1950, infant deaths
dropped 38 percent, and deaths of
children aged 1-14 were reduced 41
percent.

The Midcentury White House Con-
ference on Children and Youth,
focused on the development of healthy
personality in children, was followed
by the organization of the National
Midcentury Committee for Children
and Youth to give leadership to the
follow-up program nationally and in
the States.

In its research program, the Bu-
reau reported on research in child life
under way throughout the country,
pointed out areas in which research
is most needed, and participated in a
few strategic research undertakings.
A new edition of Infant Care was is-
sued.

The 1950 amendments increased to
$41.5 million the amounts authorized
for grants to States for maternal and
child health, crippled children, and
child welfare services. The increase of
37 percent in the 1951 appropriation
made it possible for the States to ex-
tend their programs into additional
communities and, to some extent, into
new areas of service.

Services for mothers and children
under the State maternal and child

health programs continued their up-
ward ‘trend. State reports for 1950
show that 171,000 mothers attended
prenatal clinics, more than 258,000
expectant mothers received nursing
service, infants and preschool chil-
dren receiving attention at medical
conferences numbered 723,000, while
1,100,000 received public health nurs-
ing service. Nursing visits in behalf of
school children increased to 2,894,000.

Preliminary estimates on crippled
children served in 1950, based on re-
ports from 46 States, showed that ap-
proximately 215,000 children received
physician’s and related services dur-
ing the year, or 35,000 more than were
so served in 1949.

More than 250,000 children were re-
ceiving child welfare services from
public welfare agencies on March 31,
1951, about 3 percent more than on
the same date in 1950. Most of these
services are being financed by State
and local funds. In all, 4,146 full-time
child welfare workers were employed
by public welfare agencies in June
1950—8 percent more than in the
previous year. Forty-two percent of
the counties had full-time child wel-
fare personnel serving one or more
counties. The other 58 percent had
either part-time child welfare service
from general public welfare workers
or no public welfare service for chil-
dren.

To progress toward the goal of giv-
ing all children the opportunity to
develop their capacities for respon-
sible living will require the coopera-
tion of parents, individual citizens,
scientific and professional personnel,
and young people themselves and full
use of voluntary and official resources.
The program of research in child life
should be expanded; the authority of
the Bureau in this area does not now
include any provisions for grants to
research centers and research fellow-
ships. The Bureau has need of greater
resources for the type of research that
can best be conducted on a Nation-
wide basis. As part of putting our
present knowledge to work for the
benefit of children in all parts of the
country, the full amounts authorized
should be appropriated for grants to
the States for maternal and child
health, crippled children, and child
welfare services.

Special attention should be given to
the needs of children in rural areas
with limited economic and social re-
sources, in congested and deteriorated
urban areas, in areas affected by de-
fense mobilization, and in areas vul-
nerable to enemy attack. If a high
level of mobilization for the Armed
Forces is maintained, a maternity and
infant care program for the wives and
infants of enlisted men will be needed.
Other children whose problems re-
quire special consideration are those
in families with mothers employed,
low-income families, broken homes,
and families of agricultural migrants.
Increased provision must be made to
meet the needs of handicapped chil-
dren, emotionally disturbed children,
and youthful drug addicts.

Federal Credit Unions

Federal credit unions are in opera-
tion in every State, the District of
Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, the Canal
Zone, and Puerto Rico. The first Fed-
eral credit unions in Puerto Rico were
organized in October 1950. The credit
unions had 2.3 million members,
whose average savings were $175, and
total assets of $442.3 million, of
which $278.4 million was outstanding
in loans to members. During the year
the number of operating units in-
creased 444 or 9 percent; member-
ship increased 308,000 or 15 percent;
average savings per member rose $9;
and the amount outstanding in loans
increased 21 percent.

The operations of the Bureau of
Federal Credit Unions—chartering,
examining, and supervising the credit
unions—are financed in part by fees
paid by Federal credit unions and in
part by appropriation. An increasing
share of the costs of Bureau opera-
tions during the year came from ex-
amination fees. If the Bureau is to
continue its efforts to become more
nearly self-supporting, without im-
pairing its essential services to the
credit unions, an increase in fees will
be necessary. The Social Security Ad-
ministration has recommended that
the Federal Credit Union Act be
amended to provide a schedule of fees
that will be more closely related to
the credit unions’ ability to pay and
will not injure any credit union, large
or small.

Social Security

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Public Assistance Employees: Their Salartes

by ELLEN J. PERKINS and CHARLES J. LOPES*

How much a State pays its public assistance workers seems to
be greatly influenced by the general salary level for public em-
ployment in the State and by attitudes within the State toward
the public assistance programs and the workers who administer
them. On the other hand, salaries paid by a State apparently
have little, if any, relation to the general educational level of the
public assistance workers or to the State’s relative wealth. This
article discusses differences among types of social work positions
and among States in the average salaries paid public assistance
employees and offers some possible explanations as to why they
are among the lowest-paid professional workers. The education
of public assistance employees was discussed in the February

Bulletin.

ALARIES paid social workers
S suggest that the public considers
that the virtue of “doing good”

is its own reward. In mid-1950, per-
sons in social work positions—trela-
tively few of whom had full profes-
sional training—earned a median
salary of $2,960. This amount was
among the lowest in the Nation paid
to workers in professional jobs. As a
group, for example, the 75,000 work-
ers in all types of public and private
social work * earned about the same
as teachers and less than librarians
and hospital dietitians. Total com-
pensation of hospital dietitians, which
included the value of meals fur-
nished to them by hospitals as weil

* Division of Statistics and Analysis,
Bureau of Public Assistance.

*Unless otherwise specified, averages
used throughout this report are medians;
in other words, half the workers earned
more than the amount specified and the
other half less.

*Information on salaries of social work
employees was obtained in the Nation-
wide survey of all social work employees
conducted in mid-1950 by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics. Information for employ-
ees in full-time social work positions in
the State and local agencies administering
the federally aided public assistance and
public child welfare programs was ob-
tained in a study, also conducted in mid-
1950, made jointly by the Bureau of Public
Assistance and the Children’s Bureau of
the Social Security Administration, Fed-
eral Security Agency, as part of the BLS
survey. For further details, see Elizabeth
G. Epler, “Public Assistance Employees:
Their Education,” Social Security Bulle-
tin, February 1952.

Bulletin, March 1952

as their average cash earnings of
$2,820, cannot be determined but un-
doubtedly was higher than total earn-
ings of persons in social work jobs.
Librarians averaged $3,050 a year, and
teachers averaged $2,980 for the school
year.®

Among the several groups of low-
paid social workers, the 30,000 public
assistance employees, who averaged
$2,710 a year, were next to the lowest
paid (table 1); the only group earning
less in cash were workers with the
aged in institutions. With this excep-
tion, others of their social work col-
leagues did much better than the pub-
lic assistance workers. Social work
educators made the most ($4,710 an-
nually, on the average); workers in
community organization came second,
with an annual average of $4,360; and
psychiatric social workers in clinics
were next in order, with a median of
$3,920.

In the article on education of public
assistance employees published in the
February BULLETIN, two points were
made that may be worth considering
in relation to salaries paid workers in
social work positions: (1) There are
not enough workers with graduate so-
cial work education to fill all social
work positions; and (2) the public
assistance programs have not at-

*Information on salaries of librarians
(1950), teachers (1948-49), and hospital
dietitians (1949) from the BLS report,
Social Workers in 1950 (American Associa-
tion of Social Workers, 1952), p. 21.

tracted even their share of the work-
ers with some graduate social work
training. These facts on the training
of available social workers, combined
with data on the low salaries paid in
the field, can lead to an argument on
their interrelationship in the vein of
the old query concerning the priority
of the hen or the egg. Some persons
will argue that more of the better-
trained workers would be attracted
to employment in public assistance
agencies if the fleld were more re-
warding financially, while others will
claim salaries would be higher if most
of the workers available for employ-
ment were better trained. The fact
that salaries tend generally to be
higher in fields with larger propor-
tions of employees with social work
training may be used to support either
side of the debate.

Salaries of Employees

Usually, within any individual
State, public assistance employees in
social work positions in the State office
earn a higher average salary than

Table 1. —Em in —, work
posi

of eemean te le
cent of wor
ouap eoneeanm , by social work field,

Percent
2h.
Median
Social work field social
= salaries work
educa-
tion
Teaching petenee.....5-5 ------| 4,710 88
Conant ote ----| 4,360 50
hye with the mentally ill in ae ‘in
Work with te hysically handi-
oan eel 3, 870 31
a SS 63
Work with adult offenders. -..... 730 32
social work... _. 3, 370 80
Work with the mentally ill in
RE EE eer a 3, 350 73
ES 3, 210 37
Family services. ................. 3,170 69
Court services for --| 3,120 44
Other services to individuals.....| 3,060 43
a —— child welfare
ork - Se SS ft 66
Institutional child welfare work..| 3,030 47
Public assistan 2,710 22
Work with the aged in institutions 2, 490 17
Social Workers in 1950 ( Associa-

Source: American
tion of Social Workers, 1952), pp. 15 and 48.

those who work for the localities be-
cause State employees, being super-
visors of State and local operations or
consultants, are required to have more
specialized training or experience for
their jobs than are local employees.
The average salary also tends to be
higher in the larger local offices be-
cause only these offices have adminis-
trative operations that are sufficiently
varied to warrant the employment of
specialists and consultants.

In 1950, executives other than the
agency heads and field represen-
tatives—both predominantly super-
visory in function—earned more than
any other group of public assistance
employees in social work positions.
“Other social workers,” most of whom
were specialists and consultants in
social work, had higher average earn-
ings. than caseworkers and director-
workers, who head small local offices;
the “other social worker” group also
earned more than supervisors in local
agencies. Among the employees in po-
sitions most generally found only in
local offices, salaries followed the ex-
pected pattern, reflecting the degree
of responsibility, training, and social
work experience required for the job.
Directors, who headed local offices
with enough staff so that the execu-
tive head himself did not carry a case-
load, earned the most; casework
supervisors were second; director-
workers, who head small local offices
and carry caseloads, came third; and
caseworkers earned the least (table 2).

Executive heads of local offices.—
Generally speaking, the larger the lo-
cal office headed by a director or
director-worker the more salary he
makes (table 4). Director-workers in
one-man offices averaged only $2,649;

on the other hand, director-workers
heading offices with six or more em-
ployees earned $2,821. The lowest
Salary paid directors was for heads of
offices with five or fewer workers
($3,098, on the average) while their
colleagues directing larger agencies
earned proportionately more—up to
an average of $5,400 in the largest
offices with 51 or more employees. Al-
though salaries of directors and direc-
tor-workers varied widely, for three-
fourths of the executive heads the
earnings fell within fairly narrow
ranges—$2,200 to $3,400 for director-
workers and $2,600 to $4,200 for di-
rectors (table 3).

Other executives.—The salaries of
executives other than the heads of
agencies cover a wide range—from
less than $1,400 to $6,500—with two-
thirds of the workers earning from
$3,800 to $5,400. The greater diversity
in salary for these positions compared
with some of the others reflects the
variety of functions represented. The
group includes all employees in key
executive positions of an administra-
tive character with direct responsi-
bility to the executive heads of State
or local agencies, such as directors of
major functional units of the agency.

Supervisors.—The median salary of
$3,383 for supervisors is based on
earnings for 2,493 supervisors of case-
workers in local offices and for 390
supervisors of casework supervisors.
If each group had been analyzed sepa-
rately, probably the median salary for
supervisors of supervisors would have
been larger than $3,383, while the me-
dian for supervisors of caseworkers
would have been less. Almost 90 per-
cent of the supervisors were paid be-
tween $2,600 and $4,200 annually. No

Table 2.—Public assistance workers: Annual salaries, by position, 1950

Annual salary
Number of
Position socia howe | scone
employees iddle
ploy Median | Lowest Highest range !
Executives heads of local offices: ? |
a ea ener weientinidd 1, 332 $3, 550 | 3 $1,400 3 $6, 509 $2, 998-4, 103
Director-workers................-..-.... 1,741 2, 742 | 1, 400 5, 500 2, 452-3, 123
Other emewtives. ...... coco cn cs. c ces. 654 4,719 | 1,400 6, 500 4, 097-5, 140
RRS SIRES FTE SPE Ee epee 2, 883 3, 383 | 1, 900 5, 100 3, 041-3, 702
Field representatives. ..................... 500 3, 836 2, 100 5, 100 3, 568-4, 320
a inooescens 21, 973 2, 569 | 1, 400 5, 500 2, 267-2, 824
Other social workers... .............--...- 1,031 3,419 | 1, 400 5, 900 2, 905-3, 975

1 Range within which half the salarizs fell.
Pu Represents all executive heads of local offices, in-
ud
Exclu

a few working primarily on child welfare.
data on salaries of bende of State agencies.

§ Salaries coded in $200 intervals, from less than
$1,400 to $6,599 and over. Salaries shown as $1,400
represent salaries below that amount; salary shown

as $6,599, above thata mount.

Table 3.—Public assistance workers:

Number and percent receiving spec-
ified salary, position, 1950
Position and salary Number '| Percent

Directors, total _- Px 08 21,327 100.0
ame Bae Sate... nodineded 92 6.9
2,600-2,999 _ . - ee eee 241 18.2
3,000-3,399. ieaigutence 222 16.7
3,400-3,799. - . bas vs 286 21.6
3,800-4,199_ . e an 203 15.3
eg SEY ee ee 115 8.7
Sas ee Chee sacitatate 76 5.7
5,000 and over. - bedekboods 92 6.9
Director-workers, total_. 31,738 100.0
Less than $2,200 idnbuts 237 13.6
2,200-2,599 - emtiandenhnn 416 23.9
a ER 479 27.6
Od i ee ee ee 405 23.3
3,400-3,799. . m 153 8.8
3,800 and over. iodine: 48 2.8
Other ve — 651 100.0
Less than $3,400. ...........-- 63 9.7
PP ncakelccecdsmnenives 57 8.8
OS ae OEE PO ee 65 10.0
i ws wc csppittieinin micadiecciaieas 99 15,2
4,600-4,999__. tind 161 24.7
5,000-5,399. .. woe 95 14.6
5,400-5,799 _ _ . . 58 8.9
5,800 and over 53 8.1
Supervisors, total. - a. 2, 871 100.0
Less than $2,600. - sbtdbbn 132 4.6
... «,bihdeckpunsbotes 483 16.8
3,000-3,399_ . S49 29.6
FP ee eee ere 893 31.1
i » Santiondbabkipece 297 10.3
4,200-4, 599 - Oy nchethicnsiobinas 172 6.0
4,600 and over... RA ES OE 45 1.6
Field peerntires, & total 492 100.0
Less than $2,600. ...-. 6 1.2
. o dh. adneddnbukbeces 25 5.1
Po aaa 50 10.2
3,400-3,799_- Wee 2 0ktst She ben 150 30.5
3,800-4,199 sebogtbcten 114 23.2
Gs nose coddépsowudbocin 61 12.4
4,600 and over 86 17.5
Caseworkers, total 21, 898 “100.0
Less than $2,000.............- 1, 514 6.9
2,000-2,199 -| 3,096 14.1
2,200-2,399 --| 2,504 11.8
2,400-2,599 4, 435 20.3
eee eee ae 4,490 20.5
2,800-2,999 ‘ 2, 502 1.4
DPT Geld > ket deodrecses } 1,345 6.1
3,200-3,399 | 388 1.8
DI 6 ie ine acthecddbare 1, 169 5.3
3,600 and over..............--| 365 1.7
Other social penne total. | 1, 024 100.0
Less than $2,600. . peter 145 14.2
2,600-2.000. . 2... -scnccceus.. | 150 14.6
3,000-3,399. - 208 20.3
ACS one ayer 203 19.8
eae np EE SE a 116 11.3
4,200-4,599 . .| 116 1.3
4,600 and over 86 8.4

1In each group, excludes a few workers who did
not report salary information.

2? Includes 43 directors working primarily on child
welfare

2 Includes 128 director-workers working primarily
on child welfare.

tabulations were made of salaries ac-
cording to the number of workers
supervised, but a previous study*
showed no significant relationship.
Field representatives. — Variations

¢Vivian B. Norman and Dorothy R.
Bucklin, Personnel in Local Offices of
State Public Assistance Agencies, 1946:
Part I. Salaries, Public Assistance Report
No. 12, August 1947, p. 15.

Social Security

;
:
|
)

a | eg SOeOSBweonwnsd HWW HK SS AOeeK OO

< &

a

o.=P &

Table 4.—Executive heads of local
public assistance offices: ' Median
salaries, by number of social work-
ers in local offices, 1950

Number of workers Median
(including executive head)

Director-workers, all offiees............ $2, 742
IEE dtccubddcodesccdsevincisémwecedacdl 2, 649
a a 2, 742
DS cothuicnseccccdansiess.<oucnekt 2, 868
6or more workers. -...-..............-...- 2, 821
Directors, all offices... ..............-- 3, 550
Fewer than 6 workers.....................| 3,008
Sst tentenncstonswbcoauuchisdud 3, 463
ST EUIDs iccadkddedscntbsdddeveaseniht | 8,874
ei = ra in Re Ta 4, 400
61 or more workers. --..-............-.....- 5, 400

1 Represents all executive heads of local offices, in-
eluding a few working primarily on child welfare.

in the salaries of field representatives
apparently reflect interagency differ-
ences in salary levels more than any
other factor. Within most States, field
representatives are all of the same
salary grade, and intrastate differ-

ences usually reflect the periodic pay
increases given to workers for comple-
tion of specified periods of employ-
ment in the same position. In the
larger States with more complex ad-
ministrative setups, field representa-
tives may be employed at several dif-
ferent salary grades. Annual salaries
for this group of employees ranged
from $2,100 to $5,100, but more than
four-fifths earned $3,400 or more; the
median was $3,836.

Caseworkers. — The caseworkers,
who have the important job of work-
ing directly with public assistance
applicants and recipients, were the
lowest paid of all public assistance
workers, with a median salary for the
United States of $2,569. Although their
salaries ranged from less than $1,400
to about $5,500, more than three-
fourths of the caseworkers made be-
tween $2,000 and $3,000 a year. Three
States — California, Michigan, and

New York—which employed about a
third of the country’s public assist-
ance caseworkers and paid relatively
high salaries, pushed up the median
for the Nation. The median salary, ex-
cluding these three States, was $2,442.

Most public assistance agencies give
periodic raises to workers who stay in
the same position. These periodic in-
crements explain much of the varia-
tion in the salaries of caseworkers.
For the country as a whole, casework-
ers’ salaries and their length of em-
ployment with their present agency
were directly related, as shown below.

Years with agency Median annual salary

Leos tam 1... tGndss codacueaane $2,288
1-BD | de cccccccetdvubss shaueneeien 2,523
O-48 | cececciccannspie ne tasaennae 2,568
B-OD sr. cc ccccckdlinhs ccctadennane 2,594
10-19D ..cccccckbutonccsveswoeun 2,852
20 OF WROED. oo 2 sic erp esbeccceuuenes 3,414

If these increments were the only

Chart 1.—Public assistance caseworkers: Median salary, by State, 1950

MEDIAN SALARY
GHB $2,800 ano over
GER 2,400-2,799
E33 2,000-2,399
UNDER 2,000
(C—] wor compuTen; BASE TOO SMALL
UNITED STATES MEDIAN SALARY - $2,569

Bulletin, March 1952

explanation of the variations in salary employment, when employees reach
by length of employment, a leveling the maximum of their salary range,

off would be expected at 3 or 5 years of

but no increase for longer service

Table 5.—Executive heads of local public assistance offices: Median salary
and size of office, 1950

Number of Total Executive heads by number of social work
Median social work | number of employees in local offices !
State salary | employees | executive
in median-} heads of
Size office ! | local offices 1 2 3-5 6 or more
Total and per-
cen! dis-
tribution !_ _- $3, 033 4 23,073 18.6 17.7 31.9 31.9
States with 100 or
more executive Percent
heads of local
pihtielintititets 2, 734 2 160 35.6 30.0 25.6 8.8
Iilinois........... 3, 515 7 103 1.0 11.7 34.0 53.4
| ERE RRR EERE 2, 940 3 123 29.8 29.8 28.1 12.4
Kamsas_-_-........ 2, 818 3 100 29.0 24.0 29. 0 18.0
Massachusetts 3__ 2, 958 2 156 40.4 20. 5 24.4 14.7
Michigan _.-..... 3, 164 4 140 17.9 18.6 30.0 33.6
Missouri _.......- 2, 492 5 113 9.7 12.4 54.0 23.9
6 2, 697 4 246 22. 4 16.3 30.1 31.3
SE 2, 829 3 119 37.0 18.5 26.9 17.6
Wisconsin - _..... 3, 569 4 101 11.0 13.0 55.0 21.0
States with 50-99 Number
executiveheads
of local offices: |
Alabama-..-..-..- 3, 260 5 65 0 | 2 40 23
Savecece 2, 274 3 74 2 | 34 36 2
California... ..._- 4, 425 19 64 2 | 6 8 44
Colorado. ....-..- 3, 026 3 61 21 yg 15 16
Indiana-__........ 3, 071 5 91 1 | 4 51 35
inipianions 4, 029 10 60 0} 0 6 of
Minnesota. -..... 3, 567 4 90 12 | 19 40 | 16
Mississippi_-- -.. 2, 508 5 82 3 | 10 50 | 19
Montana-......- 2, 846 2 50 | 29 | ll 5 | 5
Nebraska --...... 2, 497 3 82 | 17 | 35 24 6
New York_-_-_--... 4, 083 20 65 | 0) 0 4 61
North Carolina _. 3,410 5 OF 3 17 40 34
Oklahoma- ---..- 2, 982 y 74 | 2) 5 17 50
Pennsylvania_-___ 4, 200 12 | 82 | 1 6 18 57
Rico_._..- 1, 935 3 71 2 34 27 7
South Dakota... - 3, 096 2 59 30 15 8 3
Tennessee -_.-... 2, 700 4 92 9 20 39 24
States with fewer
than 50 execu-
tive heads of
local offices: 4
Alaska 5 2 2 1 | 0
14 0 | 2 7 5
13 0) 0 0 13
12 0 0 0 12
3 0 0 0 3
30 14 5 8 3
5 33 (®) () (*) (®)
il 0 0 2 9
20 1 2 + 13
8 0 0 2 6
7 3 2 5 27
30 5 3 13 9
SE kt Ee REN 49 33 ll 4 1
if Silda dena belie dpkaaaip aa cenwtiticreininin 32 7 2 10 13
OS) a Be Se 5 0 | 0 0 5
., , RR eee 45 0 | 0 14 31
518 8 | 2 7 1
25 11 | 4 7 3
5 0 | 0 0 5
29 0 | 1 6 22
8 0 | 0 0 s
23 13 5 5 0

1 Medians and percentages based on data excluding
a few employees who did not report salary or size of
local office

2 ents all executive heads of local offices,
inclu a few working primarily on child welfare.
Differs from total number of local offices administer-

ing public assistance and child welfare services in the
United States. Some local-office heads did not sub-
mit data; some positions were vacant; and more than
one was re for some local offices. No
State data are s for Nevada and the Virgin
Islands, for which no heads of local offices were
reported, and for Delaware and the District of

10

Columbia, which have no local offices. Includes one
director reported for the agency in the District of
Columbia. Includes also a few —— who did
not report data on salary or size of office.

3 Excludes data for 166 local offices, 105 of which
have no full-time executive head; the other 61 did not
report data on executive head.

* Nocomputations made for States with fewer than
50 employees.

5 Includes only heads of local child welfare services
offices. Nolocal-office heads were reported for public
assistance.

* Data not reported.

should be expected to occur. The
larger average salaries for persons em-
ployed 10 years and longer reflect not
a Nation-wide tendency to continue
to increase salaries for service beyond
5 years but the influence of a few
States—notably New York—with com-
paratively high salaries and a large
number of long-time employees. Of
the more than 4,500 workers in the
country who had been with their pres-
ent agency 10 years or more, more
than one-fourth were employed in
New York, where the salaries of more
than two-fifths of all caseworkers
were $2,800 or more and where most
of the lowest-paid workers earned as
much as the average salary in other
States.

“Other social workers.”—The group
classified as “other social workers,”
like that of “other executives,” is
heterogeneous in the functions repre-
sented, and their salaries vary widely
as a result. Included in this group are
the medical and psychiatric social
workers, other special social work con-
sultants, researchers, and other em-
ployees in social work positions who
do not carry caseloads and are not in
key executive or administrative posi-
tions. Like the “other executive”
group, these employees were fairly
evenly distributed over a wide salary
range; their median annual pay was
$3,419.

State Variations

Salaries of public assistance work-
ers in 1950, like almost everything
else related to the assistance pro-
grams, varied widely among the
States. Median salaries that are sta-
tistically reliable ° could be computed
for 27 States for directors and direc-
tor-workers combined. Salaries paid
to all executive heads in these States
ranged from a median of $1,935 in
Puerto Rico to $4,425 in California;
the median State was Oklahoma,
where the average executive’s salary
was $2,982 (table 5). When the 27
States are distributed by size of sala-
ries earned by executive heads of local
agencies, they fall in the following
groups.

5 Medians were not computed for States
with fewer than 50 employees in the speci-
fied groups (executive heads and case-
workers), since valid interstate compari-
sons cannot be made on small numbers.

Social Security

OER eee

Ye Bae Se = FU! lllUCCUlUOOO UC”

whet ses s

\-

\-

Median salary
gofexecutive | Number State
heads

Less than $2,500 4 | Nebr., Mo., Ark.,P.R.

2,500-2,999....... 10 | Okla., Mass., Lowa,
Mont., Va., Kans.,
Ga., Tenn., Ohio,
Miss.

3,000-3,499_...... 6|N. C., Ala., Mich.,
8. Dak., Ind., Colo.

3,500-3,000....... 3 | Wis., Minn., Ill.

4,000 and over 4 | Calif., Pa., N. Y., La.

The direct relation between the
salary of an executive and the size of
the office that he heads seems ap-
parent in a State-by-State compari-
son, as it is for the Nation as a whole.
Only a few States, however, had
enough directors and director-work-
ers to permit valid statistical conclu-
sions. Still, the States with the lowest
median salaries appear, by and large,
to be those with more small offices,
while those with the highest salaries
seem to have a majority of large
Offices.

For caseworkers, median salaries
could be computed reliably for 44
States. Caseworkers’ earnings aver-
aged from as little as $1,380 a year in
Puerto Rico and $1,956 in Arkansas to
$3,279 in the District of Columbia and
$3,088 in Hawaii (table 6); the State
paying the highest median was Wash-
ington ($3,059). Average salaries for
the other States fell between these
amounts, as shown below.

Median salary |
ef caseworkers | Number State
Less than $2,000. | 3 | P.R., Ark., R. 1.
2,000-2,399_...... 17 | Mo., Miss., Nebr., N.
| H., Md., Ga. W.
Va., 8. C., Va., Ky.,
Iowa, Ala., N. Mex.,
| Colo., Conn., Ind.,
Mont.
2,400-2,799_ ...... 18 | Tenn., N. C., Kans.,
Okla., La., Pa., Ohio,
Ill, Fla., Mass., N
J.,Ariz. Utah, Oreg.,
| Wis., Mich., N. Y.,
Calif.
2,800 and over... 6 | Maine, Minn., Texas,

}
| Wash., Hawaii, and
| D.C.

| |

In general, salaries were compara-
tively low in New England, the South-
east, and the Northwest, about aver-
age in the Central States, and highest
in the middle-eastern States, the
Southwest, and the Far West (chart
1). Within some regions, however,
there was great disparity in salary
levels. In New England, for example,
Maine paid caseworkers the sixth

Bulletin, March 1952

highest average salary in the Nation,
while Rhode Island paid an average
below that for all other States except
Arkansas and Puerto Rico. In the
Southwest region, Texas had the
fourth highest average salary for case-
workers in the Nation, while its neigh-
bor, New Mexico, ranked twenty-
ninth.

Table 6.—Public assistance caseworkers:

Reasons for State Variations
Presumably the considerable inter-
state variation that exists in salaries
paid public assistance workers should
be traceable to differences in the edu-
cational background of workers, in
State fiscal ability, in general salary
levels for public employment within a
State, or in another important factor

Annual salary, by amount,and median

salary, 1950

Total Amount of annual salary
State number of Median
case-
workers | Mss (han 2200290 |, —_—o
Total number and percent- |
age distribution !......... 21,973 6.9 26.0 40.8 26.3 $2, 569
Percent with specified salary !
States with more than 100
caseworkers
Ss 04.0 socteuuensenentate _ it ee 72.8 Fis Unaniaitaniiielanins 2, 273
ARB. Snkis -ctdiicdititit 156 | 64.1 35.9 1, 956
California sadam 2, 068 5 9.3 42.9 47.3 2, 784
RE PS eh en a 58.7 37.8 3.5 2,360
Connections... .cccosscccesans a 60. 9 32.3 6.8 2,364
wevesceus oganeee gS 20.5 Fae th Locneptienenth 2, 578
Georgia - . SSacecinehks 300 | 33.0 34.0 31.7 1.3 2,170
TT i ocinenimnanatsieaaaiel 1,010 4.9 28.9 52.7 13.6 2, 531
Indians. ESE ¢ 416 | 12.7 38.5 29.6 19.2 2, 382
BRIT. ni cteiunnmapnibendniell 220 1.8 94.5 1.8 1.8 2, 244
A wniniswongiwaloanamenaed 295 23.4 18.0 4 yp ee 2,429
RGU . 5s tsbudssdisoniel 262 | 8 98.1 LS Mika 2, 241
la eae 6 BA 691 | “1 46.2 24.7 23.9 2, 438
IIL... 0s Wb wcdbsucc seus 262 | .8 72.1 25.2 1.9 2,160
Massachusetts...............- 586 9.5 25.9 28.3 36.3 2, 591
Sinirceccuhinacgdaennes 1,054 2.0 2.9 60.7 34.4 2, 726
NR i wondicddgabinnin 343 et: Oe: 7.6 36.3 %.1 2, 872
DE. ccammennocieitibina’ 225 | 34.2 YS 5 en 2.7 2, 051
EE AGS SE 624 | 45.2 43.9 10.3 -6 2,029
OO ae 181 36.5 55.2 7.7 .6 2, 058
Wel ME << ccoccscaaseeaten 260 2.7 14.6 55.0 27.7 2, 598
et ee ee 906 hivicckd~.. cl 55.8 44.2 2, 308
) Eee ee eats 4, 343 1.8 9.9 44.9 43.5 2, 767
North Carolina..............- gS eae” 48.7 49.2 2.2 2,407
CORR contienuntncsqniebiiien 1,031 9.7 14.5 71.3 4.6 2,487
CE. cocccunascccseoesen 623 10.1 29.2 GOT Viccsesecbeun 2, 435
QUID sn tittcadinananpnabeticniind BO bicnees~- kh 1.0 64.2 34.8 2, 662
Pennsylvania. -.-.-............. Pg ens 42.0 42.8 15.2 2, 452
Pusrte ee. Wo hss 132 98. 5 3. OS hie Ld hee 1,380
DN EEE ORETISS 135 61.5 22.2 ) 3 4S eee 1, 963
South Carolina. -.............. 255 1.2 97.6 We S Wareusgeunan 2, 202
ee EE ee ee 326 .6 49.1 47.9 2.5 2,401
pa canasuanashateeuennte GES fecacccaccsiialinenae 15.9 $4.1 2, 881
OR ER Ee. | 214 | 24.3 38.8 33.2 3.7 2, 213
5 RR RRB Spine ee Se ar ee 26.3 73.7 3, 059
West Virginia. ............... 206 37.4 33.0 yf See re 2,198
Cj Eee 356 1.7 16.1 42.0 40.3 2, 697
| Number with specified salary
States with 50-99 caseworkers:
MMUIUEIS « o'. adccapctcctcctbeie 62 | 0 23 38 1 2, 606
District of Columbia.......... 55 | 0 0 0 55 3,279
I eines nihehitetinanidauidutints 88 | 0 0 13 75 3, 088
RR EES SIO TE FS | 85 | 0 0 33 52 2, 863
DED, .. dntitncinnbanesitenee 50 | 0 26 24 0 2,392
New Hampshire. -_............ 53 | 17 34 1 1 2, 146
Bi nk tintttclitaentnititeodad 60 | 0 12 48 0 2, 646
States with fewer than 50 |
caseworkers: ?
I aici aia 0 | 0 0 0 © bicnpccmtone
p> EMRE EF: 25 | 3 11 9 ewig ond
RE. .. b pnncecdunntiitiecuagaiiie 44 0 0 29 ) | £ ene
SS ion cs biel ccarepaiaaannel 13 | 0 0 0 WP Toceceacnnsek
North Dakota. ............... 33 | 0 1 23 O38. «:5at4-2...
South Dakota................ 42 | 0 3 39 YS
VORMNGING: .. . i cwidscacddethbed: 23 | 0 2 18 we taken
Virgin Islands. .........-..-.. 5 | 5 0 0 @ hoe
WOE oc causasnasanuien 17 | 0 0 4 Se ee

1 Based on data excluding a few employees who did

not report amount of ‘

No computations made for States with fewer than

workers.

50 caseworkers; Alaska, which operates the lic
assistance program through fee agents, had =

Table 7.—Distribution of States by

median salary and amount of edu-
cation of public assistance case-
workers

Number of States, by median salary
Percent with
8 |

Less $2, 800

better! | Total | than mired and
$2, 000 | over

Total..... 244 leek | 6
Less than 25... 4 1 Se Lh eedtt
Wiis.saie! 8 1 2 Pik cts:
50-74.5_....... _ 8 ewes 7 9 | 4
75and over.... 12 1 5 4 | 2

1 Data include caseworkers with bachelor’s degree
only, with bachelor’s degree and some graduate social
work study, and with graduate-level courses but no
bachelor’s

2 Medians not computed for States with fewer than
50 caseworkers.

less easily measured than the others—
that is, public attitudes towards the
work public assistance employees are
doing. But exploration of these several
factors affords no easy explanation of
the State differences. Possibly the
effects of all are so intermeshed that
the relationship of any one to salary
levels is difficult to isolate.

Interstate differences in the educa-
tional background of public assistance
workers cannot be used to explain
State salary differences. A distribution
of States by caseworkers’ salaries and
education is given in table 7. In 19 of
the 24 States paying a median salary
of $2,400 or more, at least half the
caseworkers had a bachelor’s degree
or better.° On the other hand, all but
seven of the 20 States paying less than
$2,400 also had college graduates in
half or more of their casework jobs,
and one State, paying an average of
less than $2,000, had college-trained
workers in 9 out of 10 jobs. Of the 12
States that had persons with a bache-
lor’s degree in as many as 3 out of 4
jobs, six paid less than $2,400 and six
paid $2,400 or more.

The relative fiscal ability of the
State as reflected in per capita income
also seems to have little controlling
influence on State salary differences.
States paying the larger salaries * for
caseworkers were almost equally di-

* Data include caseworkers with bache-
lor’s degree only, with bachelor’s degree
and some graduate social work study, and
with graduate-level courses but no bache-
lor’s degree.

The average used here is the median of
the State median salaries.

12

vided between those above the na-
tional averagé in income and those
below. Similarly, the number of poorer
States paying above-average salaries
to caseworkers was almost as large as
the number paying comparatively low
salaries.

While differences in the educational
background of the workers and the
relative fiscal ability of the States
seem to give little help in explaining
interstate differences in salaries, gen-
eral salary levels for public employ-
ment within States and public atti-
tudes appear to have an important
influence on what States pay their
public assistance workers.

In an attempt to determine the re-
lationship between salary levels paid
to public assistance workers and to
persons in other similar public jobs,
comparisons have been made, State by
State, between salaries paid directors
and school principals and between
amounts paid caseworkers and teach-
ers. In both comparisons, the public
assistance workers—who have less
professional training, as a group, than
public school employees—came out
second; that is, principals generally
made more than directors, and teach-
ers were, on the whole, better paid
than caseworkers. Principals received
higher average salaries than heads of
local public assistance offices in about
three-fourths of the States with
roughly comparable salary data for
both groups. Teachers did better fi-
nancially in about two-thirds of the
States with comparable data.

Although public assistance workers
did less well in salary, relatively, than
the school principals and teachers,
there is enough relationship between
the salaries paid the two groups to in-
dicate that the salary level for public
workers within the State is one factor
affecting the earnings of public as-
sistance workers. Of 36 States with
roughly comparable data for salaries
of teachers and caseworkers, two-
thirds had the same general salary
level for both groups; one-third of the
States paid above-average ® salaries to
both and another third paid below-
average salaries.

It is difficult to measure the effect
of public attitudes on salaries paid to

* The average used here is the median of
the State mean salaries.

public assistance employees. That
they probably are an important factor
in most States is shown by the fact
that, in 25 of 42 States, those paying
below-average salaries made below-
average assistance payments and less-
than-average fiscal effort to support
the public assistance programs, as
measured by the percent of income
used for assistance payments. Simi-
larly, those with above-average sala-
ries were also above average in size of
assistance payments and fiscal effort.

Of the 21 States that paid above-
average salaries to their public as-
sistance caseworkers, 15 also made
payments to their aged assistance re-
cipients that were greater than the
national average; 13 of these 15 States
had to give more-than-average finan-
cial support to their public assistance
programs in order to maintain them
at those levels. On the other hand, 14
of the 21 States paying less-than-
average salaries also gave assistance
at levels below the national average;
in 12 of these 14 States the financial
support given to the public assistance
programs was less than average (table
8). Among the 21 States paying the
lower salaries, only seven made more-
than-average effort to support the
public assistance programs, whereas
all but six of the States paying above-
average salaries had to exert relatively
large fiscal effort to finance the pro-
grams.

It would be risky, on the basis of
this comparison, to classify any State
as to its attitude toward public as-
sistance and the workers who admin-
ister it, since factors not immediately
evident may be affecting the State’s
position in the Nation as to salaries,
effort, and average payments. Roughly
speaking, however, the pattern indi-
cates that States are motivated more
by what they want to do about public
assistance than by their relative fiscal
capacity.

This is not to say that all States
could do equally well if they wanted
to. Especially in States with limited
income, there undoubtedly is not
enough money to administer all State
functions at adequate or nearly ade-
quate levels. These States have to
weigh an increase in one program
against its cost to other public serv-
ices. Although the problem is greatest
in the lowest-income States, such

Social Security

' waeoahUmhSer|hCUmF es aa a.

tt - = &

ereomotaometgw.+

Ome: @

e

Fares teaaanu ES

ned

choices must be faced in varying de-
grees in all States.

Changes in Salaries, 1946-50

Public assistance salaries have in-
creased recently, but the increases do
not, on the whole, represent a tend-
ency on the part of the public to put a
higher premium on services rendered.
Salaries paid to public assistance
workers were higher in 1950 than in
1946,° but in general the increases did
little more than keep up with the in-
crease in the cost of living, which went
up 27.7 percent between the 2 years.
Salaries for field representatives were
increased 27.9 percent, and those for
caseworkers, 29.7 percent. Salaries of
directors and supervisors went up 36.6
and 34.2 percent, respectively—some-
what more than living costs.

The practice of paying low salaries
to public assistance workers may be
rooted in the history of social work
employment in public agencies and in
the fact that the development and
acceptance of social work as a profes-
sion is fairly recent and still continu-
ing. Large-scale employment of per-
sons in social work positions in public
agencies dates back only to the 1930’s,
when the Federal Emergency Relief
Administration and the Work Proj-
ects Administration were organized.
Under the FERA and WPA, because
there were not enough trained re-
cruits, a large number of untrained
people—later trained on the job—-had
to be hired to administer the huge
public relief and work programs. Per-
haps in part because they were un-
trained, but certainly because all sala-
ries were low in that depression
period, the WPA and FERA employees
in social work positions earned rela-
tively low salaries. Social work thus
moved into public employment at a
low salary scale.

It seems probable, also, that the low
salaries are an indication that the

*Vivian B. Norman and Dorothy R.
Bucklin, op. cit., p. 32.

Bulletin, March 1952

Table 8.—Median salaries of public assistance caseworkers, J
old-age assistance payments, June 1950; and State fiscal I effort. calender

year 1950}
Item Number State
States with above-average salaries. . 21 | oncccccocnnenagiboenteutiewieseenaaa ae
e heveammnaeibs ~<a “Arie,” Calit” Kas sista Gdansk
Above-average effort...... Z. y ass..
sy Okla, Or Oreg., Sian W Wash. ‘
Below-average fiscal effort --...- 2 wy ie 7”
Below-average OAA payment. .-. 6 |. 20. ene pecstonss<gegnsiinaihdhiiammemiein medias
Above-average fiscal effort. ..... 2 is,
Below-average fiscal effort... ... 4|D wh Ill, Pa., Texas
States with below-average salaries... 2 1. wo qonsopps qneheostlec cclpelbtae cise ake os
Above-average OAA payments. - - 7 | -coccccecoehencdnconnsnandotmaeiinine ie
Above-average effort...... 5 | Colo., Conn., Mont., N. H., R. 1.
Below-average fiscal effort... 2 Iowa, Nebr.
Below-average OAA payment... 14 fo sk ss anna cd Sahn es =
Above-average fiscal effort. ..... 2 k., Mo.
Below-average fiscal effort... __. 12 ra Ga., Ind., Ky., Md., Miss., N. C., N. Mex., 8. C.,

Tenn., Va., Ww. a.

1 Averages used are the median ($2,418) of the State
medians of salaries and the median of the State aver-
ages and percents, Srey weenie , for average assistance
payments and State fiscal effort (percent of income
used for public assistance). Median salaries not
computed for States with fewer than 50 caseworkers.

public still does not entirely accept the
fact that social work is a profession.
This attitude, combined with the short
supply of trained workers, probably
accounts for the fact that in many
States professional training in social
work is not a prerequisite for em-
ployment in social work positions, ex-
cept those obviously requiring special
knowledge or skills.’°

Each profession, as it has developed,
has had to win public acceptance of
the need for specialized training for
the service provided. For centuries, for
example, women nursed the sick in
their families, but no special nursing
techniques or skills, except those
based on common sense and sympa-
thetic interest, were recognized. With
technical developments in medicine,
the necessary nursing skills could be
learned only through professional
training, and nursing came to be ac-

*” The position held, for example, by
medical-social consultants; by training or
field supervisors, who carry certain kinds
of supervisory or educational responsi-
bility; or by child welfare workers, who
provide certain special services and who
in many States must, under present re-
quirements for newly hired workers, have
at least 1 year of social work training.

ahen Pay pred sontmabeige s o wP ow yee oo
Puerto Rico next rn nae
slary But takes below-aven to old

age assistance reci, at A
average makes a Mbyte bn cat wad pms
to old-age ts.

cepted as a service to be provided by
skilled practitioners. Similarly, the
problems of the disadvantaged and
the troubled were dealt with, until
recently, only on the basis of common
sense and sympathetic interest, and
no other special skills for such work
were recognized.

Social work is still a new profession
—newer than all the others with
which salary comparisons were made
at the beginning of the article. It has
been only within the last 50 years that
special knowledge and skills have been
delineated and taught in schools of
social work. The profession is still in
the process of formulating and gain-
ing acceptance for agreed-upon stand-
ards for professional training and
clearer identification of who is a “so-
cial worker.” Higher compensation for
social work services that are truly pro-
fessional may come as (1) the social
work profession develops a more uni-
versally accepted definition of the
field; (2) commensurate professional
standards are enforced; and (3) these
standards are understood and sup-
ported by the public as necessary to
protect the quality of the social serv-
ices made available to the community.

13

Railroad Retirement Act Amendments of 1951:
Financial and Actuarial Aspects

The benefit provisions and legislative history of the 1951 amend-
ments to the Railroad Retirement Act were summarized in the
February Bulletin. In this issue the Chief Actuary of the Social
Security Administration discusses the financial and actuarial
implications of the amended law, with special emphasis on the
provisions coordinating in some measure the railroad program
with old-age and survivors insurance.

HE 1951 amendments to the
Railroad Retirement Act in-
clude provisions for transfer-

ring the wage records of short-term
railroad workers to old-age and sur-
vivors insurance. Congress also pro-
vided for a financial interchange be-
tween that program and the railroad
retirement program designed to place
the old-age and survivors insurance
trust fund in the same position it
would have held if all railroad em-
ployment had always been covered by
old-age and survivors insurance. The
provisions for financial interchange
are of special interest both to the per-
sons administering the programs and
to the general public, since they estab-
lish the first coordination of this type
between public retirement programs.
The amendments (Public Law 234)
were adopted in October 1951. They
had been preceded by hearings in both
Houses of Congress and went through
a number of changes in the course of
their legislative history.t One version
of the bill would have made the finan-
cial interchange the subject of a joint
study by the Social Security Admin-
istration and the Railroad Retirement
Board to be submitted to Congress by
1956, but the law as enacted made it
immediately effective. This timing
had been strongly urged by both the
Federal Security Agency and the Bu-
reau of the Budget in their testimony
before the congressional committees,
and it was also agreed to by the

* Chief Actuary, Social Security Admin-
istration.

2See Robert J. Myers and Wilbur J.
Cohen, “Railroad Retirement Act Amend-
ments of 1951: Benefit Provisions and
Legislative History,” Social Security Bul-
letin, February 1951.

14

employee group sponsoring the bill.’

Financial Interchange
Provisions

According to the statement of the
Railroad Retirement Board on H.R.
3669, the purpose of the financial in-
terchange provisions in that bill is as
follows:

It is an over-all adjustment to com-
pensate the railroad-retirement sys-
tem for the savings it affords to the
social-security system from the sepa-
rate existence of the former. The re-
coupment of these savings contributes
to making it possible to increase bene-
fits as provided in the bill without
affecting the financial soundness of
the railroad-retirement system. The
bill, in substance, declares it to be the
Congressional policy that the social-
security system shall neither profit
nor lose from the existence of the
separate railroad-retirement system.
Because the railroad-retirement sys-
tem covers an older group and a group
which is in other respects a higher-
cost segment of the national working
population, it has achieved savings to
the social-security system by remov-
ing that higher cost segment from the
coverage of that system. The bill uti-
lizes these savings for increasing bene-
fits under the railroad-retirement sys-
tem without increasing the tax rates
for the maintenance thereof.’

2See Report of the Senate Committee
on Labor and Public Welfare on S.1347
(S. Rept. 890, 82d Cong., 1st sess.) , Oct. 4,
1951, p. 14. As stated there, the wording in
the section was drafted jointly by the
Bureau of the Budget, the Federal Se-
curity Agency, and the Railway Labor
Executives’ Association.

* Report of the Committee on Interstate
and Foreign Commerce on H.R. 3669 (H.
Rept. 976, 82d Cong., 1st sess.) , September
19, 1951, p. 63.

by ROBERT J. MYERS*

In the testimony of the Social Se-
curity Administration before the Sen-
ate subcommittee it was argued, on
the other hand, that the separate
existence of the railroad retirement
system would not result in a saving
to the old-age and survivors insurance
program. On the question of whether
the group covered by the railroad sys-
tem is a higher-than-average-cost
group, the Administration said:

While it is true that for this group
there are certain elements making for
higher costs, on the one hand, other
factors are present which act in the
opposite direction. “Higher cost” fac-
tors include an older age distribution
and perhaps a lower average retire-
ment age (because of the availability
of larger benefits) .On the other hand,
“lower cost” factors include a higher
wage level and a higher proportion of
men (since women have superior mor-
tality, lower average retirement age,
and less regular employment, all of
which increase costs and more than
offset their lower cost due to having
relatively less in supplementary and
survivor benefits) .*

The financial interchange provi-
sions finally adopted are designed to
provide for such continuing adjust-
ments that, whatever the true situa-
tion proves to be, the general objective
of placing and maintaining the old-
age and survivors insurance trust
fund in the same position it would
have been if railroad service had al-
ways been covered by old-age and sur-
vivors insurance will be achieved.

Cost Effects of Coordination
Provisions

According to the testimony of the
Railroad Retirement Board on 8.1347,
as introduced, the provisions of that
bill would have resulted in an “initial
debt” of $700 million “owed” by the
railroad retirement account to the
old-age and survivors insurance trust
fund. This amount would be more

* Senate Hearings, pp. 547 and 548.

Social Security

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than offset by annual transfers in the
future, based on the developing ex-
perience, from the trust fund to the
railroad retirement account. It was
estimated that the transfers would
range generally from about $10 mil-
lion to $60 million and average about
$34 million a year.°

On the basis of these estimates, the
representative of the Railway Labor
Executives’ Association testified that,
since the net effect was a flow of funds
to the railroad retirement system,
there would be no need to transfer the
“initial debt.’”® Instead, equitable
treatment would be accorded both sys-
tems if the railroad retirement pro-
gram merely paid interest on this
amount, with the interest payments
being more than offset by the annual
transfers for future developing ex-
perience. This is the procedure estab-
lished in the final legislation.

The result of handling the financial
interchange in this manner would, on
the basis of -Railroad Retirement
Board estimates, be future annual
transfers from old-age and survivors
insurance to railroad retirement aver-
aging about $13 million for the bill as
introduced.’ Accordingly, under these
estimates the old-age and survivors
insurance system would not only have
to transfer such amounts but would
also under this bill have had the cost
of granting wage credits for railroad
service for employees having less than
10 years of such service.

Leaving the $700 million “initial
debt” in the railroad retirement ac-
count would result in the latter re-
ceiving 3-percent interest® on this
amount but having to pay to the old-
age and survivors insurance trust
fund only about 2'-percent interest,

"Senate Hearings, p. 238. The average
figure is based on the level-cost calcula-
tions, which show a gross reimbursement
to railroad retirement for future experi-
ence of 0.65 percent of a $5.2 billion an-
nual payroll (Senate Committee Report,
table III, items D and III, p. 16).

* Ibid, p. 241.

"The average figure is based on the
level-cost calculations, which show a net
reimbursement to railroad retirement for
future experience amounting to 0.25 per-
cent of a $5.2 billion annual payroll
(Senate Committee Report, table III, item
Ill, p. 16).

*The statutory minimum interest rate
provided by the Railroad Retirement Act
for investments of the railroad retirement
account.

Bulletin, March 1952

since that is the average interest rate
of the trust fund currently. The rail-
road system would thus have a “net
profit” (at the expense of the General
Treasury) of $5% million per year.

Estimates for 8.1347, as introduced,
were also presented in the testimony
of the Social Security Administration.
They agreed with the Railroad Retire-
ment Board estimate in the amount
of the “initial debt” but indicated that
the flow of funds would at all times be
from the railroad retirement account
to the trust fund and would average
about $35 million a year on a net basis,
assuming the “initial debt” would not
be transferred.®

The provisions of the final legisla-
tion (notably the retention of the pre-
vious law’s work clause applicable to
retirement benefits) have an impor-
tant effect on the financial interrela-
tionships between the two systems.
The Railroad Retirement Board esti-
mate for the introduced bill (a net
annual transfer from the old-age and
survivors insurance trust fund aver-
aging $13 million, or 0.25 percent of
railroad payroll) is reduced consider-
ably and in fact reversed for the law
as enacted (a net annual transfer to
the trust fund averaging about $1.5
million, or 0.03 percent of payroll) .*°
Correspondingly, an estimate pre-
pared on the assumptions used in the
Social Security Administration testi-
mony would show a much larger aver-
age transfer to the trust fund, prob-
ably somewhere in the neighborhood
of $45—50 million per year.

The two sets of estimates agree on
the cost to old-age and survivors in-
surance of including the short-service
railroad employees under that pro-
gram rather than under the railroad
program. Where the difference arises
is in the estimates of whether the
separate existence of the railroad re-
tirement system does or does not re-
sult in a saving to the old-age and
survivors insurance system. According
to the Railroad Retirement Board
estimate, this saving amounts to 0.82

* Senate Hearings, pp. 541-563 (espe-
cially pp. 551-553). Also see Senate Com-
mittee Report, p. 16, which indicates how
the average figure was derived (net reim-
bursement to old-age and survivors insur-
ance for future experience of 0.69 percent
of a $5.2 billion annual payroll).

%” Senate Committee Report, table I,
item F minus item E of column 1, p. 11.

percent of railroad payroll. According
to the Social Security Administration
figures (which use the Railroad Re-
tirement Board estimate of the cost
for short-service employees), the
separate existence of the railroad re-
tirement system increases costs for
the old-age and survivors insurance
system by 0.12 percent of railroad
payroll or about 0.005 percent of the
covered payroll under old-age and
survivors insurance,”

The figures given earlier reflect the
combined effect of the financial inter-
change provisions and transferring
the short-service railroad employees
to the old-age and survivors insurance
system. It would have been possible
for Congress to have enacted only one
of these two provisions. The independ-
ent effect on the old-age and survivors
insurance system of the financial in-
terchange provisions as they related
to the introduced version of 8.1347,
modified for a $300 monthly wage
base, is indicated in the following
tabulation:

Percent of railroad
pa
Item Social
Retire- | Security
ment Admin-
istration
estimate | estimate
Transfer from old-age and sur-
vivors insurance trust fund
to railroad retirement ac-
Oe eR ES TEER .25 -
Cost to old-age and survivors
ce for
employees !. _..............|
Savings to old-age and survi-
vors insurance because of
separate existence of railroad
MESES Tataee PTT a TS - 82 —.12

1 Cost of paying abditionsl Senetinne, tome weap
credits given for railroad service,

Source: Committee Report, table III, item
ITI, and table IV, footnote 4, pp. 16 and 17.

As was indicated above, since the
legislation provides for continuing
transfers between the two systems,
future experience will definitely indi-
cate whether the “savings to the old-

4 The Senate Committee Report (p. 16)
states that the Social Security Adminis-
tration testimony “denies the existence of
any savings to the social security system
from the separate existence of the railroad
retirement system” but that “this denial
is not supported” by the figures. As indi-
cated here, however, the Social Security
Administration estimate shows the exis-
tence of a small “loss” to the old-age and
survivors insurance system.

age and survivors insurance system
because of the separate existence of
the railroad retirement system” are
positive or negative.

Operation of Interchange
Provisions

Although the over-all objective of
the financial interchange provisions is
simple, the provisions themselves are
somewhat complicated. They are sum-
marized in the box on page 18.

A specific numerical example will
help to clarify the manner in which
the adjustment might work out under
the provisions of section 5(k) (2). It is
emphasized that the figures used are
purely hypothetical and are not esti-
mates of what the situation may be.
Thus, many of the assumptions are
made merely to show how different
situations would be handled rather
than to indicate how events will de-
velop. First, assume that the interest
rate, as calculated under subpara-
graph (D),” is 2% percent for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1953 (de-
termined as of May 31), and 2% per-
cent, 2% percent, and 25% percent,
respectively, for each of the three suc-
ceeding fiscal years. Assume further
that all events take place at the latest
time permitted. The following events,
listed in their chronological order,
would then occur.

Event 1—On January 1, 1954, in
accordance with subparagraph (A),
it is determined that as of June 30,
1952, the amount in the old-age and
survivors insurance trust fund would
have been $17,100 million if railroad
service had always been covered, as
against an actual trust fund of $16,400
million, so that the “initial debt” is
$700 million.

Determining the size that the trust
fund would have been if railroad
service had always been covered under
old-age and survivors insurance is a
relatively simple matter and may be
done quite precisely, since the deter-
mination depends on past experience
and does not involve prediction or
projection into the future. The addi-
tional taxes from railroad employ-
ment for each year back through 1937

“The computation is similar to that
used in determining the interest rate for
new investments for the old-age and sur-
vivors insurance trust fund.

16

are readily calculable, since the rail-
road payrolls are known and the
pertinent old-age and survivors in-
surance tax rates can be applied
against them (after proper allowance
for the $3,000 maximum annual tax-
able wage during 1937-50 and $3,600
thereafter). The amount of addi-
tional benefit payments that would
have been made each year can also be
readily calculated from proper sam-
ples, although this procedure is some-
what more complicated. Then the
additional administrative expenses
can be approximated from the actual
administrative expenses of both agen-
cies.

Finally, these additional tax re-
ceipts, benefit payments, and admin-
istrative expenses can be added to the
actual figures, plus interest at the
actual rate earned on the trust fund
each year in the past so as to yield
the resulting hypothetical accumu-
lated trust fund.

