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NOT TO BE TAKEN FROM THIS ROOM

SUNFLOWER SEED OIL MEAL STUDIES

I THE EFFECTS OF METHODS OF
PROCESSING ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE
OF SUNFLOWER SEED OIL MEAL

II THE SUPPLEMENTARY VALUE OF
SUNFLOWER SEED OIL MEAL IN

PRACTICAL CHICK STARTING RATIONS

Alexander B. Morrison

Department of Animal Science
UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA
September 19^2

0JC MBBI*

wmium

THE UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA

SUNFLOWER SEED OIL MEAL STUDIES

I THE EFFECTS OF METHODS OF PROCESSING ON THE
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SUNFLOWER SEED OIL MEAL

II THE SUPPLEMENTARY VALUE OF SUNFLOWER SEED
OIL MEAL IN PRACTICAL CHICK STARTING RATIONS

A DISSERTATION

SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE

OF MASTER OF SCIENCE

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

ALEXANDER BAILLXE MORRISON

EDMONTON, ALBERTA,
SEPTEMBER, 1952.

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UNIVERSITY OP ALBERTA

FACULTY OP AGRICULTURE

DEPARTMENT OP ANIMAL SCIENCE

The undersigned hereby certify that they

have read and recommend to the School of Graduate
Studies for acceptance, a thesis entitled "Sunflower
Seed Oil Meal Studies I The Effects of Methods of
Processing on the Nutritive Value of Sunflower Seed
Oil Meal II The Supplementary Value of Sunflower Seed
Oil Meal in Practical Chick Starting Rations",
submitted by Alexander Baillie Morrison, B. Sc., in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Science.

PROFESSOR

Dat

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ABSTRACT

Eight experiments were conducted to study the
effects of methods of processing on the nutritive value
of sunflower seed oil meal. The results obtained
indicate that processing conditions employed in the
manufacture of sunflower seed oil meal markedly
influenced the nutritive value and chemical composition
of the meal. The nutritive value was lowered as
processing conditions became more severe. Marked
variability in the chemical composition of raw,
laboratory solvent extracted, sunflower seed oil meals
prepared from different raw materials was noted. Low-
temperature sunflower seed oil meal (processed at 200° -
220°F.) and regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meal
(processed at 240° - 260°F.) are not complete single
sources of amino acids for the chick, when fed at the
twenty percent protein level. Rations containing low-
temperature or regular-temperature sunflower seed oil
meal as the only source of protein were improved for
chick growth by the addition of vitamin-free casein and
methionine. Regular processing temperatures of 240° -
260°F. resulted in a decrease in the liberation of lysine
by acid hydrolysis, as compared to the liberation of
lysine from a low-temperature meal processed at 200° - 220°F.
Extraction of regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meal
with ethanol or trichloroethylene increased its nutritive

value for chicks. Adding the trichloroethylene extract
hack to the extracted meal at twice the level originally
present depressed the growth of chicks.

Five experiments were conducted to study the
supplementary value of sunflower seed oil meal in
practical chick starting rations. The results obtained
indicate that low-temperature sunflower seed oil meal
(processed at 200° - 220°F.) may satisfactorily replace
one-third of the fish meal and meat meal, two-thirds of
the soybean oil meal, or all of the meat meal in the
practical chick starters used. Regular-temperature
sunflower seed oil meal (processed at 240° - 260°F.)
satisfactorily replaced one-third of the fish meal and
meat meal mixture or two-thirds of the soybean oil meal
in the rations used. When two and one-half percent fish
meal was included in the ration, regular-temperature
sunflower seed oil meal satisfactorily replaced one-third
of the meat meal in the starter. When meat meal was the
only source of supplementary protein in the ration,
regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meal replaced all
of the meat meal present without detrimental effect.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The writer wishes to thank Professor L. W.
McSlroy, Head of the Department of Animal Science, for
placing the facilities of the Department at his disposal,
and to gratefully acknowledge the helpful advice given by
Drs. D. R. Clandinin and A. R. Robblee, Associate
Professors of Poultry Husbandry, during the course of
this study, and in the preparation of the manuscript.

Thanks are extended to Co-op. Vegetable Oils
Limited, Altona, Manitoba, for preparing sunflower seed
oil meals. Acknowledgment is also made to Merck and Co.
Limited, Montreal, Quebec; Lederle Laboratories Division,
American Cyanamid Company, Pearl River, N.Y.,; and
Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley 10, N.J., for supplying
the vitamins used during the course of the study.

The work was supported In part by a National
Research Council Grant-in-Ald.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Introduction. 1

Review of Literature. 2

Part I The Effects of Methods of Processing
on the Nutritive Value of Sunflower
Seed Oil Meal. 12

Status of the Problem. 12

Experiment 1. 12

Experiment 2. 16

Experiment 3. 22

Experiment 4... 25

Experiment 5..... 29

Experiment 6. 35

Experiment 7. 38

Experiment 8... 41

Part II The Supplementary Value of Sunflower
Seed Oil Meal in Practical Chick
Starting Rations.. 45

Status of the Problem... 45

Experimental (G-eneral) .. 46

Experiment 1. 47

Experiment 2. 51

Experiment 3. 54

Experiment 4. 56

Experiment 5 • .. 59

G-eneral Discussion.... 62

G-eneral Summary. 66

Bibliography. 69

INTRODUCTION

Commercial production of sunflower seeds in Canada
was undertaken as a wartime emergency measure, in order to
obtain a domestic source of edible vegetable oils. Commercial
quantities of sunflower seed were first produced in 1943•
Initially, production was scattered throughout southern
Manitoba and Saskatchewan, but by 1945 had become centered
around Altona, Manitoba, where a co-operative processing
plant was established. By 1949, production had increased
to the extent that approximately sixty thousand acres were
seeded, yielding in the neighborhood of one thousand pounds
of sunflower seeds per acre.

The most Important by-product of the sunflower
oil industry is sunflower seed oil meal, the high-protein
residue remaining after expression of the oil from the
partially decorticated sunflower seeds. Recent shortages
of animal protein supplements have resulted in the use of
increasing amounts of vegetable protein supplements in
livestock and poultry rations, and, as a result, the use
of sunflower seed oil meal In Canadian poultry rations has
reached significant proportions. Unfortunately, however,
little Information is available concerning the nutritive
value of sunflower seed oil meal for poultry.

Since processing variables have been shown to
markedly influence the nutritive value of soybean oil meal
(see Review of Literature), experiments were initiated at
the University of Alberta during 1951 to study the possible
effects of methods of processing on the nutritive value of
sunflower seed oil meal. Part I of this report is
concerned with the results of these studies. Studies were
also conducted to determine the supplementary value of
sunflower seed oil meal in practical chick starting
rations. These are discussed in Part II of this report.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Studies on the nutritive value of soybean protein
have been the subject of numerous investigations. As early
as 1917, Osborne and Mendel found that raw soybeans
supported a slow rate of growth in rats when used as the
only source of protein in the ration. When water was added
to ground raw soybeans and the resulting mixture cooked, a
meal supporting an adequate rate of growth was produced.
Hayward, steenbock, and Bohstedt (1936-a) described
experiments in which soybean oil meals prepared under
varying conditions were fed to rats. They found that
expeiler meals processed at 112° to 130°C. and 140° to 150°C.
for two and one-half minutes, or hydraulic meals processed at
105°C. and 121°G. for ninety minutes, possessed twice the
nutritive value of ground raw soybeans, low temperature

expeller meals processed at 105°C. for two minutes, or
hydraulic meals processed at 82°C. for ninety minutes.

Hayward et al . (1936) reported that high temperature
expeller soybean oil meal processed at 140° to 150°C. for
two and one-half minutes, medium and high temperature
hydraulic soybean oil meals processed at 105°C. and 121^0.
for ninety minutes, and solvent extracted soybean oil meal
processed at 9B°C. for fifteen minutes supported twice the
growth rate in chicks of either ground raw soybeans or low
temperature expeller soybean oil meal processed at 105°C.
for two minutes*

Previously, Mitchell and Smuts (1932) and
Shrewsbury and Bratzler (1932) had reported that ground
raw soybeans are deficient in cystine so far as their growth
promoting value for the rat is concerned. Hayward, Steenbock,
and Bohstedt (1936-b) found that the addition of 0.3 percent
L-cystine to ground raw soybeans resulted in a similar
increase in the nutritive value of the beans to that obtained
by autoclaving the raw beans for one hour at fifteen pounds
steam pressure. They suggested that heating the soybean
protein causes the cystine fraction to become available to
the rat. Johnson, Parsons, and Steenbock (1939) reported
the apparent presence in raw soybeans of a sulfur-nitrogen
complex which, although absorbable, is not utilized by the
body. They concluded that autoclaving makes this portion
available. About this time, Rose et al . (1936), Rose (1937),

Womack, Kemmerer, and Rose (1937), and Womack and Rose
(1941) demonstrated the dispersibility of cystine and the
indispensibility of methionine in the diet of the rat*

They found that on a cystine deficient diet, body cystine
arises from dietary methionine, while on a methionine
deficient diet, cystine exerts a methionine-sparing action*
That such a relationship prevails in the case of the chick
has been ably demonstrated by Klose and Almquist (1941),
G-rau and Almquist (1943), and Almquist and G-rau (1944,
1945).

As a result of rat feeding trials, Hayward and
Hafner (1941) concluded that when fed at a level of
approximately twenty-five percent of the diet, ground raw
soybeans failed to induce growth in rats over a period of
eight weeks* Addition of 0*3 percent L~cystine caused a
definite increase in the nutritive value of the ration,
while 0*3 percent DL-methionine produced an even greater
response. Inclusion of 0*3 percent L-cystine and 0.3
percent DL-methionine stimulated no greater growth than
did addition of methionine alone. Autoclaving the raw
soybeans increased the nutritive value of the protein to
about half-way between that of the cystine and methionine
supplemented lots. Supplementation of cooked soybeans
with either methionine or cystine markedly Increased their
nutritive value* Although ground raw soybeans supported
some growth in chicks, the effects of supplementation with

methionine and cystine paralleled the results of the
rat studies. The authors concluded that while the
sulfur-amino acid fraction of the protein is unavailable
in raw soybeans, autoclaving makes this portion available.
This conclusion was supported by the findings of Mitchell,
Hamilton, and Beadles (1945) who observed that the effects
of heat treatment on soybeans were to render the protein
more digestible and more completely utilizable In
metabolism, the latter effect resulting from increased
availability of cystine. Evans and McGinnis (1946)
reported that autoclaving soybean oil meal affected the
availability of methionine and cystine. Moderate
autoclaving (100° to 12QOC. for thirty minutes) increased
methionine and cystine retention, whereas drastic
autoclaving (130°G. for thirty or sixty minutes) decreased
it. In a later report, the same workers (194b) confirmed
their earlier results, and also demonstrated that
excessive autoclaving causes partial destruction of
cystine. Bouthilet et al . (1950) reported the presence
of an undigested methionine-rich complex in the feces of
chickens fed ground raw soybeans, which was not present
in the feces of chickens fed autoclaved soybeans*

Another concept of the effects of methods of
processing on the nutritive value of the soybean was
suggested in 1944, when Bowman noted that aqueous
extracts of soybeans contained a fraction which inhibited

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the tryptic digestion of casein in vitro * Ham and
Sandstedt (1944) described the nature and properties
of a proteolytic inhibiting substance in a dilute acid
extract of raw soybeans. The activity of the inhibitor
was destroyed by autoclaving either the extract or the
raw soybeans. Ham, Sandstedt, and Mussehl (1945) found
that the proteolytic Inhibiting factor present in
unheated soybean oil meal retarded the growth of chicks
when administered in rations containing either autoclaved
soybean oil meal or animal protein feedstuffs as the
source of supplementary protein. They demonstrated a
marked decrease in proteolytic activity of the
intestinal contents of chicks receiving a diet of raw
soybean oil meal, as compared to the activity of the
intestinal contents of chicks receiving a diet of
autoclaved soybean oil meal. Almquist and Merritt (1951)
found the effect of the trypsin inhibitor to be a general
one, that of decreasing the rate of digestion of the
entire soybean protein. Kunitz (1945) succeeded in
crystallizing the inhibitor. He showed that it was
protein in nature, and concluded that it inhibits the
action of trypsin, and to some extent that of chymotrypsln.
McGinnis and Menzies (1946) reported that the fraction of
raw soybean flakes responsible for the poor nutritive
value of raw soybeans may be inactivated by in vitro

'• j

papain digestion as well as oy Heating* Westfall and
Hauge ^1948; described experiments in which soybean flours
heated at various temperatures were fed to mice. They
concluded that the trypsin inhibitor is the chief cause
of the poor utilization of the protein of inadequately
heated soybean flours and suggested that measurement of
the trypsin inhibitor content gives a reliable index of the
nutritive value of soybean oil meals, provided heating is
not prolonged beyond the point of total inactivation of
the inhibitor. This view is supported by the findings of
Borchers, Ackerson, a.nd Mussehl (1948). Liener (1951) and
Borchers and Ackerson (1951) presented data which indicate
the presence in raw soybeans of a toxic principle not
identical with the trypsin inhibitor.

Results of experiments conducted by Glandinin
et al . (1947) showed that prolonged heating of solvent
extracted raw soybean flakes in an autoclave at fifteen
pounds steam pressure resulted in the production of meals
of inferior nutritive value for chicks. The data indicated
that meals of high nutritive value for the chick may be
prepared by heating solvent extracted raw soybean flakes
in the autoclave for a period of from four to thirty
minutes at fifteen pounds steam pressure, while meals of
inferior nutritive value were obtained by heating for

longer periods of time, Clandinin et al . (1948)

observed that meals of equal nutritive value for
chicks may be prepared by heating solvent extracted
raw soybean flakes in the autoclave for four minutes
at fifteen pounds steam pressure, or for forty-five
minutes at four pounds steam presure. Fritz, Kramke,
and Reed (194?), working with turkey poults, concluded
that for maximum biological value, ground raw soybeans
should be autoclaved at fifteen pounds steam pressure
for twenty to thirty minutes. Evans and McG-innis (1948)
found that autoclaving raw soybean flakes at 100°C.,

110°C., or 120°C. for thirty minutes Increased the
nutritive value of the protein for chicks. Autoclaving
at 130°C. for either thirty or sixty minutes lowered the
nutritive value.

Riesen et al . (194?) described experiments
designed to study the liberation of amino acids from
raw, properly heated, and overheated soybean oil meals.
Subsequent to acid hydrolysis (alkaline hydrolysis in the
case of tryptophan), less lysine, arginine, and tryptophan,
as measured microbiologically, were liberated from over¬
heated soybean oil meal than from either raw or properly
heated soybean oil meal. In addition, the liberation of
each of the essential amino acids by pancreatic digestion
was increased by proper heat treatment and decreased by

excessive heat treatment. These investigators were of
the opinion that in order to obtain a meal of maximum
nutritive value for chicks, sufficient heat must be
applied to not only destroy the trypsin inhibitor but
also to alter the protein in such a way as to make it
more readily attacked by proteolytic enzymes. They
concluded that the quantity of amino acids determined
micr©biologically subsequent to acid hydrolysis does
not necessarily provide a satisfactory measure of the
growth promoting properties of a protein, but were of
the opinion that enzymatic hydrolysis values may
constitute a more reliable index of the relative
nutritive value of different soybean oil meals. Ingram
et al . (1949) reported that the quantity of amino acids
determined microbiologically subsequent to in vitro
enzymatic digestion constitutes a reliable Index of
the nutritive value of soybean oil meal. On the other
hand, Clandlnin and Robbie© (1952) presented data which
do not support this contention, particularly when one is
concerned with meals processed under different conditions,
and where overheating Is a factor. Under any one set of
conditions, however, they demonstrated that maximum
in vitro enzymatic liberation would characterize a
superior meal.

Roxas (1916) theorized that in the presence of
heat a reaction occurs between reducing sugars and the

amino groups of amino acids. In studies with chicks,
Stevens and McGinnis (1947) supplemented overheated
soybean oil meal diets with lysine, autoclaved either
alone or with cerelose for four hours at 120°C. Lysine
autoclaved with cerelose for four hours at 120°G. was
either destroyed or rendered unavailable for chick
growth, whereas lysine autoclaved alone for four hours
at 120°C. supplemented overheated soybean oil meal for
chick growth as effectively as did unheated lysine.
Evans and Butts (1948) suggested that when soybean oil
meal is overheated, lysine is made biologically
unavailable in two different ways. They theorized that
part of the lysine is converted to a substance inactive
for Leuconostoc mesenteroides P-80 , while another
portion is converted to a form resistant to in vitro
enzymatic hydrolysis but available to this organism
subsequent to acid hydrolysis of the soybean oil meal.
Patton and Hill (1948) have shown that heating amino
acids in the presence of reducing sugars renders the
former nutritionally unavailable for micro-organisms.
Patton, Hill and Foreman (1948) concluded that partial
inactivation of free amino acids, amino vitamins and
certain amino acids (basic and tryptophan especially)
in intact proteins results from combination of the
reactive amino groups with aldoses, their aldehyde
degradation products, or polymers of the latter, under

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the influence of heat. They concluded that this
type of amino acid-carbohydrate reaction is responsible,
at least in part, for the decrease in nutritive value
brought about by overheating soybean oil meal.

Clandinin et al . (1951) demonstrated that the
liberation of lysine by acid and enzymatic hydrolysis
from a heated lysine-glucose mixture autoclaved at
fifteen pounds steam pressure for varying periods of
time was greatly decreased by the heat treatment.

The liberation of lysine by enzymatic hydrolysis
from a heated lysine-glucose mixture was less than
the liberation of lysine by acid hydrolysis, suggesting
the formation on heating of an enzymatic resistant,
acid non-resistant linkage between lysine and glucose.

PART I

The Effects of Methods of Processing on the Nutritive
Value of Sunflower Seed Oil Meal

Status of the Problem

As a background for this study, the effects
of processing variables on the nutritive value of
soybean oil meal have been indicated in the "Review
of Literature". Results of preliminary experiments
(Clandinin and Robblee, 1950) indicated that sunflower
seed oil meals produced in Canada are of variable
nutritive value for chicks. It therefore seemed
advisable to study the effects of methods of processing
on the nutritive value of sunflower seed oil meal.

Experiment 1

Ob.lect

To study the effects of processing temperatures
on the nutritive value of sunflower seed oil meal.

Experimental

Three sunflower seed oil meals, made from the
same original raw material but processed at different

temperatures, were obtained from a commercial processing

plant . The meals were designated SI, S2 and S3. The
Co-op. Vegetable Oils Limited, Altona, Manitoba.

13 .

conditions under which the meals were processed are
shown in Table 1. Meal S4 was prepared by autoclaving
meal SI for four hours at fifteen pounds steam pressure.
The technique employed in autoclaving was the same as
that used by Clandinin et al . (1947).

One hundred day-old Single Comb White Leghorn
cockerel chicks were divided into five comparable lots
of twenty chicks each and fed the rations shown in
Table 2. The chicks were brooded in electrically
heated starting batteries with raised screen floors.

Feed and water were supplied a d libitum . The experiment
was terminated at the end of twenty-eight days* at which
time the chicks were weighed individually.

Table 1.- Processing conditions employed in the pro¬
duction of the sunflower seed oil meals

Sunflower Seed
Oil Meal
Number

Temperature
in Cooker*
Degrees F.

Temperature
in Conditioner*
Degrees F.

Autoclaved at
15 Pounds
Hours

200

220

—

220

240

—

240**

260**

200

220

The meals were processed for approximately thirty
minutes in the cooker and three minutes in the conditioner.

Usual conditions employed in commercial production of
sunflower seed oil meal.

Results and Discussion

The results of the experiment are shown in
Table 2. The growth of chicks fed the soybean oil meal
control ration was greater than the growth of chicks fed
any of the sunflower seed oil meal rations, indicating
that solvent extracted soybean oil meal is a more complete
supplementary source of amino acids for the chick than the
sunflower seed oil meals used in this study. Sunflower
seed oil meals processed at 200° - 220°F., (Lot 2), and
at 220° - 240°F., (Lot 3), appeared to be of equivalent
nutritive value for chicks. However, processing
temperatures of 240° - 260°F. decreased the nutritive
value of the meal (Lot 4). Autoclaving sunflower seed
oil meal SI for four hours at fifteen pounds steam pressure
resulted In the production of a meal supporting a slow rate
of growth in chicks (Lot 5)* The slow rate of growth
observed parallels the effects of overheating soybean oil
meal reported by Clandinin et al . (1947)*

Conclusions

(l) Processing conditions employed in the production
of sunflower seed oil meal were shown to affect
the nutritive value of the meal. The nutritive
value of the meal was low r ered as processing
conditions became more severe. From the results
obtained, it would appear advisable to utilize

Table 2.-

Sffect of processing conditions on the nutritive
value of sunflower seed oil meal

Ration and Lot Number

Ingredients

Ground yellow corn.