Event 2.—On January 1, 1954, in
accordance with subparagraph (B),
the interest is determined for the
fiscal year 1953 (at a rate of 2% per-
cent) on the amount of the “initial
debt” determined in Event 1. This
amount ($1534 million) is immedi-
ately transferred to the trust fund
from the railroad retirement account.
Since the interest was due June 30,
1953, payment was 6 months late and
the trust fund has lost about $150,000,
but the loss will be made up by the
yearly determination of “the position
of the Trust Fund.” Moreover, in
future years, the interest on the “ini-
tial debt” is to be paid promptly when
due according to the provisions of the
law.

Event 3.—On June 15, 1954, in ac-
cordance with subparagraph (C), it
is determined that as of June 30, 1953,
the holdings of the trust fund would
have been $19,625 million if railroad
service had always been covered, as
against an “actual” trust fund of
$19,600 million, made up of $18,900
million of assets in the fund (includ-
ing the interest received January 1,
1954, under Event 2) and the $700
million “initial debt” under Event 1.
Accordingly, there is a “current defi-
cit” in the trust fund amounting to
$25 million.

Event 4—On June 25, 1954, in
accordance with subparagraph (C),
the $25 million of “current deficit” ag
of the end of the fiscal year 19§3,
determined under Event 3, is trang.
ferred from the railroad retirement
account to the trust fund. With this
amount is transferred about $550,000
in interest thereon (at the rate of 2%
percent, applicable to the fiscal year
1953) for the 11 months and 25 days
following the end of the fiscal year
1953.

Event 5—On June 30, 1954, in
accordance with subparagraph (B),
interest (at the rate of 2% percent)
is determined for the fiscal year 1954
on the “initial debt” of $700 million,
determined in Event 1. This interest
amounts to $16.6 million and is im-
mediately transferred from the rail-

road retirement account to the trust
fund.

Event 6—On June 15, 1955, in
accordance with subparagraph (C),
it is determined that as of June 30,
1954, the trust fund would have been
$22,750 million if railroad service had
always been covered as against an
“actual” trust fund of $22,800 million,
made up of $22,100 million of assets
in the trust fund (including receipts
under Events 2, 4, and 5) and $700
million of “initial debt.” Accordingly,
there is a “current surplus” of $50
million in the trust fund. This
amount due the railroad retirement
account can be handled in either of
two ways—by paying it to the rail-
road retirement account within 10
days along with accumulated interest
(the reverse of Event 4), or by off-
setting it against the “initial debt”
determined in Event 1. If the latter
procedure is followed, as presumably
it will be, the $50 million is offset as
of July 1, 1954, against the “initial
debt.”

Event 7—On June 30, 1955, in
accordance with subparagraph (B),
interest (at the rate of 24 percent)
is determined for the fiscal year 1955
on the “initial debt” of $700 million,
determined in Event 1, minus the $50
million offset under Event 6. This
interest amounts to $16% million and
is immediately transferred from the
railroad retirement account to the

Social Security

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trust fund. It will be noted that the
procedure in Event 6—making the
offset effective at the beginning of the
fiscal year 1955—-yields the proper re-
sult for interest determination. The
$50 million “current surplus” is deter-
mined as of June 30, 1954, and, ac-
cordingly, is offset against the “initial
debt” at that time. Interest for the
fiscal year 1955, accordingly, is only
on the difference between these two
items.

Event 8—On June 15, 1956, in
accordance with subparagraph (C),
it is determined that as of June 30,
1955, the trust fund would have been
$27,290 million if railroad service had
always been covered. The “actual”
trust fund is, however, $27,250 million,
made up of $26,600 million of assets
(including receipts under Events 2, 4,
5, and 7) and $650 million that repre-
sents the difference between the “‘ini-
tial debt,” determined in Event 1, and
the offset made in Event 6. Accord-
ingly, there is a “current deficit” of
$40 million in the trust fund.

Event 9—On June 25, 1956, in
accordance with subparagraph (C),
the $40 million of “current deficit”
as of the end of the fiscal year 1955,
determined under Event 8, is trans-
ferred from the railroad retirement
account to the trust fund. To this
amount is added almost $1 million in
interest (at the rate of 2% percent,
applicable to the fiscal year 1955) for
the 11 months and 25 days following
the end of the fiscal year 1955.

Event 10.—On June 30, 1956, in
accordance with subparagraph (B),
interest (at the rate of 254 percent) is
determined for the fiscal year 1956 on
the “initial debt” of $700 million,
determined in Event 1, minus the $50
million offset under Event 6. This
interest amounts to about $17.1 mil-
lion and is immediately transferred
from the railroad retirement account
to the trust fund.

Actuarial Cost Estimates

The actuarial staff of the Railroad
Retirement Board presented a number
of cost estimates for the various bills
introduced and the changes made as
legislative action developed. Most of
these cost estimates were on the basis

Bulletin, March 1952

of a single figure representing the net
level premium required to support
the benefits in perpetuity, taking into
account interest at the rate of 3 per-
cent.?4

The resulting level premium costs
can be compared with what is, in
effect, the level contribution rate for
the system—that is, 12% percent of
payroll, which is the combined em-
ployer-employee rate effective for all
years after 1951 (the 1951 rate was 12
percent).

The estimated level premium costs
under the old law, the various bills
considered, and the final legislation
are shown below.

Plan Cost as percent of payroll
ORG Wa dks RR HS ies oS 12.60
H.R. 3669 (and 8.1347)

oe tmtrodwuced. ... iiss che cclteweas 13.90
H.R. 3755 (and 8.1353)

OS TRORSIDOR: o.nc.0:6uncaddieniec’ 115.70
H.R. 3755 (and S. 1353) as revised.. 14.40
es Gn” pecécccknstuseuteecseeee 13.49

H.R. 3669 as reported to House... 14.71
H.R. 3669 as passed by House ....' 16.40
H.R. 3669 (and S.1347) as passed

i1Estimates developed for this article on
basis of official figures of the Railroad Re-
tirement Board, modified for consistent
payroll base and approximate benefit pro-
visions.

The cost figures are all on a com-
parable basis as to the total equivalent
level annual payroll assumed—$4.9
billion when the maximum taxable
and creditable wage is $300 a month,
$5.3 billion for a $350 wage base, and
$5.5 billion for a $400 wage base.

% The use of a single cost figure here
and in the succeeding discussion does not
mean that the actuarial estimates can be
made so precisely. The Railroad Retire-
ment Board has always recognized this
fact in its presentation of a single cost
figure—for instance, in its Fourth Actu-
arial Valuation, which states: “It should,
however, be realized that it is virtually
impossible with respect to a system of
this size in which there is great variability
in basic factors to develop a precise cost
figure. At best, the level rate ... can be
looked upon as the most probable point
in a range within which the true costs of
the system lie.” (Annual Report of the
Railroad Retirement Board for Fiscal Year
1949, p. 175.) This same general conclu-
sion was stated in the Second Actuarial
Valuation: “No precise figure can be set
down as to the exact cost of the benefits
provided under the Railroad Retirement
Act.” (Annual Report of the Railroad Re-
tirement Board for Fiscal Year 1943, p.
119.)

According to these figures, the old
law was almost exactly in
balance, since its cost was
the same as the future contribution
rate. H.R. 3669, as introduced, had
a cost estimated to be about 14 per-
cent of payroll in excess of the con-
tribution rate. The substantial bene-
fit increases provided were partly
offset by savings resulting from the
higher wage base of $400, the appli-
cability of the old-age and survivors
insurance work clause, the financial

U

elimination of benefits for short-
service railroad employees.

H.R. 3755, as introduced, had a cost
estimated at more than 3 percent of
payroll higher than the contribution
rate because the substantial benefit
increases were not offset by any sav-
ings. For similar reasons, the revision
of this bill would still have cost
almost 2 percent in excess of the con-
tribution rate.

H.R. 4641 was estimated to cost only
about 1 percent of payroll in excess
of the contribution rate, in part be-
cause of the smaller benefit increases
provided for retired workers and in
part because of the savings due to the
introduction of the old-age and sur-
vivors insurance work clause.

H.R. 3669, as reported to the House,
had an estimated cost fairly close to
that of the revised H.R. 3755, which
it closely paralleled except for pro-
viding an increase in survivor benefits.
As passed by the House, however, H.R.
3669 had the highest cost of any of
the bills—almost 4 percent of payroll
in excess of the contribution rate.
This substantial difference resulted
from the introduction of spouse’s
annuities and the incorporation of
the “old-age and survivors insurance
minimum guarantee” benefit provi-
sion."*

S. 1347, as passed by the Senate,
had an estimated cost of about 1%
percent of payroll in excess of the con.
tribution rate, or roughly the same
as the original version of the bill, since
the changes raising the cost (lowering
the wage base, eliminating the old-
age and survivors insurance work
clause, and increasing slightly the
retirement annuities) offset those de-

4 See the Bulletin, February 1952, pp.
7-11.

17

Financial Interchange With Old-Age
and Survivors Insurance

PROVISIONS OF RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT FOR FINANCIAL INTERCHANGE
WITH OLD-AGE AND Survivors INSURANCE SYSTEM:

Section 5. (k) (2) (A) The Board and the Federal Security Adminis-
trator shall determine, no later than January 1, 1954, the amount
which would place the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance
Trust Fund (hereafter termed “Trust Fund”) in the same position in
which it would have been at the close of the fiscal year ending June 30,
1952, if service as an employee after December 31, 1936, had been
included in the term “employment” as defined in the Social Security
Act and in the Federal Insurance Contributions Act.

(B) On January 1, 1954, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1953, and
at the close of each fiscal year beginning with the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1954 . . . the Board shall certify .. . for transfer . . . to the
Trust Fund, interest for such fiscal year at the rate specified in sub-
paragraph (D) on the amount determined under subparagraph (A)
less the sum of all offsets made under subparagraph (C).

(C) At the close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1953, and each fiscal
year thereafter, the Board and the Federal Security Administrator
shall determine the amount, if any, which if added to or subtracted
from the Trust Fund would place such Trust Fund in the same position
in which it would have been if service as an employee after December
31, 1936, had been included in the term “employment” as defined in
the Social Security Act and in the Federal Insurance Contributions
Act....

(D) For the purposes of subparagraphs (B) and (C), for any fiscal
year, the rate of interest to be used shall be equal to the average rate
of interest, computed as of May 31 preceding the close of such fiscal
year, borne by all interest-bearing obligations of the United States
then forming a part of the public debt; except that where such average
rate is not a multiple of one-eighth of 1 per centum, the rate of interest
shall be the multiple of one-eighth of 1 per centum next lower than

such average rate.

creasing the cost (reducing, on the
whole, the amounts of the survivor
and dependent’s benefits) .

The cost of the legislation finally
enacted is estimated at almost 2 per-
cent of payroll in excess of the con-
tribution rate. The cost was increased
somewhat over that of the bill passed
by the Senate because the former
wage base of $300 a month was re-
tained as contrasted with the $350
base provided in the Senate version.

The lack of balance between the
cost and the contribution rates indi-
cated above undoubtedly was one of
the important reasons for the adop-
tion of Senate Concurrent Resolution
51, which calls for a congressional
study of the railroad retirement sys-
tem, including its relationship with

18

old-age and survivors insurance. Dur-
ing the hearings, many witnesses
testified that a margin of 1 percent
of payroll between cost and contribu-
tion rate was reasonable and could
readily be acceptable; their argument
was based on the consistent over-
statement of costs in the past. This
overstatement had occurred primarily
because of the steadily rising wage
level during the past decade. As wages
rise, the cost of the system, like the
cost of old-age and survivors insur-
ance, is decreased when measured as
a percentage of payroll because of the
weighted benefit formula, under which
workers with low wages receive bene-
fits that are proportionately higher
than those with higher wages. Rais-
ing the maximum wage base reduces

the cost of the system for this same
reason.

The distribution of the estimated
level premium cost of 14.43 percent of
payroll under the final legislation, by
the various categories of benefits and
other cost items, is indicated below.

Item Cost as percent
of payroll

Net level premium cost.....__. 14. 43

Retirement benefits _ - Se 12.00

Age annuities and pensions ae 7.74

ms annuities payable before

A widow’s annuities ?

pone GIB wiinccscccecnccene
a death payments .._.._
Heak ual death payments__-._.....

Other costs and credits:
Allowance for minimum and maxi-
mum provisions -_................ 28
Administrative expenses
Net financial interchange with old-
age and survivors insurance ?____. .6
i Lf eR Te ee 4—1,30

1 Pensions are o- taken over from former railroad
pension plans in 193

2 Includes the relatively small amount of widower’s
and t’s annuities.

presents net balance of credits to old =

neato insurance trust fund of taxes (bo’
and future) at old and survivors ‘ooulaeas olen
based on all rai employment (level cost of Yo 00
pra over credit from trust fund on account of
additi benefits that would have been payable
under old-age and survivors insurance with respect
to employees with at sine 10 years of railroad service
(level cost of 5.97 pe:

4 Credit item to oy meet the benefit and adminis-
trative costs; relates interest at a rate of 3 percent on
the present account to the $4.9 billion annual payroll.

Source: Senate Committee Report, table I, p. 11.

By far the greatest part of the cost
is for retirement benefits for persons
aged 65 and over—that is, for age
annuities (most of which are payable
to those over age 65) and for disability
annuities payable after age 65. Asa
result of the financial interchange
provisions, there is a small cost to the
railroad retirement system for net
transfers to the old-age and survivors
insurance trust fund, amounting to
0.03 percent of railroad payroll.

On the whole, these provisions,
along with that transferring short-
service employees to the old-age and
survivors insurance system, have
financial advantages for the railroad
retirement program. Although the
estimate indicates a small transfer
of funds from the railroad retirement
system, it does not indicate specifically
the savings due to the removal of the
short-service employees, which is
taken into account in the estimated

Social Security

ARN ey

cost of the various benefits. Accord-
ing to this estimate the railroad re-
tirement system might have a rela-
tively small amount to transfer to the
old-age and survivors insurance sys-
tem, but the amount is far more than
offset by the employer and employee
contributions with respect to the
short-service employees that the rail-
road retirement system, in effect, col-
lects and retains. No benefits other
than the residual death payment,
which in virtually all cases will either
not be due or not be claimed because
of the survivor’s lack of knowledge,
can be payable by the railroad retire-
ment system with respect to the wage
records on which these contributions
are based.

Year-by-year projections of the es-
timated operation of the railroad re-
tirement program were presented
during the hearings only for the old
law and for H.R. 3669 as introduced.®
Under the old law the benefit dis-
bursements for the calendar year 1952
were estimated at $357 million, which
represents 55 percent of the estimated
contribution income of $649 million.
Under H.R. 3669, as introduced, the
estimated benefit disbursements for
1952 were $460 million, or 62 percent
of the estimated contribution income
of $739 million (an increase from the
contribution income under the pre-
vious law because of the higher maxi-
mum taxable wage base). For the

% Senate Hearings, pp. 217 and 238.

legislation enacted, a comparable
estimate of the benefit disbursements
for 1952 is $462 million,*® or 71 per-
cent of the estimated contribution
income of $649 million (same as the
contribution income under the old
law because of no change in the tax-
rate schedule and wage base). Bene-
fit disbursements under the new law
in 1952 will be about $105 million
higher than under the earlier provi-
sions, an increase of almost one-third,
and will represent about 9 percent of
covered payrolls.

Administrative Workloads

The Bureau of Old-Age and Sur-
vivors Insurance of the Social Security
Administration will have a large
amount of additional administrative
work as a result of the new railroad
retirement legislation, primarily be-
cause of the transfer of the short-
service cases and the provisions re-
stricting duplication of benefits under
the two programs.

New claims arising from the trans-
fer of wage credits for workers who
die or retire with less than 10 years
of railroad service will average about
16,000 a year in the immediate future.
In order that the Railroad Retirement
Board may adjust its retirement bene-
fits for those who are also receiving

4* Estimate made by the Railroad Retire-
ment Board. Later estimates of the pay-
ments in 1952 are slightly lower—$340
million under the old law and $440 mil-
lion under the present law.

old-age and survivors insurance bene-
fits, the Bureau must process immedi-
ately a backlog of about 32,000 cases,
while the future workload will vary
between 10,000 and 15,000 cases each
year.

Further, old-age and survivors in-
surance benefits will have to be recal-
culated for individuals currently on
the rolls who have had some railroad
earnings since 1936. Any increases
will, on the whole, be relatively small,
so that this work has been budgeted
for 1953, when the recalculations will
be made and adjusted payments made
retroactively to November 1, 1951. It
is estimated that 60,000 old-age in-
surance beneficiaries will be affected.
Dependent’s benefits will also be in-
volved in about one-third of the cases.

The additional administrative work
for the Social Security Administration
described above will, in the long run,
be reimbursed by the railroad retire-
ment system through the operation
of the financial interchange provi-
sions. Any such extra expenses will,
as is the case for all administrative
costs, be paid out of the old-age and
survivors insurance trust fund, which
will be decreased thereby. Accord-
ingly, the difference between the
“actual” fund and the fund that would
have been accumulated if railroad
service had always been covered under
old-age and survivors insurance will
be increased, and the transfer from
the railroad retirement account will
be that much larger.

Notes and Brief Reports

Proposed Budget for
Social Security and
Related Programs, 1952-53

The Budget submitted by President
Truman for the fiscal year 1952-53
includes budgetary expenditures esti-
mated at $85.4 billion and budget re-
ceipts, under present tax laws,
estimated at $71.0 billion. The ex-
penditures are the largest proposed
for any year since World War II. In
referring to the size of the Budget,
President Truman expressed his hope
that budget expenditures can be re-
duced after the fiscal year 1953-54
when “we should have completed most

Bulletin, March 1952

of our currently planned military ex-
pansion.”

More than 75 percent of the total
expenditures included in the Budget
are for major national security pro-
grams and related programs, such as
economic stabilization. Expenditures
for all other Government programs
will be nearly $1 billion less than the
total anticipated for the current fiscal
year. For some programs the amounts
would be reduced, but for others the
present level would be held or raised.

The Budget message cites the gains
made in social insurance as a result
of the 1950 amendments to the Social
Security Act and goes on to recom-

mend an additional increase in old-
age and survivors insurance benefits.
Because of the rising wage level, it is
pointed out, the receipts of the old-
age and survivors insurance system
are greater than needed to meet the
costs of the present scale of benefits.
The average old-age benefit could be
raised by about $5 a month, which
would bring the average amount paid
to a retired worker to $47, without
necessitating any increase in the pres-
ent schedule of contribution rates.
The presentation of the old-age and
survivors insurance trust fund opera-
tions includes an estimate of an ad-
ditional $225 million expenditure for
this purpose in 1952-53. The Presi-
dent also recommended that coverage
be further extended to include “mem-

19

Table 1.—Summary of estimated ex-
penditures for pera security and

related peourems under present and
elise t gislation, fiscal year
195. 1
{In millions}
Expenditures
Source of funds ad Pro-
Total | legis- | Posed
lation lation
With cist. $6, 904 | $6, 579 $325
General funds--.-.......... 2,865 | 2,765 100
Trust funds, total........| 4,089 | 3,814 225
Old-age and survivors
insurance trustfund..| 2,562 | 2,337 225
ere trust
RS ihe. FT oreo 707 r 6 eee ae
Railroad retirement ac-
SiS ts ntirinice ss 447 ge
Federal empl ’ re-
tirement funds. ---... 322 gg aC

Includes placement and unemployment insur-
ance activities of the Department of Labor and the
Railroad Retirement Board, classified under ‘‘labor’’
in the Budget.

Source: The saeg wh the United States Government
for the Fiscal Year ing June 30, 1953.

bers of the Armed Forces, public em-
ployees, farmers, farm and household
workers not regularly employed by a
single employer, and other employed
groups not covered by a publicly spon-
sored insurance system”; that the
existing limitation on taxable earn-
ings ($3,600 a year) “be brought up
to date”; and that provision be made
for permanent and total disability
protection.

Upward adjustments in monthly as-
sistance payments are justified, Presi-
dent Truman stated, in view of in-
creases in the cost of living. To this
end, the Budget includes $100 million
for proposed legislation providing ad-
ditional help to the States, on a
matching basis, to achieve more ade-
quate assistance levels.

In addition, the President recom-
mended that legislation be enacted to
provide aid for medical education and
local public health units and urged
that Congress give consideration to
his recommendations of April 6, 1950,
for improvements in the Federal-
State system of unemployment insur-
ance.

Expenditures

Total expenditures for social secu-
rity and related programs in 1952-53
from both general funds and trust
accounts are estimated at $6,904 mil-
lion (table 1), of which $2,865 million
would be from general funds and

$4,039 million from trust accounts.
Most of the total will be spent for
programs under existing legislation;
$325 million is for the proposed legis-
lation increasing old-age and survi-
vors insurance benefits and the

amount of Federal aid for public as.
sistance payments. No amounts are
included in the Budget, however, for
the other recommended changes in
social security and related programs.

Estimated expenditures for public

Table 2.—Expenditures and recommended new obligational authority, ex.
cluding trust accounts, for social security and related preqname, fleeal years
1950-51, 1951-52, and 1952-53

{In millions]
Expenditures Recom-
mended
P or | new
rogram or agency peey Estimated obligational
1950-51 l outharity
| 1951-52 | 1952-83 | fOr 1968
Total, including proposed legislation ........................| $2,569 | $2,879 | $2,865
Total, excluding proposed iegislation......................... 2, 569 2, 879 2, 765 $2
Placement and unemployment insurance administration:
ee eR TOR etree. eee am 183 189 192 204
i i NER ER eR, 6 10 ll TT
Retirement and dependents’ insurance: |
ES SS Ee as a 608 773 723 73
eer terme. coreee are | VAS LR Ai SF eee 7 7 3 3
Public assistance:
Federal Security Agency:
Peer ee oa 2 OT. kk... ak ; 1,187 1, 182 1,142
Pro |S | AE CE RR ace, Pea Te 100 ' fo

Aid tos 1 groups: |
Vocational rehabilitation (Federal Security Agency) ........... 17 22 24 4
School lunch (Department of Agriculture). .___.......-........ 83 84 83 83

Indian welfare and other (Department of Interior and other) --.| 37 45 61 63

Accident comppermatee (Doparisoent RS eee 27 37 37 37

Promotion of public ith (Federal Security Agency and other) -| 305 382 341 268

Crime control and correction (Department of Justice and other)__| 109 133 | 133 135

Defense community facilities and services (Federal Security |

apne Risse. Ce Boe its tb ick iki. eek Ratioaxted 15 | 16 |... 2c
\

Source: The Budget . . . for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1953.

Table 3.—Social security and related trust fund operations, fiscal years 1950-51,
1951-52, and 1952-53

[In millions]

Estimated
Fund and item | ome
| 1951-52 | 1952-83
Old-age and survivors insurance trust fund:
ipts:
Appropriations (equal to Federal insurance contributions) ............__- | $3,120 $3, 850 $4, 030
SS ES AP SR SE. BBO 2 291 342 407
Expenditures (benefits and administrative expenses):
EE ITL EES ea ee eee Ssiminndbebidia dg cdiie’ Rlaiiaae |} —1,568 | —2,059 —2, 337
aa 2 legislation Seer Mere Se ER A cemeccenedt bead BR ieee, —2%5
a NS Fo alg sa, le ees Bn gies... ccocccacscnccccdccuss | 1,842 2, 133 1, 875
SEE ee, Te CF 2s 14, 725 16, 858 18, 733
Unemployment trust fund:
ipts:
Deposits by States and railroad unemployment taxes. «Anca ncaa 1,378 1,319 1,351
PRs dibs « :cnteeind deci 6 cei cctdescas Mitiiinn = 0 dbdiipiiplesan Spite apd } 164 182 208
Expenditures (State and railroad withdrawals for benefits) ..............- | —898 —856 -707
a Te a Cage ve TREES aRaTS FIRE So, Fe ea eee on St CPE SLS yee | 644 645 852
ee coc ccbinhobapdemesliinetes 8, 068 8, 713 9, 565
Railroad retirement account:
Receipts: |
— li he as atl IER ai teeter | 608 773 yo
DME Added inden cehsdbohse adoodadadcccoqhliidbscncabdnsovtduo 70 79
Expenditures (benefits, salaries, and expenses) - -.-.-....-........-...-... —321 —397 —447
UND IS 25 5G a sce be eel cbasckcccccncnctocdaccnoccccceue 357 455 366
ED UID Oaks deities ctehlld sce enews 0c dédiimacdsububasnnnaie 2, 445 2, 900 3, 266
—— ~~ rao retirement funds:
pts:
EE ELE LL CO ES PE 378 415 413
Transfer from Budget accounts and other_...........................-.-. 305 310 =
EES EACLE. SSE ES a ay SL a a ee RE 165 189
Expenditures (annuities, refunds, and expenses) .......................--- | —270 —300 —322
Dee eRe ee EE RET TS ER Se ae ee ee | 578 614 772
tis. ln enncapipegpnaencdshesuwe 4, 418 5, 5, 804
Source: The Budget ... for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1958.
Social Security

a

eer eee —

S35838 easS2= S285 45 1

| 23RBSR5

2

assistance in 1952-53 constitute more
than 43 percent of the $2,865 million
to be spent from general funds for
all social security and related pur-
poses (table 2). Caseloads for old-
age assistance and aid to dependent
children, and the Federal grants
for these programs, have recently
been declining, largely because of high
employment and the strengthened
old-age and survivors insurance pro-
gram. The proposed increase of $100
million in Federal aid for public as-
sistance would, however, make total
grants larger in 1952-53 than in the
present fiscal year.

One-fourth of the estimated total
is accounted for by transfers of pay-
roll taxes, collected from railroad
workers and employers, to the rail-
road retirement trust account.

The remainder is for administra-
tion of the placement and unemploy-
ment insurance services, aid to special
groups—which includes the school
lunch program and vocational re-
habilitation—accident compensation,
crime control and correction, defense
community facilities and services, and
public health. The decline in the
amount proposed for public health
in 1952-53 results from the curtail-
ment of outlays for hospital construc-
tion, reflecting the Administration’s
policy of holding new construction to
a minimum.

Recommended grants to State and
local governments, including those
called for under proposed public as-

Table 4.—Social insurance contribu-
tions and taxes collected, fiscal years
1950-51, 1951-52, and 1952-53

{In millions]
; Estimated
Program ae ail
1951-52) 1952-53
ll ARES $5,679 | $6,569 | $6,740
Employment taxes-__-..... 5,303 | 6,157 6, 330
Federal Insurance Con-
tributions Act. ....... 3,120 | 3,850 4, 030
Federal Unemploy-
ment Tax Act........ 234 257 269
Taxing Act --.. 578 7 690
Unemploy-
ment Insurance Act... 10 10 ll
Deposits + hae og de 1,363 | 1,300 1,330
| employees retire-
Ment acts, employee
contributions... ....... 375 412 410

‘State payroll tax collections for unemployment
Smrance deposited in the Federal unemployment

Source: The Budget . . . for the Fiscal Year Ending
June 30, 1968.

Bulletin, March 1952

Table 5.—Appropriations, transfers, and expenditures, Social Security
tration, for grants to States and administrative expenses, fiscal years 1950-51,

1951-52, and 1952-53

{In thousands]
Appropriations and transfers Expenditures {
Bureau and item Enacted Estimated
Actual, or banner Actual, ;
1950-51 | proposed, 1952-53 1950-51
1951-52 1951-52 1952-53
Total, Social Security Administration:
Including proposed legislation - .... $1,392,432 |$1, 273, 544 |$1,360,629 $1, 201,445 ene} 364, 198
Excluding proposed legislation. -... 1, 392, 432 | 1,273, 544 | 1,260,629 | 1,291, 445 | 1,304,436 | 1, 264, 198
Grants to States, total:
Excludingproposed legislation...) 1,310, 290 | 1,181, 600 | 1,170,000 | 1,21a,8a3 | ieauaaen | Leime Had
xcluding pr ¢oe} 1, , 181, ‘ : li
Salaries and expenses.............- 78,488 | | 88,310 90, 629 73, 929 "as WP er
OnerOis . 635K. cased 3, 604 S,7R4; |. cRidbssidd 3, 604 3, 734 |.u-- 2.2.
Bureau of Old- -Age and Survivors
Insurance
Salaries and expenses wep tae 13830 Fee 356,988 | '360,270 | *%62,100 52, 571 60, 351 62, 573
Reimbursement to general fund for
administrative expenses. -| £17,538 | 423,740 | 424,000 17, 538 23, 740 24,000
Reimbursement for benefits payable
to survivors of certain World War
EE VOUS so acinsanenranasootnat 3, 694 5, TOO ccntesSice 3, 694 3, 734 }....2.22. ‘
Bureau of Pyle ad
CN I on eintnceecinmianl 1, 280, 000 | 1,150,000 | 1,140,000 | 1,185, 764 | 1,179,928 | 1,140,000
Proposed lonistetion, grants to States. |...........]........... 100, 000 100, 000
and expenses. ........-...... 1, 463 1,668 1,649 1,404 1,622 1,657
Children’s Bureau:
Gautts to Sentns a 30, 250 31, 500 30, 000 28, 058 32, 443, 33, 111
Salaries and expenses. .-.............. 1, 500 1, 595 1, 587 1,442 1, 564 1, 586
Bureau “rd Federal Credit Unions, sal-
Cae 761 822 1,078 737 8338, 1,058
Office of “the mumissioner, salaries
Od CRPONINI ain nin do cintisccegneinks - 215 215 — 214 213
Rh nccncccapscceesccesesace| «BD |uccscnnccaginauponscenel 7 Te tn nn

‘Includes a proposed supplemental amount to
meet cost of salary increases in the Bureau of Old-
Age and Survivors Insurance in 1952,

3? Reimbursement to old-age and survivors in-
surance trust fund for expenses incurred in
benefits to survivors of certain World War
erans.

I ne
sistance legislation and that part of
hospital construction grants going to
private nonprofit institutions, total
$1,742 million and make up more than
60 percent of estimated budgetary
expenditures for social security and
related programs in 1951-52. Grants
for these purposes constitute 58 per-
cent of all present and proposed
grants to State and local governments,
as defined in the Budget, for the fiscal
year 1952-53.

Trust Fund Operations

Both the receipts and expenditures
of the old-age and survivors insurance
trust fund are expected to continue
to rise in 1952-53 (table 3). The net
accumulation of the fund, after allow-
ance for the proposed increase in
benefit payments, is expected to be
$1,875 million. The balance on June
30, 1953, is estimated at $18,733 mil-
lion, as compared with $16,858 million
at the close of the current fiscal year.

The tax receipts of the unemploy-
ment trust fund are expected to be

3 its maximum amount for salaries and
expenses payable fom the oldvage and survivors in-

ON pandas propriation amounts not sep-
arately available. ‘D

The Budget . .

Source: ; Fiscal Ending
June 30, 1958, oe ma

lower in the fiscal years 1951-52 and
1952-53 than in 1950-61 because firms
that have had low unemployment will
pay lower taxes. Despite increased un-
employment in certain areas, the level
of unemployment and of benefit ex-
penditures is also expected to be lower
in both years than it was in 1950-51.
The net accumulation of the fund
during 1952-53 is expected to be $852
million as compared with $645 million
during the year ended June 30, 1952;
total assets on June 30, 1953, are esti-
mated at $9,565 million.

The balances of the railroad retire-
ment account and the Federal em-
ployee’s retirement funds are expected
to increase during 1952—53 and to total
an estimated $3,266 million and $5,804
million, respectively, on June 30, 1953.
It is estimated that the combined bal-
ances in all the trust funds for social
security and related purposes will
total more than $33 billion by the end
of the current fiscal year and about
$37 billion by June 30, 1953.

Social insurance tax collections con-

21

tinue to occupy an important place
in our total fiscal picture. These col-
lections, including State deposits in
the unemployment trust fund of $1,-
330 million, are estimated at $6,740
million for the fiscal year 1952-53
(table 4).

Budget for Social Security
Administration

Excluding proposed legislation, total
appropriations and transfers for the
Social Security Administration will
be slightly less in 1952-53 than in the
current fiscal year. Including pro-
posed legislation, however, the total
will be somewhat higher—$1,361 mil-
lion as compared with $1,274 million.
Of the 1952-53 total, 93 percent is for
grants to States, including the pro-
posed increase in public assistance
grants.

The amount recommended for sala-
ries and expenses in 1952-53 is slightly
higher than the amount for the cur-
rent fiscal year. Total recommended
budget appropriations for the Social
Security Administration for 1952-53
are $1,275 million, or only 1.5 percent
of recommended new obligational
authority for the year.

Total budgetary expenditures of the
Social Security Administration are
estimated at $1,278 million in 1952-53.
With the anticipated administrative
outlays of $87 million from the old-
age and survivors insurance trust fund
and benefit payments of $2,250 mil-
lion, total expenditures would be
$3,614 million.

Public Assistance
Recipients Newly Eligible
for OASI Benefits

Certain changes in the old-age and
survivors insurance program made by
the 1950 amendments to the Social
Security Act increased the amount
of benefits payable to current benefi-
ciaries; others immediately qualified
for benefits many persons who had
formerly been ineligible: Some of
the latter group had been receiving
public assistance at the time the
amendments were enacted. For these
recipients, the new insurance benefits

1The effect of the increase in benefits

was discussed in the Bulletin for Septem-
ber 1951.

22

usually resulted in a reduction in the
amount of assistance received and
were sufficient in some instances to
eliminate the need for assistance en-
tirely.

From September 1950 through Sep-
tember 1951, data were collected each
month on the number of assistance
recipients on the rolls in September
1950 who received new insurance bene-
fits, the action taken with respect to
the public assistance payment as a
result, the amount of the insurance
benefits, and the amount by which
assistance payments were reduced.”
The totals represent the cumulative
effect of the monthly changes that
occurred during the first 13 months
that the new provisions were effective.
Only one payment adjustment or
other action for each assistance re-
cipient is included, and the totals are
the closest approximation that can be
made of the effect that the liberalized
insured-status provisions have had on
assistance payments to persons re-
ceiving assistance at the time the new
provisions became effective.

The effect of the newly awarded
benefits on the public assistance rolls
was slower for several reasons than
the effect of the increase in benefits
paid to current beneficiaries. Assist-
ance agencies were generally aware
of the benefits being currently re-
ceived by public assistance recipients
and could act fairly promptly when
these benefits were increased to a new
amount, which in most instances they
could easily determine. In contrast,
many of the “new eligibles” qualified
on the basis of employment that had
occurred several years before the re-
ceipt of assistance and that was not
known to the assistance agency. Un-
doubtedly many recipients took the
initiative in applying for benefits.
Work histories known to assistance
agencies accounted for the referral
to old-age and survivors insurance
field offices of many more.

There still remained, however, some
assistance recipients whose eligibility
for benefits was not indicated by any
of these sources and who were dis-
covered only as their work histories
were reviewed with them in conjunc-

? Recipients of aid to the blind newly
awarded old-age and survivors insurance
benefits were too few to provide a basis
for analysis.

Table 1.—Cases receiving old-age as.
sistance or aid to dependent
dren in September 1950 and
rs for OASI benefits, selected

ta

——$

Old-age | , Aid to
Item assistance a dent

——_——.

Total cates ........250-<c.00 2, 809, 537 653, 604
Cases newly eligible for

Pi dabéddadbocstebe 104, 688 4, 456

Percent of total... ........ 3.7 0.7
Monthly OASI benefits

ee te ng A eee $2, 339, 441 $202, 534
Monthly decrease in as-

sistance payments _ - - . _. $2, 280, 102 $155, 662
Average OASI benefit per

case affected _..........-. $22. 35 $45. 45

| Based on adjustments made between September
1950 and September 1951.

tion with the normal process of review
of eligibility for assistance. Thus ap-
preciable numbers of recipients newly
eligible for insurance benefits were
reported each month through Sep-
tember 1951, at which time the new
provisions had been in effect for a full
year. While action had been taken
on three-fourths of the payments
affected by increased benefits to cur-
rent beneficiary-recipients by the end
of October 1950, slightly less than
one-third of the cases involving the
newly eligible recipients had been con-
sidered by the end of December 1950,
and it was February 1951 before action
had been taken on half of them.

The public assistance recipients who
became newly eligible for insurance
benefits were of several types. The
largest group consisted of aged per-
sons who had worked for 6 quarters
or more in covered employment after
1936 but not long enough to qualify
for benefits under the requirements
in effect before the amendments, and
the aged wives of men meeting these
qualifications. Other provisions of the
amendments, such as those conferring
eligibility for benefits on dependent
husbands of female primary benefi-
ciaries, resulted in some additional
public assistance recipients becoming
entitled.

Most of the changes in old-age as-
sistance were brought about by the
provisions that made these groups
eligible; the aid to dependent children
program was more affected by the
liberalized provisions for children of
old-age beneficiaries and survivors of
deceased wage earners. One of the

Social Security

eowmRmeooenwas. "Sw we“ ™

Oe

oammeeorbanvt

<

most important provisions permitted
the inclusion of time spent in World
War II military service in determining
the number of quarters a deceased
wage earner had spent in covered em-
ployment. This provision made elig-
ible the children of a substantial num-
ber of World War II veterans who had
died before the amendments had been
enacted. Liberalization of the condi-
tions under which child benefits can
be paid on the wage record of a de-
ceased mother, and of eligibility on
the basis of a stepfather’s wage record,
also affected some families receiving
aid to dependent children. Some of
the assistance recipients who became
eligible for old-age benefits had young
children who, as a result of the
parent’s eligibility, became eligible
for child benefits.* In measuring the
effect of the provisions under which
recipients became eligible for benefits,
no attempt has been made to segre-
gate the effects of the individual pro-
visions, each of which affected some
recipients.

The slower impact of the new bene-
fits on public assistance payments in-
evitably resulted in the reported ef-
fects being more influenced by con-
current developments than were the
actions taken when existing benefits
were increased. The 13-month period
during which these adjustments were
made was one of rising prices, and
State action in recognizing increased
living costs tended to reduce the sav-
ing in assistance funds attributable
to new benefits. Because of savings
and additional funds resulting from
the 1950 amendments, a number of
States were able during this period
to put into effect other policy changes
that tended to meet need more ade-
quately rather than reduce assistance
costs.

Other factors, however, tended to
increase the reported saving in as-
sistance funds and must also be taken
into account. The most important
was the fact that many recipients
were unaware of their eligibility and

* Provision for mothers of entitled chil-
dren of living beneficiaries, and changes
resulting in the inclusion of some addi-
tional children, also increased the num-
ber of new beneficiaries. Since these per-
sons were in families already receiving
benefits, their new benefits were ordi-
narily treated by assistance agencies as
increases rather than as new benefits.

Bulletin, March 1952

Table 2.—Cases receiving old-age as-
sistance or aid to dependent chil-
dren in September 1950 and newly

eligible for OASI benefits, by action
on assistance payment '

Old-age Aidto dent
assistance children
Action
Num-/| Per- | Num-/| Per-
ber cent ber cent
TERE i anerid 104,688 | 100.0] 4,456 100.0
Cases closed - .... 11, 336 10.8 | 1,212 27.2
Payments sus
pended -___--_. 10, 043 9.6 305 6.8
Payments re
hylan 74, 709 71.4 | 2,414 54.2
Payments not re-
duced.........| 8,600 8.2 525 11.8

1 Based on adjustments made between September
1950 and September 1951.

did not apply for benefits promptly.
When they did apply and became en-
titled, many of them received an
amount that included benefits for
earlier months that was, of course,
substantially greater than their con-
tinuing monthly benefits. These re-
troactive benefit payments were treat-
ed in different ways by the State as-
sistance agencies. In some States they
were considered a permissible addi-
tion to the recipient’s cash reserves,
while other States deducted the
amount of the benefit from assistance
payments either by temporarily dis-
continuing the entire payment or by
prorating a deduction over several
months. Deductions by either of these
methods almost certainly account for
the fact that the reported saving in
assistance funds was greater than the
amount of new benefit payments in
some States.

In States that place a maximum on
individual assistance payments, many
recipients needed more assistance
than they had been receiving. For
these recipients, need was met more
fully as a result of the additional in-
come when the assistance payments
were not reduced. Actions of this type
and policy changes generally explain
the instances in which payments were
not reduced as a result of the receipt
of insurance benefits.

Effects on old-age assistance—A
total of 104,688 recipients, represent-
ing 3.7 percent of all old-age assist-
ance recipients in September 1950,
had been awarded old-age and survi-
vors insurance benefits by September
1951 under the liberalized insured-

status provisions of the 1950 amend-
ments (table 1). Benefit payments to
these aged persons totaled $2,339,441
a month, an average of $22.35 per
beneficiary. Reported decreases in
payments of old-age assistance
amounted to $2,280,102 a month. For
reasons that have been indicated,
there is some question as to whether
savings of this size will continue.

Cases were closed for 11,336 recipi-
ents, or 10.8 percent of those who re-
ceived insurance benefits for the first
time (table 2). Since the average old-
age assistance payment in September
1950 was $43.79, almost twice the aver-
age of $22.35 for the new benefits, only
a relatively smal! proportion of the re-
cipients had benefits as large as the
assistance payments they had been
receiving. Many of the recipients
qualified for only minimum insurance
benefits—$20 a month for old-age
beneficiaries and $10 a month for aged
entitled wives.

An additional 9.6 percent of these
assistance recipients had their pay-
ments suspended. The suspensions
ordinarily represented temporary dis-
continuance, with the prospect of pay-
ment being resumed at a later date.
It is probable that many of these sus-
pensions resulted from retroactive ini-
tial payments, which provided the re-
cipients with sufficient funds to
manage without assistance for a
month or more. Ultimately, assist-
ance payments for most of this group
are likely to be reinstated in reduced
amounts.

For most of these recipients (74,709
or 71.4 percent), assistance payments
were continued without interruption
but reduced in amount. The remain-
ing 8,600 recipients—8.2 percent of
the group or about 1 out of every 12—
were found eligible to continue re-
ceiving assistance in the same amount
as before they received their new bene-
fits. Many of these recipients were
in States where the operation of statu-
tory maximums on the amount of as-
sistance that could be paid had pre-
vented need from being fully met.
Others benefited from changes in
State policy, or their own require-
ments or resources changed, and the
changes and their insurance benefits
were taken into account concurrently.

Effects on aid to dependent chil-
dren.—Of the families receiving aid

23

to dependent children in September
1950, there were 4,456 or 0.7 percent
who by September 1951 had received
new insurance benefits under the
amended provisions. It is not surpris-
ing that the percentage is substan-
tially smaller than that for old-age
assistance, since most of the families
are eligible for aid to dependent chil-
dren on the basis of the absence or
incapacity of a wage earner under
age 65. Neither of those situations
confers eligibility for insurance bene-
fits. Moreover, the reduction in the
number of quarters required for in-
sured status applied only to living
wage earners and did not materially
affect entitlement to survivor benefits.

New insurance benefits received by
families on the aid to dependent chil-
dren rolls totaled $202,534 a month
by September 1951, an average of
$45.45 per family. Reported decreases
in assistance payments at the same
time amounted to $155,662.

Of the families receiving new bene-
fits, 1,212 or 27.2 percent had their
assistance cases closed. Three out of
5 of these closings occurred in 12 low-

income States, 11 of which made pay-
ments averaging less than $50 in Sep-
tember 1950.

An additional 305 or 6.8 percent of
these recipients of aid to dependent
children had their assistance pay-
ments suspended. As in the old-age
assistance cases, many of the dis-
continuances were probably tempo-
rary because of the receipt of retro-
active benefits.

A majority of the families affected
— 2,414 or 54.2 percent of the group—
continued to receive assistance pay-
ments of reduced amount, while 525
families or 11.8 percent were found
eligible to receive the same assistance
payment as formerly. Many of this
latter group were in States where the
operation of maximums on payments
had limited the assistance received to
amounts substantially below the rec-
ognized need.

Long-time effects on public assist-
ance costs.—For the recipients of old-
age assistance and aid to dependent
children, newly paid insurance bene-
fits amounted to slightly more than
$2.5 million a month by September

1951. The immediate reduction in as.
sistance payments represented 96 per.
cent of this amount. Even if this say.
ing is somewhat reduced because of
the partial restoration of assistance
payments suspended on account of
retroactive benefit payments, it would
still exceed $2 million a month.

The group on the assistance rolls is
not static, and the persons who were
recipients in September 1950 will
gradually leave the rolls for one reason
or another. The saving in assistance
funds with respect to these particular
individuals will decline as time passes,
Other persons in the population also
benefit, however, from the 1950 insur-
ance provisions. While some of these
persons may have to apply for assist-
ance in the future, the amount of as-
sistance needed will be less because of
their entitlement to insurance benefits
than it otherwise would have been. In
the future, the reduction in savings in
assistance funds due to discontinuance
of assistance for September 1950 re-
cipients will be partly offset by the
addition to the rolls of these new re-
cipients.

Recent Publications

General

FeperaL SEcurRITY AGENCY. LIBRARY.
Federal Grants-In-Aid in Health—
Social Security—Education—Voca-
tional Rehabilitation: Selected Ref-
erences, 1938-1951. Washington:
The Library, Jan. 1952. 37 pp. Proc-
essed. Limited free distribution,
apply to the Federal Security
Agency Library, Washington 25,
D.C.

Great BriraIn. MINISTRY OF LABOUR
AND NATIONAL SERVICE. Annual Re-
port ...for 1950. London: H.M.
Stationery Office, 1951. 171 pp. 6s.

HALLENBECK, WILBUR C. American
Urban Communities. New York:
Harper & Brothers, 1951. 617 pp.
$6.

INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SECURITY AS-
sociation. Report on Technical

* Prepared in the Library, Federal Se-
curity Agency. Orders for the publications
listed should be directed to publishers or
booksellers; Federal publications for
which prices are listed should be ordered
from the Superintendent of Documents,
U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington 25, D. C. .

24

Problems Involved in the Adminis-
tration of Social Security Schemes.
Xth General Meeting (Vienna, 3-7
July 1951). (Report III.) Gen-
eva: International Labor Office,
1951. 30 pp. 25 cents.

INTERNATIONAL SocraL SEcurRITyY AS-
socraTIOnN. Technical Problems In-
volved in the Administration of So-
cial Security Schemes. Manual of
Methods of Identification of Insured
Persons and Organisation of Rec-
ords: I. National Monographs, and
II. Registration Forms, Insurance
Cards, etc. Geneva: International
Labor Office, 1951. 2vols. $1 each.

JOHNS, Ray, and DEMARCHE, Davin F.
Community Organization and
Agency Responsibility. New York:
Association Press, 1951. 274 pp.
$3.75.

Includes chapters on the types of
social welfare services, the growth
and development of public agency
services, and State and national plan-
ning and financing of services.

KUHLE, ALBERT A. “Social and Eco-
nomic Aspects of Social Security.”
Public Aid in Illinois, Chicago, Vol.
18, Nov. 1951, pp. 1-7.

MILLER, HERMAN P. “Changes in In-
come Distribution in the United

States.” Journal of the American
Statistical Association, Menasha,
Wis., Vol. 46, Dec. 1951, pp. 438—441.
$8 a year.

Covers the period 1936-48.

OxHLIN, Lioyp E. Selection for Parole:
A Manual of Parole Prediction. New
York: Russell Sage Foundation,
1951. 143 pp. $2.

THE PHILIPPINES. PRESIDENT’S ACTION
COMMITTEE ON SOCIAL AMELIORA-
TION. Philippine Social Trends:
Basic Documents Pertinent to Long-
Range Social Welfare Planning in
the Philippines. Manila: Bureau
of Printing, 1950. 54 pp.

“Reform of Social Insurance in
Greece.” Industry and _ Labour,
Geneva, Vol. 6, Nov. 15, 1951, pp.
419-423. 25 cents.

Suryock, Henry S. “Redistribution
of Population: 1940 to 1950.” Jour-
nal of the American Statistical As-
sociation, Menasha, Wis., Vol. 46,
Dec. 1951, pp. 417-437. $8 a year.

UNITED NATIONS. STATISTICAL OFFICE.
National Income Statistics, Supple-
ment 1938-1950. (Statistical Pa-
pers, Series E, No. 2.) New York:
The Office, Aug. 1951. 55 pp. Proc-
essed.

U. S. Presipent. The State of the

Social Security

ND AU! ay Bene th

“I

eo mereo tf: Sf

Union. (H. Doc. 269, 82d Cong.,
2d sess.) Washington: U.S. Govt.
Print. Off., Jan. 1952. 10 pp.

Retirement and Old Age

“Agreement Between Italy and the
United States on Old-Age and Sur-
vivors’ Insurance.” Industry and
Labour, Geneva, Vol. 6, Dec. 1, 1951,
pp. 464-465. 25 cents.

AMERICAN MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION.
Preparing Employees for Retire-
ment. (Personnel Series, No. 142.)
New York: The Association, 1951.
27 pp. $1.25.

Civic, Mir1am. “Economic Status of
the Aging.” Business Record, New
York, Vol. 9, Jan. 1952, pp. 14-19.

GREENOUGH, WILLIAM C. A New Ap-
proach to Retirement Income. New
York: Teachers Insurance and
Annuity Association of America,
1951. 55 pp. 50 cents.
Recommends “providing retirement

income through periodic investments

in common stock and the payment of

a variable, or unit, annuity in com-

bination with a traditional fixed dollar

annuity.”

HortoPp, Doris E. “Sixty-Five Years
Young.” The Councillor, Balti-
more, Vol. 16, Dec. 1951, pp. 11-14.
Describes the recreational programs

of the Golden Age Clubs in Baltimore,

Md.

Kaptan, JERRY. “A County Welfare
Office Plans for Its Senior Citizens.”
Public Welfare, Chicago, Vol. 9, Dec.
1951, pp. 236-239 ff. 60 cents.
Ways of providing social and rec-

reational opportunities for older per-

sons.

Ocpen, Warde B. “Survey of 260
Pension Plans Reveals Wide Variety
of Accounting for Costs, Plus Some
Hazards.” Journal of Account-
ancy, New York, Vol. 93, Jan. 1952,
pp. 44-47. 75 cents.

SHirerR, JoHN. Retirement and Dis-
ability in the United States—An
Economic Challenge to Arizona.
(Special Studies, No. 3.) Tucson:
University of Arizona, College of
Business and Public Administration,
Bureau of Business Research, Dec.
1951. 10 pp.

Employment

AMERICAN MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION.
What’s Ahead in Collective Bar-
gaining?—Working Under Wage
and Salary Stabilization. (Person-
nel Series, No. 143.) New York:
The Association, 1951. 51 pp.
$1.25.

STzIn, EMANUEL, editor. Proceedings

Bulletin, March 1952

of New York University Fourth An-

nual Conference on Labor: Labor in

a Mobilization Economy. New

York: Matthew Bender & Co.,

1951. 627 pp. $8.50.

Includes Pensions and Welfare
Funds Under Wage Stabilization, by
Wilbur J. Cohen; Collective Bargain-
ing Under Stabilization, by Richard
A. Lester; The Wage Stabilization
Program, by Harry Weiss; The Eco-
nomic Environment of Collective Bar-
gaining, by Jules Backman; Current
Approaches to Manpower Problems,
by Robert C. Goodwin; and Training
Program and Activities, by C. R.
Dooley.

Tuomas, Howarp E., and TAyYLor,
FLORENCE. Migrant Farm Labor in
Colorado: A Study of Migratory
Families. New York: National
Child Labor Committee, Nov. 1951.
116 pp. Processed. $1.25.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. WOMEN’S
Bureav. The Outlook for Women
in Social Group Work. (Social
Work Series, Bulletin No. 235-7.)
Washington: U. S. Govt. Print.
Off., 1951. 41 pp. 20 cents.

ZACHARIAH, K. A. “Employment-
Sponsored Welfare Services in Bom-
bay: A Sample Survey.” Indian
Journal of Social Work, Andheri,
Bombay, Vol. 12, Sept. 1951, pp.
181-188. $1.

Public Welfare and Relief

EGYPT. MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS.
Second Social Welfare Seminar for
Arab States of the Middle East
Under the High Patronage of H. M.
King Farouk I. Lectures—Discus-
sions—Reports. Cairo, 22 Novem-
ber-14 December 1950. Cairo:
The Ministry, 1950. 494 pp.

HEALTH AND WELFARE FEDERATION OF
ALLEGHENY County. Your Public
Assistance Program. Pittsburgh,
Pa.: The Federation, 1951. 69 pp.
Asummary report of seminar meet-

ings. Includes a discussion of the
medical care program, relief “chisel-
ing,” the problem of overpayment, the
training of public assistance workers,
and the financing and administration
of public assistance.

KapLan, Jerry. “The Role of the
Public Welfare Agency in Meeting
the Needs of the Older Person.”
Public Welfare, Chicago, Vol. 9,
Nov. 1951, pp. 208-211. 60 cents.

LEHANE, Mary M. “Is Casework Nec-
essary to the Public Assistance Pro-
gram?” Public Welfare, Chicago,
Vol. 9, Nov. 1951, pp. 212-213 ff. 60
cents.

oe nae a ere

NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF SOCIAL WoRK.
The Social Welfare Forum, 1951.
Official Proceedings,. 78th Annual
Meeting... Atlantic City, New Jersey,
May 13-18,1951. NewYork: Pub-
lished for the National Conference
of Social Work by Columbia Uni-
versity Press, 1951. 380 pp. $4.50.
Includes The Common Core of So-

cial Work in Different Countries, by

Donald S. Howard; The Significance

of the Study of Social Work Educa-

tion, by Harriett M. Bartlett; The

Midcentury White House Conference

on Children and Youth, by Ira De A.

Reed; Fact-Finding and Thinking as

Tools in Policy-Making, by Ewan

Clague; Constructive Aspects of Pub-

lic Assistance for the Aged, by Elmer

V. Andrews; Basic Policies and Prin-

ciples of Public Child Care Services,

by Martha Branscombe; and Sam-
pling for Research in Social Agencies

—I. With Large Case Loads, by Anne

E. Geddes and Walter M. Perkins, and

II. With Small Case Loads, by Bertram

J. Black and Charles P. Gershenson.

PaInTer, W.L. “Constructive Aspects
of Public Assistance for the Dis-
abled.” Public Welfare, Chicago,
Vol. 9, Dec. 1951, pp. 233-235. 60
cents.

RAYMOND RicH ASSOCIATES. A Survey
of Resources for the American Pub-
lic Welfare Association. New York:
The Associates, 1950. 87 pp. $2.

Ruup, Mittarp H. Staff Monograph
on Eligibility Requirements for Old-
Age Assistance in Texas. Austin:
Texas Legislative Council, May 1951.
65 pp. Processed.

Includes a discussion of the prob-
lems of the old-age assistance pro-
gram in Texas.

WEavER, W. Wattace. Social Prob-
lems. New York: William Sloane
Associates, 1951. 791 pp. $5.

A textbook for undergraduate
students.

WHITE, Vircrnta Kann. Measuring
Social Need: The Method of
Standard Scores Applied to Meas-
urement of Need in Cuyahoga
County. Cleveland: ‘The Press of
Western Reserve University, 1951.
44 pp. and tables. $2.