59.5

63.5

Dehydrated alfalfa meal.

Ground limestone.

Bonemeal...

1.5

Iodized salt.

• 5

Insoluble grit..

Fish oil (2250A-300D).

♦ 5

• 5

Manganese sulfate

(1/4 lb./ton).............

Vitamin mix (2 gm./kg.).

+ *

Gholine chloride (0.15 $)*.••

Vitamin E (3 mg./kg.).

Merck APF #8 (1 lb./ton)....

Soybean oil meal (solvent)...

Sunflower seed oil meal SI

Sunflower seed oil meal S2**

Sunflower seed oil meal S3**

Sunflower seed oil meal S4**

Total. .......

100

Protein (NX6.25) % .

21.2

20.A

20.5

20.3

20.4

Number of chicks.... .

Average weight at 28 days

(sm.).

281.9

235.6

237.1

178.3

80.6

Calculated to supply the

following levels per :

100 gms

. of

rations thiamine hydrochloride 0.

3; riboflavin

0.6; calcium

pantothenate 2.0; pyridoxine hydrochloride 0.4

; nicotinic

acid 5.0; para-amino benzoic acid 10.0;

biotin

0.02;

folic

acid 0.05; vitamin K (Menadione)

0.05 milligrams.

See Experimental for description

of meals.

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lower processing temperatures in the production of
sunflower seed oil meal than those (240°- 260°F.)
now used commercially.

(2) Chicks fed rations containing sunflower seed oil
meal as the source of supplementary protein grew
at a slower rate than chicks receiving a ration
containing soybean oil meal as the source of
supplementary protein.

Experiment 2

Object

To study the effects of several processing
variables on the nutritive value of sunflower seed oil
meal.

E xperimental

The processing variables studied in this
experiment are shown in Table 3* Six sunflower seed oil
meals processed under different conditions were obtained
from a commercial processing plants In order to test
the variability between expellers, sunflower seed oil
meals Sll, S12 and S13 were taken from three different
Anderson expellers operating at the regular processing
temperatures of 240°F. in the cooker and 260°F. in the
conditioner.

Co-op. Vegetable Oils Limited, Altona, Manitoba.

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For those readers unfamiliar with oil seed
technology, it would seem advisable to briefly outline
the operations involved in the commercial production of
sunflower seed oil meal. The sunflower seeds are first
dried to approximately ten percent moisture. They are
then partially dehulled. The sunflower '’meats 11 next pass
to a steam-jacketed cooker, located directly above the
expeller. A revolving worm gear slowly moves them
through the cooker, and into a conditioner, where they are
further heated. The meats remain in the cooker approximately
thirty minutes, and in the conditioner approximately three
minutes. This preliminary heating Increases the efficiency
of expression of the oil. From the conditioner, the meats
pass through the expeller. The pressure exerted by a
revelring worm gear against a series of horizontal steel
bars arranged in the form of a barrel mechanically removes
most of the oil from the meats. Pressure in the expeller
is maintained by a constriction at the end of the expeller
barrel, known as the "choke". During expression of the oil,
a considerable quantity of frictional heat is evolved. No
provision is made for cooling the shaft of the expeller.

The expeller barrel, however, is cooled by previously
expressed sunflower oil, pumped over the barrel at the rate
of fifty gallons per minute. The sunflower seed oil meal
leaves the expeller in the form of “chips*' which are later
ground and sacked.

Meal Sl4 was processed in tne same manner as
meal S13 except that the choke on the expeller was opened
one and one-half turns from the regular operating position.
Meals S15 and S16 were both processed at a temperature of
200°F. in the cooker, and 220°F. in the conditioner.
However, in the preparation of meal Sl6, the choke on the
expeller was opened in a manner similar to that used in
the preparation of meal 314.

Samples of the meals were analyzed for percentage
moisture, crude protein, oil, and crude fibre. The methods
of analysis for percentage moisture, crude protein, and
crude fibre were essentially those of the Association of
Official Agricultural Chemists (1945), while the method
used for the determination of percentage oil was that of
the American Oil Chemists 8 Society (1946).

Table 3.- Effect of processing conditions on the chemical
composition of sunflower seed oil meals

Meal

No.

Expel¬

ler

No.

Temperature
Degrees F.

Coo- Condi"
ker tioner

Choke

Mois¬

ture

Protein

(NX6.25)

Oil

Crude

Fibre

Sll

240

260

3*4

40.9

4.2

14.9

S12

240

2b 0

3*6

39.8

5*9

15.3

S13

240

260

3.3

42.7

5.2

12.0

a 14

240

260

open

4.1

39.3

7.6

13.5

S15

200

220

4.3

38.3

7.2

14.2

Sib

200

220

open

5*0

37.2

8.3

13.6

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One hundred and forty day-old Single Comb White
Leghorn cockerel chicks were divided into seven comparable
lots of twenty chicks each, and fed the rations shown in
Table 4. The experimental procedure followed was the
same as that used in Experiment 1. The experiment was
terminated after twenty-four days, when the chicks were
weighed individually.

Results and Discussion

The results of chemical analysis of the six
sunflower seed oil meals are shown in Table 3. A mutual
interdependence in the percentage oil, crude fibre, crude
protein, and moisture in the meals is evident. Opening
the choke on the expeller increased the percentage oil
in both the 240° - 260°F. meal (S14), and in the 200° - 220°F.
meal (S16). In addition, lowering the processing temperatures
from 240° - 260°F. to 200° - 220°F. increased the percentage
oil in the meal, A combination of processing temperatures of
200° - 220°F. and open choke resulted in the production of a
meal (S16) having the highest percentage oil of the series
of six meals.

The average weights of the chicks fed the six
meals are shown in Table 4, There appeared to be no
difference in the nutritive value of sunflower seed oil
meals produced by the three expellers, since chicks fed
meals Sll, S12, and S13 (Lots 2, 3, and 4, respectively)
grew at the same rate. However, chicks fed meals Sll,

. . -

■

20 *

Table 4.- Effect of processing variables on the nutritive value of
sunflower seed oil meals

nation and Lot Number

Ingredients

frT'minr! vrIIow onrn.

39.5

34.5

Wheat bran.

Wheat shorts.

Dehydrated alfalfa meal...

Ground limestone..

Bonemeal.

1-5

1.5

1.3

1.5

Iodized salt...

Insoluble grit...

Fish oil (2250A-300D)--

Manganese sulfate

(1/2 lb./ton)..

Vitamin mix (2 gm./kg.)...

4 *

Choline chloride (0.15$)..

Vitamin E (3 mg./kg. ) .....

Merck APF #8 (1 lb./ton)..

Soybean oil meal (solvent)

Sunflower seed oil

meal Sir** .

Sunflower seed oil
meal S12***..

Sunflower seed oil

meal S13** .

Sunflower seed oil

meal Sl4^.

Sunflower seed oil

meal S15** .

Sunflower seed oil

meal S16^*.

Total...... .

100

ICO

100

Protein (NX 6 . 2 . 5 ) .

Number of chicks..... .

Average weight at 24 days
(gm*).

22.0

253.7

22.1

172.6

22.4

160.0

22.3

167.9

21.3

235.6

21.1

240.7

21.3

257.6

* See Table 2 for description of vitamin mix
** See Experimental for description of meals.

21 .

S12, and S13 did not grow at as fast a rate as chicks fed the
soybean oil meal control ration (Lot 1). Meal S14, which was
processed in a manner similar to meal S13 except that the choke
on the expeller was opened one and one-half turns, supported
a faster rate of growth than meal S13. This might be
accounted for on the basis of a decrease in the amount of
frictional heat damage produced during expression of the oil.
Sunflower seed oil meal S15 (processed at 200° - 220©F.)
supported a faster rate of growth than meal S13» and a rate
of growth equivalent to that obtained with meal S14. The
latter finding indicates that meals of equal nutritive value
for chicks may be produced by opening the choke during
production of the 240° - 26Q°F. meal, or by utilizing lower
processing temperatures prior to expression of the oil. Chicks
fed meal S16 (Lot 7), prepared by utilizing processing
temperatures of 200° - 22QOF. and opening the choke on the
expeller, grew at a rate comparable to that of chicks fed the
soybean oil meal control ration (Lot 1).

The results obtained thus indicate that the chemical
composition and nutritive value of sunflower seed oil meal is
affected by the processing temperatures and choke setting.

Meals of superior nutritive value for chicks may be prepared
by lowering the processing temperatures and/or opening the
choke on the expeller.

... .

?• ■

■ ■

Conclusions

(1) The percentage residual oil in sunflower seed oil
meals processed at 200° - 220°F* and 240° - 260°F.
was increased by opening the choke on the expeller.

(2) Sunflower seed oil meal processed at 200° - 22Q°F.
contained more residual oil than did a meal processed
at 240° - 260°F*

(3) Opening the choke on the expeller resulted in the
production of sunflower seed oil meals of superior
nutritive value to that of meals processed under
similar temperature conditions with the choke in
the regular position*

(4) Sunflower seed oil meal of equivalent nutritive
value to solvent extracted soybean oil meal may be
produced by lowering the processing temperatures
and opening the choke on the expeller*

Experiment 3

Object

To study the effects of moist heat on the nutritive
value of raw, laboratory solvent extracted, sunflower seed
oil meals*

Ex-perl mental

Raw, partially decorticated sunflower '’meats*’ were
coarsely ground in a plate mill, bagged, and extracted with
trichloroethylene In an improvised extractor* After extraction

23 .

of the oil, the raw sunflower seed oil meal was air-dried for
three days, and stored at 37°C. until used, at which time
organoleptic examination failed to detect the presence of
trichloroethylene in the meal. Samples of the meal were heated
in the autoclave at fifteen pounds steam pressure for the
varying periods of time shown in Table 5* Eighty day-old
Single Comb White Leghorn cockerel chicks were divided into
four lots of twenty chicks each, and fed the rations shown in
Table 6. The experimental procedure followed was the same as
that used in Experiment 1*

Table 5*” Description of sunflower seed oil meals

Meal Number

Description of Meals

1 L

Laboratory solvent extracted

As 1L but heated at fifteen pounds
pressure for thirty minutes

steam

3 L

As 1L but heated at fifteen pounds
pressure for four hours

steam

Results and Discussion

The average weights of the chicks at twenty-eight
days are shown in Table 6. Chicks fed solvent extracted
soybean oil meal (Lot 1) grew at a faster rate than chicks
fed raw, laboratory solvent extracted, sunflower seed oil
meal (Lot 2). This difference might be accounted for by the
unexpected higher protein content of Ration 1 as compared
to Ration 2. Generally speaking, however, protein levels

• ■ •• :•••»

* £ 2 ■ / • '

Table 6.-

Effect of moist heat on the nutritive value of
raw, laboratory solvent extracted, sunflower
seed oil meals

Eation and Lot Number

Ingredients

G-round yellow corn.