Maternal and Child Welfare

“Children’s Allowance for Independ-
ent Workers of Small Means in the
Netherlands.” Industry and La-
bour, Geneva, Vol. 6, Dec. 1, 1951,
pp. 470-471. 25 cents;

Kaun, ALFRED J. Police and Chil-
dren: A Study of the Juvenile Aid

(Continued on page 29)

Current Operating Statistics

Table 1.—Selected social insurance and related programs, by specified period, 1940-51
{In thousands; data corrected to Mar. 6, 1952]

Unemployment insur-
Retirement, disability, and survivor programs ance p
; Tem Read-
Monthly retirement and disability Survivor benefits disability just-
benefits
fits ® ment
Rail. | allow-
Year and Total Service-| road | ®nces
Monthly Lump-sum ? Rail- men’s |Unem-|
State | Read- | ploy- | Self
Rail- | Civil road | jaws i - em-
Social | Hoy | Serv- | Veter- Civil Unem-| *¥5 | Just. | ment | ployed
Secu- ice | ans Ad- Rail- State | ploy- ment | Insur-
Retire- Social Serv- | Veter- | Social e Act 2 veter-
rity | ment | Com- | minis- | geen. | 5084 | “ice ‘Ad-| Secu- laws 1°/ ment ans 3
Act mis- | tration * Retire- Other ® Insur- Acts
Act | gion 3 rity ment Com- minis- | rity ones
Act Act 5 a. tration*®; Act Act 0
Number of beneficiaries
1950
December....}.........-. 2,325.6) 255.6) 160.8) 2, 365.8 1,151.7) 141.7} 24.9) 1,010.1 19.6 9.5 27.2; 32.1 832.0 5.8) 34.9 3
a |
BN tscrcdl nctcemtimenaiboe 2,432.8; 256.3) 161.8) 2,364.9) 1,172.4; 142.5) 25.7) 1,000.6 33.0; 11.1 29.1; 39.3 971.7 6.0) 8.5 3
February --.-}.......... 2,513.7; 257.2) 162.7) 2,365.6) 1,192.9) 142.8) 26.5) 1,001.4 30.6; 10.3 27.9) 28.4 $83.1 5.0) 46.8 2
March..-.....}.......... 2,591.6; 258.1 163.2) 2,368.2) 1,217.6; 143.7| 27.4) 1,001.4 41.8) 11.9 30.2; 28.3 807.2 3.5) 38.7 2
a. Koccmne tien. Reysicpiealtthaiont 2,650.6) 259.1 163.9} 2,370.8) 1,239.5) 144.8) 28.1) 1,005.4 34.4 12.2 31.6) 27.3 740.2 2.2) 27.9 vl
yy. 2,704.5) 260.5) 164.5) 2,373.0) 1,264.4) 145.9) 29.1) 1,009.6 39.3) 12.0 30.5) 24.4 773.5 1.5) 10.4 |
June. 2,748.2) 261.1 165. 4 2,373.6) 1,285.4 146.8} 29.9) 1,012.3 sy 11.2 32.2 22.3 821.4 1.2) 15.8 1
Mb iewosssetiwciscdece 2,798.5; 262.0) 166.2) 2,374.9) 1,300.4) 147.5) 30.8) 1,013.5 30.1 10.3 29.0| 23.9 747.8 1.2) 19.5 l
August. 2,858.1; 262.9) 167.6; 2,378.9) 1,318.4) 148.1) 31.6) 1,016.1 36.7; 11.3 28.0) 30.7 801.0 1.0) 24.6
September ---/.........- 2,896.7) 263.3) 168.4) 2,381.2) 1,335.8) 148.9) 32.3) 1,016.2 32. 8! 9.4 26.8) 28.6 757.8 .8| 2.7
CC Necdubesteded 2, 934. 2 263. 9 169. 2 2,385.5) 1,356.6 150.6} 33.2) 1,018.6 37.6) 11.9 27.6; 32.9 712.8 6} 21.2)
November. --}........-- 2,962.2; 264.7) 170.2) 2,388.7) 1,370.0) 1651. 33.9) 1,019.4 30. 5 9.1 26.6; 31.5 749.3 -6) 30.
RE ec 2,996.0) 267.1 171.0} 2,391.0) 1,383.0; 149.7) 34.5 1, 020. 3) 27. 8 7.6 27.2 28.9 797.3 -7| 31.6) (4)
Amount of benefits *
l ] } )
1940.........-/$1, 188, 702| $21,074/$114, 166) $62,019) $317,851 $7,784, $1,448)......-. $165, 696) $11, 736)$12, 267|_....... atabikedl $518, 700)......... $15, 961).......
thers etic. 1,085,488} 55,141/ 119,912 64, 933) 320, 561 25, 454 a 111,7 3,328) 13, 043)........ _Sa 344, 321)......... 14, 537/.......
TS 1,130,721) 80, 305] 122,806) 68,115) 325,265) 41, 702 1, 603)_...... 111,193} 15,088) 14, 342|______- pena: 344, 064)... 22... 268|.......
BOO... ccmasosal 921,465) 97,257) 125,795, 72,961) 331,350) 57,763 ich cart 116,133; 17,830) 17,255) $2,857)....... 1, 4 Seana 917)..... ss
) __, Siete Bite 1,118,798; 119,009) 129,707| 77,193) 456,279) 76,942 a 144, 22, 146) 19,238; 5,035)....... 62, 385) $4,113 582) $102
1945. ......... 2,065, 566; 157,391) 137,140) 83,874; 697,830) 104,231 =, Sra 254, 26,135) 23,431) 4,669/....... 445,866) 114,955) 2,359) 11,675
1946. ......... 5,149,761} 230,285) 149,188) 94,585) 1,268,984) 130,139) 1,817)....... 333, 27, 267; 30,610) 4, 761! oat 1,094, 860 1, 491, 204) 39, 917 4%
Gee 4,700,827; 299,830) 177,053) 106,876) 1,676,029, 153,109) 19, 283)..._... 382,515; 29,517) 33,115) 26,024 $11, 368 , 165 a | 39, 401 174
a 4,510,041} 366,887) 208,642) 132,852) 1,711,182) 176,736) 36,011; $018) 413,912) 32,315) 32,140) 35,572| 30, 843 426, 569) 28, 599 508
Bae acitinn 080} 454,483) 240, 893 158, 973) 1,692,215; 201,369) 39,257) 4,317) 477,406) 33,158) 31,771) 59,066) 30, 103,1, 737,279 386, 103, 596 559
Beso -Rdiding 5,357,432) 718,473) 254,240 175,787) 1,732,208) 299,672) 43,884) 8,409) 491,579, 32,740) 33,578) 70,880) 28,099|1,373,426) 32,987) 59,804 666
WOR cmecnil 165, 560,522/1, 361, 046) 268,733 196, 529) 1, 647, 938 485) 49,527) 14,014) 519,398 57, $37) 33,356; (*%) 26, 297 , 411 2,124) 20,217 110
1950 |
December....| 429,376) 90,461; 21,060) 15,554 139,188, 36,395) 3,625 953; 41, 486 ee] 2,496; 2,675) 2,979) 66,969 464, 2,145 32
1951 |
January -..... 461,640) 93,885) 21,113) 15,825) 139,445) 36,998) 3,647 997; 41,642 4 2,846; 2,974 3,401; 90,475 553; 3,037 2B
February - .-- 441, 934 96,486; 21, 184) 15, 815 138,160' 37,605) 3,658) 1,009) 41,865) 4,314) 2,648) 2,508) 2,350) 71,369 391; 2,555 17
Seb ted 449,759) 98,933) 21,255) 15,921 139,140; 38,326) 3,686) 1,006) 42,833) 5,815) 2,998; 2,980) 2,591 71, 584 315| 2,360 16
_— Selintea titel 440,052; 100,694 21,334) 16,046 138,046 38,942) 3,719) 1,081) 42,832) 4,705 3,151 2, 957 2, 432) 62, 204 197; 1,608 M
OF wctinnnd 451,242} 102,267; 21,424) 16,224 138,356; 39,614; 3,749) 1,133) 42,552) 5,385) 3,053) 3,097) 2,252) 70,799 146; 1,181 10
June_-........ 1 \ 21,462; 16,296 36,336, 40,164) 3,775) 1,151| 43, = 4,501; 2,984 2,880) 1,999) 68,780 97 992 9
pg aalnalle 447,533) 105,140) 21,522) 16,411) 136,877; 40,580) 3,796) 1,193) 43,325) 4,121) 2,688) 2,861) 2,023) 65,917 105 966 8
August......-. 461,753; 107,018} 21,588) 16,656) 136,230) 41,101! 3,816| 1,217) 43,608 5,018) 3,030; 2,891; 2,808) 75,131 93) 1,544 4
September - - - 446,741; 108, 21,615) 16,622 135,173; 41,669, 3,842) 1,248) 43,075) 4, 468) 2, 514) 2,455) 2,563) 62,049 66; 1,133 3
_-..2.| 461,013] 109,500] 21,660] 16,880 137,523| 42,325 3, 886| 1,288] 44,940, 5, 041| 3,146, 2,862) 3,082) 67, 449 53] 1,376 2
November. -- 464,127} 110,475) 24, 441| 16, 877) 136, 590| 42,739) 5,158) 1,372) ,930' 4, 164) 2,428; 2,654) 2,866 , 607 50} 1,774 2
aie» 111, 643| 24,774) 16, 965) 136,062} 43,148} 5,123 1, 318} 45, a 3, oe 1, 0 2,609) 2,701} 70,624 57| 1,934 1
|

1 Under the Social Security Act, retirement benefits—old-age, wife’s, and hus-
band’s benefits, and benefits to children of old-age beneficiaries—partly estimated.
Under the other 3 , benefits for age and disability; be December
1951, spouse’s annuities under the Railroad Retirement Act.

2 Data for ci retirement and disability fund; excludes noncontribu-
tory payments made under the Panama Canal Construction Annuity Act to

who worked on Canal construction 1904-14 or to their widows. Through
ont Petry retirement ne disability pets soo — to Ni under
survivor elect : Sans y , payments under survivor pro-

visions shown as survivor benefits.

3 Pensions and compensation, and subsistence payments to disabled veterans

training.
4 Mother’s, widow’s, widower’s, parent’s, and child’s benefits. Partly esti-

§ Annuities to widows under joint and survivor elections; 12-month death-bene-
fit annuities to widows and next of kin; and, beginning February 1947, widow’s,
widow’s current, parent’s, and child’s benefits.

* Payments to widows, parents, and children of deceased veterans.

7 Number of decedents on whose account lump-sum payments were made.

s Payments under the Railroad Retirement Act and Federal civil-service and

® First & yable in Rhode Island, April 1943; in California, December 1946; in

26

New Jersey, January 1949; in New York, July 1950 (data not available); and under
the railroad program, July 1947. Excludes hospital benefits in California; also
excludes private plans in California and New Jersey except for calendar-year totals.

10 Represents average weekly number of Denehiclaries.

1 Represents average number of beneficiaries in a 14-day registration period.

13 Readjustment allowances to unemployed veterans; from 1 to2 pec of num-
ber and amount shown represents allowances for illness and disability after estab-
lishment of unemployment rights. Number represents average weekly number
of continued claims.

18 Claims paid under the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act.

4 Less than 50.

16 Payments: amounts certified, under the Social Security Act (except
data for monthly benefits, which pequecent benefits in current-payment ’
the Railroad Retirement Act, and the Railroad Unemployment Ineurenas ,
disbursements, for Veterans Administration except the readjustment
ce program; checks issued, under the State unemployment insurance
disability “ ond wader | gto a Jeeta 1 for
ce programs ursemen ough June and au
July 1949. Adjusted on annual basis except for Civil Service Commission
data, which are adjusted monthly.

16 Excludes State temporary disability benefits; calendar-year figure not

avai 4

Source: Based on reports of administrative agencies.

te
civitse

Social Security —

ar, et

ot ho te et St ee he, es et

a @&

_O

~_e-_ es of

ee ee a ee ee

eae .. Ce” Al eee ee

~ to RD

Table 2.—Contributions and taxes collected under selected social insurance and related programs, by — period,

1941-51
[In thousands]
Retirement, disability, and survivors insurance Unemployment insurance
wan: Federal Federal Temnen State Federal | eared aot
insurance civil-service and their unemployment} unemployment fueurenes
contributions ' | contributions * employees contributions * taxes 4 contributions *
Calendar year
SE 2 nnsediiebenereessbddhedvbostors antiitid dnesnteiiel $789, 298 $167, 250 $148, 184 $1, 006, 327 $98, 018 $73, 644
SR vc ccensbbobdccoceccccskscshovceesestiidadscnns died 1, 012, 490 » 739 193, 346 1, 139, 331 123, 515 95, 524
ha scceebbbvluvecoccencehodinecesssaclinttindesaasa 1, 239, 490 432, 913 232, 247 1,325, 421 160, 921 109, 157
nen votcsdhqdhoocceessdinhebbecasesastbhhielensatabaell 1,315, 680 477, 196 286, 157 1, 317, 050 183, 489 132, 504
ah so ccvedbbslbvcccccecdaneubeceescustanbiinincseediagal 1, 285, 486 540, 776 279, 058 1, 161, 884 184, 404 130, 415
dha ccdntidebbnacncececnbegbnescosssstihadiadsansashiee 1, 295, 398 484, 431 315, 007 911, 835 175, 209 1p 400
AL cccqubbbabioceccncedbsbsboococesdcéindoenciuae 1, 556, 836 491, 264 484, 351 1, 095, 520 185, 243 1
lakh ccoscbedaducccecocechbadsbucenetdodbinhinieionsat 1, 684, 569 500, 411 568, 437 999, 635 212, 087 76, 845
SE del. wonsnddickGlsrcncehsdindicancecsmsittecshal 1, 666, 343 651, 542 565, 091 986, 905 228, 856 14, 916
a en eee eS ee 2, 667, 077 677, 730 546, 097 1, 191, 438 223, 693 23, 356
Ti aameced¢ececoneeniecccocccesecessesounssenanbesianntnaan | 3, 354, 834 703, 144 708, 802 1, 492, 642 235, 073 25, 692
1950
wnseguccitiscccccoeumommpocesédnitiatcnedeiiiie 239, 131 29,178 132, 961 9, 980 2,716 5, 837
1951 |
Ps) scdiihbhtanecaccoohepmpangnocseodsammp antecedent 131, 331 , 958 1, 567 96, 405 16, 319 22
ly sssdegegegudnocccesempanpscesededieimedienatseunmll 373, 787 29, 752 6, 508 153, 307 146, 981 155
Pidin ciasenemseancccochegpp ap pescabesgmnmnnvadimnaee 239,310 31, 874 139, 527 12, 151 13, 963 5, 847
-_ Ee ipacagepenenquncecescqsmeapseccacedogpeensecdinnatnn 150, 35, 264 3,021 145, 903 3, 502 186
idah+ avacengesececencchqannapenncesedsnsianaaeanaiin 534, 031 37,610 4,814 297, 232 15, 764 398
il ti.dcn¢émhopbotnnacskagus apapececednmmmniatenhemmeial 280, 172 23, 428 139, 178 9, 323 3,311 6, 036
re eee 515,815 29, 604 66,022 218; 602 14641 528
Sia nch= +. connenenenesantoasssinapdaiinieatomensiaanane 257, 873 6 342, 357 190, 087 8, 075 1, 004 4, 093
Getaber-...---------n0------20-n2--nenrennenenenesnrenenenenee | 31, 665 38, 313 11, 201 113, 888 3, 018 1, 884
RINNE, sik sintnie dem déihniicniscndoedsinein cietiibeiaddeiietiiit desi 399, 786 34 91, 342 216, 650 14, 124 17
STE ns cecanssnaniseessepeacsccceseehamslinnelle 266, 464 37, 183 54, O15 7, 551 764 6, 318
|

' Represents contributions of employees and employers in employments
covered by old-age and survivors insurance; beginning January 1951, on an
estimated basis.

loyees; excludes contributions collected for deposit “y State sickness insurance
unds. Data reported by State agencies; corrected to Jan. 28, 1952.
‘ he aeeoeem taxes paid by employers under the Foierat Unemployment Tax

FES! mroweoem

gro

<

& BERSSars

2 Represents em

for the entire fiscal year.

+ Represents deposits in State clearing accounts of contributions plus penalties
and interest collected from employers and, in 2 States, contributions from em-

pe and Government contributions to the civil-service re- Act
tirement and disability fund; Government contributions are made in 1 month

a Beginning 1947, also covers tempers Guba
6 Represents contributions of $32.4 mi
for fiscal year 1951-52 of $310.0 million from the F

Source: Daily Statement of the U. S. Treasury, unless otherwise noted.

ty insurance.
from employees, and contributions
ederal Government.

1951 IN REVIEW
(Continued from page 2)
assistance, and the increase in clos-
ings (12.5 percent) was substantially
larger. As in old-age assistance, de-
creases in caseloads were widespread.

The number of persons receiving
aid to the blind fluctuated during 1951
between 96,000 and 97,000 with a net
decrease for the year of about 300.
About half the States aided more re-
cipients at the end of 1951 than a year
earlier. The new program of aid to
the permanently and totally disabled,
which started in October 1950, had ex-
panded by the end of 1951 to include
36 States and 124,000 recipients.

At most times, trends in general as-
sistance caseloads are a more sensitive
indication of changes in economic
conditions than are trends for other
categories. During the last quarter of
1950 and all of 1951, however, develop-
ments in the new program for the dis-

Bulletin, March 1952

abled were probably the major deter-
minants of trends in general assist-
ance. From October 1950 to December
1951, caseloads for general assistance
declined 38 percent in the 36 States
administering the new category and
only a little more than 3 percent in
the other States. A slight upturn at
the end of 1951 in the number of cases
receiving general assistance in the
Nation followed the usual seasonal
pattern and probably reflected, also,
increased unemployment in some
areas.

Although the State legislators were
concerned about the cost of public as-
sistance, they made few direct at-
tempts to reduce payments to indi-
vidual recipients. On the contrary,
at least a fourth of the States in-
creased the maximum amount previ-
ously set for assistance payments
under one or more programs. A few
States made sizable increases in max-

imums for aid to dependent children
by prescribing a maximum for the
mother or other adult caring for chil-
dren. Such action—usually in States
with comparatively small payments—
was a result of the 1950 Federal
amendment permitting Federal par-
ticipation in assistance for these
adults.

Where funds permitted, State agen-
cies raised the amounts allowed for
food or other items in the budgets to
compensate for price increases. In a
number of States, however, the
amounts in effect in December 1951
had been set some time before the
beginning of the war in Korea. Other
agencies with insufficient funds re-
duced the percent of need on which
assistance payments were based. In-
creases in other income (for aged re-
cipients, chiefly higher benefits or new
benefits under old-age and survivors

(Continued on page 33)

Table 3.—Status of the old-age and survivors insurance trust fund, by specified period, 1937-51

{In thousands]
Receipts Expenditures Assets
Period Appropria- et Cash with | Credit of
tions, trans- | Interest re- | Benefit pay- | Administra- ernment disbursing | fund account Total assets
fers, and ceived ments _| tive expenses ities | Officeratend| at end of at end of
deposits! eonaiea 3 of period period
) ae ne ee January 1937—-December 1951 - - - - - $19, 921, 535 $1, 962, 131 $5, 842, 064 $501,868 | $15, 017,325 $222, 654 $299, 755 $15, 539, 734
year:
i il ermetes boos 789, 298 56, 159 88, 083 26, 158 719, 900 16, 530 8, 992 2, 761, 921
AEE EAE AIOE IN 1, 012, 490 72, 271 130, 675 A 919, 034 27, 382 5, 204 3, 688, 110
1943... Ae Pe 1, 239, 490 88, 250 165, 938 29, 454 1, 123, 400 29, 097 12, 527 4, 820, 458
EE ES RE So ee 1,315, 680 106, 741 208, 972 29, 201 1, 188, 000 29, 418 8, 455 6, 004, 707
i icminaddiidatapoa:onséetnLétavsccoce 1, 285, 486 134, 318 273, 885 29, 971 1, 087, 590 44, 870 21, 362 7, 120, 655
Dr cchuncissdee tan secetcudcdipidkshésoces 1, 295, 398 151, 592 378, 104 39, 739 1, 024, 310 51, 845 19, 222 8, 149, 801
RES | ae eet 1, 557, 911 164, 186 466, 193 45, 561 1, 189, 746 73, 754 17, 909 9, 360, 144
cath een nwediknce dsdbiaptionne 1, 687, 820 281, 201 556, 174 51,277 1, 287, 280 70, 810 95, 143 10, 721, 714
ide Mp conecciettiiesecesess 1, 669, 975 145, 662 667, 164 . 1, 172, 233 83, 4, 639 11, 815, 922
ER 8 EE: | ae 2, 670, 771 256, 998 961, 094 61, 330 1, 602, 655 188, 401 202, 217 13, 721, 266
ESS Be oF SS Sa 3, 367, 212 417, 267 1, 885, 201 80, 811 1, 686, 676 222, 299, 755 15, 589, 734
1950
SE! SESE See ae 239, 131 16, 714 136, 917 5, 249 80, 908 188, 401 202, 217 13, 721, 266
1951

Eitan cnpcaindhidninndiapececccnnice 131, 331 115, 074 141,717 7, 086 197, 700 86, 438 13, 818, 867
i scuuinon Es TE Retimibaccmnaie- nase 151, 700 5, 265 82, 000 195, 393 229, 947 «ae one
ERTS SRR Te A a 239, 310 10, 871 154, 830 5, 674 166, 918 ‘ 143, 061 14, 125, 366
Miia. ddl onawne 150, 7,916 154, 685 7,137 , 966 206, 309 71, 000 1 549
dks atihpiichiiiatihindeiseisivinittibiy hittin dbilaoeece 0 RR Se SE 156, 806 6, 642 211, 500 205, 918 230, 527 14, 492, 176
June... -- SRE BS , 125, 946 157, 043 6, 507 267, 067 200, 456 212,311 14, 785, 567
SSRN => yh ga a ye S ee a 159, 131 8, 761 130, 000 197,374 . 14, 742, 199
a + 3 oor 180, 301 6, 305 220, 000 178, 578 220, 475 15, 071, 852
SIN oo on SAB oll, occduindic cin thbndbaececce 263, 182 10, 871 142, 442 7,121 119, 918 214, 122 189, 503 15, 196, 341
SV ienmiitadenicniwbbintiibninbinacso= 333, 105 14, 818 146, 188 6, 675 49, 941 226, 250 22, 493 15, 091, 401
ic ch Rit osdicbbdehDinnitiiinncees . 8 ae ae 178, 659 7, 204 45, 200 209, 231 209, 407 15, 306, 497
SEIS Sse TEES AG a , 509 131, 772 161, 700 6, 343 129, 467 222, € 299, 755 15, 539, 734

1 For July 1940 to December 1950, equals taxes collected under the Federal includes small amounts in reimbursement of sales of supplies and services.

ce tributions Act g January 1951, amounts appropriated 2 Includes accrued interest and repayments on account of accrued interest on

with sec. 20i(a) of the Social Security Act as amended in 1950; —_ bonds at time of purchase.

from May 1951, includes deposits peepee under voluntary coverage agreements. 3A Erepriotions suspended from Oct. 10 to Nov. 6 to adjust for estimates on
in the fiscal year 1947, includes amounts appropriated to meet costs § which earlier 1951 appropriations were based.

of payable to survivors of certain World ar II veterans under the Source: Daily Statement of the U. S. Treasury.

Social Security Act Amendments of 1946. Beginning November 1951, also

Table 4.—Status of the unemployment trust fund, by specified period, 1936-51

(In thousands]
Net total Unex- State accounts Railroad unemployment insurance account ¢
Total of U. 8. nded
Period Saat Cimon tee Balance at Balance at
end o' ernmen at en ce a
; Interest | Withdraw- Interest Benefit
period securit of Deposits 3 end of Deposits end of
acquired ! period credited | als? period credited | payments period #!
Cumulative, January
1936-December 1951-.| $8, 526,425 | $8,427,162 $99, 263 |$15, 788,643 | $1,411,798 | $0,437,860 | $7, 762, 582 $909, 414 $143, 579 $469, 263 $763, 843
year:
1941 2, 744, 358 786, 700 12,358 | 1,008,149 53, 000 349, 583 | 2,516,400 66, 281 4, 557 15, 088 227, 958
ehicastensoguiinemie , 698, 008 955, 000 11,008 | 1,138, 530 68, 047 344,263 | 3,378,714 85, 973 6, 084 6, 695 319, 208
EES PR RE oe 5, 146, 745 1, 408, 000 51, 745 1,328, 117 81, 864 ’ 4, 711, 113 98, 244 7,409 1,014 435, 632
| Ee , 583, 434 1, 484, 000 4, 434 1,316, 940 50, 518 63,153 | 6,015,418 119, 261 4, 564 568, 016
i Sctnwcilelswbesoss 7, 537, 391 929, 184 29,208 | 1,160,712 118, 460 461,709 | 6,832, 880 117, 374 11, 010 1, #49 704, 511
SR re , 585, 255 55, 816 21, 255 915, 787 130, 183 1,103,967 | 6,774, 884 , 053 13, 347 39, 168 810, 371
iinianmnienchouine 8, 124, 162 538, 487 21,675 | 1,097,213 131, 620 786,875 | 7,216,842 126, 360 15, 574 i, 907, 320
Ps kibvadSasidnee , 520, 393, 878 24, 989, 067 218, 902 852,484 | 7,572,327 67, 001 , 333 60, 120 948, 115
ENS 7, 748, 423 —800, 068 52, 125 997,173 91, 638 1, 736, 764 6, 924, 374 3, 196 11,374 132, 981 824, 049
in ntaderccidess 7, 663, 410 —57, 069 24, 181 1, 190, 551 146, 907 1,365, 554 | 6,896, 278 13, 843 17, 5 767, 131
SS Pee eee eee 526, 787, 933 99, 263 , 494, 216, 654 $45,144 | 7,762, 582 15, 448 23,415 46, 522 763, 843
1950
December..............- 7, 663, 410 —47,027 24, 181 21, 884 5, 823 68,145 | 6,896, 278 3,472 675 4,602 767, 131
1951
Janwary-........2......- TORR SIG | ..2ii0.2i... 27, 087 34, 463 63, 563 96,425 | 6,897,879 13 7,147 5, 854 768, 437
February............... 7, 800, 319 139, 000 22, 090 eee 440 | 7,036, 231 gg, RRB 4,442 764, 088
March... ...........-... 7, 758, —40, 008 19, 799 21, 652 3, 662 66,770 | 6,904,775 3, 508 412 4, 763 763, 245
Apeil. 7, 733, 576 —40, 005 35, 359 39, 247 2,445 62,970 | 6,973, 496 112 3, 546 760, 079
i iiciiih alissiaiiings tsaoceaslicigiiinan , 016 325, 000 28, 799 903, 364 |.........-.. 72,125 | 7,204,755 gy A eet, oo 3, 089 757, 261
po WEASEL TTA 079, 40, 981 15, 035 17, 941 68, 275 67,380 | 7,313, 592 3, 622 7, 04 2, 746 765, 640
SR ies Sbidtiinieninnnest DONS —35, 000 39, 018 53, 293 17 66,515 | 7,300,387 29 2,215 767, 827
August. 8, 367, 086 306, 000 31, 889 BP BO Wncddbcctscce 72,760 | 7,602,841 BBO Tcddccchusn 3, 898 764, 245
September..............| 8,322, 164 —25, 008 11,975 15, 094 3,627 62,870 | 7,558, 691 2, 457 385 3,614 763, 473
iia 8, 297, 864 —45, 008 , 683 42, 234 4, 454 68,552 | 7, 536, 827 1, 130 457 4, 022 761, 087
November._............ 8, 509, 369 227, 000 17, 188 280, 564 |......---... 64,972 | 7,752,420 ye ree aes 4, 195 756, 949
December............... 8, 526, 425 —65, 020 , 263 13, 917 70, 611 74,365 | 7,762, 582 3, 791 7, 240 4,137 763, 443
1 Includes accrued interest and repayments on account of interest on bonds at 5 Includes transfers to the account from railroad erat insurance ad-
time of ; minus figures represent primarily net total of securities | ministration fund amounting to $85,290,000 and transfers of $12 ,000 out of
the account to adjust funds available for administrative e. on account of
3 Includes transfers from State accounts to railroad unemployment insurance _retroactive credits taken by contributors under the Unemployment
account amounting to $107,161,000. Insurance Act Amendments of 1948.
* Includes withdrawals of $79,169,000 for disability insurance benefits.
Beginning July 1947, includes temporary disability program. Source: Daily Statement of the U. S. Treasury.

28 Social Security

! 6 5 'SSS=SSISSSS5R SF FSGSSHKESIES= F&F !

ae

Sech| SESAERESSESS SF SSSSSHHKSESE S

Table 5.—Estimated payrolls in employment covered by selected

grams in relation to civilian wages and salaries,

by specified period, 1938-51 '
[Corrected to Feb. 5, 1952]

Wages and salaries * Payrolls * covered by—
me Total Civilian pot = ~ 7 t and ‘
‘0 survivors unemploymen unemployment
insurance 4 insurance * insurance ?
Amount (in millions)
$42, 812 $42, 442 $28, 931 $26, 113 $2,028
45, 745 45,347 $2,125 28, 980 2,161
49, 48, 996 35, 560 32,352 2,273
61, 708 59, 846 45, 286 41, 985 2, 687
81, 887 75, 557 57, 950 54, 548 3,382
105, 647 91, 202 69, 379 65, 871 4,085
116, 924 96, 286 73, 060 68, 886 4,507
117, 676 95, 078 71,317 66, 411 4,514
111, 256 103, 204 79, 003 73, 145 4,866
122, 042 117, 974 92, 088 86, 234 5,107
134, 327 130, 357 101, 892 95, 731 rete
133, 477 129, 229 99, 645 93, 119
145, 844 140, 743 109, 646 99, 835 5,320
Jenuary-March..............-...-.. 83, 142 32, 030 24, 246 22, 824 1,222
OLY ss od nsindeccundbuavsuedese 35,170 34, 074 26, 300 24, 512 1,297
SEE 37, 544 36, 204 28, 200 26, 353 1,388
ber- m dpotdbetbiiaiin 39, 988 38,345 30, 900 26, 146 1,413
1951
CS REESE a Sra 40, 153 38, 213 31, 000 28,006 1,426
EGC AE Slncannkinuneseocdahioeses 41, 987 39, 763 32, 000 29, 155 1, 521
}
Percent of civilian wages and salaries
100.0 68.2 61.5 4.8
100.0 70.8 63.9 4.8
100.0 72.6 66.0 4.6
100.0 75.7 70.2 4.5
100.0 76.7 72.2 4.5
100.0 76.1 72.2 4.5
100.0 75.9 71.5 4.7
100.0 75.0 69.8 4.7
100.0 76.5 70.8 4.7
100.0 78.1 73.1 4.3
100.0 78.2 73.4 4.2
100.0 77.1 72.4 4.0
100.0 77.9 70.9 3.8
100.0 75.7 71.3 3.8
100.0 77.2 71.9 3.8
100. 0 77.7 72.6 3.8
100.0 80.6 68.2 3.7
FE TET te CIEE th OD 5s | 100.0 81.1 73.3 3.7
A Rt i a RT 0 20 RES RE BO | 100. 0 80. 5 73.3 3.8
! Continental United States, except as otherwise noted (see footnotes 2 and 7). & Taxable wages plus nontaxable wages earned in em t covered
2 Represents estimated w: and salaries, in cash and in kind, earned in rogram; excludes earnings of railroad workers covered by laws

period in continental United States and, in addition, pay of Federal
vilian personnel in all other areas; includes a contributions to social
insurance and related programs. Quarterly data reflect prorating of year-end
bonus payments.

3 Wages paid in specified period.

‘ Through 1950 represents taxable wages plus estimated nontaxable wages in
excess of $3,000 earned in employment covered by program; beginning Jan. 1,
1951, taxable wages plus estimated nontaxable wages in excess of $3,600. Excludes
earnings of self-employed persons covered since Jan. 1, 1951.

une 1939.
¢ Beginning 1947, includes temporary disability insurance.
1 Taxable es plus nontaxable in excess of $300 a month; includes a
small amount of taxable wages for A and Hawaii.
Source: Data on wages and salaries from the Office of Business Economics,
Department of Commerce; data on payrolls for selected programs based on
reports of administrative agencies.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS
(Continued from page 25)

Bureau of the New York City Police
Department. New York: Citizen’s
Committee on Children of New York
City, Inc., June 1,1951. 83 pp. $1.
NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR CRIPPLED CHIL-
DREN AND ADULTS. LIBRARY. Bib-
liography on the Psychology of the
Handicapped. Chicago: The Li-
brary, June 1951. 67pp. Processed.

Bulletin, March 1952

Powers, EDWIN, and WITMER, HELEN.
An Experiment in the Prevention
of Delinquency: The Cambridge-
Somerville Youth Study. New
York: Columbia University Press,
1951. 649 pp. $6.

Part I describes the study, in which
two groups of “problem boys” were
matched for experiment and control
purposes. The first group received
counseling and aid; the second group

received no special guidance. Part II
evaluates the experiment and makes
recommendations for .future pro-
grams.

RepL, Fritz, and WINEMAN, DaviID.
Children Who Hate. Glencoe, IL.:
The Free Press, 1951. 253 pp.
$3.50.

A study of a small group of children
with behavior problems.
(Continued on page 32)

Table ery y — survivors insurance: Monthly benefits in current-payment status ' at the end of the month, by
t

type of by month, December 1950-December 1951, and monthly benefits awarded by type of benefit,
December 1951
[Amounts in thousands; data corrected to Jan. 24, 1952]
Wife’s or , Widow’s or ,
Total Old-age husband’s Child’s widewer’s Mother’s Parent's
Item ss
Number | Amount | Number | Amount | Number/Amount | Number/Amount | Number| Amount | Number] Amount | Number| Amount
Monthly benefits in
current-payment
status at end of
1950
December... ...... 3, 477, 243 |$126, 856.5 | 1,770,984 | $77,678.3 | 508,350 |$11,994.9 | 699,703 |$19,366.3 | 314,189 |$11,481.3 | 169,438 |$5,800.8 | 14, 579 $534.9
1951
January -.........- 3, 605, 235 | 130,882.8 | 1,850,207 | 80, 584.4 | 532,187 |12,477.3 | 715,188 |19, 700.6 | 319, 513 |11,665.2 | 173,354 | 5,912.6 | 14,786 542.6
February ---....-- 3, 706, 586 | 134, 090.8 | 1,912,170 | 82,843.8 | 548,047 |12, 790.4 | 729,616 |20,033.9 | 325, 555 |11,872.2 | 176,156 | 5,998.8 | 15,042 551.8
I iia reinvent 3, 809, 165 | 137,258.9 | 1,971.703 | 84,971.8 | 563, 13, 087.0 | 746,247 |20,418.5 | 332, 539 |12,114.0 | 179,877 | 6,100.9 | 15,453 566.7
ig piewsmewwee masts 3, 890, 018 | 139, 636.9 | 2,016,135 | 86,496.1 | 575,098 |13,304.9 | 760,697 |20, 732.2 | 338, 539 |12,315.9 | 183,719 | 6,207.7 , 830 580.1
__ » 900 | 141, 881.2 | 2,055,581 | 87,842.9 | 586, 13, 510.5 | 776,336 |21,059.9 | 345,112 |12, 519.9 | 188,681 | 6,348.3 | 16,361 500.7
ee 4, 083, 583 | 143, 708.8 | 2,090,668 | 89,000.0 | 596,098 |13,674.0 | 787,311 |21, 282.4 | 350,343 |12,683.3 | 192,357 | 6,452.8 | 16,806 616.3
SES: 4, 098,870 | 145, 720.2 | 2,129,909 | 90,390.7 | 606,188 |13,872.8 | 794,875 |21,425.9 | 355,678 |12, 858.5 | 194, 6, 537.6 | 17,295 634.8
spanencoesie 4, 176, 148, 118.8 | 2,176,036 | 92,025.0 | 618,128 |14, 108.4 , 807 |21, 632.4 | 361,970 |13, 071.2 | 197,712 | 6,625.3 | 17,882 656.5
September -_-_.__. 4, 232,453 | 149,914.8 | 2,204,016 | 93,072.6 | 625,736 |14, 259.9 | 816,746 /21,948.3 | 367,728 |13,270.4 | 190,835 | 6,688.2 | 18,392 675.3
dis fins enlace di 4, 290, 791 | 151, 825.5 | 2,231,141 | 94,132.8 | 634,319 |14, 442.7 , 587 |22, 329.6 | 374,460 |13, 505.0 | 201,437 | 6,723.7 | 18,847 691.6
November --.....- 4, 332,176 | 153, 214.3 | 2,252,293 | 94,977.1 | 640.241 |14, 573.3 | 838,801 /22, 545.4 | 379,291 |13,674.2 | 202,415 | 6,741.9 | 19,135 702.3
TN ith hadtininel 4,378, 985 | 154,791.1 | 2,278,470 | 96, 008.3 | 646,890 |14, 709.5 | 846,247 |22, 739.2 | 384, 265 |13, 849.1 | 203, 6,775.8 | 19,331 708.1
Monthly benefits
a in De-
cember 1951 _ . .- 65, 115 2,117.3 30, 593 1,207.6 | 10, 592 223.3 | 12,761 304. 4 6, 392 224. 5 4, 480 147.0 297 10.5

1 Benefit in current-payment status is subject to no deduction or only to de-
duction of fixed amount that is less than the current month’s benefit.

Table 7.—Old-age and survivors insurance: Number of monthly benefits awarded, by type of benefit, number of lump-
sum payments awarded, and number of deceased workers represented for the first time in awards of lump-sum
payments, 1940-51

[Corrected to Jan. 24, 1952]

Monthly benefits | Lump-sum awards?
Year and quarter ! } | Numbered
Wife’s or , Widow’s or , P Number of | \U™
Total Old-age husband’s Child’s widewer’s Mother’s | Parent’s payments —
132, 335 34, 555 59, 4, 600 23, 260 852 75, 095 61, 080
114, 660 36, 213 75, 619 11, 020 30, 502 1, 272 117, 303 90, 41
99, 622 33, 250 77, 384 14, 774 31, 820 1, 266 134, 991 108, 332
89, 070 31, 916 85, 619 19, 576 35, 420 1, 264 163, 011 122, 185
110, 087 40, 349 99, 676 24, 759 42,649 1,419 205, 177 151, 869
85, 174 63, 068 127, 514 29, 55, 108 1, 755 247, 012 178, 813
88, 515 114, 875 38, 44, 190 1, 767 ‘ 179, 588
271, 488 94, 189 115, 754 45, 249 42, 807 3, 422 218, 787 181, 992
275, 903 98, 554 118, 955 55, 667 44, 276 2, 846 213, 006 200, 090
337, 273 117, 356 118, 922 62, 928 43, 087 2, 675 212,614 202, 154
567, 108 162, 748 122, 625 66, 695 41, 103 2, 307 , 960 200, 411
702, 990 228, 877 230, 501 89, 583 78, 331 6, 149 431, 229 414, 470
82, 316 27,970 30, 784 14, 197 11, 504 674 55, 685 52,377
69, 570 25, 384 31, 945 15, 006 11, 785 835 58, 261 54, 802
, 144 22, 630 28, 156 2, 739 10, 610 668 50, 666 47, 165
, 873 22, 570 28, 070 13, 725 10, 377 669 48, 484 45, 746
|
January-March. ............................--..-| 166,848 80, 174 28, 590 30, 158 16, 120 11, 163 643 54, 576 51, 989
(EN GS Paereaty aan eapeaipanennt aaa ea | 180, 824 90, 330 30, 942 31, 622 15, 934 11, 278 718 55, 857 53, 020
ES ESE CS eee | 169,214 84, 268 29, 038 29, 228 15, 375 10, 649 656 52, 483 49, 925
RS So 165, 355 82, 501 28, 786 27,914 15, 499 9, 997 658 49, 698 47,220
1950
Jan LEE oes 177, 892 86, 654 30, 492 30, 762 18, 194 11, 183 607 56, 787 54,215
TD ERIRT CS HEE ST eee eT eae ts a eee 163, 880 77, 674 28, 444 28, 786 17, 893 10, 425 658 56, 447 53, 745
OLE A TEE 153, 951 77, 454 26, 517 24,877 15, 497 9, 056 550 46, 489 44, 247
= Ae RE or EE © S : 325, 326 77, 295 38, 200 15, 111 10, 439 492 50, 237 48, 204
1951
Ji ER SEE pry ee ae 436, 754 248, 230 76, 352 65, 399 23, 842 21, 668 1, 263 114, 657 111, 218
Apt sa lit 361, 787 187, 406 62, 926 64, 245 22, 871 ' 1, 739 112, 912 108, 475
i SAE CET Sie 308, 470 160, 815 51, 237 54, 589 21, 632 18, 292 1, 905 103, 99, 544
a 6 Se 229, 420 106, 539 38, 362 46, 268 21, 238 15, 771 1, 242 99, 717 95, 233
1 Quarterly data for 1940-44 were a in the Bulletin for February 1947, 2 Under the 1939, 1946, and 1950 amendments. Effective Sept. 1, 1950, a lump-
B: 29; for 1945-46, in the Bulletin for February 1949, p. 29; and for 1947in the Bul- sum death payment is payable with respect to every insured individual who dies
in for March 1950, p. 22. after August 1950.

» Social Security

bs

Table 8.—Employment security: Selected data on sonteren
benefits, by

's and unemployment insurance claims and

— C2 D> C8 OF OO GO ST 3 GO

ors onevoun-o&

ovo e omte~s

Noo

tate, ber 1951
[Corrected to Jan. 25, 1952]
Weeks of unemploy- Compensated unemployment
Initial elaims ! amar Cp. by con- A
Allt of unem t? Total unemployment
aia st | a mom sv
Region and State place- ‘meat un
ments Average un-
Total | W. Total | W contkt. | Benefits i. be —- “ae
‘o omen ‘0 omen pen- num compen- grams
sated paid # benefici- sated payment
aries
Total, 53 States. _... 426,441 | 1,133,743 413,894 | 4,305,580 | 1,944,202 | 3,348,763 |$70, 624, 265 797,324 | 3,089, 753 $22.03 | 1,140,699
I:
cticut re 7,342 15, 820 8, 670 49, 946 30, 755 38, 363 749, 583 9, 134 35, 732 20. 24 12, 528
BND cS bi dkuccecucsis 1, 983 7,840 3, 686 41, 098 24, 192 34, 005 490, 973 8, 096 28,172 15. 37 9, 826
Massachuset bonKets 14, 225 56, 793 23, 598 220, 341 107, 449 181,493 | 4,011,471 43,212 158, 852 23. 74 56, 525
New Hampshire... ... 1,375 5, 396 2, 520 35, 342 22, 143 29, 230 533, 547 6, 960 23, 684 20. 18 7, 906
Rhode Island... ...... 2, 563 20, 174 10, 471 75, 376 44, 436 69,402 | 1, 522, 946 16, 524 66, 854 22.30 18, 403
eet b éuibeacessaauk 585 2, 206 434 720 4, 577 7, 508 151, 223 1,788 6, 866 20. 88 2, 265
ew Jorsey.........-. 8, 920 59, 797 27,914 | 166,180 91,328 | 127,936 | 2,850,440 30,460 | 114, 998 23.41 42, 866
New bf ot Seccoddbuces 56, 4 238, 688 117, 600 822, 004 , 000 642, 483 | 14, 137,310 152, 972 581, 534 23.10 219,372
Virgin Islands .---.-. RET SOREN EEA EA vere oe sre a
— a 873 2, 004 290 6, 242 2,314 4,481 83,110 1, 067 4, 188 19.10 1,421
Peansyivania NGS UES 13, 931 111, 425 46, 072 347, 438 151,711 263,241 | 5,639, 506 62, 676 243, 663 22.00 90, 155
erstrict of Columbia... 3, 385 1,670 319 6, 527 2, 738 5,463 96, 842 1,301 5, 365 17.69 1,771
BENING. cncascccecce 5, 080 16, 237 5, 732 37, 386 17, 570 34, 552 688, 843 8, 227 31, 051 95 10, 019
North Carolina........ 11, 091 20, 826 11, 858 100, 398 63, 88,203 | 1,473,879 21, 001 81, 537 17.34 24, 742
RE 5, 974 7, 200 3, 016 28, 246 15, 488 22, 535 369, 998 5, 365 20, 393 17.16 7,345
West Virginia ate 1, 718 8, 544 1, 388 46, 220 13, 248 35, 082 627, 177 8,353 30, 931 18. 91 11, 360
: 8, 207 7,401 1,619 53, 967 17,119 39, 369 638, 987 9, 374 37, 157 16. 60 13,391
15, 499 9, 148 3, 993 41, 585 , 23, 009 384, 172 5, 500 22, 237 16.81 10,178
7, 725 9, 545 4, 837 59, 172 36, 46, 606 751, 088 11, 097 43, 233 16. 52 13, 887
5, 104 7, 692 2,314 37, 928 12, 528 27,975 425, 995 6, 661 25, 926 15. 68 8, 768
7,375 7,099 3, 229 40, 377 21,618 30, 963 537, 782 7,372 27, 844 18.33 10, 019
9, 15, 145 5, 586 112, 009 52, 403 72,521 | 1,186,987 17, 267 68, 075 16.67 28, 456
2, 490 10, 362 3, 405 60, 993 23,819 47, 515 815, 720 11,313 44, 015 17.65 15, 478
10, 381 79, 823 14, 496 279, 928 92,313 234,650 | 6, 262,074 55, 869 227,344 27.12 77,205
A Miltitibobeecss 24, 921 38, 059 12, 454 161, 200 75, 267 117,066 | 2, 560,420 27,873 107, 748 22.80 41,772
+ Ta 15, 857 57, 404 19, 394 239, 208 110, 472 183,401 | 3,831, 555 43, 666 145, 622 23.23 57,409
DL wddécdoqocces 7,014 24, 088 7,340 91, 901 , 962 63,343 | 1,385,897 15, 082 56, 038 23.11 22, 063
Me theneacene 7, 16, 379 6, 256 » 771 , 580 40, 707 922, 284 9, 692 37, 267 23.15 15, 059
Tiienetete......<<----< 7, 265 15, 677 4,290 48, 698 18, 932 38,377 | 685,808 9, 137 35, 281 18.41 13, 947
Montana.............- 1,919 3, 664 467 9, 330 2, 700 7, 162 131, 344 1, 705 7, 162 18. 34 3, 241
North Dakota......... 1,318 1, 839 140 5, 565 541 5, 029 113, 765 1,197 4, 601 23.22 1,775
South Dakote beceuies 1, 036 1, 354 222 3,329 750 1, 987 37, 429 473 1, 837 19. 34 879
eR 5, 931 7,088 1, 957 17, 084 6, 983 10,160} 185,250 2,419 &, 640 19. 60 4,369
er 7,513 5, 651 825 14, 402 5, 532 12, 924 274, 449 3, 077 11, 856 22. 05 4, 256
Missouri. ............. , 207 24, 103 8, 582 104, 412 55, 457 75,148 | 1,277,343 17, 892 59, 903 18. 94 24, 269
Nebraska Git wdkib a amiab 4, 100 4, 276 1, 059 6, 585 2, 407 5,319 102, 564 1, 266 5,034 19. 83 1,881
. 8, 708 10, 123 2,171 36, 197 10, 685 27, 049 455, 066 6, 440 24, 426 17.44 10, 486
6, 139 10, 762 1, 642 56, 347 14, 093 39, 046 982 9, 297 36, O11 21. 43 13, 883
9, 434 6, 139 1, 195 29, 436 10, 602 22, 816 419, 732 5, 432 21, 442 18. 84 7,947
43,722 8, 168 2, 156 39, 464 16, 429 22, 164 357,119 5,277 20, 912 16. 53 10, 461
4,371 1,749 321 5, 507 1, 741 2, 953 60, 242 703 2, 827 20. 67 1,434
4,134 1, 581 154 6, 009 858 4, 519 91, 580 1,076 4,399 20. 45 1, 578
3, 022 3, 504 609 11, 969 4,371 8,175 194, 136 1,946 7, 557 24.39 3,181
975 918 154 2,129 677 1, 735 " 413 1, 544 24. 49 661
3, 590 683 10, 315 3, 368 4,313 86, 791 1,027 4,129 20. 32 2, 577
31, 374 95, 722 28, 508 439, 709 205, 966 375,143 | 8,275, 528 89, 320 343, 082 22. 84 106, 498
1, 760 989 14, 333 9, 641 11, 001 194, 689 2,619 8, 763 19. 69 ®
1,419 1,614 383 5, 203 1, 837 4, 443 104, 838 1, 058 4, 080 24.27 1,427
567 1,614 149 5, 732 872 5, 655 164, 819 1,346 5, 486 29.39 ®
2, 196 4, 828 504 14, 998 2, 478 9, 656 220, 670 2, 299 9, 364 23. 04 4, 683
3, 660 26, 026 3, 741 80, 289 22, 346 60, 738 | 1,313,455 14, 461 57, 031 22.24 21, 554
4, 827 35, 278 4, 452 113, 936 29, 649 82,059 | 1, 19, 538 78, 110 23.27 31, 005
' Excludes transitional claims. 3 t P Includes partial and part-total unemployment.
$ Total, -total, and partial. tate distribution excludes railroad it insurance claims.
* Not adjusted for voided benefit checks and transfers under interstate com- Data not a

-wage plan. Soures: Departmen ‘ wine ployment Security, affiliated
apr yew mow represented by weeks of unemployment claimed under the _gtate arate wae. or . —_
Btate an

unemployment insurance programs and the veterans’ unem-

i wore

eof

ean ta

Bulletin, March 1952

31

tion, by month, December 1950-December 1951 }

[Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only such payments]

Table 9.— Public assistance in the United States and in States with plans approved by the Social Security Administry:

All States States with approved plans
Aid to dependent Aid Aid to dependent Aid
children to children to
Year and the the
month Old-age Aid to | perma- | General Old-age Aid to | perma.
Total assist- | Recipients the | nently | assist- Total assist- Recipients the | nently
ance Fami-| blind and ance ance | pami blind and
— totally "| totally
Mes | rotals| Chil dis- ** | rotats| Chil- dis-
| dren abled 3 dren abled 3
Number of recipients
1950
December-.-..|--.....-..- 2,786,216|651,309)2,233,194/1,660,933} 97,453} 68,800} 413,000)........... 2,786,216|651,277|2,233,068) 1,660,839) 79,129) 68,800
1951 |
Jantary -.....|..........- 2,784,236/653,012 2,239,628/1,666,144| 96,065} 70,770} 425,000)._......... 2,784,236/652,983 | 2,239,530)1,666,075, 77,779) 70,770
February -....|_.........- 777, 783/651,959 2,237,055) 1,664,241} 96,066) 74,567} 421,000)........... 2,777,783 |651,932|2,236,961/1,664,174) 93,234
Se ES SASS HE 2,771,678 651,372 2,235,293/1,663,082} 95,905 002} 412,000)........... 2,771,678 |651,345/2,235,199|1,663,015) 93,085
ag 64 2,217,521/1,651,655| 96,975} 87,845; 384,000|._..._..... 2,760,733|645,829| 2,217,430 1,651,590 162
ay 2,197,806]1,637,341} 96,990} 97,079) 355,000). .......... 2,754,963/640,654/|2,197,720 1,637,280 173
J 2,170,308/ 1,617, 97,024, 104,230} 335,000}_.........- 2,745,344 632,664 | 2,170,214! 1,617,029
uly 2;122,586|1,581,434| 97,256] 108,907} 324,000|_......---- 2,737 ,675)618,373 | 2,122,492) 1,581,367
2,103,208)1,567,218) 97,349} 111,329] 319,000) - 2,782,021 |612,101)2,103,117|1,567,154
2,084,104/1,553,249} 97,158} 113,049) 311,000|____. 2,722,933'606,050' 2,084,008) 1,553,181
ber 249 2,055,446|1,532,255| 97,185] 114,923} 311,000). --- 2... 2,711,620) 597,221 |2,055,350| 1,632,187
November. -._}........... 2,705,125) 591,992/2,039,163/1,520,326| 97,221) 118,284) 316,000)-.......... 2,705,125) 591 ,963| 2,039,064) 1,520,256
Lbpibnecsc~d<s 2,701,077 501,838 2,041,463/1,522,925| 97,179] 124,421 | eR ee 2,701,077|501,810|2,041,365| 1,522,855
Amount of assistance
1950 | |
December - - . .|$193,264,021 | $19,954,750) $46,529,002 $4,480,867) $3,033,402) $19,266,000, $173,269,906 | $19,954,750) $46,527,733 $3,754,021 $3,083,402
1951
January -..___ 194,970,033} 120,100,414! 47,328,904 4,438,784| 3,170,931| 19,931, 174,311,827| 120,100,414 47,327,790 | 3,712,692) 3,170,931
February ____. 194,433,144) 119,132,204) 47,858,360 4,454,305) 3,383,275| 19,605,000| 174,713,332] 119,132,204) 47,857,386 4,340,467) 3,383,275
Mareh._____.- 194,537,333} 118,948,685] 48,088,503 4,448,593) 3,596,552) 19,455,000) 174,967,911) 118,948,685) 48,087,454 4,335,220} 3,596,552
Apal sii 191,950,326; 118,271,187] 47,522,017 4,495,494| 3,946,628) 17,715,000). 174,121,012) 118,271,187 47,521,058 4,382,139) 3,
blll 0. 191,042,838) 118,930,667 47,023,317 4,523,461| 4,399,393| 16,166,000] 174,762,207| 118,930,667] 47,022,413 4,410,095) 4,399,082
Jume.......... 189,320,531| 118,666,891 46,385,131 4,537,435| 4,677,074| 15,054,000} 174,150,722) 118,666,891 | 46,384,097 4,424,465) 4,675,260
Es 188,144,403 119,305,221) 5,003,226 4,536,052) 4,847,904) 14,452,000) 173,575,366) 119,305,221! 45,002,192 4,423,057) 4,844,896
August. .__../ 188,194,866) 119,308,258) 44,745,286 4,558,093) 4,950,229) 14,633,000, 173,441,831) 119,308,258 44,744,234 4,445,169) 4,044,170
September. -.__| 188,364,274) 119,841,541) 44,819,189 4;567,503 5,150,981| 13,985,000) 174,240,707] 119,841,541 44,818,122 4,454,089) 5,126,955
tober___..__ 189,755,153! 120,746,862} 44,675,023 4,640,500) 5,274,768) 14,418,000) 175,279,315) 120,746,862) 44,673,948 4,638,204) 5,220,301
November. __| 189,739,721| 120,440,700 44,575,407 4,663,332) 5,431,282] 14,629,000) 175,006,386] 120,440,700) 44,574,272 4,661,194) 5,330,220
ber_... APRA. Tip, 120,296,458) 44,863,214 4.671,008) 5,779,354 15,204,000) 175,329,896) masta 44,862,101 | 4,668,919) 5,502,418
} |

to revisi

} 1 For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1951, p. 21. All data subject
on.
2 Includes as recipients the children and 1 parent or other adult relative in fami-

lies in which the requirements of at least 1 such adult were considered in determin-

ing the amount of assistance.
4 Program initiated October 1950 un

der Public Law 734.

(Continued from page 29

Bulletin of the International

1951, pp. 315-320. 25 cents.

and the Individual.” Jour
Chicago, Vol. 148, Jan. 5, 19
41-44. 15 cents.

FEDERAL SeEcurRITY AGENCY.
HEALTH SERVICE.
Health Survey, 1935-36:
Method, and Bibliography.

32

Health and Medical Care

“The Care of Cripples in Denmark:
Study Submitted by the Central
Federation of Danish Sick Funds.”

Security Association, Geneva, Sept.

EMERSON, Haven. “Public Health and
Medical Care for the Community

the American Medical Association,

The National

lic Health Bibliography Series, No.

) 5.)

Social

nal of
52, pp.
PUBLIC

Scope,
(Pub-

Washington:
Print. Off., 1951.

FORDE,

Lols

E.

“Negotiated Paid
Sick-Leave Provisions.”
ment Record, New York, Vol. 13,
Dec. 1951, pp. 434—438 ff.

Discusses 57 collectively bargained
sick-pay plans that are fairly typical

of the 126 plans negotiated in 1949-51.

KENDRICK, BENJAMIN B.
fits Versus Service Benefits in
Health Insurance.”
nomic Security (Chamber of Com-
merce of the U.S. A.), Washington,
Vol. 8, Nov.—Dec. 1951, pp. 18—26.
$1.50 a year.
Examines basic differences between

the two types of benefits.

“The New York Experiment in Dis-

U. 8S. Govt.
67 pp. 30 cents.

Manage-

Jr.
“Cash Bene-

American Eco-

ability Insurance.”
nomic Security (Chamber of Com-
merce of the U.S. A.), Vol. 8, Nov-
Dec. 1951, pp. 33-43.
Includes the Viewpoint of Covered
Employees, by Burton A. Zorn; the
Viewpoint of the Insurance Company,
by H. Powell Yates; the Viewpoint of
the Employer, by Harry G. Waltner,

Problem.
Chicago:

medical plans,
and medical facilities.