39.5

Wheat bran.

W r heat shorts..

Dehydrated alfalfa meal.

Ground limestone.

Bonemeal...

1.5

Iodized salt.

Insoluble grit.

Fish oil (2250A-300D).

Manganese sulfate (l/2 lb./ton).

Vitamin mix (2 gm./kg.).

Choline chloride (0.15$)........

Vitamin E (3 mg./kg.)...

Merck APJ#3 (1 lb./ton).

Soybean oil meal (solvent).

Sunflower seed oil meal 1L^ # ....

Sunflower seed oil meal 2L**....

Sunflower seed oil meal 3L* # .•••

Total...

100

Protein (NX6.25)$..

22.1

20.4

Number of chicks.....

Average weight at 28 days (gm. ).

255.8

232.5

214.8

110.6

* See Table 2 for description of vitamin mix.

** See Table 5 for description of meals.

25 .

in chick starting rations in excess of twenty percent are
not considered to be beneficial from the growth promoting
point of view.

The results obtained indicate that heating the
raw, laboratory solvent extracted, sunflower seed oil meal
for thirty minutes at fifteen pounds steam pressure (Lot 3)
appeared to decrease the nutritive value of the meal for
chicks. Heating the raw meal for four hours at fifteen
pounds steam pressure resulted in the production of a meal
of decidedly inferior nutritive value for chicks (Lot 4).

It is of interest to note that Mitchell, Hamilton, and
Beadles (1949) found that autoclaving raw, solvent extracted,
sunflower seed oil meals for thirty minutes at twenty pounds
steam pressure significantly depressed both the digestibility
of the protein and Its biological value.

Conclusion

(1) Heating raw, laboratory solvent extracted, sunflower
seed oil meal for thirty minutes at fifteen pounds
steam pressure appeared to decrease Its nutritive
value for chicks, while heating for four hours at
this steam pressure resulted In the production of a
meal of Inferior nutritive value for chicks.

Experiment 4

Object

To study the variability in the composition of
sunflower seed oil meals prepared from different raw materials.

■ .

26 .

Experimental

Four samples of sunflower '‘meats 11 were obtained
from different sources. Sample 1 was Identical to that used
in a preliminary study on variability in the nutritive value
of sunflower seed oil meals (Crawford, 1950). Sample 2
consisted of raw material brought in from Manitoba in the
spring of 1950. Sample 3 was obtained from Chicago in 1950,
while sample 4 consisted of raw material procured at the same
time as the meals used in Experiment 2 (January, 1952).

Samples 1, 2 and 3 were kept in cold storage from time of
purchase until used in this study.

Small amounts of each sample were coarsely ground
in a plate mill and extracted with trichloroethylene. The
method of extraction followed was the same as that used in
Experiment 3. After extraction, the raw sunflower seed oil
meals (designated as 1R, 2R, 3R, and 4R) were air-dried for
three days, and stored at 37°0. until used, at which time no
odor of trichloroethylene could be detected in any of the
meals. Samples of the meals were analyzed for percentage
crude protein, oil, moisture, and crude fibre, using the
methods referred to in Experiment 2.

In addition, using the microbiological technique,
a study was made of the liberation of essential amino acids
(glycine excluded) from the meals by acid hydrolysis (alkaline
hydrolysis in the case of tryptophan). The hydrolysis
procedures, test organisms, and basal media employed were
the same as those used by Clandinin (1949).

Results and Discussion

The composition of the raw sunflower seed oil meals
is shown in Table 7- Meals 1R, 2R, and 3 R contained

Table 7*" Composition of raw sunflower
seed oil meals

Meal

Number

Crude

Protein

(NX6.25)

Moisture

Oil

Crude

Fibre

1 R

1+7.1

7.2

1.2

13.9

2 R

1+7.3

7.1

1.5

13.5

1+7.7

6.8

2.0

8.2

1 +R

38.0

6.9

1.3

16.6

approximately the same amount of protein. On the other
hand, meal ipR contained nearly ten percent less protein
than the other three meals. There were no marked differences
in the moisture and oil content of the four meals.

Considerable variation in the crude fibre content
of the meals was observed. Meals 1R and 2R contained
approximately the same amount of crude fibre. Meal 3 R
contained much less crude fibre than the other three meals,
while meal I 4 JR contained a very high level of crude fibre.

The results of the amino acid assays are shown in
Table 8 . The figures represent averages of two assays in

duplicate, and are expressed as percentage amino acid of
nitrogen X 6.25. Results of an analysis of variance
indicated that significant differences exist in the
methionine, lysine, and arginine content of the meals*

Table 8*- Essential amino acid content-* of
raw sunflower seed oil meals

Meal Number-*-*

1 R

2 R

3 R

i+R

Lysine

2.57

2.66

2.89

Arginine

8.81

8.83

8.1+5

8.97

Tryptophan

8.30

1.05

1.19

1.1I+

Methionine

1.63

1.61

1.1+7

1.39

Histidine

2.09

1.85

1 . 81 +

Threonine

3.31

3.55

3.1+0

3.61+

Leucine

5 * 1(8

5 - 5 U

5-57

5-35

Isoleucine

3*73

3-8I4-

3.69

Valine

3-59

3.63

3 * 5 U

3.36

Phenylalanine

4.13

4.18

1+.10

3.96

Total

36 • 6i|.

36.98

36.15

36.23

-* Expressed as percentage amino acid of
nitrogen X 6.25*

-** See Experimental for description of meals.

In this connection, it is of interest to note that Kuiken
and Lyman (I9J4.9) found differences of up to nineteen
percent in the methionine content of twenty different
strains of soybeans, although, in general, the amino acid

distribution in the protein was quite uniform between
strains. A more detailed study of the variation in the
amino acid composition of different varieties and strains
of sunflower seeds grown under the same and different
conditions would seem advisable.

Almquist (19lj-7) reported that the lysine and
methionine requirements of the chick are 0.9 percent and
O.R percent of the diet, respectively. On the basis of
amino acid values obtained in this study, it would therefore
appear that raw sunflower seed oil meal, when fed at the
twenty percent protein level, does not contain sufficient
lysine and methionine to meet the requirements of the
chick.

Conelusions

(1) Considerable variation in the protein and crude
fibre content of four sunflower seed oil meals
prepared from different raw materials was observed

(2) A significant difference in the methionine, lysine
and arginine content of the meals was noted.

( 3 ) Results of amino acid assays appeared to indicate
that, when fed at the twenty percent protein
level, raw sunflower seed oil meal would not
supply sufficient lysine or methionine to meet
the requirements of the chick.

Experiment 5

Object

To determine the level of vitamin-free casein,
in the presence of O.Ij. percent DL-methionine, required to

■

30 .

adequately supplement a low-temperature sunflower seed oil
meal (SI), a regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meal (S3),
and a severely overheated sunflower seed oil meal (S4) .

Experimental

Three hundred and twenty day-old Single Comb White
Leghorn chicks (one hundred and sixty of each sex) were
divided into sixteen comparable lots of twenty chicks each
and fed the semi-purified rations shown in Table 9* The
dextrin used was prepared by autoclaving moistened corn
starch for eighty minutes at fifteen pounds steam pressure.
After drying, the material was ground to a granular
consistency in a plate mill. Vitamin additions were the
same as those used in Experiment 1 except that Merck APF
#3 was used as a source of vitamin Bp2 instead of Merck APF #8®

Sunflower seed oil meals SI, S3, and S4, used in
Experiment 1, served as the only source of protein in the
rations. Since casein has been shown to be slightly
deficient in sulphur-containing amino acids (Mitchell, 1924),
0.4 percent DL-methionine was included in rations where
vitamin free casein was added. Additions of casein to the
rations were made at the expense of dextrin. The experimental
procedure followed was the same as that used in Experiment 1.
The chicks were weighed in groups at weekly intervals. The
experiment was terminated after twenty-one days, when the
chicks were weighed individually.

51 .

Table 9.- Effect of casein - methionine supplementation on the nutritive value of sunflower seed oil meals

Ration and Lot Number 1 2 3 I). 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Ingredients jg # #

Dextrin.

1+7.5

1 + 7*5

14+.1

4 i.i

38.1

35.1

1+9.25

1+5.85

I+2.85 39.85

36.85 47.50 44..10 41.10 38.10

35.10

Corn (mazola)oll..

Salts V*.

Pish oil (225OA-3OOD).

•5

Vitamin mix (2 gm./kg.)...

+ - 3 Hfr

Choline chloride (0.15#)..

Vitamin E (3 mg./kg.

Merck APP #3 (1 lb./ton)..

DL - Methionine.

.1+

•1+

.1+

•1+

.1+

Casein (vitamin-test).

Sunflower seed oil

meal SI***.

1+3

k 3

1+3

Sunflower seed oil

meal S3***.

1+1.25

1 + 1.25

41.25 41.25

I+1.25

Sunflower seed oil

meal Sij***.

1+3

Total.

100

100 100

100

L 00

100

Protein (calculated) %••••

20.7

Number of chicks.

Average weight at

21 days (gm.).

152.8 155.7 170.5

187.8 190.8

193*2

93.0 142.1 :

L77.8 I85.9 180.4

1 + 8.9

73*2

125.0

166.4 193.5

* Briggs et al . (19(4.3)

See Table 2 for description of vitamin mix.
See Experiment 1 for description of meals.

no rroJoos,;■■■■■ fc rnr to 'no

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32 .

Results and Discussion

The average weights of the chicks at twenty-one
days are shown In Table 9. It is evident that rations
containing low-temperature sunflower seed oil meal (Si)
were improved for chick growth by the addition of casein
and methionine. The optimum level of supplementation
appeared to be reached when six percent vitamin-free
casein and 0.4 percent DL-methionine were added to the
ration (Lot 4).

Chicks fed a ration containing regular-temperature
sunflower seed oil meal (S3) as the only source of protein
in the ration (Lot 7) did not grow as fast as the chicks fed
lev/-temperature meal (Lots 1 or 2). These results are in
agreement with those obtained in Experiment 1, and indicate
the inferior nutritive value or regular -temperature
sunflower seed oil meal for chicks, as compared to low-
temperature sunflower seed oil meal. Rations containing
regular-temperature sunriower seed oil meal were improved
by supplementation with vitamin-free casein and methionine.

The chicks in Lot 9 grew as fast as those in Lots 10 or 11,
indicating that the optimum level of supplementation was
reached when six percent vitamin-free casein and 0.4 percent
DL-methionine were added to the ration. Thus, it would appear
that neither low-temperature sunflower seed oil meal nor
regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meal constitutes a
complete source of amino acids for the chick when fed at the

■

33 .

twenty percent protein level. These results are at variance
with those reported by G-rau and Almquist (194-5).

In agreement with the results obtained in
Experiment 1, chicks receiving a ration which contained
sunflower seed oil meal S4, (Lot 12) grew very slowly.
Equivalent growth response to that obtained from rations 4
or 9 occurred when sunflower seed oil meal S4 was supplemented
with twelve percent vitamin-free casein and 0.4 percent
DL-methionine. In this connection, it is of interest to
recall that Clandinin et al . (1947) found that heating
solvent extracted raw soybean flakes in the autoclave for
four hours at fifteen pounds steam pressure resulted in
the production of a meal of inferior nutritive value for
chicks, and that it required the addition of seven and
one-half percent casein to a ration containing four-hour
overheated soybean oil meal to restore a normal growth
rate. The difference between the amount of casein required
tc restore normal growth in four-hour overheated soybean oil
meal and that required to complete four-hour overheated
sunflower seed oil meal is probably accounted for by the
inherent deficiencies present in low-temperature sunflower
seed oil meal, which are not present in properly heated
soybean oil meal.

Determination of the amino acid deficiencies in
low-temperature, regular-temperature, and severely overheated
sunflower seed oil meal awaits the results of further studies.

34 .

Conclusions

(1) Low-temperature sunflower seed oil meal and
regular-temperature sum lower seed oil meal
do not constitute a complete source of amino
acids for the chick, when fed at the twenty-
percent protein level.

(2) The optimum level of supplementation of
regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meal
appeared to be reached when at least six
percent vitamin-free casein in conjunction
with 0.4 percent DL-metnionine was added to
the ration. In the presence or 0.4 percent
DL-methionine, a level or vitamin-free casein
approaching six percent of the ration was
required to supplement low-temperature
sunflower seed oil meal.

(3) Sunflower seed oil meal S4 (prepared by
autoclaving sunflower seed oil meal SI for
four hours at fifteen pounds steam pressure)
was of inferior nutritive value for chicks.
The optimum level of supplementation of this
meal appeared to be reached when twelve
percent vitamin-free casein in the presence
of 0.4 percent DL-methionine was added to the

ration

■

35 .

Experiment 6

Object

To determine the essential amino acid content
(glycine excluded) of sunflower seed oil meals SI, S2,
S3, and S4.

Expertmental

A study was made of the liberation of essential
amino acids (glycine excluded) from the meals by acid
(alkaline hydrolysis in the case of tryptophan) and
enzyme tic hydrolysis. The hydrolysis procedures, test
organisms, and basal media employed were the same as those
used by Clandinin (1949).

Results and Discussion

The results of the amino acid determinations are
summarized in Table 10. The results, expressed as percentage
amino acid of nitrogen X 6.25, were calculated from the
averages of two assays in duplicate. With the exception of
lysine, the data show little difference in the liberation
of essential amino acids subsequent to acid (alkaline
hydrolysis for tryptophan) hydrolysis of meals SI, S2, and
S3. Indirectly, the data suggest that rations containing
meals SI or S2 as the only source of supplementary protein
would be marginal in lysine content for the chick. Eence,
the slower rate of growth of chicks fed meal S3 as compared

36 .

to those fed meals SI and S2 (See Experiment 1) may be
the result of the slight destruction of lysine during
the processing of meal S3.

While on the basis of growth results, (see
Experiments 1 and 5), one might expect an appreciable
decrease in the liberation of essential amino acids
subsequent to acid hydrolysis of meal S4 (alkaline
hydrolysis for tryptophan), such was not the case. Only
depressed liberation of lysine, arginine, tryptophan,
and possibly threonine was noted.

Table 10.- Essential amino acid content*' of sunflower seed
oil meals

Hydrolysis

Acid** ***

Enzymatic

Meal Number**'*

Lysine

2.81

2.71

2.26

1.87

0.68

1.47

1.33

0.71

Arginine

8.26

8.03

8.02

6.43

6.22

8.20

8.64

6.13

Tryptophan

0.86

0.97

0.89

0.64

0.44

0.73

0.85

0.82

Methionine

1.33

1.34

1.32

1.49

0.91

1.22

1.42

1.15

Histidine

2.14

2.08

2.00

2.20

1.24

1.70

2.15

1.69

Threonine

3.30

3*10

3.11

2.99

2.02

2.72

2.70

2.18

Leucine

5.37

5*77

5.82

6.32

2.43

4.12

4.85

4.19

Isoleucine

3.31

3*73

3.69

3.36

1.78

2.56

3.00

2.73

Valine

4.76

4.61

4.57

4.37

1.69

2.89

3.39

3.07

Phenylalanine

3.94

3.97

4.11

1.67

3.02

3.47

3.22

Total

U 3

•

V>i

35.65

34.73

19.08

28.63

• I

rH 1

25.89

* Expressed as percentage amino acid of nitrogen X 6.25.

** Alkaline hydrolysis for tryptophan.

*** See Table 1 for description of meals.

37 .

There appears to be no relationship between the
liberation of essential amino acids subsequent to enzymatic
hydrolysis of meals SI, S2, S3 and S4 and their nutritive
value. The results show greater liberation of essential
amino acids from meal S3 than from meal SI, although meal
SI is unquestionably of superior nutritive value to meal S3.

In addition, although sunflower seed oil meal S4 is of
inferior nutritive value for chicks, the liberation of
essential amino acids subsequent to enzymatic hydrolysis
of meal S4 is as great as the liberation from meal SI. Thus,
the data do not support the contention of Ingram et al . (1949)
that enzymatic hydrolysis values constitute a reliable index
of the nutritive value of a protein supplement. Although
Clandinin and Robbie© (1952) found that under a given set
of conditions, maximum enzymatic liberation values
characterize a superior soybean oil meal, such is evidently
not the case so far as sunflower seed oil meal Is concerned®

Gonclusions

(1) Processing temperatures of 240° - 260°F. (meal S3)
resulted in a decrease in the liberation of lysine
by acid hydrolysis as compared to the liberation of
lysine from similar meals processed at 200° - 220°F.
(meal SI) or 220° - 240°F. (meal S2).

(2) Autoclaving meal SI for four hours at fifteen
pounds steam pressure resulted in depressed
liberation by acid hydrolysis of lysine, arginine,
tryptophan, and possibly threonine.

38 .

(3) There was no relationship between the liberation
of essential amino acids (glycine excluded)
subsequent to enzymatic hydrolysis and the
nutritive value of the sunflower seed oil meals
used.

Experiment 7

Object

To study the effects of water treatment on the
nutritive value of low-temperature and regular-temperature
sunflower seed oil meal.

Experiment

Sunflower seed oil meals SI and S3, used in
Experiment 1, were used in this experiment. Samples of the
meals were treated with water, using a method similar to
that shown to markedly improve the nutritive value of
linseed oil meal for chicks (McGinnis and Polls, 1946;
Kratzer, 194?)• Portions of the meals were mixed with two
and one-half times their weight of water, soaked at room
temperature for eighteen hours, dried at 60°0. for three
days, and incorporated in the rations shown in Table 11.
Twenty day-old Single Comb White Leghorn cockerel chicks
were fed each ration. The experimental procedure followed
was the same as that used in Experiment 1. The experiment
was terminated at the end of twenty-two days, at which time
the chicks were weighed Individually.

39 .

Table 11.- Effect of water treatment on the nutritive value
of sunflower seed oil meals

Ration and Lot Number

Ingredients

Ground yellow' corn.

39.5

Wheat bran.

Wheat middlings..

Dehydrated alfalfa meal.......

Ground limestone.

Bonemeal..

1.5

Iodized salt....

• 5

Insoluble grit...

Fish oil (2250A-300D)...

Manganese sulfate (l/4 lb./ton)

Vitamin mix (2 gm./kg.).

Merck APF #8 (l Ib./ton)......

Choline chloride (0.15/0.

Vitamin E (3 mg./kg.).....

Soybean oil meal (solvent)....

Sunflower seed oil meal SI**..

Sunflower seed oil meal S3'*** •

Sunflower seed oil meal SI
water treated***.. •

Sunflow T er seed oil meal S3
water treated***....

Total...

100

Protein (NX6.25) % .

Number of chicks.......

Average weight at 22 days (gm.)

22.1

221.8

22.0

221.3

22.0

187.2

22.0

222.5

22.0

172.7

* See Table 2 for description of vitamin mix.

** See Table 1 for description of meals.

*** See Experimental.

Results and Discussion

The average weights of the chicks are shown in
Table 11. Under the conditions of the experiment, chicks
fed sunflower seed oil meal SI (Lot 2) grew as rapidly as
chicks fed the soybean oil meal control ration (Lot 1).

These results appear to be at variance with those obtained
in Experiment 1. However, the percentage protein in the
rations used in this experiment was higher than in the
rations used in Experiment 1, and the rations used in the
two experiments were not identical in composition. In
agreement with the results obtained in Experiment 1, the
growth of chicks fed sunflower seed oil meal S3 (Lot 3) was
less than that of chicks fed meal SI (Lot 2).