$1.50

American Eco-

@ year.

RESEARCH COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC
Security. Our National Health
(Publication No.
The Council, 1951.

87.)
26

pp.

Includes statistical data, by State,
on population, vital statistics, percent
of population covered by hospital and
economic resources,

Social Security

niet ln otic i

[ Aan eecooaoannoe J

a | Sor acoocnoana~

oo a Ve

> -_ or =

er 10.—Amount of vendor payments for medical care

Table 11.—Average

including vendor
Bagge, aoee es of > regs assistance, by program and for medical care and average amount of vendor
State, October 1951 ments per assistance case, by program and
— October 1951 +
Old Aid to Aid a ty General
“age Aid to Aid to the
State * assist- d dent tothe j|nentlyand| assist- permanently
ance children blind totally ance? oe. be : Ai6 to ‘and totally
dienes (per family) disabled
BE i cceccnenlocecsasbecesfoscceccccngolscecdpacensn () $43, 709 . »
Gonn.<°--220-)"" $188, 347 200)" 87"] ® State ? Y a bg _
iicawerte |. 108 Yee cee ge ey $52 52 ap | Pov) an | Bey | an | ee) oe |
esate 247,693 | 10, 730 6, 089 9,865 | 371,657 assist-| ™On*S | assist- | O'S | assist- | “B® | assist. | Monts
ea 238, 423 38, 001 10,064} — (*) 130, 386 ance | medi- | 90° | medi. | ance medi- ance | medi-
Iowa LES ESSE SSS ee ? cal cal
Kans... 119, 569 25, 159 2, 054 12, 749 43, 298
ne 1, 818 103 1 416 — te bic —-
SR Ree Bem es, ata (*) 34, 870
RE RR SE Ss ee ath Conn..../$70.40 | $0.35 /$125. 54 | $16.79 | $77.70 | $11.42] @ | @
Minn. .......- 651, 518 39, 960 12,348 “ ¢ D. C.....| 47.01 | 04 | 95.85] 08 -----| $04.09 | — $0.05
— emuen gees saaegsesi-netee oe noes ieiek wooo 118,907) } soe 48. 2.13 | 110.92} .47) 6443 /) 1.46| 62.38) 4.88
aaa , 03 ") Ind. ..... 39.90) S07) 2.6) 414) Bar) SOT OO
OV w-n--mnnn| B22 | .n n= 2 = -lnnmmnnnnn nae “) 30% | = =6Kans_-.. 52.38 | 3.15 | 86.90] 5.58] 54.00] 3.22 61} 4.99
N.H 56, 560 17, 204 2, 121 “) Gea it fi 46.53; (@ | 50.80] .08| 4428) 05] 30.34 06
ay sor paras 8, 929 |----- 5 =~ =| nnnn-2- =~ 89, 862 Minn. -.-| 56.49 | 11.66 | 102.74] 5.16 | 70.42] 10.54
* Sibpbaose , » 307 50,907 | 325, 088 ® Nebr..... 52.29} 6.30] 91.19] 264] 63.88] .26
it odeqese 3, 94D | -cceccanesoa 1,144 89, 765 Nev 55. 54 30
N. Dak....... 22, 973 260 218 1, 106 ao | *-°**} : t
eR 132,956 | 3,700 4,068 |... 442, 849 SF alii! Pech Mibetad be A Ria Sete cd ae
5 Maabaeaaad ebabibdeaaed Wehibeaanaael aeonetenmeet ieonenesen pdm |) eee 63.02 | 9.65 | 117.32 | 6.44| 72.58) 11.94 | 70.05) 11.88
Ripe? --972op-coranseso==|-r----onenralonsnesormnaeiocmnenipones oe N.C... 23.41 13 | 46.50) .2 27.23 31
BRE. °-0°""|--o-~-s90---|---oo-nnnnnafnnarecenpotninsnmowerenes at N. Dak..| 52.93 | 2.56] 87.07} .16] 58 1.89 | 56.52} 1.9%
— tes ee yeas mt stores iia” “38 Ohio..... 50. 20 1.12 | 68.24 -27| 48.14 1.31
cappebdeas o . : ans Utah_-.-- 53. 09 105.28 | .06 03 | 54.05 7
— alaratcass: SER Seed HEP ics S28 3, 200 “_ 11.18 10 | 16.18 -06 ® &. ®
es 330; 871 35 isa - 6, 866 o|oceee 5322 76, 438 Witness §2, 21 4.44 | 119.79 9.02 | 58.57 5.02 79 6.44
4 453 ho ag _ excluding vendor payments for medical care, see the Bul- pi yy Pema 9 ry pen Be Semen a pone oer money rayiments,
ai tacludes Stat States pe made no vendor payments for medical care for not not computed aya difference cong ieee ts a or
ror not re such payments. neral assistance funds medical
In all States except California, Illinois, Louisiana, Nevada, New Jersey, pam oy en ha of public assistance. ve oud bits 2 - ofthe
Utah, and the Virgin Islands includes payments made on behalf of recipients Pe Excludes States that made no vendor payments for medical care for October
* Pespecel ty Vor aid to the permanently and totally disabled woe nskanten to eid te depenabinn tally disabled
anen an .
‘ Data not available. " , ‘ PE pg sa 1 de Fg abo Oy end te
§ Average payment ep et on base excluding payments for services pro-
vided before pooled fund was esta!
¢ Average payment not computed on base of less than 50 recipients.

(Continued from page 27)
insurance) enabled assistance agen-
cies to reduce assistance payments to
some recipients or to meet needs that
previously had not been met.

For recipients of old-age assistance,
the average payment was $1.49 higher
in December 1951 than in December
1950. The average amount of aid to
the blind increased about $2. The
average monthly payment of aid to
dependent children increased $4.36
per family or $1.14 per recipient,
counting as recipients only the eligi-
ble children and one needy adult. The
average amount received by recipients
of aid to the permanently and totally
disabled ranged during 1951 from
$44.46 to $46.45, varying with the rep-
resentation in the total caseload of
States with different payment levels.

Total payments to recipients of old-
age assistance in the calendar year

Bulletin, March 1952

1951 were lower than in 1950 by $28
million. The 1951 total for general
assistance was $100 million less than
the total for 1950. Total payments of
aid to dependent children in 1951
were higher than in 1950 by $1.2 mil-
lion, but the expansion of the pro-
grams in Puerto Rico and the Virgin
Islands explains more than $1 million
of this increase. Recipients of aid to
the blind received $1.8 million more
in 1951 than in the previous year.
Amounts paid by assistance agencies
to doctors, hospitals, and other sup-
pliers of medical services to recipients
of assistance are excluded from the
discussion above.

Asout 4.1 MILLION WORKERS received
$840 million in benefits under the
State unemployment insurance pro-
grams in 1951, in compensation for
41.6 million weeks of unemployment.

The average benefit check paid for
total unemployment amounted to
$22.03 in December 1951, while a year
earlier the average was $20.78. Eligible
workers were entitled to draw benefits
for an average of about 21 weeks;
they actually drew benefits, on the
average, for about 10 weeks. Rights
to benefits were exhausted, however,
by 811,000 beneficiaries.

Claims filed in December reflected
an increase in unemployment—the re-
sult of seasonal factors, inventory ac-
tivities, and adverse weather condi-
tions. The number of initial claims
rose 20.8 percent from the November
total to 1,134,000, while weeks of un-
employment claimed (representing
continued unemployment) increased
7.7 percent to 4,306,000. These totals
were 9.4 percent and 1.9 percent, re-
spectively, above the figures in De-
cember 1950.

33

Table 12.—Old-age assistance: Recipients and payments
to » by State, December 1951 }
{Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only

such payments]
Payments to =
recipients Percentage change from:
Num-
State ber of November 1951 | December 1950
recip- in— in—
ients Total Aver-
amount age
—_— Amount — Amount
Total ? ___/2, 701, 077/$120, 296, 458/$44. 54 | —0.1 —0.1 —3.1 +0.3
1, 647, 090) 21.16 | —1.4 —11 —4.6 —1.5
93, 56. 53 +.2 +.2}) +3.1 +2.1
692, 49.41 -.9 —1.2 —3.1 —8.4
1, 265, 489] 21.20 | --1.2 —.5 | —13.4 —29.2
18, 292, 172) 66. 59 +.1 @) +2.4 +1.5
3, 708, 779) 70. 91 —-.1 —.2)] +14 —7.3
1, 167, 363) 61.36 | —1.7 —1.4 —4.4 —.8
49, 796) 30.68 | +1.2 +1.8 +.6 +7.0
133, 929) 48.19 | —1.2 —1.2 —1.3 +23. 5
2,620, 350} 38.14 | —.1 —.4}) —1.0 —3.7
2, 977, 1 31.11 -.1 -.1 —6.5 +22.1
75, 546] 33.29 +.3 +.4 —2.6 —2.8
479, 486) 50.42 | +.2 +.2 | —16.9 —10.6
5, 419, 760) 47.49 —.2 +.3 —4.8 +3.2
1, 605, 041] 35.62 | —1.0 —-.9 | —12.0 —12.4
2, 478, 323) 50. 90 —.2 +.3 —1.3 +2.1
1, 878, 597) 49. 93 -.2 +.1 —4.3 —2.8
1, 952, 203) 29. 64 —.56 —.5 —2.8 +40. 8
5, 542, 140) 46. 55 —.1 —.2 +.2 -.1
625, 869) 42. 90 —.7 —.7 —4.8 —4.6
461,797) 40.33 (3) +1.2 —3.2 +6.1
6, 542, 649) 64. 20 (4) (8) ® +3.6
4, 507, 186) 47.96 —.7 —.3 —4.3 +.3
2,485, 927 45.23) +.5| —.5| -1.5| —1.8
1, 079, 170} 18. 68 —.6 —.3 —7.3 —10.3
5, 740, 259) 43.34 (4) (4) —-.1 +.1
585,301} 51.33 —.3 —.4 —3.3 —2.8
1, 037, 389] 46. 32 —.2 —.2 —3.8 +2.7
150, 815) 54.74 +.2 —1.0 +.5 +5.5
309, 266) 44. 01 0 +.3 —5.8 —9.9
1, 187,307) 52. 66 —.5 +.2 —6.4 +3.0
422, 018) 39.31 (4) +.1 +4.4 +8.8
6, 399, 733) 55. 28 +.4 —-.1 —-1.5 +2.1
1, 232, 161) 23. 58 —.4 +.2) —15.1 —9.8
456, 731) 50.99 +.1 +2.2 —1.3 +1.6
5, 806, 269) 49. 09 —.2 —.2 —4.4 +2.3
4, 720, 644! 48. 99 —.2 —.1 —3.5 +4.5
1, 277, 589} 55. 55 +.2 —.1 —3.1 +3.5
2, 977, 337) 39. 04 —.8 —.7 —9.8 —9.3
174,196; 7.62 | +9.2 +7.1 | +39.5 +41.7
456, 961) 47. 20 —.4 +.8 —4.1 +.7
1, 090, 023) 25.38 —.2 (4) +1.9 +4.4
493, 502} 40. 99 +.1 +.1 —1.5 +2.6
1, 892, 676} 30. 89 —.4 —.1 —8.0 —6.1
7, 233, 835) 32. 88 —.1 —-.1 —1.6 —L4
523, 643) 53. 26 +.5 +.9 —1.3 +17.8
i 39. 22 +.6 +.9 +.7 +10.7
435, 552) 22. 60 —.5 -1 —2.8 +1.8
4, 216, 636} 61. 82 —.4 —.8 —7.2 —7.8
668, 554) 25.68 | + —.1 —3.5 —6.8
’ 2, 504, 549) 48.31 (8) +.6 —1.4 +12.2
Wyo....-.. 4,318} 239, 55.55 | (4) —.2| =—.7 —3.2

1 For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1951, p. 21. All data sub-
ject to revision.

2 Includes 4,010 recipients under 65 years of age in Colorado and payments to
these recipients. Such payments are made without Federal participation.

3 Decrease of less than 0.05 percent.

* Increase of less than 0.05 percent.

5 Estimated.

Table 13.—Aid to the blind: Recipients and payments to
recipients, by State, December 1951 '
{Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only such

payments] ‘
ge = mar Percentage change from—
vay November 1951 | December
ro ovember mber 1950
State recip- in— in—
ients Total Aver-
amount age

— Amount — Amount
$4, 671, 693 $48.07 | (*) +0.2; —0.3 +4.3
4, 668, 919| 48.07 | —0.1 +.2| +227] +244
36, 650| 23.97) 0 +.2 —.5 +9.1
626) (8) (°) 1); Lnndinwee ahaa
40,448) 54.51 | —2.4 —2.0| —18.3| 244
49,689) 26.26 | —1.0 —.3| —7.9] 916
936, 765| 81.63 | +.1 +.2| +51 +4.7
22, 184) 63.56 | —.9 +.1| —7.2 +.7
21,000) 67.96; —.6| 41.5] 45.5] +413.9
, 928) 45.13 | +1.4 +1.7| +17.6! +180
13, 556| 51.35 | +.8 +9} +1.5| +268
133, 509} 40.73 | —.5 —.5| —1.4 —6.0
104, 486) 35.88 | +.9 +.9| +3.1| +302
4,719] 39.32 | —1.6 —1.4| +111] 4147
11,358} 55.68 | +2.0| +1.0/ —1.0 +4.0
221, 021| 53.89 | —.3 +.3| —3.6 +8.8
67, 259] 38.72 | —.2 (¢) —6.5 —5.6
7 76, 166) 59.46 | —.2 —.1) +20 +6.0
32, 292] 51.92 | —1.3 —.4| —6.5 —4.2
79, 577| 31.52 | +.1 () +3.4|) +48.2
83,102) 44.46 | —.1 —.6 —.1 +13
27,862) 45.75 | +.2 +.4]} 9.0 —8.0
22,052) 45.10 | 0 +.9 0 10.7
122, 124| 75.39 | +.9 +.8) +64 17.6
98,700) 53.06 | +.6 +.6 —.2 +3.4
74,647, 64.02} ~—.9| +3.9] +4+3.5|] +152
66, 023) 23.52 | +.1 +.4| —L8 —4.6
141,950} 50.00 | +.1 +.1|] +1.5| +4269
30, 076) 56.43 | —1.1 —.6| +1.9 +.1
48, 423) 63.97 | 0 —.2} +3.3| +129

2,148) (°) (®) (*) (°) ®
15,116] 49.72 | —.7 +.5|) —4.4 —4.8
47,145) 50.60} +.5|] +2.1| +1.9| +129
18, 116] 36.23 | —1.4 —.8| —2.2 —1.0
260, 730| 64.62 | —.1 +.2 +.4 +7.6
152, 417] 34.12] —.3 —.5| +43 +4.3
6, 060) 53.63 | —1.7 —6.3| +2.7 +6.2
183, 150) 48.59 | +.1 +.5| —3.0 +3.6
132,685] 51.77 | —.3 —.2| —5.4 +3.4
25, 543| 66.17 | —1.3 —2.8) +.8 +4.7
614, 667| 39.71 | +.1 (8) -.1 +.2
3,712) 7. +4.8 +4.2| +1.8 -.2
10,818} 56.94 | +1.6| +3.7] +6.0 +7.2
44, 567| 27.91 | —.8 —.7| 41.5 +6.4
8,368] 38.56 | +.5 +.5| —4.8 +.8
104, 675) 37.83 | +.7 +1.6 | +2.7 +2.5
yee ‘ 222,884) 36.94) —.1 +.1| —6.4 —7.4
RE 219 12,734} 58.15 | —.9 —.5| +6.3| +268
Va. 181 7,791} 43.04 | +1.1 +2.2| —1.6 +9.1
eae 45| r ) ROME Pe eee ae
,, Seed Re 46,115) 30.87 | —.6 —.8| —2.5 +12
Wash.?_____| 841) 64,212) 76.35 | —.6 -—.4) —1.1 +.1
W, Va...... | 1,079) 33, 240) 30.81 | —.3 —.7| +.5 —.3
Wis..------| 1,349) 73,111] 54.20| —.7| +.3| —32| +06
Wyo..---..| 95) 5, 022| 52.86 | (8) () | —1.2| 164

| i

T For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1951, p. 21. Figures in
italics represent programs administered without Federal participation. All
data subject to revision.

2 Data include recipients of — made without Federal participation and

ments to these recipients in California (540 recipients, $45,521 in payments),
fn ashington (20 recipients, $962 in payments), in Missouri (1,128 recipients,
$56,453 in payments), and in Pennsylvania (5,768 recipients, $231,067 in pay-
ments). State plans for aid to the blind in Missouri and Pennsylvania were
approved under the Social Security Act Amendments of 1950.

3 Decrease of less than 0.05 percent.

‘4 States with plans approved by the Social Security Administration. Per-
centages computed on totals for States with approved plone in respective
months; large increase from December 1950 is explained by the inclusion 0
Pennsylvania, with its large caseload, beginning February 1951 and of Missouri
beginning October 1951. See also footnote 2.

§ Average payment not computed on base of less than 50 recipients; percent -
age change, on than 100 recipients.

6 Increase of less than 0.05 percent.

7 Excludes cost of medical care, for which payments are made to recipients
quarterly.

§ Estimated.

Social Security

Table 14.—Aid to dependent children: Reci, ts and payments to recipients, | Table 15.—Recipient rates for speci-
by State, Decem 1951 ' oe of public assistance in the
State, December
[Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only such payments] can 4 1 States, by
Number ofrecipients} Payments to recipients Percentage change from— Children
receiviNg | Recipients
Num- Average per— a 1951 a ay 1950 ald to coat
State ber of ;
fam- Total per 1,000 Der 1,000
ilies Total? |Children
wT sin | Sense ber of under 18
‘am- p-
ily jent | fam- Amount fam- Amount years
ilies ilies
32 4.7
Total. ...... 591,838} 2, 041, 463] 1, 522, 925)$44, 863, 214) $75.80) $21.98) (*) +0.6} —9.1 —3.6 “ -
Total, 52 39 8
States 4...|501,810| 2, 041, 365/1, 522, 855] 44,862,101] 75.80] 21.98] (@) +.6| -9.1) 3.6 + ® a
18,120} 64,163} 50, 429 34.84] 9.84) —1. —.5| —2.3| +24 43 4.8
| 708 2,234) 1,617 72.02| 22.66] +3.7| +4.5] +10.5] +14.2 * #3
| 3,613} 13,408} 10, 000 72.65} 19.58] —2.6) —3.7| -15.0| —32.2 2) 8
. 13, 400 ’ 388 36.50/ 10.111 —2.2| —.6| —27.8| —36.7 22
, 55,044) 171,067} 128, 226 115.04} 37.02) —.1]} @® 1.4) +60 35 9
5,225} 19,168] 14,451 98.54) 26.86) +.7) +.7| —4.9| 43.5 6; ©®
5, 096 16,657| 12,050 107.85} 33.001 —1.3} —1.5| —7.2) —7.0
694 2,692] 2,063 80.80} 20.83] —2.4| —.9| +1.6 +162 42 1.8
2, 056 8,363! 6, 482 97.33) 23.93] —1.4) —.2] —48| +26.2 51 6.4
19,525) 62,8591 46, 45.10} 14.01) —2.9| —3.0| —31.3} —38.1 = as
]
20, 741 68,753| 52,847 49.87} 15.05] +2.5| +2.6) +197) +28.7 18 *5.9
3, 221 11,952, 9,313 83.51, 22.50) —. 1 —.1| —15.2| —20.7 17 3.0
2,171 7,512} 5, 536] 111.45} 32.21] +441. +1.2} -13.2} —7.4 | Kamsas.......... z 20 23
22,651, 80,527} 50, 661 111.63} 31.40| +.6} 41.1) —3.4| +121 | Kentucky....... 280 4 Sa A
8,714, 29,026) 21, 443 66.51) 19.97] —1.1| —.9} —21.4) —20.4 | Louisiana... 674 61 2.
5 a2 18, 060 13, 487 a9. 17| 28.241 0 : +.7, —.3| 425.1 aine.......... 156 38 10.6
) 6 15, 484 ; 46] 23.30; —. —.3 -16.1} —14.5
75,096] 55, 205 41.86 11.84] —.9| — 9-115) +.9 | Maryland--___. 70 20 1.5
) 80,001; 50,482 59.52} 16.38} +.6 —.4| —20.2} —4.2 | Massachusetts . . 217 25 3
15,272} 11,07 73.16} 21.11} +1.0| +1.0| +22) +1.2 chigan.-_.. .- a = aa
4 eo
' 19,463} 14,832 83.93] 21.86 +.5| +1.9| -20.3} -123 | M i... 378 35 as
43,051} 31, 663 118.05, 35.70, —.4| 41.1) -25) +40 | Missourt........ 335 a nH
79, 791| 56, 821 95.15, 20.43) +.6) +17] -3.8} +40 | Montana... 24 31 -;
26, 263} 19, 976 98.79, 20.14) 4.7) +14) —.7| +9.1 | Nebraska---.... 172 a -s
) 38,523) 29, 640 19.88} 5.26} @) +2) -7.9} +.2 | Nevada---._--. 381 rt
1 77,020} 56, 623 S211) 15.33) 8 8-109 | 08 ew Hampshire. 121 2%
) 8.2501 6,007 : 68 1. 2) 49.0
9,756] 7,162 80.60, 26.81] —.6] —.3| -17.5, —9.6 | New Jersey... a = =
98 70 et Va Ot Fo OL nl rp 2 31 77
4,949] 3, 566 04.08} 31.38} +. $2.1) —11.1) —12.5 | Now More A = rs
) 16,903] 12,813 100.66} 30.06) +.1| +4201 —46) +44 —_ Dakota__- 186 3 Ve
; 18,399] 14,078 61.40, 14.97] —.8) 1.4) 42.1) —1Ld | Opi aa nonnnnn-- i uf @)
} 177, 502| 126, 591 113.67) 33.77) +.2) +41.1) —5.3 42.716 mMa....... 18 8.0
1 $60,606 46, 402 46.46) *12.81) +1.5) +15) +5.4] +12.7 | Dregom.---.---.. 173 Ss HH
i 5.778] 4,378 91.22} 25.76 —.8} +441 —10.7} —20.4 | Pennsylvania. -- 86 e
50, 543 38, 080 68.23] 1844] — 6 +.2) -6.2) —16.3 Puerto Rico--..- 272 32 .
67, 326 827 13] 21.65) —1.1 —.7] —5.9 +31.6
) 11,278] 8,47 343] 105.18] 31.241 +1.7} +401 —13.2] —9.9 Beets panes «i = Po oe
d 122, 236] 90, 2,988,642} 88.23} 24.45) —.9 +.3] —25.6) —26.5 Benth — -- rs ° 35
45,526] 34, 137,157} 9.47| 3.01] +8.7| +24] 426.0] +59.1 Tennessee. ---—— ra 49 is 3
" 11,123} 8, 315,197} 95.51} 28.34) +.1 +1.7| —7.2 +.4 OXaS....-------
; 24°221| 18, 247,936] 38.22] 10.24) —.2} —.3| 42} +47.1 | Utab-—.......... = = 3.1
5 8,388} 6, 177,854] 68.94) 21.20] +10, +.6) +5.0 +81 | Vermont. -__-... = BF uO
‘ 75,275| 56, 1,007,104] 47.96) 13.38] —.4 —.5| —14.5| —14.0 gin Islands. . os 4 @-
; 63,218] 47, 800, 48.99} 12.66] —1.2 =n 84 LL me ~-a------ = } as
i 10, 37 7, 681 321,975] 107.86, 31.05] +1.4 +4.8) —9.0] +7.3 ashington . ....
* eas] "610 seseseftonszraafperare-foneeeceeg|-eone-qleeoemnene | West Vireimio..} a8} 8]
1 29, 030) ’ 51.57| 13.88) (5 +.2) —7.2 —3.2 SiN. ....--- .
2 29,790} 21,639] 924,871] 103.25] 31.04] —1.0} +12.1| —21.7]) —34.8 | Wyoming--.--. 238 15 1.8
‘ ae 16, 757 61,744| 47,555] 950,037] 56.69] 15.391 (®) ao 38° =e0
’ aaa 8,353| 28,137] 20,606] 932, 725] 111.66 33.15] +.2] +.5] 6.2} +63 | 9 Based om Census date, Apeil 1900. For, mest
: yO..........-- 546 1,918 1, 462 53,616) 98.20) 27. +. 7 +.8) —11.2) —14.9 ary estimates. All recipient rates subject to revision.
: emanes oes not Eee available.
d ! For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 6 Excludes cost of medical care, for which payments apt unknown num ond se
1951, p. 21. Figures in italics represent program are made to recipients quarterly. ceiving hospitalization, only.
f ecewre without Federal participation. All a Average yment not computed on, base of leas oars administered without Federal partici
“ su t to revision. an ‘families; percentage c ge, on less t
: ? Includes as recipients the children and 1 parentor _ families. * Based on recipient data for November 1951.
other adult relative in families in which the require- * Number of adults included in total number of
ments of at least 1 such adult were considered in recipients is partly estimated.
a determining the amount of assistance. *In addition to these payments from aid to de-
e ’ of less than 0.05 percent. ndent children funds, supplemental payments of
if ‘States with plans approved by the Social Se- 118,477 from general assistance funds were made to
ri curity Administration. 3,780 families.
* Increase of less than 0.05 percent. 10 Estimated.
Fé
$s

y | Bulletin, March 1952 35

Table 16.—Aid to the permanently and totally cog oy
and payments to recipients, tate,
December 1951

[Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only such

Table 17.—General assistance: Cases and to
cases, by State, December 195] 1
[Exclusive of vendor payments for — care and cases receiving only such
paymen

payments)
Payments to Percentage change
recipients from vosemnbe 1951
Number of rsa
State pients

ae Average | Number | Amount
Total ?__........ 124, 421 | $5,779, 354 $46. 45 +5.2 +6.4
Alabama... ..-.....- 8, 635 190, 964 22.12 —.7 —.2
Colorado... .......-. 3, 507 179, 527 51.19 +2.9 +3.0
Delaware. .-........- 120 5, 070 42.25 +8.1 +9.1
Dist. of Col -_.....-- 1,217 65, 410 53.75 +5.3 +4.5

SE 1,153 53, 837 46. 69 —2.3 @)
SS 774 40, 240 51.99 +2.2 +2.1
Tilinois.............. 2, 304 115, 731 50. 23 +9.3 +12.5
Kansas_--........... 2, 580 124, 760 48. 36 +1.3 +1.3
"Ss rk 14, 514 565, 755 38. 98 —.2 —.8
Maryland--..-....... 2, 520 115, 253 45.74 +.4 +1.2
Massachusetts ___... 2,611 159, 612 61.13 +390.8 +6572.9
Michigan. --......... 1, 034 61, 339 59. 32 +3.1 +3.4
Mississippi ---_..... 718 14, 039 19. 55 +3.5 +4.2
Missouri-_........... 10, 396 481, 251 46. 29 +2.4 +2.4
Montana... -........ 1,009 55, 910 55. 41 +1.6 +1.2
New Jersey_-_....... 860 49, 354 57.89 +13.8 +12.8
New Mexico. ....... 1, 933 76, 328 39. 49 +2.4 +2.6
New York. _-....... 28, 031 1, 711, 979 61. 07 +3.7 +4.3
SORE 4,113 111, 435 27.09 +7.0 +7.4
594 34, 691 58. 40 +2.6 +5.8
4, 254 188, 44. 26 +3.9 +4.0
1,229 57, $41 46. 66 +119.1 +134. 4
1, 667 112, 089 67.24 +1.6 +1.8
9, 364 410, 369 43.82 —.8 —.9
2, 625 24, 121 9.19 +40.7 +36. 0
170 10, 629 62.52 +11.8 +12.8
3, 621 115, 459 31. 89 +3.7 +3.5
134 5, 40. 52 +13.6 +14.4
1, 564 87,917 56. 21 —.8 +4.0
194 8, 087 41.43 +3.7 +4.6
25 a ERR ET er
2, 754 92, 453 33. 57 +4.4 +2.6
5, 266 328, 012 62. 29 —.5 +9. 2
1,610 47,373 29. 42 +14.3 +13.4
848 53, 879 63. 54 +1.0 +.9
473 25, 197 53.27 —1.5 —1.0

1 For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1951, p. 21. Figures in
italics represent programs under State plans not yet approved by the Social
Security Administration. All data subject to revision.

2 Represents States reporting plans in operation.

- Decrease of less than percent.

Payments to cases Percentage change from—
Num- November 1951 | Decem
State | ber of in— mber 1960
cases Total Aver-
amount age Beary!
Num- | 4 mount — Amount
323, 009 $15, 204, 000] $47.08} +2.2] 43.9] —21.8] a1)

2,226) 23.68 3) 3) (’)

3,507} 50.10 & & —37.5 Sas
44,592) 38.71] +.6 +.9]} —23.0] -217
32,722) 13.18] +.8] +1.5| —44] 8

1,380,651} 46.48] +25] +5.2]| —11.0 3.0
70,823} 40.24] +3.1) 44.8] —50.3] —g18
$207,748} 53.04] +23] 44.0] -105] 58
31,984) 36.14 +5.7 -4} —18.6 —16.4
36,631] 55.33) —5.6] 4.0] -329] i966
O90, S0IE -nctidnn<} cnannine]-noscincacceneunlea
61, 16. 85 8 +3.8 | +3.4 5.
108,145] 56.92] —13| ——.7|—sL0}] yee
6,551] 35.80 0 —1.2| —56.6] —§47
1,644,425) 58.63 | +2.2 +3.6 | —25.7 —15.3
308,325; 32.72 | +8.2 +6.9 | —10.5 —13.7
119,401} 31.86} +92] +18.2] —10.5 6.1
95,921} 44.47] +16] +2.7] —13.0 —8.5
| ES PERE ERTS AEE ie
233,026] 37.84] +2.8/ +1.1] +65] +368
150,325; 43.84 | +12.1 +12.2 | —17.1 —15.9
143, 255] 47.15 —2.9 —.8 | —46.2 —41.4
952,498; 54.01 —65.4 —2.0] —18.2 —22.7
993,994) 46.06 +6.7 +3.4 —6.1 —7.6
302,348} 50.37 +8.8 +6.3 | —12.9 —8.9
11, 206} 12.26 —.3 —.2 | +21.2 +35,7
288, 30. 16 —.7 —.6 | —28.6 —31.8
30, 204) 29.58 | +15.4 +19.7 —8.5 —20.6
49,529} 38.72] +.5]) +3.1] —10.9 +2.2
$9, 34.14 —3.3 +17.9 | —23.7 +3.1
60,393) 41.74 | +10.8 +18.4 —-9.1 ~7.4
440, 558; 59.23 +2. 5 +5.5 | —22.6 —22.7
7,177] 21.30) —4.3]) -3.6|—78.9| —808
3, 503,250) 72.87) +.4 +.4] —-17.8] 12,7
41,751} 19.20 —4.9 +1.5 | —49.7 —38.0
20, 583; 40.36 | +15.4 +21.6 | —40.7 —40.4
$43,124) 40.15 +4.1 +6.1 | —16.2 —22.4
83,442) (12) (#3) —9.7 (#3) 28.7
293,544) 57.17 | +17.4| +16.9 |} —10.0 —6.4
1,044,092) 50.41 +1.0 +3.5 | —45.9 — 48.2
21,705; 6.70 —8.6 —12.0 | —49.0 —i4.5
260,751} 63.12 —65.4 +6.5 | —19.4 —15.0
41,854) 17.86 —-2.7 +3.2 (4) (4)
20,021} 29.27 —2.3 +2.7 | —17.3 —11.5
32, 136) 13. 59 .8 +11.9 | —18.4 —-0.7
© UR GE ene cae-dl actoepaclvabanencelonsceueee
. > 121 +12.2 | +18.2 | +08.5| +1409
12, sieanecelosiiipionhelcnmsannae
63, 118 v1 +2.6 | —25.2 —2.2
, 804 .8 | +30.2 | —40.1 —8.0
89, 829) 4 —2.2 | —38.0 —35.8
. .4) +16.3 | —15.6 —6.9
6, 555 9) +62.3 | —41.6 —44.3

! For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1951, p. 21. All data sub-

ject to revision.
3 Partly estimated; does not represent sum of State fi

cludes for Indiana

because total ex-

and New Jersey payments made for, and an estimated

number of cases receiving, medical care, hospitalization, and burial only.

3 Percentage change not computed on base of less than 100

4 State program only; excludes program administered by local offi
cent of this total is estimated.
* Partly estimated.

5 About 10

7 Excludes assistance in kind and cases receivin
for a few counties, cash payments and cases receiv

§ Includes unknown number of cases receiv

assistance in kind only and,

in

gcash payments. Amount
of payments shown represents about 60 percent of total.

and burial only, and total payments for these services.
* Estimated

1 Includes cases receiving

medical care onl

ing medical care, hospitalization,

y.
11 Includes 6,148 cases and payments of $180,000 representing supplementation

of other assistance programs.
3 Excludes estimated duplication between programs; 1,346 cases were aided

by county commissioners and 4,658 cases under program administered by

.8) oma Emergency Relief Board. Average per case and percentage c’

not computed.
138 Not computed; comparable data not available.
4 Estimated on basis of reports from a sample of cities and towns.

— 2

' oe eS ean

om oaYFenonr es

tn OS ORE HONDA BH HOD IOS

9

went to 7,100 fewer persons in

January as the program con-
tinued the slow, steady decline that
had begun in October 1950, while the
number of cases receiving the other
types of public assistance rose. The de-
cline in old-age assistance amounted
to less than one-half of 1 percent; aid
to the blind and aid to dependent chil-
dren increased at about the same rate
(less than one-half of 1 percent), aid
to the permanently and totally dis-
abled went up 3 percent, and general
assistance, 5 percent.

The small monthly changes for the
Nation were the net result of State
changes that varied in direction as
well as in size. Only 10 States reported
more persons receiving old-age assist-
ance. Under the other programs, the
number of States reporting higher
caseloads varied from 18 for aid to the
blind to 32 for general assistance. Ex-
cept for general assistance and a few
comparatively new State programs,
the changes in caseloads were small—
nearly all less than 2 percent. January
caseloads for general assistance were
more than 10 percent higher than in
December in 15 States and dropped
as much as 5 percent in only three
States; the largest percentage in-
creases occurred in rural States that
have comparatively small caseloads.

Because more people were aided
under four of the programs and be-
cause a few States raised payments
through policy changes, total expendi-
tures for assistance for January were
$1% million higher than the total for
December. Kansas put into effect
changes in food and clothing allow-
ances made necessary by the greater
cost of these items. Mississippi and
South Carolina raised, for two types of

() west to assistance payments

Social Security in Review

assistance, the percent of need met
under the standards already in use.
South Carolina also increased its
maximums on payments for aid to de-
pendent children. The Pennsylvania
Legislature increased the monthly
payment to the blind by $10. In Ili-
nois, payments for nursing-home and
certain other types of medical care,
previously included in the money pay-
ments to recipients, beginning in
January are made directly to persons
providing the care; the January de-
creases of $2-5 in average money pay-
ments to the aged, the blind, and the
disabled do not, therefore, reflect an
actual reduction in the amount of
total assistance provided.

UNDER THE OLD-AGE and survivors in-
Surance program, 4.4 million persons
were receiving monthly benefits at the
end of January—about 54,000 more
than at the end of December. Benefi-
ciaries aged 65 or over accounted for
four-fifths of this increase and at the
end of January numbered 3.3 million
—about three-fourths of all persons
receiving monthly benefits.

Monthly benefits being paid at the
end of January totaled $156.7 million,
about $1.9 million more than in De-
cember. The decline in the average
old-age benefit amount was halted for
the first time since September 1950;
the average of $42.15 was 1 cent higher
than in December.

Awards of monthly benefits were
made to 83,000 persons in January,
about 25 percent more than in Decem-
ber but only about half as many as
had been awarded a year earlier. A
reduction in the number of old-age
and wife’s benefit awards was chiefly
responsible for this decline, since sur-
vivor benefit awards remained near

peak levels. Lump-sum death pay-
ments amounting to $5.4 million and
based on the deaths of 39,300 workers
were made in January; this total was
only slightly less than the record
amount awarded in March 1951.

At the end of 1951, monthly benefits
were being withheld from 354,000
beneficiaries entitled to old-age,
wife’s, husband’s, widow's, widower’s,
mother’s, or parent’s benefits. It is
no longer practicable to obtain data
on monthly benefits withheld from
child beneficiaries, because of the in-
stallation in December 1951 of a pro-
cedure under which children’s benefits
are combined in a single payment for
a family group.

The number of beneficiaries, other
than children, with monthly benefits
withheld in December 1951 was 6 per-
cent higher than in June 1951, an in-
crease of about 21,000. In the same
period the number of such benefi-
ciaries on the rolls increased by more
than 8 percent. Benefits withheld in
December because the beneficiaries
(under age 75) were working for
wages of more than $50 a month ac-
counted for 75 percent of all suspen-
sions. Wife’s or husband’s benefits
withheld because of the employment
of the old-age beneficiary represented
14 percent of the suspensions, while
7 percent were accounted for by the
self-employment of the beneficiary or
of the old-age beneficiary on whose
earnings the wife’s or husband’s bene-
fits are based. A table showing a dis-
tribution of benefits withheld, by rea-
son for withholding payment and type
of benefit, appears on page 25.

NEW AND CONTINUED UNEMPLOYMENT

among workers covered by the State
unemployment insurance programs

1

continued to increase in January, re-
flecting seasonal as well as adminis-
trative factors and shortages of mate-
rials. More initial claims were filed in
January than in any other month
since January 1950; the total in-
creased 19 percent from the December
1951 figure to 1,354,000. Weeks of un-
employment claimed, which represent
continued unemployment, rose even
more sharply (52 percent) to 6,529,600,
which is the largest number claimed
in any month since the beginning of
hostilities in Korea.

All States reported increases in the
average weekly number of. claimants
receiving benefits. For the Nation the
rise of 49 percent to 1,185,200 was the
largest turn-of-the-year increase in
the postwar period. The increase in
the total amount of benefits paid
under the programs was even more
pronounced (65 percent), and the
$116.5 million paid out was the largest
expenditure for benefits since June
1950. .The average weekly benefit for
total unemployment again increased;
the January average was $22.28.

Child Health Day

This year, as in the past, the Presi-
dent has proclaimed May 1 as Child
Health Day. Since 1928, when both
Houses of Congress, by joint resolu-
tion, requested the President to desig-
nate the first day of May as Child
Health Day, citizens with the guidance
and help of State health departments
and State agencies for crippled chil-
dren have used this date as the start-
ing line for action to build better
health for all children. Each year
attention is focused on a particular
problem affecting children.

For 1952, the Children’s Bureau
proposed that on Child Health Day
the Nation should direct its attention
to the many thousands of handicapped
children and plan to help them to
achieve a new measure of well-being.

The Federal Security Administra-
tor, in urging the practical observance
of Child Health Day, declared that
“nothing we do to build our national
security is more fundamental, more
accurately calculated to ensure the
strength and vitality we need to meet

the challenge of these times” than

the services provided to children.

Selected current statistics
[Corrected to Mar. 12, 1952]
Calendar year
January | December | January
Item 1952 1951 1951
1951 1950
Labor Force ' (in thousands)
WE MG Ste siicecteenesendasdncevcces 61, 780 , 688 61, 514 62, 884
PS shied ctinwlisageluitiheiiinesgues. 59, 726 61,014 59, 010 61, 005 eo
Covered he old-age and survivors in-
Covered by ees le nas:
Sankasisadebbliinilds Aa oiminberians 34, 500 35, 400 33, 600 34, 838 32,771
Guaenliees iia a 2, 054 1,674 2, 503 1,879 3,142
Personal Income ‘ (in billions; seasonally
adjusted at annual rates)

I rei ee $257.3 $258.6 $240.9 $251.1 $224.7
Employees’ income *_._................... 175.1 175.2 159.9 169. 2 145.8
Proprietors’ and rental income. ........... 49.6 49.8 49.3 48.9 44.0
Personal interest income and dividends. - . 19.4 20.7 19.0 20.0 19.3
ase ee 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.4

ial insurance and related payments _ 7.7 7.1 6.8 6.9 6.5
Veterans subsistence allowances* and
palin otethiDndisaentghibouneée 1.0 3.1 1.6 1.2 2.2
idiscelbemanneimgenns payansats i 2.4 2.4 1.9 2.6 4.5
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance
Monthly benefits:
Current-payment status: !!
Num i thousands) ................. 4, 433 4,379 | RS, FE ete
— in thousands). ...............- $156, 721 $154, 791 $130, 883 | $1,884,531 | $1,018, 149
age primary benefit. ................- $42.16 $42.14 PETS fedecvccuisdivscemdbeikes
awarde' (in thousands):
SP Oa aS eae ae a 83 65 152 1, 336
Fe EE TT ae ne ne ae $2, 804 $2,117 $4, 836 $42, 282 $26, 234
Unemployment Insurance *

Initial claims (in thousands). ............... 1,354 1,134 1, 054 10, 836 12, 251

Weeks of unemployment ed (in thou
GiB ats 2 EFS Tele RN 6, 530 4, 306 5,414 50, 398 78, 654

Weeks compensated (in thousands)....._.... 5, 452 3,349 4,470 41, 599 67, 860

Weekly ave beneficiaries (in thousands) - 1, <4 797 972 797 1,305

Benefits paid (in millions) __...........___- $116 $71 $90 $840 $1, 373

Average weekly payment for totalunemployment. $22. 28 $22. 03 $20. 87 $21.08 $20. 76

Public Assistance
a ad thousands):
Old-age assistance... ..................... 2, 604 2, 701 D, FOE fanccinevccesslesitiaiicns
Aid to dependent children:
a a tS 594 592 OED lecddiscocccthi tne
SE ERG ESS A a a a 1, 528 1, 523 OS RS Sa
FY yes blind -_-._- ogee rere oy 97 97 Meni oummeren, MEMS EIA §
to the permanently and tota
RN TE REED < te . be aia 128 124 TE lncdtcondoand agian

* General assistance. -_....................-. 339 323 GBB Jovcccccccconfecossocec sae

verage payments:
Old-age assistance... ................-..-...- $44. 67 $44. 54 og. if is sscnwcwnediumnieanee
Aidtod to dependent children (per family) -.-.-- 76.01 , 8 2 Sf I Se
RO agai Se 49. 46 48.07 e $i icinccckbebiatabselaaie
Aid to the permanenily and totally disabled _ - 46.19 48. Te 2 Seen Ea ee
eae eee 47. 56 47. GeO hocisccceescehammirine

! Continental United States only. Estimated by
the Bureau of the Census, except as noted. Monthly
pom i moon figures represent specific week and

figures, average week (unemployment in-
surance data re mt pay period ins’ of week).

2 Estimated by the = Ann of Old-Age and Sur-
vivors Insurance. Except for calendar year 1950,
data not available.

3 Data from the Bureau of Employment Security,
De ment of Labor.

ta from the Office of es Economics, De-
putenapt of Commerce. Continental United States,
excer: . for employees’ income, which includes pay of
Federal civilian end military personnel in all areas.
* Beginning January 1952, social insurance contri-
butions from the pote a thee eos yon —_ total
but not deducted from proprie

¢ Civilian and military pay in pote wr ‘in kind,

other labor income (except workmen’s compensa-

tion), mustering-out pay, -leave Pi, es and
pashan oo aid semmne Metaieneepieres

pendents of ¢e' f employee
contributions under social insurance and related

programs.

’ eee to recipients under the 4 special public
assistan: and general assistance.
4 rots r+) “te and survivors insurance
fits; railroad, Federal, State, and local retirement
benefits; veterans’ msions and compensation;
workmen’s compensation; State and railroad unem-
loyment insurance and temporary ao
efits; and readjustment allowances to veterans
under the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act.

* Under the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act.

10 Includes payments under the Coneniaad life
insurance, national service life insurance, and mili-
tary and naval insurance formene, the Government
contribution to snare ons, business
transfer payments, and recov aor r the Employ-
er’s Liability Act y railroad workers and seamen.

ut Benefit in current-pa t status is subject to
no deduction or only to deduction of fixed amount

that is less than the current month’s benefit; calen-
dar- YF pe ear figures represent tak saan certi ified.

onthly amounts * annual amounts ad-

justed for voided benefit checks and benefit refunds.

Social Security

Social Welfare Today

- by ARTHUR J. ALTMEYER *

OCIAL welfare is, by its very
nature, a dynamic concept, de-
pending entirely on evolving

ideas of the responsibility of commu-
nity and State in affirmatively pro-
moting the well-being of its members.
As the sense of community responsi-
bility develops, the concept of social
welfare must inevitably change. Not
so long ago, our concept of social wel-
fare included almost exclusively relief
and service to the underprivileged
and the disadvantaged. The needs of
the specific individual—rather than
the social institutions whose presence
or absence affects the needs of indi-
viduals—were the focus of attention.
Social welfare was thought of largely
in terms of adjusting the individual to
his environment rather than in terms
of bringing environmental forces into
play to assist the individual.

What Social Welfare Means

A new concept of social welfare has
been developing under which welfare
programs consist not only of counsel-
ing and assisting the individual and
family in making the necessary ad-
justments to environment but, more
importantly, of marshaling commu-
nity resources to promote the well-
being of individuals and of families
generally. In other words, we no
longer think in terms of a few under-
privileged and disadvantaged persons
but in terms of all individuals and
families. In this country, under this
newer concept, social work would in-
clude both constructive welfare serv-
ices and measures designed to promote
economic security—that is, both pub-
lic assistance and the social insur-
ances. In other countries it would in-
clude measures that fall under neither
heading—for example, children’s al-
lowances, family allowances, and
similar payments based on the status
of the individual rather than upon
present need or past contributions of
the individual. In other words, social

* Commissioner for Social Security. The
article is based on an address delivered
before the National Social Welfare Assem-
bly on December 3, 1951.

Bulletin, April 1952

security would be part of social wel-
fare in its present-day meaning.

In a democracy based on a system ~

of free enterprise, the well-being of
individuals must be promoted in such
a way that democracy and the system
of free enterprise will be strengthened.
Many people have sincerely felt
that social action to help individuals
weakens the fabric of democracy and
free enterprise because, they fear, it
weakens individual initiative. If so-
cial welfare continues to recognize
that the basic purpose of social action
is to enable individuals to achieve
their maximum potentialities, such
fears are groundless.

More than 100 years ago that arch-
advocate of laissez-faire, John Stuart
Mill, in his essay, On Liberty, said
that “energy and self-dependence are
as likely to be impaired by the ab-
sence of help as by its excess.” Some
persons will immediately disagree and
point to the fact that today the United
States has about 5% million indi-
viduals dependent on government for
public assistance to meet their daily
needs. They will point out that public
assistance is costing the Federal,
State, and local governments almost
$2% billion a year—and this in a
period of unprecedented prosperity
and full employment. It is unhappily
true that these millions of persons do
need public assistance. The fact,
however, that public assistance is
available means that we have a better
America today than we had a quarter
of a century ago and that these indi-
viduals are leading far happier and
more useful lives as members of their
community than they would otherwise
have led. If this country during the
last quarter of a century had had a
system of contributory social insur-
ance covering the inevitable major
economic hazards of life, these mil-
lions of persons would be receiving in-
surance benefits rather than public
assistance.

Issues in Public Assistance

It has been asserted many times in
the public press that the Nation is

spending more for public aid—for “re-
lief” today than in 1940, when prob-
ably 8 million persons were unem-
ployed. As a matter of fact, we are
spending considerably less in actual

dollars even though these dollars buy

far less. Persons who contend that ex-
penditures for public aid have in-
creased since 1940 fail to take into
account that in 1940 the Work Proj-
ects Administration, the National
Youth Administration, and the Civil-
ian Conservation Corps—all of which
provided assistance on the basis of
need—were still operating. Another
serious mistake that is made by such
critics stems from failure to take into
account the fact that the population
has increased, particularly in the
groups under age 18 and over age 65,
where need is the greatest. Thus,
while the number of persons receiving
old-age assistance has increased
greatly since 1940, the number of old-
age assistance recipients per thousand
aged persons in this country has de-
creased.

If we consider all forms of public
aid in existence in 1940 and in exist-
ence today, we find that 3.8 percent
of the population is dependent on
some form of public aid today as com-
pared with 11.5 percent in 1940. The
proportion of our national income
spent for public aid has also dropped
sharply—from 3 4/10 cents out of
every dollar in 1940 and to 1 1/10
cents today.

Probably the worst mistake that is
made in comparing expenditures for
public aid in 1940, when there was
widespread unemployment, with such
expenditures today, when there is full
employment, is the failure to take into
account the characteristics of the per-
sons receiving aid. Under the various
public assistance titles of the Social
Security Act only the very young, the
very old, the blind, and now the per-
manently and totally disabled are eli-
gible for public assistance. For the
most part, obviously, these groups
cannot (and in the case of children
should not) engage in gainful employ-
ment. In other words, as the number

of such persons in the population in-
creases, it is obvious that the potential
public assistance load will increase,
regardless of improved employment
conditions.

Since 1940 the number of children
receiving aid to dependent children
has increased both absolutely and in
relation to the population under age
18, although at the same time an in-
creasing number of children have
been receiving survivor benefits under
the old-age and survivors insurance
program. If it were not for the insur-
ance program, many of the 800,000
beneficiary children who are orphans
or partial orphans would undoubtedly
have been eligible for aid to dependent
children. Because this group is taken
care of through insurance, only about
a fifth of the children now receiving
aid to dependent children are in fami-
lies with the father dead; the others
are in need because of the incapacity
or absence from the home of a living
parent. In about half the cases the
need of the child has arisen from the
fact that the father has deserted the
mother or is not married to the
mother or is absent from the home
for other reasons. Undoubtedly it is
this circumstance that has given rise
to the charge that aid to dependent
children has encouraged desertion and
illegitimacy.

Desertion and illegitimacy have
been with us for a long time and un-
fortunately may be on the increase.
But all the evidence indicates that aid
to dependent children represents not
the cause but the effect of desertion
and illegitimacy.

Though the caseload for aid to de-
pendent children has been declining
steadily during the past year, hun-
dreds of thousands of children will
continue to need this form of assist-
ance; many will be in broken homes.
A great responsibility rests not only
on the public officials who administer
aid to dependent children but on all
social agencies, public and private, to
aid these children so that they may
not be disadvantaged because of cir-
cumstances beyond their control.

It is encouraging to note that for
the last year and a half there has
been a steady decline in the total
number of public assistance recipients
and a generally downward trend in
assistance expenditures. Much of the

4

decline in old-age assistance has been
due to the 1950 legislative improve-
ments in the Federal old-age and sur-
vivors insurance system, but contin-
ued high employment, which provides
more job opportunities for persons re-
ceiving assistance and increases the
ability of relatives to assist, is prob-
ably the chief factor.

Even though there is a valid ex-
planation of why, in spite of the de-
cline in public assistance, we still
have about 54 million persons receiv-
ing this type of aid, the fact remains
that nobody is happy about the situa-
tion. The taxpayers of the country
express their dissatisfaction in the
public press and in legislative bodies.
Not so much is heard about the un-
happiness of the recipients of assist-
ance. Those of us charged with the
responsibility of administering public
assistance are acutely aware, however,
that no one relishes being a recipient
of public aid.

There has been much talk about
chiselers on relief rolls. Much of this
criticism does not distinguish between
legal and illegal payments. That is,
in some States the criticism has been
directed at the failure of relatives to
help when, under the laws of these
States, they have no legal obligation
to do so. In some States there has
been criticism that persons owning a
home or having some other small
assets are receiving public assistance
when under the laws and regulations
such ownership is permitted. At the
same time, because persons with some
small assets seem to be no better off
than those who have none, there is
criticism that public assistance penal-
izes thrift.

Whether or not there are many per-
sons on the assistance rolls illegally,
the feeling that the caseloads are too
high has led to demand that the rolls
be made public. The contention seems
to be that publicity will scare off the
persons receiving assistance illegally
and will shame the relatives of those
who are legally receiving public as-
sistance into meeting their moral re-
sponsibilities. This contention rests
for its validity on whether many per-
sons actually are receiving public as-
sistance illegally and on whether rela-
tives can be shamed into helping.

The substantial decline in the State
and local programs of general assist-

ance has been advanced as proof of
the argument’s soundness. That is, it
has been contended that Federal
financial participation and the Fed-
eral statutory requirement that the
public assistance rolls be kept confi-
dential have led to the alleged in-
crease in the categories financed in
part by the Federal Government, as
contrasted with the decline in the gen-
eral assistance category, where there
is no Federal financial participation
or Federal requirement as to confiden-
tiality. This argument overlooks the
basic reason for the decline in general
assistance since 1940—the fact that
the general assistance category had a
far greater proportion of employable
persons in it than the categories of
aged persons, young children, the
blind, and the permanently disabled.
It also overlooks the fact that, under
the Social Security Act Amendments
of 1950, many persons were trans-
ferred from general assistance to the
new category of the permanently and
totally disabled.

As a matter of fact, most of the local
alleged scandals about “chiseling”
have occurred in general assistance.
The highest proportion of persons
shown by any State-wide study to be
illegally receiving public assistance
under categories financed in part by
the Federal Government has been less
than 3 percent.

Experience seems to indicate that
publicity is of doubtful value in reduc-
ing the number of chiselers and sham-
ing relatives. The welfare directors
of several States have declared that
such publicity in connection with gen-
eral assistance has had no effect on
the chiselers but may have deterred
eligible persons in real need from ac-
cepting assistance.

A rider attached to the Revenue Act
of 1951 has the effect of permitting
States to allow public access to records
of the disbursement of public assist-
ance funds. This legislation permits
access only to records of disburse-
ments, such as the names of recipients
and the amounts and dates of the
payments; it does not permit public
access to other information in the
case records. The Federal law re-
quires, moreover, that if a State does
enact legislation prescribing any con-
ditions under which public access may
be had to records of disbursements,

Social Security

a

aS et cCcmnoma ft ovrw FF F ee we ae” ae, rl

eaoontnat

=
l-

Ly
S,

ty

such legislation must prohibit the use
of any lists or names obtained from
such access for commercial or political
purposes.

Unfortunately, the Federal stat-

utory requirement concerning confi-
dentiality of public assistance records
that was in effect before the 1951
rider has not been generally under-
stood. The requirement has never
been interpreted as surrounding these
records with an iron curtain of secrecy
that would prevent the taxpayers from
having the requisite assurance that in-
eligible persons were not receiving
public assistance. It has never pre-
vented the furnishing of information
to Federal, State, and local legislative
committees and administrative bodies
charged with investigating and ap-
praising the operations of public as-
sistance, as well as to auditors, law-
enforcement officers, and grand juries
for use in the discharge of any duties
they may have that relate to the ad-
ministration of public assistance. Nor
has this requirement prevented the
publication of material on the opera-
tions of public assistance agencies de-
signed to inform the public regarding
such matters as the size of expendi-
tures, classification of the causes of
dependency, the range in payments
made, the standards for appraising
need, and the procedures followed for
determining need in the individual
case.
It is perhaps well to recall that the
Federal requirement was placed in the
Social Security Act in 1939 because
there had been widespread political
misuse of the names of recipients of
old-age assistance in the 1938 elec-
tions. It remains to be seen whether
legislation permitting public access
but prohibiting the use of information
obtained through such access for com-
mercial or political purposes will actu-
ally prevent the abuses that occurred
before 1939.

The effect that opening the assist-
ance rolls to the public will have in
reducing the rolls is also still a matter
of debate. But one thing is certain.
We shall never be able to measure
Statistically how much needless hu-
miliation results from indiscriminate
Public access. More than 100 years
ago Disraeli opened his first successful
campaign for election as a member of
the House of Commons by attacking

Bulletin, April 1952

the new Poor Law because, as he said
“it went on the principle that relief
to the poor is a charity. I maintain
that it is a right . . . I consider that
this Act has disgraced the country
more than any other upon record.
Both a moral crime and a political
blunder, it announces to the world
that in England poverty is a crime.”