Chicks fed water treated sunflower seed oil meals
(Lots 4 and 5) grew at the same rate as chicks receiving the
untreated meals (Lots 2 and 3). Hence, the water treatment
used had no effect on the nutritive value of either
low-temperature sunflower seed oil meal (SI) or regular-
temperature sunflower seed oil meal (S3). Thus, it would
appear that unlike linseed oil meal, sunflower seed oil meal
does not contain a growth inhibiting principle which may be
inactivated by water treatment.

Conclusion

(1) Water treatment had no effect on the nutritive

value of low-temperature and regular-temperature
sunflower seed oil meal.

Experiment 8

Object

To study the effects of extraction with
trichloroethylene and ethanol on the nutritive value of
regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meal.

Experimental

Portions of regular-temperature sunflower seed
oil meal (S3) were bagged and extracted in a soxhlet flask
with trichloroethylene (meal El) or 95 percent ethanol
(meal E3). The extraction time was twenty-four hours.

After extraction, the meals were air-dried for three days,
and stored at 37°G* until used, at which time no odor of
trichloroethylene or ethanol could be detected In the meals.

The extracts were stripped of trichloroethylene and ethanol
and stored In the refrigerator until used. In the
preparation of meal E2, the trichloroethylene extract was
added back to a portion of meal El at twice the level
originally present in the unextracted meal. Meal E4 was
prepared in a similar manner by adding the ethanol extract
back to a portion of meal E3 at twice the level originally
present in the unextracted meal.

One hundred and forty day-old Single Comb White
Leghorn chicks (mixed sexes) were divided into seven comparable
groups of twenty chicks each and fed the rations shown In Table
12. The experiments. 1 procedure followed was the same as that
used in Experiment 1. The experiment was terminated after
twenty-four days, at which time the chicks were weighed
individually.

; ' ;0 '■ 1 .

. ; : * .7 •; ;■ ' ; , \f

; • • -

c *

■

42 .

Table 12.- Effect of extraction with trichloroethylene and ethanol
on the nutritive value of regular-temperature sunflower
seed oil meal

Ration and Lot Number

Ingredients

Ground yellow corn.

59.5

63.5

Dehydrated alfalfa meal...

Ground limestone.

Bonemeal.

1.5

Iodized salt.

Insoluble grit.

Pish oil (2250A-300D).

Manganese sulfate

(1/4 lb./ton).

Vitamin mix (2 gm./kg.)...

Merck APF #8 (l lb./ton)..

Soybean oil meal (solvent)

Sunflower seed oil meal SI**

Sunflower seed oil meal S3

Sunflower seed oil meal El**

Sunflower seed oil meal E2**

Sunflower seed oil meal E3**

Sunflower seed oil meal E4**

Total.

100

Protein (NX6.25) % .

20.7

20.1

20.8

20.1

21.1

19.7

Number of chicks..

Average weight at 24 days
(gm.).• * • •.* •

190.7

150.3

107.3

126.0

83.5

129.6

115.2

* See Table 2 for description of vitamin mix

** See Experimental for description of meals.

■

: ;

43 .

Results and Discussion

The results of the experiment are shown in Table 12.
In agreement with the results obtained in Experiment 1, chicks
fed the soybean oil meal control ration (Lot 1) grew at a
faster rate than those fed the sunflower seed oil meal
rations (Lots 2-7). The chicks receiving sunflower seed
oil meal S3 (Lot 3) grew at a slower rate than those
receiving sunflower seed oil meal SI, (Lot 2) again
demonstrating the inferior nutritive value of regular-
temperature sunflower seed oil meal.

The increased rate of growth of the chicks in
Lots 4 and 6, as compared to those in Lot 3, indicates
that extraction of sunflower seed oil meal S3 with
trichloroethylene or ninety-five percent ethanol resulted
in an increase in the nutritive value of the meal for chicks.

Adding the trichloroethylene extract back to the
extracted meal at twice the level originally present
resulted in a depressed rate of growth of the chicks in
Lot 5, a,s compared to those in Lots 3 or 4. The chicks in
Lot 7, however, appeared to grow as fast as those in Lot 6,
indicating that the ethanol extract did not contain any
growth inhibiting factor(s).

The results suggest, though not conclusively, the
presence of a growth-inhibiting principle in regular-
temperature sunflower seed oil meal which may be extracted

•

44 .

by trichloroethylene. The possibility that residual
trichloroethylene caused the depressed growth observed
in Lot 5 seems slight, since the analytical method outlined
by Bailee (1952) indicated a level of less than .01 percent
trichloroethylene in the extract.

Conclusions

(1) Extraction of regular-temperature sunflower
seed oil meal with trichloroethylene or
ninety-five percent ethanol increased the
nutritive value of the meal for chicks.

(2) Adding the trichloroethylene extract back
to the extracted meal at twice the level
originally present depressed the growth of
chicks.

PART II

The Supplementary Value of Sunflower Seed Oil Meal in
Practical Chick Starting Rations

Status of the Problem

Comparatively few references on the nutritive
value of sunflower seed oil meal for chicks are to be
found in the literature. Pettit et al . (1944) reported
the results of experiments in which meat meal in chick
starting rations was replaced by sunflower seed oil meal.
Sunflower seed oil meal satisfactorily replaced its
protein equivalent of meat meal in amounts up to fourteen
percent of the ration, representing a total substitution
of the meat meal. Grau and Almquist (1945) concluded
that when fed at the twenty percent level, sunflower seed
protein constitutes a complete single source of amino
acids for the chick. Kondra and Hodgson (1948) observed
that a chick starter containing two percent sunflower
seed oil meal, seven and one-half percent meat meal, two
percent fish meal, and two percent skimmilk powder
supported a norma,1 rate of growth in chicks to seven w r eeks
of age. Replacement of the skimmilk powder, fish meal, and
half of the meat meal by ten percent sunflower seed oil
meal, resulted in a slow rate of growth. McGinnis, Hsu,
and Carver (1948) reported that the nutritive value of a
chick starting ration containing thirty-one percent
sunflower seed oil meal was improved by the addition of

■

46 .

0*6 percent DL-lysine monohydrochloride. Nikolaiczuk,
Brisson, and Man! (1948) concluded that sunflower seed
oil meal provides an incomplete protein for the growth
of chicks, since its nutritive value was improved by the
amino acid assortment of meat meal. O’Neil (1948) found
sunflower seed oil meal satisfactorily replaced one-third
of the total animal protein in a chick starting ration,
hartley, Slinger, and Hill (1950) reported that growth
and feed efficiency of turkey poults were not affected
when soybean oil meal was progressively replaced by
sunflower seed oil meal in levels up to twelve percent
of the ration.

In view of the scarcity of information concerning
the nutritional value of sunflower seed oil meal in
practical chick starting rations, experiments were
initiated to study the supplementary value of sunflower
seed oil meal in practical chick starters.

Experimental (General)

Two sunflower seed oil meals (meals SI and S3)
that differed in their processing history (see Bart I,
Experiment 1) were used in the experiments reported herein.
Meal S3 was produced in a commercial processing plant, using
regular processing temperatures of 240° - 260°F. and was
shown to be of inferior nutritive value to meal SI, which
was produced in the same plant using considerably lower
processing temperatures (200° - 220°F.).

’

Two hundred and thirty-eight day-old New
Hampshire chicks (mixed sexes), divided into seven
comparable lots of thirty-four chicks were used in each
experiment. The chicks were brooded in electrically
heated starting batteries with raised screen floors.

Feed and water were supplied ad libitum . The experiments
were terminated after twenty-eight days, at which time
the chicks were weighed individually.

The rations used in each experiment were
formulated so as to contain the same levels of protein,
calcium, and phosphorus. Percentage adjustments were
made at the expense of wheat.

The experiments were repeated using Single
Comb White Leghorn chicks, but since the results obtained
were essentially the same as those found with the New
Hampshire chicks, the data are not presented in this
report.

Experiment 1

Object

To determine the effect on chick growth of
replacing the meat meal and fish meal in a practical
chick starter with low-temperature or regular-temperature
sunflower seed oil meal (meal SI or S3 respectively).

48 .

Experimental

The rations used In the experiment are shown In
Table 13. Fish meal and meat meal, In the proportion of
one part of fish meal to two parts of meat meal supplied
the supplementary protein in the basal ration (Lot 1). In
the various treatments, successive two percent portions
of fish meal and four percent portions of meat meal were
replaced by either sunflower seed oil meal SI (Lots 2-4)
or sunflower seed oil meal S3 (Lots 5-7).

Results and Discussion

The average weights of the chicks at twenty-eight
days are shown in Table 13. Ghicks fed rations in which
one-third of the fish meal and meat meal (two percent fish
meal and four percent meat meal) was replaced by either
sunflower seed oil meal SI (Lot 2) or sunflower seed oil
meal S3 (Lot 5) grew at a faster rate than chicks fed the
basal ration (Lot 1). This finding might be explained on
the basis of the supplementary action of different proteins.

Replacement of two-thirds of the fish meal and
meat meal by low-temperature (200° - 220°F.) sunflower
seed oil meal (Lot 3) did not appear to adversely affect
chick growth. However, replacement of two-thirds of the
fish meal and meat meal by regular temperature (240° - 260°F.)
sunflower seed oil meal (Lot 6) resulted in the production
of a ration which supported a slower rate of growth.

49 -

Replacement of all of the fish meal and meat meal by
sunflower seed oil meal SI resulted in a decrease in the
nutritive value of the ration for chicks (Lot 4). Similarly,
chicks fed a ration in which all of the fish meal and meat
meal was replaced by sunflower seed oil meal S3 (Lot 7) did
not grow as fast as chicks fed the basal ration.

Chicks fed ration 4 grew at a faster rate than
chicks fed ration 7, indicating the inferior nutritive value
of regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meal, as compared
to low-temperature sunflower seed oil meal.

On the basis of the results obtained, it would not
appear advisable to replace with regular-temperature sunflower
seed oil meal more than one-third of the fish meal and meat
meal in a chick starter of the type used in this study.

Conclusions

(1) Chicks fed a practical chick starter in which one-
third of the fish meal and meat meal was replaced by
low-temperature sunflower seed oil meal or regular-
temperature sunflower seed oil meal grew at a
faster rate than chicks fed the unaltered ration.