One of our own homespun philoso-
phers, who used to write under the pen
name of Abe Martin, once said, before
the advent of the Social Security Act,
“Poverty ain’t a crime in America but
it might as well be.” We are not going
to return to those days. As some evi-
dence that we will not, it should be
noted that in two States where the
assistance rolls have been opened to
the public, very few persons have
actually sought the information.

Another thing is certain; there is no
substitute for good administration—
administration that both protects the
taxpayer through careful examination
of the facts bearing on eligibility and
provides needed assistance to the re-
cipient in such a manner as to en-
courage his self-respect, sense of re-
sponsibility, and effective participa-
tion in the life of the community.
Ironically enough, many times the
same individuals who complain about
ineligible persons receiving public as-
sistance also object to providing funds
to employ enough social workers to
make the necessary investigations.

Perhaps the best comment on this
whole question of relief chiseling ap-
peared in a small newspaper in the
Middle West:

We've had many families among us
needing public assistance for a long
time. And no matter what decision
comes down from the court, they’ll
still be with us.

They are not an isolated people, those
who receive monthly checks repre-
senting aid to the blind and aid to
dependent children. They are of us—
of our neighborhoods, of our churches,
of our schools.

They are not statistics on a state wel-
fare department report or the finan-
cial records, red or black, of Monroe
county. They are people.

It is well, as we wade into the attached
problems, or run away from them, to
remember that. They are people—just
as good, just as bad, just as weak, just
as strong, just as honest and just as

dishonest as people are at every eco-
nomic, political and social level.

or
employees or give too little to the

citizen.

beer houses. But they find a shortage
of complaining witnesses to act when
action is essential.

It can be conceded that for some fam-
ilies the ADC checks destroy initiative.
Even though they merit the checks,
they show little inclination to accept
opportunities which might eventually
move them off the welfare rolls. This
is a problem calling for rehabilitation
along with routine administration—
and again it goes to the door of the
school, the church and the average
citizen as well as to the door of the
welfare office in the Monroe county
court house or to the one in the state
house ....

By and large, however, the public as-
sistance handed out.in Monroe county
is put to essential uses—it goes to
children who have lost fathers by
death or desertion, it goes to children
whose fathers are physically disabled,
it goes to children who are far better
off having their mothers at home than
they would be—or society would be—
if their mothers couldn’t maintain
homes. Who will be first to abandon
them?

That this problem of providing as-
sistance to the needy was also a prob-
lem confronting our colonial fore-
fathers is made clear in an interest-
ing little pamphlet issued by the Vir-
ginia League of Local Welfare Execu-
tives. This League was enterprising
enough to look into The Vestry Book
of Kingston Parish, covering the
period 1679-1796. The Vestry met
once a year and made appropriations
in pounds of tobacco—the usual me-
dium of exchange—to provide for the
needs of the parish. The Vestry rec-
ords show that most of the items

listed each year were for the assist-
ance of individuals in need of help.
To quote from the ramphiet:

A number of examples are given in
each category to show the variety of
situations which the Vestry had to
consider. Each has its present day
counterpart. It appears that there
were a number of bastards under care
in foster homes at all times. . . It was
noted that awards were made year
after year to the same persons in
many instances. For example an
award was made for the care of Oner
Powers every year for 33 years and the
final award was for his care and
burial. Evidently both temporary and
permanent care were available to the
destitute widows, orphans, fatherless,
lame, halt, etc.

The League reaches this conclusion
on the cost of public welfare today as
compared with colonial times:

Thus in the hundred years preceding
the Revolution, the number of taxable
persons had increased 12 times, total
expenditures had increased 23 times
and the tax per person had increased
about 100 percent. And of all things!!
the expenditure per capita for relief
was approximately the same as it was
in Virginia for the year 1949-50 when
the Federal government was paying
one-third of the bill.

Social Insurance

In colonial days the problem of
want was quite different from what it
is today. We now have a highly com-
petitive, urbanized, and industrialized
economic system that has enabled us,
as a Nation, to increase our output of
goods and services beyond the wildest
dreams of our forefathers. But para-
doxically enough, it has also given
rise to greater economic insecurity on
the part of millions of individuals. A
way must be found to prevent the
destitution of millions of persons
rather than to alleviate it after it has
occurred. Fortunately there is a way
to prevent destitution arising from
economic causes. That is the device
of contributory social insurance—a
device that has been used for three-
quarters of a century in various parts
of the world. That outstanding con-
servative, Winston Churchill, was one
of the chief architects of the plan that
went into effect in Great Britain in

1909 and was also instrumental in
putting into effect the famous Bever-
idge plan that greatly expanded the
British social insurance system. He
made the point that economic hazards
that cannot be met effectively by the
individual can be met through a sys-
tem of contributory social insurance.
Under such a system, all individuals
exposed to these hazards are insured
against loss of income, with benefits
payable from a fund to which they
and their employers have contributed.

This country has had a form of
contributory social insurance since
1911, when the first workmen’s com-
pensation laws were passed. Since
1935 we have had social insurance
covering unemployment and old age.
In 1939 the Federal old-age system
was expanded to include survivor
benefits in the case of the death of the
insured worker. Unfortunately these
various forms of social insurance did
not cover all gainfully employed per-
sons, and the benefits provided were
inadequate, especially as living costs
went up. In 1950, Congress consider-
ably extended the coverage of the
Federal old-age and survivors insur-
ance system and increased the bene-
fits. The only large groups still un-
protected are farm operators and
casual farm and domestic workers.
Today about 90 percent of the gain-
fully occupied persons in this country
are insured—under this Federal pro-
gram or under other Federal, State,
and local government retirement sys-
tems—against loss of income due to
old age or death of the family bread-
winner.

Coverage under old-age and sur-
vivors insurance is not compulsory for
employment in nonprofit organiza-
tions, but it can be elected if the em-
ployer and two-thirds of the em-
ployees wish to be insured. The great
appeal that a system of contributory
social insurance has—as well as the
good business judgment of nonprofit
organizations and their employees—is
evident from the number of employees
(about 750,000) in such organizations
who are now covered.

The great distinguishing character-
istic between a system of contributory
social insurance and a system of pub-
lic assistance is that the insurance
benefits are payable without a means
test. The means test is a necessary

device to keep the cost of public as-
sistance within bounds, but it is a de-
vice that probably no one likes. Nor is
it generally considered a constructive
way to promote self-reliance and ef-
fective participation in the life of a
community. The basic repugnance to
the means test probably arises out of
the fact that to the recipient it signi-
fies his own or his family’s failure to
make the grade in a highly competi-
tive economy. Another reason for its
unpopularity is that the means test is
often considered as placing a penalty
upon thrift, since any savings must be
taken into account in determining
need.

Benefits under contributory social
insurance are, in contrast, payable in
specified amounts regardless of the
actual amount of property a recipient
may possess. Moreover, the benefits
vary in accordance with wage loss. A
larger proportion of the wage loss is
payable in the case of low wage earn-
ers than in the case of high wage
earners, but the fact that there is a
relationship between wage loss and
benefits introduces an element of
flexibility that automatically relates
the benefits to the wide wage differen-
tials existing in this country and that
is characteristic of a system of free
enterprise.

Comprehensive Nature of
Social Welfare

A contributory social insurance sys-
tem in effect throughout the entire
Nation and covering all the major
economic hazards would largely solve
the problem of destitution in this
country. Much destitution is due,
however, to noneconomic causes. For
example, it would certainly not be
practical or desirable to have social
insurance against loss of income aris-
ing out of broken homes. Neither is it
possible for a social insurance system
to cover actual need of all individuals
and families under all conceivable
circumstances. Accordingly, we should
be deceiving ourselves if we did not
recognize that, even with an extended
and improved social insurance pro-
gram as a first line of defense against
destitution, there would still be need
for a second line of defense in the
form of public assistance. Since this
second line of defense would be far

(Continued on page 23)

Social Security

om VF wa Fr er Fw FF

'.

=a 2 OD hh oF

Public Child Welfare Employees:
Their Education

by MIGNON SAUBER and JACK WIENER *

The professional education of child welfare workers is an important
factor in the effectiveness of the public child welfare programs. For
this reason, information on the educational background of social
work employees in these programs was included in the joint study
made by the Children’s Bureau and the Bureau of Public Assistance
in mid-1950; the information is summarized in the following pages.
Earlier Bulletin articles reported on the education and salaries of
public assistance employees in social work in the State and local
agencies administering the federally aided public assistance programs.

N 1950, one-fifth of the more than
] 4,100 persons engaged primarily

in State and local public child
welfare work had full professional so-
cial work training. Another 25 per-
cent had at least 1 year of graduate
social work study but had not com-
pleted their second year. In all, 60
percent of the public child welfare
employees had some graduate social
work study.

These are some of the facts revealed
by a study conducted jointly by the
Children’s Bureau and the Bureau of
Public Assistance of the Social Secur-
ity Administration in the late spring
and early summer of 1950, as part of
the survey of salaries and working
conditions in social work conducted
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics * in
cooperation with the National Social
Welfare Assembly and the National
Council on Social Work Education.
The Federal Security Agency study
covered 34,000 persons in social work
positions in State and local agencies
administering public child welfare
and public assistance programs.’

Questionnaires for the individual
social work employees were sent out to
State and Territorial public welfare
departments throughout the country.
Each employee was asked to indicate

* Program Research Branch, Division of
Research, Children’s Bureau.

3 Social Workers in 1950, American Asso-
ciation of Social Workers, 1952.

* See Elizabeth Epler, “Public Assistance
Employees: Their Education,” Social Se-
curity Bulletin, February 1952; and Ellen
Perkins and Charles Lopes, “Public As-
sistance Employees: Their Salaries,” So-
cial Security Bulletin, March 1952.

Bulletin, April 1952

the social work program on which he
spent most of his time. If an employee
was involved, for example, in deter-
mining eligibility for assistance and in
approving foster homes for the place-
ment of children, he specified only the
one program on which he spent the
greatest part of his time. Roughly 1
out of every 8 persons, or 4,163 in all,
indicated that they spent most of their
time on public child welfare programs.

The social work employees who were
working primarily on public child wel-
fare programs are the subject of this
report. Included among these child
welfare employees were 3,002 case-
workers, 705 supervisory staff mem-
bers (supervisors of caseworkers and
district child welfare consultants) , 277
persons in executive positions, and 179
special consultants and other social
work employees.

The 4,163 child welfare workers cov-
ered by this report represent 34 per-
eent of the 12,400 persons employed
in child welfare work throughout the
Nation—in public and voluntary chil-
dren’s agencies and institutions, in
juvenile courts, and in departments
of education. They constitute nearly
two-thirds of the 6,600 persons em-
ployed in public and voluntary chil-
dren’s casework agencies, excluding
institutions, but only 6 percent of the
75,000 employees in all types of social
work throughout the country.

What Child Welfare Workers Do

Child welfare workers provide social
services for children. This work re-
quires considerable skill, knowledge,
and understanding. With the purpose

of strengthening family life, child
welfare workers concentrate on work
with or in behalf of children. Some
of these children are in their own
homes but are having difficulty in get-
ting along with their families or with
other persons. Some are neglected or
abused, while some are in danger of
becoming delinquent.

Child welfare workers help to plan:
for the care of children in foster
family homes or in children’s institu-
tions when the child’s own home can-
not provide proper care. They plan
for adoption when the child must be
permanently separated from his own
home. The problems of unmarried
mothers and their babies and of work-
ing mothers who must plan for the
care of their children while they are
at work all come within the province
of the child welfare worker. In addi-
tion, child welfare workers take an
active part in developing improved
State laws relating to the care and
protection of children, such as those
governing adoption, guardianship,
and child placement. Part of the job
of all child welfare workers is to work
with community groups to improve
health, educational, recreational, and
welfare services for children.

All public child welfare programs
provide some of these services but not
all provide this complete range of
services. In some States, certain serv-
ices are provided only by the juvenile
courts or by voluntary agencies for
children. And even within a given
State, the availability of public child
welfare services may differ consider-
ably from county to county.

Professional Training of All
Employees

At the present time, 2 years of grad-
uate study in a school of social work
are required for full professional
training for social work. The curricu-
lum includes both classroom and field
work courses. The graduate students
are assigned to supervised field work

7

Table 1 on oo social work edu-
cation o, ‘are em-

wf pooh child welf
social work employees,
employees of lentery child
welfare casework agencies, June 1950

Percent of employees in—
Noninstitutional
— of ~~ tad All child welfare
programs of—
social work work
pro- | Public | Volun-
gams ' welfare | tary
agencies jagencies!
SR rene 100 100 100
2or more years_-_.....- 16 20 47
1 but less than 3 years. ll 25 19
Less than 1 year. _.... 13 15 ll
Re 60 40 23
1 Source: Social Workers in 1950, American Associa-

tion of Social Workers, 1952, table D-14, p. 48.

in which they spend 15-25 hours a
week throughout most of their years
of study. That is, they work under
special supervision in a social work
agency where they “learn by doing.”
They learn, according to a United
Nations report, “to interview, to record
information, to separate the various
elements, environmental and emo-
tional, that make up the problems
with which they are called upon to
deal, to use the social resources in the
community, to participate with the
client in carrying through a plan of
social treatment, and to work in close
association with their colleagues in
other fields as well.”* The same re-
port termed this part of a social
worker’s education “one of the most
important learning experiences in the
area of practical work because, be-
yond anything else, it distinguishes
the trained social worker from the
amateur.”

Besides this vital field work experi-
ence, the graduate student acquires
knowledge and skills through his pro-
gram of classroom courses. The two
curriculum areas dovetail.

The Children’s Bureau believes that
child welfare workers in State and
local child welfare programs should
have these two full years of study in a
graduate school of social work in order
to serve children most effectively.

Considering the 4,163 child welfare
employees as a group, without regard
to their position (supervisors, case-

* Training for Social Work, An Interna-

tional Survey, United Nations Secretariat,
Department of Social Affairs, 1950, p. 29.

workers, consultants, etc.), 1 out of
every 5 had had full professional
training. In all, 60 percent had had
some study in a graduate school of
social work. Forty-five percent had
had at least 1 year of study, and 15
percent had studied for less than a
year.’ Some of this latter group may
have had only a course or two. Others
may have had a fuller curriculum that
included some supervised field work.
Forty percent of the public child wel-
fare employees had not had any grad-
uate social work study.

But social work as a profession is
very young. Throughout the entire
field of social work, only 16 out of
every 100 persons had had 2 years or
more of study at a graduate school
of social work.* Public child welfare
therefore has a greater proportion of
persons with full professional training
(20 percent) than the field of social
work as a whole. It has, however,
fewer employees with professional
training, proportionately, than the
children’s casework programs under
voluntary agency auspices. Forty-
seven percent of this latter group have
had at least two full years of graduate
social work study.

Professional Training and
Agency Size

The number of public child welfare
employees within a State is deter-
mined by many things. First, there is
the population or size of the State
itself. The organization and functions
of the agency are also important. In
some States nearly all public child
welfare services are provided by full-
time child welfare staff. In others,
general welfare workers who have re-
sponsibility for providing a variety of
services may be responsible for pro-
viding specialized services to children
in some counties. In States, however,
where a small number of employees
were engaged primarily in public child
welfare, proportionately more of the
workers had graduate social work
study than in States with larger child
welfare staffs. In States with fewer
than 25 child welfare employees, 69
percent of the 210 workers had had at
least 1 year of graduate social work
study. For States with 50 or more
child welfare workers, the percentage

* Social Workers in 1950, p. 48.

was 41. The following tabulation
presents this situation briefly.

Child welfare
employees
States with specified —_ Percent
es of — of with year
welfare employees _ jor more of
States 4 graduate
social
work
study
Total _. had AAs 53, 4,163 45.0
50 or more employees
(Ala, ay Conn.,
D.C,, fe, Ind.,
La., am
Mich., atin NJJ..
N. Y., N. C., Ohio,
Pa., i ~~ Tenn.,
or Se fash.,
Wis.) Litas 26 24 | 3,410 41.0
25-49 employees (Ark.,
Colo., Fla., Hawaii,
oe Te Maine,
o., Nebr.,
Oka” Oreg., R. L,
8. Cc.) Bri ose 14 543 61.5
Less than hg 18
hs Ariz
daho, 4 mm a
Nev., N. H., N. Mex.,
N. Dak, ‘s. Dak.,
Utah, Vt., Se ™
Wyo.)-.. aciddihdine 15 210 68.6

The States with 50 or more public
child welfare employees are usually
those with large populations and big
cities. The States with smaller child
welfare staffs, generally, have rela-
tively small populations and these
populations are primarily in rural
areas. The impact of Federal child
welfare services funds upon the total
State program may explain some of
the difference in the extent of profes-
sional training among the States.
Since these funds are concentrated
largely on providing services in rural
areas, a relatively larger number of
the workers paid from Federal funds
are in rural areas than in urban areas.

There are, in addition, proportion-
ately more employees paid from Fed-
eral funds among the smaller State
staffs. In joint planning for the use of
the funds, the States and the Chil-
dren’s Bureau have agreed that posi-
tions paid from Federal child welfare
services funds should be filled by pro-
fessionally qualified persons. This
procedure has helped to improve the
professional qualifications of child
welfare staffs generally. Furthermore,
in the small rural States, proportion-
ately more of the total child welfare
staff have been able to obtain gradu-

Social Security

ate social work training through the
use of Federal funds than in large
urban States. The use of Federal
funds in rural areas has apparently
offset for the better qualified person-
nel the pull of the urban areas, where
salaries might be higher and oppor-
tunities for continuing professional
growth might be better.

Although larger State programs
have proportionately fewer profes-
sionally trained staff members, they
have supervisory and executive per-
sonnel, who as a group are profession-
ally well qualified, to guide workers
who do not have professional training.
Smaller agencies usually have few
persons in supervisory positions, es-
pecially casework supervisors, and
therefore cannot provide day-to-day
supervision for each worker. Since
supervision must sometimes be ar-
ranged with wide intervals of time
between contacts, the smaller agencies
need to rely more fully upon the pro-
fessional training of each individual
employee.

Professional Training of
Supervisory Staff

As compared with public child wel-
fare employees in other types of posi-
tions, the supervisory staff was the
best qualified from the point of view of
professional education. Forty-six per-
cent of the 705 child welfare super-
visory staff members had had at least
two full years of graduate social work
study. In other words, nearly 1 out of
every 2 supervisors of caseworkers,
child welfare consultants, and other
persons whose positions carried super-
visory though not executive respon-
sibility had full professional training.
Another 32 percent had had at least
1 year of study, while 12 percent had
studied at a school of social work
for less than a year. Ten percent had
never attended a graduate school of
social work.

Pull professional social work train-
ing, besides extending for 2 years, in-
cludes several semesters of field work.
The second year, or advanced field
work placement, is usually in the area
in which the student plans to special-
ize. Thus, it is significant that more
than 2 out of every 5 (43 percent) of
the 635 supervisory staff members who
had studied at a graduate school of
social work had had not only more

Bulletin, April 1952

Table 2.—Graduate social work education of child — ee toy ot
by position, June 1950

Amount of study in :
graduate school of All Executives be an ae? ed ee
social work positions ¥ employees
Total number..........------ 4, 163 277 3, 002 708 179
Total percent. ...............-. 100. 0 | 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
With study = graduate school of
SE TOT GARE 60. 2 69.7 50.9 90.1 81.6
2 or more years. ...............-- 120.0 32.8 11.4 45.6 43.6
With 2-year degree. ........... 17.0 29.2 9.6 38.4 37.5
Without 2-year degree......... 3.0 3.6 1.8 7.2 6.1
1 but less than 2 years... ........ 225.2 21.7 23.7 31,9 26.8
Less than 1 year. .............-.- 315.0 15.2 15.8 12.6 11.2
With field work. ........ 4.1 7.2 4.0 3.2 3.4
Without field work............ 10.2 6.9 11.0 9.1 7.8
Noreport on field work.......- .7 1.1 .8 JF Eeduaensuaanaiis
OD. 6s cdcvindsadahapibbbbaduadl 439.8 30.3 49.1 9.9 18.4
1 Includes a few employees who reported a 2-year who reported gra graduate
degree or certificate but study of less than 2 social work. work study eee
3 Includes a few employees who reported a 1- -year not Tod cant if
degree or certificate but study of less than 1 year. they had any

than one semester of field work but for
their advanced field work had been
placed in child welfare. Another 29
percent of the supervisory staff with
graduate social work study had had
more than one semester of field work
but had been placed in programs other
than child welfare.

Like the supervisory staff, the ex-
ecutive staff included a substantial
number of profesionally trained em-
ployees. Thirty-three percent of the
executives working primarily on child
welfare had had 2 years of graduate
social work study; a total of 55 percent
had had at least 1 year. Executives in
a child welfare program are respon-
sible for the planning, organization,
and direction of the work. They also
carry responsibility for coordinating
and interpreting child welfare pro-
grams so that the needs of children
will be adequately met. They must
give leadership to staff and to com-
munities in providing for the welfare
of children. Professional training in
social work is a necessity for anyone
carrying such responsibilities.

Closely associated with both the ex-
ecutive and the supervisory staff is a
heterogeneous group of special con-
sultants and other social work em-
ployees who are not providing services
directly to children. The proportion
of this group with full professional
training was nearly the same—44 per-
cent—as that for supervisors.
Roughly 7 out of 10 reported at least
1 year of graduate social work study.
This group includes research staff,
consultants on training and staff de-
velopment and on foster family or

group care, as well as others concerned
with special areas of child welfare
program and administration.

Professional Training of
Caseworkers

The caseworkers are the largest
group of public child welfare employ-
ees—3,002 out of 4,163. One in 3 child
welfare caseworkers had had at least
1 year of professional study; one in
every 2 reported some study in a grad-
uate school of social work, though not
always a full year. Thirty-seven per-
cent had a bachelor’s degree only or a
bachelor’s degree and some graduate
study in fields other than social work.
About 12 percent of these caseworkers
did not have even a bachelor’s degree.

These 3,002 caseworkers were pro-
viding casework services to about
four-fifths of the more than 245,000
children who were being served by
public welfare agencies in June 1950.
The rest of the children—less than a
fifth—were being served by general
welfare workers, primarily responsible
for public assistance, or—because of
staff vacancies, the child’s special
problems, or 0 reasons—they were
receiving care directly from child wel-
fare supervisory or executive staff
members.

Four children out of 5 in public child
welfare programs were therefore re-
ceiving casework service from the pub-
lic child welfare easeworkers covered
by this report. These caseworkers are
the “foot soldiers” of the public child
welfare programs. They are in direct
contact with the children and their
families. In the rural areas, where a

great many of them are employed, a
single caseworker often is the public
child welfare program. Besides need-
ing great skill, the worker needs the
fullest possible preparation as well as
the best quality of on-the-job super-
vision. Full professional training, or 2
years of graduate social work study,
is almost necessary preparation for
this vital job.

Although 51 percent of the child
welfare caseworkers reported some
graduate social work study, only 11
percent had full professional training.
Another 24 percent had had at least
1 year of study but less than 2 years.
Thus, only a little better than 1 out of
every 3 child welfare caseworkers had
had at least 1 year of training.

Sixteen percent of the caseworkers
reported graduate social work study of
less than 1 year. Some of them may
have had as little as one or two
courses. Others (4 percent of all case-
workers) had had a period of super-
vised field work even though they did
not complete a full year of study.

These figures show the difficulty
that the public child welfare programs
have in obtaining enough qualified
personnel. They also reflect the same
problem—not enough trained person-
nel—throughout the entire social
work field. Thirty-five percent of the
caseworkers in public child welfare
programs have had a year or more of
graduate social work study. On the
other hand, only 22 percent of all per-
sons in casework positions in public
and voluntary social work agencies
the country over have had this much
professional study.

Professional Training and
Number of Children
Receiving Service

There is an inverse relationship be-
tween the proportion of children with-
in a State receiving public child wel-
fare services and the proportion of
child welfare caseworkers who have
had at least 1 year of professional
study in a school of social work.

The extent to which public child
welfare services are reaching children
varies from State to State. Although,
for the country as a whole, about 5
out of every 1,000 children under age
21 are receiving public child welfare
services, in some States only 1 or 2
children in every 1,000 receive such

10

service, while in others the proportion
is 12 or 13 per 1,000. These rates are
based on quarterly reports to the Chil-
dren’s Bureau on children receiving
child welfare casework services from
public welfare agencies. Forty-five
States submitted complete reports for
June 1950, and it is for these States
that rates have been computed.

Nearly two-thirds of the child wel-
fare caseworkers employed in the 11
States where fewer than 2.5 children
out of every 1,000 were receiving pub-
lic casework services had completed
at least a year of graduate social work
study. In contrast, in the 13 States
where social services reach 7.5 or more
out of 1,000 children, only about 1 in
every 5 of the child welfare case-
workers had had that much profes-
sional study. The relationship be-
tween the proportion of the child
population receiving public child wel-
fare services and the proportion of
the caseworker staff with at least 1
year of graduate social work study is
shown below.

Child welfare
caseworkers
with year or
more of grad-
Total/| uate social
States with fied num-| work study
number of children | Num-| ber of |
receiving child wel- | ber | child |
fare services per 1,000} of wel- Per-
child population, |States| fare } cent
June 1950 case- | of all
workers} Num-| child
ber | wel-
fare
case-
workers
ae 145 |12,687 | 904 | 33.6
Less than 2.5children |
o Fla., Idaho,
l.,Ky.,La.,Mich.,
Miss.,Okla.,Tenn., |
POUL.) SSackbbisecsck ll 437 285 | 65.2
yy og =n:
d., Mo. Mont.,
Nebr., N. Mex.,
Oreg.,8.C.,8.Dak.,
Flt sa ety cata 12 307 137 44.6
5.0-7.4children (Ala.,
Ariz., Mass., Nev.,
NJ., N.C., Ohio,
Wilke WU oecusesse Q 609 209 34.3
7.5 or more children
Conn., Del.,D.C.,
nd., Maine,
Minn.,N.H.,N.Y., |
N.Dak., R.I., Vt., |
Wash., W.Va.).--.| 13 | 1,334 | 273 | 20.5

1 Excludes California, Georgia, Pennsylvania, and
Wyoming, whose reports on the number of children
receiving service from public agencies were incom-
plete, and the Territories and possessions.

The proportion of a State’s children
reached by public social service pro-

grams is the result of many factors.
One is the nature and extent of the
public agency’s child welfare respon-
sibilities. Some States have had ex-
tensive child welfare programs for
many years. Their older employees
frequently do not have professional
training. Some States, too, have
delegated legal responsibility for many
child welfare functions on a State-
wide basis to the public agency. These
broad responsibilities mean that pro-
portionately more children may be re-
ceiving public child welfare services
in these States.

Another important factor is the di-
vision of responsibility between public
and voluntary children’s agencies.
The proportion of a State’s children
receiving public child welfare services
is often higher when the services of
voluntary agencies are not available.

Some State programs that are pro-
viding better coverage, in that they
are reaching more children, appear to
have had difficulty in staffing their
programs with professionally qualified
personnel. They may be said to be
carrying out their responsibilities with
the best staff they can obtain. States
reaching proportionately fewer chil-
dren appear to have better qualified
staff. The fact that they are not pro-
viding service to a large proportion
of the State’s children may mean, in
addition to the factors already dis-
cussed, that they are extending their
services gradually as they can obtain
staff adequately equipped to provide
a high quality of service. To the many
factors that play a part in determin-
ing the extent to which public child
welfare services are reaching children
must also be added the agency’s basic
philosophy as to the necessity for a
professionally qualified staff in a pro-'
gram of services to children.

Caseworkers Eligible for
Graduate Education

There is a promising trend in rela-
tion to professional education among
child welfare caseworkers. Nearly all
the caseworkers who were relatively
new to the field of social work in mid-
1950 had either had some graduate
social work education or sufficient
undergraduate study to enable them
to go on with professional education.
Caseworkers with less than 3 years of
social work experience accounted for

Social Security

40 percent (1,187) of the 3,002 child
welfare caseworkers. Among these
1,187 caseworkers were 591 with grad-
uate study, 554 with a bachelor’s de-
gree only, and only 42 with less than a
bachelor’s degree. Thus, only about 1
percent of all child welfare case-
workers were new to the field and
without the educational background
for professional training.

Graduate study in this section
means graduate study in any fleld and
not exclusively in social work. Since
85 percent of the caseworkers who re-
ported graduate study of any kind had
at least had some courses in a grad-
uate school of social work, graduate
study and graduate social work study
for this group are substantially the
same. A period of 3 years has been
arbitrarily selected as an amount of
experience sufficient to differentiate
the newer from the more experienced
worker.

All public child welfare caseworkers
reported their education and social
work experience, as follows:

Percent of
caseworkers
Education and social work working
experience primaril
on child
welfare
PO iicctabodibididcadedcdiasivtid 100. 0
Less than 3 years of social work
EE ee» 40. 2
Some uate pe in any field. ._...| 20.0
Bachelor’s degree only ..............--- } 18.8
Less than a bachelor’s degree _ - - 1.4
3 or more years of social work ex-
RE bert a CA 59.8
Some uate study in any field. ._... | 40.3
Bachelor's degree only. ...............- 8.8
Less than a bachelor’s degree... ......- } 10.7

Perhaps the group educationally
best equipped for further training—
about one-fifth of all caseworkers—is
the one made up of the workers with
a bachelor’s degree only and less than
3 years of experience. Perhaps the
group for whom it will be most difficult
to obtain professional training are the
12 percent of all caseworkers who do
not have even a bachelor’s degree.
Most of this latter group, however,
have had a substantial amount of so-
cial work experience. Although the
need for graduate study on the part of
persons practicing social work cannot
be denied, the fact must not be over-
looked that most of the caseworkers

Bulletin, April 1952

who are least likely to acquire such
study are in general an experienced
group. For them especially, programs
of in-service training, which embody
the latest concepts in social work
practice, are very valuable. Through
this type of agency staff development
program, such workers can be helped
to fill in the gaps in their education.
At the same time, however, the staff
development program must also be
especially oriented for the 28 percent
of the caseworkers who meet the aca-
demic admission requirements of
schools of social work, to help them
obtain professional training through
provisions for educational leave.

When the two groups—those with
less than 3 years of experience and
those with at least 3 years—are con-
sidered separately, the contrast be-
tween newer and older employees be-
comes more striking. Only 3 percent
of the public child welfare caseworkers
who had come into social work within
the 3 years preceding the study did
not have a bachelor’s degree; in sharp
contrast, 18 percent were without a
bachelor’s degree and had been in so-
cial work positions for 3 years or more.

The proportion of caseworkers who
had completed their college studies
but had had no graduate study pre-
sents an even greater contrast. They
constitute 47 percent of the case-
workers with less than 3 years of so-
cial work experience and only 15 per-
cent of the caseworkers with 3 years
or more of experience. This difference,
however, is due partly to the fact that
the total group of persons with 3 years
or more of experience includes pro-
portionately more persons who had
had some graduate study—67 percent
as against 50 percent.

Another cause for optimism is the
fact that half the 1,190 child welfare
caseworkers who had had no graduate
study of any kind were still under 30
years of age and had a bachelor’s de-
gree. An additional 19 percent had a
bachelor’s degree but were 30 years of
age or older. The remaining 31 per-
cent of the caseworkers without grad-
uate study had not completed their
college education.

In summary, then, public child wel-
fare caseworkers are distributed ac-
cording to their education as shown
in the adjoining column.

~ | distribution
Amount and type of education. fees:
caseworkers
Total. +4 100.0
Graduate social work study .__.....-- 50.9
1 year.or more. 35.1
Less than 1 year. ........-......... 14.8
Other graduate study only -_-..-..... 9.2
No graduate study. _................ 39.7
Bachelor’s degree only. _........._. 27.4
Workers under + bcpmbesedeb 20.0
Workers aged 30 or over jah ce ah 7.4
No bachelor’s degree... .........-. 12.3
Not seperted ..i... icici a. «2

Federal Child Welfare"Services

Funds for Professional
Training

Throughout its 40-year history, the
Children’s Bureau has been interested
in improving the quality of health and
welfare services for children. Since
1935, in carrying out the provisions of
title V, part 3, of the Social Security
Act, the Bureau has held that one of
the most fundamental ways of
strengthening and extending social
services to children is through im-
proving the qualifications of the staff
providing these services. States have
been encouraged to use Federal child
welfare services funds for educational
leave stipends to enable staff members
who havc demonstrated aptitude for
child welfare work to attend graduate
schools of social work. These stipends
are aimed at covering the cost of grad-
uate education—maintenance, tuition,
and travel—for a specified period of
time. States differ in their educational
leave policies, but most of them re-
quire the employee granted a stipend
to return to the agency for a specified
period of time following his leave. In
this way the agency is able to improve
the professional qualifications of its
staff.

Each year, all but a very few States
have budgeted some Federal child
welfare services funds for this p": pose.
To what extent had the persor.s work-
ing primarily on public child welfare
programs in mid-1950 been helped to
obtain their professional education
through stipends granted from these
funds?

One out of 4 of the public child wel-
fare employees who had had some
study in graduate schools of social

ll

work reported that they had used
Federal child welfare services funds
for part of the cost of their profes-
sional training. Federal Emergency
Relief Administration funds, pay-
ments under the GI Bill of Rights, and
payments under other public welfare
programs have also been used. In all,
42 percent of the public child welfare
employees with graduate social work
study reported they had used some
type of public funds to help pay for

their study, as shown below.
Percent of
Use of public funds for child welfare
graduate social work study employees
Total with graduate social work
Rai LE. 100
No public funds. ...................- 55
Some public funds.__................ 42
child services funds
or with other public funds __ 25
Other public Eee 17
Not reported... ........-...-......... 3

Fifty-five percent of these employ-
ees had financed their education in
other ways—through their own re-
sources or through scholarships, fel-
lowships, and loans granted by the
schools of social work or by voluntary
organizations.

Some persons who were helped to
finance their graduate social work
study by stipends from Federal child
welfare services funds were no longer
working in the public child welfare
program at the time this study was
made. They may have moved on to
employment with voluntary social
agencies or withdrawn from social
work employment altogether. Some,
however, were working in State and
local public assistance agencies and so
were included in the Federal Security
Agency survey.

For all social work employees in
State and local agencies administering
public assistance and public child
welfare programs, educational-leave
grants from Federal child welfare
services funds were the chief type of
public funds used for graduate social
work study. Nine percent (881) of the
social work employees of State and
local public welfare agencies with
graduate social work study reported
they had received an educational
stipend from these funds. Seven out

12

Table 3.—Education of public child welfare employees, by State, June 1950

With graduate study ! With no graduate study
In school of
State Total social work Other Bache- No
Total graduate | otai | lor’s | Dache
‘ — degree pa
yearor| only
Total more
Total number. .... 24,163 2, 845 2, 502 1,875 343 1,312 864 448
Percentage distri-
Rion. cis..dc 100.0 68.4 60. 2 45.1 8.3 31.6 20.8 10.8
Adama 2. 3.20025 - dk 51 35 32 13 3 16 14 2
Criddodkeichabeia 4 4 4 © lon ddadinddbicibilecsen epudccssusldeeul
PE Cabnds dn ashnee 18 16 14 12 2 | |, ees 2
Arkansas_............. 27 21 20 19 1 6 © foc cccdeae
California. ............ 228 175 152 125 23 53 33 2
Ceteredes:. 3 5..520052. 31 30 30 i Re 1 T lidschaml
Connecticut ........... 124 65 50 21 15 59 51 8
Delaware... -.......... 19 15 15 SS 4 @ leacoania
District of Columbia_ 68 64 63 60 1 4 2 2
pS EESTI 44 30 29 23 1 14 8 6
ae 50 37 35 29 2 13 88 bsicn.cuae
itocentnsnanab 29 26 26 GE Remesketbalea 3 3 Jececensnele
SURO. £33 Bewnt tak. Q 6 6 | SSE 3 pg EE
SRE te rages 2197 150 139 117 ll 46 30 16
TS SERRE ae 206 101 75 39 26 105 45 60
pS pe 45 29 25 20 4 16 6 lausecsuee
Cin Rineidhce dibiesitent: 22 19 16 16 3 3 S teteconsiin
Kentucky ............. 46 36 34 27 2 10 ) 1
» diheecmedoued 69 67 67 OD ficcscnsned 2 pS ee
ERS Ee 46 18 12 8 6 28 22 6
Maryland............. 109 56 4 42 12 53 49 4
Massachusetts... ..... 2105 61 57 44 4 43 s 35
PR ts nwnane 100 94 92 78 2 6 1 5
Misciosinni Bh = eesISE = 102 88 57 14 102 70 32
lene ncieuetns 32 32 ge SR RS
Missourl. v0 ASE Lee 48 42 42 | Saaerwae 8 SESS 6
Montana.............. 16 15 15 BIE iiteicainlesentraied 1 3 lecckennee
Nebraska... ........... 35 28 25 24 7 3 4
ewes ci ke 5 5 4 4 9 SS See
New Hampshire_-... 16 8 8 See 8 5 3
New Jersey..........- 96 57 43 18 14 39 19 2
New Mexico. -........ 21 17 17 4 RC rae 4 3 i
New York... didin 2781 483 374 192 109 296 200 96
North Carolina. -.-.... 69 63 63 Oe fadccssdate 6 5 1
North Dakota - - -- ll 4 9 D lidwetscenn DD, accincunttindll 2
ee ee 250 140 119 94 21 110 54 %
sella tealbtbar ae 41 35 34 30 1 6 6 hc. cnn
OCmpems 2627. G.ii5 47 33 31 26 2 14 16 Siiodannciis
Pennsylvania... ...... 52 28 22 18 6 24 20 4
Puerto Rico. .........- 98 98 98 | ee eee ee
Rhode Island--_....... 38 28 23 ae 10 s 2
South Carolina_....... 34 31 29 21 2 3 9 basentschun
South Dakota......... 19 14 13 13 1 5 4 1
‘Temmessee __..........- 51 43 43 eee * s 5 3
ya eae 62 59 54 51 5 3 1 2
Rite Matha: ote 18 16 16 OE Sudidcbtens 2 —
Vermont-............. 20 8 5 3 3 i2 i) 3
Virgin Islands......... 5 2 2 tekwon odeid 3 3 |. osee
L.A 98 73 69 47 4 25 23 2
Washington._......... 103 78 71 57 7 25 12 13
West Virginia_........ 97 49 33 29 16 48 38 10
ER Se 2142 87 71 47 16 53 33 2
Wyoming. ............ 7 7 7 F Peiccdaccdiectvdedibeléccetaststnestcaann
i |
1 Includes 207 who had some graduate study but did not have a bachelor’s degree.

2 Includes a few employees who did not report amount of education.

of every 10 of the 881 persons were
working primarily in the child welfare
programs. The remaining 3 out of 10
(257) were working primarily in pub-
lic assistance. Thus, Federal child
welfare services funds have helped to
strengthen not only the public child
welfare programs but other public
welfare programs and the field of so-
cial work as a whole.

Greater use of State and local funds
and continued use by States of Fed-
eral child welfare services funds to
meet the cost of professional educa-
tion of promising staff members will
help to increase the number of fully
trained public child welfare employ-
ees. In this way, States will be able
further to extend and strengthen their
public welfare services for children.

Social Security

Notes and Brief Reports

Assistance Expenditures
per Inhabitant, 1950-51

In the fiscal year 1950-51, expendi-
tures for public assistance payments
from Federal, State, and local funds,
excluding vendor payments for medi-
cal care, represented $15.03 per in-
habitant, or about 2 percent (37 cents)
less per capita than they did in the
preceding fiscal year. The changes
for the year are given below.

Expenditures per inhabitant
Amount excluding
vendor payments
Program for medical care Per-
centage
Fiscal | Fiscal | ®bange
year year
1949-50 | 1950-51
Allprograms...; $15.40 $15. 03 —2.4
Old-age assistance - - 9.51 | 9.36 —1.6
Aid to dependent |
Wet BRE 3.44) 3.63 +5.5
Aid to the blind... _| 4 | . 35 +2.9
Aid to the perma
nently and totally
Sa, ee | » | ere
General assistance 2.11 1.49 —20.4
|

Costs went down for both general
assistance and old-age assistance.
The drop in general assistance costs
was 62 cents per inhabitant, or more
than a fourth, and was largely the re-
sult of the generally favorable employ-
ment conditions and the transfer of
former general assistance cases to the
new Federal grant-in-aid program for
the permanently and totally disabled,
which went into operation October 1,
1950. The decrease for old-age assist-
ance—less than 2 percent—reflected
both the improved employment oppor-
tunities and the liberalizations in the
old-age and survivors insurance pro-
gram, effective October 1, 1950, which
lessened the need for supplementary
assistance among old-age and survi-
vors insurance beneficiaries.

More than half the decreases in
costs for general assistance and old-
age assistance was offset by an in-
crease in per inhabitant expenditures
for aid to dependent children (19
cents) and for aid to the blind (only 1
cent) and by the expenditures under
the new program of aid to the perma-
nently and totally disabled, which

Bulletin, April 1952

amounted to 20 cents per inhabitant.
Costs for aid to dependent children
went up in spite of a declining case-
load—largely because of the increase
in average assistance payments when
Federal matching was extended, be-
ginning October 1, 1950, to assistance
granted to one needy adult in a family
receiving aid to dependent children.

The 1950 amendments to the Social
Security Act also expanded the defini-
tion of assistance payments to include
payments to vendors for remedial or
medical care provided under public
assistance programs. Since October 1,
1950, Federal matching has been
available for such vendor payments
within the maximums on individual
assistance payments of $50 per month
for old-age assistance, aid to the blind,
and aid to the permanently and totally
disabled and, for aid to dependent
children, $27 for the adult, plus $27
for one child and $18 for each addi-
tional child. Few States, however,
availed themselves in the fiscal year
1950-51 of the opportunity to obtain
Federal funds for vendor payments
for medical care.

Payments to vendors for medical
care amounting to 50 cents or more
per inhabitant are shown in the ac-
companying chart. These amounts
do not, however, represent total pay-
ments for medical care because many
States include all or part of the cost
of medical care in money payments to
recipients. Although 38 States re-
ported vendor payments from general
assistance funds, only 15 of them also
made such payments from funds of
the four special types of public assist-
ance, and in only eight States were
the vendor payments for medical care
made from old-age assistance funds
larger than those from general assist-
ance funds.

General assistance funds are fre-
quently used, however, to pay for
medical care costs incurred on behalf
of recipients of the other public assist-
ance programs. Medical care pay-
ments to vendors in Nevada, for ex-
ample, represented 83 percent of that
State’s total expenditures per inhabit-
ant for general assistance, but general
assistance funds were being used to
provide medical care for all public

of five States in which the combined
cost of vendor payments for medical
care for all five public assistance pro-
grams amounted to more than $2 per
inhabitant.

When vendor payments for medical
care are included in assistance ex-
penditures for both years, the total
expenditures per inhabitant for the
five public assistance programs show
a decline from $16.04 in the fiscal year
1949-50 to $15.69 in 1950-51. In the
fiscal year 1950-51, State per capita
expenditures varied from $1.14 in
Puerto Rico to $41.85, or 37 times as
much, in Colorado. Twenty States
spent more, per capita, than the na-
tional average, 32 spent less, and in
one State (Utah) expenditures were
equal to the average for the Nation as
a whole.

About one-fourth of the States
spent at least $17 per inhabitant for
public assistance, including vendor
payments for medical care, and a like
proportion spent less than $10. The
13 States spending less than $10 fall
into two groups—eight low-income
States with low average assistance
payments and, in general, above-
average recipient rates (Alabama,
Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina,
Puerto Rico, South Carolina, the Vir-
gin Islands, and Virginia); and five
States above average in fiscal ability
and in assistance payments but with
relatively low recipient rates (Dela-
ware, the District of Columbia, In-
diana, Maryland, and New Jersey).
Similarly, the 13 States with the high-

Table 1.—Distribution of States by
t of assistance

p programs, fiscal year
Aid to
Expenditure per} Old-age General
itant | assistance Ss assistance

Less than $0.50... 0 2 13
0.50-0.99......... 1 1 9
1.00-1.49......... 0 5 10
1.50-1.99........- 4 3
2.00-2.99......... 3 ll as
3.00-3.90......... 1 9 3
4.00-4.99......... 2 10 2
5.00-7.49_........ 9 ll 2
7.50-9.90......... 14 1 1
10.00-14.99....... 12 0 0
15.00 or more... 7 0 0

1 Based on population excluding Armed
Forces overseas, from the A 1950 enumeration
made by the Bureau of the Census.

est expenditures per inhabitant can be
classified in two. groups—eight States
above or near average in per capita
income, in which monthly payments
usually were high and recipient rates
for public assistance generally were
above average (California, Colorado,
Idaho, Kansas, Massachusetts, Mon-
tana, Oregon, and Washington), and
five States, all but one of which were

below average in income and generally
had high recipient rates (Arizona,
Florida, Louisiana, Missouri, and
Oklahoma). Among the last group,
average monthly assistance payments
were below the median for aid to de-
pendent children in all States and for
old-age assistance in two of the five
States.

There was likewise considerable

difference among the various assist-
ance programs. Of the total per capita
expenditure of $15.69 for assistance,
including medical care, for all pro-
grams combined, the largest part—
$9.59 or more than 60 percent—was
for old-age assistance; $3.70 or about
25 percent was for aid to dependent
children; $1.84 or more than 10 per-
cent went for general assistance; and

Table 2.—Amount expended per inhabitant ' for assistance payments, excluding vendor payments for medical care,
by State and by program, fiscal years 1949-50 and 1950-51

Aid to the
perma-
Total Old-age assistance Aid — Aid to the blind nently and General assistance
State | disabled ?
1949-50 1950-51 1949-50 1950-51 1949-50 1950-51 1949-50 | 1950-51 | 1950-51 1949-50 1950-51
United States... .... $15. 40 $15. 03 $9. 51 $9. 36 $3.44 $3. 63 $0.34 $0. 35 | $0. 20 $2.11 $1.49
Alabama. ......---...--- 8.99 9. 59 6. 40 6. 50 2. 04 2.34 .13 -13 | .51 .42 Vw
y+ iS SRO 12.21 12. 86 8.62 8. 55 3.23 3.96 () ® | @ 36 "35
Arizona. ......---------- 17. 08 19. 01 10. 28 11.69 5.01 5.65 .81 . 82 | (3) .93 85
Arkansas._.........-..-- 13. 73 15.47 9. 55 10. 50 3.63 4. 39 . 34 .37 | (3) 21 2
California. ...........-..- 29. 69 30. 55 21. 58 21. 02 4.70 6. 80 - 93 1.01 () 2. 48 1.72
Colorado. .......-------- 36. 88 40. 35 31.16 34.15 3.92 4.36 . 20 -19 | .17 1.60 1.48
Paes 11.40 12. 23 6. 55 7.22 2. 82 3. 58 . 08 | (3) 1.95 1.32
Delaware._.......-.-.-- 5.48 5.45 1.75 1.77 1.64 1.88 25 33 | .07 1. 84 1.40
District of Columbia - - - - 5.33 5.94 1.74 1.81 2.35 2.69 17 .18 . 34 | 1. 07 . 92
i a a ag 17. 66 18. 30 11.76 11.38 4.99 5.99 . 59 . 60 | () .32 33
Georgia.....------------ 10. 05 11.76 7.61 8.46 2.01 2. 83 24 . 28 (3) .19 19
Hawaii.....----- x 12.61 14. 63 1.91 1.88 6. 82 7.81 69 -10 | HM 3.79 4.53
. Sa CR 16. 16 16. 46 10. 64 10. 47 4.70 5. 08 22 22 | -25 .60 .49
"a 14.10 12.84 7.56 7.10 3.31 3.07 .29 . 28 | .02 2.94 2.37
Indiana. ........-------- 8.80 8.61 5.62 5. 64 2.07 2.23 .22 .22 | () 89 . 62
pT Se 13. 43 13. 99 10. 94 11.07 1.64 2.07 .30 34 | (3) 55 51
A OE See 16. 74 16.17 12.18 12.13 2.75 2. 50 25 .21 | : 1. 56 80
Kentucky...--...----... 9. 04 9. 82 5.34 5.65 3.19 3. 64 . 20 Bl ® 31 30
es 37.60 34. 47 25. 51 24. 92 7.37 6. 04 .34 . 36 1.65 4.38 1. 50
ntsc ecbasasad--s56 14. 14 15.15 8.24 8. 62 3.07 4. 08 . 38 .39/ @& 2.45 211
Maryland..........--.-- 6. 04 6.17 2.22 2. 26 2. 53 2. 53 .10 -10 | .13 1.19 1.15
23.13 23.30 15.92 16. 37 3.68 3.79 2B . 26 | (3) 3.30 2.88
Michigan 16. 62 14. 87 8.60 8.48 4.42 4.33 17 18 . 02 3.43 1, 86
14.68 14.12 10.11 9. 80 2.81 2.85 25 26 @) 1.51 1.21
8.48 8.18 6. 56 6. 42 1.49 1.32 .39 .38 01 04 . 05
23. 00 23. 63 16. 93 17.43 4.08 3. 96 .35 4.34 60 1. 64 1.30
17.74 18. 57 12. 23 12. 64 3. 85 4.02 . 58 . 63 | 51 1.08 72
12.95 12.70 9.42 9. 24 2.72 2.64 .31 . 38 | (3) . 50 4
11.38 11. 92 10. 39 10. 86 4.12 4.08 .13 *.15) (@) 74 a]
12. 54 12. 95 7.18 7.51 3.09 3.74 34 -35 | () 1.93 1.35
5.75 5.28 2.87 2.80 1.13 1.22 -10 .10 | @) 1.65 1.16
11. 87 13. 25 6.13 6.70 4.68 5.31 30 . 32 | 36 -76 6
15. 09 14. 85 5.15 5.10 4.73 4.78 -19 - 20 | 81 5. 02 3. 96
6.07 6.79 3.77 4.06 1.75 2.08 .37 .43 | . 04 .18 .18
12. 53 13.11 8.19 8.66 |, 3. 51 3.62 ll 11 | 15 .72 .87
12. 87 11. 80 8.82 8.31 1. 26 1.62 25 . 26 . 06 2. 54 1. 85
34.81 32.75 27.11 24. 46 6.41 6. 97 75 .70 (@) . 54 .62
15. 89 16.13 9. 62 9. 87 2.79 3.23 .18 20 42 3.30 2.41
13.72 11. 21 4.07 3.73 5.42 4.51 71 & 70 | .18 3. 52 2.00
RRS EE foonmncccumas EE Bitpiseccases Ee —r es eas cu ngattne 2
18.14 16. 36 7.10 6. 96 4. 82 4.74 .13 15 | () | 6.00 4.51
7.48 7. 65 | 5.24 5.62 1. 52 1.28 25 2B | 25 | .47 27
11.79 12. 54 | 8. 66 8.90 2. 58 3.05 .14 15 | (3) .41 4
11.45 12. 03 | 7.09 7.28 3.93 4.27 .33 wt (8) .10 et
13.47 13. 27 | 11.71 11.48 1.24 1.30 . 38 . 35 | (8) 14 4
15.99 15. 69 8.12 8. 01 5. 55 5.35 .18 .18 | 1.07 | 2.14 1.08
10. 67 11.05 | 7.43 7.89 1. 64 1.78 2B .B 04 | 1.37 LM
PI SD Se 5.05 |------20200- OLY RRERSES Sashes MEE Datiwitinno edie 17 | | aT eae 6
3. 26 3. 68 1.47 1. 55 1.24 1.48 .16 17 | 14 .39 7
37. 08 34.75 | 23.97 22. 95 7.09 6. 66 .30 .32 9 5.72 4.04
9.69 11.41 | 3.92 4.24 4.97. 6.22 | 17 . 20 | . 02 . 63 73
12. 45 12.18 | 7.65 7.74 2. 95 3. 08 | 22 2 | 15 1. 63 1.6
12.96 13. 92 | 9. 58 10. 05 2.17 2. 50 | 21 23 | 58 | 1.00 ‘56
1 Based on population figures

3 No program by the Social Securit

14

excluding Armed Forces overseas, from the 7
1950 enumeration made by the Bureau of the Census; for 1949-50, population

a Peegean. initiated October 1950 under Social Security Act Amendments of

Administration.
4 Program administered under State law without Federal participation.

ril
ata
¢ For

‘ Approved by the Social Security Administration for Federal participation
we) February 1951.
ctober 1950-June 1951; programs for special types of public assistance
initiated October 1950 under Social Security Act Amendments of 1950.
7 Less than % cent; program not yet approved for Federal participation by the
Social] Security Administration.

Social Security

a FF ercr we Ff

SNOoOnN DN HK aa | ©

Soo RIO aOS

SLI OGHKHADa

BAAD

ae
a

® 6 S&S! 820 £23.83 —Se HS

Amount expended per inhabitant ' for assistance popamete jacteding vendor payments for medical care, fiscal year

OLD-AGE ASSISTANCE

AID TO DEPENDENT CHILDREN

OOLLARS
oO 2 4 6 8 10 12

usa 69.59°
COLO. 34.15
7,
MoO. 17.43
mass 16.64°
MONT. 12.64
KANS, 2.13

Ariz. =: 4 1.69

MINN. 11.56

TeX. 11.48
FLA 11.38
tows tLor ET AES SORENESS. Mem ee
NEV 10.866

ARK. 10.50 EN a NN RN RR re
wano = «10.47

NEBR. 10.36

wo. 10.05 NY nM

OREG. 9.87

NOAK. 6.96° ad

LASKA ’ a ees EE ore mesa n

MC 8.48 ee Rm cert
m6
UTAH 8.01 eee SE

vt 7.89 ;

uw 7.66 EN

TENN. 7.26 | oneeeeaitiietinaaniidinemmeiall

Rt 6.96 So

"MEX. 6.70 ewe ms tent

ALA. 6.50° em roe

miss. 6.42 a :

1NO_ 6.41 J

uy 5.72

Ky 5.65

$G 5.62 Rene res emer

wa 424

NG 4.06 ems

PA 3.92°

ud 2.80

uO 2.26

vi 2.21

HAWAII 1.88

ac 161°

OEL. 1.77

“ 1.55

PR 53

3.12"

2.34°

2.39°
5.08°
3.64
1.28
6.22
2.08
469°
1.25°
2.53
Bt
7.81
2.69°
1.90°
1.48
38

Gla TOTAL PAYMENTS.

1 Based on population figures, excluding Armed Forces overseas, from the April

1950 enumeration made by the Bureau of the Census.
4 Aid to the blind.

less than 5 percent—35 cents and 20
cents, respectively—for aid to the
blind and aid to the permanently and
totally disabled.

Variations among the States in
per capita expenditures for the four
federally supported programs were
large, but not nearly so large as those
for general assistance, which is fi-
nanced entirely from State and local
funds. Per capita expenditures in
the State with the highest expendi-
tures were, for general assistance,
150 times those in the State making
the lowest per capita expenditures;
but for aid to dependent children the
ratio was 98 to 1, and for old-age
assistance it was 64 to 1. More was
spent for old-age assistance, how-
ever, than for any other public as-
sistance program in all but six States;

Bulletin, April 1952

GEE ~VENOOR PAYMENTS FOR MEDICAL CARE.

GENERAL ASSISTANCE AB2/ APTDI/
‘ DOLLARS OOLLARS

o3s* o2
9 Av
36 861.65
70 0
32 °.78

1.01 °

9.34 60
26 0
63

22 25.

usau
COLO.
ve
OKLA,
WASH.
CALIF.
Mo.
MASS.
MONT.
KANS.
ARIZ.
MINN,
TEX.
FLA.
1OwA
NEV.
ARK.
(AHO
39° 0 NEBR.
23 se wo
20 42 OREG
42° 45% MOK
15 #0 $. DAK.
25° av? wis.
39 60 MAINE
40° «0 aH
.27° 06 OHIO
° ° ALASKA
18 02 . MICH
28 #0 GA.
3" 30 CONN.
18 1.07 UTAH
23 04 vt
29° 03° iLL.
3? 0 TENN
1s Mm re
32 36 NMEX
3 Sie ALA
38 Ol miss.
25° 0 1NO.
22° se NY
23 0 Ky.
23 25 $6
20 o2 ww
43 04 NG
22° 19° PA
10 860 Na
10 13 MD.
17 to we
.10 3) HAWAn
18° 34° OG
33 07° OE
17 14 VAL
of 60 eR

* VENDOR PAYMENTS FOR MEDICAL CARE OF LESS THAN SO CENTS PER INHABITANT.

3 Aid to the permanently and totally disabled.

‘ Program administered under State law without Federal participation.

5 Less than \% cent.

in these six, expenditures for aid to
dependent children were largest.

New Canadian Programs
for the Aged

Canadian income maintenance pro-
grams for the aged took a new form
in January 1952, when payments
were first made under two Federal
laws passed in 1951. The Old Age
Assistance Act provides for needy
persons between the ages of 65 and
70; the Old Age Security Act pro-
vides pensions to all Dominion resi-
dents aged 70 and over, regardless
of their need.

In this new and broad pattern the
Canadian program achieves objec-
tives first proposed about 1945. In

1943, the Marsh Report' had en-
visioned a contributory system of
old-age, invalidity, and survivors in-
surance with a flat-rate benefit.
Other proposals by Canadian au-
thorities had emphasized, respec-
tively, social insurance? and social
assistance,* but in neither case was
the new program foreseen. .
At the Dominion-Provincial Con-
ference of 1945, however, Govern-

1 L. C. Marsh, Report on Social Security
for Canada. Prepared for the Advisory
Committee on Reconstruction, House of
Commons Special Committee on Social
Security, Sess. 1943. Ottawa, King’s
Printer, 1943.

? Harry M. Cassidy, Social Security and
Reconstruction in Canada, Toronto, Ryer-
son Press, 1943.

* Charlotte Whitton, The Dawn of Am-
pler Life, Toronto, Macmillan Co., 1943.

15

ment authorities put forth a pro-
posal very much like the new system,
including provision of universal old-
age pensions without a means test.
Some years later a Joint Committee
of the Senate and House of Com-
mons on Old Age Security spent 3
months studying the systems of
Canada and several other countries.
Its report in June 1950* recom-
mended a nationally financed and
administered system of universal
pensions for all persons aged 70 and
over with 20 years’ residence and
assistance for persons between the
ages of 65 and 70, to be administered
by the Provinces but jointly financed
from Federal and Provincial funds.

After negotiations with the Provin-
cial governments had led to agree-
ment on terminology, a constitu-
tional resolution was adopted in May
1951 that amended the British North
America Act of 1867 to give Parlia-
ment the power to legislate concern-
ing old-age pensions. It included the
proviso that “no law by the Parlia-
ment of Canada in relation to old
age pensions shall affect the opera-
tion of any law, present or future, of
@ provincial legislature in relation
to old age pensions.” This amend-
ment removed any possible constitu-
tional obstructions to the enactment
of a purely Federal pension measure,
and Parliament then adopted the
laws needed to transform the old-
age security system.

Old-age assistance.—As adopted in
June 1951, the Old Age Assistance
Act is similar in broad outline to the
former old-age pension legislation,
which for nearly 25 years—1927-52—
provided the basis for a Federal-
Provincial system of pensions sub-
ject to an income test. The new law
has a lower eligibility age than the
old system, allows the claimant some-
what larger income in addition to his
pension, and divides Federal-Pro-
vincial funds according to a new
formula. Like the former laws, it
represents what the Dominion Gov-
ernment is willing to incorporate in
its agreement with the individual
Provinces, and the conditions that
must be accepted by the Provinces in
order to receive Federal funds. By

*Report ... June 28, 1950, Ottawa,
King’s Printer, 1950.

16

February 1, 1952, five Provinces—
Alberta, British Columbia, New
Brunswick, Quebec, and Saskatche-
wan—had formally completed agree-
ments with the Federal Government,
and the other five Provinces and the
Northwest Territories were expected
to do so.

Under the measure, all persons who
are between the ages of 65 and 70
and who have insufficient means for
their support are eligible for assist-
ance. At age 70, an individual may
begin to receive his old-age security
pension. The claimant for assistance
must have been a Canadian resident
for the 20 years immediately preced-
ing the application or, if not a resi-
dent during the entire 20 years, he
must earlier have been present in
Canada for a period equal to twice
the total time absent during the 20
years.

The amount of assistance payable
to the individual may be determined
by the Provinces in their own legis-
lation, but the Federal act fixes $40
a month as the maximum payment
toward which Federal matching
grants will be made. The Provinces
are generally expected to adopt the
$40 maximum, which is the same as
under the repealed legislation. Be-
fore the act took effect, however, a
single person was allowed income of
$50 a month, including the $40 pen-
sion. By raising the total allowable
income for one person from $600 to
$720 annually, the new law permits
payment of full pensions to persons
receiving $20 a month in outside in-
come. Additional income of $20 a
month is also allowed couples, who
may now—if both are over age 65—
receive a total of $1,200 annually in-
stead of the $1,080 formerly per-
mitted.

Half the funds for the assistance
program are provided by the Fed-
eral Government and half by the
Provinces. Although the Provincial
share is higher than the former con-
tribution of 25 percent, the total cost
to the Provinces is expected to be
no greater than before. During 1951,
for example, the Provinces paid one-
fourth of approximately $145 million
on behalf of about 309,000 pension-
ers. It is estimated that only about
145,000 persons in the 65-69 age
group are eligible for the assistance

payments. The total cost of assist-
ance is expected to amount to $64
million annually when the program
has been operating a few years.
Many of the potential claimants,
especially those in the higher ages
who will shortly be eligible for a pen-
sion without a means test, are not
making application, so that the ac-
tual number of persons receiving aid
may for some time be less than the
original estimates.

Administrative responsibility fo.
the program is vested in the Proy-
inces; their plans for administration
must be approved by the Governor in
Council and cannot be changed ex-
cept with his consent. Assistance
payments are made by the Provinces,
with Federal reimbursement made
through the Department of National
Health and Welfare. The Old Age
Assistance Division of that Depart-
ment administers the Federal aspects
of the program. In contrast to the
procedure in the United States, the
Federal Government pays no part
of the administrative costs incurred
by the Provinces.

Blind Persons Act.—Up to 1952 the
same act governed pensions for the
aged and the blind, but the Blind
Persons Act adopted in June 1951
provides, subject to a means test,
payments for blind persons aged
21-69. The terms continue to be
somewhat more liberal than those
for old-age pensioners. The pension
for the blind is $40 a month, but the
total of the annual pension plus other
income allowed a single person is
raised from $720 to $840 and, if he
has dependents, from $920 to $1,040.
For married couples the total allow-
able income is increased from $1,200
to $1,320 (or if both are blind, from
$1,320 to $1,440). At age 70 the old-
age security benefit becomes payable.
Pensions are paid to blind persons
after residence for 10 years instead
of 20 years as formerly required.

Old-age security—The terms of
the Canadian law are simple and
somewhat more generous, once the
retirement age has been reached,
than those of any other universal
pension program.

All residents of the country are
eligible who (1) are 70 years of age,
(2) meet the same 20-year residence
test required of assistance claimants,

Social Security

= ow

—_ ~~ re re a OS UO

he, ate i i ii

and (3) have been living in Canada
for 1 year immediately preceding the
claim. If the pensioner is absent
from Canada his payment is sus-
pended. If he returns within 6
months, however, the pension may
be paid for the time he was away,
up to a maximum of 3 months’ bene-
fit in any one calendar year.

Income is no bar to receiving the
pensions, so that beneficiaries under
various private and public pension
plans are eligible. The effect of the
new universal pension on other in-
come maintenance programs, such as
pensions and allowances for veterans
and relief (a Provincial matter),
had not been determined when the
law was passed.

Payment of the pensions is made
from the Consolidated Revenue Fund
and charged to the Old Age Security
Fund account. Three taxes finance
the old-age security program: (1)
An individual income tax equal to
2 percent of taxable income, but not
more than $60 a year; (2) a corpora-
tion tax of 2 percent on taxable cor-
porate income, with no ceiling speci-
fied; and (3) one-fifth of the exist-
ing manufacturers’ sales tax of 10
percent. The individual income tax
of 2 percent may be offset in 1952 by
another change in the tax system,
eliminating an existing surcharge on
individual incomes. Revenue from
the three sources is estimated to be
$305 million in a full tax year—$145
million from the sales tax, $95 mil-
lion from the individual income tax;
and $65 million from the corporation
tax. Since the individual income tax
does not become effective until July
1, 1952, the Government will appro-
priate approximately $70 million from
general revenue during 1952. This
will be a temporary loan, to be re-
paid from the Old Age Security Fund
when the Minister of Finance so
directs.

Administration of the program is
carried out by the National Director
of Old Age Security of the Depart-
ment of National Health and Wel-
fare, through 10 regional offices, one
in each Provincial capital.

Cost of old-age security and other
programs.—The Minister of Health
and Welfare has estimated that the
total annual cost of the programs
for the aged and for the blind will

Bulletin, April 1952

be about $411 million—more than a
quarter of a billion dollars above the
1951 expenditures of $145 million.®
The estimated increase in the num-
ber of beneficiaries is also large, as
shown in the tabulation that follows.

ld N
Type of beneficiary m3 : spoltes >
Number
All pensioners............- 320, 000 853, 000
Aged pend Re ee 309, 000 700, 000
—- hieniedva 145, 000
a Sa 11, 000 8, 000
Annual benefit
expenditures
(in millions)
To nteninoncadindinielaacn $144 $411
For those aged 70 and over
6 OTT Seta | 104 343
RI SE RE are 35 0
For those aged 65-69 |
SS PETS ee 0 32
Provincial 0 32
For blind persons
a i ctinncneieettihiondmtial 4 3
Prowindial. . ... .cvewccssudset 1 1
l

1 Based on data for July Gens. 1951 (latest avail-
able) from Labour Gazette, December 1951, p. 1622.
2 Provisional estimates foie the period following the
-" years of the new program
xcludes supplementary amounts paid under
provisions, the exact nature of which is not known,
outside t Federal-Provincial agreements and
financed entirely by the Provincesconcerned. Some
Provinces paid such supplementary amounts under
the old system, and cuts n pene 8 have indicated
ey = er the new system similar supplements will

One result of the new legislation
will be to make pension expenditures
rather than family allowances the
largest expenditures for Canadian
social welfare. In the year ended
March 31, 1951, expenditures under
the family allowance program were
$309.5 million. The Deputy Minister
of National Welfare stated early in
1951° that Canada was spending
“somewhere between $1 billion and
$1¥% billion annually at the present
time” for health and social security.
This amount includes Federal, Pro-
vincial, and local expenditures. In
1952, with increased old-age assist-
ance, old-age security, and higher
veterans’ pensions (enacted in De-
cember 1951), expenditures will prob-
ably be about $1.5 billion. Canada’s

‘Paul Martin, Tezrt of Address ...on
the Resolution to Introduce Old Age Se-
curity Legislation, House of Commons,
Thursday, October 25, 1951.

* Canadian Welfare, March 1, 1951, pp.
3-4.

national income in 1951 was $17.1
billion.

Trust Fund Operations,
1951.

Financial operations under the old-
age and survivors insurance program
are handled through the Federal old-
age and survivors insurance trust
fund. Sums equivalent to 100 per
cent of taxes collected under the
Federal Insurance Contributions Act
are transferred under permanent
appropriation to the trust fund on
the basis of estimates made by the
Secretary of the Treasury. Proper
adjustments are made periodically to
the extent that the estimates are
subsequently found to differ from the
actual amounts of contributions pay-
able. Contributions received under
voluntary agreements with States for
the coverage of State and local gov-
ernment employees are deposited di-
rectly into the trust fund.

In the calendar year 1951, contri-
butions amounting to $3,363 million
were appropriated to and deposited
in the Federal old-age and survivors
insurance trust fund. The trust fund
also received $417 million in interest
on investments and $3.7 million in
appropriations from the general fund
as reimbursement for costs incurred
previously for benefit payments to
survivors of certain World War I
veterans under the Social Security
Act Amendments of 1946. The 1950
amendments continued this survivor-
ship protection, but the cost is to be
met from the trust fund. Expendi-
tures for old-age and survivors in-
surance benefits in 1951 totaled $1,885
million, and administrative expenses
amounted to $81 million. The fund’s
assets showed a net increase of $1,818
million for 1951 and totaled $15,540
million at the end of the year.

The unemployment trust fund is
composed of the State accounts and
the railroad unemployment insurance
account. In 1951, deposits in the
State accounts amounted to $1,495
million and interest credited was
$217 million. Withdrawals for bene-
fit payments totaled $845 million,
and the net balance in the State ac-
counts increased $866 million. The
railroad unemployment insurance ac-

17

Table 1.—Changes in social security trust fund investments and the interest-

curities—more than for any previous
bearing public debt, as of the end of December, 1950 and 1951

year. The large increase in the assets

[Amounts in millions] of these funds resulted mainly from
the extension of old-age and sur-
Investments at end of December vivors insurance coverage and the
ie aes Net increase from $3,000 to $3,600 in the
acquisitions, gqmount of earnings taxable under
Item Dee. 31, 1950,

meee vena through old-age and survivors insurance. At
Amount | ‘terest | amount | interest | °%! 1%! the end of 1951, the investments of
(pesnnnt) Pb man the two social security trust funds

amounted to $23,444 million.

bp <4 interest-bearing public
UR ce viele ee ddan. nll $254, 283 | 2. 209 $257, 070 2. 308 $2,788 Interest Rates

cal trast funds, ota = i. a “rent See 2475 The Social Security Act of 1935
on surance trust tfund.. cietnerns 13, 331 2.19 15, 017 2. 20 1, 687 had required that the investments of
Rn trust fund __ 7,639 2.16 8, 427 2.18 738 + «the old-age reserve account (now the
all other er interest-bearing securi- hac Te es cia hi 313 Old-age and survivors insurance trust

Source: Daily Statement of the U.S. Treasury.

count declined slightly during the
calendar year 1951. Deposits in the
railroad account amounted to $15.4
million, interest received to $23.4
million, and transfers from the rail-
road unemployment insurance ad-
ministration fund to $4.4 million.
Benefit payments, on the other hand,
amounted to almost $47 million. The
net balance in the railroad unem-
ployment insurance account declined
$3.3 million.

Investments

Under the provisions of the Social
Security Act, as amended, the Fed-
eral old-age and survivors insurance
trust fund is held by a Board of
Trustees, which is composed of the
Secretary of the Treasury, who is
the Managing Trustee; the Secretary
of Labor; and the Federal Security
Administrator. The Commissioner for
Social Security is Secretary of the
Board.

The Secretary of the Treasury in-
vests that portion of the trust fund
which, in his judgment, is not needed
to meet current expenditures for
benefit payments and administrative
expenses. The act restricts the per-
missible investments of the trust fund
to interest-bearing obligations of the
United States Government or to ob-
ligations guaranteed as to principal
and interest by the United States.
Regular obligations of these types
may be acquired on original issue at
par or by purchase of outstanding
obligations at their market price. In
addition, the act authorizes the is-

18

Suance of special obligations ex-
clusively to the trust fund if the
Managing Trustee determines that
the purchase of other eligible securi-
ties is not in the public interest. Reg-
ular obligations acquired by the trust
fund may be sold at market price.
Special obligations are to be redeemed
at par plus accrued interest. The
special obligations issued to the trust
fund have generally been special
Treasury notes or special certificates
of indebtedness.

Investments are made by the Sec-
retary of the Treasury for the unem-
ployment trust fund as a unit, al-
though the fund is composed of 51
separate State accounts and the rail-
road unemployment insurance ac-
count. Interest earned on the fund’s
investments is distributed quarterly
among all accounts on the basis of
the average daily balance of each
account. Permissible types of invest-
ments are the same for this fund as
for the Federal old-age and survivors
insurance trust fund.

Net investments made during 1951
for the old-age and survivors insur-
ance trust fund amounted to $1,687
million. At the end of 1951 the in-
vestments of the fund totaled $15,017
million, as compared with $13,331
million at the close of the preceding
year. The investments held by the
unemployment trust fund increased
by $788 million; by the end of 1951
they totaled $8,427 million (table 1).

The net acquisitions of the two
social security trust funds amounted
to $2,475 million in Government se-

fund) must earn at least 3 percent.
The 1939 amendments removed all
reference to a minimum yield except
on special obligations issued to the
fund. These special obligations are
required to bear the average rate of
interest on the interest-bearing pub-
lic debt, computed as of the end of
the month next preceding the date of
issue. If, however, this average is

Table 2.—Investments of social secur-
ity trust funds and the interest-
bearing ge — at end of speci-
fied period, 1

yeaah in ee

Social security trust fund
investments
Inter-
est- | Old-age
At end | bear- and Un-
of— in Percent} sur- iemplo
public | Total of vivors pam |
debt jamount) public | insur- trust
trust
| fund
ae ‘ss, 699 hot SY eee $64
WONT sacce | 36,715 | 1,138 3.1 $513 625
1938..... 38, 899 1, 926 5.0 862 1,06
mes | 41,445 2, 944 7.1 1, 435 1, 500
1940.....| 44,458 | 3,962] 8.9 | 2,016 | 1,045
1941... .. | 57,451 | 5,468 9.5 | 2,736 | 2,732
1942._._. 107,308 | 7,342 6.8 | 3,655 3, 687
1943.._..|164,508 | 9,874 6.0 | 4,779 5, 005
1944... |228, 891 | 12, 546 5.5 | 5,967 6, 579
1945..... |275, 694 | 14, 563 5.3 | 7,054 7, 08
1946_....|257,649 | 15,643 6.1 8, 079 7, 564
BOE coed |254, 205 | 17,371 6.8 | 9,268 8, 102
1948..... 250, 579 | 19, 052 7.6 | 10, 556 8, 496
1949... .. 1255, 019 | 19, 424 7.6 | 11,728 7, 6%
1950. ...- |254, 283 | 20,970 8.2 | 13,331 7,639
1961...../ 1257, 070 | 23, 9.1 | 15,017 8, 427
1951
Sicnete 253, 704 | 21, 168 8.3 | 13, 528 7, 639
Feb_.....|253, 382 | 21,389} 84 | 13,610| 7,778
March. . |252, 553 | 21, 515 8.5 | 13,777 7, 738
April. _-|252, 280 | 21,542] 8.5 | 13,844 | 7,68
ay - --.|252, 729 22, 079 8.7 | 14,056 8, 023
June. ._.! 252, 852 | .22, 387 8.9 | 14,323 8, 064
July .|253, 325 | 22, 482 8.9 | 14,453 8, 029
Aw . [254,321 | 23, 008 9.1 | 14,673 8, 335
Sept. ...|254, 958 | 23, 103 9.1 | 14,793 | 8,310
Oct .|255, 940 | 23, 108 9.0 | 14,843 8, 265
Nov .|257, 253 | 23,380 9.1 | 14,888 8, 492
Dec....< pe O70 | 23,444 9.1 | 15,017 8, 427

Source: Daily Statement of the U. S. Treasury.

Social Security

SSSRSS2SB RSSSRSESSSAVGSSSS !

| S825

=

not a multiple of % of 1 percent, the
rate of interest is to be the multiple
next lower than the average rate.

The interest provisions governing
the investments of the unemployment
trust fund have remained unchanged
since the fund’s establishment in
1936, and the rates for special obli-
gations issued to it are determined in
the same manner as for those issued
to the old-age and survivors insur-
ance trust fund. Investments in other
issues must bear rates at least equal
to those of special obligations.

Thus, the interest earnings of the
unemployment trust fund and, from
1940 on, of the old-age and survivors
insurance trust fund have been di-
rectly affected by Federal debt fi-
nancing (table 3). During the war
years, when the computed average
rate on the interest-bearing Federal
debt declined, the rate of earnings of
the two social security trust funds
also declined. In 1945 the computed
average Federal interest rate began
to rise, and this rate was reflected
later in the interest rates earned by
the social security trust funds. In
the last half of the calendar year
1949, however, the average Federal
interest rate declined slightly. On
December 31, 1948, the average in-
terest rate was 2.216 percent, while
at the end of 1949 and 1950 it was
2.208 and 2.209 percent, respectively.
During 1951, it rose to 2.310 percent
and at the end of December was
2.308 percent.

During 1951, the old-age and sur-
vivors insurance trust fund acquired
$695 million of special certificates
bearing 2%-percent interest and
$1,082 million of public issues bear-
ing 2%-percent interest. At the end
of 1951, the trust fund held, in ad-
dition, $12,096 million in 24%-percent
special certificates of indebtedness,
$4 million in 2%-percent Treasury
bonds, $1,135 million in 2%-percent
Treasury bonds, and $5 million in
wnamortized premiums.

The unemployment trust fund also
acquired during 1951 some special
certificates of indebtedness bearing
2%-percent interest and Treasury
bonds yielding 2%4-percent. At the
end of December 1951, this fund held
$4 million in 2%4-percent Treasury
bonds, $455 million in 214-percent
Treasury bonds, $338 million in 234-

Bulletin, April 1952

Table 3.—Average interest rate on
social security trust fund invest-
ments and interest-bearing public

debt at end of specified period,
1936-51
Computed average interest rate
(percent)
“4 Old-age and| Unemploy-
Atend of— | Interest- | survivors ment
ing insurance trust
public trust fund fund
debt invest- invest-
ments ments
1936. . Sng be ee Mee 2. 50
ae 2. 568 3. 00 2. 50
Tis smemtetaath 2. 586 3. 00 2. 50
1939. . 2. 598 3. 00 2. 50
EERE 2. 566 2.84 2. 50
a icdiaintiiadeetal 2. 409 2. 66 2. 49
Tess unesen- } 2. 059 2.44 2.24
Stas ddsteerst 1. 956 2. 22 1,89
1944. . 1.919 2.20 1.91
eT 1. 965 2.14 1.9%
1046.......... 2. 087 2. 04 1.94
| 2.144 2.09 2.05
1948_. -| 2. 216 2. 20 2. 16
a | 2. 208 2. 20 2. 16
lnc inichaidetoaies 2. 209 2.19 2.16
1951. .... 2. 308 2.20 2.18
1951
Jan Level 2. 224 2.19 2.16
February a 2. 224 2.19 2.16
amcaaaags 2. 227 2.19 2. 16
April. 2. 243 2. 20 2.17
te Ea 2. 247 2. 20 2.17
pt la 2. 270 2.20 2.17
SLD i..<.. 2. 267 2. 20 2.17
August.......| 2. 281 2.20 2.18
September _ - | 2. 283 2. 20 2.18
October . 2.310 2.20 2.18
November 2. 307 2.20 2.18
December 2. 308 | 2. 20 2.18

Source: Daily Statement of the U. S. Treasury.

percent Treasury bonds, $7,096 mil-
lion in 2%-percent special certificates
of indebtedness, $533 million in
2%-percent special certificates of
indebtedness, and $1 million in un-
amortized premiums.

The two social security trust funds
held investments totaling $23,444 mil-
lion at the end of 1951, of which
$20,420 million, or 87 percent, was in
special obligations bearing 2%- and
2%-percent interest.

The Treasury also manages 10
other social insurance and related
trust funds. The interest rates on
most investments of these funds are
higher than those for the two large
social security funds.

All types of special Government
securities outstanding at the end of
1951 totaled $36 billion, of which the
two social security trust funds held 57
percent. Other trust funds held most
of the remainder. Among them, the
national service life insurance fund
held 14 percent, the civil-service re-
tirement fund 13 percent, the railroad
retirement account 7 percent, and

the Government life insurance fund
4 percent. :

The securities held by the two social
security trust funds comprised 9.1
percent of the total interest-bearing
public debt ($257 billion) at the end
of 1951 and 8.2 percent at the end of
1950. The investments of these trust
funds increased proportionately more
than the public debt in 1951.

Survivor Protection, West
Frankfort Mine Disaster

The old-age and survivors insur-
ance system furnishes a substantial
amount of survivor protection to in-
sured employees.’ A striking example
of the protection provided in an in-
dividual instance is furnished by an
analysis of the benefits payable for
surviving dependents of workers killed
in the mine disaster that occurred at
West Frankfort, Illinois, on Decem-
ber 21, 1951.7

In this disaster there were 119
deaths. All the victims had fully in-
sured status under the old-age and
survivors insurance program. An
actuarial analysis has been prepared
from preliminary data furnished by
the claimants on the ages of the
widows and surviving children. Com-
plete information on the amounts of
the benefits was not available, how-
ever, pending final adjudication.

In addition to these general data,
complete and specific data are avail-
able for one particular family that
can be considered as “typical.” Ac-
cordingly, analysis is possible both
on an approximate basis for the en-
tire group and on a more exact basis
for the “typical” case.

A brief statistical analysis of the
entire group shows that, of the 119
victims of the disaster, 107—or 90
percent—left widows. Seventy-six of
these widows, or about 70 percent,
had at least one child under age 18.
The age distribution of the widows is
shown on the following page.

1 For a general summary of the protec-
tion provided see “Survivor Protection as
of January 1, 1951,” Social Security Bulle-
tin, January 1952.

? For an analysis of the old-age and sur-
vivors insurance protection in connection
with a previous and much larger disaster
see Robert J. Myers, “Insurance Payments
to Survivors of the Texas City Disaster,”
Social Security Bulletin, September 1947.

19

Number of widows
Age of widow
Total With children
Te ccd ia. 107 76
Under 30_...........- 27 24
TO-DO iich Wis So eo c's 45 37
BPE idethieaaseiorss 27 15
50 and over...-........ 8 0

The average age of the widows is
about 3634 years; almost half are
between the ages of 30 and 40, and
only 8 are over age 50 (the oldest
is age 62). As would be anticipated,
the great majority of the younger
widows have children, while a much
smaller proportion of the older ones
have children.

The total number of children or-
phaned as a result of the mine disas-
ter is 171, or an average of 2% chil-
dren per family with children. In all
instances where surviving children
were left, there was also a surviving
widow. The age distribution of the
children is as follows:

| Number of
Age | children
ERE e REO nee” ome 171
Lg SE ey rere renee ee sand 38
Re 2 CT AT LD I 50
oe oe EF EEE ON ERE LE SPIE EP TT O8 57
Diack’ bap disthateenteeendigqoasnee 26

In making an actuarial analysis of
the entire group, calculations have
been made of the total amount of sur-
vivor benefits that will be payable as
@ result of the disaster and also of
the present value of these benefits,
discounting the payments at 2% per-
cent interest. The calculations take
into account mortality, using the
rates of the United States White
Female Life Table for 1939-41 (but
disregarding mortality of children).
All benefits are considered, including
the deferred widow’s benefits at age
65. The figures do not, however, al-
low for possible withholding of or
reduction in the benefits because of
the beneficiary’s covered employment
or because a widow receives an old-
age benefit in her own right, or for
termination of benefits due to the
widow’s remarriage or to the mar-
riage or death of the children.

Since no data are, as yet, available

on the size of the benefits, it has been
assumed that the average primary
insurance amount will be $55. This
figure might at first appear to be
relatively high, considering the
amounts being paid to those now on
the rolls, but it seems likely that this
group of miners had, on the whole,
relatively high pay and steady em-
ployment in recent years. Moreover,
many of these miners were apparently
relatively young so that the low pre-
war wages would not have an im-
portant effect, and many undoubtedly
received wage credits for military
service.

On this basis the total amounts
payable with respect to the 119
deaths and the present value of these
amounts can be summarized as
follows:

Total Present
Type of benefit payable value
| Ra eo Se $1, 463, 000 $1, 034, 000
Widow’s (aged 65)... 503, 000 201, 000
Se See 415, 000 360, 000
GR eo: ~ assbihansiameinaie 525, 000 453, 000
Lump-sum........... 20, 000 20, 000

In brief, there will be close to $14
million payable, the present value of
which is about $1 million or an aver-
age of about $8,700 per death.

As indicated previously, the above
figures represent, in effect, the maxi-
mum potential benefits payable. If
allowances were made for possible
withholding or reduction of bene-
fits, which would affect particularly
widow’s benefits and mother’s bene-
fits (with a reduction of perhaps 50
percent) and to a lesser extent child’s
benefits (with a reduction of per-
haps 5 percent), the total amount
payable would drop to about $1 mil-
lion, with a present vaiue of about
$750,000. It should be mentioned
that in some instances the withhold-
ing of mother’s benefits because of
the widow’s employment or the
termination of benefits because of
her remarriage would be partially
offset because the child’s benefits
might be increased in instances where
the maximum benefit provisions had
originally applied.

The illustrative “typical” case is
the family of John D. Thomas, Sr.,
whose widow has given permission for

publication of the facts concerning
her claim. Mrs. Thomas is 29 years
old and has a daughter. Brenda, aged
9, and a son John, aged 5. The pri-
mary insurance amount is $60.30, so
that Mrs. Thomas’ benefit is $45.30 a
month, while each of the children
receives $37.70 a month, making the
total family benefit $120.70. As long
as the three beneficiaries do not en-
gage in substantial covered employ-
ment and until Brenda attains age
18, this amount will be continued.
When Brenda is 18, her benefit will
be discontinued and John’s benefit
will be increased to $45.30, making a
total family benefit of $90.60. When
John attains age 18, monthly bene-
fits will cease, but when Mrs. Thomas
reaches age 65 she will again receive
her benefit of $45.30, assuming that
she has not remarried or earned an
old-age benefit in her own right
through her own covered employment
(in which case she receives, in effect,
the larger of the two benefits). If
Mrs. Thomas were to remarry before
her children attained age 18, the
monthly benefit described above
would no longer be payable to her,
but the children would continue to
receive the amounts described. In
addition to the monthly benefits, a
lump-sum death payment of $180.90
is immediately available to Mrs.
Thomas.

The total benefits payable, as well
as their present value based on a
244-percent interest rate, may be cal-
culated for Mrs. Thomas and her two
children just as it was for the entire
group. These calculations have been
made on the “gross” basis indicated
previously, taking into account mor-
tality but disregarding the other fac-
tors—such as the withholding or re-
duction of benefits because of employ-
ment, the termination of benefits be-
cause of remarriage of the widow, and
the mortality or marriage of the
children. The resulting figures are
as follows:

|
'

Total Present

Type of benefit payable vals
ore $22, 211 $16, 410
Widow's (aged 65) _ __ | 5, 479 1, 853
eenerrOs. «ceased 6, 686 5, 762
St RRR IA 9, 865 8, 614
Lamp-sum...--......| 181 181

GSOER ac

OE = hlCU re

mere@eeotrFr = a Freie ! Ss

t ie

oo net

S2e15 |

181

The maximum potential benefits
payable, considering mortality, are
thus somewhat in excess of $22,000 in
this particular case; the present value
of the. benefits is about $16,000.

This brief and crude actuarial

analysis indicates vividly the manner
in which old-age and survivors in-
surance furnishes an appreciable
measure of protection for the work-
ers of the country against wage loss
due to death. A disaster such as the

West Frankfort mine explosion is,
fortunately, rare. It gives, however,
a striking illustration of the protec-
tion that is available and is being
furnished currently for roughly 62
million insured workers.

Recent Publications”

Social Security Administration

CHILDREN’s Bureau. Motion Pictures
on Child Life—A List of 16mm
Films. Compiled by Inez D. Lohr.
Washington: U. S. Govt. Print.
Off., 1952. 61 pp.

Includes films on adolescence, child
care and development, handicapped
children, juvenile delinquency, ma-
ternity care, nutrition, and related
subjects. Limited free distribution;
apply to the Children’s Bureau, Social
Security Administration, Washington
25, D. C.

General

Ascu, Sipney H. Social Security:
Federal and State Laws. (Legal
Almanac Series, No. 26.) New
York: Oceana Publications, 1952.
80 pp. $1.

BUELL, BRADLEY, AND ASSOCIATES.
Community Planning for Human

Services. New York: Columbia
University Press, 1952. 464 pp.
$5.50.

Discusses the four major areas with
which community services are con-
cerned—dependency, ill health, mal-
adjustment, recreational need—and
considers the best methods of pro-
tecting the community against the
consequences of these hazards.
PeperaL SECURITY AGENCY. LIBRARY.

Selected Readings in the Field of

Social Welfare Published in the

United States of America in 1951.

Washington: The Library, Decem-

ber 1951. 30pp. Processed. Lim-

ited free distribution; apply to the

Federal Security Agency Library,

Washington 25, D.C.

INTERNATIONAL LABOR OrFFrice. Year
Book of Labour Statistics, 1949-
1950. (11th issue.) Geneva: The
Office, 1951. 431 pp. $5.

MarsH, Davin C. National Insurance

* Prepared in the Library, Federal Se-
curity Agency. Orders for the publications
listed should be directed to publishers
or booksellers; Federal publications for
which prices are listed should be ordered
from the Superintendent of Documents,
U. 8. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.

Bulletin, April 1952

and Assistance in Great Britain.
London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons,
Ltd., 1950. 187 pp. 12s.

U. S. Prestipent. The Economic Re-
port... (H. Doc. 303, 82d Cong.,
2d sess.) Washington: U.S. Govt.
Print. Off., 1952. 220 pp.
Summarizes economic developments

in 1951 and outlines the most impor-

tant issues that must be met in 1952.

Includes the Annual Economic Review,

prepared for the President by the

Council of Economic Advisers.

U. S. Wace STABILIZATION BOarp.
Health, Welfare and Pension Pro-
grams Under Wage Stabilization:
Report to the Wage Stabilization
Board by the Tripartite Panel on
Health, Welfare and Pension Plans.
Washington: The Board, Oct. 22,
1951. 60pp. Processed.

WHELPTON, P. K., and GRAUMAN, JOHN
V. “Population: Prospects and
Problems in 1960.” Dun’s Review,
New York, Jan. 1952, pp. 13-16 ff.
35 cents.

Retirement and Old Age

Conference on Problems of Aging.
Transactions of the Thirteenth
Conference February 5-6, 1951, New
York, N. Y. Nathan W. Shock, editor.
New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foun-
dation, 1951. 194 pp. $4.
Considers certain medical aspects

of the aging process.

ILLINOIS. UNIVERSITY. INSTITUTE OF
LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS.
Collective Bargaining for Pensions.
Champaign, Ill.: The Institute,
1951. 52 pp. $2.

New YorK (STATE). Jomnt LEGISLA-
TIVE COMMITTEE ON PROBLEMS OF THE
Actmnc. No Time to Grow Old.
(Legislative Document No. 12,
1951.) Albany: The Committee,
1951. 316 pp. Free copies may be
obtained from State Senator
Thomas C. Desmond, Chairman, 94
Broadway, Newburgh, N. Y.
Includes Local Community Planning

for the Aging, by the Community

Chests and Councils of America; The

States and the Aged, by Albert J.

Abrams; The Role of Old-Age and

Survivors Insurance in a Defense

Economy, by Robert M. Ball; Older

Workers and Older Women, by Frieda

S. Miller; Workshop on Recreation for

Older Persons, by Ollie A. Rendall;
and Trends in Old Age Homes and
Housing for the Aged in Various Parts
of the World, by Albert J. Abrams.

PRINCETON. UNIVERSITY. DEPART-

SECTION. Timing Retirement.
lected References, No. 43.) Prince-
ton: The Section, Jan.1952. 4pp.

SaLtomon, Irvinc. Retire and Be
Happy. New York: Greenberg
Publishers, 1951. 205 pp. $2.95.

A study of the experiences and view-
points of 405 retired men.

“Social Contributions by the Aging.”
Annals of the Amer.can Academy of
Political and Social Science, Phila-
delphia, Vol. 279, Jan. 1952, entire
issue.

Includes a Philosphy of Aging, by
Clark Tibbitts and Henry D. Sheldon;
Social and Psychological Needs of the
Aging, by Robert J. Havighurst; Bar-
riers to the Employment of the Older
Workers, by Albert J. Abrams; Family
Living in the Later Decades, by Ernest
W. Burgess; and Income Maintenance
for the Aged, by Wilbur J. Cohen.

Employment
BackMaN, JULES. Multi-Employer

Bargaining. New York: New York

University, Institute of Labor Rela-

tions and Social Security, 1951. 80

pp. $1.75.

Surveys the economic characteris-
tics of industries with various types
of multi-employer bargaining.
CAMPBELL, JEAN. “Retirement and

Employment Problems of the Older

Worker.” Monthly Labor Review,

Washington, Vol. 73, Dec. 1951, pp.

695-699.

CHAMBERLAIN, N&tt W. Collective Bar-
gaining. New York: McGraw-
Hill Book Co., Inc., 1951. 534 pp.
$6.

OpELL, CHARLES E. “Employment
Problems of the Older Worker.”
Journal of Rehabilitation, Washing-
ton, Vol. 18, Jan—Feb. 1952, pp. 3-6
ff. $2 a year.

Public Welfare and Relief

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SOCIAL
Workers. Social Work Fellowships
(Continued on page 27)

21

Current Operating Statistics

Table 1.—Selected social insurance and related programs, by specified period, 1940-52
{In thousands; data corrected to Mar. 12, 1952]

Unemployment insur.
Retirement, disability, and survivor programs ance p
Tem
Monthly one and disability Survivor benefits diss ility
bene benefits
Rail.
Service-
Year and month | Total Monthly Lampe? aa ceamie Ue.
Rafl- Civil road ame 4 Read- Ploy-
Social | | Serv- | Veter: Civil Unem- just, | meat
rity Com- | minis- road | *j a laws | ment ance
Act | "ont | mis- | tration? | S@°U- | Retire-| 10 [ans Ad-) Secu- | Others Insur- Act
Act | sion? rity, ment | Com- minis- | rity anes
Act ‘Act § -—y' tration *} Act Act
Number of beneficiaries
1951 |
STS ES SEES 2, 432.8 256.3 | 161.8 | 2,364.9 | 1,172.4 142.5 | 25.7 |1,000.6 33.0 11.1 29.1 39.3 971.7 6.0 50.5
February. 2, 513.7 257.2 162.7 2,365.6 | 1,192.9 142.8 | 26.5 /|1,001.4 30.6 10.3 27.9 | 28.4 883.1 5.1 46.8
SE cate catrhac-ciepritneneaaneanies 2,591.6 | 258.1 163.2 | 2,368.2 | 1,217.6 | 143.7 27.4 |1,001.4 41.8 11.9 30.2 | 28.3 807.2 3.5 38.7
— 650.6 | 259.1 163.9 | 2,370.8 | 1,239.5 | 144.8 28.1 1,005.4 34.4] 12.2 31.6 | 27.3 740. 2 2.2 27.9
EES Mie 2,704.5 | 260.5 | 164.5 | 2,373.0 | 1,264.4] 145.9 | 29.1 |1,000.6 39.3 | 12.0 30.5 | 24.4 773.5 1.6 19.4
“Re Ls ER 2,748.2 | 261.1 165.4 | 2,373.6 | 1,285.4 | 146.8 29.9 (1,012.3 33.0} 11.2 32.3 | 22.3 821.4 1.2 15.8
July. 2,798.5 | 262.0 166.2 | 2,374.9 | 1,300.4 147.5 | 30.8 /1,013.5 30.1 10.3 29.0; 23.9 747.8 1.2 19.5
i pacha tone betel hcbenm mass 2,858.1 | 262.9 167.6 | 2,378.9 | 1,318.4 | 148.1 | 31.6 /1,016.1 36.7 | 11.3 28.0} 30.7 801.0 11 24.6
September. -........).......-.- 2,896.7 | 263.3 | 168.4 | 2,381.2 | 1,335.8 | 148.9 32.3 |1,016.2 32.8 9.4 26.8 | 28.6 757.8 8 2.7
ES Se Se 2,982.9 | 263.9 169.2 | 2,385.5 | 1,357.9 150.6 | 33.2 |1,018.6 37.0} 11.9 27.6 | 32.9 712.8 5 21.2
November. ........./.......... 2,960.6 | 264.7 170.2 | 2,388.7 | 1,371.6 | 151.0} 33.9 |1,019.4 30. 5 9.1 26.6 | 31.5 749.3 ae 30.9
December. .-........}........-- 2,993.9 | 267.1 171.0 | 2,391.0 | 1,385.3 149.7 | 34.5 |1,020.3 27.8 7.6 27.2 | 28.9 797.3 7 31.6
} | |
1952 | | j
Sammars cs. 6 KO i 3, 030. 6 | 284.0 | 171.7 2,392.6 | 1,402.7 149.7 | 35.4 pat 39.3 10. 5 27.6 | 38.3 | 1, 185.2 | u 48.3
Amount of benefits "
Ne heel ite $1, 188,702) $21, 074/$114, 166) $62,019) $317, 851 $7,784) $1,448)_...... $105, 696) $11, 736/$12, 267)........)....... $518, 700 $15, 961
sa... ae 1, 085,488} 55,141) 119,912) 64,933) 320, 561 25,454; 1,559)....... 111, 13, 328} 13, 943)........ lamathbe 344, 321 14, 837
ars 1,130,721; 80,305) 122,806) 68,115) 325,265) 41,702 + SES 111,193} 15,088) 14,342)_.......)....... 344, 084 6, 268
og eed Ty ih cate 921,465' 97,257) 125,795) 72,961; 331, 57,763; 1, 704)......- 116, 133) 17,830) 17, 255 ryt ane S 79, 643 917
NG gsi sci a 1,118,798} 119,009) 129,707) 77,193 456,279; 76,942 ai 144, 22, 146} 19,238} 5, 035/....... 62, 385 582
aes 2,065,566; 157,391| 137,140, 83,874) 697,830) 104,231 “ve 254, 26, 135) 23,431; 4,669)....... 445, 866 2,350
Mc tehewestesens 5, 149,761} 230,285) 149,188) 94,585) 1,268,984) 130,139) 1,817)....... 333, 27, 267| 30,610) 4, 761)....... 1, 004, 850 718} 39,917
ARS ae 4,700,827; 299,830) 177,053) 106,876) 1,676,029) 153,100) 19, 283)....._. 382,515) 29,517) 33,115) 26,024/$11,368) 776,165 39, 401
eee FS 4,510,041) 366,887) 208,642) 132,852) 1,711,182) 176,736) 36,011; $918) 413,912) 32,315) 32,140) 35,572) 30,843) 793,265; 510,167 28, 500
rs 5, 604,080) 454, 483) 240,893) 158,973) 1,692,215) 201,360) 39,257) 4,317) 477, , 158) 31,771} 59,066) 30, 1083/1, 737,279) 430, 194/103, 596
eet es ee 5, 357,432) 718,473) 254, 240| 175, 787| 1,732,208) 299,672) 43,884/ 8,409) 491,579) 32,740) 33,578) 70, 880) 28, 0099/1, 373, 426 50, 804
Gh nici Reuatibienonsined 45, 560,522/1, 361, 046) 268,733) 196, 529) 1,647,938) 523,485) 49,527) 14,014) 519,308) 57,337) 33,356) (4) 26,297, 840,411 20, 217
1951
Jemueny.--...--...- 461,640) 93,885) 21,113) 15,825) 139,445; 36,998) 3,647 997 41, 6421 4,779, 2,846) 2,974) 3,401; 90,475 3,087
February -_......... 441,934; 96,486) 21,184) 15,815) 138,160) 37,605) 3,658) 1,009 41,865) 4,314) 2,648) 2,508) 2,350) 71,369 2, 655
nl ene aaa 449,760; 98,933) 21,255) 15,921 139,140; 38,326; 3,686) 1,006) 42, $33) 5,815) 2,998) 2,980) 2, 501 71, 584 2, 360
= 440,052; 100,694) 21,334) 16,046) 138,046) 38,942) 3,719) 1,081 832) 4,705) 3,151 2,957; 2,432) 62,204 1,608
451,242} 102,267) 21,424) 16,224 138,356, 39,614) 3,749) 1,133) 42, 552| 5,385; 3,053) 3,097) 2,252) 70,799 1,181
448,150) 103,545) 21,462) 16,296) 136,336; 40,164) 3,775) 1,151; 43,179) 4,501; 2,984) 2,880) 1,999) 68,780 .
447, 534 , 140) 21,522) 16,411 136,877; 40,580) 3,796) 1,193) 43,325) 4,121 2, 688) 2,861; 2,023) 65,917 966
» 753} 107,018) 21,588) 16,656) 136,230) 41,101; 3,816) 1,217 ,608| 5,018, 3,030; 2,891; 2,808 75,131 1,544
740) 108, 21,615) 16,622) 135,173) 41,669) 3,842) 1,248) 43,075) 4,468) 2,514) 2,455) 2,563) 62,049 1,133
461,013; 109,493; 21,660) 16,880 137, 523) 42,332) 3,886) 1,288) " | §,041) 3,146) 2,862) 3,082) 67,449 1,376
464, 110,473} 24,441) 16,877) 136,500) 42,741 5,158} 1,372) 43, 4,164) 2,428 2, 654) 2,866; 68,607 1,774
468,247; 111,646) 24,774 16, 955) 136,062; 43,145) 5,123) 1,318) 45,617; 3,810) 1,870 2, 609) 2, 701 70, 624 1,934,
— el 25, os) 17, 124 137, 537, 43,674 —_ 1,384) 45,266) 5,431) stat Be saad a om a) 2,976
| } ai
1 Under the Social Security Act, retirement benefits—old. wife’s, and New Jersey, January 1949; in New York, July 1950 (data not available); and under
husband’s benefits, and benefits to children of old-age bene ly the railroad program, July 1947. Excludes py benefits in California; also
estimated. Under other 3 systems, benefits for age and disability; excludes private plans in California and New Jersey except for calendar-year

December 1951, spouse’s annuities under the Railroad Retirement Act.

3 Data for civil-service retirement and disability fund; excludes noncontribu-
tory payments made under the Panama Canal Construction Annuity Act to
peers ype vereed cn Canal construction 1904-14 or to their widows. Through

une 1948, retirement and disability benefits include payments to survivors
under joint and survivor elections; beginning July 1948, payments under sur-
vivor provisions shown as survivor benefits.

* Pensions and , and subsistence payments to disabled veterans

=a widow's, widower’s, parent’s, and child’s benefits. Partly esti-

5 Annuities to widows under joint and survivor elections; 12-month death-
benefit annuities to widows and next of kin; and, beginning February 1947,
widow’s current, parent’s, and child’s benefits.
8 ts to parents, and children of deceased veterans.
7 Number of decedents on whose account lump-sum i were made.
oo meee Retirement Act and Federal civil-service and

* First payable in Rhode Island, April 1943; in California, December 1946; in

22

© Represents average weekly number of beneficiaries.

1 Represents average number of beneficiaries in a 14-day registration period.

'2 Readjustment allowances to unemployed veterans and to self-employed
veterans. Number tape average weekly number of continued claims for the
unemployed and of claims paid during the month for the self-employed.

8 Payments: amounts certified, under the Social Security Act (except
data for monthly benefits, which represent benefits in ba ahi ent ,
the Railroad Retirement Act, and the Railroad Unemployment Act;
disbursements, for Veterans Administration programs except the readjustment
allowance program; checks issued, under the State unemployment insurance
and temporary disability laws and under the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act;
for civil-service programs, disbursements through June 1949 and authorizations
beginning July 1949. Adjusted on annual basis except for Civil Service Com-
mission data, which are adjusted men,

R-} Excludes State temporary disability benefits, calendar-year figure not avail-

able. .

Source: Based on reports of administrative agencies.

Social Security

rae

ahasonechn

sPeerRms

ve. ee eee ee
ASOwrtAQawme ono

BSSSSSSRSs8F |

BBageaSe ga €F8| 3 S2SSERRS

z

ee PIE I

Table 2.—Contributions and taxes collected under solenjad avaiet insurance and related programs, by specified period,

[In thousands]
Retirement, disability, and survivors insurance Unemployment insurance
Period Federal Federal Taxes on State un- Railroad
insurance civil-service carriers employment Federal unem- | unemployment
contribu- contribu- and their contribu- ployment ‘ insurance
tions ! tions 4 employees tions # contributions §
hth ailesdinsdernedecaneccodomehipiinianiil $2, 106, 388 $662, 262 $550, 172 $1, 094, 406 $226, 306 $18, 855
BE o neh dhtinctinnecscasetckslbecesacehdteeuiien 3, 119, 537 684, 343 577, 509 1, 364, 590 233, 537 24, 681
7 months ended
January 1950 896, 917 507, 690 287, 919 639, 552 55, 994 7,918
| eae ee ae 1, 542, 149 526, 415 284, 462 746, 673 50, 015 12, 058
SEY SOB oan oc cccccee Joawuetenscesackéubebtees 1, 793, 358 551, 724 426, 452 863, 405 49, 302 13, 072
1951
SIE 2 oniduincomiabaissinndiihiodiediaqdekd-Gubeahiaiaiiiall 131, 331 33, 958 1, 567 96, 405 16,319 22
—_* “SPparpsenacgagamna saan aban #5. Ta 373, 787 29, 752 6, 508 153, 307 146, 981 155
BIG. «oa suduindupocsopubacsbbateanteaennalnas 239, 310 31, 874 139, 527 12,151 13, 963 5, 847
ape RRR ECR NI BS RE OR FE 150, 089 35, 264 3, 021 145, 903 3, 502 186
atta ecdedbbbowconcves$cusecsdbesicedpeibndaben 534, 031 37, 610 4,814 297, 232 15, 764 308
SNES cocuddvubibun sasahabibeliipaasaede silane 280, 172 23, 428 139, 178 9,323 3,311 6, 036
SE inkincesdesctuduisunssesdcdeboisboceseshoupnbinns 174, 511 29, 704 621 158, 465 1,681 48
Eh cneduscbusdocccanccsbebcsusosadocpshaniines 515, 815 29, 694 022 273, 692 14, 641 526
EE swt clavebinccaccescsdsebiecorccehdtindines 257, 873 6 342, 357 190, 087 8,075 1,004 4,003
ince dbtubidwaccnc} cubdsbiercscechees 31, 665 38, 313 11, 201 113, 888 3,018 1,884
EE « « > chichsusemasinndciib dene dusted 399, 786 34, 006 91, 342 216, 650 14, 124 179
Wii cn dududibeaiinnsholiihesehsonacsideiaaietots 266, 464 37, 183 54, 915 7, 551 764 6,318
1952
IIIS ascscscliesdaacthinaiiigicsmitnbestepiganniaentieeliginadin acini 147, 243 40, 466 12, 264 85, 085 14, 069 25

! Represents contributions of employees and employers in employments covered
ginning January 1951, on an estimated basis.

1 Represents employee and Government contributions to the civil-service retire-
ment and disability fund; Government contributions are made in 1 month for the

by old-age and survivors insurance; be

entire fiscal year.

} Represents deposits in State clearing accounts of contributions plus
and interest collected from employers and, in 2 States, contributions from em-

nalties

yees; excludes contributions collected for deposit in State sickness insurance
unds. Data reported by State agencies; corrected to Feb. 25, 1952.

maar taxes paid by employers under the Federal Unemployment Tax

et.

§ Beginning 1947, also covers tem y

6 Represents contributions of $32.4 from em
for fiscal year 1951-52 of $310.0 million from the F

Source: Daily Staterment of the U.S. Treasury, unless otherwise noted.

disability insurance.

and contributions

SOCIAL WELFARE TODAY
(Continued from page 6)

less costly and significant than it is
today, we should have far greater op-
portunity to direct our attention to
providing constructive social services.

Neither contributory social insur-
ance nor public assistance can be de-
pended upon to solve noneconomic
problems such as recreational needs,
illegitimacy, broken homes, juvenile
delinquency, the problems of the
aging, and the religious needs of peo-
ple generally. It is for that reason
that private as well as public welfare
agencies must be encouraged to
strengthen their services.

International Social Welfare

The amount of international activ-
ity that is now going on in the field of
Social welfare is far less well-known
than international activity in the field
of diplomacy and military prepared-
hess. It is, nonetheless, an absolute
essential in promoting sympathy and
understanding among the peoples of
the world, and in promoting construc-
tive social action, on which the welfare

Bulletin, April 1952

of the peoples of the world depends. In
the long run, world peace cannot be
achieved unless we make visible prog-
ress in solving the problem of world
misery. Solving this problem depends,
in turn, upon improving not only the
economic organization of underdevel-
oped countries but their social organi-
zation as well.

Basically the issues facing social
welfare today in America are the same
issues facing democracy throughout
the world; the goal of social welfare
and the goal of democracy are iden-
tical—equal opportunity and the good
life for every human being regardless
of race, creed, or color. We in America
are sometimes inclined to forget what
a revolutionary concept democracy
really is and how young it is. We used
to think this idea originated with the
ancient Greeks and Romans, but we
now know that their concept of de-
mocracy was essentially an aristo-
cratic one.

But hardly more than 150 years
ago the idea of liberty, equality, and
fraternity for everyone captured the
imagination of our forefathers. What

is more, they proceeded to act to make
that idea a reality. However, until
fairly recently most of the people in
the world had not the slightest aware-
ness that there was such an idea in
existence and certainly had no reali-
zation of its significance for them or
their children. There are many isms
and ideologies that are sweeping
across the face of the globe. They all
have the same professed aim—the im-
provement of the lot of the common
man. The great distinguishing char-
acteristic of democracy is that democ-
racy refuses to believe that man can
help himself by enslaving himself.
The universal problem confronting
mankind today, so far as his life on
this earth is concerned, is whether he
has the patience, the understanding,
the sympathy, and the ability to co-
operate with his fellowman in achiev-
ing the goal of democracy. There is
no question that this goal will be
achieved eventually whether it takes
a hundred years or a thousand years.
The real question is whether the
promise of democracy can be achieved
(Continued on page 25)

i es rN OA Eee -

i
i
|

- Table 3.—Status of the old-age and survivors insurance trust fund, by specified period, 1937-52

{In thousands]
|
Receipts Expenditures Assets
Period Appropria- Net total of | Cash with | Credit of
tions, trans- | Interest re- | Benefit pay- | Administra- “ 6. 4 ” | disbursing d account | Total assets
fers, and ceived ments |tiveexpenses| [""'ities | Officer atend| at end of ee
deposits ! acquired # of period peri
Cumulative, January 1937-January 1952-_--...- $20, 069, 428 $1, 966, 636 $6, 007, 277 $510,494 | $15, 216, 025 $218, 897 $83, 371 $15, 518,204
1 % S ie Th teen a dcnccdetlbedilbece 2, 109, 992 256, 778 727, 266 56, 841 1, 414, 152 79, 928 167, 861 12, 892, 612
EE OES RAE a aaa 3, 124, 098 287, 392 1, 498, 088 70, 447 1, 677, 976 200, 456 212, 311 14, 735, 567
7 months ended:

1 ih 5k Sa nadonvadeasisdbcous 900, 521 124, 305 408, 145 33, 547 537, 326 79, 566 45, 520 11, 893, 083

SE Rook Lib dacbcnccccasscds sindebece 1, 545, 843 142, 659 723, 024 39, 222 883, 526 , 080 ‘ 13, 818,
eo 1; 805, 519 161,966 | 1, 133, 632 51, 125 $93, 226 218, 897 83,371 | 15, 518,294
131, 331 115, 074 141,717 7, 086 197, 700 204, 080 86, 438 13, 818, 867
, Pp eee. 151, 700 5, 265 82, 000 195, 393 229, 947 14, 035, 689
239, 310 10, 871 154, 5, 674 166, 918 205, 039 143, 061 14, 125, 366
50, 7, 916 154, 685 7, 137 66, 966 206, 300 71,009 14, 121, 549
Rs Ss * 156, 806 6, 642 211, 500 205, 918 230, 527 14, 492, 176
|, 995 125, 946 157, 043 6, 507 267, 067 200, 456 212, 311 14, 735, 567
| ee 159, 131 8, 761 130, 000 197,374 92, 026 14, 742, 199
| See 180, 301 6, 305 220, 000 178, 578 220, 475 15, 071, 852
263, 182 10, 142, 442 7,121 119, 918 214, 122 189, 503 15, 196, 341
333,105 14, 818 146, 188 6, 675 49, 941 226, 250 22, 493 15, 091, 401
SOR facecacscccinse 178, 659 7, 204 45, 200 209, 231 209, 407 15, 306, 497
269, 509 131, 772 161, 700 6, 343 129, 467 222, 654 299, 755 15, 539, 734
147, 892 4, 505 165, 212 8, 626 198, 700 218, 897 83, 371 15, 518, 204

1 For July 1940 to December 1950, equals taxes collected under the Federal In-
surance Contributions Act. Beginning January 1951, amounts appropriated in
—- with sec. 201 (a) i — nae = as amended in 1950; —

» includes deposi y under voluntary coverage agreements.
Beglaning in the fiscal year 1947, includes amounts ap ropriated to meet costs of
benefits payable to survivors of certain World War II veterans under the Social
Security Act Amendments of 1946. Beginning November 1951, also includes
small amounts in reimbursement of sales of supplies and services.