(2) Low -temperature sunflower seed oil meal satisfactorily
replaced up to two-thirds of the fish meal and meat
meal in the practical chick starter used. Replace¬
ment of two-thirds of the fish meal and meat meal by
regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meal resulted
in a decrease in the nutritive value of the ration.

V-

50 .

Table 13.- Replacement of fish meal and meat meal in a practical
chick starter by sunflower seed oil meals SI and S3

Ration and Lot Number

Ingredients

Ground wheat..

30.25

27.25

23-75

20.25

27-25

23.75

20.25

Ground oats.

Ground barley..

Ground corn.

Fish meal

(7 6 % protein).....

Meat meal

( 55 % protein).

Sunflower seed oil
meal SI*..........

Sunflower seed oil
meal S3*.

Alfalfa meal..

Bonemeal....

2-5

3-5

2.5

3.5

Ground limestone....

1.5

1-5

1.5

Iodized salt........

• 5

-5

Fish oil (2250A-300D)

.25

-25

.25

Manganese sulfate
(1/4 lb./ton).

Riboflavin premix**.

-5

Merck APF #8 (1 lb./
ton)..

Total*... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Protein (NX6.25)$f... 20.0 19*7 19.8 20.1 20.0 20.3 20.5

Number of chicks.... 33 34 33 31 34 32 33

Average weight at

28 days (gm.) 298.5 324.3 291.0 255.8 320.3 240.7 188.9

* See Experimental (General) for description of meals.

** Contained one gram riboflavin per ten pounds wheat middlings.

51 .

(3) Low-temperature sunflower seed oil meal was of
superior supplementary and nutritive value to
regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meal.

Experiment 2

Object

To determine the effect on chick growth of
replacing the meat meal in a practical chick starter
containing two and one-half percent fish meal with low-
temperature or regular-temperature sunflower seed oil
meal (meal SI or S3, respectively).

Experimental

The rations used in this experiment (Table 14) were
designed to show the effect on chick growth of replacement of
successive six percent portions of meat meal by low-temperature
sunflower seed oil meal (Lots 2-4) or by regular-temperature
sunflower seed oil meal (Lots 5 - 7)• Two and one-half
percent fish meal was included in each ration.

Results and Discussion

The average weights of the chicks at twenty-eight
days are shown in Table 14. Chicks fed a ration in which one-
third of the meat meal was replaced by sunflower seed oil meal
SI (Lot 2), appeared to grow at a faster rate than chicks fed
the basal ration (Lot 1). Replacement of two-thirds or all of
the meat meal in the basal ration with sunflower seed oil meal
SI did not decrease the nutritive value of the ration (Lots 3 and
4, respectively). Chicks fed a ration in which one-third of the

52 .

Table 14.- Replacement of meat meal In a practical chick starter
by sunflower seed oil meals SI and S3

Ration and Lot Number 1

Ingredients

Ground wheat.

28.25

25.25

22.25

19.25

25.25

22.25

19.25

Ground oats.

1 n

t r\

JLU

.LU

Ground barley.

Ground corn.

Fish mea1...........

2.6

2 .6

p 6

p c

0 c

(76$ protein)

<-0

Meat meal.

(55$ protein)

Sunflower seed oil
meal SI*. ...

±4

Sunflower seed oil
meal S3*..........

Alfalfa meal..

Iodized salt........

• 5

Fish oil (2250A-30GD)

.25

• 25

.25

• 25

♦ 25

Ground limestone....

Bonemeal............

Manganese sulfate
(1/4 Ib./ton).....

Riboflavin premix**.

♦5

• 5

Merck APF #8

(1 lb./ton).......

Total..

100

Protein (NX6.25)$...
Number of chicks....
Average weight at

28 days (gm.).....

21.6

306.6

20.8

323.7

20.3

316.6

20.4

300.6

20.7

306.1

20.4

279.8

20.6

278.0

* See Experimental (General) for description of meals.

** Contained one gram riboflavin per ten pounds wheat middlings.

meat meal was replaced with sunflower seed oil meal 3s>

(Lot 5) grew at as fast a rate as chicks receiving the
basal ration. However, replacement of two-thirds or all
of the meat meal by sunflower seed oil meal decreased
the nutritive value of the ration for chicks (Lots 6 and
7, respectively).

The results of this experiment would appear to
indicate that in the presence of two and one-half percent
fish meal, regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meal may
satisfactorily replace up to one-third of the meat meal in
a practical chick starter of the type used in this study.

Conclusions

(1) Low-temperature sunflower seed oil meal
satisfactorily replaced all of the meat meal
in a practical chick starter containing two
and one-half percent fish meal.

(2) Regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meal
replaced up to one-third of the meat meal in
a practical chick starter containing two and
one-half percent fish meal. Replacement of
two-thirds or all of the meat meal by regular-
temperature sunflower seed oil meal, however,
resulted in a decrease in the nutritive value
of the ration for chicks.

‘

Experiment 3

Object

To determine the effect on chick growth of
replacing the soybean oil meal in a practical chick starter
containing two and one-half percent fish meal with low-
temperature or regular-temperature sunflower seed oil
meal (meal SI or S3, respectively).

Experimental

The rations fed are shown in Table 15 and were
formulated in such a way as to show the effect on chick
growth of replacement of successive seven percent portions
of soybean oil meal by either sunflower seed oil meal 31
(Lots 2-4) or sunflower seed oil meal S3 (Lots 5-7).

Two and one-half percent fish meal was included in each
ration.

Results and Discussion

The results of the experiment are shown in Table 15
Chicks fed rations in which up to two-thirds of the soybean
oil meal was replaced by either sunflower seed oil meal SI
or sunflower seed oil meal S3 (Lots 2 and 3, and 5 and 6,
respectively), grew as fast as chicks fed the basal ration
(Lot 1). Replacement of all of the soybean oil meal by
sunflower seed oil meal SI or S3 (Lots 4 and 7) decreased
the nutritive value of the ration for chicks. These results
are at variance with those reported by Nikolaiczuk, Brisson,
and Mani (1948) who found that sunflower seed oil meal is

’

55 .

Table 15*- Replacement of soybean oil meal in a practical chick
starter by sunflower seed oil meals SI and S3

Ration and Lot Number

Ingredients

7 °

Ground wheat..

27.75

Ground oats.

Ground barley.

Ground corn.

Fish meal

(7 6 % protein).

2.5

Soybean oil meal
(solvent).

Sunflower seed oil
meal SI* ** ..........

Sunflower seed oil
meal S3*..

Alfalfa meal........

Iodized salt........

Fish oil (2250A-300D)

*25

.23

.25

Ground limestone....

Bonemeal.. ...

1.5

Riboflavin premix*:*.

• 5

Manganese sulfate
(1/4 lb./ton).....

Merck APF #8

(1 lb./ton).......

Total.... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Protein IHX6.25)#... 20.2 19.7 20.0 20.0 20.4 19.9 19.9

Number of chicks.... 32 33 29 31 31 31 31

Average weight at

28 days (gm.). 325.0 320.0 332.0 305.9 339.8 316.9 276.0

* See Experimental general) for description of meals.

** Contained one gram riboflavin per ten pounds wheat middlings.

V-. U'.:.X-j

: :

56 .

superior to soybean oil meal as a source of protein for the chick.
On the other hand, G-artley, Slinger, and Hill (1950) reported that
the growth of turkey poults was adversely affected when twenty-
eight percent sunflower seed oil meal completely replaced soybean
oil meal in a turkey starting ration.

Conclusion

(1) Low-temperature sunflower seed oil meal or regular-
temperature sunflower seed oil meal satisfactorily
replaced up to two-thirds or the soybean oil meal in
a practical chick starter ration containing two and
one-half percent fish meal.

Experiment 4

Object

To study the replacement value of low-temperature and
regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meals imeals SI and S3) in
a practical chick starting ration containing meat meal as the only
protein supplement.

Experimental

The rations fed in the experiment are shown in Table 16 .
They were similar to those used in Experiment 2 , except that no
fish meal was included in the rations and successive seven percent
increments of meat meal were replaced with sunflower seed oil meal
SI (Lots 2-4) or sunflower seed oil meal S3 (Lots 5 - ?)•

Table 16.- Replacement, of meat meal in a practical chick starter
by sunflower seed oil meals SI and S3

Ration and Lot Number

ingredients

Ground wheat.

27.75

23.92

20.09

15.25

23.92

20.09

16.25

Ground oats.

Ground barley.

Ground corn.

Meat meat

(55% protein).....

Sunflower seed oil
meal SI*.

6.5

25.5

Sunflower seed oil
meal S3*...

6.5

25.5

Alfalfa meal..

Iodized salt...

Fish oil ^2£3 oa-3oOD)

.25

Ground iimesrone. . ..

Bonemeal...

2.33

4.66

2.33

4.66

Riboflavin premix**.

Manganese sulfate
(1/2 lb./ton).....

Merck APF if 8

(1 lb./ton).

Total...

ICO

100

Protein (NX6.25)%...
Number of chicks....
Average weight at

28 days (gm.).,...

19.2

169.4

19.2

203.6

19.3

226.5

19.9

228.0

19.3

198.9

19.8

195.6

19.8

171.1

* See Experimental (General) for description of meals.

** Contained one gram riboflavin per ten pounds wheat middlings.

' {

■■

58 .

Results and Discussion

The average weights of the chicks at twenty-eight
days are shown in Table 16. The plane of nutrition in this
experiment was lower than in Experiment 2, possibly because
of omission of the two and one-half percent fish meal from
the rations. Chicks fed rations in which successive seven
percent increments of meat meal were replaced with sunflower
seed oil meal £1 (Lots 2, 3 and 4, respectively) grew at a
faster rate than chicks fed the basal ration (Lot 1). Since
meat meal has been shown to be deficient in methionine for
the chick (March, Biely, and Young, 1950) the supplementary
value of sunflower seed oil meal SI might be related to its
higher methionine content.

Replacement of up to two-thirds of the meat meal
by sunflower seed oil meal S3 (Lots 5 and 6) Increased the
nutritive value of the ration. The chicks in Lot 7,
receiving a ration in which all of the meat meal was replaced
by sunflower seed oil meal S3, grew as fast as the chicks in
Lot 1.