? Includes accrued interest and repayments on account of accrued interest on
bonds at time of purchase.

3 peouemetions suspended from Oct. 10 to Nov. 6 to adjust for estimates on
which earlier 1951 appropriations were based.

Source: Daily Statement of the U.S. Treasury.

Table 4.—Status of the unemployment trust fund, by specified period, 1936-52

{In thousands}
Net total Unex- State accounts Railroad unemployment insurance account ¢
Total of U. 8. —
Period ie ee | FS Balance at Balance st
rt « ab gL = Interest | Withdraw- =o Interest | Benefit
period securities of Deposits end of Deposits end of
acquired ! period credited als 38 period credited | payments period ##
Cumulative, January

1936-January 1952_..| $8, 444,406 | $8, 423, 162 $21, 244 ($15, 821,461 | $1,414,992 | $9, 550,465 | $7, 685, 988 $909, 429 $143, 896 $475, 021 $758, 417
—72A, 068 23,633 | 1,008,795 149,046 | 1,879,000 | 6,651, 571 9, 728 18, 020 143, 904 786, 325
649, 933 15,0385 | 1,362,629 147, 662 848, 27 7, 313, 592 14, 884 16, 465 765, 640
— 522, 034 38, 363 593, 223 76,656 | 1,114,272 | 6,838,337 3, 166 9, 436 97, 258 816,324

224, 965 27, 087 682, 613 73, 279 509, 584 | 6,897,879 7, 279 8, 280 33, 448 768,
358, 965 21, 244 813, 133 81, 902 522,639 | 7,685, 988 , 844 8, 401 27,830 758, 417
cisnspgibocadinaatined 27, 087 34, 463 63, 563 96,425 | 6,897,879 13 7,147 5, 854 768, 437
139, 000 22, 090 > @ ER 69,440 | 7,036, 231 _ 2 eerie 4,442 764, 088
—40, 008 19, 799 21, 652 3, 662 66,770 | 6,904,775 508 412 4, 763 768, 245
—40, 005 35, 359 39, 247 2, 445 62,970 | 6,973,496 112 269 3, 546 bof
325, 000 28, 799 bg ete 72,125 | 7,204,755 aS ae 3, 089 757, 261
40, 981 15, 035 17, 941 68, 275 67,380 | 7,313, 592 3,622 7, 504 2,746 765, 640
—35, 000 39, 018 53, 293 17 66,515 | 7,300,387 29 2 2, 215 767, 827
306, 000 31, 889 376, 214 |............ 72,766 | 7, S41 OOD Noculicccenee 3, 898 764, 245
—25, 008 11, 975 15, 004 3,627 62,870 | 7,558,691 2, 457 385 3,614 763, 473
—45, 008 32, 683 42, 234 4, 454 68,552 | 7,536,827 1,130 457 4, 022 761, 087
227, 000 17, 188 Saar 64,972 | 7,752,420 2 ere * 4,195 756, 49
—65, 020 99, 263 13, 917 70, 611 74,365 | 7,762, 582 3,791 7, 240 4, 137 763, $43
—4, 000 21, 244 32, 818 3, 194 112,605 | 7,685, 988 15 317 5, 758 758, 417
1 Includes accrued interest and repayments on account of interest on bonds at 5 Includes transfers to the account from railroad unemployment insurance ad-

time of purchase; minus figures represent primarily net total of securities re-

2 Includes transfers from State accounts to railroad unemployment insurance

account amounting to $107,161 ,000.
3 Includes withdrawals of $79,169,000 for disability insurance benefits.
4 Beginning July 1947, includes temporary disability program.

24

ministration fund amounting to $85,290,000 and transfers of $12,338,000 out of the
account to adjust funds available for administrative ex on account of re’
active credits taken by contributors under the Railroad Unemployment In-
surance Act Amendments of 1948.

Source: Daily Statement of the U.S. Treasury.

Social Security

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Table 5.—Old-age und survivors insurance: Monthly benefits in current-payment status‘ at the end of the. month;
type of benefit and by month, January 1951-January 1952, and monthly benefits awarded by type of benefit,
January 1952
[Amounts in thousands; data corrected to Feb. 28, 1952]
Total Old-age Feta.) 8 Child’s Weve Mother's Parent's
Item
Number | Amount | Number | Amount | Number|Amount | Number|Amount | Number|Amount Number|Amount Nuiber|Amount
Monthly benefits in
current-payment
status at end of
month:
1951
January..........- 3, 605, 235 |$130, 882.8 | 1,850,207 | $80, 584.4 | 532, 187 |$12, 477.3] 715,188 |$19, 700. 6| 319, 513 |$11, 665.2) 173,354 |$5,912.6 | 14,786| $542.6
February........ 3, 708, 586 | 134, 090.8 | 1,912,170 | 82,843.8 | 548,047 | 12,790. 4| 729, 616 et 325, 555 | 11,872.2| 176,156 | 5,908.8} 15,042| 551.8
Saeren. ..... 2.0... 3, 809, 165 | 137, 258.9 | 1,971,703 | 84,971.8 | 563,346 | 13, 087.0] 746,247 | 20,418. 5| 332,539 | 12, 114.0) 179,877 | 6,100.9} 15,453 | 566.7
Apri Fcudiieciipes 3,890, 018 | 139, 636.9 | 2,016,135 | 86, 496.1 | 575,008 | 13,304. 9| 760,697 | 20,732. 2| 338, 539 | 12,315. 9| 183,719 | 6,207.7 | 15,830| 580.1
RE a 3, 968, 900 | 141, 881.2 | 2,055,581 | 87,842.9 | 586,829 | 13, 510. 5| 776,336 | 21,059. 9| 345,112 | 12, 519.9] 188,681 | 6,348.3 | 16,361) 509.7
Ticccintttinee 4, 083, 583 | 143, 708.8 | 2,000,668 | 89, 000.0 | 596,098 | 13, 674.0] 787,311 | 21,282. 4| 350,343 | 12,683.3| 192,357 | 6,452.8] 16,806! 616.3
i codabeshevece 4, 008,870 | 145, 720.2 | 2,129,909 | 90,390.7 | 606,188 | 13,872. 8] 704,875 | 21,425. 9| 355,678 | 12,858. 5| 194,925 | 6,537.6 | 17,295] 634.8
‘August..........-. 4, 176, 535 | 148, 118.8 | 2,176,036 | 92, 025.0 | 618, 128 | 14, 108.4) 804,807 | 21,632. 4| 361,970 | 13,071.2| 197,712 | 6,625.3 | 17,882] 656.5
September -...---- 4, 232, 453 | 149, 914.8 | 2,204,016 | 93, 072.6 | 625,736 | 14, 259.9] 816, 746 | 21, 948.3| 367,728 | 13, 270.4] 199,835 | 6,688.2] 18,392] 675.3
October........... 4, 200,791 | 151, 825.5 | 2,231,141 | 4,132.8 | 634,319 | 14, 442.7] 830, 587 | 22,329. 6| 374,460 | 13, 505.0; 201,437 | 6,723.7 | 18,847| 601.6
November_._..... 4, 332,176 | 153, 214.3 | 2,252,203 | 94,977.1 | 640,241 | 14, 573.3| 838,801 | 22, 545.4) 370,201 | 13,674. 2| 202,415 | 6,741.9| 19,135} 7023
ee wert 4,378, 985 | 154, 791.1 | 2,278,470 | 96,008.3 | 646,890 | 14, 709.5) 846,247 | 22,739. 2| 384,265 | 13,849. 1| 203,782 | 6,775.8 | 19,331} 700.1
1952
January........... 4, 433, 279 | 156, 720.9 | 2,306,984 | 97,231.4 | 654,335 | 14,878.8| 855,931 | 22, 984.6) 390,731 | 14,076. 5| 205,739 | 6,831.9} 19,650) 717.7
Monthly benefits
awarded in Jan-
wary 1952........ 83,015 | 2,803.6} 37,748| 1,577.2] 13,452| 208.3) 16,014] 412.3, 8,450] 200.3) 6,044) 201.6 407 14.9

1 Benefit in current-payment status is subject to no deduction or only to deduction of fixed amount that is less than the current month’s benefit.

Table 6.—Old-age and survivors insurance: Number of monthly benefits withheld, by reason for withholding payment
and type of benefit, December 31, 1951

[Corrected to Mar. 7, 1952]

| ee ,
Reason for witholding payment ? | Total Old-age Neb wid a pb ein) Mother’s Parent’s
nds vadehennasdadilinidecncsqublintinnnmigdeinasithebuipiidnn dbase 354, 028 236, 108 61, 266 5, 038 51, 488 128
mmnawmnent Of bemeGelery ... ... ..ccccodcscccescdabotitscccdsdsladicccood 18, 520 16, 330 542 336 1,308 4
ns 60 WERONGNON.. .. ......ciiniabennabebiisibewtcndiilindvaccasd | 264, 245 210, 585 3, 551 3, 835 46, 216 58
Employment of old-age bensdiciary on whose wages benefit is based _ _ . . ...... 8 eae €B, GIS Focccecpewncccsincuepes
Self-employment of old-age beneficiary on whose earnings benefit is based _ _ wal 4, TOPE Bice chill 6 STS eS Res
F to have care of an entitled child. .....................-.--......--.--- | * | See | Serene L FP InewscctttGiiake
RC ONEDOE.,. «. cidcdncsoccccdadbiqtiiamdancsdeatgheapaditndlionsents | 1,100 129 130 99 6
St ae st ao pabhdahenccathdliialtheasdadidadaiecssed | 12; 921 8, 457 1, 622 737 2, 045 60
1 Data for child’s benefits withheld are not available. are re simultaneously, the case is classified under the first reason. In all

1 As provided under section 203 of the amended act except for the reason ‘‘payee | other instances in which 2 or more reasons apply, the first reported reason is the
not determined,”’ in which case benefit pa yy are accrued pending determina- one recorded.

tion of guardian or appropriate payee.

hen 2 or more reasons for withholding

SOCIAL WELFARE TODAY
(Continued from page 23)
quickly enough in the face of the
great difficulties confronting the world
to prevent countless years of needless
human misery. Fortunately in this
country our problem of fully realizing
the promise of democracy—equal op-

Bulletin, April 1952

portunity and the good life for every-
one—is not dependent upon the acqui-
sition of greater natural resources or
the achievement of a higher level of
technology. It is dependent solely on
our ability as fellow-Americans to co-
operate with each other in making
certain that every American citizen

really does have an opportunity to
lead a personally satisfying and so-
cially useful life. In other words, our
problem is not one of finding the eco-
nomic resources to carry out our social
aims, but of finding ways and means
of developing the necessary social or-
ganization.

Table 7.—Employment security: Selected data on
benefits,

by Stare,

[meee

anuary 1952

[Corrected to February 25, 1952]

ts and u

nemployment insurance claims ang

Weeks of unemploy- Compensated unemployment
Initial claims ' ment covered by con- A
tien tinued Cotes All types of unemployment? | Total unemployment rely
Region and State place- unemploy.
ments Average ment un-
Weeks Benefits weekly Weeks Average | der State
Total Women Total Women compen- paid 3 number of | compen- weekly | programs
sated benefici- sated Payment
472,999 | 1,354,017 491,149 | 6,529,635 | 2,626,978 | 5,451,794 |$116, 469,833) 1,185,173 | 4,933, 861 $22.28 | 41,384,144
9, 086 18, 623 9, 420 73, 987 40, 195 55,011 | 1,103, 066 11, 959 51, 167 20.77 16,199
2, 064 7, 008 2,815 47,831 24, 366 41,710 611, 060 9, 067 36, 442 15, 29 10, 238
23, 088 58, 235 23, 636 306, 029 128, 712 091 | 6,030, 788 7, 628 238, 595 24. 07 65, 338
1, 708 4, 507 1, 921 34, 825 19, 991 32, 815 619, 709 7, 134 27,909 20. 48 7,613
2,619 18, 317 9, 638 96, 956 1,277 | 1,954,198 19, 843 86, 769 21. 85 21, 039
566 1,777 516 14, 188 5, 541 11, 750 237, 2, 554 10, 561 21. 09 2,970
10, 453 61, 070 25,370 300, 425 154, 932 245,810 | 5,505, 351 53, 437 218, 723 23. 54 63, 118
= 270, 100 133,200 | 1,168,945 576, 1, 063, 019 | 23,342,175 231, 091 962, 342 23. 05 232, 615
i iissncnasch-b-cnandanecosbeaspiahininhiiansea0eEiebaccatecddadetsbesn<tenagasec sens teroubtehsecleanedeieiod nan
AEDS on ccccwes-ss 1,081 1,812 508 8, 131 2, 505 7, 304 136, 745 1, 588 6, 499 19. 66 1,
PONE... 17,318 118, 068 46, 040 442 234, 876 482,652 | 10, 767, 036 104, 924 433, 451 23.11 120, 1233
a, 4,749 3, 580 774 11, 659 3, 569 8, 439 153, 221 1, 835 8, 299 18. 21 2,659
EG. on nndaiedu 4, 864 14, 226 4, 935 789 25, 298 62,988 | 1, 229, 665 13, 693 53, 973 20. 76 13, 496
N 10, 660 37, 961 20, 110 145, 909 86, 655 148,255 | 2,316, 024 32, 229 135, 727 16.19 30, 171
6, 803 13, 347 6, 633 49, 737 25, 575 43, 886 727, 446 9, 540 40, 720 17.07 10, 583
West Vi 1,745 15, 462 3, 512 , 062 20, 816 62,198 | 1,112,890 13, 521 51, 859 18. 98 16, 37
: ttcbtioniesnes 10, 785 14, 990 3, 859 72, 586 22,199 53, 766 879, 911 11, 688 50, 124 16. 83 15, 622
ee 17, 695 13, 727 5, 675 51, 786 22, 911 31, 420 521, 735 6, 830 29, 550 16. 91 10, 940
al ag wseeccece 8, 694 15, 179 7, 422 75, 440 45, 221 60, 767 . 13, 210 55, 277 16. 63 17, 889
M ESS 7, 369 11, 347 2, 601 53, 119 13, 109 41, 573 642, 520 9, 038 38, 406 15, 86 12, 021
South Carolina. -....._. 7, 226 14, 163 6, 811 54, 934 44, 189 780, 660 9, 606 40, 369 18. 41 12, 863
a pwabeestiawace 9, 638 22, 732 8, 687 166, 744 72, 659 111, 864 1, 870, 246 24, 318 105, 499 16. 98 34, 973
pehandidciieeaininieen 2, 227 15, 888 4, 541 87, 982 27, 480 68, 143 1, 175, 248 14, 814 | 63,772 17.61 18, 813
Michigan. ............ 9, 967 91, 303 17, 333 427, 250 110, 172 345,936 | 9,116, 836 75, 203 319, 800 27.37 89, 296
——en penusmaeccucee 23, 146 46, 319 17, 401 235, 301 102, 116 193,837 | 4,313,771 42,138 176, 453 23.14 49, 693
AS 17,119 60, 684 21, 488 y 135, 919 284,770 | 5,954, 440 61, 907 227, 339 23.19 73,
EE Rye ia 8, 546 26, 765 , 699 119, 319 44, 327 100,723 | 2,225,451 1, 896 87, 349 23. 56 25, 617
i Litaisinnwarem 8, 586 16, 771 5,412 < 81, 410 , 924, 17, 698 69, 162 24. 54 20, 877
innesota...........- 7, 683 21, 767 5, 896 105, 592 33, 416 79,329 | 1,458,732 17, 245 72, 968 18. 87 24, 027
a SS 1, 752 5, 836 1, 102 , 636 4,713 17, 385 324, 301 3,779 17, 385 18. 65 6, 068
North Dakota......._. 1,311 2, 437 | 322 13, 449 1, 286 12, 298 291, 422 2, 673 11, 444 24.17 3,12
eee Fittudilnne 1, 073 1, 887 315 7,814 1, 436 5, 239 102, 271 1,139 4, 820 20. 04 1,764
SS 5,178 9, 152 2, 512 38, 525 12, 280 22, 125 436, 903 4,810 19, 001 20. 99 8, 440
PR iwitenededictinone 7, 033 6, 582 | 1, 238 29, 481 7, 098 24, 321 522, 408 5, 287 21, 399 22. 55 6,271
oe, aa 13, 592 26, 353 | 8, 738 129, 405 55, 082 94, 017 1, 687 037 , 438 76, 825 19. 43 28, 165
Nebraska. ............ 4, 804 6, 445 | 1, 287 , 5,300 15, 876 328, 109 3,451 15, 083 21. 24 4, 688
Region X:
iil 8, 635 15, 823 3, 640 67, 087 15, 132 43, 044 729, 393 9, 357 39,317 17. 48 15, 133
Louisiana. --.........- 7,628 , 730 3, 995 91, 100 18, 897 69,182 | 1,437, 248 15, 040 4 21. 46 19, 401
Oklahoma.-......._.. 9, 632 11, 109 2, 604 , 725 14, 532 . 634, 101 7,435 32, 152 18. 97 10, 675
a. sili sieceannchibantess 44,329 14, 071 | 3, 866 62, 978 22, 701 42, 492 698, 492 9, 237 5 16. 82 13, 43
hl ae 4,128 3,422 | 587 11, 384 2, 550 6, 138 127, 292 1, 334 5, 884 21.02 2,613
New Mexico. ......... 3, 951 2,697 | 421 12, 053 1,473 8, 976 184, 030 1,951 8,713 20. 70 2, 481
Sa RENTER 2, 759 4, 529 | 1, 168 23, 301 6, 731 18, 360 454, 598 3, 991 , 295 25. 24 5, 683
wyemeg ee an, 672 1, 789 | 300 5, 508 1, 043 5,111 126, 752 1,111 4,677 25. 41 1,370
3 |
Oia aioe. ¢ 4,170 4,297 | 1,014 14, 03% 4, 269 6, 531 134, 1, 420 6, 242 20. 83 3, 04
California............- , 851 127, 473 | : 648, 230 270, 016 . 12, 332, 397 120, 344 514, 053 22. 95 142, 018
EES TIE 1, 036 , 056 | 817 15, 507 9, 477 12, 473 223, 648 2,712 9,419 20. 13 ®
Nevada... ............ 1, 445 2,371 | 656 8, 348 2,613 7,475 181, 666 1, 625 A 24. 89 2,
Region XIII
pS Ea eae 529 2,383 | 318 10, 769 1, 281 15, 038 460, 718 3, 269 14, 672 30. 81 ®
item centinns 1,915 5, 735 | 946 34, 681 4, 627 23, 948 551, 5, 206 23, 252 23. 21 7,
ribs edbiihdedcs 4, 041 27, 498 | 4,115 149, 529 29, 897 122,068 | 2,705, 949 26, 537 116, 518 22. 62 33, 156
Washington. .... oie 4, 653 33, 614 5, 076 , 39, 742 171,978 | 4,102, 291 37, 387 165, 496 24. 07 46, 348
1 Excludes transitional claims. 4 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.

otal, part-total,
bined-wage plan.

and partial.
§ Not ——_ for voided benefit checks and transfers under interstate com-

State agencies.

5 Data not available.
Source: Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, and affiliated

Social

Security

UA~CSe SS er ets

Ja

|. ~d

‘ Table 8.—Public assistance in the United States, by month, January 1951-January 19524
[Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only such payments]
Aid to dependent Aid to Ald Aid
children the to to the
Year and Old Aid to tly General - ent to |nently} eral
car age nen
month Total | assistance Recipients the blind} and” | assistance | Ttsl | asst. | chil- | the and assist-
totally ance | dren | blind ance
Families dis-
3 Total? | Children abled * i atiei®
! Number of recipients Percentage change from previous month
1951
RD ES ae es 2, 784,236 | 653, 012 | 2, 230,628 | 1,666, 144 96, 065 70, 770 425, 000 }........ —0.1} +03) —1.4] +29] +3.0
4 Rc cndinsecsccneobas 2,777,783 | 651,959 | 2,237,055 | 1,664, 241 96, 066 74, 567 421, 000 }...-.... -—.2| —.2) @ +5.4] 10
~ RS oc SAGcimca ceed 2,771,678 | 651,372 | 2,235, 298 | 1, 663, 082 95, 905 80, 002 412, 000 }........ -.2| —.1 —.2 7.3) —21
April RT Re Eo 2, 760,733 | 645,855 | 2,217,521 | 1,651, 655 96, 975 87, 845 st Beesiane —.4 —.8) +11 8} -68
4 ie a Ree te 2, 754,963 | 640,679 | 2,197,806 | 1,637, 341 96, 990 97,079 355, 000 |........ -—.2| —.8 Q +10.5| —7.6
38 Racin icitnciad 2,745,344 | 682,691 | 2,170,308 | 1,617, 006 97,024} 104,230 335, 000 }........ —.3| —1.2 0 Bay —5.6
38 Ra IE 5: 2, 737,701 | 618,400 | 2,122, 586 | 1, 581, 434 97,256 | 108,907 | 324,000 |_--._.- —.3| —23 t? 5| —3.3
13 EE Rea 1 OS. 2,732,021 | 612,128 | 2,103,208 | 1, 567, 218 97,349 | 111,329 th aoa —.2| —L0 1 2.2) 1.4
39 2,722,933 | 606,078 | 2,084,104 | 1,553, 249 97,158 | 113,049 Sis BOB La canal -—.3} -10} —.2 1.5} —26
0 October 2,711,620 | 507,249 | 2,055,463 | 1, 532, 255 97,185 | 114,923 311, 000 }.......- —.4] —1.5 » 17] ®
2,705,125 | 591,992 | 2,039, 163 | 1, 520,326 97, 221 118, 284 316, 000 |........ -.2)| —.9 “ 42.9) +1.6
4 2,701,077 | 591,838 | 2,041,463 | 1, 522, 925 97,179 | 124,421 23, 000 |........ -.1| ® ) +52) +22
: 2,623,963 | 593,618 | 2,047,204 | 1,527, 802 97,215 | 128, 495 339, 000 |........ - +3} © +3.3} +5.0
3 a
9 Amount of assistance TF ercentage change from previous month
06
: 1951
a7 January... -.- $194, 970, 033 |$120, 100, 414 $47, 328, 904 $4, 438, 784 |$3, 170, 931 |$19,931,000| +0.9| +0.1] +1.7] —0.9 5) +3.5
n February... 194, 433, 144 | 119, 132, 204 47, 858, 360 4, 454, 305 | 3,383,275 | 19,605,000} —.3 —.8}) +11] +.3 7) -16
2 March. ...... 194, 537,333 | 118, 948, 685 48, 088, 503 4, 448, 593 | 3,506,552 | 19,455,000} +.1 —.2) +.5 —.1 3 —.8
” April | Reece 191, 950, 326 | 118, 271, 187 47, 522, 017 4, 495, 494 | 3,946,628 | 17,715,000} —1.3| -—.6] —12] +11 7] -89
a y...-.....| 191, 042, 838 | 118, 930, 667 47, 023, 317 4, 523, 461 | 4,399,303 | 16,166,000} —.5| +.6] —L.0] +.6) 411.5] -—8.7
3 June... . .| 189, 320, 531 | 118, 666, 891 46, 335, 131 4, 587,435 | 4,677,074 | 15,054,000} -—.9| —.2] —L4] +3] 463] -—6.9
"3 SRS 188, 144, 403 | 119, £95, 221 45, 003, 226 4, 536, 062 | 4,847,904 | 14,452,000} —.6] +.5] -—3.01 © +3.7| —4.0
August....... 188, 194, 866 | 119, 308, 258 44, 745, 236 4, 558, 003 | 4,950,229 | 14,633,000} (4) 0) —.6) +5] +21] +13
3 September... 188, 364,274 | 119, 841, 541 44, 819, 189 4, 567, 563 | 5,150,981 | 13,985,000} +.1 +4) +2] +2) 441] —44
% October. . . 189, 755, 153 | 120, 746, 862 44, 675, 023 4, 640, 500 | 5,274,768 | 14,418,000} +.7/ +.8]/ —.3] 41.6] 424] +431
3 November. 189, 739, 721 | 120, 440, 700 44, 575, 407 4, 663, 332 | 5,431,282 | 14,629,000} (® —.3] —.2] +.5] 43.0] 41.5
December 190, 814, 719 | 120, 296, 458 44, 863, 214 4, 671, 693 | 5,779,354 | 15,204,000} +.6) —.1] +.6] +.2] +64] 43.9
1
7 1952
January.....- 192, 059, 956 | 120, 071, 084 45, 118, 579 4, 808, 449 | 5,934,844 | 16,127,000} +.7 —.2}) +.6] 42.9] 427] 461

| BSS 8 SE SB25 SSSR 22-5 SRSEN A

i RIL 1 A TOT

! For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1951, p. 21. All data subject

to revision

1 Includes as recipients the children and 1 parent or other adult relative in fam-
flies in which the requirements of at least 1 such adult were considered in de-

termining the amount of assistance.

3 Program initiated in October 1950 under Public Law 734.
‘ Increase of less than 0.05 percent.
5 Decrease of less than 0.05 percent.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS
(Continued from page 21)

and Scholarships Offered During
the Year, 1952-1953. New York:

The Association, Sept. 1951. 20 pp.
Free.
Gorpon, Witt1iam E. “The Profes-

sional Base of Social Work Research
—Some Essential Elements.” So-
cial Work Journal, New York, Vol.
33, Jan. 1952, pp. 17-22. $2 a year.

Harrison, EtHe. G. “Meeting the
Medical Needs of Public Assistance
Recipients in Indiana.” Public
Welfare in Indiana, Indianapolis,
Vol. 61, Dec. 1951, pp. 3-7.

Hotmes, Nina G. “Case Analysis in
Aid for the Aged: A Basis for Super-
vision and Staff Development.”
Social Service Review, Chicago, Vol.
25, Dec. 1951, pp. 477-496. $1.75.

Bulletin, April 1952

SmiTH, LucitLtE M. “Tax-Supported
General Medical Care for the
Needy.” American Journal of Pub-
lic Health and the Nation’s Health,
New York, Vol. 42, Jan. 1952, pp.
56-62. $1.

WHITE, R. Crype. “The Needy Are
the Scapegoats.” The Survey, New
York, Vol. 88, Jan. 1952, pp. 21-22.
50 cents.

“The story of the events in Indiana
which led up to Congress’s recent re-
peal of the federal requirements for
keeping assistance lists confidential.”

Maternal and Child Welfare

DAVIDOFF, EUGENE, and NOETZEL, ELI-
nor 8. The Child Guidance Ap-
proach to Juvenile Delinquency.
New York: Child Care Publica-
tions, 1951. 173 pp. $4.50.

A study based on experimental work

during the years 1932-42. Recom-

mends ways of dealing with juvenile

delinquency and outlines a program
for helping and guiding delinquent
youngsters.

ILLINOIS. COMMISSION FOR HANDI-
CAPPED CHILDREN. Blind and Par-
tially Seeing Children in Illinois:
Some Facts Concerning Them and a
Suggested Program for Their Care.
(2d ed.) Chicago: The Commis-
sion, 1951. 61 pp.

MacarRDLE, Dorotuy. Children of
Europe: A Study of the Children of
Liberated Countries—Their War-
time Experiences, Their Reactions,
and Their Needs, with a Note on
Germany. Boston: The Beacon
Press, 1951. $4.25.

MICHIGAN. JOINT LEGISLATIVE Com-
MITTEE TO Stupy FOSTER CARE.
Foster Care of Children in Michigan.

27

Table 9.—Amount of vendor payments for medical Table 10.—Average payments including vendor payments
care ts of public assistance, by program for medical care and average amount of vendor
and fe ber 1951 ments per assistance case, by program and

November 1951 '
Aid to the
Old-age Ald to Aid perma- Genera)
; Aid to
Btate —_ = Fema in she nently and | assist. Old-age dependent Aid to pene,
pan ones assistance children the blind | and totally
(per family) disabled

Ales ne en nenennn nn iounanasansen f g-4 State 2 Ven- Ven- Ven- Vv

Conn 222222) “site sd | Ra STS | o” dor dor dor dor

Del... "420 ; (8) An | Pay) an | Pay) an | Pay: | an | Pay-

D. attach ccnsdkccanenlcnancoceeaecleocwneeeniae 116 assist- — assist- — assist = assist. =—
none ecencene 430, 244 42, 457 13, 105 $23, 972 379, 445 ance ance ance ance

sa tea 243,049 | 45, 957 7 | 127,117 — —_ — —

Ml hah ns deladindusnbachlacccousess-s ‘ 142, 440

Kans......... 114, 381 23, 408 5907} 4,201 roe wit baa wee om

ikcedaipes ce 47 2, 030 67 877 659

Maine. nnnnc|onnn issn |onnnnage gg [nnn 0 6a Mae anno bee Reel a" 9 beth to NRK Bk

= age erage , , 995 |...-........ 5, 887 eo MM... - 22-222...) 60.20 | 3.70 | 112.70 | 1.88 | 56.26 | 3.16 1858.55 | Silo?

im 1 T 670.462 | a. es Se oo n * | ORS 40.10 | 5.23) 70.51 | 5.14 | 42.44) 4.34] @ (i)

eee , » 336 |...--.---.-- ‘ae | xeme------.-.- 52.61 | 3,02 | 86.68 | 5.27 | 56.42| 6.90| 54.07| 6.97

ae i 133,71 sutpocoes e700; TT ro) sosee ’ Diienakseckum 46. 61 (4) 60. 18 08 | 44.72 4 | 39.29 06

ate we heen . , ys ams Mass.......... 65.59 | 1.40] 117.70] 1.46 |.......|....... 61.85 | 10.31

=: seausl 17,085 | vi (s) Ae isc ectbune 56.938 | 12.17 | 103.05 | 5.35 |.......}......- 3)

ao oe — sie 20h Bebimadt Se 78, 816 Se Bless 52.43 | 6.387 | 91.98 | 2.96 | 64.43 | 1.04 ‘3 %

a i, 121,573| 339,178 | 44,070. | "331,736 | BOT... ---creee oad Uiiieall tannsnees Wennees anenet wer o |) ©

N. “he eee pas s,a70 Saacaten sai 1,00 eat N. H. wane a 51.85 | 8.00 114. 08 it. $6.13) 7.00) ® | @

th °~ RS 1 18 dtd ttt tetetead tahetetatededed tketeded dade . QE fewer eee eee renal eee eee neeewee
Dek ? . , , _< eee 63.11 | 9.40 | 118.21 | 6.40 | 71.32 | 10.33 | 70.56 | ii.

Ohio.......... 157, 910 8,173 4,799 |..-..------- meas of omnes 23.58} .15| 46.74| .81|...-... Raativet 27.42 | @

a ws eeenwena|ewnwnnnannen|owereseneen|----------2- |naoneeeeeees rhe N. Dak --| 52.24 | 2.52 | 86.83 | .33 | 57.42| 1.18 | 57.97| 17%

a peeteeliiietd eendaeiinaand eeieieeeeeeneee |n-----2--2-- ro le -3::....<- 50.43 | 1.33 | 68.30) .69| 49.68) 7.97 |..0 00}

oN ene maaan 1h age a Ds espana. epee cogs ro se See 53.12 .08 | 104. 51 -11 | 57.96 -02 | 53.65 0

5 pag a 94 | | i 4 _ AS ee 11.24] .13 | 16.383) .11 |....... Lecasaail ® | ®

ee ee ee ee ee ern, na 3,132 WE. .cccescotin 54.07 | 6.05 | 119.40 | 8.10 | 50.31 | 5.62 | 73.49) 9.8

WR). 318,900 | ~~ 67, 473°| 7, 638 | a7 89, 667

i 1 For November data excluding vendor payments for medical care, see the

For es eed oe excluding vendor payments for medical care, see the conte, Senmur bainaae pak. cage gg ha br guna ip
ny basiaes Sic that iter made no vendor payments oe medical career | Grats Rexia! us of gal aanss fan o pay wea be ep
. For special of public gures presen

assistance, figures in italics represent payments made without Federal partici- ah Be s withers Fedarel partiiontinn zt, ekue, ’

New: on Utah, ¢ pad the Virgin Islanas includes hee ts en Penall ber oF did not report such payments. SR IE

‘ lu en 4

oft recipients dismal wesdsbiaimae. , No program for ald to the permanently and totally disabled.

s Dee ten <x ss to the permanently and totally disabled. $ Average payment computed on base excluding payments for services pro-
, vided before the pooled fund was established.
¢ Average payments not computed on base of less than 50 recipients.

Lansing: The Committee,

256 pp.

A survey of foster care in Michigan,
prepared for the Committee by the
State Department of Social Welfare.
The Department’s report consists of
seven studies dealing with various as-
pects of the subject.

Our Children Today: A Guide to Their
Needs from Infancy Through Ado-
lescence. Sidonie Matsner Gruen-
berg and the staff of the Child Study
Association of America, editors.
New York: The Viking Press, 1952.
366 pp. $3.95.

A symposium by 26 authorities. In-
cludes Changing Patterns of Family
Living, by Sidonie Matsner Gruen-
berg; A Look at Children in the
U. S. A., by Leona Baumgartner; The
Child as a Growing Organism, by
Arnold Gesell; Character Building in
Children, by Alan Gregg; and When
Children Need Special Help with Emo-
tional Problems, by Aline B. Auerbach.

STEBER, Franz. “A Glance at Some

1951.

Child Welfare Problems in Present-
Day Germany.” International Child
Welfare Review, Geneva, Vol. 5, No.
5, 1951, pp. 179-183. $2.50 a year.

Health and Medical Care

FEDERAL SECURITY AGENCY. PUBLIC
HEALTH SERVICE. Environment and
Health. (Public Health Service Pub-
lication No. 84.) Washington: U.S.
Govt. Print. Off.,1951. 152pp. 175
cents.

Problems of environmental health
and the Public Health Service pro-
grams that aid the States and com-
munities in their efforts to solve them.

HAu., HELEN. “When Sickness Strikes
a Family.” The Survey, New York,
Vol. 88, Jan. 1952, pp. 26-33. 50
cents.

A discussion of how far voluntary
health plans protect low-income
families, based on firsthand testimony
from 553 families. Includes eight case
histories.

Hunt, G. HALsey, and GOLDSTEIN,

Marcus S. Medical Group Practice
in the United States: A Summary
of Recent Published Material and
Supplementary Unpublished Data
on Fees and Volume of Work.
(Public Health Service Publication
No.77.) Washington: U.S. Govt.
Print. Off., 1951. 70 pp. 25 cents.
MERRILL, A. P. “The Nation’s No. 1
Health Problem: Chronic Disease.”
Modern Hospital, Chicago, Vol. 78,
Jan. 1952, pp. 51-54 f. 35 cents.
Onto. STATE DISABILITY UNEMPLOY-
MENT COMMISSION. Report... to
Ninety-Ninth General Assembly,
State of Ohio. Columbus: The
Commission, i951. 81 pp.
Summarizes the principal features
of the four State disability programs
and recommends a State-supervised
disability benefit program for persons
in Ohio who are temporarily unem-
ployed because of disability or sick-
ness. Includes a bibliography.
RESEARCH COUNCIL FOR Economic SE-
(Continued on page 30)

Social Security

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Bulletin, April 1952

ity

Table 13.—Aid to dependent children: Recipients and payments to recipients, by State, January 19521
[Exclusive of vendor payments for medical care and cases receiving only such payments]

j ee
| Number of recipients Payments to recipients Percentage change from—
Number Average per— December 1951 January 1951
on mi ahi : x2 -
families ‘0 annals
Total ? Children
amount Number Number
Family Recipient of Amount or Amount
families families
Fe tiisititiincmiinteinvceuscwe 593,618 | 2,047,294 1,527,802 |$45, 118, 579 $76. 01 $22. 04 +0.3 +0.6 —9.1 - —_4,7
Total, 52 States *................. 503,591 | 2,047,198 | 1,527,733 | 45,117, 481 76. 01 22. 04 +.3 +.6 —9.1 —4.7
itil recccnscnccececdann 18, 185 64, 884 50, 619 635, 006 34. 92 9.79 +.4 +.6 —3.4 1.2
2 SEES RSS Le 71 2, 250 1,639 51, 606 72.38 22. 84 +1.4 +1.9 +9.0 sine
ee ce 3, 554 13, 201 9, 849 258, 946 72. 86 19. 62 —1.6 —1.4 —16.5 —32.9
Arkansas - -. enue 13, 345 487 37, 058 500, 158 37.48 10. 32 —.4 +2.3 —28.2 —35.5
SP 55, 254 171, 982 129,092 | 6, 369, 888 115. 28 37.04 +.4 +.6 —2.0 44.9
Colorado - .- " 5, 201 ' 14, 424 512, 560 98. 55 26. 85 —.5 —.5 —5.9 +11
Oonnecticut.................-......- 5, 041 16, 463 11,919 543, 555 107. 83 33. 02 —1.1 —1.1 —9.4 —9.3
CS EE a ee 697 2, 700 2, 067 56, 588 81.19 20. 96 +.4 +.9 + .6 +14.6
District of Columbia................. 2,049 356 6, 486 200, 574 97.89 24. 00 —.3 +.2 —5.3 +2.0
CE MdcdpctnSoweedenwcseneces 18, 698 60, 117 44, 666 844, 769 45.18 14, 05 —4.2 —4.1 —35.0 —41.2
I stictchonckvuccceduccocssds 20, 975 69, 645 53,476 | 1,045, 580 49. 85 15. 01 +1.1 +1.1 +18.9 +27.8
ERE 3, 255 12, 087 9,372 271, 938 83. 54 22. 59 +1.1 +1.1 —13.6 | —18.8
Rib A SG dl dediinecdeduiconssiis 2, 182 7, 571 5, 586 244, 415 112. 01 32. 28 +.5 +1.0 —13.6 6.9
SE SS ae 22, 789 81, 201 60,180 | 2,540,917 111. 50 31. 29 +.6 +.5 —3.6 +1L7
I i deck, oecnimndunwnkncsohi 8, 620 28, 746 21, 237 575, 448 66. 76 20. 02 —1.1 7 —22.3 21.0
SS catil ibciadth dieginbinnadndhoonn sip 5, 206 18, 292 13, 620 4519, 221 99.74 28.39 +1.2 +1.8 +.6 +25.7
nih ebidchbdiepbecccdikvercocaks 4, 330 15, 334 11, 608 399, 105 92.17 26. 03 —1.1 +10.6 —16.8 —5.5
NN hs cide ipthwicadscasbocsabn 20, 856 73, 748 54, 325 873, 747 41.89 11.85 —1.8 -1.7 —12.9 -.38
21, 833 79, 433 59,021 | 1,304, 59. 77 16. 43 —.9 —.5 —19.5 -3.1
4, 447 15, 422 11,178 325, 801 73. 26 21.13 +.9 +1.1 +1.0 —-.3
5, 081 19, 647 14, 999 432, 100 85. 04 21.99 +.3 +1.6 —20.5 —1L.9
13, 122 43, 197 31, 801 1, 526, 737 116. 35 35.34 +.8 -.7 —2.2 +3.4
24, 697 79, 842 56,858 | 2,370, 436 95. 98 29. 69 +.1 +.9 —3.8 +4.8
7, 804 26, 455 20, 132 774, 763 99. 28 29. 29 +.7 +1.2 —-.9 +8.7
10, 182 38, 490 29, 602 268, 26. 36 6. 97 —.2 +32. 3 —6.7 +33.8
22, 592 76, 590 56,330 | 1,177,858 52.14 15. 38 —.6 —.6 —9.6 —9.3
2, 384 8, 297 6, 134 205, 331 86.13 24.75 +.7 +.9 —1.4 +L4
2, 863 9, 582 7,042 256, 247 89. 50 26.74 —1.9 —2.0 —18.9 —11.2
27 96 69 1,098 *) (®) (®) (0) 5) (*)
1,471 5, 067 3, 703 154, 825 105. 25 30. 56 —1.4 -.3 —11.2 —11.0
5, 124 17,122 12, 957 513, 260 100. 17 29. 98 +1.5 +1.0 —3.4 +4.7
5, 306 18, 270 13, 999 , 443 51.35 14.91 —-.8 —1L.1 —2.5 —15.7
53, 299 179, 906 128,189 | 6,042,800 113. 38 33. 59 +1.1 +.8 —4.5 +1.2
16, 869 60, 469 46, 842 785, 437 46. 56 12. 99 +1.0 +1.2 +4.8 +10.5
1,650 5, 845 4,424 153, 167 92. 83 26. 20 +1.1 +2.9 —8.9 —17.9
13, 623 50, 140 37, 737 976, 616 71. 69 19. 48 —.3 +4.8 —7.1 —14.0
20, 462 | 68, 357 51,559 | 1,441, 467 70. 45 21.09 @® —1L.1 —4.8 5.2
3,372 11,3% 8, 51, 030 104. 10 31. 05 +.7 —.4 —13.9 —11.9
33, 683 | 122, 335 91,178 | 2,921,412 23. 88 —.6 —2.2 —26.0 —27.6
16, 615 50, 229 37,512 152, 998 9.21 3. 05 +14.7 +11.5 +45. 1 +78.6
3, 356 11,314 8, 169 321, 445 95. 78 28. 41 +1.7 +2.0 —5.1 +3.0
6, 469 | 172 18, 763 310, 510 48.00 12. 85 —.3 +25. 2 —4.4 +33.3
2, 592 8, 439 6, 319 178, 68. 97 21.18 +.5 +.5 +2.4 +5.8
20, 760 | 74, 571 55, 870 996, 810 48. 02 13. 37 -Ll —1.0 —14.9 —14.4
16, 226 | 62, 851 ‘ 796, 549 49. 09 12. 67 | —.7 —-.5 —15.9 —4.7
2, 982 | 10, 324 7, 641 320, 623 107. 52 | 31. 06 | —.1 -.4 —9.9 +5.8
1,006 | 3,498 2, 701 53, 706 53. 39 | 15.35 —.2 -.§ —3.4 -3.1
230 | 715 630 (3 yo Awe itv BS 98 | ene Bees BUR aaeeien brace
7, 738 28, 816 21, 901 399, 229 51. 59 | 13. 85 —1.0 —.9 —8.3 —4.7
9, 061 30, 167 21, 911 941, 275 108. 88 | 31. 20 +L1 1.8 —20.3 -8.1
16, 830 | 62, 051 47,815 949, 979 56. 45 15.31 +.4 (*) —8.2 | —6.2
8,360} 28,176 20, 725 937,317 112. 12 33. 27 +.1 +.5 | —6.2 | +6.0
552 | 1,993} ° 1,499 55, 402 100. 37 27.80 +1.1 +3.3 | —10.5 | -11.3
t
1 For definition of terms see the Bulletin, January 1951,p.21. F in italics 5’ Average payment not computed on base of less than 50 families; percentage
represent program administered without Federal participation. Alldatasubject change, on less than 100 families.
to revision. 6 In addition to these paeeae from aid to dependent children funds, supple-
? Includes as oy epee the children and 1 parent or other adult relative in mental payments of $91,309 from general assistance funds were made to 2,873
families in which the requirements of at least | such adult were considered in families.
de the amount of assistance. 7 Not computed; comparable data not available.
3 States with plans approved by the Social Security Administration. 8 Estimated.
‘ Excludes cost of cal care, for which payments are made to recipients ® Decrease of less than 0.05 percent.
quarterly.
(Continued from page 28) Tables show provisions of 54 plans Report to the Subcommittee on
curity. Employee Benefit Plans _ in about 17 industries. Medical Care, Committee on Admin-
Providing Hospital, Surgical, Medi- istrative Practice, American Public

cal Care. (Publication No. 88.) TrErris, MILTon, and KRAMER, NATHAN Health Association. New York:
Chicago: The Council, 1951. no A. General Medical Care Programs American Public Health Associa-
paging. $1. in Local Health Departments. A tion, 1951. 129 pp. 50 cents.

30 Social Security

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iF s| ug | 8/#*8Es8z098 Sueeatages sasRacesae geezgnesee saeaszeRREess RHE i i
Ay | EM in MS lec ME at cinco alec |S LLL
ies "SE - FR UES ELITE TY FEE CEE RE MSE EE ESE TER EAVEREE | [Sop@ Se ounes aSse g
2 g Sgiiititl tL LEAS ASE attri t Bate espe Reece geal es
i) 3 & i iid io } iz edie sede eset iSpcAs deo ind ‘3 id i. £Ess aa <aie goon ss
& i 4488338258 ibiee LECLERC E ebeieieer | fiers C15 a or pei oat be at
38 eg | Gl igigdsrsis Sopesassts Gf siaazer) istses | $3
3 EF 3 FES + S+Fte hts tot PTtt+ iT Ett 3
3 = < Fake
£ 3 e | GanenQaaaa ~nearennae 4 coves = jonnen | 5
3. if ; $/TEEETSTH IS SIFETSESTS FottSSTT. I TETE | By
SE z ae
st 5, Or eeene roe sanseanore. Soeaguaces isnasa | 23
z | 2. | £ | g|Seedsdecds seasecdens dase-disss iacaes | BEE
2 H) ai : HEE
2 s| 62 | 3q| 3|aReeeenued Sceaceues guaseeszas aasaus | 23°:
: i eg| §|fe-eesagg? gesydsdesd dediatg“s~ sgdde | 8222-
a a R3225
ae] 9 | slagsaaeseag saegagesas csesasesz2 Sanege | 22243
s¢ gs Q_ ws aa dds si sHdeageé Wises sf A eis a 22582
2 8 Zz 8 % 25<
e FE y eet sees te r : PEPE
£e- = mete cae : HEE
3 eet Freee : = 2E88
Bie £ ace aes : segs®
se 5 PoPlig iid g 22%
deed] 8 [fuga : z)ezey
28k 2 ha : sites
=" PEEL a agyes

31

Bulletin, April 1952

|
'
{

in-
slic
rk

ia-
ity

Table 16.—Public assistance: Expenditures for assistance to recipients, by program and by source of funds, fiscal year
ended June 30, 1951 *
[Including vendor payments for medical care]
Amount (in thousands) of expenditures from— Percentage distribution by program | Percentage distribution by source of funds
Federal State Local Federal State Local Federal 8
ede} le tate
Total funds funds funds Total | ‘funds | funds | funds | T°t@! | ‘fonds | funds me
_ Ego ERNEST $2, 409, 142 | $1, 122,204 | $1,025,326 | $261,612 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 46.6 42.6 10.9
Old-age sesuescc..| 1,473,617 794, 013 594, 960 83, 644 61.1 70.8 58.0 32.0 100. 0 53.9 40.4
Aid to dependent children..| 567, 685 288, 794 219, 805 59, 086 23.6 25.7 21.4 22.6 100.0 50.9 38.7 104
Aid to the blind. ._......_.- 54,372 24, 453 26, 080 3, 839 2.3 2.2 2.5 1.5 100.0 45.0 48.0 7.1
to the permanently and
totally disabled......... 32, 506 14, 944 13, 930 3, 633 1.3 1.3 1.4 e 4 100.0 46.0 42.9 11.2
General assistance... ......_ BRIE Lien dcensnean 170, 551 111, 410 ky 25 SR ead 16.6 2.6 BIE Lcneteasoes 60. 5 39.5
“TFor definition of terms see the Bulletin, Jan’ 1951, Poh, 21. Datainclude comparable with annual data based on monthly series or with amounts of Federal
Programs administered under State laws withou t Federal participation. Not grants to the States.
Table 17.—Public assistance: Expenditures for assistance to recipients, by source of funds and by State, fiscal year ended
June 30, 1 1
[Amounts in thousands]
» Total includin, |
g vendor payments for medica! care
pe Vendor payments
including for cal care
(ren sladier Federal funds State funds Local funds i
percent from Federal payments is
fun for
undead Percent i
care Amount of Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent ¢
I
$2, 409, 142 $100, 746 4.2 $1, 122, 204 46.6 $1, 025, 326 42.6 $261, 612 10.9 I
i
(1) EEN MERRY veaesieioer 13, 241 74.3 4, 464 25.1 104 6 (
29, 344 1 @) 21, 550 73.4 4, 199 14.3 3, 596 12.3
SED Bae, bb. cn dbbibie lecedenscian 20, 766 71.8 7,274 25.2 874 3.0 §
PE Bag. ic oacudcRicsbeha adil aasiagl 28, 190 69.6 10, 080 24.9 2, 254 5.6
733 176 .6 20, 652 69. 5 9, 080 YT | ees $
16, 296 107 7 11, 146 68. 4 4, 988 30.6 161 1.0
8S RITES Tes ky OS eke ising 26, 653 67.3 10, 069 25.4 2, 871 2.3
28,771 1, 157 4.0 19, 204 66.7 4, 460 15.5 5, 107 17.8 F
|S Se 8 66, 805 65.2 34, 497 33.7 1, 113 Ll
12, 266 44 7, 842 63.9 2,721 22.2 , 702 13.9 N
OS | RPO as, 32, 381 63.8 17, 426 34.4 909 1.8 t
, 059 1,155 14, 679 61.0 8, 247 34.3 1, 133 4.7 P
9, 255 231 5, 640 60.9 3, 549 38.3 66 7
8, 237 52 4, 914 59.7 2, 985 36.2 337 4.1 f
92, 517 5 54, 621 59.0 37, 896 | Sep
TEEN Bits dis conetetibtid 42, 582 58.2 30, 243 41.3 321 4 C
8 Sea ROBT east 2, 429 58.2 1, 251 30.0 493 11.8 ;
‘ 77 54, 087 57.8 39, 355 42.1 138 l
74°” | Oe 7, 562 53.1 6, 690 6.91:...:.. eee f
39, 245 5, 371 20, 021 51.0 9, 517 24.2 9, 707 24.7 ‘
5 | REE em nage oa 828 50.0 828 | | TD ORO
18, 601 1,771 9.5 9, 221 49.6 8, 133 43.7 1, 247 6.7 t
14, 921 1, 7.1 7,340 49.2 5, 580 37.4 2, 001 13.4 i
kf SL eh) NG ae ce 5, 290 48.9 5, 520 oN S aS ae
38, 216 1, 551 4.1 18, 677 48.9 15, 033 | 39.3 4, 506 11.8 ¢
9, 999 310 3.1 4, 864 48.6 4, 537 45.4 598 6.0
DMN Died oubo~ nk tedidie eondocacdssn 6, 952 48. 1 4, 734 32.7 2,778 19.2
4, 768 | 3 1 2, 289 48.0 2,479 Ces ee
1, 738 | ie 818 47.1 580 33.3 340 19.6 §
33, 183 | 2, 362 7.1 15, 615 47.1 9, 969 30.0 7, 599 22.9 ,
101, 730 | 7, 908 7.8 47,346 46.5 50, 559 49.7 3, 825 3.8
8, 600 | 482 5.6 3, 863 4.9 3, 126 | 36.3 1,611 18.7 :
12, 255 | 1, 288 10.5 5, 409 44.1 3, 985 | 32.5 2, 860 2.3 ‘
4, 386 | 339 7.7 1, 926 43.9 1, 396 | 31.8 1, 064 2.3
49, 225 | 7,110 14.4 21, 592 43.9 14, 029 | 28.5 13, 604 27.6 I
47,799 | 5, 985 12.4 20, 775 43.5 13, 755 28.8 13, 269 27.8
101, 274 | 6, 574 6.5 43,611 43.1 45, 078 44.5 12, 584 12.4 ‘
| RESO SEES “4 41.6 61 2h ree: Se :
120, 953 | 9, 081 7.5 49, 306 40.8 64, 009 52.9 7, 639 6.3
SY ERE SE OS SY eee 1, 017 40.6 1, 486 WUE Ccetisncotqaan anes Lo coeneal t
123, 054 | 5,301 4.3 49, 014 39.8 74, 040 2 | Rene 1
7, 922 1, 013 12.8 3, 122 39.4 2, 742 34.6 2, 058 26.0
323, 690 284 eS 125, 064 33.6 144, 245 44.6 54, 381 16.8 é
26, 346 | 1,814 6.9 9, 936 37.7 11, 662 44.3 4, 748 18.0 ,
26, 795 | 1,275 4.8 10, 069 37.6 9, 234 34.5 7, 492 _ BO
2, 573 | 664 25.8 953 37.0 417 16.2 1, 203 46.7 I
112, 739 | 3, 432 3.0 40, 852 36.2 43,110 38.2 28, 776 25.5
55, 469 | 1, 987 3.6 19, 948 36.0 , 55.8 4, 556 8.2 ¢
13, 445 492 3.7 4, 731 35.2 7, 494 55.7 1, 219 91 l
91,073 | 8, 403 9.2 30, 991 34.0 58,914 64.7 , 169 1.3
29, 058 | 4, 511 15.5 9, 819 33.8 16, 126 55.5 3,113 10.7
8, 016 | 699 8.7 2, 640 32.9 5,376 £9 Oi 5
236, 987 16, 711 7.1 73, 368 31.0 117, 132 49.4 46, 486 19.6
a
! For definition of terms see the Bulletin, ay | 1951, p. 21. Data include comparable with annual data based on monthly series or with amounts of Federal
programs administered under State laws without Federal participation. Not grants to — cae qi I
2 Less n percen

32

~~) = Om SIO OK SHwo: Gower |e !

Se
om nt

cet” el og, aah got ae ek, ol BR al
' &*eoocww@e oo w&

Ps: PEP Errrr. + 2s
Oo! eK wasIoowo: + &

|

LD-age and survivors insurance
monthly benefits totaling
$158.2 million were being paid

at the end of February to 4.5 million
persons. The number of beneficiaries
increased during the month by 1 per-
cent, a gain of about 42,500. This
number is less than half the gain
registered in February 1951, when the
initial effect of the 1950 amendments
on the number of beneficiaries was
still being reflected in the data on pro-
gram operations.

Ever since the enactment of the
amendments, some workers have
voluntarily postponed retirement so
that they may acquire 6 quarters of
coverage after 1950 and thus be eligible
for the larger benefit amounts based
on the new formula provided by the
amendments. The number of bene-
fits newly awarded is, of course, re-
duced by such postponements, and
this reduction affects, in turn, the net
increase in the number of persons re-
ceiving monthly benefits.

The monthly benefits newly
awarded in February totaled 77,000,
about 6,000 less than in January and
about three-fifths of the number
awarded a year earlier. A drop in the
number of awards to retired workers
and their wives was the chief cause for
this decline, although all types of
benefit awards decreased in some
measure. Lump-sum death benefits
awarded in February amounted to $5.3
million; these awards, which were
based on the wage records of 38,800
deceased workers, were only slightly
less than the number in January.

THE NUMBER OF RECIPIENTS of public
assistance varied only slightly in Feb-
Tuary from the January totals; the

Social Security in Review

month’s changes amounted to less
than 1 percent under all programs ex-
cept aid to the permanently and
totally disabled.

Old-age assistance rolls decreased in
February, as they have every month
since September 1950, when the lib-
eralizations in old-age and survivors
insurance became effective. The de-
clines were more general than in any
of the other months, occurring in all
but four States. The net decrease in
recipients for the Nation was about
9,000. The number of cases receiving
general assistance dropped avproxi-
mately 3,000 from the January total,
although the caseloads rose in at least
19 States. Slight increases in the
number of families getting aid to de-
pendent children in 32 States resulted
in a net rise of some 400 families in the
national total. As in most months,
the change in the number of persons
receiving aid to the blind was small—
a decrease of 70.

Growth in recently established
State programs for persons with a dis-
ability other than blindness con-
tributed to the increase of about 3,300
or 2.6 percent in the total number of
recipients in the 36 States with pro-
grams for the permanently and totally
disabled. In 15 of these States the
caseloads for this type of assistance
were larger than those for general
assistance; in 26 States, they were
larger than those for aid to the blind.