Conclusions

(1) Low-tempera,ture and regular-temperature sunflower
seed oil meal satisfactorily replaced all of the
meat meal in a practical chick starter in which
meat meal constituted the only protein supplement.

(2) L 0 w-temperature and regular-temperature sunflower
seed oil meal exerted a supplementary effect in
chick starter rations containing meat meal as the
only other protein supplement.

. :

'•. .. - ■ -

Experiment 5

Object

To study the replacement value of low-temperature
and regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meals (meals SI
and S3) in a practical chick starter containing soybean oil
meal as the only protein supplement*

Experimental

The rations fed are shown in Table 17* They were
similar to those used in Experiment 3, except that the two
and one-half percent fish meal in each ration of that
experiment was omitted and nine percent portions of soybean
oil meal were replaced by either sunflower seed oil meal SI
(Lots 2-4) or sunflower seed oil meal S3 (Lots 3 - 7).

Results and Discussion

The results of the experiment are shown in Table 17.
Sunflower seed oil meals SI and S3 satisfactorily replaced
two-thirds of the soybean oil meal (Lots 3 and 6, respectively)
in the basal ration (Lot 1). Replacement of all of the
soybean oil meal by sunflower seed oil meal SI (Lot 4)
decreased the nutritive value of the ration, while replace¬
ment of all of the soybean oil meal by sunflower seed oil
meal S3 (Lot 7) resulted in the production of a ration of
decidedly inferior nutritive value for chicks. In agreement
with the results obtained in the four preceding experiments,
sunflower seed oil meal SI was of superior nutritive value
to sunflower seed oil meal S3.

60 .

Table 17*- Replacement of soybean oil meal in a practical chick
starter by sunflower seed oil meals SI and S3

Ration and Lot Number

Ingredients

Ground wheat.

24.25

Ground oats.

Ground barley.

frTfynnci nnrn. „ . „ ..

Soybean oil meal

(solvent)..

Sunflower seed oil
meal SI*...

Sunflower seed oil
meal S3*.

Alfalfa meal.........

TnrH 7.«d salt* ........

Fish oil (2250A-300D)

.25

Ground limestone.....

Bonemeal.....

1.5

Riboflavin premix**..

• 5

Manganese sulfate
(1/4 lb./ton)......

Merck APF ff8

(1 lb./ton).

Total................

100

Protein (NX6.25)#....
Number of chicks.....
Average weight at

28 days (gm.).

20.6

301.2

19*6

302.5

20.7

297.9

21.0

269.9

20.4

290.X

20.2

296.0

21.4

165.6

* See Experimental (general) for description of meals.

»* Contained one gram riboflavin per ten pounds wheat middlings.

■ - :

61 .

Conclusion

(1) Low-temperature and regular-temperature sunflower
seed oil meal satisfactorily replaced up to two-
thirds of the soybean oil meal in a practical
chick starter containing soybean oil meal as the
only protein supplement.

GENERAL DISCUSSION

Part I

The results obtained indicate that processing
variables markedly influence the nutritive value of sunflower
seed oil meal. It would appear that, while efficient
expression of the oil is obtained, processing conditions
now in use commercially do not result in the production of
meals of maximum nutritive value for the chick. Lower
processing temperatures result In an increase in the
nutritive value of the meal, but also increase the percentage
residual oil. Opening the choke on the expeller also
increases both the nutritive value of the meal and the
percentage residual oil. Since most of the heat-damage
appears to occur in the expeller, the feasibility of
utilizing a water-cooled shaft In the expeller would seem
worthy of Investigation. While still allowing for maximum
efficiency of expression of the oil, this might decrease
the amount of frictional heat-damage produced next to the
expeller shaft. In this connection, it is of interest to
note that sunflower seed oil meal “chips” leaving an
expeller which is operating at the regular temperatures
and choke setting, appear scorched on the side next to the
expeller shaft. Since sunflower seed oil meal represents
an important by-product of the sunflower oil Industry, the
economic feasability of utilizing proper processing
conditions should be considered by the industry.

• '

■

Although excessive processing temperatures result

in the production of sunflower seed oil meals of inferior
nutritive value, the mode of action is, as yet, not
understood. It is possible that the effects of heat-damage
parallel those observed in overheated soybean oil meal by
Clandinin et al . (1947). Since the analytical data
(Experiments4 and 6) indicate that sunflower seed oil meal
is marginal in lysine and methionine content for the chick,
slight destruction or inactivation of lysine and/or
methionine during processing might account for the slower
rate of growth of chicks fed regular-temperature sunflower
seed oil meal as compared to those fed low-temperature
sunflow r er seed oil meal. The results of Experiment 5 would
seem to indicate that the problem is essentially amino acid
in nature, since the addition of vitamin-free casein and
methionine appeared to completely overcome the effects of
excessive heat treatment.

The results of Experiment 8 suggest the presence
of a “toxic" factor in the trichloroethylene extractable
portion of regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meal. The
effects of processing temperatures on the trichloroethylene-
soluble portion of the meal need further investigation.

The results of Experiment 6 show that the liberation
of essential amino acids by enzymatic hydrolysis was greater
from regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meal than from

• i • . Lil

' '

■

54.

low-temperature sunflower seed oil meal. It would seem,
therefore, that one effect of heat on sunflower seed oil
meal is to denature the protein and thus render it more
readily attacked by proteolytic enzymes in vitro .

Part II

The results of the five experiments reported in
Part II further emphasize the desirability of utilizing
lower processing temperatures in the production of sunflower
seed oil meal. A meal processed at 200° - 220°F. was
consistently of higher nutritive value for chicks than a
similar meal processed at the regular temperatures of
2400 - 260°F.

Regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meal was
a reasonably satisfactory protein supplement for use in
chick starting rations, although not found to be of as high
nutritive value as reported by Nikolaiczuk, Brisson, and
Mani (1948). The results indicate that regular-temperature
sunflower seed oil meal may satisfactorily replace one-third
of a fish meal and meat meal mixture (composed of one part
of fish meal to two parts of meat meal); or two-thirds of
the soybean oil meal in the chick starters used. In general
agreement with this finding O’Neil (1948) reported that
sunflower seed oil meal replaced up to one-third of the
animal protein in chick starting rations without detrimental
effect. When two and one-half percent fish meal was included
in the ration, regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meal

65 .

satisfactorily replaced one-third of the meat meal in the
ration. However, when meat meal was the only protein
supplement in the ration, regular-temperature sunflower
seed oil meal replaced all of the meat meal in the chick
starter. The lower plane of nutrition that had to be
achieved by the sunflower seed oil meal supplemented groups
in the latter experiment probably accounts for this finding.

On the other hand, low-temperature sunflower seed
oil meal replaced two-thirds of the fish meal and meat meal
mixture, all of the meat meal, and two-thirds of the soybean
oil meal in the chick starters used, without having any
adverse effects on chick growth.

• ' ' j .

GENERAL SUMMARY

Part I

Eight experiments were conducted to study the
effects of methods of processing on the nutritive value
of sunflower seed oil meal. The results of the experiments
are summarized below.

Processing conditions employed in the manufacture
of sunflower seed oil meal markedly influenced the nutritive
value of the meal. The nutritive value was lowered as
processing conditions became more severe.

Processing variables were also shown to influence
the chemical composition of sunflower seed oil meal.

Lowering the processing temperatures from 2i|0°P. - 260°P. to
200°P. - 220°P., or opening the choke on the expeller increased
the percentage residual oil in the meal.

Excess heat was shown to affect the nutritive
value of raw, laboratory solvent extracted, sunflower seed
oil meal. Heating the raw, extracted meal for thirty minutes
at fifteen pounds steam pressure appeared to decrease its
nutritive value for chicks, while heating for four hours
at fifteen pounds steam pressure resulted in the production
of a meal of inferior nutritive value.

Marked variability was observed in the protein and
crude fibre content of raw, laboratory solvent extracted,
sunflower seed oil meals prepared from four different raw
materials. Significant differences were also noted in the
methionine, lysine, and arginine content of the meals.

■

Low-temperature sunflower seed oil meal (processed
at 200° - 220°F.), and regular-temperature sunflower seed
oil meal (processed at 240° - 260°F.), are not complete
sources of amino acids for the chick when fed at the twenty
percent protein level. The optimum level of supplementation
of the above meals appeared to be reached when six percent
vitamin-free casein in conjunction with 0.4 percent DL-
methionine was added to rations containing low-temperature
or regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meal as the only
source of protein in the ration. A sunflower seed oil meal
prepared by autoclaving low-temperature sunflower seed oil
meal for four hours at fifteen pounds steam pressure was of
inferior nutritive value for chicks. The optimum level of
supplementation of this meal appeared to be reached when
twelve percent vitamin-free casein and 0.4 percent DL-
metnionine were added to the ration.

Regular processing temperatures of 240° - 260°F.
resulted in a decrease in the liberation of lysine by acid
hydrolysis as compared to the liberation of lysine from
low-temperature meal processed at 200° - 220°F. Autoclaving
low-temperature sunflower seed oil meal for four hours at
fifteen pounds steam pressure resulted in depressed
liberation of lysine, arginine, tryptophan, and possibly
threonine subsequent to acid hydrolysis (alkaline hydrolysis
for tryptophan). No relationship between the liberation of
essential amino acids by enzymatic hydrolysis and the
nutritive value of the sunflower seed oil meals was observed.

, . -

.... .

■

68 .

Water treatment had no effect on the nutritive
value of regular-temperature or low-temperature sunflower
seed oil meal.

Extraction of regular-temperature sunflower seed
oil meal with trichloroethylene or ethanol increased its
nutritive value. Adding the trichloroethylene extract
back to the extracted meal at twice the level originally
present depressed the growth of chicks.

Part II

The results of the experiments reported in Part II
indicate that low-temperature sunflower seed oil meal
satisfactorily replaced two-thirds of the fish meal and
meat meal mixture, all of the meat meal, or two-thirds of
the soybean oil meal in the practical chick starters used.

Regular-temperature sunflower seed oil meal
satisfactorily replaced one-third of the fish meal and meat
meal mixture, or two-thirds of the soybean oil meal in the
starters used. When two and one-half percent fish meal was
included in the starter, regular-temperature sunflower seed
oil meal replaced one-third of the meat meal in the ration.

When fish meal was omitted from the starter, regular-temperature
sunflower seed oil meal replaced all of the meat meal in the

ration used.

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