The total amount paid to recipients
for February was slightly larger than
the amount for January under each
program except general assistance.
The net increase of $270,000 in the
total for all types of assistance was 0.1
percent of the January payments.

Average payments were somewhat

higher than in January in a majority
of the States. Only five or six States,
however, raised their averages for any
of the special types of assistance by $1
or more, and only West Virginia and .
Utah made such increases in all types
of assistance, including general
assistance. Changes in the average
payments for general assistance were
more numerous and decreases more
frequent than in the categories. In
some States, lower caseloads are free-
ing some assistance funds and per-
mitting the assistance agencies to
make increases in payments that have
long been needed.

CLAIMS FILED BY UNEMPLOYED workers
for benefits under the State unem-
ployment insurance programs showed
a sharp seasonal decline in February,
reversing the upward movement of
the four preceding months. The
downturn reflected in large measure a
tapering off from January’s seasonally
high volumes, as well as improve-
ments in several industries. Initial
claims dropped 35.7 percent during
the month to 870,400, and weeks of
unemployment claimed, which repre-
sent continuing unemployment, de-
clined 16.0 percent to 5,483,300. All
States shared in the decline in initial
claims, while 36 States reported fewer
continued claims.

Benefits were paid to an average of
1,146,400 unemployed workers each
week during February, a drop of 3.3
percent from the January average.
The amount of benefits paid dropped
more sharply (9.8 percent) to $105
million. The average weekly benefit
of $22.44 paid for total unemployment
was 16 cents higher than that paid in
January.

Selected current statistics
[Corrected to Apr. 28, 1952]

Calendar year
Item February | January February
1952 1952 1951
1951 1950
Labor Force ' (in thousands)
EFS ig aaa ee a. 61, 780 61, 313 62, 884 63, 099
et ennnndibiiinnaesebace 9, 7 59, 726 , 905 61, 005 957
— . aeons and survivors in- ; : —
ia hie tniiiine han y isn oebawnsbalesntcindalonleensudhbibsiwiwiwdibeceea 35, 164
Covered. by State unemployment in-
ONG Bt REE SRS TTS Ts 34, 400 34, 500 33, 800 34, 838 32, 771
Cnenaineel ican tains mons ncimemnibiie 2, 086 2, 054 2, 407 1, 879 3, 142
Personal Income + (in billions; seasonally
adjusted at annual rates)
0 EES $257.1 $257.7 $241.3 $251.1 $224.7
Employees’ income *..___.-__.........____. 176. 3 175. 5 161.7 169. 2 145.8
tors’ and rental income....________ 48.4 49.9 47.7 48.9 44.0
Personal interest income ay ee a 19.7 19.3 19.3 20.0 19.3
Resial beepetianae and lated ats 8. __ re 77 A Ah a5
Te paymen # 7. oo 6.9 6.9 6.5
Veterans’ subsistence allowances® and
bonuses. ..... asiiabbeatadabuaieiisdonise «x 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.2 2.2
Miscellaneous income payments ™______ 2.2 2.4 1.8 2.6 4.5
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance
Monthly benefits
Ourrent-payment status:
Number (in thousands). .............__. 4,476 4, 433 Ge Cedi cutee ucdbvatoncnoveds
y oecoghoe aS ser yet er bar rg $1, 884, 531 | $1,018, 149
mary benefit..............._.- : i Bag | RE Se
Awards (in thousands)
keto ochad 2 a 77 83 136 1, 336
SSE SS eee $2, 566 $2, 804 $4, 391 $42, 282 $26, 234
Unemployment Insurance 3
Initial claims (in thousands)......_...______- 870 1, 354 753 10, 836 12, 251
Weeks of unemployment claimed (in thou- .
Se es RR aa 5, 483 6, 530 4, 260 50, 393 78, 654
Weeks compensated (in thousands) ____- 4,7 5, 452 3, 532 41, 599 7, 860
Weekly average beneficiaries (in thousands) 1, 143 1, 185 883 797 1, 305
Benefits yl | ee eae $105 $116 $71 $840 $1, 373
Averageweekly payment for total unemployment. $22. 41 $22. 28 $20.71 $21.08 #20. 76
Public Assistance
Reci its (in thousands):
Old-age assistance......................._. 2, 685 2, 604 PE ti vias bb hed olshcabidecdacine
Aid to e pumaent children:
Sool it Sa ee 504 594 pe AR,
SES SENS Se 1, 531 1, 528 a a
ie a a 97 97 DE Rend cnn at icinnnadies
Aid to the permanently and totally dis
Ra aa a aioe 132 128 8 PS a ere
7. oe Digitesdadhicotecncnscece 336 339 EEC aS Teed a ee
verage payments:
Ne ic cnconseneexdocsos £44.77 $44. 67 IE Bs cain Rtioceaalohedecsutinies
id to yoy children (per family) __-_--- 76,22 76.01 | SSR Bo ee
4ig a ad EES aS aa a 49. 83 49. 46 3 (RNR Dre ee
Aid on wane and totally disabled____ 46.27 46.19 oR BEE Ses ee
a Nila is cine dealt evigsidnes tbe 47.31 47.66 FS EERE "SE eee

1 Continental United States only. Estimated by

7 Payments to vomplants under the 4 ~ ony public

the Bureau of the Census, exceptasnoted. Monthly assistance eons oe general
t figures represent specific week and an- 8 Includes old. and survivors Spuranes bene-
nual ee a week (unemp) ent insur- F , State, and local retirement
ance period of week). benefits; veterans’ pensions and com tion;
a by ureau of Old-Age and Sur- workmen’s compensation; State and un-
y Sete forte and 1952notavailable. employment and temporary disability

3 Data from the Bureau of Employment Security,
Labor.

vate trom
from a, Office of Business Economics,
Sieur Con: United
ogee ek which includes
tary personnel in

a tinental
ea
wt Begianing January

bat net not deducted from

and

insurance co!

pendents of enlisted personnel.
programs.

952, social
pean the selfs self-employed excluded oan total

contri- t

seamen.

Excludes employee
contributions under social insurance and related

dar-

A ook nae

1! Benefit in current-pa:
no deduction or only to
that is less than the current month’s benefit; calen-
represent payments certifi ified.
onthly amounts, gross;
justed for voided benefit checks and benefit refunds.

insure remramng

benefits; and readjustment aoa to veterans
under the Servicemen’s Lo nat era Act

® Under the Servicemen t Act.

1 Includes payments under the ime life
insurance, national service
tary and naval insurance
contribution to nonp

, and mili-

the Government

organizations, business
ts, and recoveries under the Em-

ransfer paymen
ployer’s Liability Act for railroad workers and

t status is subject to
uction of fixed amount

annual amounts ad-

Recent Publicattons*

General .

CANADA. DEPARTMENT OF NATYONAL
HEALTH AND WELFARE. Annual Re-

port ... for the Fiscal Year Ended

March 31,1951. Ottawa: Edmond

Cloutier, King’s Printer, 1951. 143

pp.

COUNCIL OF STATE GOVERNMENTS. The
Book of the States, 1952-53. (Vol.
9.) Chicago: The Council, 1952.
741 pp. $7.50.

DE VIADO, MANUEL. “Social Security
Trends in Latin America.” Buyl-
letin of the International Social
Security Association, Geneva,
Oct.-Nov. 1951, pp. 345-357. $2.50
@ year.

“Increases in Social Security Bene-
fits in France.” Industry and
Labour, Geneva, Vol. 7, Feb. 1,
1952, pp. 117-118. 25 cents.

U. S. ConcrEess. JOINT COMMITTEE
ON THE Economic Report. Joint
Economic Report. Report ...on
the January 1952 Economic Report
of the President with Supplemen-
tal and Minority Views and Mate-
rials Prepared by the Staff on
National Defense and the Eco-
nomic Outlook for the, Fiscal Year
1953. (S. Rept. 1295, 82d Cong.,
2d sess.) Washington: U. S.
Govt. Print. Off., 1952. 134 pp.

U. S. Concress. JOINT COMMITTEE
ON REDUCTION OF NONESSENTIAL
FEDERAL EXPENDITURES. Reduction
of Nonessential Federal wei
tures. Additional Report .
Federal Grants-In-Aid to States.
(S. Doc. 101, 82d Cong., 2d sess.)
Washington: U. 8S. Govt. Print.
Off., 1952. 319 pp.

Statistics on direct payments to
State and local governments under
cooperative plans and on payments
to individuals within the States for
relief and other aid.

Retirement and Old Age

CALIFORNIA. GOVERNOR’S CONFER-
ENCE ON THE PROBLEMS OF THE
Actnc. Proceedings . . . Sacra-
mento, California, October 15 and

(Continued on page 14)

* Prepared in the Library, Federal Security
Agency. Orders for the publications listed should
be directed to publishers or booksellers; Federal
publications for which prices are listed should be
ordered from the Superintendent of Documents,
U. 8. Government Printing Office, Washington
25, D.C.

Social Security

EechwUreastw ter ee APestSeaBBEBRBPBSERBEBSBO TN

crew et & ct

Economic Security of Farm Operators

For generations it has been assumed that if the farmer could
be protected against the natural and economic forces that
threaten the prosperity of his farm business, he would be in a
position to provide his own security against the more personal
economic risks. Some farm and nonfarm groups question the
validity of this belief under modern farming conditions. Data
pertinent to an examination of this assumption are presented in

the following pages.

ELF-employed farm operators are
G the largest major occupational

group still unprotected by a
government insurance program
against the hazards of old age and
premature death. What are the social
and economic characteristics of the
self-employed in agriculture today,
and how is the economic security of
farm operators and their families
affected by these characteristics? In
this article, the position of farm oper-
ators is compared with that of other
segments of the working population
with respect to their personal charac-
teristics, the incidence of the personal
economic risks they face, and their

financial resources for meeting these

risks.

The task of securing representative
data on the farm self-employed is
complicated by the fact that farmers
are not a homogeneous group. In-
dividuals operating farms range from
the full-time commercial farmer, who
produces mainly for the cash market,
to the part-time, nominal farmer,
who has steady employment off the
farm and relies on his farm for sup-
plemental income only. Of the 6.4
million farming units enumerated by
the 1950 Census of Agriculture, pre-
liminary estimates revealed that only
3.7 million were commercial farms in
the sense that they were operated by
farmers who devoted a major share of
their time to the farm and who de-
pended on the sale of farm products
for the major portion of their family
income. The remaining 1.7 million
farms represented primarily part-
time or residential units whose oper-
ators either spent most of their time

* Division of Research and Statistics, Office of
the Commissioner.

Bulletin, May 1952

working off the farm or else relied on
sources of cash income other than
farm production for their basic live-
lihood.!

Since the primary concern of this
article is with the economic status of
those farmers whose major activity
and livelihood is farming, the data
relate almost entirely to this group.
For this reason, use has been made,
wherever possible, of source material
based on sample surveys of occupa-
tional groups, such as those found in
the monthly current population
surveys of the Bureau of the Census
and the Surveys of Consumer Fi-
mances sponsored by the Board of
Governors of the Federal Reserve
System, rather than on data from the
quinquennial Oensus of Agriculture.
Unlike the complete enumeration of
farming units made for the Census of
Agriculture, which results in the re-
porting of residents of part-time and
nominal farms as ‘‘farm operators,’’
occupational surveys are generally re-
stricted to those members of the labor
force who are gainfully employed at
an occupation at the time of the sur-
vey. Thus, in the current population
surveys, only farm residents who are
working as farm operators for the
greater part of the survey week are in-
cluded under that occupational classi-
fication. This definition obviously
eliminates most, if not all, of the
nominal farmers whose farms are
primarily residential homes and many
of the part-time farmers whose em-
ployment is divided between two types
of jobs.

Another advantage of the occupa-
tional survey is that it facilitates the

| Bureau of the Census, 1950 Census of Agricul-

ture, Preliminary Estimates, Series AC50-3, Novem-
ber 25, 1951.

fh § gldaT

by Atrrep M. Sko.nix*

comparison of farm operators with
other occupational groups... In some
respects, it is more meaningful. to
compare the status of a self-employed
farmer with that of his counterpert
in urban life—the self-employed busi-
ness proprietor—rather than with the
status of the average member of the
labor force. This is especially the case
in any consideration of those features

to reinvest their earnings in their en-
terprise, to enter self-employment
late in life, and to make their retire-
ment a gradual process. For this
reason, comparative data on self-em-
ployed urban businessmen’ are’ also
presented where applicable.

It should be noted, however, ‘that
some limitations are involved in the
use of occupational data dealing with
self-employed groups. The general
concept of ‘‘self-employment”’ is am-
biguous and varies from one statisti-
cal study to another. In some sur-
veys, for example, salaried managers
and officials of urban corporations are
classified with the self-employed. In
other instances, a distinction is made
between proprietors of unincorpor-
ated businesses and salaried execu-
tives of incorporated businesses.
Then too, data dealing with the self-
employed farm operator may often
include farm managers, even though
the latter are generally compensated
by salary. Nevertheless, as long as
these limitations are recognized, a
comparison of the data available on
farm and nonfarm self-employment
will prove useful in illuminating some
of the basic elements affecting the
security of farm operators.

One of the chief differences between
farming and most other types of em-
ployment is that, for farmers, the site
of the home and the place of work are
usually the same. The result is that
farming, more than any other major
occupation, tends to be a family en-
terprise that often relies on the un-
paid assistance of a wife and children
for its success. In the event that the

Table

1, —Age and sex characteristics o

the labor force, by selected occupa-
ber 1951 x

tional group,
Percentage distribution
wee yy
aged 1 Sex Age
Major occupational group and over 7
(in thou-
sands) | Male | Female} 14-24 | 25-44 | 45-64 Sond
‘Total employed__................ 61, 836 68.9 31.1 17.4 46. 5 31.3 4.8
Nee 6, 338 2
pnchébthecduecasase 82. 5 17.5 3.8 47.5 42.1 6.5
Farmers and farm managers...... 3, 968 94.9 5.1 5.5 38.7 41.5 14.4

ent Po
one na pty he J No, 11

operator is incapacitated because of
old age or death, the family frequently
continues to operate the farm. Oon-
tinued family operation of the farm,
however, is usually difficult, unless
there are one or more grown sons to
do the heavier work. These features
should be kept in mind in interpreting
comparative data on farm operators
and other employed groups.

Personal Characteristics

Farming is predominantly a male
occupation. According to Oensus
Bureau estimates, almost 95 percent
of those who operated a farm in Octo-
ber 1951 were men (table 1). Even this
ratio may be understated since, on
many farms ‘‘operated’’ by women,
adult sons or other relatives undoubt-
edly did most of the work. No such
male monopoly exists in the labor
force as a whole, as almost a third
of those who were gainfully employed
in October 1951 were women. Among
nonfarm managers, proprietors, and
officials employed in that month,
men outnumbered women 4 to 1.

Agricultural self-employment also
shows @ greater concentration of older
workers than does the labor force as a
whole. In October 1951, 14 percent
of the farm operators were aged 65 and
over. In contrast, less than 7 percent
of the nonfarm proprietors, mana-
gers, and officials and 5 percent of the
total employed labor force had
reached age 65. In the age distribu-
tion of persons under age 65, the con-
trast between the total labor force
and the self-employed occupations is
especially pronounced. Almost two-
thirds of all persons gainfully em-
ployed in October 1951 were under 45
years of age as against half of the
urban proprietary and managerial

4

pulation Re
Nort 13, 1951 (table 13),

: Labor Force, ‘om Report on Labor Force
and unpublished data. ;

groups and a little more than two-
fifths of the farm operators.

As may be expected from their age
composition, farmers include rela-
tively more married men than the
total employed labor force. A sample
survey in March 1950 of employed
civilians aged 14 and over showed that
the large majority of male farm oper-
ators—83 percent—were married and
living with their wives, as compared
with 76 percent of the men in the
total labor force.* Single males repre-
sented 11 percent of the farm self-
employed and 19 percent of the total
labor force.

Not only are a greater proportion of
farm operators married, but they also
have heavier family responsibilities
than the average member of the em-
ployed labor force. As indicated in
table 2, about 84 percent of the farm
operators in March 1950 were heads
of families as compared with 56 per-
cent of the total employed labor force.
Of the families headed by farm opera-
tors, 21 percent had three or more
children of their own under age 18 in
March 1950, as contrasted with 15 per-
cent of all families of employed
civilians and 12 percent of the families
headed by urban proprietors, mana-
gers, and officials.

A larger proportion of the families
of farm operators than of all families
headed by employed workers had no
children under age 18, probably be-
cause of the relatively larger number
of farmers of advanced age. Never-
theless, farm families in general were
larger than the average family in the
United States. With the term ‘‘de-

2 Bureau of the Census, Current Population Re-
ports: Marital and Family Characteristics of the
Labor Force in the United States: March 1950,
Series P-50, No, 29, May 2, 1951, table 5.

.

pendents’’ narrowly defined as wives
living with husbands and as own chil-
dren under age 18 living with

farm operators in March 1950 showed
an average of 1.95 dependents as com-
pared with 1.19 for all employed
civilian persons and 1.51 for nonfarm
proprietors, managers, and officials,

Since these estimates make no
allowance for working wives am
married women living with their hus-
bands, it is probable that they do not
reflect the full extent of the difference
in family responsibilities between
farm operators and nonfarm workers,
Wives of urban workers are more likely
than wives of rural workers to be paid
members of the labor force. This dif-
ference exists not only because rural
areas afford fewer opportunities for
employment but also because the de-
mands of the farm family enterprise
often limit the labor-force participa-
tion of the wife to unpaid family
labor.

It is unlikely that inclusion of
parents and other relatives as depen-
dents would change the disparity in
the size of families between farm
operators and nonfarm occupational
groups. In March 1950, urban fam-
ilies had an average size of 3.4 persons

- as compared with 4.0 persons in rural-

farm families.*

In short, farm operators as a group
contain a larger proportion of males,
older workers, married men, and in-
dividuals with large families than is
found in the labor force in general.
Such differences in personal charac-
teristics may have an important effect
on the relative magnitude of the risks
that confront farm operators and
their families.

Personal Economic Risks and
Their Incidence

Two major risks to family economic
security—the death of the breadwin-
ner and reduced earnings because of
age—are shared by all workers.

Old age.—In nearly every occupa-
tion, whether it be farming, industrial
employment, or urban self-employ-
ment, earning power declines with

advancing age. Two questions arise ©
in any analysis of the problem of old —
age for farm operators. The first is —

* Bureau of the Census, Current Population Re
ports: Marital Status and Household Characteristics,
Series P-20, No. 33, Feb. 12, 1951, table 3,

eanaAnrateRBEeEVaeeeov PESCRPHEEB SER

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to ==}. - | -*=

enawnefrrn™atse vv

a

=F

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ee SBEeT &

whether the period during which an
aged person is dependent on sources
other than his own current earning
capacity for a living is significantly
different for farm operators than for
the rest of the working population.
The second is whether the reduction
in earned income that accompanies
old age is significantly different for
farm operators than for other em-
ployed groups.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics has
published a study, based on the 1940
Census of Population, on the length
and pattern of the working life of men
in the United States.‘ The data in
this study are classified on an urban-
rural basis and not according to occu-
pation. The differences between
urban and rural residents, however,
give some indication of the relative
differences that may be expected be-
tween farm operators and the urban
working population. It is, of course,
recognized that rural residence is not
synonymous with farm proprietor-
ship.

The study shows that at every age
rural males have greater average life
expectancy and greater average work-
life expectancy than do the urban
workers (table 3). In general, as far
as the rural worker is concerned, it
may be said that his greater average
longevity has contributed to his work-
ing life rather than to the period of his
retirement. In 1940, for example,
the rural male resident could expect,
at age 65, to live another 13.0 years
and to continue working for 7.6 of
these years; at the same time, the
average life expectancy of the urban
male was 11.4 years, of which 5.8
would be spent as a labor-force par-
ticipant. Yet, in both cases, the aver-
age retirement-life expectancy—the
number of years between retirement
and death—was approximately the
same, about 54% years. Urban males
over age 65 could expect to have
slightly longer periods of retirement
than rural males.

It should be noted that the differ-
ences between the working-life ex-
pectancy of urban and rural males are
strongly influenced by the fact that
urban males include a larger propor-
tion of wage earners subject to

‘Bureau of Labor Statistics, Tables of Working
Life, Bulletin No. 1001, August 1950.

Bulletin, May 1952

Table 2.—Family characteristics and marital status of the labor force, by

selected occupational group,
Employed family heads !
Number of specified dependents
Percen distribution of persons? =
suubel hoon anne ae :
Em- under age 18 ;
ployed é
Major persons,
——— RUS _ Own Wives}
mene ioc | i 5 | rot | ‘umder” | ne} Asvar
sands) | Total | None 2 | or Had itving bands oe
sands) ts? y ployed
fin thou- ,
n thot =
All civilian occu- Pre [Teey pores
tions... ...... , 551 . I 43.3 1} 18.3) 15.3 579 . 6
noe an 68, 37, 641 | 30,938 1.19
and 0 “| 6,202 | 4,876 | 100.0 | 49.2 | 21.2/ 17.5} 421) 9,595) 4,996) 4,680) 2.51
Farmers and farm
managers....... 4,523 | 3,814 | 100.0 | 46.1 | 17.5 | 16.41) 210)] 8,825 5,221 | 3,604 1.95
1 The term “family” is defined as a group of 2 or the pushes ot eb/idows in subfami-
more persons related by blood, marriage, oradoption _lies, the ratio for is under-
and residing together. stated. Ifan is the 1.5-2 mil-
2 Defined as wives living with husbands and own _ition children li with pore bs oe
children under age 18 living with parents. families, the ratio would to
’ children living with ts in sub- bout 1.23. Xs io. ualieely Smt, : ihe
estimated at 1. 5-2 million for the employed pam tay tah oy — 4 d to
labor force. The term “subfamily” toa mar same 0 ee eee

refers
ried couple with or without children, or 1 parent with
1 or more children ee os
e

under age 18, living ina
and related to, but not the head
household or his wife. inehoding,

4 Because the base is all employed persons and

arbitrary retirement practices. In
1940, six-sevenths of all employed men
in urban areas were wage or salary
workers, in contrast to only three-
fifths of the rural men workers.

In any event, the fact that a larger
proportion of farm operators than of
nonfarm workers continue to work
after age 65 is no indication of the
degree to which the farmer’s income
is maintained in his older years. The
1945 Census of Agriculture revealed
that farmers aged 65 and over oper-
ated 15 percent of the farms with gross
value of products of $1,000-1,499 and
11 percent of the farms having gross
products of $1,500-3,999; they oper-
ated only 8 percent of the farms with
total production valued at more than
$4,000.°

The high ratio of aged operators on
land that has a reported low value of
production suggests that farmers are
more likely to curtail operations and
to undergo a period of reduced income
in their waning years rather than to
withdraw completely from farming.
This may be the result of two. com-
peting factors. One is the necessity

$ Bureau of the Census, United States Census of

Agriculture, 1945: Special Report, Farms and Farm
Characteristics, By Value of Products, 1948, table C.

ingly, many aging farmers, no longer
capable of applying full-time vigor to
their farming, compromise by limit-
ing their farm operations to those
that will help satisfy their minimum
needs. In the words of one observer,
“As farmers. grow old they retire
everything but themselves. They re-
duce the number of livestock, they
allow cropland to lie idle, pasture is
permitted to return to brushland, All
too frequently the deterioration of the
farm as an economic unit is the
result.’’*

To some degree, of course, the same
pattern is followed by owners of urban
businesses who tend to reduce the
size of their business as they grow
older rather than to withdraw com-
pletely from gainful employment.
The relative degree to which money
income falls off with advancing age
is greater, however, for aging farm

* Walter C. MeKain, Jr., Retirement in the Rural
Community, paper delivered before the. Second
International Gerontological ‘Congress, St. Louis,
1951. 4 aida

operators. According to Census Bu-
reau tabulations,’ the median money
income in 1950 of families whose
major earnings came from farm self-
employment was $2,218 when the
family head was aged 45-54 and $889
when the family head was 65 and over
—a drop in income of more than 60
percent. In contrast, the comparable
median income figures for families
primarily dependent on nonfarm self-
employment earnings were $4,188 and
$2,155—a decline in income of less
than 50 percent.

Recognition, of course, must be
granted to the fact that many aging
farmers have resources for family
living in addition to money income—
for example, the value of products
consumed on the farm and the net
rental value of farm dwellings. To
this extent, the reported reduction in
their money income does not have
the same implications as a similarly
reported reduction would have in the
case of aging urban families. Never-
theless, the fact remains that many
elderly farmers reported as gainfully
employed are engaged in minimum
operations that scarcely suffice to
meet the meager needs of old age.

Premature death.— The risk that
the death of the breadwinner will de-
prive a family of vital earning power is
particularly serious for young mar-
Tried families with small children,
since it is often difficult as well as un-
desirable for a widow to work to sup-
port the family when her children
need her care. In the case of farm
families, the premature death of a
family head may leave the farm with
no able-bodied survivors capable of
continuing the operation of the farm
at its former level of efficiency and
production. To what extent, then,
does the incidence of premature death
differ between farm operators and
other employed groups?

Unfortunately the little informa-
tion that is available on mortality
rates by occupation makes no distinc-
tion between farm operators and hired
agricultural workers. Farmers and
farm laborers, however, perform work
of a largely similar nature and are
affected by much the same influences

7 Bureau of the Census, Current Population Re-
ports: Income of Families and Persons in the United
States, 1960, Series P-60, No. 9, March 25, 1952,
table 6.

6

Table 3.—A mober of remain-
ing years of of the an and of labor force
participation, urban and rural
males, 1940

Average number of remaining
years ! of—
Age last Life Labor-force
birthday participation
Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural
males | males | males | males

Dh nensiseasewe 50.1 53.1 44.6 47.4

a ee 41.2 44.3 35.5 38.4

Phvcnvedipsimintiiadl 32.4 35.7 26.7 29.6

iciceasteee 24.2 27.3 18.5 21.3

_ SESS SE 17.1 19.6 11.3 13.6

— Oo 14.1 16.2 8.2 10.1

ie sconistaaentnenetaniel 11.4 13.0 5.8 7.6

__ EE SEE 9.0 10.1 4.8 6.2

Deieiionencien 6.9 7.6 3.7 49

i ce 8 rang A meter birthday.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Tables of
Working “Life, Bulletin No. 1001, August 1950, tables
and

—such as work in the open air, isola-
tion, and difficulty of securing medi-
cal assistance. It therefore seems not
unreasonable to assume that the mor-
tality rates for the total agricultural
labor force, if adjusted for the pre-
ponderance of older men among farm
operators, can be takén as fairly repre-
sentative of the farm operator group.

The results of one limited study,
based on the 1930 Census of Popula-
tion, revealed that the death rate for
the total male agricultural labor force
aged 15-64, when standardized accord-
ing to the age distribution of all gain-
fully occupied males, was 6.21 per
1,000.2 The standardized death rate
in 1930 computed for all male workers
engaged in nonagricultural pursuits
was 9.16 per 1,000. The disparity in
mortality rates was most pronounced
in the upper age bracket (45-64), with
agricultural workers having a death
rate of 12.62 per 1,000 as compared
with 19.05 per 1,000 for nonagricul-
tural workers. For men between the
ages of 15 and 44, the variation in
death rates was less—3.43 per 1,000
for farm workers as against 5.06 per
1,000 for the rest of the male working
population. The results of the study
suggest that, when allowances are
made for the likely underregistration

8 Jessamine 8. Whitney, Death Rates by Occupa-
tion, National Tuberculosis Association, June 1934.
Mortality statistics compiled in thie study were
based on death registration figures from 10 selected
States covering 38 percent of the United States
population.

of rural deaths, the difference in mor.
tality rates, at least for these younger
men, is not enough to lessen to any
considerable extent the significance of
premature death as a threat to the
economic security of farm operators
and their families.

Financial Resources

A worker’s ability to save out of cur-
rent income, the net worth of his
holdings, and his other financial re-
sources—including life insurance—
bear directly on his ability to meet the
financial problem of old-age insecu-
rity and to leave his family econom-
ically secure if he should die.

Ability to save. — The amount
and type of financial resources that an
average family is able to accumulate
over the years to meet the contingen-
cies of old age and death are usually
dependent on the extent to which the
family can save out of current earn-
ings. This situation applies to farm
families as well as to nonfarm fam-
ilies, even though the amount of in-
herited wealth in the form of land is
probably relatively greater among the
former. In measuring the ability of
farm and nonfarm families to save,
two factors must be considered—the
income level of the family and the ex-
penditures required for current family
living.

From estimates of income made by
the Bureau of the Census, it is clear
that in 1950, a fairly prosperous year,
the average money income of families
headed by farm operators was con-
siderably lower than the average for
all employed civilian families in the
Nation (table 4). This difference still
remains even after allowance is made

for the fact that, in reporting net in-

come from farm operations, many
farmers tend to consider as an expense
and therefore not part of their re-
ported net income the various expend-
itures for the maintenance of the
farm household. With all sources of
money income taken into account,
the median farm operator family had
an estimated annual cash income of

$2,000 as compared with $3,523 for all —
families with employed heads and —
$4,003 for the families of urban pro-

prietors. More than 3 out of every 5
families headed by farm operators
had a total money income of less than
$2,500; for almost 2 out of 5, income

Social Security

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Table 4.—Percentage distribution of
families by total money income in
1950, and by major occupational
group of family head, April 1951

Family heads em: eupleret
as civilians
April 1951
Total money
income ? Total Farmers wines
employed | and farm a te
civilians | managers tors?
Number

(in

thous- |

ands)... 33, 284 3, 451 2, 754

Total per

cent.... 100.0 100.0 100.0
Under $500... 4.1 17.2 6.2
§00-099....... 3.8 11.3 3.1
1, 000-1, 499... 4.9 10.9 5.0
1, 500-1, 999... 6.4 10.6 4.7
2,000-2, 490... . 8.8 11.0 7.2
2, 500-2, 999... 9.2 7.5 7.0
3,000-3, 999... 22. 2 12.8 16.7
4, 000-4, 999. . 15.0 6.3 11.9
§,000and over. 25.7 12.4 38.1
Median in

come. ...... $3, 523 $2, 000 $4, 003

1The term “family” is defined as a group of two
or more persons related by blood, marriage, or adop-
tion and residing together.
2 Includes money wages and salaries, net income
from self-employment, and income other than earn-
ings received by all income recipients in the family.
; Preludes salaried managers and officials and pro-
fessional self-employed persons.

Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports: Income of Families and Persons in the United
States, 1950, Series P-60, No. 9, Mar. 25, 1952, table 9.
was less than $1,500. In contrast,
only about one-fourth of all families
reported a total money income of less
than $2,500 in 1950.

The fact that urban families are
more likely than rural families to have
more than one earner in the family
does not seem to play an important
role in the disparity in money income
levels between farmers and nonfarm
workers, since similar differences are
noted when income is compared on
an individual basis rather than on a
family basis. Thus, the median total
money income of individual malefarm
operators, irrespective of other family
income, was $1,496 in 1950, as com-
pared with $2,831 for all employed
male civilians and $3,263 for men who
owned their own business. °

To the extent that the lower money
income of the average farm operator
may be offset by the availability of
farm-furnished food, fuel, and hous-
ing and by the lower prices of certain
goods in rural areas, his relative

* Bureau of the Census, Current Population Re-
ports: Income of Families and Persons in the United
Slates, 1950, Series P-60, No. 9, March 25, 1952,
table 20,

Bulletin, May 1952

ability to save as reflected by the gap
between his net money income and
his expenditures for family living is
not adversely affected. In reality,
however, with the growing integration
of urban and rural life, farmers are
constantly being stimulated to ever-
increasing levels of consumption of
both economic and social services that
they do not produce themselves and
must therefore purchase from others.
They not only desire modern homes,
electrical appliances, automobiles,
radios, and other material conven-
iences and comforts that the rest of
society enjoys, but they also want
adequate medical and dental care,
ample hospital and public health
facilities, and modern schools and
roads. All these things cost money,
which means that, as in the case of
city families, the demands resulting
from a rising level of living are creat-
ing serious drains on the farmer’s cur-
rent cash income.

Some indication of the current sav-
ings patterns of farm operators may
be seen from the 1951 Survey of Con-
sumer Finances conducted for the
Board of Governors of the Federal Re-
serve System by the Survey Research
Center of the University of Michi-
gan.'® The survey covers, on a sample
basis, the entire population of the
United States residing in private
households and offers the advantage
of comparisons among occupations.

There was little difference, accord-
ing to the survey, in the frequency
with which spending units headed by
farm operators and spending units in
general saved out of income earned in
1950 (table 5)." A different picture
emerges, however, when the status of
farm operators is compared with that
of the urban managerial and proprie-
tary groups. While 72 percent of the
units headed by nonfarm managerial
and self-employed individuals had
savings from current income during
1950, only 62 percent of the spending
units headed by farm operators fell
into this category. Only about 1 out
of every 3 farm operator spending

10 “1951 Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal
Reserve Bulletin, September 1951.

As defined in the survey, savings is the dif-
ference between current cash income and the sum
of current expenditures for consumption and tax
payments. Consumption expenditures are defined to
include expenditures for nondurable goods and
services and all consumer durable goods except
houses.

units was able to save as much as $500
during the course of the year, but
more than half of the urban mana-
gerial and self-employed units accu-
mulated savings of such amounts.

Moreover, farm operators during
1950 spent more than their current
income to a greater extent than all
other occupational groups except the
professional and retired groups. Six-
teen percent of the farm operator
units dissaved at least $500 during the
year, as compared with 12 percent of
all spending units.

These facts suggest that there are
greater extremes among farm opera-
tors than among nonfarm spending
units in general. At the same time
that some farmers enjoy prosperdus
conditions that permit extensive sav-
ings, others may find themselves}in
debt because of local crop failures and
other sporadic factors.

A disparity between farm operators
and nonfarm spending units is also
noted in their contractual saving.
Contractual saving pertains to long-
term arrangements for saving that
commit the consumer to regular sav-
ing over a period of years. Examples
of such savings are premium pay-

Table 5.—Amount of income saved or

dissaved by spending unit, by oc-
cupation of head of unit, 1950
aS Lapeer ees
tion of head wead denen unit!
Type of saver and
amount saved all panes ——
ms operator | self-em-
Total percent... 100 100 100
Positive savers *_¢_. 61 ; 72
Amounts saved:
$1-199_......... 20 16
200-499. ........ 4 10 10
luingbenee 12 12
1, 000 and over... 15 24 39
Zero savers......... 7 6 2
Negative savers ¢. .. 32 32 26
Amounts dis-
saved:
Ce hei 6 4 5
100-499. ....... 4 12 9
500 and over.... 12 16 12

1 The term “‘ ding unit’’ is defined as all
sons living in the same a and related’ by
blood, marriage, or adoption, pode ther
incomes for their node tame items of e mW nag

? Excludes professional self-employed persons.

3 Spending units with money incomes in excess of
expenditures.

* Spending — with expenditures in excess of

money incomes.
Source: 1 of Consumer Finances, Board
of penny a the Pelonl Reserve System.

Table 6.—Amount of net worth of spending units, by occupation of head of
unit, early 1950

Percentage distribution of spending units
by amount of net worth ?
=" of peed of va
PE FM : ¢1,000- | $5,000- | $25,000 | Not

Total | Negative | $1-099 4, 999 24,999 | and over | ®S¢er-

tained
Br IE TON nncecnre-cepes-2- 100 8 27 23 32 8 2
Nonfarm self-employed *.............- 100 2 3 11 47 24 12
Farm operators. ............-..--...- 100 3 12 20 41 22 2
| aaa 100 0 2 18 43 35 1
Nonowner-operator. _-..-.._......- 100 a 29 21 36 1 4

1'The term “spending unit” is defined as all per-
sons living in the same dwelling and related by
blood, marriage, or adoption, who pooled their in-
eomes for their major items of expense.

2 Difference between total selected reported assets
and total reported Mabilities. Reported assets in-
clude automobiles, liquid ass2ts, owner-occupied
homes or farms, other real estate, interest in a bust-
ness, corporate securities, and farm machinery,

ments on life insurance policies,
mortgage payments on residences and
other real estate, and payments to re-
tirement funds. According to the
1951 Survey of Consumer Finances,
spending units headed by farm opera-
tors reported contractual saving less
frequently than any other occupa-
tional group except the miscellaneous
group." Thirty-eight percent of the
farm operators reported no contrac-
tual savings whatever during 1950, as
compared with 14 percent of the self-
employed businessmen and 23 percent
of all spending units. Only about l
out of 6 farm operators committed
himself to as much as $200 of contrac-
tual saving during 1950, while almost
half the nonfarm entrepreneurs and
a third of all spending units had con-
tractual saving of such amounts.
Net worth and farm equity.—An-
other way of measuring the financial
resources of a family and conse-
quently its ability to withstand finan-
cial adversity is to ascertain its net
worth—the excess of its total assets
over its total liabilities. The 1950
Survey of Consumer Finances’ re-
veals that, while farm operators had
larger amounts of net worth more
frequently than all spending units,
the reverse was true when the status
of farm operators was compared with
that of the self-employed urban busi-
nessmen (table 6). As of early 1950,

2 Federal Reserve Bulletin, September 1951, p.
1070.

8 Federal Reserve Bulletin, December 1950.

livestock, and crops. Value of farm machinery not
reported for nonowner farm operators. Reported
liabilities include mortgage, personal, and install-
ment debt.

* Excludes managerial employees and professional
self-employed persons.

Source: 1950 Survey of Consumer Finances, Board
of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

15. percent of the farm operator units
reported a net worth of less than
$1,000, as compared with 5 percent of
the spending units headed by self-
employed proprietors. On the other
hand, 71 percent of the nonfarm self-

employed units had assets that ex-

ceeded liabilities by $5,000 or more, as
compared with 63 percent of the farm
operator units.

Even more striking was the con-
trast between the net worth of the
farmers who owned and those who
rented the land they cultivated. Only
1 out of 5 of the farm owner-operators,
as compared with 3 out of 5 of the
nonowners or tenants, had a net
worth in early 1950 of less than $5,000.
At the other extreme, 35 percent of
the owner-operators, but only 1 per-
cent of the spending units headed by
farm tenants, were worth at least
$25,000. Itis clear that equity in land,
buildings, and equipment accounts
for an important part of the net worth
of farm operators.

The tendency, and perhaps need, of
farm operators to invest primarily in
the farm and its equipment is further
seen in the limited degree to which
farmers maintain other forms of sav-
ings. According to the 1951 Survey of
Consumer Finances,“ the median
amount of liquid assets held by farm
operator spending units in early 1951
was $290, as compared with $860 for
the managerial and self-employed
group. Sixty-two percent of the farm

M Federal Reserve Bulletin, June 1951.

operator units had no United States
savings bonds, 79 percent had no bank
savings accounts, and.38 percent had
no checking accounts. Oorrespond-
ing figures for urban managerial and
self-employed units were 46 percent,
54 percent, and 27 percent.

Yet primary dependence for their
old-age security on land ownership
has many drawbacks for farm opera-
tors. In the first place, with the
mechanization of agriculture and the
need for large capital investment, it is
difficult for many tenants to become
owners of the land they cultivate,
Moreover, some farmers find it pre-
ferable to remain tenants and invest
their limited capital in machinery
rather than land. Despite the pros-
perous conditions of recent years,
preliminary estimates from the 1950
Census of Agriculture disclosed that
in 1950 more than one-fourth (26.7
percent) of the farm operators in the
country were tenants, with no equity
in the land they farmed or the build-
ings on it. Among commercial
farmers, the tenancy rate was even
higher.

More importantly, the modem
farmer has no guarantee that the
acquisition of an unencumbered farm
will be sufficient to furnish him and
his family with adequate security re-
serves against dependency and want
when his capacity for productive work
is cut off or diminished by death or
old age. The degree of economic

security provided by land ownership |

often depends on the extent to which

current farm prices yield a regular

and adequate cash income, permit
the payment of mortgage and debt
obligations, and preserve the equity
and land value of the farm.

Should the farmer encounter one
or more periods of declining prices
in the later years of life, he may not

only be forced to mortgage the farm
or go into debt to continue farm oper- —

ations but he may also find that the
value of his farm has slumped to such

a level that the remaining equity will —

not supply him with an adequate in-
come for the needs of his declining
years. In other words, the farm
owner runs the risk that his lifetime
savings, as represented by the invest-

1s Bureau of the Census, 1950 Census of Agricuk ©
tea, Series AC50-3, Novemie —

ture: Prelimi
ber 25, 1951.

v Esti

Social Security

2eeees

SBESS&a BSEPRPEBREE

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Ce oe ee ee ae ee ae eel eS

ment in his farm real estate, ma-
chinery, and livestock, may be dras-
tically diminished or even wiped out
in a period of agricultural depression.
This is precisely what happened to
hundreds of thousands of farmers
during the 1920’s, when the mortgages
on their farms were foreclosed, follow-
ing the collapse of farm prices and
income.

Self-employed urban proprietors,
of course, also run the risk that ad-
yerse economic conditions will result
in the failure or bankruptcy of their
enterprises. Unlike the farm owner,
however, for whom the farm repre-
sents a major business asset as well
as his home, the urban entrepreneur
can divorce his business interest from
the value of his owner-occupied home.
In addition, because of his relatively
larger and more stable cash income,
he is better able to maintain part of
his reserves in the form of liquid assets
or to commit part to contractual sav-
ing, such as life insurance, without
depriving his business of vital operat-
ing capital.

Finally, mention should be made of
the difficulties that an aging farm
operator may encounter in attempt-
ing to convert an equity consisting of
land, buildings, and other fixed assets
into effective current financial secur-
ity. Although a similar situation
faces many urban business proprie-
tors, the problem is particularly diffi-
cult on the farm, which is a place of
tesidence as well as a source of in-
come. If a farm operator should de-
cide to give up his home, sell the farm,
and move off it, then he must con-
sider whether his equity, invested
elsewhere, will yield an adequate cash
income in light of the additional liv-
ing costs that would be incurred. If
he decides to stay on the farm but
turn over its operation to a tenant or
hired manager, he runs the risk of a
decline in the productive earning
powers of the farm that, eventually,
may reduce its sales value.

Of course, when the farmer has
children who are eligible and willing
to take over the operation of the farm
upon his retirement, then his prob-
lems are simplified. Through father-
son agreements, he can curtail his
work gradually; at the same time he
can secure the productivity of the
farm and his future income, always

Bulletin, May 1952

assuming that the yield from the farm
is sufficient to support two families.
There are indications, however, that
fewer American farms are being oper-
ated geueration after generation by
the same families. Farm families are
becoming smaller and less tightly knit
as fewer farm youth remain to take
part in their parent’s economic enter-
prise or even continue in the local
communities where their parents
live. One recent survey of retired
farmers disclosed that only about
half were able to dispose of their land
by turning it over to their children."

Life insurance.—The data on net
worth presented earlier omit the value
of life insurance and annuity policies
owned by spending units. This item,
however, cannot be ignored in evalua-
ating the financial ability of a family
to meet the expenses and readjust-
ments caused by the untimely death
or retirement of the family head. Life
insurance protection is particularly
important in the early years of life,
when family responsibilities are
greatest and the opportunities to
acquire any significant financial re-
sources are most limited.

For farm families, premature death
can have serious consequences when
the farm is saddled with many debts
and the equity built up in the farm
is negligible. A young widow may be
forced from the farm as she finds that
she can neither live off the proceeds of
the estate or continue operating the
farm. An older widow may also be
handicapped by the lack of oppor-
tunities for employment in rural
areas. Yet the facts show that farm
operators are less frequently insured
than any other occupational group in
the United States.

Special tabulations prepared for
the Institute of Life Insurance” from
the 1950 Survey of Consumer Finances
disclosed that, at the end of 1949, 37
percent of the spending units headed
by farm operators carried no life in-
surance, as compared with 23 percent
of all spending units and 13 percent of
the nonfarm units headed by man-
agerial employees and self-employed

1* Lowry Nelson, Farm Retirement in Minnesota,
Agricultura] Experiment Station Bulletin 394, Uni-
versity of Minnesota, March 1947, p. 9.

1? University of Michigan, Institute for Social
Research, Survey Research Center, Life Insurance
Ownership Among American Families, 1950.

Table 7. ee gat of of head of

spending Pai oneates December
Lim ore be distribution of
tion at bead Youre unit ?
Amount of life
fac ite r
value
All ana Farm
anit | ye
Total percent... 100 100 100
O26. . 2| 13 37
Under $1, 000. ...... 8 5 8
1, 000-1, 999. ........ 15 8 13
2, 000-2, 909......... 12 10 ll
3, 000-4, 999......... 13 13 10
5, 000-7, 499. ........ ll 16 9
7, 500-14, 999. ....... y “4 4
15, 000 and over_.... 5 17 3
Not ascertained.... sy 5 6

1 Represents all insurance pot mmm owned by the -
spending unit, peascar gen oO any group, and in-
dustrial life insurance policies

insurance and Government life insurance, burial in-
surance, and fraternal

insurance.
2 The term “spending unit’’ is Gotined as all per-
= oe in the same dwelling and related by

eos, poarsingts or adoption, who pooled their in-
— for the

major items of e
3 Excludes professional poluanl eaitenylovell Persons.

Source: University of Michigan, Institute for <
cial Research, Survey Research Center, Life In-
surance Ownership Among American Families, 1
tables 2 and 11.

businessmen (table 7). Moreover,
spending units headed by farm opera-
tors owned large amounts of insur-
ance less frequently than did nonfarm
spending units. Fewer than 3 out of
10 farm operator units carried life
insurance with a face value of $3,000
or more, while 3 out of 5 of the units
headed by managerial and self-em-
ployed men and 2 out of 5 spending
units in general owned this amount.
Only 3 percent of the farm operators
as against 17 percent of the urban
self-employed and 5 percent of all
spending units held $15,000 or more of
life insurance. It is evident that the
insurance policies of most farm oper-
ators meet little more than the prob-
able cost of last illness and burial.
Nor do many farm operators have the
opportunity to participate in private
pension, welfare, and retirement
plans sponsored by labor unions, priv-
ate industry, and other special or-
ganizations.

Several factors are responsible for
the differences between farm oper-
ators and other employed groups in
the number of policyholders and
amount of life insurance carried.
Premium rates for life insurance are
lowest during a man’s early working
years, but those are precisely the years

(Continued on page 21)

Services for Crippled Children:
The Program’s Thirteenth Year

““One of the best tests of a civilization,”’ the Federal Security
Administrator said recently, ‘‘is its concern for its handicapped
members, and particularly for its handicapped children.”’ In the
United States, public concern for handicapped children has
created the State-Federal programs for crippled children. Each
year more children who need these services are being helped by
the programs. The extent of the services provided in 1948—the
first year of a new reporting system—and some background data
for the earlier years are shown in the following pages.

HE first State laws to provide

medical and surgical aid to

crippled children were enacted
in 1897 and 1899 by Minnesota and
New York. Nearly four decades later,
in 1985, Congress recognized the na-
tional importance of programs to help
crippled children when it passed the
Social Security Act, which included
a@ provision establishing the State-
Federal programs for crippled chil-
dren. The programs began providing
services to children in 1936, and within
a few years all States had established
such programs, financed in part by
Federal funds and in part by State
funds and, in some jurisdictions, local
funds.

Physicians and surgeons, nurses,
medical social workers, physical ther-
apists and occupational therapists,
nutritionists, dentists and orthodon-
tists, speech and hearing therapists,
and other medical personnel provide
the services under the State programs.
Children receive these services mainly
in clinics, hospitals, convalescent
homes, physicians’ offices, and in
their own homes.

A new and expanded national re-
porting system, based on selected
services that are generally common
to the programs and that are uni-
formly reportable, was first used
by the States in making reports for
1948—the program’s thirteenth year
of operation. These reports provide
the basis for the following summary

* Adapted from the report, One in 300: Children
Served by the Crippled Children's Program in 1948
(Children’s Bureau Statistical Series, No. 10), pre-
pared in the Program Research Branch, Division
of Research, Children’s Bureau.

of the types and amounts of crippled
children’s services provided in that
year.

The National Picture

In 1948, the State-Federal program
reached 175,000 children under 21
years of age—1 out of every 300 in the
United States. Nine out of every 10
of the children, or 155,000, received
services that included the attendance
of physicians. These children re-
ceived clinic services, hospital in-
patient care, convalescent-home care,
or services of physicians through office
and home visits.

While receiving direct services from
@ physician supervising their care,
the children were also served, as
necessary, by nurses, physical thera-
pists, medical social workers, and
the other personnel making up the
team of the crippled children’s pro-
gram. An additional 20,000 children
received services from one or more
members of the team without being
seen by a physician.

Most of the children who received
the services of a physician (85 percent)
were seen at clinics. They came
either to permanent clinic centers or,
in more isolated areas, to itinerant
clinics held at intervals in outlying
areas. Usually the State programs
also make provision for children to
be seen by physicians in their offices
or in the child’s home. These
arrangements enable children to re-
ceive diagnostic or treatment services
instead of or in addition to clinic serv-
ices; for example, when clinic facilities
are not available, or when the services
of a specialist who is not available in

a clinic are needed. About 12,000 chil-
dren—8 percent of those seen by
physicians—were served in this way,

One child out of 5 was hospitalized,
while a very small proportion (3 per-
cent) received care in convalescent
homes. Because of the high unit cost
of such care and the long periods of
hospitalization and convalescent care
often needed, these in-patient services
constituted the most expensive single
element in the program. Together,
they accounted for about half of all
expenditures of Federal funds and the
matching portions of State funds
under the crippled children’s pro-
grams in 1948.

Trends.—The State programs are
reaching a gradually increasing num-
ber of children as funds, facilities, and
personnel are added from time to
time, as itinerant clinics make the
rounds of the States and case-finding
methods are extended, and as dif-
ferent types of conditions are included
under the program. Thus treatment

and care for children with rheumatic

fever and heart disease, cerebral palsy,
epilepsy, speech and hearing defects,

and other handicapping conditions —

are gradually being added by States to
programs that in the past provided
treatment only for children with or-
thopedic and plastic conditions.
Special programs set up in selected
areas of a State usually inaugurate
the treatment for these other condi-
tions.

received services in 1948 than in 1943?

the number mounted gradually dur-

ing the period (table 1). The increase

was much more rapid than the growth

in the child population, which in-
creased 6 percent from 1943 to 1948.
The ratio of children who received

services per 1,000 children under 21 i
years of age was 2.3 in 1943 and3.8in ©

1948.
The expansion of the program took

1A total unduplicated count of children receiv- —

ing services could be estimated in 1943 for the
first time.

Social Security

At least 50 percent more children

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Table 1.—Services received under the crippled children’s program, 1937-481

Major type of service 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948
Total number of chil-
dren who received : fart
IO iientnnattived (3) (*) @) (*) @) () 115, 000 125, 000 130, 000 155, 000 175,000 | 4175,000
Hospital in-patient care:
Number of children...| * 30,000 5 31, 000 29, 000 30, 000 31, 000 26, 000 24, 000 24, 000 24, 000 27, 000 29, 000 32, 000
Number seer fee 1, 323, 000 | 1,398,000 | 1,376,000 | 1,465,000 | 1,493,000 | 1,348,000 | 1,263,000 | 1, 225,000 | 1,221,000 | 1,250,000 | 1,289,000 | 1,335,000
Average number of days ‘
per child ®........... 44.0 46.7 46.7 48.3 48.1 50.9 53.2 62.0 61.0 46.2 46.1 41.6
Convalescent home care:
Number of children... 53,900 5 4,300 4, 800 4, 900 5, 300 5, 000 4, 600 4, 200 4, 300 4, 400 4, 900 5, 000
Number of days’ care.| 380, 000 372, 000 410, 000 443, 000 502, 000 517,000 463, 000 448, 000 464, 000 445, 000 479, 000 484, 000
Average number of days
per child *........... 97.8 85.8 86.2 89.6 94.1 108.8 99.7 107.0 108.7 100.5 98.3 97.1
Clinic service and physi-
«cian’s office and
home services:
Combined count:
Number of children. 77, 000 80, 000 89, 000 89, 000 103, 000 93, 000 82, 000 88, 000 92, 000 105, 000 122, 000 7 138, 000
Number of visits 7 193, 000 181, 000 196, 000 198, 000 221, 000 201, 000 183, 000 184, 000 200, 000 240, 000 285, 000 322, 000
Average number o
visits per child *_... 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.38
Individual count:
a a a @ 162, 000 176, 000 166, 000 189, 000 178, 000 164, 000 171, 000 176, 000 205, 000 245, 000 284, 000
ysician’s office é
and home visits... (’) 19, 000 21,000 31, 000 32, 000 22, 000 19, 000 13, 000 23, 000 35, 000 40, 000 39, 000
'Includes, up to 1948, services administered or financed in whole or in part * Changes in definitions of coverage beginning with 1948 narrowed the basis
by official State agencies under the Social Security Act, title V, part 2; for 1948, for this count (see footnote 1). Corresponding figure comparable to those of

includes only services provided or purchased by the official State agencies ex-
dusive of prediagnostic services. Data for 1937 are for 45 States, District of Co-
lumbia, Alaska, Hawaii (Georgia, Louisiana, Oregon not participating); for
1938, Georgia and Oregon also included, and for 1939, Louisiana (except for first

earlier years estimated as 195, 000.
— on basis of data reported on total admissions (including read-
missions). 7
* Based on unrounded figures.

eae

® Beart es T-2 5

quarter).
ing the last half of 1947.
1943-47 based on State estimates.
+ Not available.

place almost entirely in the form of
services to children in clinics. From
1987 (data are not available for 1936,
the first year of the State-Federal pro-
gram) to 1948, the trend in the num-
ber of children who received services
at clinics or through physician’s office
or home visits was generally upward.
In the early years of the program
about 80,000 children received services
of this type. Following a period of
growth, the services were curtailed
because of wartime shortages of per-
sonnel and facilities. After the war,
the number of children receiving
these services increased at an annual
Tate of roughly 15 percent,? and in
1948 about 138,000 children received
clinic services and physician’s office
and home services. In contrast, hos-
pital care and convalescent-home care
were provided for approximately the
same numbers of children in 1948 as
in the prewar years, although the war
had brought a temporary drop. The
humber of hospitalized children de-
clined during the war to roughly
24,000 a year but quickly built up
again to 32,000.

'Partial reports for 1949 and 1950 show that
this trend has continued.

Bulletin, May 1952

Puerto Rico included beginning the last half of 1940, and Virgin Islands

? Estimated as unduplicated number of children who received clinie service

and/or physician’s office and home services.

* Not always the sum of figures given below for clinic visits and other physician
visits because of independent rounding.

The frequency of the average child’s
visits for clinic services and for physi-
cian’s office and home services has
shown little change over the years.
During each of the years 1937-48, there
was an average of somewhat more
than two visits per child among the
children receiving these services.

Children have been staying progres-
sively shorter periods in the hospital
in recent years. The average time
spent in the hospital went up from 44
days in 1937 to 53 days in 1943. Since
1943, however, the trend has been con-
tinuously downward, and in 1948 the
average length of stay—42 days—was
the shortest in the program’s history.

Several reasons account for the de-
cline in the length of hospitalization.
The development of treatment
methods permitting earlier ambula-
tion has, of course, contributed to the
trend. The sharply increasing costs
of hospital care have undoubtedly also
been an important influence. As this
major cost factor in the program has

* Further declines are evidenced in partial re-
ports for 1949 and 1950. Despite the downtrend in
average length of stay, the total number of dayg of
care provided under the program has gone up
with the moderate increases, since 1945's low, in
the number of children hospitalized.

made itself felt, there has been an in-
creasing emphasis on earlier dis-
charge, which has been accompanied
by an apparent trend toward provid-
ing treatment services increasingly on
an out-patient basis at clinics and in
doctors’ offices. Availability of local
health services, particularly public
health nursing service, has frequently
permitted earlier return of hospital-
ized children to their own homes
under continuing health supervision.
Improved diagnostic techniques and
the extension of diagnostic clinic serv-
ices to larger numbers of children
have probably resulted in earlier de-
tection and diagnosis of diseases and
disabilities—factors that tend to re-
duce the extent and length of treat-
ment, including surgical procedures
and hospitalization.

The average co